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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:51:47 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/17723-8.txt b/17723-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2ffab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/17723-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4210 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17723] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + +[Illustration: John Albion Andrew] + + + + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine._ + +VOL. III. AUGUST, 1885. NO. III. + + * * * * * + + + + +JOHN ALBION ANDREW. + +THE "WAR-GOVERNOR" OF MASSACHUSETTS. + + +John Albion Andrew, the twenty-first Governor of Massachusetts, was +born, May 31, 1818, at Windham, a small town near Portland, Maine. His +father was Jonathan Andrew, who had established himself in Windham as a +small trader; his mother was Nancy Green Pierce, of New Hampshire, who +was a teacher in the celebrated academy at Fryeburg, where Daniel +Webster was once employed in the same capacity. + +Jonathan is described as having been "a quiet, reticent man, of much +intelligence and a keen perception of the ludicrous," while his wife was +"well educated, with great sweetness of temper, and altogether highly +prepossessing in appearance." There never was a more united and happy +family. The father possessed ample means for their education, and left +his household to the good management of his wife, who was admirable in +her domestic arrangements, judicious, sensible, energetic, and a rigid +disciplinarian of her children. There was a rare union of gentleness and +force in this woman, which made her generally attractive, and especially +endeared her to all who came under the influence of her character. + +Mrs. Andrew died on the 7th of March, 1832. Shortly afterwards the +husband sold out his property in Windham and removed to a farm in +Boxford, in the county where he was born. He died in September, 1849. + +John Albion, the oldest son, entered Bowdoin College in 1833, where he +pursued a course in no way remarkable. He was a studious youth, applied +himself closely to his books, and appeared to take no lively interest in +athletic sports. Notwithstanding his studiousness, he was ranked among +the lowest of his class, and was allotted no part at Commencement. Among +his fellows he was, however, exceedingly popular, and his happy +temperament, his genial nature, won him friendship which after years +only made stronger and more enduring. + +After his graduation the young man came to Boston and entered the office +of the late Henry H. Fuller, as a student of law. The attraction between +him and young Andrew was mutual, and they became almost like brothers. +It was while serving his novitiate under Mr. Fuller that Andrew became +interested in many of the reform movements of the day, and was as firm +and peculiar in one direction as his friend was in another. + +Andrew rose slowly at the bar. To his clients he simply did his duty, +and that was all. He was not a learned lawyer, nor was he in any sense a +great lawyer, and yet he expended great care and industry in looking up +his cases, and probably never lost a client who had once employed him. +We are told by one of his biographers that, "during all these years he +was not what was called a student, but was never idle." He entered +largely into the moral questions of that day; was greatly interested in +the preaching of James Freeman Clarke; a constant attendant at meeting +and the Bible-classes. Occasional lay-preaching being the custom of that +church, young Andrew sometimes occupied the pulpit and conducted the +services to the general acceptance of the people. + +Andrew did not become actively interested in politics until his +admission to the bar, and then he joined the Whig party, and became +thoroughly in earnest in advocating the Anti-Slavery movement. In 1859 +he was chosen to the lower branch of the Legislature and at once took a +prominent position. In 1860 he was nominated for Governor of the +Commonwealth, by a general popular impulse which overwhelmed the old +political managers, who regarded him as an intruder upon the arena, and +had laid other plans. He was called to the position of chief magistrate +of Massachusetts at a most momentous time, but he was found equal to the +emergency, and early acquired, by general consent, the title of "The +Great War-Governor." + +It was just on the eve of the Rebellion, and the whole North was excited +by the events which had already transpired. In his inaugural address in +January, '61, Governor Andrew advised that a portion of the militia +should be placed on a footing of activity, in order that, "in the +possible contingencies of the future the State might be ready without +inconvenient delay to contribute her share of force in any exigency of +public danger," and immediately despatched a confidential messenger to +the Governors of Maine and New Hampshire to inform them of his +determination to prepare for instant service the militia of +Massachusetts, and to invite their coöperation. + +This is not the place nor the time to give even a _résumé_ of +Governor Andrew's administration. He retired from office at the close of +1865, after a service of unexampled interest and importance in the +history of the Commonwealth. He retired with honor to himself and to the +regret of all who had known him best. We have already alluded to +Governor Andrew's interest in the question of Anti-Slavery, and it +should be stated that in regard to the emancipation of the slaves he was +among the first, as he was the most persistent advocate of a measure +which he considered the greatest blow that could be struck at the enemy, +fully justified as a measure of war and demanded by every consideration +of justice and humanity. + +Apropos of his impatience on this subject the following incident related +by one of the Governor's friends is worth recalling:-- + +"It was the summer of 1862, when emancipation was being talked a great +deal. We had not had any great successes, and everybody had a notion +that emancipation ought to come. One day the Governor sent for me to +come up to the State-House. I went up to his room, and I never shall +forget how I met him. He was signing some kind of bonds, standing at +a tall desk in the Council Chamber, in his shirt-sleeves, his fingers +all covered with ink. He said, 'How do you do? I want you to go to +Washington.'--'Why, Governor,' said I, 'I can't go to Washington +on any such notice as this; I am busy, and it is impossible for me +to go.'--'All my folks are serving their country,' said he; and he +mentioned the various services the members of his staff were engaged +in, and said with emphasis, 'Somebody must go to Washington.'--'Well, +Governor, I don't see how I can.' Said he, 'I command you to +go!'--'Well,' said I, 'Governor, put it in that way and I shall go, +of course.'--'There is something going on,' he remarked. 'This is a +momentous time.' He turned suddenly towards me and said, 'You believe in +prayer, don't you?' I said, 'Why, of course.'--'Then let us pray;' and +he knelt right down at the chair that was placed there; we both kneeled +down, and I never heard such a prayer in all my life. I never was so +near the throne of God, except when my mother died, as I was then. I +said to the Governor, 'I am profoundly impressed; and I will start this +afternoon for Washington.' I soon found out that emancipation was in +everybody's mouth, and when I got to Washington and called upon Sumner, +he began to talk emancipation. He asked me to go and see the President, +and tell him how the people of Boston and New England regarded it. I +went to the White House that evening and met the President. We first +talked about everything but emancipation, and finally he asked me what I +thought about emancipation. I told him what I thought about it, and said +that Governor Andrew was so far interested in it that I had no doubt +he had sent me on there to post the President in regard to what the +class of people I met in Boston and New York thought of it, and then +I repeated to him, as I had previously to Sumner, this prayer of the +Governor's, as well as I could remember it. The President said, 'When we +have the Governor of Massachusetts to send us troops in the way he has, +and when we have him to utter such prayers for us, I have no doubt that +we shall succeed.' In September the Governor sent for me. He had a +despatch that emancipation would be proclaimed, and it was done the next +day. You remember the President made proclamation in September to take +effect in January. Well, he and I were together alone again in the +Council Chamber. Said he, 'You remember when I wanted you to go on to +Washington?' I said, 'Yes, I remember it very well.'--'Well,' said he, +'I didn't know exactly what I wanted you to go for then. Now I will tell +you what let's do; you sing "Coronation," and I'll join with you.' So we +sang together the old tune, and also "Praise God from whom all blessings +flow." Then I sang "Old John Brown," he marching around the room and +joining in the chorus after each verse." + +After the war had begun, Governor Andrew insisted on every measure to +defeat the Confederate armies that was consistent with the laws of war. +He was especially strenuous in demanding the emancipation of the slaves, +as the following quotation from a sketch by Mr. Albert G. Browne, Jr., +the Governor's military secretary, will show:-- + +"Over the bodies of our soldiers who were killed at Baltimore he had +recorded a prayer that he might live to see the end of the war, and a +vow that, so long as he should govern Massachusetts, and so far as +Massachusetts could control the issue, it should not end without freeing +every slave in America. He believed, at the first, in the policy of +emancipation as a war measure. Finding that timid counsels controlled +the government at Washington, and the then commander of the Army of the +Potomac, so that there was no light in that quarter, he hailed the +action of Fremont in Missouri in proclaiming freedom to the Western +slaves. Through all the reverses which afterwards befell that officer he +never varied from this friendship; and when at last Fremont retired from +the Army of Virginia, the Governor offered him the command of a +Massachusetts regiment, and vainly urged him to take the field again +under our State flag. Just so, afterwards, he welcomed the similar +action of Hunter in South Carolina, and wrote in his defence the famous +letter in which he urged 'to fire at the enemy's magazine.' He was +deeply disappointed when the administration disavowed Hunter's act, for +he had hoped much from the personal friendship which was known to exist +between the General and the President. Soon followed the great reverses +of McClellan before Richmond. + +"The feelings of the Governor at this time, on the subject of +emancipation, are well expressed in a speech which he made on Aug. 10, +1862, at the Methodist camp-meeting on Martha's Vineyard. It was the +same speech in which occurs his remark since so often quoted:-- + +"'I know not what record of sin awaits me in the other world, but this I +know, that I was never mean enough to despise any man because he was +black.' + +"Referring to slavery, he said:-- + +"'I have never believed it to be possible that this controversy should +end and peace resume her sway until that dreadful iniquity has been +trodden beneath our feet. I believe it cannot, and I have noticed, my +friends (although I am not superstitious, I believe), that, from the day +our government turned its back on the proclamation of General Hunter, +the blessing of God has been withdrawn from our arms. We were marching +on conquering and to conquer; post after post had fallen before our +victorious arms; but since that day I have seen no such victories. But I +have seen no discouragement. I bate not one jot of hope. I believe that +God rules above, and that he will rule in the hearts of men, and that, +either with our aid or against it, he has determined to let the people +go. But the confidence I have in my own mind that the appointed hour has +nearly come makes me feel all the more confidence in the certain and +final triumph of our Union arms, because I do not believe that this +great investment of Providence is to be wasted.'" + +[Illustration: GOV. ANDREW'S BIRTHPLACE] + +Governor Andrew retired from office January 5, 1866, and, returning to +private life, he again entered upon a large practice at the bar, which +was lucrative as well. + +On the 30th of October, 1867, he died suddenly of apoplexy, after tea, +at his own home on Charles street, Boston. The body was laid in Mount +Auburn Cemetery, but was afterwards removed to the old burial-place in +Hingham, where a fine statue has since been erected over his grave. + +Governor Andrew was married Christmas evening, December, 1848, +to Miss Eliza Jane, daughter of Charles Hersey, of Hingham. They had +four children living at the time of his death,--John Forrester, born Nov. +26, 1850; Elizabeth Loring, born July 29, 1852; Edith, born April 5, +1854; Henry Hersey, born April 28, 1858. + +Mr. Edwin P. Whipple, who was first chosen as the most competent person +to write the biography of Governor Andrew, after examining the +Governor's private and official correspondence, affirmed that he could +discover nothing in his most private notes which was not honorable. + +[Illustration: BURIAL-PLACE AND MONUMENT, HINGHAM, MASS.] + +Says Mr. Peleg W. Chandler, in his "Memoir and Reminiscences of Governor +Andrew,"[1] a most charming volume, from which largely this sketch has +been prepared:-- + +"He passed more than twenty years in an arduous profession, and never +earned more than enough for the decent and comfortable support of his +family. He devoted his best years to the country, and lost his life in +her service. His highest ambition was to do his duty in simple faith and +honest endeavor, of such a character the well-known lines of Sir Henry +Watton are eminently applicable:-- + + "This man was free from servile bands + Of hope to rise, or fear to fall; + Lord of himself, though not of lands, + And having nothing, yet had all." + + +[Footnote 1: Published by Roberts Brothers, Boston.] + + * * * * * + + + + +THE CITY OF WORCESTER--THE HEART OF THE COMMONWEALTH. + + +By Fanny Bullock Workman. + + +The city of Worcester, forty-four miles west of Boston, lies in a valley +surrounded on all sides by hills, and covers an area which may be +roughly estimated as extending four miles in length by two in breadth, +its long axis running north and south. It is the second city in the +State in point of population, while in enterprise it yields the palm to +none of its size in the country, sending to all parts of the world its +manufactured products, the excellence of which has established the +reputation of the place in which they were produced. + +[Illustration: UNION PASSENGER STATION.] + +Worcester was first settled in the spring of 1675, under the name of +Quinsigamond. The original order of the General Court, granted Oct. +11th, 1665, was as follows:-- + + + This Court, understanding by the petition of Thomas Noyes, John Haynes + of Sudbury, and Nathaniel Treadaway of Watertown, hereunto affixed, + that there is a meete place for a Plantation about ten miles from + Marlborow, westward, at or neer Quansetamug Pond, which, that it may + be improved for that end, and not spoiled by the grantinge of farms, + in answer to the forsaid petition, This Court doth order, that there + should he a quantitie of eight miles square layd out and reserved + thereabout, in the Courts dispose, for a plantation, for the + encouragement of such persons as shall appear, any time within three + years from the date hereof, beeing men approved by this Court; and that + Capt. Edward Johnson, Lieut. Joshua Fisher, and Lieut. Thomas Noyes, + shall, and are herby appointed and empowered to lay out the same, + and to be payd by such persons as shall appear within the terme above + expressed. The Deputies have passed this with reference to the consent + of our honored Magistrates hereto. + + WILLIAM TORREY _clerk_ + + The Magistrates consent to a survey of the place petitioned for, and + that Capt. Gookin doe joine with those mentioned of our brethren the + deputies, and make return of their survey to the next General Court of + Elections, who may take order therein as they shall see meete, their + brethren the deputies hereto consenting. + + EDWARD RAWSON _Sect'y._ + + WILLIAM TORREY _Cleric._ Consented to by the deputies. + + +[Illustration: FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.] + +[Illustration: FIRST UNITARIAN CHURCH.] + +[Illustration: PLAN OF WORCESTER 1673 TO 1675.] + +At that time several persons occupied lands that had been granted them, +and built houses. This infant settlement was strangled almost at its +birth by the outbreak of King Philip's War, which spread in that year +throughout Massachusetts. The colonists, few in number, and without +adequate means of protection against the hostile savages, soon abandoned +their buildings, which were burned by the Indians, December 2, 1675. In +1684 some of the former proprietors returned to their lands, accompanied +by new settlers, and a second plantation was formed; this time under the +name of Worcester. The records relating to the fortunes of this +plantation are very meagre; but it continued to exist till 1700, or +1702, when, during the progress of the French and Indian hostilities, +owing to its exposed position, it was again deserted by its inhabitants. +One man only, Digory Serjent, remained with his family, refusing to give +up to the Indians the fields his labor had brought under cultivation. +For a time he was unmolested. The authorities sent messengers to warn +him of the danger he incurred by his rash course, and to advise his +removal with his family to a place of safety. But the warning and +admonition were alike disregarded. At last, early in the winter of 1702, +an armed force was sent to compel him to depart. They marched with due +expedition, but, being detained overnight by a severe snow-storm at a +blockhouse about two miles from his residence, they arrived too late to +attain their object, and found his body, scarcely yet cold, lying on the +floor, and his family carried captive by the Indians. Thus terminated +the second attempt at a settlement on this spot, which was again given +over for several years to desolation and decay. + +[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CHURCH.] + +The principal seat of the Indians in this vicinity was Pakachoag Hill, a +little south of where now stands the College of the Holy Cross. They +were called Nipmuck Indians, and consisted of about twenty families, +numbering about one hundred persons, under Sagamore John. Another tribe, +of about the same number, dwelt on Tatnuck Hill, under Sagamore Solomon. +John Eliot, the famous apostle to the Indians, with General Daniel +Gookins, visited these tribes in 1674; but he did not fully reclaim them +to peaceful habits, although many of them professed Christianity. + +[Illustration: CHAIR MANUFACTORY OF E.W. VAILL.] + +[Illustration: THE NEW CENTRAL CHURCH.] + +In 1713 the inhabitants, not discouraged by their former experience, one +after another returned again to take possession of their property; and +this time they returned to stay. They were joined by others, and the +population began to increase. In 1722 Worcester was incorporated as a +town, and henceforth assumed its share of responsibility with the other +towns in adopting measures for the general welfare, and contributed its +proportion of men and supplies for the common defence. Through the +stormy period preceding the War of the Revolution, the public sentiment +of Worcester sustained the rights of the Colonies, and when, on the 19th +of April, 1773, the messenger of war, on his white horse, dashed through +the town, shouting, "To arms! to arms! the war is begun," the response +was immediate; the bell was rung, cannon fired, and the minute-men, true +to name, rallied on the Common, where they were paraded by Capt. Timothy +Bigelow. At about five o'clock in the afternoon they took up their line +of march. Capt. Benjamin Flagg soon followed, with thirty-one men,--a +total of one hundred and eight men. Capt. Bigelow having halted at +Sudbury, to rest his men, was met by Capt. Flagg, when they both pushed +on to Cambridge, where the organization of the army was being made. +Timothy Bigelow, whose abilities were at once recognized, was appointed +Major in Col. Jonathan Ward's regiment. On the 24th of April another +company, of fifty-nine men, all from Worcester, enlisted under Capt. +Jonas Hubbard. During the seven dark years that followed, this town +never wavered in its devotion to the cause of liberty, and was +represented on many of the most important battle-fields, as well +as at the surrender of Yorktown, which terminated the struggle for +independence. Saturday, the 14th of July, 1776, the Declaration of +Independence was received. It was publicly read, for the first time on +Massachusetts soil, from the porch of the Old South Church, by Isaiah +Thomas, to the assembled crowd. On Sunday, after divine service, it was +read in the church. Measures were adopted for a proper celebration of +the event, and on the Monday following, the earliest commemoration of +the occasion, since hallowed as the national anniversary, took place in +the town. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: POST OFFICE AND MASONIC HALL.] + +Worcester continued to increase both in size and importance during the +first half of the present century, till, in 1848, having outgrown the +limits of a town, it was made a city, and the first city government +inaugurated, with Ex-Gov. Levi Lincoln, Mayor, and the following +Aldermen: Parley Goddard, Benjamin F. Thomas, John W. Lincoln, James +S. Woodworth, William B. Fox, James Estabrook, Isaac Davis, and Stephen +Salisbury. The City Clerk was Charles A. Hamilton; the City Treasurer, +John Boyden; and the City Marshal, George Jones. Since then it has made +rapid strides in growth, influence, and prosperity. When the call for +troops to defend Washington came, in 1861, Worcester as a city was true +to her record as a town; for within twelve hours a company started for +the seat of war, and passed through Baltimore with the Sixth +Massachusetts Regiment, on the memorable 19th of April, just eighty-six +years from the first shedding of Massachusetts blood at Lexington. + +In 1800 the population of Worcester was 2,411; in 1820 it was 2,962; +in 1840, 7,500; in 1850, 17,049; in 1860, about 25,000; in 1870, about +41,000. At the present time it is about 70,000. The first event of +consequence that gave an impetus to the growth of the town was the +opening of the Blackstone Canal, in 1828, connecting Worcester with +tide-water at Providence. This, although considered at the time a marvel +of engineering skill, and undoubtedly of great benefit to the public, +was not a successful enterprise, and on the establishment of railroads +a few years later was discontinued. + +[Illustration: WORCESTER CORSET COMPANY'S WORKS.] + +In 1831 the Boston and Worcester Railroad was incorporated and soon +built, followed at short intervals by the Western Railroad, the Norwich +and Worcester, the Nashua and Worcester, Fitchburg and Worcester, and +the Providence and Worcester railroads; thus making a centre from which +one could travel in any direction. Later the Barre and Gardner Railroad +was built, and the Boston and Worcester consolidated with the Western +Railroad. By this last corporation the Union Passenger Station was +erected, in 1877, which is one of the most costly, elegant, and +convenient edifices devoted to this business in the country. About +seventy-five trains arrive and depart daily. The advantage thus given to +Worcester over other towns in the county was great, and the results were +striking and immediate, as may be seen by reference to the figures of +population above given. The facility of communication thus afforded +caused capitalists to settle here, and manufactures rapidly sprang up +and flourished, drawing to this spot thousands of laborers, who +otherwise would have gone elsewhere. At the present time the chief +interests of the city centre in its manufactures, which embrace almost +every variety of articles made in iron, steel, and wire cotton and +woollen fabrics, leather, wood, and chemicals. + +[Illustration: FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY.] + +Among the multitude of manufactured products it is almost useless to +attempt to specify any particular ones. The same is true of the +manufacturing establishments and corporations. Mention may be made, +however, of the Washburn & Moen Wire Works, which give employment to +about three thousand operatives, established in 1831, and having a +capital of two million dollars. The power used in manufacturing is +almost exclusively steam, but water is used somewhat in the outskirts, +where streams have been dammed to make reservoirs. + +Connected with the growth of Worcester it is interesting to note that +the increase in the population has been largely from the ranks of the +laboring classes. The manner in which the city is built shows this to +the most casual observer. There are but few large estates or imposing +residences, surrounded with extensive grounds. The great majority +of the houses are made of wood, are of small size, and stand in small +enclosures. As mechanics have prospered they have bought land, and built +such houses as were suitable to their means, obtaining loans of the +savings-banks, which they have paid off gradually. This has been +especially the case the last few years, during which time the city has +extended in every direction in the manner indicated; and it is said the +greater part of the deposits in the savings-banks, as well as their +loans, have been made by and to people of the laboring class. This shows +a general prosperity, and indicates a permanency of population not seen +in many cities. During the last twenty years many people who began life +with the most modest means, or with none at all, have become wealthy; +and in almost every such case their prosperity has been due to their +connection with manufacturing interests. + +[Illustration: THE PRESENT ANTIQUARIAN HALL.] + +Worcester is exceptionally fortunate in its water-supply. This is +derived from two large reservoirs fed by running streams, each about +five miles distant from the city. One of these, called the Lynde-Brook +Reservoir, is situated in the township of Leicester. It was built in +1864, has a water-shed of 1,870 acres, and a storage capacity of +681,000,000 gallons, and an elevation of 481 feet above the City Hall. +The dam of this reservoir gave way in February, 1876, during a freshet, +and the immense mass of water was precipitated, with an unearthly roar, +into the valley below, destroying everything in its path, and carrying +rocks, earth, trees, and _débris_ to a distance of several miles. +The other, called the Holden Reservoir, is in the township of Holden. +This was built in 1883, has a water-shed of 3,148 acres, a storage +capacity of 450,000,000 gallons, and lies 260 feet above the City Hall. +There are also three distributing reservoirs at elevations of 177 to 184 +feet above the level of Main street, and supplied from the two principal +reservoirs. Thirty-inch mains connect the reservoirs with the city. The +height of the water-supply gives a pressure in the pipes at the City +Hall of from sixty to seventy-five pounds to the square inch, which is +sufficient to throw a stream of water to the tops of the highest +buildings,--a great advantage in case of fire, rendering the employment +of steam fire-engines unnecessary in those parts of the city provided +with hydrants. The water is of excellent quality, being remarkably free +from impurities, either organic or mineral. The total amount expended on +the water-works from 1864 to December 1, 1884, is $1,653,456, and the +income from water-rates for the year ending December, 1884, was +$107,515. The uneven character of the ground upon which Worcester is +built is favorable to drainage, and advantage has been taken of this +fact to construct an excellent system of sewers, which thoroughly drain +the greater parts of the city. All abutters are obliged to enter the +sewers; and no surface-drainage nor cesspools are allowed. The result is +that Worcester is a very clean city, and few places can be found either +in the city itself or in the suburbs where surface accumulations exhale +unpleasant or noxious odors. To the influence of pure water and good +drainage may partly be ascribed the general good health of the +inhabitants, and the absence, during the last few years, of anything +like an epidemic of diseases dependent upon unsanitary conditions. The +sewers all converge upon one large common sewer, which discharges its +contents into the Blackstone river at Quinsigamond. + +[Illustration: THE OLD SOUTH MEETING-HOUSE.] + +In Worcester, as in most of the smaller cities of New England, the Main +street is the chief thoroughfare and the site of many of the prominent +buildings. This street runs north and south, and is about two and a half +miles long. Near the north end, at Lincoln square, are the Court-House +and the American Antiquarian Society building. The latter contains a +large number of valuable and rare books, much sought after for reference +by students. Farther on toward the business centre are the Bay State +House--Worcester's principal hotel--and Mechanics' Hall. This hall is +one of the handsomest and largest in the State, and has a seating +capacity of about two thousand. In the centre of the city, bordering +upon Main street, is the Old Common, the original park of Worcester, now +a small breathing-place of the working class, where band concerts are +frequently given in summer. Here stand the Soldiers' Monument, designed +by Randolph Rogers, of Rome, and the Bigelow Monument, erected to +Timothy Bigelow, who commanded the minute-men who marched to Cambridge +upon receipt of the news of the Battle of Lexington, and served +throughout the Revolution as colonel of the Fifteenth Massachusetts +Regiment. At one corner of the Common, facing Main street, is the City +Hall, a small, unimposing structure, hardly worthy of the city. The +question of erecting a new one has been lately agitated. Near by stands +the Old South Church, built in 1763. The business portion of Main street +is well lined with large blocks, and the south end is laid out for +residences. + +[Illustration: ELM PARK.] + +Upon one of the hills, at the west side, stands the City Hospital, which +is well managed and kept up, and has a visiting staff of the best +physicians in the city. In connection with this institution, a +training-school for nurses has lately been established. + +The city's most imposing building is the Worcester State Lunatic Asylum, +which can be seen from the trains on the Boston and Albany Railroad. A +picturesque edifice in itself it crowns a hill about two miles east of +Worcester, and overlooks the blue waters of Lake Quinsigamond, and also +a charming stretch of hill and dale beyond. Were the softening charms of +nature a potent remedy for the diseased mind, speedy cures might be +effected in this sequestered retreat. It contains generally over seven +hundred inmates, and can accommodate more. The building, begun in 1873, +was completed in 1877, is handsomely fitted up throughout, and very +spacious. It cost one million and a quarter dollars. + +[Illustration: THE BIGELOW MONUMENT.] + +On Summer street is the Asylum for the Chronic Insane. For many years +it was the only asylum, but upon the completion of the new building the +chronic cases were removed there, and it has since been devoted to their +needs only. The Technical School, or Free Institute, is situated on a +pretty wooded acclivity on the west side. Founded in 1865. it was +endowed, through the liberality of John Boynton, of Templeton, with +$100,000, which he left as a legacy for that purpose. This school is +more particularly for mechanics, chemists, and engineers, and is +conducted on the plan of the polytechnic schools of Europe. It is the +aim of the institution to train young men in such branches as are not +usually taught in the high schools, that any mechanic or civil engineer +on leaving the establishment may be fitted in a thoroughly scientific +manner to pursue his life-work. The institution is free to +Worcester-county residents; to those outside of the county the price of +tuition is $150. The number of students accommodated is one hundred and +twenty-six. The Free Public Library, founded in 1859, is one of the best +in the State, has a circulating department of 26,000 and an intermediate +department of 14,000 books; also a reference collection of over 20,000 +volumes, bequeathed by the late Dr. John Green. An endowment fund, left +by this gentleman for the latter collection, is used to the best +advantage in procuring a great variety of encyclopædias and other +desirable books of reference. That Worcester citizens appreciate their +opportunities in this line is indicated by the large daily patronage. +Connected with the Public Library is a well-arranged reading-room, +supplied with periodicals and daily papers, accessible at all times to +the public; also the valuable library of the Worcester District Medical +Society, containing about 6,000 volumes. The able and accomplished +librarian is Mr. S.S. Green, who not only supplies its shelves with the +newest and most desirable books for reading and reference, but is a +fountain-head of information in himself, and ever ready and willing to +answer the many questions put to him constantly by a steady concourse of +applicants. + +[Illustration: THE WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY.] + +The public-school system has been the occasion of much compliment, and +is regarded both here and elsewhere as a model one. In 1733 it was +voted, "that a school-house be built in the centre half, and that said +school house be 24 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 7 feet stud, and be +completely finished with good chimney glass," This was the first +school-house built in Worcester, and it stood at the north end of Main +street, near the middle of the present street, and there remained until +after the close of the Revolution. In 1740 £100 were granted for the +support of schools. The first Grammar school was established in 1752. +In 1755 John Adams, afterward President of the United States, taught +the Latin Grammar school here, and remained until 1758. There are now +twenty-six different school-houses, including the High School, a large +effective building, situated on Walnut street. Further accommodations +at the present time are greatly needed, the existing houses being +overcrowded. The amount last appropriated for the schools was $184,500 +for maintenance, and $20,000 for the purchase of free textbooks. Beside +the public schools there are several large and well-known educational +institutions,--the College of the Holy Cross, the Free Institute, the +Worcester Academy, the Highland Military Academy, the Oread Institute, +the State Normal School, and the Roman Catholic Parochial schools. There +are also several private schools of note. The educational interests of +the city have kept pace with its rapid and astonishing growth. + +[Illustration: OLD PAINE HOMESTEAD, LINCOLN STREET.] + +Worcester has seven national banks, four savings-banks, and one safety +deposit and trust company. + +Among a number of newspapers the chief ones have been the "Spy" and +"Evening Gazette." The "Massachusetts Spy" is one of the oldest papers +in this country, and has been published with unbroken numbers for 115 +years. It was established in Boston, in July, 1770, but was removed to +Worcester by its proprietor, Isaiah Thomas, in May, 1775. It was in +those days outspoken with regard to the difficulties between the mother +country and the colonies, and, owing to its urgent appeals for freedom +from tyranny, it became necessary to remove press and paper. Mr. Thomas +was certainly one of the most remarkable men of his day. His patriotism +never waned during the most trying days of the Revolution, and the +"Massachusetts Spy" and its editor are a part of the history of the +country. July 22, 1845, the "Daily Spy" was first issued. The first +number was on a sheet 18 by 23 inches, a trifle larger than the first +number of the "Massachusetts Spy," which was 16 by 20 inches. It has +been enlarged several times. The "National Ægis," published in 1801, in +1833 merged into the "Massachusetts Yeoman," a paper started in 1823. +The name was changed to the "Worcester Palladium." In 1829 the +"Worcester County Republican" was started, and also merged into the +"Palladium," in 1834. It was a successful paper for years, but in 1876 +it was sold to the "Spy." The "Gazette," begun in 1801 as a weekly, +became a daily in 1843, and is now an eight-page paper, the only one in +the city. In 1851 the "Daily Morning Transcript" was issued. Early in +1866 its name was changed to the "Evening Gazette," and it is now the +representative afternoon sheet of the city. There are two able and +well-conducted French weekly journals,--"Le Travailleur," and "Le +Courier de Worcester." + +[Illustration: HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING.] + +In 1719 the first church was built, near the present Old South Church, +on Main street. Previous to that time the inhabitants had held service +in their different houses, where their prayers were often interrupted by +the presence of hostile Indians, who took the occasion when the people +were absorbed in their devotions to molest them. In 1763 the present Old +South Meeting-House was built. The original dimensions were seventy feet +long, fifty-five wide, with a tower on the north side surmounted by a +spire one hundred and thirty feet high. It was commenced June 21, 1763, +and first occupied Dec. 8, 1763. There were sixty-one large square box +pews and seven long ones on each side of the broad aisle, which were +free. The building committee consisted of John Chandler, Joshua Bigelow, +Josiah Brewer, John Curtis, James Putnam. Daniel Boyden, James Goodwin, +Jacob Hemmenway, David Bigelow, Samuel Moore, and Elisha Smith. The +entire expense of the building was £1,542. + +Since the date of its erection there have been many changes and +additions, so that it now presents but little of the appearance of its +former self. + +The bell now in use was cast in 1802, and has this inscription:-- + + "The living to the church I call, + And to the grave I summon all." + + +In 1786, owing to certain disagreements, a division occurred in the +parish, some of its members leaving and forming an organization of their +own, with the Rev. Mr. Bancroft as rector. This society dedicated its +first church January 1, 1722, and this was replaced by a new structure, +of brick, in 1829, which is still in use. Since this first division new +societies have sprung up and new churches have been built, until to-day +there are forty-eight different houses of worship, among which are +eleven Congregational, eight Methodist Episcopal, seven Baptist, seven +Roman Catholic, three Protestant Episcopal, two Universalist, and two +Unitarian churches. + +On account of the encircling hills the climate of Worcester is hot in +summer, but somewhat more temperate and less subject to east winds in +winter than that of Boston. + +The surrounding country has all the charms that cultivated soil and +undulating hill-and-valley scenery can give. Good roads run in various +directions to the adjacent towns, and strangers often speak of the many +different and delightful drives to be found about Worcester. + +Three miles east of the city is the beautiful sheet of water called Lake +Quinsigamond. It is a narrow lake, about five miles long, with thickly +wooded banks, and its surface dotted with picturesque little islands. +Along its shores the Nipmuck Indians are said to have lived and hunted; +and on Wigwam Hill, a wooded eminence overlooking the water, where one +of their encampments is supposed to have been, are still occasionally +found specimens of their rude house utensils. + +A large tract of land bordering on the lake has lately been given to the +city by two Worcester gentlemen, and it is expected that in the near +future it will be cleared away and made into a public park. The only +park that the city now possesses, besides the Common, before alluded to, +is a small affair on the west side, at the foot of Elm street, one of +the principal residence streets. + + * * * * * + + + + +ABRAHAM LINCOLN. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +There is something eminently satisfactory in the reflection that, when +the new faith, "That all men are created equal," and that "Governments +are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of +the governed," was finally assailed by the slave-power of America, and +had to pass the ordeal of four years of war, a man born and reared in +poverty, deficient in education, unused to the etiquette even of +ordinary society, and untutored in the art of diplomacy and deception, +had been selected by the people of the United States to become the +representative of the new faith, and the defender of the government +established upon it. This man was ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, the +record of whose life, at once important, eventful, and tragic, it is +pleasant to recall. + +There are, in my judgment, at least four men associated with the period +of the civil war, who, in their early lives, their struggles, their +training, and their future callings, ought forever to command the +admiration of this people: Lincoln, the lowly, the exalted, the pure +man in rude marble, the plain cover to a gentle nature, the giant frame +and noble intellect; Grant, the defender of the Federal Union, the +unflinching soldier, around whose dying couch a whole nation now +lingers, whose light will shine down through future ages a warning to +conspirators, to freemen a pledge, and to the oppressed a beacon of +hope; Stanton, the lion of Buchanan's cabinet, the collaborator of +Lincoln, the supporter of Grant, gifted with the far-seeing eye of a +Carnot, spotless in character, incorruptible in integrity, great in +talent and learning, and a fit object of unhesitating trust; and John +Rogers, the American sculptor, who has offered, in his beautiful and +famous group of statuary, "The Council of War," an undying tribute to +these three great leaders in American history, and is himself worthy +to be grouped with them in our remembrance. + + "Leaves have their time to fall, + And flowers to wither at the north wind's breath, + And stars to set; but all-- + Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death!" + + +If we could have looked into a rude log-cabin in Hardin county, +Kentucky, on the morning of the 12th of February, 1809, we should have +seen an infant just born,--and with what promise of future greatness? +Looking ahead ten years, we should have discerned this infant, Abraham, +developing into youth, still living in the old log-cabin, with neither +doors nor windows, with wolves and bears for neighbors, with a shiftless +father. But his mother was dead! Still this mother had left her impress, +and she had become in that boy's heart "an angel of a mother." She made +him what he afterwards proved himself to be. Follow Abraham Lincoln +where we will,--from the cradle to the grave,--and we shall find honesty +and kindness ever distinguishing him. In his boyhood, among boys, he was +always fighting the battle of the offended and the weak; in manhood, he +was always protecting the fugitive from an angry mob; as a lawyer, +saving the widow's son from the gallows, and declining the rich fee of +an unrighteous cause; as a public debater, the fairest ever met in the +political arena; and as president of the republic, honest in his +convictions and kind to his bitterest enemies. + +Let us not forget the difficulties which it was his lot and his good +fortune to surmount. He never was six months at school in his life; and +yet, by the use of a single book and the occasional aid of a village +schoolmaster, he became an expert surveyor in six weeks! At the age of +twenty-one he accompanied his family to Illinois. One morning, when +seated at the breakfast-table of his employer, Lincoln was told that a +man living six miles away had a copy of an English grammar. He left the +table at once, and went and borrowed the book. During the long winter +evenings that followed, in the light of the village cooper's shop, he +pored over the pages of that book,--studying the science of language, +the theory of human speech, and qualifying himself to become the author +of one of the three great State papers of modern times, by the light of +burning shavings! + +But we leave that early life of his, which, in rude simplicity, repeats +"the short and simple annals of the poor." + +In 1832 Black Hawk, the celebrated Indian chief, then in his +sixty-seventh year, crossed the Mississippi to regain the Rock River +valley,--the scene of his early trials and triumphs. His coming meant +war upon the pale-faced stranger, that had ventured to possess the +hunting-grounds of the red men. Several companies of volunteers were +raised to meet him, and Abraham Lincoln served as captain of one of +them. + +When the war was over Lincoln returned to New Salem, his home in +Illinois, and shortly afterwards began the study of the law. He was +still poor in purse, his clothing was threadbare, but his ambition was +immense. He often pursued his study in the shade of a tree. One day +Squire Godbey--a very good man he was, too, so we are told--saw him +seated on a pile of wood, absorbed in a book, when, according to the +squire, the following dialogue took place: "Says I, 'Abe, what are you +studying?'--'Law,' says he. 'Great God Almighty!' says I." Studying law +astride of a wood-pile, probably barefooted, was too great a shock for +the squire's susceptible nature. He continued to study, then to practise +a little without fee, and finally was admitted to the bar in 1836. + +Judge Davis, once on the Supreme Bench of the United States, a man +spotless alike upon the throne of justice and in his daily walk, was +upon intimate terms with Lincoln for upwards of twenty years, and during +more than half of that period sat upon the judicial bench before which +Lincoln most frequently practised. No one is abler than he to speak of +Lincoln as a lawyer,--a lawyer who became one of the first of the +Western bar,--a bar that can proudly point to its Carpenter, its +Trumbull, its Ryan, and its Davis. He says:-- + + + "The framework of Lincoln's mental and moral being was honesty; and a + wrong cause was poorly defended by him. The ability which some eminent + lawyers possess of explaining away the bad points of a cause by + ingenious sophistry was denied him. In order to bring into full activity + his great powers it was necessary that he should be convinced of the + right and justice of the matter which he advocated. When so convinced, + whether the cause was great or small, he was usually successful. + + "He hated wrong and oppression everywhere; and many a man whose + fraudulent conduct was undergoing review in a court of justice has + writhed under his terrific indignation and rebukes. He was the most + simple and unostentatious of men in his habits, having few wants, and + those easily supplied." + + +In 1837 Mr. Lincoln removed to Springfield, Ill., where he entered into +partnership with his old friend, John T. Stuart; and this partnership +continued until 1841. In 1834 he had been elected to the Legislature, +and after his removal to Springfield he was again chosen to that body. +It was during this period that he found the nerve, when it did require +courage, to express and record his protest against the injustice of +slavery. Twice as a youth he had made a trip to New Orleans,--in 1828 +and 1831,--and on his second visit had for the first time observed +slavery in its most brutal and revolting form. He had gone into the very +centre of a slave mart, had seen families sold, the separation forever +of husband and wife, of parent and child. When we recall how deeply he +always sympathized with suffering, brute as well as human, and his +strong love of justice, we can realize how deeply he was affected by +these things. His companions on this trip have attempted to describe his +indignation and grief. They said. "His heart bled. He was mad, +thoughtful, abstracted, sad, and depressed." + +The years which Mr. Lincoln passed in Springfield were the preparatory +years of his future greatness. From this time onward he was ever a busy +man. + +He was once associated with Mr. Swett in defending a man accused of +murder. He listened to the testimony which witness after witness gave +against his client until his honest heart could stand it no longer; +then, turning to his associate, he said: "Swett, the man is guilty; you +defend him: I can't." Swett _did_ defend him, and the man was +acquitted. When proffered his share of the large fee Lincoln most +emphatically declined it, on the ground that "all of it belonged to Mr. +Swett, whose ardor and eloquence saved a _guilty_ man from +justice." + +At another time, when a would-be client had stated the facts of his +case, Mr. Lincoln replied: "Yes; there is no reasonable doubt but I can +gain your case for you. I can set a whole neighborhood at loggerheads. +I can distress a widowed mother and her six fatherless children, and +thereby get for you $600, which rightfully belongs, it seems to me, as +much to the woman and her children as it does to you. You must remember +that some things that are _legally_ right are not _morally_ +right. I shall not take your case, but will give you a little advice, +for which I will charge you nothing. You appear to be a sprightly, +energetic man: I would advise you to try your hand at making $600 some +other way." + +I turn now to another phase of his nature, and recall that he had not +grown up to manhood without the usual experiences of the tender passion. +It was while he was yet living at New Salem that his heart opened to a +fair, sweet-tempered, and intelligent girl, with the romantic name of +Anne Rutledge. They were engaged to be married as soon as he should be +admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. But in August, 1835, she died. +Her beauty and her attractions and her early death made a very deep +impression upon him. We are told that he idealized her memory, and in +his recollections of her there was a poetry of sentiment, which might +possibly have been lessened, had she lived, by the prosaic realities of +life. With all his love of fun and frolic, with all his wit and humor, +with all his laughter and anecdotes, Lincoln, from his youth, was a man +of deep feeling. We have it on the authority of the most reliable of his +biographers, that he always associated with the memory of Anne Rutledge +the poem which, in his hours of despondency, he so often repeated:-- + + + "Oh! why should the spirit of mortal be proud? + Like a swift fleeting meteor, a fast flying cloud, + A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, + He passeth from life to his rest in the grave. + + "The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, + Be scattered around, and together be laid; + And the young and the old, and the low and the high, + Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie." + + +I never read this beautiful poem, so full of the true philosophy of +life, so suggestive of the rich promises of the hereafter, that I do not +think of the great president. He first found it in the columns of a +newspaper, cut it out, carried it in his pocket, and treasured it in his +memory for many years without knowing who was its author. + +It would be pleasant to trace the years spent by Mr. Lincoln in the +State Legislature, and to revert to some of the speeches and occasional +addresses belonging to those years, which, in the light of his +subsequent history, are strangely significant. In the early period of +his legislative career he became acquainted with Stephen A. Douglas, +while the latter was a school-teacher at Winchester. Douglas was a man +of extraordinary powers, and one of the readiest of the American +debaters of his time. As the years went on he became actively interested +in politics, and at length assumed the leadership of the Democrats in +Illinois, while Lincoln became the standard-bearer of the Whigs. When +party platforms were promulgated, upon the eve of important contests, +these two statesmen, by the unanimous consent of their supporters, were +selected to debate the merits of their respective political creeds +before the people. A series of joint discussions was arranged to take +place in the various important towns of the State. The assemblages were +large, and were composed of men of all parties. The discussion opened +with a speech of an hour, from one of the debaters; the other replied in +an address of an hour and a half; a rejoinder of half an hour brought +the discussion to a close. At the next meeting the order of speaking was +reversed, and by this arrangement the "last word" was indulged in +alternately by each debater. + +During the various joint discussions held between the eloquent political +orators who were chosen to represent the Anti-Slavery and Democratic +parties, it may fairly be asserted that Lincoln opposed, while Douglas +defended, directly or indirectly, the slave interests of the country. +The former always felt that slavery was wrong, and in seeking a remedy +for the existing evil he followed in the footprints of Henry Clay. He +advocated gradual emancipation, with the consent of the people of the +slave States, and at the expense of the General Government. In his great +speech against the Kansas and Nebraska bill, he said, "Much as I hate +slavery, I would consent to its extension rather than see the Union +dissolved, just as I would consent to any great evil to avoid a greater +one." + +The debates between Lincoln and Douglas, especially those of the year +1858, were unquestionably the most important in American history. The +speeches of Mr. Lincoln, as well as of the "Little Giant" who opposed +him, were circulated and read throughout the Union, and did more than +any other agency to create the public opinion which prepared the way for +the overthrow of slavery. As another has said, "The speeches of John +Quincy Adams and of Charles Sumner were more scholarly; those of Lovejoy +and Wendell Phillips were more vehement and impassioned; Senators +Seward, Hale, Trumbull, and Chase spoke from a more conspicuous forum; +but Lincoln's were more philosophical, while as able and earnest as any, +and his manner had a simplicity and directness, a clearness of statement +and felicity of illustration, and his language a plainness and +Anglo-Saxon strength, better adapted than any other to reach and +influence the common people,--the mass of the voters." + +From 1847 to March 4, 1849, Mr. Lincoln served a term in Congress, +where he acted with his party in opposing the Mexican war. In 1855 he +was a prominent candidate for the United States Senate, but was +defeated. From the ruins of the old Whig party and the acquisition of +the Abolitionists, the Republican had been formed, and of this party, in +Illinois, Mr. Lincoln became, in 1858, the senatorial candidate. Again +he was defeated, by his adversary Mr. Douglas. Lincoln felt aggrieved, +for he had carried the popular vote of his State by nearly 4,000 votes. +When questioned by a friend upon this delicate point, he said that he +felt "like the boy that stumped his toe,--it hurt him too much to laugh, +and he was too big to cry." + +In his speech at Springfield, with which the campaign of 1858 opened, +Mr. Lincoln made the compromisers of his party tremble by enunciating +a doctrine which, they claimed, provoked defeat. He said: "'A house +divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this Government cannot +permanently endure half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union +to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it +will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other; +either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, +and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is +in a course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it +forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States,--old as +well as new, North as well as South." + +These were prophetic words; and they were spoken by a man born in the +slave State of Kentucky. It was the truth, the fearless truth, uttered +in advance of even the acknowledged leader of the Republican party, +Governor Seward, of New York. The simple assertion of that truth cost +Lincoln a seat in the United States Senate; but it set other men's minds +to thinking, and in 1860 the PEOPLE, following the path made through the +forest of error by a pioneer in the cause of truth, came to similar +conclusions, and made "Honest Old Abe" Chief Magistrate of the republic. + +On the 10th of May, 1860, the Republican convention of Illinois met +at Decatur, in Macon county, to nominate State officers and appoint +delegates to the National Presidential Convention. Decatur was not far +from where Lincoln's father had settled and worked a farm in 1830, and +where young Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Hanks had split the rails for +enclosing the old pioneer's first cornfield. Mr. Lincoln was present, +simply as an observer, at the convention. Scarcely had he taken his seat +when General Oglesby arose, and remarked that an old Democrat of Macon +county desired to make a contribution to the convention. Two old fence +rails were then brought in, bearing the inscription: "Abraham Lincoln, +the rail candidate for the Presidency in 1860. Two rails from a lot of +three thousand, made in 1830, by Thomas Hanks and Abe Lincoln, whose +father was the first pioneer of Macon county." + +The effect of this contribution can well be imagined: at once it became +useless to talk in Illinois of any other man than Abraham Lincoln for +President. + +On the 16th of May the National Republican Convention was called +together in Chicago. The convention met in a large building called the +"Wigwam," which had been constructed specially for the occasion. The +contest for the nomination lay between William H. Seward of New York and +Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. On the third ballot, as we know, the latter +was nominated. I was but a youth on that memorable day, but I vividly +recollect that I was standing, with other urchins, nearly opposite the +"Wigwam," and was startled when a man stationed on top of the building +yelled out, "Fire: Lincoln is nominated!" Then followed the roar of +cannon and cheers upon cheers. + +When the news reached Mr. Lincoln he was chatting with some friends +in the office of the "Sangamon Journal," in Springfield. He read the +telegram aloud, and then said: "There is a little woman down at our +house who will like to hear this. I'll go down and tell her." The +"little woman" was his wife, whom, as Mary Todd, he had won in 1842, and +he knew that she was more anxious that he should be President than he +himself was. + +On the 7th of November, 1860, it was known throughout the country that +Lincoln had been elected. From that very hour dates the conspiracy +which, by easy stages and successive usurpations of authority, +culminated in rebellion. It is painful now to revert to the events which +marked its progress. There is not a man living to-day, I trust, that +does not wish they could be blotted out from our history. While watching +the course of these events Mr. Lincoln chanced one day to be talking +with his friend, Newton Bateman, a highly respectable and Christian +gentleman, and Superintendent of Public Instruction in Illinois. I can +only quote a part of the interview, as furnished by Mr. Bateman himself: +"I know there is a God," said Lincoln; "and he hates injustice and +slavery. I see the storm coming. I know that his hand is in it. If he +has a place and work for me,--and I think he has,--I believe I am ready. +I am nothing; but truth is everything, I know I am right, because I know +that liberty is right; for Christ teaches it; and Christ is God. I have +told them that 'a house divided against itself cannot stand,' and Christ +and reason say the same; and they will find it so. + +"Douglas doesn't care whether slavery is voted up or down; but God +cares, and humanity cares, and I care; and with God's help I shall not +fail. I may not see the end, but it will come, and I shall be +vindicated; and these men will find that they have not read their Bible +aright." + +We are told that, after a pause, he resumed: "Does it not appear strange +that men can ignore the moral aspects of this contest? A revelation +could not make it plainer to me that slavery or the Government, must be +destroyed. The future would be something awful, as I look at it, but for +this rock on which I stand." He alluded to the Testament which he held +in his hand, and which his mother--"to whom he owed all that he was, or +hoped to be"--had first taught him to read. + +There is nothing in history more pathetic than the scene when, on the +11th of February, 1861, Abraham Lincoln bade a last farewell to his home +of a quarter of a century. + +To his friends and neighbors he said, while grasping them by the hand, +"I go to assume a task more difficult than that which has devolved +upon any other man since the days of Washington. He never would have +succeeded except for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at all +times relied. I feel that I cannot succeed without the same divine +blessing which sustained him, and on the same Almighty Being I place my +reliance for support." The profound religious feeling which pervades +this farewell speech characterized him to the close of his life. + +All along the route Lincoln preached the gospel of confidence, +conciliation, and peace. Notwithstanding the ominous signs of the times, +he had such an abiding faith in the people as to believe that the +guarantees of all their rights under the Constitution, of +non-intervention with the institution of slavery where it existed, and +the assurance of a most friendly spirit on the part of the new President +would calm the heated passion of the men of the South, would reclaim +States already in secession, and would retain the rest of the cotton +States under the banner of the Union. What a striking evidence of the +lingering hope and of the tender heart of the President is afforded by +his first inaugural address! + +"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is +the momentous issue of civil war. + +"The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without +being yourselves the aggressors; you can have no oath registered in +heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn +one,--'to preserve, protect, and defend it.' + +"I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be +enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break, our bonds +of affection. + +"The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and +patriot grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this broad +land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as +surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." + +Abraham Lincoln took the helm of government in more dangerous times and +under more difficult and embarrassing circumstances than any of the +fifteen presidents who preceded him. The ship of Union was built and +launched and first commanded by Washington. + + + "He knew what master laid her keel, + What workmen wrought her ribs of steel, + Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, + What anvils rang, what hammers beat, + In what a forge and what a heat + Were shaped the anchors of her hope." + + +The men whom he chose as her first crew were those who had helped to +form her model. During succeeding generations inefficient hands were +occasionally shipped to take the place of worn-out members of the +original crew. Often the vessel was put out of her course to serve the +personal ends of this or that sailor, and ere long mutiny broke out +among her passengers, headed by John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. +Finally, a man ignorant in the science of astronomy and navigation, +feeble alike in heart and arm, became, nominally, commander, but really +the cat's-paw, of his crew, at whose bidding the ship was steered. When +Abraham Lincoln was called to the helm he found the once stanch, strong +vessel in a leaky, damaged condition, with her compasses deranged, her +rudder broken, and the luminous star by which Washington guided his +course dimmed by a cloud of disunion and doubt. When the belching cannon +opened upon Sumter, then it was that the ship of State was found to be +all but stranded on the shoals,--Treason. + +We are all aware of the story of that struggle. We can never forget +the story, for there is yet a "vacant chair," that recalls it in many +a home. The manner in which President Lincoln conducted the affairs of +the government during that struggle forms an important chapter in the +history of the world for that period. After Good Friday comes Easter; +after the day of dejection and doubt comes the day of recompense and +rejoicing. To my mind there is that in the life-work of President +Lincoln which itself consecrates every soldier's grave, and makes the +tenant of that grave more worthy of his sublime dying. It added honor +to honor to have fallen, serving under such a commander. + +It was midsummer, 1862, and at a time when the whole North was +depressed, that the President convened his cabinet to talk over the +subject-matter of the Emancipation Proclamation. On the 22d of September +ensuing it was published to the world. It was the act of the President +alone. It exhibited far-seeing sagacity, courage, independence, and +statesmanship. The final proclamation was issued on the 1st of January, +1863. On that day the President had been receiving calls, and for hours +shaking hands. As the paper was brought to him by the Secretary of State +to be signed, he said, "Mr. Seward, I have been shaking hands all day, +and my right hand is almost paralyzed. If my name ever gets into history +it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it. If my hand trembles +when I sign the proclamation those who examine the document hereafter +will say, 'He hesitated.'" Then, resting his arm a moment, he turned +to the table, took up the pen, and slowly and firmly wrote, ABRAHAM +LINCOLN. He smiled as, handing the paper to Mr. Seward, he said "That +will do." + +This was the pivotal act of his administration; but this humane +and just promise to liberate four millions of slaves, to wipe out a +nation's disgrace, was followed by the darkest and most doubtful days +in the history of America. Grant, in the lowlands of Louisiana, was +endeavoring, against obstacles, to open the Mississippi; but, with all +his energy, he accomplished nothing. McClellan's habit of growling at +the President had become intolerable, and Burnside superseded him in +command of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside advanced against Lee, +fought him at Fredericksburg, and was repulsed with terrible disaster. +Then the army broke camp for another campaign, the elements opposed, +Burnside gave way to Hooker. The soldiers became disheartened, and +thousands deserted to their homes in the North. The President's +proclamation was now virtually a dead letter; people looked upon it +and characterized it as a joke. But there came at last a break in the +clouds, and on Independence Day, 1863, the star of liberty and union +appeared upon the distant sky as a covenant that God had not forsaken +the Prophet of the West,--the Redeemer of the Slave. I can find no more +fitting words to characterize Grant's victory at Vicksburg than those +which the young and brave McPherson used in his congratulatory address +to the brave men who fought for the victory:-- + +"The achievements of this hour will give a new meaning to this memorable +day; and Vicksburg will heighten the glory in the patriot's heart, which +kindles at the mention of Bunker Hill and Yorktown. The dawn of a +conquered peace is breaking before you. The plaudits of an admiring +world will hail you wherever you go." + +Take it altogether it was perhaps the most brilliant operation of the +war, and established the reputation of Grant as one of the greatest +military leaders of any age. He, the last of the triumvirate, is passing +away; and, in this connection, no apology is needed in quoting the +letter which the President wrote with his own hand, and transmitted to +him, on receipt of the glorious tidings:-- + + + MY DEAR GENERAL,--I do not remember that you and I ever met personally. + I write this now as a grateful acknowledgment for the almost + inestimable service you have done the country. I wish to say a word + further. When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg I thought you + should do what you finally did,--march the troops across the neck, run + the batteries with the transports, and then go below; and I never had + any faith, except a general hope, that you knew better than I that the + Yazoo-Pass expedition and the like could succeed. When you got below, + and took Fort Gibson, Grand Gulf, and vicinity, I thought you should go + down the river and join Gen. Banks; and when you turned northward, east + of the Big Black, I thought it was a mistake. I now wish to make the + personal acknowledgment that you were right, and I was wrong. + + +And recall now the never-to-be-forgotten scenes at Gettysburg. The Union +army had been defeated at Chancellorsville, and Gen. Lee, having assumed +the offensive, had been making the greatest preparations for striking +a decisive blow. Already had he passed through Maryland; he was now in +Pennsylvania. But valiant men were there to meet and oppose. The fate +of the day, the fate of the Confederacy, was staked upon the issue. I +cannot picture the battle; but we all know the result, and how great was +the rejoicing in the North when, on that 4th day of July, the tidings of +the fall of Vicksburg and the victory at Gettysburg reached the country. + +A portion of the battle-field of Gettysburg was set apart as a +resting-place for the heroes who fell on that bloody ground. In November +of that year the ceremony of consecration took place. Edward Everett, +the orator and the scholar, delivered the oration; it was a polished +specimen of his consummate skill. After him rose President +Lincoln,--"simple, rude, his care-worn face now lighted and glowing with +intense feeling." He simply read the touching speech which is already +placed among the classics of our language:-- + +"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this +continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the +proposition that all men are created equal. + +"Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, +or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met +on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of +it as the final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that +that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we +should do this. + +"But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we +cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who +struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or +detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we +_say_ here; but it can never forget what they _did_ here. It +is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished +work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to +be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these +honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here +gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that +the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, +have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the +people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." + +There have been but four instances in history in which great deeds have +been celebrated in words as immortal as themselves: the epitaph upon the +dead Spartan band at Thermopylæ; the words of Demosthenes on those who +perished at Marathon; the speech of Webster in memory of those who laid +down their lives at Bunker Hill; and these words of Lincoln on the hill +at Gettysburg. As he closed, and while his listeners were still sobbing, +he grasped the hand of Mr. Everett, and said. "I congratulate you on +your success."--"Ah," replied the orator, gracefully, "Mr. President, +how gladly would I exchange all my hundred pages to have been the author +of your twenty lines!" + +I forbear to dwell longer on the events of the war. The tide had turned, +and the end was already foreseen. Notwithstanding that Mr. Lincoln had +proved the righteousness of his course, a great many people in the +North--and many even in his own party--were opposed to his nomination +for a second term. The disaffected nominated Gen. Fremont, upon the +platform of the suppression of the Rebellion, the Monroe doctrine, and +the election of President and Vice-President by the direct vote of the +people, and for one term only. The Democratic party declared the war for +the Union a failure, and very properly nominated McClellan. It required +a long time for the General to make up his mind in regard to accepting +the nomination; and, in conversations upon the subject with a friend, +Lincoln suggested that perhaps he might be _entrenching_. The +election was held, and Lincoln received a majority greater than was ever +before given to a candidate for the presidency. The people this time +were like the Dutch farmer,--they believed that "it was not best to swap +horses when crossing a stream." + +On the 4th of March, 1865, he delivered that memorable inaugural address +which is truly accounted one of the ablest state papers to be found in +the archives of America. It concludes with these words:-- + +"With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the +right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are +in,--to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have +borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may +achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with +all nations." + +Read and reread this whole address. Since the days of Christ's Sermon +on the Mount, where is the speech of ruler that can compare with it? +No other in American annals has so impressed the people. Said a +distinguished statesman from New York, on the day of its delivery, +"A century from to-day that inaugural will be read as one of the most +sublime utterances ever spoken by man. Washington is the great man of +the era of the Revolution. So will Lincoln be of this; but Lincoln will +reach the higher position in history." + +Four years before, Mr. Lincoln, an untried man, had assumed the reins of +government; now, he was the faithful and beloved servant of the people. +Then, he was ridiculed and caricatured; and some persons even found +fault with his dress, just as the British ambassador found fault with +the dress of the author of the Declaration of Independence. The +ambassador is forgotten, but Jefferson will live as long as a government +of the people, by the people, and for the people, endures. While he +lived Lincoln was shamefully abused by the people and press of the land +of his forefathers; and not until the shot was fired--not until the +blood of the just--the ransom of the slave--was spilled, did England +throw off the cloak of prejudice, and acknowledge-- + + + "This king of princes-peer, + This rail-splitter, a true-born king of men." + + +It is well known that not all of Mr. Lincoln's friends invariably +harmonized with his views. Of the number of these Horace Greeley stood +foremost, and undoubtedly caused the President great anxiety upon +several occasions. He never did things by halves; and, whenever he +undertook to do a thing, the whole country, believing in the honesty and +purity of his motives, gave to him a willing ear. From the editorial +sanctum of the "Tribune" many a sharp and soul-stirring letter went +forth addressed to the executive of the nation. Mr. Lincoln read them, +oftentimes replied to them, but very rarely heeded the counsel which +they contained. When the President was struck down, Mr. Greeley, who +differed so widely from him, mourned the loss of a very dear friend. + +Charles Sumner often differed from the President, and on the floor of +the Senate Chamber frequently gave utterance to statements which carried +grief into the White House. But Mr. Lincoln knew and understood Charles +Sumner. An incident may here be recalled. The President was solicitous +that his views, as embodied in an act then claiming the attention of +Congress, should become law prior to the adjournment of that body on the +4th of March. Mr. Sumner opposed the bill, because he thought it did not +sufficiently guard the interests of the freedmen of that State. Owing to +the opposition of the Senator and a few of his friends the bill was +defeated. Mr. Lincoln felt displeased, and the newspapers throughout the +country published that the friendship which had so long existed between +the two men was at an end. + +But Mr. Lincoln was not a man who would withdraw friendship on account +of an honest difference of opinion. It was not he who made the mistake +of urging the dismissal of Mr. Sumner from the chairmanship of the +Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. On the 4th of March Mr. Lincoln +was reinaugurated; on the evening of the 6th occurred the Inauguration +Ball. Mr. Sumner had never attended one of these state occasions, and he +did not purpose doing so at this time until he received, in the course +of the afternoon, the following letter:-- + + + DEAR MR. SUMNER,--Unless you send me word to the contrary, I shall + this evening call with my carriage at your house, to take you with + me to the Inauguration Ball. + + Sincerely yours, + + ABRAHAM LINCOLN. + + +The great Senator entered the ball-room, with Mrs. Lincoln leaning on +his arm, and took his seat by the side of the President. The evening was +pleasantly spent, and the newspapers at once discovered how great a +blunder they had made. + +At length the curtain fell upon the bloody scenes of the war. Under the +mighty blows of Grant and his lieutenants the Rebellion was crushed. +On a bright day the President, accompanied by Mr. Sumner, entered the +streets of Richmond, and witnessed the grateful tears of thousands of +the race he had redeemed from bondage and disgrace. Having returned to +Washington, he convened a cabinet council on the 14th of April. During +the session his heart overflowed with kind and charitable thoughts +towards the South, and towards those officers who had deserted the flag +of their country in her trying hour he poured out a forgiving spirit. + +After that cabinet meeting he went to drive with Mrs. Lincoln,--they two +were alone. "Mary," said he, "we have had a hard time of it since we +came to Washington; but the war is over, and, with God's blessing, we +may hope for four years of peace and happiness, and then we will go back +to Illinois and pass the rest of our lives in quiet. We have laid by +some money, and during this term we will try and save up more, but shall +not have enough to support us. We will go back to Illinois, and I will +open a law-office at Springfield or Chicago, and practise law, and at +least do enough to help give us a livelihood." Such were the dreams of +Abraham Lincoln the last day of his life. The whole world knows the +remainder of the story,--of that terrible night at the theatre; of that +passing away in the early dawn of the morning; of that sad and mournful +passage from the Capitol to the grave at Oak Ridge Cemetery. It is +painful to dwell upon it; it makes the heart faint even to recall it. + +ABRAHAM LINCOLN needs no eulogy. There is but one other name in +American history which can be mentioned with his as that of a peer,--the +name of Washington. He was as pure, and just, and as patriotic as the +Father of his Country. He was born of his time, a creature of the age of +giants, a genius from the people, all the greater for his struggles, for +he really did more than any man of his day to destroy caste and give +courage to the lowly; and therein he wrote the brightest pages of +progress. The shaft that marks his silent resting-place, the books he +read, the office he used, the strong body that covered his warm heart +and wise purposes, were only the outer symbols to the higher gifts of +his Creator. All gifts and graces are not found in one person. He is +great in whom the good predominates. All persons are not born equal. +Gifts are diversified; but if ever a man had the "genius of greatness," +it was Abraham Lincoln. As all are eloquent in that which they know, he +was eloquent in what he both knew and did. + +A few words more. The President left a heart-broken widow, a woman whose +intellect was shattered by one of the most awful shocks in human +history. No mind can picture the agonies which she suffered, even till +the day of her death, on July 16, 1882. I make mention of her now, +because, during her eventful life in Washington and afterwards, she was +most cruelly treated by a portion of the press and people. I can +conceive of nothing so unmanly, so devoid of every chivalric impulse, as +the abuse of this poor, wounded, and bereft woman. But I am reminded of +the splendid outburst of eloquence on the part of Edmund Burke, when, +speaking of the heart-broken Queen of France, he said:-- + +"Little did I dream that I should live to see such disasters fall upon +her in a nation of gallant men,--a nation of men of honor, cavaliers. +I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to +avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of +chivalry is gone." + + + "Lincoln was incontestably the greatest man I ever knew. What marked + him was his sincerity, his kindness, his clear insight into affairs, + his firm will and clear policy. I always found him preëminently a + clear-minded man. The saddest day of my life was that of Lincoln's + assassination."--U.S. GRANT. + + +[The death of GENERAL GRANT has occurred since this article was put into +type.--_Ed._] + + * * * * * + + + + +NANTASKET BEACH. + + +By Edward P. Guild. + + +The outline of Boston harbor somewhat resembles a very irregular +letter C, with its open side facing to the north-east. The upper horn +terminates with Point Shirley, in the town of Winthrop. The lower horn +is a narrow ridge of land of varying width, extending four miles from +the mainland, then abruptly turning to the westward for three miles. +This peninsula is the town of Hull; the sharp elbow is Point Allerton. + +The stretch of four miles from the point to the mainland is of greatly +varying width, the harbor side being of most irregular and fantastic +outline; but the side toward the sea is smooth and even, and forms +Nantasket Beach,--one of the most popular watering-places on the +Atlantic coast. + +The development of Nantasket as a summer resort began a long time ago, +although the era of large hotels and popular excursions began in the +last few years. Forty or fifty vears ago people from Boston, Dorchester, +Hingham, and other towns, when hungering for a sniff of unalloyed +sea-breeze, or a repast of the genuine clam-chowder, were in the habit +of resorting to this beach, where they could pitch their tents, or +find accommodations in the rather humble cottages which were already +beginning to dot the shore. That the delights of the beach were +appreciated then is evinced by the habitual visits of many noted men of +the time, among them Daniel Webster, who often came here for recreation, +usually bringing his gun with him that he might indulge his sporting +proclivities; and, according to his biographer, "he was a keen +sportsman. Until past the age of sixty-five he was a capital shot; and +the feathered game in his neighborhood was, of course, purely wild. He +used to say, after he had been in England, that shooting in 'preserves' +seemed to him very much like going out and murdering the barn-door +fowl. His shooting was of the woodcock, the wild-duck, and the various +marsh-birds that frequent the coast of New England.... Nor would he +unmoor his dory with his 'bob and line and sinker,' for a haul of cod or +hake or haddock, without having Ovid, or Agricola, or Pharsalia, in the +pocket of his old gray overcoat, for the 'still and silent hour' upon +the deep." + +Another frequent visitor--Peter Peregrine--wrote: "The Nantasket Beach +is the most beautiful I ever saw. It sweeps around in a majestic curve, +which, if it were continued so as to complete the circle, would of +itself embrace a small sea. There was a gentle breeze upon the water, +and the sluggish waves rolled inward with a languid movement, and broke +with a low murmur of music in long lines of foam against the opposite +sands. The surface of the sea was, in every direction, thickly dotted +with sails; the air was of a delicious temperature, and altogether it +was a scene to detain one for hours." + +Evidently, Peter was a lover of nature at the sea-side; but to show that +those who sojourned here forty years ago were not unexposed to ridicule, +the following extract is given from a letter written from Hull in 1846: +"The public and private houses at Nantasket are overrun with company, +chiefly from Boston. Some of our fashionable people, as the rich are +vulgarly called, will leave their airy, cool, well-appointed +establishments in Boston, with every luxury the market affords, in the +vain hope of finding comfort in such houses. They will leave their city +palaces, the large and convenient rooms, comfortable bedsteads and +mattresses, and all the delicacies of the season, and submit to being +stowed away on straw-beds or cots, even upon the floor, half-a-dozen in +a small chamber, or four deep in an entry, to be half-starved into the +bargain upon badly cooked fish and other equally cheap commodities, for +the mere sake of being able to think that they are enjoying the +sea-breeze." Had the writer of this satire lived to lodge for a night in +one of the palace hotels which now adorn Nantasket Beach he would have +sung another song. + +The peninsula of Hull is graced by three gentle elevations,--Atlantic +Hill, a rocky eminence marking the southern limit of the beach; Sagamore +Hill, a little farther to the north; and Strawberry Hill, about midway +to Point Allerton. The last of these elevations is the most noted of +the three. On its summit is an old barn, which is not only a well-known +landmark for sea-voyagers, but a point of the triangulations of the +official harbor surveys. In 1775 a large barn, containing eighty tons +of hay, was burned on this spot by the Americans, that it might not be +secured by the British. The splendid scene which this fire must have +produced was doubtless applauded with even more enthusiasm than the +great illuminations which are now a part of each season's events at the +beach. + +It is said that fierce conflicts among the savages used to often occur +on the plains extending toward Point Allerton, before these parts were +invaded by the white man. The theory has arisen from the finding of +large numbers of skulls, bones, arrows, tomahawks, and other relics in +this locality. + +The trip to Nantasket from Boston by boat on a summer day is most +delightful, affording a sail of an hour among the most interesting +objects of Boston harbor. The point of departure is at Rowe's wharf, +near the foot of Broad street, where the passenger steps on board one of +the well-equipped steamers of the Boston and Hingham Steamboat Company. +The course down to Nix's Mate, and thence to Pemberton, is quite +straight, but the route the remainder of the way, especially after +entering Weir river, is so tortuous as to cause the passenger to +constantly believe that the boat is just going to drive against the +shore. Upon the arrival at Nantasket pier the passenger is aware that he +is at a popular resort. Barges and coaches line the long pier; ambitious +porters give all possible strength of inflection to the names of their +respective hotels; while innumerable _menu_ cards are thrust into +the visitors' hands, each calling particular attention to the chowders +of the ------ House as being the best to be had on the New England +coast. + +Two minutes' walk is sufficient to cross from the steamboat-pier over +the narrow ridge of land to the beach. The difference between one side +and the other is very striking. On the one is the still, dark water of +Weir river; on the other, the open sea and the rolling surf. The beach +at once impresses the visitor as being remarkably fine, and, indeed, it +is equalled by none on the coast, unless, possibly, by Old Orchard. The +sands are hard and firm, and at low tide form a spacious boulevard for +driving or walking. Before the eye is the open sea, dotted here and +there with glistening sails. The long, dark vessel which appears in the +distance, about four o'clock on Saturday afternoon, is a Cunard steamer, +which has just left East Boston for its voyage to Liverpool. For two or +three hours it is in sight, slowly and majestically moving toward the +horizon. + +The scene on the beach is in marked contrast to what might have been +witnessed a generation ago. Then one would have found here and there +a family group just driven down in the old-fashioned carryall, and +enjoying a feast of clam-chowder cooked over a fire of drift-wood. Now +the beach is thronged by crowds of many thousands; immense hotels vie +with those of the metropolis in grandeur; there are avenues and parks, +flying horses, tennis-grounds, shops for the sale of everything that the +city affords, and some that it does not, dog-carts and goat-wagons, +fruit and peanut-stands, bowling-alleys, shooting-targets, and, in fact, +as many devices to empty the pocket-book as are usually found at a +cattle-show and a church-fair together. An excursion party has just +arrived, but this occurs, sometimes, several times in a day,--for +Nantasket is a Mecca to the excursionist. Societies and lodges come +here; clubs resort hither for a social dinner; mercantile firms send +their employés on an annual sail to this place, and philanthropists +provide for hundreds of poor children a day's outing on this beach. + +Thus, there is no exclusiveness about Nantasket; but, at the same time, +the tone of the place is excellent, and there seems to be no tendency +toward its falling into disrepute, as has been the case with other +very popular watering-places. It is, in fact, admitted by a New York +newspaper that "Bostonians are justly proud of Nantasket Beach, where +one can get cultured clams, intellectual chowder, refined lager, and +very scientific pork and beans. It is far superior to our monotonous +sand-beach in its picturesqueness of natural beauty, in the American +character of the visitors, and in the reasonableness of hotel charges, +as well as the excellence of the service." + +The oldest of the large hotels now in existence at the beach is the +Rockland House, which was opened in 1854 by Colonel Nehemiah Ripley, who +was proprietor for many years. At first, it had forty rooms; it now has +about two hundred, and is beautifully furnished. It stands at the head +of a broad, rising lawn, and from its balconies and windows the view of +the sea is magnificent. It is now in the hands of Russell & Sturgis, who +are also proprietors of the Hotel Nantasket,--the most effective in its +architecture of any of the great houses here. Its towers and pinnacles +are numbered by the score, and it has the broadest of piazzas. In front +of the hotel, toward the water, is the band-stand from which Reeve's +celebrated band gives two concerts daily during the season, their +entrancing music mingling with the monotone of the surf, to the delight +of large audiences which assemble on the piazzas. + +The Rockland Café, also under the same management, is joined to the +hotel by a long arcade, and enjoys an excellent reputation for its +chowders and fish dinners. + +The Atlantic House, which crowns the hill of the same name, is a +spacious and elegant hotel, always filled during the season with guests, +including many of the representatives of wealth and culture in the +metropolis. The view from here is very grand, commanding the entire +beach and a vast expanse of the sea. The proprietors are L. Damon & +Sons. + +Bathing is, naturally enough, a prominent feature of Nantasket's +attractions. Bath-houses are scattered all along the beach, where one +may, for a small sum,--fifty to two-hundred per cent. of its +value,--obtain the use of a suit for as long a time as he or she may +choose to buffet the waves of the briny Atlantic. The most appreciative +patrons of the surf seem to be the children, who are always ready to +pull off shoes and stockings, and, armed with a wooden pail and shovel, +amuse themselves with digging sand, and letting the surf break over +their feet. It is very evident that not a few older people envy the +children in this innocent amusement. + +It is said that the life of the hotels and the drift of excursionists, +great as they appear, are falling into the background, while the +popularity of cottage life is rapidly on the increase. This plan is much +more economical than boarding at the highest-price hotels, although +those who have ample means find a summer spent at either the houses of +Russell & Sturgis, or at the hostelry of Damon & Sons, most eminently +satisfactory in every respect. New cottages spring up like mushrooms +every year from one end of the beach to the other, and they represent +every style of architecture, although Queen Anne is held responsible for +the most frequent style as yet. But in size, coloring, and expense the +cottages vary as widely as the tastes and wealth of their several +owners. "There are big houses and little; houses like the Chinese +pagodas in old Canton blue-ware; houses like castles, with towers and +battlements; houses like nests, and houses like barracks; houses with +seven gables, and houses with none at all." + +During the heavy easterly gales of winter seaweed and kelp are washed +ashore in great quantities. This is carted off by the farmers, who find +it valuable as a fertilizer, and they are indebted to the sea for +thousands of dollars' worth of this product every year. Nantasket in +winter presents a gloomy contrast to its life and gayety in the summer. +The winds are cold and fierce. The pretty cottages are deserted, and the +sea moans with a sound betokening peril to the craft that ventures to +tempt the waves. The nearly buried timbers of old vessels that are seen +in the sands are relics of disaster in years gone by. + +But in the summer months, Nantasket must ever remain a sea-side paradise +to those who know its attractions. + + * * * * * + + + + +IDLENESS. + + +By Sidney Harrison. + + + A flutter 'mid the branches, and my heart + Leaps with the life in that full chirp that breathes; + The brown, full-breasted sparrow with a dart + Is at my feet amid the swaying wreaths + Of grass and clover; trooping blackbirds come + With haughty step; the oriole, wren and jay + Revel amid the cool, green moss in play, + Then off in clouds of music; while the drum + Of scarlet-crested woodpecker from yon + Old Druid-haunting oak sends toppling down + A ruined memory of ages past; + O life and death--how blended to the last! + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GRIMKÉ SISTERS. + +THE FIRST AMERICAN WOMEN ADVOCATES OF ABOLITION AND WOMAN'S RIGHTS. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +This is an era of recollections. The events of twenty and twenty-five +years ago are being read and reconsidered anew with as much interest as +though they were the fresh and important events of the present. It was +long claimed by those who believed that they thought and wrote with +authority that not only was slavery the main cause of the civil war in +America, but that the abolition of slavery was its chiefest object. +A more sober criticism of the motives and deeds of those who were the +prime actors in that inglorious struggle has tended somewhat to alter +this opinion. It will, however, be again called to mind by a forthcoming +biography,--that of Sarah and Angelina Grimké, better known as "the +Grimké Sisters." The task of preparing this biography was intrusted to +Mrs. Catherine H. Birney, of Washington, who knew the sisters well, and +who lived for several years under the same roof with them. + +There need be no hesitation in saying this book is one of the most +interesting and valuable contributions to the history of abolitionism +ever published. From first to last, during that momentous struggle, the +phrase "the Grimké Sisters" was familiar to everybody, and the part +which they enacted in the struggle was no less familiar. Mr. Phillips +often spoke of them in his public addresses; they were prominent members +of the anti-slavery societies; they themselves frequently appeared +before large audiences on public platforms. Indeed, no history of the +great moral cause would be complete that was not, in large part, made up +of their noble deeds; and no less valiantly did they contend for Woman's +Rights. + +SARAH and ANGELINA GRIMKÉ were born in Charleston, South Carolina; +Sarah, Nov. 26, 1792; Angelina, Feb. 20, 1805. They were the daughters +of the Hon. John Fauchereau Grimké, a colonel in the revolutionary war, +and judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina. His ancestors were +German on the father's side, French on the mother's; the Fauchereau +family having left France in consequence of the revocation of the Edict +of Nantes in 1685. + +Judge Grimké's position, character, and wealth placed his family among +the leaders of the very exclusive society of Charleston. His children +were accustomed to luxury and display, to the service of slaves, and to +the indulgence of every selfish whim, although the father's practical +common-sense led him to protest against the habits to which such +indulgences naturally led. To Sarah he paid particular attention, and +was often heard to declare that if she had been of the other sex she +would have made the greatest jurist in the land. + +Children are born without prejudice, and the young children of Southern +planters never felt or made any difference between their white and +colored playmates. So that there is nothing singular in the fact that +Sarah Grimké early felt such an abhorrence of the whole institution of +slavery that she was sure it was born in her. + +When Sarah was twelve years old two important events occurred to +interrupt the even tenor of her life. Her brother Thomas was sent off to +Yale College, leaving her companionless; but a little sister, Angelina +Emily, the last child of her parents, and the pet and darling of Sarah +from the moment the light dawned upon her blue eyes, came to take his +place. Sarah almost became a mother to this little one; whither she led, +Angelina followed closely. + +In 1818 Judge Grimké's health began to decline. So faithful did Sarah +nurse him that when it was decided that he should go to Philadelphia, +she was chosen to accompany him. This first visit to the North was the +most important event of Sarah's life, for the influences and impressions +there received gave some shape to her vague and wayward fancies, and +showed her a gleam of the light beyond the tangled path which still +stretched before her. + +Her father died; and in the vessel which carried his remains from +Philadelphia Sarah met a party of Friends. She talked with them on +religious matters, and after a few months acknowledged to one of them, +in the course of a correspondence, her entire conversion to Quakerism. +Ere long circumstances and the inharmonious life in her family urged her +again to seek Philadelphia, where she arrived in May, 1821. Angelina +remained at Charleston, where she grew up a gay, fashionable girl. + +We pass over the interesting correspondence which, from this time +onward, was carried on between the sisters. + +The strong contrast between Sarah and Angelina Grimké was shown not +only in their religious feelings, but in their manner of treating the +ordinary concerns of life, and in carrying out their convictions of +duty. In her humility, and in her strong reliance on the "inner light," +Sarah refused to trust her own judgment, even in the merest trifles, +such as the lending of a book to a friend, postponing the writing of a +letter, or sweeping a room to-day when it might be better to defer it +until to-morrow. She says of this: "Perhaps to some, who have been led +by higher ways than I have been into a knowledge of the truth, it may +appear foolish to think of seeking direction in little things, but my +mind has for a long time been in a state in which I have often felt a +fear how I came in or went out, and I have found it a precious thing to +stop and consult the mind of truth, and be governed thereby." + +Already the sisters had begun to reflect upon the evils of slavery. +Evidences of the tenor of their reflection are furnished in their +letter, and also in Sarah's diary, which she commenced in 1828. Angelina +was the first to express her abhorrence of the whole system; while +Sarah's mind, for a while at least, was too much absorbed by her +disappointed hopes and her trials in the ministry to allow her to do +much more than express sympathy with Angelina's anti-slavery sentiments. + +In the autumn of 1829 Angelina left Charleston never to return, and made +her home with Sarah in the home of Catherine Morris. She soon became +interested in Quakerism, and eventually joined the Society. The daily +records of their lives and thoughts, for the ensuing four or five years, +exhibit them in the enjoyment of their quiet home, visiting prisons, +hospitals, and almshouses, and mourning over no sorrow or sins but their +own. Angelina was leading a life of benevolent effort, too busy to admit +of the pleasure of society, and her Quaker associations did not favor +contact with the world's people, or promote knowledge of the active +movements in the larger reforms of the day. As to Sarah, she was +suffering keenly under a great sorrow of her life. + +Meanwhile, events were making; the anti-slavery question was being +agitated and discussed. In February, 1831, occurred the famous debate at +Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati, presided over by Dr. Lyman Beecher. The +eloquence of that debate swept over the country; it flooded many hearts, +and set souls aflame. Sarah Grimké also thought a _little_. Under +date of "5th mo., 12th, 1835," appears the following in Angelina's +diary:-- + + + Five months have elapsed since I wrote in this diary, since which time + I have become deeply interested in the subject of abolition. I had long + regarded this cause as utterly hopeless, but since I have examined + anti-slavery principles, I find them so full of the power of truth, that + I am confident not many years will roll by before the horrible traffic + in human beings will be destroyed in this land of Gospel privileges. My + soul has measurably stood in the stead of the poor slave, and my earnest + prayers have been poured out that the Lord would be pleased to permit me + to be instrumental of good to these degraded, oppressed, and suffering + fellow-creatures. Truly, I often feel ready to go to prison or to death + in this cause of justice, mercy, and love; and I do fully believe if I + am called to return to Carolina, it will not be long before I shall + suffer persecution of some kind or other. + + +When, after the Garrison riot, Mr. Garrison issued his appeal to the +citizens of Boston, Angelina's anti-slavery enthusiasm was fully +aroused. On the 30th of March of that year (1835) she wrote a letter to +Mr. Garrison,--as _brave_ a letter as was ever penned by the hand +of woman. In it occur these thrilling words:-- + + + If, she says, persecution is the means which God has ordained for + the accomplishment of this great end, _Emancipation_, then, in + dependence upon him for strength to bear it, I feel as if I could say, + _Let It Come!_ for it is my deep, solemn, deliberate conviction + that _this is a cause worth dying for_. I say so from what I have + seen, heard, and known in a land of slavery, where rests the darkness of + Egypt, and where is found the sin of Sodom. Yes! _Let it come--let us + suffer_, rather than insurrections should arise. + + +Mr. Garrison published the letter in the "Liberator" to the surprise of +Angelina and the great displeasure and grief of her Quaker friends, and +of her sister, Sarah, as well. But Angelina was not dismayed. In 1836 +she wrote her "Appeal to Southern Women," and sent it to New York, where +it was published as a pamphlet of thirty-six pages. Mr. Elizur Wright +spoke of it, at the time, as "a patch of blue sky breaking through the +storm-cloud of public indignation which had gathered so black over the +handful of anti-slavery workers." The praise was not exaggerated. The +pamphlet produced the most profound sensation wherever it was read. + +Soon after its publication the sisters went to New York and there openly +identified themselves with the members of the American Anti-Slavery +Society; and also of the Female Anti-Slavery Society. The account of the +first assembly of women, not Quakers, in a public place in America, +addressed by American women, as given in these pages, is deeply +interesting and touching from its very simplicity. We, who are so +accustomed to hear women speak to promiscuous audiences on any and every +subject, will naturally smile at the following memoranda by Angelina:-- + + + We went home to tea with Julia Tappan, and Brother Weld was all anxiety + to hear about the meeting. Julia undertook to give some account, and + among other things mentioned that a warm-hearted abolitionist had found + his way into the back part of the meeting, and was escorted out by Henry + Ludlow. Weld's noble countenance instantly lighted up, and he exclaimed: + "How supremely ridiculous to think of a man's being shouldered out of a + meeting for fear he should hear a woman speak!".... + + In the evening a colonizationist of this city came to introduce an + abolitionist to Lewis Tappan. We women soon hedged in our expatriation + brother, and held a long and interesting argument with him until near + ten o'clock. He gave up so much that I could not see what he had to + stand on when we left him. + + +After closing their meetings in New York the sisters held similar ones +in New Jersey, all of which were attended only by women. From thence +they went up the North River with Gerrit Smith, holding audiences at +Hudson and Poughkeepsie. At the latter place they spoke to an assembly +of colored people of both sexes, and this was the first time Angelina +ever addressed a mixed audience. + +The woman's rights agitation, while entirely separate from abolitionism, +owes its origin to the interest this subject excited in the hearts and +minds of American women; and to Sarah and Angelina Grimké must be +accorded the credit of first making the woman question one of reform. +They wrote and spoke often on the theme. Public feeling grew strong +against them, and at last the Congregational ministers of Massachusetts +saw proper to pass a resolution of censure against the sisters! This +resolution was issued as a "Pastoral Letter," which, in the light and +freedom of the present day, must be regarded as a most extraordinary +document. + +Whittier's muse found the "Pastoral Letter" a fitting theme for its +vigorous, sympathetic utterances. The poem thus inspired is perhaps one +of the very best among his many songs of freedom. It will be remembered +as beginning thus:-- + + + "So this is all! the utmost reach + Of priestly power the mind to fetter, + When laymen _think_, when women _preach_, + A war of words, a 'Pastoral Letter!'" + + +Up to this time nothing had been said by either of the sisters in their +lectures concerning their views about women. They had carefully confined +themselves to the subject of slavery, and the attendant topics of +immediate emancipation, abstinence from the use of slave products, the +errors of the Colonization Society, and the sin of prejudice on the +account of color. But now that they had found their own rights invaded, +they began to feel it was time to look out for the rights of their whole +sex. + +In the face of all this censure and ridicule the two sisters continued +in the discharge of a duty to which they increasingly felt they were +called from on high. + +One is compelled, in this brief _résumé_, to hurry over much that +is interesting and important. While the good work goes on we see the +sisters everywhere faithful to their sense of duty, unflinching to all +assailants. + +In February, 1838, Sarah Grimké spoke for the last time in public, +and in the month of May following, Angelina was united in marriage to +Theodore D. Weld. "No marriage," says Mrs. Birney, "could have been more +fitting in every respect. The solemn relation was never entered upon +in more holiness of purpose or in higher resolve to hold themselves +strictly to the best they were capable of. It was a rededication of +lives long consecrated to God and humanity; of souls knowing no selfish +ambition, seeking before all things the glory of their Creator in the +elevation of his creatures everywhere. The entire unity of spirit in +which they afterwards lived and labored, the tender affection which, +through a companionship of more than forty years, knew no diminution, +made a family life so perfect and beautiful that it brightened and +inspired all who were favored to witness it. No one could be with them +under the most ordinary circumstances without feeling the force and +influence of their characters." + +The happy couple settled down for their first house-keeping at Fort Lee, +on the Hudson. They were scarcely settled amid their new surroundings +before the sisters received a formal notice of their disownment by the +Society of Friends because of Angelina's marriage. In December, 1839, +the happiness of the little household was increased by the birth of a +son, who received the name of Charles Stuart, in loving remembrance of +the eminent English philanthropist, with whom Mr. Weld had been as a +brother, and whom he regarded as living as near the angels as mortal man +could live. + +In the latter part of February, 1840, Mr. Weld, having purchased a farm +of fifty acres at Belleville, New Jersey, removed his family there. +The visitors to the Belleville farm--chiefly old and new anti-slavery +friends--were numerous, and were always received with a cordiality which +left no room to doubt its sincerity. + +In many ways the members of this united household were diligent in +good works. If a neighbor required a few hundred dollars, to save the +foreclosure of a mortgage, the combined resources of the family were +taxed to aid him; if a poor student needed a helping hand in his +preparation for college, or for teaching, it was gladly extended to +him,--perhaps his board and lodging given him for six months or a +year,--with much valuable instruction thrown in. The instances of +charity of this kind were many, and were performed with such a cheerful +spirit that Sarah only incidentally alludes to the increase of their +cares and work at such times. In fact, their roof was ever a shelter for +the homeless, a home for the friendless; and it is pleasant to record +that the return of ingratitude, so often made for benevolence of this +kind, was never their portion. They always seem to have had the sweet +satisfaction of knowing, sooner or later, that their kindness was not +thrown away or under-estimated. + +In 1852 the Raritan Bay Association, consisting of thirty or forty +educated and cultured families of congenial tastes, was formed at +Eagleswood, near Perth Amboy, New Jersey; and a year later Mr. and +Mrs. Weld were invited to join the Association, and take charge of its +educational department. They accepted, in the hope of finding in the +change greater social advantages for themselves and their children, with +less responsibility and less labor; for of these last the husband, wife, +and sister, in their Belleville School, had had more than they were +physically able to endure longer. Their desire and plan was to +establish, with the children of the residents at Eagleswood, a school +also for others, and to charge such a moderate remuneration only as +would enable the middle classes to profit by it. In this project, as +with every other, no selfish ambition found a place. They removed to +Eagleswood in the autumn of 1854. + +In the new school Angelina taught history, for which she was admirably +qualified, while Sarah taught French, and was also book-keeper. + +It is scarcely necessary to say that few schools have ever been +established upon such a basis of conscientiousness and love, and with +such adaptability in its conductors, as that at Eagleswood; few have +ever held before the pupils so high a moral standard, or urged them +on to such noble purposes in life. Children entered there spoiled by +indulgence, selfish, uncontrolled, sometimes vicious. Their teachers +studied them carefully; confidence was gained, weaknesses sounded, +elevation measured. Very slowly often, and with infinite patience and +perseverance, but successfully in nearly every case, these children were +redeemed. The idle became industrious, the selfish considerate, the +disobedient and wayward repentant and gentle. Sometimes the fruits of +all this labor and forbearance did not show themselves immediately, and, +in a few instances, the seed sown did not ripen until the boy or girl +had left school and mingled with the world. Then the contrast between +the common, every-day aims they encountered, and the teachings of their +Eagleswood mentors, was forced upon them. Forgotten lessons of truth and +honesty and purity were remembered, and the wavering resolve was stayed +and strengthened; worldly expediency gave way before the magnanimous +purpose, cringing subserviency before independent manliness. + +Then came the war. In 1862 Mrs. Weld published one of the most powerful +things she ever wrote,--"A Declaration of War on Slavery." We have not +the space to follow the course of the sisters' lives farther; and, were +it otherwise, the events narrated would be all too familiar. Sarah, +after a somewhat prolonged illness, died on the 23d of December, 1873, +at Hyde Park, Mass. The funeral services were conducted by the Rev. +Francis Williams, and eloquent remarks were made also by Wm. Lloyd +Garrison. On the 26th of October, 1879, Angelina passed quietly away, +and the last services were in keeping with the record of the life then +commemorated. We close this writing with a passage from the remarks +which Wendell Phillips made on that occasion. No words could possibly +be more touching or more eloquent:-- + + + When I think of Angelina there comes to me the picture of the spotless + dove in the tempest, as she battles with the storm, seeking for some + place to rest her foot. She reminds me of innocence personified in + Spenser's poem. In her girlhood, alone, heart-led, she comforts the + slave in his quarters, mentally struggling with the problems his + position wakes her to. Alone, not confused, but seeking something to + lean on, she grasps the Church, which proves a broken reed. No whit + disheartened, she turns from one sect to another, trying each by the + infallible touchstone of that clear, child-like conscience. The two old, + lonely Quakers rest her foot awhile. But the eager soul must work, not + rest in testimony. Coming North at last, she makes her own religion one + of sacrifice and toil. Breaking away from, rising above, all forms, the + dove floats at last in the blue sky where no clouds reach.... This is no + place for tears. Graciously, in loving kindness and tenderly, God broke + the shackles and freed her soul. It was not the dust which surrounded + her that we loved. It was not the form which encompassed her that we + revere; but it was the soul. We linger a very little while, her old + comrades. The hour comes, it is even now at the door, that God will open + our eyes to see her as she is: the white-souled child of twelve years + old ministering to want and sorrow; the ripe life, full of great + influences; the serene old age, example and inspiration whose light will + not soon go out. Farewell for a very little while. God keep us fit to + join thee in that broader service on which thou hast entered. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TEN DAYS IN NANTUCKET. + + +By Elizabeth Porter Gould.[2] + + +One night in the early part of July, 1883, as the successful real-estate +broker, Mr. Gordon, returned to his home from his city office, his +attention was arrested by a lively conversation between the members of +his family on the wonders of Nantucket. The sound of this old name +brought so vividly back to him his own boyish interest in the place, +that almost before he was aware of it he announced his return home to +his family by saying: "Well, supposing we go to Nantucket this summer? +It is thirty-four miles from mainland, and so free from malaria there is +no better place for fishing and sailing, and there would be a mental +interest in looking around the island which would be instructive and +delightful, and, perhaps, profitable; for me from a business point of +view." + +[Illustration: EARLY MORNING, NANTUCKET.] + +Mrs. Gordon, who had of late years developed a keen interest for +the historic and antique, immediately seconded her husband in his +suggestion; and before the evening closed a letter was sent to Nantucket +asking for necessary information as to a boarding-place there, for at +least ten days, for a party of five,--Mr. and Mrs. Gordon, their +daughter Bessie, twenty years of age, their son Tom, fifteen years, and +a favorite cousin of theirs, Miss Ray, who was then visiting them, and +whose purse, as Mr. Gordon had so often practically remembered, was not +equal to her desire to see and to know. + +In a few days satisfactory arrangements were made, which ended in their +all leaving the Old Colony depot, Boston, in the half-past twelve train, +for Wood's Holl, where they arrived in two hours and a half. From that +place they took the steamer for a nearly three hours' sail to Nantucket, +only to stop for a few moments at Martha's Vineyard. + +While they were thus ploughing their way on the mighty deep, Nantucket's +famous crier, "Billy" Clark, had climbed to his position in the tower of +the Unitarian church of the town,--as had been his daily custom for +years,--spy-glass in hand, to see the steamer when she should come in +sight. Between five and six o'clock, the repeated blowing of the horn +from the tower announced to the people his success, and became the +signal for them to make ready to receive those who should come to their +shores. Just before seven o'clock the steamer arrived. While she was +being fastened to the wharf, Tom was attracted by this same "Billy," +who, having received the daily papers, was running up the wharf toward +the town ringing his bell and crying out the number of passengers on +board, and other important news, which Tom failed to hear in the noise +of the crowd. A few minutes' walk brought the party to their +boarding-place. When Mrs. Gordon spied the soft, crayon likeness of +Benjamin Franklin on the wall, as she stepped into the house, her +historical pulse quickened to such an extent that she then and there +determined to hunt up more about the Folgers; for was not Benjamin +Franklin's mother a Folger and born on this island? Then, as she saw +about her some old portraits and copies of the masters, and, above all, +a copy of Murillo's Immaculate Conception in the dining-room, she was +sure that the atmosphere of her new quarters would be conducive to her +happiness and growth. The others saw the pictures, but they appreciated +more fully, just then, the delicious blue-fish which was on hand to +appease their hunger. + +After a night of restful sleep, such as Nantucket is noted for giving, +they all arose early to greet a beautiful morning, which they used, +partly, for a stroll around the town. Of course, they all registered at +the Registry Agency on Orange street, where Mr. Godfrey, who had +entertained them by his interesting guide-book on Nantucket, gave them a +kind welcome. Then they walked along the Main street, noticing the bank, +built in 1818, and passed some quaint old houses with their gables, +roofs, and sides, all finished alike, which Burdette has described as +"being shingled, shangled, shongled, and shungled." Tom was struck with +the little railings which crowned so many of the houses; and which, +since the old fishing days' prosperity did not call the people on the +house-tops to watch anxiously for the expected ships, were now more +ornamental than useful. They passed, at the corner of Ray's Court, a +sycamore tree, the largest and oldest on the island, and soon halted +at the neat Soldiers' Monument, so suggestive of the patriotic valor +of the island people. Later they found on Winter street the Coffin +School-house,--a brick building with two white pillars in front and a +white cupola,--which was back from the street, behind some shade trees, +and surrounded by an iron fence. As they looked at it Miss Ray read +aloud the words inscribed on the front:-- + + + Founded 1827 by + Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart. + Erected + 1852. + + +They were also interested to see, near by, a large white building, known +as the High School-house. As they neared home Tom's eves noticed the +sign of a Nantucket birds' exhibition, and a visit to that place was +made. + +During the walk Mrs. Gordon had been particularly interested in the +large cobble-stones which the uneven streets supported in addition to +the green grass, and also the peculiar Nantucket cart, with its step +behind. + +On their return to their boarding-place, they joined a party that had +been formed to go to the Cliff, a sandy bluff about a mile north from +the town, where they were told was to be found the best still-water +bathing on the island. Soon they were all on the yacht "Dauntless," +which hourly plied between the two places; in twenty minutes they were +landed at the Cliff; and fifteen minutes later they were all revelling +in the warm, refreshing water. Bessie declared that in all her large +bathing experience on the north shore she had never enjoyed anything +like this. Miss Ray felt that here in this warm, still water was her +opportunity to learn to swim; so she accepted the kind teaching of a +friend; but, alas, her efforts savored more of hard work to plough up +the Atlantic ocean than of an easy, delightful pleasure bottling up +knowledge for some possible future use. While Miss Ray was thus +straggling with the ocean, and Bessie and Tom were sporting like two +fish,--for both were at home in the water,--Mr. Gordon was looking +around the Cliff with his business eye wide open. As he walked along the +road back from the shore, and saw the fine views which it afforded him, +he admired the judgment of Eastman Johnson, the artist, in building his +summer-house and studio there. A little farther on, upon the Bluffs, the +highest point on the island, he noted the house of Charles O'Conor with +the little brick building close by for his library; he then decided that +an island which could give such physical benefit as this was said to +have given to Mr. O'Conor, would not be a bad one in which to invest. So +the value of the Cliff or Bluffs he placed in his note-book for future +use. + +[Illustration: VIEWS IN NANTUCKET, MASS.] + +At the same time that Mr. Gordon was exploring the land Mrs. Gordon +was in the office of two gallant young civil engineers, exploring the +harbor! In fact she was studying a map of the surroundings of the +harbor, which these young men had made to aid them in their work of +building a jetty from Brant Point to the bell-buoy. As she examined it +she found it hard to believe that Nantucket had ever stood next to +Boston and Salem, as the third commercial town in the Commonwealth. She +sympathized deeply with the people of the years gone by who had been +obliged to struggle with such a looking harbor as the map revealed, and +said that she should go home to learn more of the "Camels," which she +honored more than ever. When they told her that probably three years +more than the two that had been given to the work were needed to finish +the jetty, and that there was a slight possibility that another one +would be needed for the best improvement of the harbor, she thought her +interest in the matter could be better kept alive If she should hunt up +her old trigonometry and learn that all over again! With this idea she +left the young men, whose kindness to her she fully appreciated, and +went to find her party. She soon found, on the yacht ready to go back to +town, all but Miss Ray; she had chosen to take one of the many carriages +which she had noticed were constantly taking passengers back and forth +from the town to the Cliff, at the rate of ten cents apiece. + +Later in the afternoon their attention was arrested by another one +of the town-criers,--Tom had learned that there were three in the +town,--who was crying out that a meat-auction would be held that night +at half-past six o'clock. When they were told that these meat-auctions +had been the custom of the town for years, they were anxious to attend +one; but another engagement at that hour prevented their so doing, much +to Tom's regret. + +The next day was Sunday. As Bessie and Tom were anxious to see all of +the nine churches of which they had read, they were, at first, in doubt +where to go; whereas their mother had no questions whatever, since she +had settled in her own mind, after having reduced all sects to the +Episcopal and the Roman Catholic, that the Episcopal Church was the true +historic one, and, therefore, the only one for her personal interest, +that she should go to the St. Paul's on Fair street. Mr. Gordon usually +went to church with his wife, although he often felt that the simplicity +of the early apostolic days was found more in the Congregational form of +worship. This day he yielded to Tom's desire to go to the +square-steepled Congregational Church on Centre street, to hear Miss +Baker, who had been preaching to the congregation for three years. He +entered the church with some prejudice; but soon he became so much +interested in the good sermon that he really forgot that the preacher +was a woman! Miss Ray and Bessie went to the Unitarian Church on Orange +street, to which the beautiful-toned Spanish bell invited them. After an +interesting service, on their way out they met Tom, who wished to look +into the pillared church of the Methodists, near the bank, and also into +the "Ave Maria" on Federal street, where the Roman Catholics worshipped. +Miss Ray, being anxious to attend a Friends' meeting in their little +meeting-house on Fair street, decided to do so the following Sunday, if +she were in town; while Bessie said that she should hunt up then the two +Baptist churches, the one on Summer street, and the other, particularly +for the colored people, on Pleasant street. Their surprise that a town +of a little less than four thousand inhabitants should contain so many +churches was modified somewhat when they remembered that once, in 1840, +the number of inhabitants was nearly ten thousand. + +In the afternoon the party visited some of the burying-grounds of the +town, six of which were now in use. The sight of so many unnamed graves +in the Friends' cemetery, at the head of Main street, saddened Miss Ray; +and she was glad to see the neat little slabs which of late years had +marked the graves of their departed ones. They strolled around the +Prospect Hill, or Unitarian Cemetery, near by, and wished to go into the +Catholic one on the same street; but, as Mrs. Gordon was anxious to see +some of the old headstones and epitaphs in the North burying-ground on +North Liberty street, and their time was limited, they went there +instead. When Tom saw her delight as she read on the old stones the date +of 1770, 1772, and some even earlier, he said that she must go out to +the ancient burial-ground on the hill near the water-works and see the +grave of John Gardner, Esq., who was buried there in 1706. As he said +this one of the public carriages happened to be within sight, and she +proposed that they take it and go immediately to that sacred spot. When +they arrived there her historic imagination knew no bounds; her +soliloquy partook of the sentiment--in kind only, not in degree--which +inspired Mark Twain when he wept over the grave of Adam. In the mean +while, Mr. Gordon had gone to the Wannacomet Waterworks, which supplied +the town with pure water from the old Washing-pond. He there noted in +his note-book that this important movement in the town's welfare was +another reason why investment in the island would be desirable. + +As they started to go back to town from the burial-ground Tom wished +that they could drive to the south-west suburbs, to see the South and +also the colored burying-grounds, for he should feel better satisfied if +he could sec everything of a kind that there was! But Mrs. Gordon had +seen enough for one day, and so they drove to their boarding-house +instead. + +The ringing of the sweet-toned church bell the next morning at seven +o'clock reminded Miss Ray of her desire to visit the tower which +contained it. She had noticed how it rang out three times during the +day, at seven, twelve, and nine o'clock, and, for the quiet Nantucket +town, she hoped that the old custom would never be dropped. And then +this bell had a peculiar attraction for her, for it was like the one +which was on her own church in Boston, the New Old South. She had been +greatly interested in reading that this "Old Spanish Bell," as it was +called, was brought from Lisbon in 1812; that it was stored in a cellar +for three years, when it was bought by subscription for about five +hundred dollars, and put in this tower. She had read, further, in +Godfrey's guide-book, that "some little time after the bell had been in +use, the sound of its mellow tones had reached the Hub; and so +bewitching were the musical vibrations of this queenly bell (e) of +Nantucket to many of the good people of the renowned 'City of Notions,' +that the agents of the Old South Church negotiated with the agents of +the Unitarian Church, saying that they had a very fine clock in their +tower; that they had been so unfortunate as to have their bell broken, +and wished to know at what price this bell could be procured. The agents +of the Unitarian Church replied that they had a very fine bell in their +tower, and would like to know at what price the Old South Society would +sell their clock. The bell weighs one thousand five hundred and +seventy-five pounds; the Boston gentlemen offered one dollar a pound for +it, and upon finding they could not get it at any price, they asked +where it came from; and having ascertained its history, sent to Lisbon +to the same foundry and procured that which they now have." And she had +been told further that this same bell had been removed to the new church +on the Back Bay. With all this pleasant association with the bell of her +own church, of course she must pay it a visit. So at about nine o'clock, +after Mr. Gordon and Tom had gone off with two gentlemen for a day's +blue-fishing, she, with Mrs. Gordon and Bessie, started out for their +morning's sight-seeing. In a half hour's time they had climbed the +stairs to the tower, and were admiring the fine new clock,--a gift from +one of Nantucket's sons, now living in New York,--which had been first +set in motion two years before, to replace an old one which had told the +time for over half a century. A little farther up they saw the famous +bell, and Miss Ray did wish that she could read Spanish so as to +translate the inscription which was upon it. A few steps more brought +them into the dome itself. Here, then, was the place where "Billy" came +to sight the steamers; and here was where a watchman stayed every night +to watch for fires. Whenever he saw one, Bessie said his duty was to +hang a lantern upon a hook in the direction of the fire and give the +alarm. She said that this had been the custom for years. As they were +all enjoying this finest view which the island affords, Bessie spied the +Old Mill in the distance, and as she had that painted on a shell as a +souvenir of her Nantucket trip she must surely visit it. So they were +soon wending their way up Orange street, through Lyons to Pleasant, and +then up South Mill to the Old Mill itself. On paying five cents apiece, +they were privileged to go to the top and look through the spy-glass, +and also see the miller grind some corn. This old windmill, built in +1746, with its old oaken beams still strong and sound, situated on a +hill by itself, was to Bessie the most picturesque thing that she had +seen. She associated this with the oldest house on the island, built in +1686, facing the south, which she had seen the day before. + +In the afternoon they continued their sight-seeing by visiting the +Athenæum on Federal street. They found it to be a large white building +with pillars in front, on the lower floor of which Miss Ray was +particularly pleased to see such a good library of six thousand volumes, +and a reading-room with the leading English and American periodicals, +the use of which she learned was to be gained by the payment of a small +sum. Bessie was attracted to the oil-painting on the wall of Abraham +Quary, who was the last of the Indian race on the island. Then they +examined, in an adjoining room, the curiosities gathered together for +public inspection. Here they found the model of the "Camels," and also +the jaw of a sperm whale, seventeen feet long, with forty-six teeth and +a weight of eight hundred pounds. Bessie said that the whale from which +it was taken was eighty-seven feet long and weighed two hundred tons. +When Mrs. Gordon learned that this very whale was taken in the Pacific +Ocean and brought to the Island by a Nantucket Captain, she became as +much interested in it as in the "Camels," for surely it had an +historical interest. After an hour spent in this entertaining manner, +they returned to their boarding-place in time to greet the gentlemen who +had come back with glowing accounts of their day's work, or rather +pleasure, for they had met with splendid success. Tom's fingers were +blistered, but what was that compared to the fun of blue-fishing! + +What particularly interested the ladies was a "Portuguese man of war" +which one of the gentlemen had caught in a pail and brought home alive. +This beautiful specimen of a fish, seen only at Nantucket, their hostess +said, and seldom caught alive, was admired by all, who, indeed, were +mostly ignorant of the habits or even the existence of such a creature. +Bessie wondered how such a lovely iridescent thing could be poison to +the touch. Tom promised to study up about it when he should begin his +winter studies, whereupon his mother said that if he would tell her what +he should learn about it she would write it out for the benefit of them +all. + +The next morning they all started from the wharf at nine o'clock in the +miniature steamer, "Island Belle," for Wauwinet, a place seven miles +from the town. Miss Ray had become interested in the pretty Indian names +which she had heard, and was struck with this, which she learned was the +name of an old Indian chief who once controlled a large eastern part of +the island. In an hour they landed on the beach at Wauwinet. They found +it decorated with its rows of scallop-shells, some of which they +gathered as they walked along. Some of the party made use of this +still-water bathing, while others ran across the island, some three +hundred yards, to enjoy the surf-bathing there. Tom was delighted with +this novelty of two beaches, separated by such a narrow strip of land, +that he was continually going back and forth to try the water in both +places. He only wished that he could go up a little farther where he had +been told the land was only one hundred yards wide,--the narrowest part +of the island. After a shore dinner at the Wauwinet House, and another +stroll on the beaches, they started for the town on the yacht "Lilian," +which twice a day went back and forth. The wind was unfavorable, so they +were obliged to go fourteen miles instead of seven, thus using two hours +instead of one for the sail. On their way they passed the places known +as Polpis, Quidnet, and Coatue. Mr. Gordon was so much impressed with +the advantages of Coatue that he noted the fact in his note-book; while +his wife became so much interested in the nautical expressions used that +she declared that she should get Bowditch's "Navigation," and see if she +could find those terms in it; she must know more of navigation than she +did. As they landed at the wharf they heard "Billy" Clarke crying out +that the New Bedford band would give a grand concert at Surf Side the +next day. Now, as this kind of music had been the chief thing which they +had missed among the pleasures of Nantucket, of course they must go and +hear it. So the next afternoon, at two o'clock, they were on the cars of +the narrow-gauge railroad, bound for the Surf-Side Hotel, which they +reached in fifteen minutes, passing on the way a station of the +life-saving service department. They spent an hour or two seated on the +bluff overlooking the grand surf-beach, and enjoying the strains of +music as they came from the hotel behind them. It must be confessed that +Mr. Gordon was so interested in noting the characteristics of this part +of the island with an eye to business, that he did not lose himself +either in the music of the band or the ocean. On his way back to town, +when he expressed his desire to build a cottage for himself on that very +spot, Surf Side, Mrs. Gordon would not assent to any such proposition; +for she had settled in her own mind that there was no place like Brant +Point, where she and Bessie had been that forenoon; for did not the +keeper of the light-house there tell her, when she was at the top of it, +that on that spot was built the first light-house in the United States, +in 1746? That was enough for her, surely. The matter was still under +discussion when Miss Ray told them to wait until they had visited +'Sconset before they should decide the question. As for her she could +scarcely wait for the next morning to come when they should go there. +And when it did come it found her, at half-past eight o'clock, +decorating with pond-lilies, in honor of the occasion, the comfortable +excursion-wagon, capable of holding their party of eight besides the +driver. By nine o'clock they were driving up Orange street by the +Sherburne and Bay View Houses, on their way to Siasconset, or, 'Sconset, +as it is familiarly called. + +As they passed a large white building known as the Poor Farm, Tom was +surprised that a town noted for its thrift and temperance should be +obliged to have such an institution. Bessie was glad to learn that they +were going over the old road instead of the new one, while Miss Ray +would rather have gone over the new one, so as to have seen the +milestones which Dr. Ewer, of New York, had put up by the wayside. They +met the well-known Captain Baxter, in his quaint conveyance, making his +daily trip to the town from 'Sconset. As they rode for miles over the +grassy moors with no trees or houses in sight, none of them could +believe that the island had once been mostly covered with beautiful oak +trees. Soon the village, with its quaint little houses built close +together on the narrow streets, which wound around In any direction to +find the town-pump, its queer, one-story school-house, its post-office, +guarded by the gayly-colored "Goddess of Liberty," was before, or rather +all around them. They had all enjoyed their ride of seven and a half +miles; and now, on alighting from the carriage, the party separated in +different directions. Miss Ray insisted upon bathing in the surf-beach +here in spite of its coarse sand and rope limitations, since it was the +farthest out in the Atlantic Ocean. Her experience with the strong +undertow in its effects upon herself and upon those who watched her is +one, which, as no words can portray it, Tom has decided to draw out for +some future Puck; for he thinks that it is too good to be lost to the +public. + +Mrs. Gordon and Bessie walked among the houses, noticing the peculiar +names which adorned some of them, and, indeed, going inside one of the +oldest where a step-ladder was used for the boys of the household to get +up into their little room. They crossed the bridge which led them to the +Sunset Heights where some new houses, in keeping with the style of the +old ones, were being built. They were pleased to see this unity of +design, rather than the modern cottage which had intruded itself upon +that coast. In their walk they learned that about eleven or twelve +families spent the winter at 'Sconset. The air was intensely +invigorating, so much so that Mrs. Gordon, who was no walker at home, +was surprised at herself with what she was doing without fatigue. Later +they found Mr. Gordon looking at the new church which had just been +completed, and which he had ascertained was built for no sectarian +purpose, but for the preaching of the truth. They all met at noon for +their lunch, after which they went a mile and a half farther to visit +the Sankaty Head light-house, the best one of the five on the island. +The keeper kindly escorted them up the fifty-six steps to the top, where +they learned that the point of the light was one hundred and sixty-five +feet above the level of the sea. He gave them some more facts relative +to the light, interspersed with personal experiences. Tom said that he +should remember particularly the fact that he told him that this +light-house would be the first one that he should see whenever he should +come home from a European trip. + +Two hours later they were relating their pleasant experiences in the +dining-room of their boarding-house, while enjoying the delicious +blue-fish which gratified their hunger. As for Miss Ray her +anticipations had been realized; and that night she wrote to a certain +young man in Boston that she knew of no place in America where they +could be more by themselves and away from the world, when their happy +time should come in the following summer, than at 'Sconset. + +The next afternoon found them all listening to Mrs. McCleave, as she +faithfully exhibited the many interesting curiosities of her museum, in +her home on Main street. Mrs. Gordon was very much interested in the +Cedar Vase, so rich with its "pleasant associations," while Bessie was +delighted with the beautiful carved ivory, with its romantic story as +told by its owner. Miss Ray considered Mrs. McCleave, with her +benevolent face, her good ancestry, and her eager desire to learn and +impart, a good specimen of the well-preserved Nantucket woman. + +Through the courtesy of their hostess they were privileged, on their way +back, to visit the house of Miss Coleman, on Centre street, there to +see the wonderful wax figure of a baby six months old, said to be the +likeness of the Dauphin of France, the unfortunate son of Louis XVI. +When Mrs. Gordon learned that this was brought to Nantucket in 1786, by +one of her own sea-captains, she became very much excited over it. As +she realized then that her knowledge of French history was too meagre to +fully understand its historical import, although she appreciated its +artistic value, she determined that another winter should be partially +devoted to that study. So she added "French history" to "Camels," +"Light-houses," "Navigation," and "Indians," which were already in her +note-book. She had added "Indians" the day before when her interest in +them had been quickened by some accounts of the civilization of the +early Indians in Nantucket, which seemed to her almost unprecedented +in American history. After supper Mr. and Mrs. Gordon went out in a +row-boat to enjoy the moonlight evening, Tom went to the skating-rink, +Miss Ray spent the evening with some friends at the Ocean House near by, +while Bessie went out for a moonlight sail with some friends from a +western city, whom, she said, she had "discovered, not made." Her +appreciation of a fine rendering of her favorite Raff Cavatina by a +talented young gentleman of the party, soon after her arrival, had been +the means of bringing together these two souls on the musical heights, +which afterwards had led to an introduction to the other members of the +party, all of whom she had enjoyed during the week that had passed. And +now, with these newly-found friends, on this perfect July evening, with +its full moon and fresh south-westerly breeze, in the new yacht +"Lucile," she found perfect enjoyment. Pleasant stories were related, +and one fish-story was allowed, to give spice to the occasion. After a +little more than two hours' sail they found themselves returning to the +Nantucket town, which, in the moonlight, presented a pretty appearance. + +The next day, Saturday, Mr. Gordon and Tom started early to sail around +the island, with an intention of landing on the adjoining island, +Tuckernuck. Tom had calculated that it would be quite a sail, for he +knew that Nantucket Island was fourteen miles long, and averaged four +miles in width; and his father had decided that such a trip would give +him a better idea of the island's best points for building purposes. On +their return at night they found that the ladies had spent a pleasant +day, bathing, riding, and visiting some Boston friends who were stopping +at the Springfield House, a short distance from them. Bessie had found +more pleasure in the company of the young musician and his friends, +having attended one of the morning _musicales_ which they were +accustomed to have by themselves In the hall of the Athenæum. Tom and +his father had much to tell of their day's pleasure. + +Mr. Gordon, for once in his life, felt the longing which he knew had so +often possessed his wife, to go back and live in the years gone by; for +if he could now transfer himself to the year 1659, he might buy this +whole island of Thomas Mayhew for thirty pounds and two beaver hats. +What a lost opportunity for a good business investment! As it was, +however, some valuable notes were added to his note-book, suggested by +the trip, which time alone will give to the world. He was more and more +convinced that the future well-being of Nantucket was more in the hands +of real-estate brokers and summer pleasure-seekers, than in those of the +manufacturers, agriculturists, or even the fishing men as of old. He +could see no other future for her, and he should work accordingly. His +chief regret was that the island was so barren of trees. + +They spent the next day, Sunday, in attending church, as they had +planned, and in pleasant conversation and rest preparatory to their +departure for Boston on the following morning. They expressed gratitude +that they had not been prevented by sickness or by one rainy day from +carrying out all the plans which had been laid for the ten days. Mrs. +Gordon very much regretted that they had not seen the famous Folger +clock which was to be seen at the house of a descendant of Walter +Folger, the maker of it. She should certainly see it the first thing, +if she ever were in Nantucket again; for she considered the man, who, +unaided, could make such a clock, the greatest mechanical genius that +ever lived. She felt this still more when she was told that the clock +could not be mended until there could be found a mechanic who was also +an astronomer. + +At seven o'clock the next morning they were all on board the steamer, as +she left the old town of Nantucket in the distance. Mrs. Gordon looked +longingly back at Brant Point, which she still felt was the best spot on +the island; while Bessie eagerly watched for the little flag which a +certain young gentleman was yet waving from the wharf. + +At half-past one they were in Boston, and an hour later at their +suburban home, all delighted with their short stay in Nantucket. They +felt that they had seen about all that there was to be seen there, and +they were glad to have visited the island before it should be clothed +with more modern garments. + +[Footnote 2: Copyright 1885, by Elizabeth Porter Gould.] + + * * * * * + + + + +A BIRTHDAY SONNET. + + +By George W. Bungay. + + + Our days are like swift shuttles in the loom, + In which time weaves the warp and woof of fate; + Its varied threads that interpenetrate + The pattern woven, picture bride and groom, + A life-like scene in their own happy home. + There are some frayed and shaded strands, fair Kate, + But lines of purest gold illuminate + Our wedded lot, as stars the heavenly dome, + And come what may, sunshine or chilling rain, + Prosperity and peace or woe instead, + Untruth and selfishness shall never stain + The web of love and hope illustrated. + Not even death unravels when we die, + The woven work approved of God on high. + + + * * * * * + + + + +ELIZABETH.[3] + +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. + + +By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." + + +CHAPTER XX. + +GREEK MEETS GREEK. + + +It was two weeks after the scene at Colonel Archdale's dinner-party. +There was quite a knot of people in Madam Pepperell's drawing-room. All +the household at Seascape had come on the way home from a drive to pay a +morning visit here, and found the in-door coolness refreshing. Colonel +Archdale, who had joined his son, was there also. Mr. Royal, as it +happened, was in Portsmouth that morning. + +Edmonson had been exemplary enough in avoiding the cant of pretended +regret for what must have given him pleasure. Archdale had no complaints +to make on that score, but he distrusted Edmonson more and more, and +perceived more clearly that he was attracted by Elizabeth. He wondered +if she encouraged him: that was not like the person she seemed to be; +yet why not? She had assured Archdale more than once that she was free, +and her certainty had given him comfort. But he was here this morning +for another purpose than to weigh the question of Miss Royal's fancy. If +she did encourage Edmonson she was all the more inexplicable. + +Stephen bent over Lady Dacre's chair, talking gayly to her; yet his eyes +wandered every now and then, and, gradually, after he had stopped +several times beside one and another, he came up to Elizabeth, as she +was sitting listening to a young lady who, with her brother, had come +back from town with Madam Pepperell, the night before, to spend a few +days at the house. + +As Stephen stood behind her chair he looked across the room, and saw +Edmonson leaning with folded arms against a window. The light fell over +his face; he had been looking at Elizabeth, but his eyes met Archdale's +at once with an expression meant for cool scrutiny and a dash of +insolent triumph at the victory he had scored. Edmonson's fierceness was +not easily fettered; the dark shadow in his heart darted over his face, +and, withdrawing as hastily, left to view a light that blazed in his +eyes and only slowly died down into the cordial warmth necessary between +guest and host, even under peculiar circumstances. Stephen's face +darkened also, but his feeling was less, and his control greater. +Elizabeth was listening quietly to some account of a merry-making at +which Katie must have been present, for her name occurred frequently in +the narrative. As she perceived that Archdale was behind her she looked +round at him a moment, and by a few words included him in the +conversation. She was as entertaining as usual and rather more talkative +after he came. Yet he thought that under her ease of manner he detected +a current of nervousness that made him the more anxious to carry out the +purpose with which he had come to her. + +But it was not easy to find any excuse for withdrawing her from the +circle in which she had made herself so welcome. At last, however, under +cover of a general movement, which he had secretly instigated, he +succeeded in getting her into the library, on the plea of a message to +her father. When there, he closed the door behind him, and said:-- + +"I have a message to your father, it is true, Mistress Royal, but it is +only to beg him to interfere." + +"Interfere?" she echoed with a nervousness that this time was +unmistakable. + +"Pray be seated," he said, drawing a chair toward her as she stood by +the mantel. + +"Thank you, but--I don't mind standing. What you--the business will not +take long, you said." + +"As you please." And he stood facing her on the opposite side of the +great fireplace. + +She heard his tones, glanced at him, and sat down. He took a chair also, +still placing himself so that he could watch her. She grew plainly more +nervous. + +"Who is Mr. Hartly?" he asked, abruptly. + +She looked at him in a frightened way, and the hand that she lifted to +her throat was trembling. + +"He is"--she began, then she stopped; without any warning her expression +and her manner changed, for with the coming of what she had dreaded came +the strength to meet it. There was no more tremulousness of voice or +hand, and the face that looked at Stephen Archdale was the face of a +woman who met him upon equal terms; yet, as he looked at her steadily, +he was not quite sure even of that; it seemed to him that it would +require an effort on his part to keep at her level; that at least he +must stand at his full height. She sat silent, meeting his steady gaze. +There was a dignity about her that would have been haughtiness but for +her simplicity. Even her dress carried out the effect of this +simplicity; it was a white muslin, very plain, and the single pink +hollyhock that the new guest had slipped into her hair, and Elizabeth +had forgotten, gave to her attire the touch of warmth that something in +her face showed, too. It was to Stephen the calmness of flesh and blood, +not of marble, that he was looking at; a possibility of life and motion +was there, but a possibility beyond his reach. Some one might arouse +her; to him she was impassive. + +"You've not finished your sentence," he said, coldly. + +"Why should I? You know the rest of it." + +"Nevertheless, I wish you would say it." + +"Very well. Mr. Hartly is an agent of Mr. Peterborough." + +"And Mr. Peterborough?" + +"My solicitor." + +"You mean your father's?" + +"Yes, and mine, too." + +"Then you have property of your own?" + +"Yes. You did not know it?" + +"I heard of it yesterday. Your property is no concern of mine, you +understand." She was silent. Under the circumstances the statement was +significant. "Mr. Hartly came to my father the other day," he went on. +Still no answer. "Possibly you knew it?" he persisted. She lifted her +eyes which had been fixed on the cover of a book that her fingers were +toying with, and said:-- + +"Yes." + +Stephen waited to choose words which should not express too forcibly the +impetuous feeling that shone in his eyes and rang in his voice when he +spoke. + +"Let me put a case to you," he said, "or, rather, not an indifferent +case, but our own, and hear how it sounds in plain English. How we were +married, if married we are, it is useless to speak of; how absolutely +nothing we are to one another it is unnecessary also to say. I +appreciate your efforts and your courtesy when I see so plainly that it +is with difficulty you can bring yourself even to speak a word to me." +Elizabeth glanced up a moment, and down again, and her fingers went on +idly turning the leaves of the book. "When I see what social powers you +have," he pursued, "I assure you that I shall regret it for you if fate +have denied you a better choice. But at all events" (constrainedly), "I +must thank you for the gracious and successful manner in which you have +kept suspicion from becoming certainty before time proves it so." + +She looked fully at him this time, and smiled. + +"Gratitude comes hard to you," she said. "There is no cause for it in +anything I have ever done. You may be sure it was not to please you at +all, but to gratify something in myself that demanded satisfaction. Now, +please explain to me what you mean by your extraordinary summary of +things we know too well, and how I have offended you when I am really +your friend--yours, and "--She stopped, a smile flitted over her face +and was gone; it revealed for the unnamed person a gentleness and an +affection that perhaps she did not care to have her tones betray. + +"Yes, you have offended me," he said. "I have no right to comment on +your actions in general." + +"None whatever." + +"But what I do have a right to demand is an explanation from you of +conduct so strange as to be unaccountable." + +She flushed a little. + +"It's not pleasant," she answered, "when one has done the best that +opened up to be told that it's unaccountable conduct." + +"Then it was you? I was sure of it." She looked at him earnestly. + +"Why should there be any beating about the bush?" she answered. "I +should like it better if you need never have known; but, since you were +sure to find it out sooner or later, it might as well come now. What I +have done is wise and right, the most satisfactory thing to me, and to +others wiser than I. But I wish you would never speak of it." + +"Never speak of your coming forward with your whole fortune to make up +the loss that this fellow's claim will be to us? Never speak of it!" +cried Archdale. "And accept it? From you? You certainly have a +flattering opinion of me." + +"If it were like any business losses," she said, "it would be different. +But this is something nobody could have been prepared for; it needs +something outside of the routine to meet it." She waited a moment. "Will +you put your case, as you said you were going to do?" she asked. "It +will make it clearer, and you will see that there is nothing +extraordinary. I think you need not say anything more about--about us, +that is all understood. Go on from there." + +"A father and a son, then, are nominally in business together," he +answered; "the father does the work; the son has a generous share of the +profits. Matters are going on swimmingly. Suddenly a claimant turns up +who wants a grand slice of the property. He is the only son of the +father's elder brother,--a being who was not known to have existed, that +is, who was supposed to have died when an infant. The father, my father, +was named for him, and my grandfather's will gave the largest share of +his fortune to his oldest son, Walter, whom he supposed to be my father, +but who was really Gerald Edmonson's father--if the fellow's proofs turn +out valid; they are having a thorough overhauling. My uncle does not +suffer; it is only we. I am sorry," he added, "that you are liable to be +in any way connected with loss, but at the worst it is so remotely that +it will never affect you. As for the other matter, the story,"--he +stopped with a movement of irritation, perhaps of some deeper +feeling,--"that must be borne as best it can, nothing of that falls upon +you, certainly. How the matter concerns a young lady at all I can't +imagine; so I fail to see what interest you can have in it, or what +right to move in it." + +"You fail to see?" she said and gave him a smile full of sweetness. It +was not a coaxing smile, as if she begged him to reconsider his +opinions; it indorsed her own while placidly acquiescing in mutual +indifference. "Besides, do you know it was through me that the portrait +was found?" And she gave him an account of the discovery. He did not +think it necessary to interrupt her by saying that he had heard Edmonson +give it with great relish; it seemed a good opportunity to learn whether +he had been telling the truth. The story was substantially the same, but +the enjoyment of the narrator was absent. "And, then," she added, +finishing, "this is not a bad investment." + +"It may be now; I can't tell. We were under full sail; we have large +ventures, and to give out so much ready money may mean ruin. In a few +months, perhaps sooner, you may have the happiness of bearing a bankrupt +name." + +Elizabeth's eyes were full of pity at the bitter tones in which she +heard suffering; she looked away and answered:-- + +"It is merely justice to me to let me prevent that, if I can." + +"Good heavens!" he cried; and, struck with the readiness of her answer, +he studied her face. He would have liked to be sure from what motive she +was acting. Was it pride, or really pity? The thought of the last made +him furious; the other was at least endurable. "And you might not +prevent it," he added, watching to catch her eyes as she should turn +them back to answer. He was reasonably sure that it was pride. + +"Then let me do this for my own sake," she said. "Listen to me calmly +for a moment. There is one thing you ought not to forget. Either I am +your wife, which God forbid, and I believe he has forbidden it, or I am +simply Katie's friend. In case of the first,--if I have destroyed your +happiness and Katie's, and my own,--what can money do for me? Life +offers me nothing; there are no possibilities before me so far as joy is +concerned; there is nothing left for me but to do the best I know how; +we must pick up the little things that lie along the way in life, you +and I; there will be nothing else for us; I have made you suffer so +much, and you deny me this little thing that can never balance any pain, +but is all I can dot? Why are you so unwise? Why should we make +ourselves more miserable than we need be?" + +He sprang up. These very words--that he had often said to himself in +regard to his own life, that in effect he had said to her that +morning--how harsh they were, how they cut him! He was tender with his +wounded vanity. What man would like to hear that a woman has nothing +before her but misery if she be bound to himself? + +"There is one condition," he cried, harshly, "under which I will accept +your money,--when you love me; when it is the gift of love." He laughed +bitterly. "I am safe," he said. + +"Yes, Mr. Archdale, you are safe," she answered, rising to meet him as +he stood before her. "I can use no such weapons. It is beneath you to do +it. To say such a thing to me when you know that in any event my great +blessing is that I don't care a pin's worth for you, that I am not a +sighing woman wasting her affection on you, while you--But I don't +suppose you meant your words as an insult." + +"Have I ever been rude to you?" he asked, eagerly. "Such a thing would +be an infinite disgrace to me." + +"Yes," she said, answering his assertion. + +"'While you,'" he repeated, "you said 'while you'--What were you going +to say about me?" + +"While you love Katie with all your heart," she answered, "as it is +right you should do." He looked at her, and remembered that for all +her courage it might be that he owed her at least the courtesy of all +observances of respect and regard before others. He had committed an +unpardonable error that day of the dinner at his father's, and he felt a +confusion, as if the color were coming to his face now as he thought of +it. + +"You--mistake," he stammered. "I assure you you do. I think I +understand--I"-- + +She looked up at him. Her face was pale, and there was in it the kind of +compassion that one might imagine a spirit to feel for a wayworn mortal. + +"You owe me no explanation," she said. "Let us believe in the victory of +the right, and put this nightmare away from us. Remember you are +speaking only to Katie's friend." + +He looked at her, and he could not be sure. + +"But you must let me speak," he said, "because I see you mistake. I +don't want you to think because--I confess it--her beauty has a great +fascination for me that I can forget myself, that I--it was like +admiring a beautiful living picture." + +She moved nearer, involuntarily. + +"Poor fellow!" she said under her breath, "you have been brave; you are +brave, very brave. I've seen it." Then, after a pause in which she +retreated a little and stood considering deeply, she said, "I will tell +you something; it would be too much to be spoken of, only that you don't +understand why I did this thing about the business. Think how I am +placed. I may be standing between my dear friend and the man who was to +have been her husband, and separating them forever. That night when I +came home from your father's I realized it more than ever before; it +filled me so that I could not bear the thought of life. I happened to +have something by me, and I--almost took it. I should have slipped away +from between you two, I was so bent upon doing it,--only, the warning +saved me from such a sin. It will never be again," she added as she saw +his eyes dilate with questioning horror. "That temptation has gone. I +have accepted my lot, for it was permitted to come, or even that wicked +man could not have brought it. But now, think, think how I must long to +do some little thing, not to atone, that's impossible, but to make life +not quite so hard to you, and to her. Now, this has come for you. Take +it, I entreat you. Some day I may be able to help her in some way; I +think it will be so." + +He looked into her eyes as she raised them to his. + +"But you didn't mean to--do all this, if it is done," he said. "There's +no need of talking about atoning, as if you were guilty of anything." + +"But, then, I ought to have refused; it was my place. It would have +saved everything." + +"You wanted to," he said, "and you yielded to oblige Katie." + +She looked relieved at his answer. It surprised him; he wondered that he +had remembered her hesitation. + +"You will do this thing?" she persisted. "You see it is your duty." + +"Do you know the reason you are so anxious to have me do it?" he asked, +the momentary softening of his face gone. "It's out of no love for +Katie, or friendliness to me." + +"No," she said to his last statement, and added, "Yes, I know; I've seen +it." + +"What is it?" + +"I suppose," she said, humbly, "that it's my pride. + +"Yes," he cried, "that's what it is--your pride. Well, I have my pride, +too. I'll take your money, when you love me--when it's the gift of your +love, as I said--no sooner; I shall have to do without it this year, I'm +afraid." + +Her eyes swept him from head to foot in an indignant glance. Then she +turned and walked away as if disdaining further speech. He bowed in +silence as he opened the door for her, looking at her with a mocking +smile, and even as he did so taking in every line of her graceful +figure, the pose of her head, and the flush upon her face. In answer to +the taunt she did speak one sentence under her breath, but he caught +it:-- + +"You are not the only one," she said. + +When he had closed the door after her he walked slowly the length of the +room, and, standing by the window, in another moment saw her pass by on +her way to the shore where she had learned that the party had gone. If +they were already sailing it was no matter; she could wait for them +there, or come back; but they might not have started, and to put any +part of sea and land between herself and Archdale would be a joy to her. + +Archdale watched her until she disappeared. + +"And I called myself proud," he muttered. He stood lost in revery, +living the scene over again. "What eyes!" he thought; "they're as +unconscious as a child's, but such power as they have; they call out a +man's best, and I met her with my worst. I never even told her she was +generous. She meant to be kind when she humiliated me so." And then he +thought that she deserved a better fate than to be bound to him whose +heart was with Katie, and realized that Elizabeth was not at all the +kind of woman whom he should choose to set his love upon. Yet he smiled +scornfully at himself for the eager start with which he had cried out +that if she were roused she could be magnificent. A magnificent woman +was not in his line, and if it proved that she was his wife, she would +go through the world a sleeping princess, he said to himself, unless he +should go off to the wars and get shot. Perhaps that would be the best +way out of the difficulty, he thought, and would leave her free. At the +moment Edmonson's face rose before him, and he frowned as he wondered +what feeling there was in that quarter. "No, no," he said to himself. +"Not Edmonson. I know he's a villain; I feel it." He interrupted his +thoughts by asking, sarcastically, what it could all matter to himself, +well out of harm's way, what happened, what Elizabeth or anybody else +did? He was very angry with her, and she did not realize the Archdale +unforgiveness. If she had, would she have cared? She had not yielded her +purpose. + + +CHAPTER XXI. + +WAR CLOUDS. + + +"I hate November," cried Mrs. Eveleigh, coming into Elizabeth's room +and bringing a whiff of cold air with her. "It's a mean month," she +continued. "There's nothing but disagreeable things about it. The leaves +are all gone, and the snow hasn't come. You can't even go out riding +with any comfort, the ground is so frozen you are jolted to pieces." And +with step emphasizing the petulance of her voice, the speaker turned +from her companion and went to her own room, to put away her bonnet and +the heavy cloak that, if it had not been able to protect her from the +roughness of the roads, had kept the cold air from doing more than +biting revengefully at her nose and the tips of her fingers, in place of +all the mischief it would have been glad to inflict if it had had the +chance. The steps grown fainter, went about the next room, and Elizabeth +went on with her reading only half attentively, watching for the +inevitable coming back. "But then," resumed Mrs. Eveleigh, returning to +her subject as soon as she had opened the door wide enough to admit her +voice, "one must see a little of the world sometimes. I'm coming in to +warm my feet by your fire, shan't I? mine is low. I declare, it's hard +that Nancy should be so partial to you. I can get scarcely any +attention, though, to be sure, poor thing, it's well to have it from +somebody, even if it is from dependents. And you don't get any too much +from the quarter where you've a right to it." + +Elizabeth, knowing it would be useless to attempt going on with her +reading, had laid aside her book on Mrs. Eveleigh's entrance, and now +she looked up from the sewing toward which she had reached out her hand, +and said:-- + +"You know as well as I do that it is exactly as I want it. Mr. Archdale +considers my wishes, and as to having a right, you know, Cousin +Patience, that that is what is being disproved now. Haven't I declared +that the ceremony was nothing at all?" + +"Oh, certainly you have, but you'll find out how little good that will +do. I have not an idea that you'll ever have a chance to say 'Yes' to +that splendid Edmonson. You'll find it out soon enough, poor child." + +Elizabeth flushed, then turned pale. + +"Have you heard anything?" she asked. + +"Not yet; not since that Mr. Harwin turned out a minister, just as I +thought he would, and your case went to the court to be decided. You'll +have the first news, I suppose, but I don't doubt what it will be." + +"Neither do I," returned the girl, resolutely. + +"We shall see," said Mrs. Eveleigh. "Do you know," she added, "that Mr. +Edmonson came yesterday when you were out?" + +"Yes." + +Then there fell between the pair as long an interval of silence as Mrs. +Eveleigh ever permitted where she was concerned. She broke it by asking, +energetically:-- + +"Elizabeth, if you really believed that you were not Mr. Archdale's +wife, why, in the name of wonder, did you go and put your whole fortune +into his business? And why did your father let you?" + +"My father had no legal right to interfere," said the girl, ignoring the +first question, "and he did not choose to strain his authority. When was +he ever unkind to me?" + +"I think he was then, decidedly." And the speaker nodded her head with +emphasis. "But you have not told me why you did it," she continued. + +Elizabeth was silent a moment. "I had been the means of the whole thing +being discovered," she said, "and I had hurt him enough already." + +"And he let you risk your whole fortune just because you had happened to +put your finger through a hole in the hall tapestry." + +"No," cried Elizabeth, "he did no such thing. He is very angry with me +now because I invested it; he is not willing, even though he knows that +it's for Katie's sake." + +"I thought you said just now that it was for Mr. Archdale's." Elizabeth +looked at her, and smiled triumphantly. + +"I did," she answered. "It's the same thing; I have always told you so." + +"Um!" said Mrs. Eveleigh, and returned to the attack. "If he wouldn't +take the money, how could you give it?" The girl was silent. "It was the +father, I know; they say a penny never comes amiss to him." + +"How did you find this out, Cousin Patience?" But Mrs. Eveleigh laughed +instead of answering. "You have not spoken of it?" cried Elizabeth. + +"Not a word. Why, I don't want to proclaim any one of my own family a +goose." The only answer was a smile of satisfaction. "You don't mind +being called a goose, I see," pursued the speaker. + +"Not at all. I know it's often true. Only it doesn't happen to be true +here." + +Though Mrs. Eveleigh had so openly criticised Elizabeth, it would have +gone ill with any one who had dared to follow her example. She was often +annoyed by things in Elizabeth; but she believed in the girl's truth +more than she did in her own. And there she was quite right. Now she +began to talk about the portrait scene, and declared that Mr. Edmonson +looked very handsome standing beside the old picture that he so much +resembled. + +"That portrait was Colonel Archdale's grandfather, his mother's father, +Mr. Edmonson," explained Elizabeth, perceiving that her companion's +ideas were somewhat mixed. And then Mrs. Eveleigh confessed that she had +been trying to explain about the portrait and the relationship, and that +though she had talked learnedly about the matter, she had been a little +confused in her own mind. + +"This portrait was in the colonel's father's house, lent him to be +copied, and when he fled he took the original with him, and left the +copy. It was a duel that he fought, and there was something irregular +that he did about it. He went to Virginia, you remember, and while there +he changed his name. Then he came here, and the search for him died out. +The matter was hushed up some way, I suppose." + +"And pretended that he belonged to a different race of Archdales in +another part of England," asserted Mrs. Eveleigh, contemptuously. + +"Perhaps we should, too, if we had been in his place." + +"What! in his place, Elizabeth? Can you even imagine how you would feel +if you had murdered anybody, or about the same as that?" + +"Yes." + +"Nonsense, my dear. You must have a powerful imagination; I shouldn't +think it was healthy. There's no use, any way, in being so odd." + +"No." + +"First 'yes,' and then 'no,' and neither of them means anything. But if +you haven't anything to say, I wish you would tell me how those people, +the colonel's father and mother, happened to have a son living that they +didn't know anything about." + +Elizabeth, full of remembrance of the time when a human life, even if +her own, had seemed light to her, could not help smiling at Mrs. +Eveleigh's literal interpretation of things. "They had to escape at +once," she said, "and the doctor said the child would die if he +undertook a sea-voyage in that state. So she sent him to her father's +home with a nurse who was very fond of him; he was a baby then. And she +went away with her husband with the understanding that when the child +recovered, as the doctor expected him to do, the nurse should bring him +to her in America. And she left open some way of communication. But, +instead of the baby, there came news that he was dead." + +"And he wasn't dead?" + +"No; his grandfather adopted him, and gave him his name. He hated Mr. +Archdale; he had lost his daughter through him, and he determined to +keep the child. So he bribed the nurse to report his death, and +persuaded her that it was better for the little fellow to stay with him +as his sole heir than follow the fortunes of a haunted man in a +wilderness, as America must have been then." + +"And do you really believe they never knew of this son of theirs being +alive?" + +"Mr. Archdale's will, if nothing else, proves that. He had three sons +here, you remember; and the colonel, the eldest of these, was named +Walter, after the one supposed to have died in England. And, now, you +see how this trouble all happened. The will left the greater part of the +property to Mr. Archdale's oldest son, Walter, whom he supposed the +colonel. But the real oldest son, Walter, was this Mr. Edmonson's +father. So that the colonel was really left penniless." + +"Yes, yes, now I see," cried Mrs. Eveleigh. "You are like your father +when you come to explanations, Elizabeth; a person can always get at +what you mean. Now tell me about the portrait, how it came there, and +how in the world Mr. Edmonson found it." + +"I don't know how it came there," she answered, leading away from the +rest of the question by adding, "I have never asked a word about it." + +"Elizabeth! you _are_ odd, that's certain. And if Mr. Archdale is +never coming here any more, you will never have a chance now to ask him. +It's a pity to be so diffident." + +Elizabeth smiled a little. "What else did you hear this morning?" she +asked. + +"Nothing that will interest you, though of course I thought it would +when I heard it. Stephen Archdale has come back from his expedition up +to the Penobscots with Colonel Pepperell. I wonder how they succeeded?" + +"I can tell you that. The Indians have sent word that they will not +fight against their brothers of St. John's and New Brunswick. That means +that they'll fight for them. We shall have an Indian war with the French +one. Think of the horrors of it." She shuddered as she spoke. + +"Yes," returned Mrs. Eveleigh, with calm acquiescence. "It will be +dreadful for the people that live in the little villages and in the open +country." + +This calmness, as if one were gazing from an impregnable fortress upon +the tortures and deaths of others, silenced Elizabeth. She looked the +speaker over slowly and turned away. + +"Any more news?" asked Mrs. Eveleigh in a cheerful tone. + +"I can tell you nothing more," returned Elizabeth. + +This was literally true. It would not have been true if she had said +that she had heard nothing else, for she had been sitting with her +father for an hour, and had learned of a secret scheme,--a scheme so +daring that the very idea of it made her eyes kindle and her breath come +quickly,--a scheme that if it should fail would be hooted at as the +dream of vain-glorious madmen, and if it should succeed, would be +called a stroke of genius--magnificent. It interested her to know that +among the most eager to carry out the scheme was Major Vaughn, the man +whose valor she had asserted to Sir Temple Dacre a few months before. A +small band of men had pledged themselves to put reality into this dream +of grand achievement. "Its failure means," thought Elizabeth, "that +America is to be French and Jesuit; its success that Englishmen, and +liberty of mind and conscience, rule here." She prayed and hoped for +success, and took an eager interest in all the details of the scheme +that had reached her; but these were meagre enough, for, as yet, it +was only outlined; the main thing was that it was resolved upon. The +prisoners captured at Canso had been at last exchanged. They had been +brought to Boston, and had given valuable information about the place of +their captivity, the stronghold of France in America. Governor Shirley +had declared that Louisburg was to be captured, and that Colonel +Pepperell was the man to do it. Elizabeth, as she looked across at Mrs. +Eveleigh, wondered what she would say to the project. But she wondered +in silence, not only because silence had been enjoined, but because this +was not a woman to trust with the making of great events. She had heard +of an Indian war, and her chief thought had been that she would be safe. + +The war had been talked about all the autumn. It was a terrible +necessity, but this new direction that it was to take was something +worth pondering over. + +Elizabeth naturally, took large views of things, and, as her father's +companion, she had not learned to restrict them. But, also, for the last +months she had perceived dimly that there was a power within her which +might never be called into action. And this power rose, sometimes, with +vehemence against the monotony of her surroundings, in the midst of her +wealth of comforts and of affection. + +It was the last of November, only two days after this conversation, that +Stephen Archdale was announced. + +"He has come to tell me the decision," said Elizabeth to Mrs. Eveleigh; +"he promised he would come immediately. It's good news." + +"Then what makes you so pale? And you're actually trembling." + +Elizabeth looked at her companion in surprise, for all her years of +acquaintance with her. + +"Don't you understand?" she said. "The strain is to be taken off. The +certainty must be good; and yet there is the possibility that it is not. +This and the thought that the moment has come make me tremble." + +As she was speaking she moved away and in another moment was in the +drawing-room with Archdale. + +"You have brought me word," she said, as soon as her greeting was over. +"You have good news; I see it in your eyes." + +"Yes," he answered. "I suppose you will call it good news. You are free; +you are still Mistress Royal." + +She clasped her hands impulsively, and retreated a few steps. It seemed +to him as he watched her that her first emotion was a thankfulness as +deep as a prayer. He saw that she could not speak. Then she came up to +him holding out both her hands. + +"Never was any one so welcome to me as you with your words this +morning," she said. "I have not spoiled your life and Katie's." + +"And you are free," he said again. + +"Yes," she repeated, "I am free." And as she drew away her hands she +made a movement almost imperceptible and instantly checked, as if she +had thrown off some heavy weight. He read it, however, as he stood there +with his eyes upon her face, which was bright with a thankfulness and a +beauty that, although he had seen something of her possibilities of +expression, he had never dreamed of. How glad she was! A pang went +through him. He understood it afterward. It had meant that he was asking +himself if Katie's face, when he told her the news, would look so happy +at having gained him as this girl did at having lost him; and he had not +been sure of it. All the autumn there had been strange fancies in his +head about Katie. He had had no right, under the circumstances, to send +Lord Bulchester away; but it had seemed strange to him that any girl's +love of power should be carried so far if it were mere love of power +that moved her. But no shadow on Elizabeth's face showed him that she +dreamed of change in Katie, and Stephen felt rebuked that friendship +could find its object more perfect than love did. + +"Will the wedding be on the anniversary of the other one?" asked +Elizabeth. "I suppose it will," she added; "Katie ought to have it so. +That will come in three weeks. It will be a little time before you sail, +if you go." And she smiled rather sadly, then glanced about her to make +sure that the last remark had not been overheard. + +"Ah!" he said, "I see you know all about the scheme on foot. But it is +safe to trust you. You are very much interested," he added, watching +her. + +"Very much. My father does trust me a good deal. But I hope I shall not +make him sorry for it." + +Archdale kept on looking at her, and smiling. + +"You prefer making people glad," he answered. + +"But perhaps you will not go--now?" she said. + +"Oh, yes. I promised my services to Colonel Pepperell last summer; that +holds me, you see. Besides, I want to do my part." + +"I could not imagine you standing idle by while others were striking the +blows for our country," said Elizabeth. "Katie has told me a good deal +about you at one time and another. Dear Katie!" she added in an +undertone, with an exquisite gentleness in her face. Then, looking back +from the window where her eyes had wandered, she turned off her emotion +by some gay speech. + +Very soon afterward the young man left her. For he was on his way to +carry the news to Katie who was then in Boston visiting her aunt. But to +go to her he passed Mr. Royal's door, and his wishes, as well as his +promise, made him delay his own happiness for a moment to see Elizabeth +rejoice. He saw her rejoice to his heart's content; and then he took +leave of her for his happy meeting with his betrothed. + +[TO BE CONTINUED.] + +[Footnote 3: Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.] + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +Evidences are constantly multiplying that American history is a subject +which has not lost its interest to investigators or to readers. During +the past month four distinct works, namely, the fifth volume of Von +Holst's Constitutional History of the United States, the third of +Schouler's History of the United States, the second of McMaster's +History of the People of the United States, and also a new volume of +Hubert Howe Bancroft's History of the Pacific States, have been +published, and are destined, no doubt, to take their places as +"standards." This diligence on the part of their respective writers, and +the interest in them manifested by the great public is commendable, and +in a measure dispels the oft-repeated saying that Americans are a nation +of novel-readers. + +It is gratifying, also, to record another fact. During the third week in +July the Old South lectures for young people, illustrative of "The War +for the Union," were inaugurated in Boston. The ancient "meeting-house" +was crowded with earnest students to hear the first lecture on slavery, +delivered by William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. The speaker gave a vivid sketch +of the chief events of the anti-slavery movement, and of the part taken +by George Thompson, Garrison, Phillips, Whittier, and Harriet Martineau. + + * * * * * + +Students of the anti-slavery struggle should not forget, however, how +much the success of that struggle was due to Mrs. Maria Weston Chapman, +whose death occurred at Weymouth, Mass., on July 12. She was not only a +_magna pars_ of the struggle, but one of the most remarkable women +of our time. Mrs. Maria Child used to relate how Mrs. Chapman, clad in +the height of fashion of that day, came into the first anti-slavery +fair, an entire stranger to every one present. "She looked around over +the few tables, scantily supplied, and stopped by some faded artificial +flowers. The poor commodity only indicated the utter poverty of means to +carry on the work. We thought her a spy, or maybe she was a +slave-holder." From that time she entered heartily into the work. She +became the life of the Female Anti-slavery Society in Boston, she spoke +often in public; her pen was never idle when it could advance the cause +of equal rights and freedom. + +Mr. Lowell, in his rhymed letter, descriptive of an anti-slavery bazaar +at Faneuil Hall, and the celebrities of the cause there assembled, drew +the portrait of this gifted woman with his usual felicitous touch:-- + + + "There was Maria Chapman, too, + With her swift eyes of clear steel-blue, + The coiled up mainspring of the Fair, + Originating everywhere + The expansive force, without a sound, + That whirls a hundred wheels around; + Herself meanwhile as calm and still + As the bare crown of Prospect Hill; + A noble woman, brave and apt, + Cumæa's sybil not more rapt, + Who might, with those fair tresses shorn, + 'The Maid of Orlean' casque have worn; + Herself the Joan of our Arc, + For every shaft a shining mark." + + + * * * * * + +It is one thing to be a good ship-builder for the government, and quite +another thing to be in favor with the Secretary of the Navy, at +Washington. This is the lesson, and the only lesson, which can be +deduced from the two dispatches which have been transmitted over the +country, namely: that the "Dolphin" has been rejected, and that John +Roach, her builder, has failed. + +The case has its value as a warning to American ship-builders. They are +given to understand that the closest compliance with the requisitions of +the department in the process of constructing a vessel, and that under +the direction of experts, perfectly competent to determine what is good +work and what is bad, will avail them nothing unless they are in favor +with the Secretary when the vessel is offered for acceptance. And they +are warned that the Department of Justice holds it perfectly legal for +the Navy Department to lay upon them such conditions as to construction +as must determine the capacity of the vessel for speed, and yet reject +the vessel as not fast enough. They may be fined heavily for not having +used their discretion, and yet may have been denied discretion as to the +plans used. + +It will be remembered by all who have watched the case, that the +"Dolphin" was found satisfactory and in full accordance with the terms +of the contract by one naval board, and that it was then condemned by +another board of no greater weight or capacity. If this fact be +remembered, it should be weighed with the full understanding that naval +officers, chosen by Mr. Whitney for this service, are just as much +dependents of the new Secretary as their predecessors were of Mr. +Chandler. The last set of officials, as experts, were not superior to +those which constituted the first; and yet Mr. Whitney bases his refusal +to accept the vessel upon the contradiction of the first report to the +second. If the first report was worthless, why not the second, in the +light of all the facts? + +What is needed to-day is a board of examiners fully competent to +pronounce on the merits, of not only the "Dolphin" but of any and +every other ship that shall be built, and fully sundered from, and +independent of, political and official relations with the Navy +Department. The nearest approach to this is the report of the body of +experts--ship-builders, and ship-captains, experts in ship's materials, +and the like--whom Mr. Roach invited to examine the "Dolphin." The +report of these gentlemen flatly contradicts Mr. Whitney's board on +points which are matters of fact, and not of opinion, and therefore +throws the burden of proof upon Mr. Whitney himself. Until some equally +unpolitical and unofficial body refutes it, the treatment Mr. Roach has +received will be set down to other motives than the best. + + * * * * * + +The republic at last bows its head in sorrow at the death of its +greatest citizen. In awe and admiration it honors the character which, +heroic to the last, has never been more conspicuously shown than during +the months of that depressing illness, the end of which must have been +to him a welcome entering into rest. + +The same unquailing courage, and the same calm, grim fortitude which +shed their fadeless lustre upon his whole extraordinary career were +evinced by General Grant at the last moments of his life. For months the +nation has hung over his bedside, awaiting the silent foot-fall of the +unseen conqueror of all that is mortal. + +The nation's loss is not measured by the vacant place. For nearly a +decade General Grant had been only a private citizen, wielding no +sceptre of authority, and exercising no sway in the public councils. And +yet his going is a loss; for he was everywhere felt, not merely by what +he had done, but by what he was,--one of the great reserve forces of our +national commonwealth. + +"Great men," said Burke, "are the guideposts and landmarks of the +State." General Grant was the guidepost of a victorious war, and a +landmark of a magnanimous peace. A pillar of strength has fallen; and +yet a broken shaft is not the fit emblem of his life. It is a finished +and splendid column, crowned with its full glory. + +The chieftain is dead. The American people themselves will now judge +him, after the calm evening and the serene repose of retirement, more +justly than in the stress and storm of struggle. The asperities of angry +contentions have passed; the flaws have faded, and the blemishes are +dimmed, while the splendor of General Grant's achievements and the +simple grandeur of his character have gained a brighter halo as the +years have rolled by. The clouds and the smoke of battle have long since +lifted; the fragments and the scenes are swallowed in the majestic +drama; and to-day we see the hero elevated on his true pedestal of fame +through the just perspective of history. + +It is given to few men to bear suffering with the fortitude displayed by +the departed hero; it is given to fewer still to await in patience and +without complaint the certain issue of suffering in death. But it is +neither his fortitude, nor his patience, nor his touching solicitude, +nor his unselfish industry which distinguished him in an almost unique +degree. It was rather, in one word, his simplicity, his strong but +unpretentious character, and his firm but magnanimous nature. + +Of such, plainly, is the kingdom of Heaven, and it is a national glory +that of such, too, in the instance of General Grant, the American people +was never neglectful. + + * * * * * + +If every person who is inclined to attribute to Socialism all the +discontent now prevalent among the laboring classes of this country, +would carefully read Mr. Laurence Gronlund's remarkable book, entitled, +_The Coöperative Commonwealth_,--an exposition of modern +Socialism,--he would perhaps awaken to a comprehension of the fact that +true Socialism is neither communism, nor lawlessness, nor anarchy. We +wish this book could be scattered, by millions, among the intelligent +people of this land, if for no other purpose than to root out many of +the false ideas which are current, as well as to inculcate a logical +explanation of much that is transpiring at the present moment. + +We are told that at least 30,000 laborers are out of work in Cincinnati, +and that full as many are unemployed in Chicago. The same state of +affairs prevails in other large cities. These people, we are also told +by the newspapers, are "exposed to the designs of socialistic leaders, +and liable to embrace their dangerous schemes." Hence, it is to be +inferred, of course, that timely measures should be instituted to "guard +the unreflecting against socialistic theories and measures." + +Despair sometimes calls for a desperate remedy. When men are in physical +or financial distress they _are_ apt to lose their heads, so to +speak, and to be subject to the wildest delusions and hallucinations. A +great many of the unfortunates now out of employment have been already +reduced to misery and want; but it is a mistake to suppose that the +philosophy of Socialism can afford them any relief or consolation, or +that it can incite them to mad deeds of violence. There are certain +demagogues in this country who, assuming to be Socialists, are ready to +stir up the popular mind, even to the shedding of blood; but such men +are few in numbers, and wield only a limited influence. + +Now, Socialism holds that the impending reconstruction of society, which +Huxley predicts, will be brought about by the logic of events, and +teaches that the coming revolution, which every intelligent mind must +foresee, is strictly an evolution. Socialists of this school reason from +no assumed first principle, like the French, who start from "social +equality," or like Herbert Spencer, who lays it down as an axiom that +"every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes +not the like freedom of every other man;" but basing themselves squarely +on _experience_,--not individual but universal experience,--they +can, and do present clear-cut, definite solutions. + +It is this true _German_ Socialism which Mr. Gronlund, in the work +previously alluded to, very clearly presents, and which should be more +generally understood than it is. + +Apropos of the subject, it will not be amiss to recall a statement made +by Frederic Harrison, namely:-- + +"The working-class is the only class which is not a class. It is the +nation. It represents, so to speak, the body as a whole, of which the +other classes only represent special organs. These organs, no doubt, +have great and indispensable functions, but for most purposes of +government the state consists of the vast laboring majority. Its welfare +depends on what their lives are like." + +And this from Carlyle:-- + +"It is not to die, or even to die of hunger that makes a man wretched; +many men have died; all men must die. But it is to live miserable, we +know not why: to work sore and yet gain nothing; to be heartworn, weary, +yet isolated, unrelated, girt in with a cold universal _Laissez-faire_." + + * * * * * + + + + +AMONG THE BOOKS. + + +It seems but a short time since we pored interestedly over the pages +of Mr. Stanley's "Through the Dark Continent," which described the +exploration of the Congo in 1876-7, from Nyongwe to the Atlantic +Ocean. The final results of that first expedition, which surpasses all +anticipation, are now recorded in two handsome volumes from the same +pen, bearing the title: _The Congo and the Founding of Its Free +State_.[4] When Mr. Stanley, in 1878, had crossed the African +continent and had reached the mouth of the Congo, he took ship for +Europe. He had reached Marseilles, where, in the railway-station, he was +met by two commissioners who had been sent by Leopold II., King of the +Belgians, for the express purpose of interesting Mr. Stanley in the +project entertained by that king of founding a State in the heart of +Africa. This project was subsequently accepted, and all the powers of +Europe entered into the scheme. Mr. Stanley now relates, for the first +time, the story of the founding,--a story which is as entertaining as +the liveliest piece of fiction, and as marvellous in its unfolding as +would be the sudden discovery of a new and habitable world. From the +mouth of the Congo to Stanley Falls is about fifteen hundred miles, and +the basin of this immense river contains more than a million and a half +square miles; that is, a territory nearly one-half as large as that of +the United States. The opening of this great country to the commerce of +the world is one of the greatest events of the nineteenth, indeed of +any, century. By the agreement of the sovereigns of Europe, no European +power is ever to be permitted to seize the sea-coasts of the continent, +or to levy differential customs and high tariffs upon the commerce of +the world such as our New England and Middle States now levy upon the +West and South. Forever hereafter a merchant or producer dwelling in the +Congo can dispose of his ivory and ebony, or any other product +whatsoever, in whatever market it will yield him the most money, and buy +his shovel and hoe, his gunpowder, and the like, where he can buy them +the best and the cheapest. It is, perhaps, not too much to affirm that +the founding of such an empire on such a basis will make in time as +great a change in commercial affairs as the establishment of the +American Republic has made in political affairs and in the relation of +men to governments. The work of Mr. Stanley is destined to have a large +influence. It is the most important book on Africa that has ever been +written at any period of time or in any language. And yet no record of +good deeds grandly done could savor of more modesty and +unpretentiousness than does the narrative in these two noble volumes. + + * * * * * + +Miss Anna Laurens Dawes, the daughter of Senator Dawes, of +Massachusetts, has undertaken "an explanation of the Constitution and +government of the United States," in her book entitled _How We are +Governed_.[5] Believing, as we do, that a knowledge of politics is an +essential part of education, we hail this work as one of the hopeful +signs of the times, and commend it especially to young people, because +the author has so accurately and comprehensively accomplished her task +as to make it worthy of confidence. Simplicity in writing is the first +needed qualification of one who undertakes to instruct youth. Miss Dawes +exhibits this quality, and takes nothing for granted as to the previous +knowledge of her readers. Her plan follows the order of the +Constitution, and that document is quoted in full, and in its several +parts under the division of "The Legislature," "The Executive," "The +Citizen," and "The States." + + * * * * * + +It is the practical nature of the contents of _The Hunter's +Handbook_[6] which will commend it to all readers, and which stamps +it as an indispensable work for all persons who "go camping out." This +is just the season for such healthful recreation and resting among the +hills or along shore. It is just the season, too, when, unless he knows +exactly how to manage, the camper-out is subjected to a great many +annoyances as well as pleasures. The little work under notice contains +many valuable hints and suggestions, while its notes of all camp +requisites and receipts are exceedingly valuable. Some of the author's +quaint aphorisms on camp economy, camp neatness and cleanliness, and on +the signs and portents of the weather, will tend to keep the reader in +good humor. It would require years of experience for new beginners to +acquire the information which a half hour's study of this book will +easily impart. To all such, then, it is invaluable. + +The first volume of Mr. McMaster's entertaining work on the _History +of the People of the United States_[7] appeared just three years ago +this summer, and the lively interest which it then aroused gave promise +of the cordial welcome that would be generally extended to future +volumes of the same work. The first volume closed with the year 1790. +The second volume, which has recently been published, continues the easy +and entertaining narrative down to 1803. Within its seven chapters there +is a vast fund of valuable information in regard to life and society as +they existed under the early administrations. These chapters cover the +experimental years of the Republic under the Constitution,--the years +which, so susceptible of popular treatment, are so particularly engaging +to students of American history. At so formative a period in the +national development, when there was open contest between Congress and +the States, when the group of undoubted aristocrats gathered around +Hamilton were in direct opposition to the extreme republicanism of the +circle which acknowledged Jefferson as its chief, the dominance of +English or French influence was an element of great moment to the future +of the nation. Mr. McMaster has most admirably handled this phase of his +subject. + +The account of town and country life as they were at the beginning of +the present century, and of the growth of those social usages which we +have come almost to regard as instinctive, is very entertaining and +instructive. Barring certain blemishes and a few inaccuracies, which +ought to be excusable in a work of such character, Mr. McMaster's two +volumes form a very valuable and welcome contribution to our national +literature. It was a felicitous thought which prompted him to enter this +peculiar field, and to gather up the important facts which writers on +political history have generally avoided. So thoroughly and so admirably +has Mr. McMaster worked this field that we doubt whether any other +writer, coming after him, will be tempted to invade the same territory. +The work thus far ends with the negotiations which led to the Louisiana +purchase, and we are led to expect three more instalments before it +shall be completed. + + * * * * * + +Should any readers be tempted by Mrs. Gould's article in this number of +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY to visit Nantucket, they will do well to +take with them, for handy reference and trustworthy guidance, Mr. +Godfrey's _Island of Nantucket: What it was and what it is_.[8] It +is a complete index and guide to all that is interesting in the +island,--tells just how to get there and what to see there,--and +contains, moreover, several special articles, by different hands, on the +history, botany, geology, and entomology of the island. The maps +accompanying the text were made expressly for the book. + + * * * * * + +A fitting companion to Mr. Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," which appeared +some ten or a dozen years ago, is a new book, entitled _A Naturalist's +Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago_,[9] of which Henry O. Forbes +is the author. Mr. Forbes revisited most of the islands which Mr. +Wallace had described, but his route in each island was altogether +different. He gives us the first detailed account of the Timor-laut +Islands, with very interesting and valuable ethnological notes. The work +is divided into six parts, devoted to the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Java, +Sumatra, the Moluccas, Timor-laut, Buru, and Timor. Many illustrations +are interspersed throughout the text, and the whole work is exceedingly +vigorous, graphic, and abounding in interest. + + * * * * * + +_Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis; In the Land of the Lapps and +Kvæns_[10] by Sophus Tromholt, edited by Carl Siewers, furnishes a +narrative of journeys in Lapland, Finland, and Northern Russia in +1882-83. It also contains an account of the recent circumpolar +scientific expeditions, and a popular statement of what is known of the +Aurora Borealis, which the author has studied long and carefully. A map +and nearly one hundred and fifty illustrations add greatly to the value +and attractiveness of the work. + +MR. WINFRED A. STEARNS, a close student of natural history, and +one of the authors of "New England Bird Life," has prepared a work +entitled _Labrador: a sketch of its People, its Industries, and its +Natural History_.[11] Although not written in a very agreeable style, +the work is one which deserves perusal, and will certainly command some +attention. Mr. Stearns visited Labrador three times, once in 1875, once +in 1880, and again in 1882. The results of these journeys and +observations are herein set down in a compact volume of three hundred +pages. With the exception of a valuable paper on Labrador in the +"Encyclopedia Britannica," little of a modern and useful character has +been written giving anything like a fair description of the country and +its resources. Mr. Stearns book supplies the omission, and is cordially +to be commended. It ought to pave the way for a good many excursion +parties. + + +[Footnote 4: The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State. By Henry M. +Stanley, 2 vols. Maps and illustrations. New York; Harper & Bros. Price, +$10.00.] + +[Footnote 5: How We are Governed. By Anna Laurens Dawes. Boston: D. +Lothrop & Co.] + +[Footnote 6: The Hunter's Handbook, containing a description of all +articles required in camp, with hints on provisions and stores, and +receipts for camp cooking. By "An Old Hunter." Boston: Lee & Shepard. +Price, 50 cents.] + +[Footnote 7: A History of the People of the United States, from the +Revolution to the Civil War. By John Bach McMaster. Vol. II. New York: +D. Appleton & Co. Price, $2.50.] + +[Footnote 8: The Island of Nantucket: What it was and what it is. +Compiled by Edward K. Godfrey. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Price, paper, 50 +cents.] + +[Footnote 9: Wanderings of a Naturalist in the Eastern Archipelago. By +H.O. Forbes. Illustrated. New York: Harper & Bros. Price, $5.00.] + +[Footnote 10: Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis; In the Land of the +Lapps and Kvæns. By Sophus Tromholt. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, & Co.] + +[Footnote 11: Labrador: a Sketch of its People, Industries, and Natural +History. By W.A. Stearns. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Price, $1.75.] + + * * * * * + + + + +MEMORANDA FOR THE MONTH. + + +The reduction of letter postage from two cents per half-ounce to two +cents per ounce, which took effect July 1st, suggests a few words in +regard to postal matters in general. The collection of news by +post-carriers is said to have originated in the regular couriers +established by Cyrus in his Persian kingdom about 550 B.C. Charlemagne +employed couriers for similar purposes in his time. The first +post-houses in Europe were instituted by Louis XI. of France. +Post-chaises were invented in the same country. In England in the reign +of Edward IV., 1784, riders on post-horses went stages of the distance +of twenty miles from each other in order to convey to the king the +earliest intelligence of war. Post communication between London and most +towns of England, Scotland, and Ireland existed in 1935. The penny-post +was first set up in London and its suburbs in 1681 as a private +enterprise, and nine years later became a branch of the general post. +Mail coaches, for the conveyance of letters, began to run between London +and Bristol in 1784. The postal system of the American colonies was +organized in 1710. Franklin, as deputy postmaster-general for the +colonies, established mail-coaches between Philadelphia and Boston in +1760. Previous to 1855 the rates of postage were according to distance. +The uniform three-cent rate was adopted in 1863. Money-order offices +were instituted in England as early as 1792. They were established in +this country in 1864, and there is no safer way to remit small amounts. + + * * * * * + + + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17723-8.txt or 17723-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17723/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17723] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-154.jpg"><img src="images/ill-154.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="John Albion Andrew" /></a> +<br /> +John Albion Andrew +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>[141]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0001" id="h2H_4_0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> + THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. +</h1> +<h2> + <i>A Massachusetts Magazine.</i> +</h2> +<h3> +VOL. III. AUGUST, 1885. NO. III. +</h3> + +<hr /> + +<h3>Contents</h3> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0002">JOHN ALBION ANDREW.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0003">THE CITY OF WORCESTER—THE HEART OF THE COMMONWEALTH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0004">ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0005">NANTASKET BEACH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0006">IDLENESS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0007">THE GRIMKÉ SISTERS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0008">TEN DAYS IN NANTUCKET.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0009">A BIRTHDAY SONNET.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0010">ELIZABETH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0012">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0013">AMONG THE BOOKS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0014">MEMORANDA FOR THE MONTH.</a></p> +<hr /> + +<a name="h2H_4_0002" id="h2H_4_0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + JOHN ALBION ANDREW. +</h2> +<h3> + THE "WAR-GOVERNOR" OF MASSACHUSETTS. +</h3> +<p> +John Albion Andrew, the twenty-first Governor of Massachusetts, was +born, May 31, 1818, at Windham, a small town near Portland, Maine. His +father was Jonathan Andrew, who had established himself in Windham as a +small trader; his mother was Nancy Green Pierce, of New Hampshire, who +was a teacher in the celebrated academy at Fryeburg, where Daniel +Webster was once employed in the same capacity. +</p> +<p> +Jonathan is described as having been "a quiet, reticent man, of much +intelligence and a keen perception of the ludicrous," while his wife was +"well educated, with great sweetness of temper, and altogether highly +prepossessing in appearance." There never was a more united and happy +family. The father possessed ample means for their education, and left +his household to the good management of his wife, who was admirable in +her domestic arrangements, judicious, sensible, energetic, and a rigid +disciplinarian of her children. There was a rare union of gentleness and +force in this woman, which made her generally attractive, and especially +endeared her to all who came under the influence of her character. +</p> +<p> +Mrs. Andrew died on the 7th of March, 1832. Shortly afterwards the +husband sold out his property in Windham and removed to a farm in +Boxford, in the county where he was born. He died in September, 1849. +</p> +<p> +John Albion, the oldest son, entered Bowdoin College in 1833, where he +pursued a course in no way remarkable. He was a studious youth, applied +himself closely to his books, and appeared to take no lively interest in +athletic sports. Notwithstanding his studiousness, he was ranked among +the lowest of his class, and was allotted no part at Commencement. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>[142]</span> + + Among his fellows he was, however, exceedingly popular, and his happy +temperament, his genial nature, won him friendship which after years +only made stronger and more enduring. +</p> +<p> +After his graduation the young man came to Boston and entered the office +of the late Henry H. Fuller, as a student of law. The attraction between +him and young Andrew was mutual, and they became almost like brothers. +It was while serving his novitiate under Mr. Fuller that Andrew became +interested in many of the reform movements of the day, and was as firm +and peculiar in one direction as his friend was in another. +</p> +<p> +Andrew rose slowly at the bar. To his clients he simply did his duty, +and that was all. He was not a learned lawyer, nor was he in any sense a +great lawyer, and yet he expended great care and industry in looking up +his cases, and probably never lost a client who had once employed him. +We are told by one of his biographers that, "during all these years he +was not what was called a student, but was never idle." He entered +largely into the moral questions of that day; was greatly interested in +the preaching of James Freeman Clarke; a constant attendant at meeting +and the Bible-classes. Occasional lay-preaching being the custom of that +church, young Andrew sometimes occupied the pulpit and conducted the +services to the general acceptance of the people. +</p> +<p> +Andrew did not become actively interested in politics until his +admission to the bar, and then he joined the Whig party, and became +thoroughly in earnest in advocating the Anti-Slavery movement. In 1859 +he was chosen to the lower branch of the Legislature and at once took a +prominent position. In 1860 he was nominated for Governor of the +Commonwealth, by a general popular impulse which overwhelmed the old +political managers, who regarded him as an intruder upon the arena, and +had laid other plans. He was called to the position of chief magistrate +of Massachusetts at a most momentous time, but he was found equal to the +emergency, and early acquired, by general consent, the title of "The +Great War-Governor." +</p> +<p> +It was just on the eve of the Rebellion, and the whole North was excited +by the events which had already transpired. In his inaugural address in +January, '61, Governor Andrew advised that a portion of the militia +should be placed on a footing of activity, in order that, "in the +possible contingencies of the future the State might be ready without +inconvenient delay to contribute her share of force in any exigency of +public danger," and immediately despatched a confidential messenger to +the Governors of Maine and New Hampshire to inform them of his +determination to prepare for instant service the militia of +Massachusetts, and to invite their coöperation. +</p> +<p> +This is not the place nor the time to give even a <i>résumé</i> of +Governor Andrew's administration. He retired from office at the close of +1865, after a service of unexampled interest and importance in the +history of the Commonwealth. He retired with honor to himself and to the +regret + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>[143]</span> + + of all who had known him best. We have already alluded to Governor +Andrew's interest in the question of Anti-Slavery, and it should be +stated that in regard to the emancipation of the slaves he was among the +first, as he was the most persistent advocate of a measure which he +considered the greatest blow that could be struck at the enemy, fully +justified as a measure of war and demanded by every consideration of +justice and humanity. +</p> +<p> +Apropos of his impatience on this subject the following incident related +by one of the Governor's friends is worth recalling:— +</p> +<p> +"It was the summer of 1862, when emancipation was being talked a great +deal. We had not had any great successes, and everybody had a notion +that emancipation ought to come. One day the Governor sent for me to +come up to the State-House. I went up to his room, and I never shall +forget how I met him. He was signing some kind of bonds, standing at +a tall desk in the Council Chamber, in his shirt-sleeves, his fingers +all covered with ink. He said, 'How do you do? I want you to go to +Washington.'—'Why, Governor,' said I, 'I can't go to Washington +on any such notice as this; I am busy, and it is impossible for me +to go.'—'All my folks are serving their country,' said he; and he +mentioned the various services the members of his staff were engaged +in, and said with emphasis, 'Somebody must go to Washington.'—'Well, +Governor, I don't see how I can.' Said he, 'I command you to +go!'—'Well,' said I, 'Governor, put it in that way and I shall go, +of course.'—'There is something going on,' he remarked. 'This is a +momentous time.' He turned suddenly towards me and said, 'You believe in +prayer, don't you?' I said, 'Why, of course.'—'Then let us pray;' and +he knelt right down at the chair that was placed there; we both kneeled +down, and I never heard such a prayer in all my life. I never was so +near the throne of God, except when my mother died, as I was then. I +said to the Governor, 'I am profoundly impressed; and I will start this +afternoon for Washington.' I soon found out that emancipation was in +everybody's mouth, and when I got to Washington and called upon Sumner, +he began to talk emancipation. He asked me to go and see the President, +and tell him how the people of Boston and New England regarded it. I +went to the White House that evening and met the President. We first +talked about everything but emancipation, and finally he asked me what I +thought about emancipation. I told him what I thought about it, and said +that Governor Andrew was so far interested in it that I had no doubt +he had sent me on there to post the President in regard to what the +class of people I met in Boston and New York thought of it, and then +I repeated to him, as I had previously to Sumner, this prayer of the +Governor's, as well as I could remember it. The President said, 'When we +have the Governor of Massachusetts to send us troops in the way he has, +and when we have him to utter such prayers for us, I have no doubt that +we shall succeed.' In September the Governor sent for me. He had a +despatch that emancipation would be proclaimed, and it was done the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>[144]</span> + + next day. You remember the President made proclamation in September to +take effect in January. Well, he and I were together alone again in the +Council Chamber. Said he, 'You remember when I wanted you to go on to +Washington?' I said, 'Yes, I remember it very well.'—'Well,' said he, +'I didn't know exactly what I wanted you to go for then. Now I will tell +you what let's do; you sing "Coronation," and I'll join with you.' So we +sang together the old tune, and also "Praise God from whom all blessings +flow." Then I sang "Old John Brown," he marching around the room and +joining in the chorus after each verse." +</p> +<p> +After the war had begun, Governor Andrew insisted on every measure to +defeat the Confederate armies that was consistent with the laws of war. +He was especially strenuous in demanding the emancipation of the slaves, +as the following quotation from a sketch by Mr. Albert G. Browne, Jr., +the Governor's military secretary, will show:— +</p> +<p> +"Over the bodies of our soldiers who were killed at Baltimore he had +recorded a prayer that he might live to see the end of the war, and a +vow that, so long as he should govern Massachusetts, and so far as +Massachusetts could control the issue, it should not end without freeing +every slave in America. He believed, at the first, in the policy of +emancipation as a war measure. Finding that timid counsels controlled +the government at Washington, and the then commander of the Army of the +Potomac, so that there was no light in that quarter, he hailed the +action of Fremont in Missouri in proclaiming freedom to the Western +slaves. Through all the reverses which afterwards befell that officer he +never varied from this friendship; and when at last Fremont retired from +the Army of Virginia, the Governor offered him the command of a +Massachusetts regiment, and vainly urged him to take the field again +under our State flag. Just so, afterwards, he welcomed the similar +action of Hunter in South Carolina, and wrote in his defence the famous +letter in which he urged 'to fire at the enemy's magazine.' He was +deeply disappointed when the administration disavowed Hunter's act, for +he had hoped much from the personal friendship which was known to exist +between the General and the President. Soon followed the great reverses +of McClellan before Richmond. +</p> +<p> +"The feelings of the Governor at this time, on the subject of +emancipation, are well expressed in a speech which he made on Aug. 10, +1862, at the Methodist camp-meeting on Martha's Vineyard. It was the +same speech in which occurs his remark since so often quoted:— +</p> +<p> +"'I know not what record of sin awaits me in the other world, but this I +know, that I was never mean enough to despise any man because he was +black.' +</p> +<p> +"Referring to slavery, he said:— +</p> +<p> +"'I have never believed it to be possible that this controversy should +end and peace resume her sway until that dreadful iniquity has been +trodden beneath our feet. I believe it cannot, and I have noticed, my +friends (although I am not superstitious, I believe), that, from the day + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>[145]</span> + + our government turned its back on the proclamation of General Hunter, +the blessing of God has been withdrawn from our arms. We were marching +on conquering and to conquer; post after post had fallen before our +victorious arms; but since that day I have seen no such victories. But I +have seen no discouragement. I bate not one jot of hope. I believe that +God rules above, and that he will rule in the hearts of men, and that, +either with our aid or against it, he has determined to let the people +go. But the confidence I have in my own mind that the appointed hour has +nearly come makes me feel all the more confidence in the certain and +final triumph of our Union arms, because I do not believe that this +great investment of Providence is to be wasted.'" +</p> +<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-159.jpg"><img src="images/ill-159.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="GOV. ANDREW'S BIRTHPLACE" /></a> +<br /> +GOV. ANDREW'S BIRTHPLACE +</div> +<p> +Governor Andrew retired from office January 5, 1866, and, returning to +private life, he again entered upon a large practice at the bar, which +was lucrative as well. +</p> +<p> +On the 30th of October, 1867, he died suddenly of apoplexy, after tea, +at his own home on Charles street, Boston. The body was laid in Mount +Auburn Cemetery, but was afterwards removed to the old burial-place in +Hingham, where a fine statue has since been erected over his grave. +</p> +<p> +Governor Andrew was married Christmas evening, December, 1848, +to Miss Eliza Jane, daughter of Charles Hersey, of Hingham. They had +four children living at the time of his death,—John Forrester, born Nov. +26, 1850; Elizabeth Loring, born July 29, 1852; Edith, born April 5, +1854; Henry Hersey, born April 28, 1858. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>[146]</span> +</p> +<p> +Mr. Edwin P. Whipple, who was first chosen as the most competent person +to write the biography of Governor Andrew, after examining the +Governor's private and official correspondence, affirmed that he could +discover nothing in his most private notes which was not honorable. +</p> +<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-160.jpg"><img src="images/ill-160.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="BURIAL-PLACE AND MONUMENT, HINGHAM, MASS." /></a> +<br /> +BURIAL-PLACE AND MONUMENT, HINGHAM, MASS. +</div> +<p> +Says Mr. Peleg W. Chandler, in his "Memoir and Reminiscences of Governor +Andrew,"<a href="#note-1" name="noteref-1"><small>1</small></a> a most charming volume, from which largely this sketch has +been prepared:— +</p> +<p> +"He passed more than twenty years in an arduous profession, and never +earned more than enough for the decent and comfortable support of his +family. He devoted his best years to the country, and lost his life in +her service. His highest ambition was to do his duty in simple faith and +honest endeavor, of such a character the well-known lines of Sir Henry +Watton are eminently applicable:— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "This man was free from servile bands </p> +<p class="i4"> Of hope to rise, or fear to fall; </p> +<p class="i2"> Lord of himself, though not of lands, </p> +<p class="i4"> And having nothing, yet had all." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<a name="note-1"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>1</u> (<a href="#noteref-1">return</a>)<br /> +Published by Roberts Brothers, Boston. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>[147]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE CITY OF WORCESTER—THE HEART OF THE COMMONWEALTH. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Fanny Bullock Workman.</span> +</h3> +<p> +The city of Worcester, forty-four miles west of Boston, lies in a valley +surrounded on all sides by hills, and covers an area which may be +roughly estimated as extending four miles in length by two in breadth, +its long axis running north and south. It is the second city in the +State in point of population, while in enterprise it yields the palm to +none of its size in the country, sending to all parts of the world its +manufactured products, the excellence of which has established the +reputation of the place in which they were produced. +</p> +<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-161.jpg"><img src="images/ill-161.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="UNION PASSENGER STATION." /></a> +<br /> +UNION PASSENGER STATION. +</div> +<p> +Worcester was first settled in the spring of 1675, under the name of +Quinsigamond. The original order of the General Court, granted Oct. +11th, 1665, was as follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + This Court, understanding by the petition of Thomas Noyes, John Haynes + of Sudbury, and Nathaniel Treadaway of Watertown, hereunto affixed, that + there is a meete place for a Plantation about ten miles from Marlborow, + westward, at or neer Quansetamug Pond, which, that it may be improved + for that end, and not spoiled by the grantinge of farms, in answer to + the forsaid petition, This Court doth order, that + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>[148]</span> + + there should he a quantitie of eight miles square layd out and reserved + thereabout, in the Courts dispose, for a plantation, for the + encouragement of such persons as shall appear, any time within three + years from the date hereof, beeing men approved by this Court; and that + Capt. Edward Johnson, Lieut. Joshua Fisher, and Lieut. Thomas Noyes, + shall, and are herby appointed and empowered to lay out the same, and to + be payd by such persons as shall appear within the terme above + expressed. The Deputies have passed this with reference to the consent + of our honored Magistrates hereto. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + WILLIAM TORREY <i>clerk</i> +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The Magistrates consent to a survey of the place petitioned for, and + that Capt. Gookin doe joine with those mentioned of our brethren the + deputies, and make return of their survey to the next General Court of + Elections, who may take order therein as they shall see meete, their + brethren the deputies hereto consenting. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + EDWARD RAWSON <i>Sect'y.</i> +</p> +<p class="quote"> + WILLIAM TORREY <i>Cleric.</i> Consented to by the deputies. +</p> + +<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:175px;padding-left:0;margin-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-162a.jpg"><img src="images/ill-162a.jpg" style="width:175px;" +alt="FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH." /></a> +<br /> +FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. +</div> + +<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:175px;margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-162b.jpg"><img src="images/ill-162b.jpg" style="width:175px;" +alt="FIRST UNITARIAN CHURCH." /></a> +<br /> +FIRST UNITARIAN CHURCH. +</div> + + +<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-163.jpg"><img src="images/ill-163.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="PLAN OF WORCESTER 1673 TO 1675." /></a> +<br /> +PLAN OF WORCESTER 1673 TO 1675. +</div> + + +<p> +At that time several persons occupied lands that had been granted them, +and built houses. This infant settlement was strangled almost at its +birth by the outbreak of King Philip's War, which spread in that year +throughout Massachusetts. The colonists, few in number, and without +adequate means of protection against the hostile savages, soon abandoned +their buildings, which were burned by the Indians, December + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>[149]</span> + + 2, 1675. In 1684 some of the former proprietors returned to their lands, +accompanied by new settlers, and a second plantation was formed; this +time under the name of Worcester. The records relating to the fortunes +of this plantation are very meagre; but it continued to exist till 1700, +or 1702, when, during the progress of the French and Indian hostilities, +owing to its exposed position, it was again deserted by its inhabitants. +One man only, Digory Serjent, remained with his family, refusing to give +up to the Indians the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>[150]</span> + + fields his labor had brought under cultivation. For a time he was +unmolested. The authorities sent messengers to warn him of the danger he +incurred by his rash course, and to advise his removal with his family +to a place of safety. But the warning and admonition were alike +disregarded. At last, early in the winter of 1702, an armed force was +sent to compel him to depart. They marched with due expedition, but, +being detained overnight by a severe snow-storm at a blockhouse about +two miles from his residence, they arrived too late to attain their +object, and found his body, scarcely yet cold, lying on the floor, and +his family carried captive by the Indians. Thus terminated the second +attempt at a settlement on this spot, which was again given over for +several years to desolation and decay. +</p> +<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-164.jpg"><img src="images/ill-164.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="ST. PAUL'S CHURCH." /></a> +<br /> +ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. +</div> +<p> +The principal seat of the Indians in this vicinity was Pakachoag Hill, a +little south of where now stands the College of the Holy Cross. They +were called Nipmuck Indians, and consisted of about twenty families, +numbering about one hundred persons, under Sagamore John. Another tribe, +of about the same number, dwelt on Tatnuck Hill, under Sagamore Solomon. +John Eliot, the famous apostle to the Indians, with General Daniel +Gookins, visited these tribes in 1674; but he did not fully reclaim them +to peaceful habits, although many of them professed Christianity. +</p> +<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-165.jpg"><img src="images/ill-165.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="CHAIR MANUFACTORY OF E.W. VAILL." /></a> +<br /> +CHAIR MANUFACTORY OF E.W. VAILL. +</div> + + +<a name="image-0009a"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-166.jpg"><img src="images/ill-166.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE NEW CENTRAL CHURCH." /></a> +<br /> +THE NEW CENTRAL CHURCH. +</div> + +<p> +In 1713 the inhabitants, not discouraged by their former experience, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>[151]</span> + +one after another returned again to take possession of their property; +and this time they returned to stay. They were joined by others, and the +population began to increase. In 1722 Worcester was incorporated as a +town, and henceforth assumed its share of responsibility with the other +towns in adopting measures for the general welfare, and contributed its +proportion of men and supplies for the common defence. Through the +stormy period preceding the War of the Revolution, the public sentiment +of Worcester sustained the rights of the Colonies, and when, on the 19th +of April, 1773, the messenger of war, on his white horse, dashed through +the town, shouting, "To arms! to arms! the war is begun," the response +was immediate; the bell was rung, cannon fired, and the minute-men, true +to name, rallied on the Common, where they were + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>[152]</span> + + paraded by Capt. Timothy Bigelow. At about five o'clock in the afternoon +they took up their line of march. Capt. Benjamin Flagg soon followed, with +thirty-one men,—a total of one hundred and eight men. Capt. Bigelow +having halted at Sudbury, to rest his men, was met by Capt. Flagg, when +they both pushed on to Cambridge, where the organization of the army was +being made. Timothy Bigelow, whose abilities were at once recognized, +was appointed Major in Col. Jonathan Ward's regiment. On the 24th of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>[153]</span> + +<!-- 167.jpg originally here as full page vertical image --> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>[154]</span> + + April another company, of fifty-nine men, all from Worcester, enlisted +under Capt. Jonas Hubbard. During the seven dark years that followed, +this town never wavered in its devotion to the cause of liberty, and was +represented on many of the most important battle-fields, as well as at +the surrender of Yorktown, which terminated the struggle for +independence. Saturday, the 14th of July, 1776, the Declaration of +Independence was received. It was publicly read, for the first time on +Massachusetts soil, from the porch of the Old South Church, by Isaiah +Thomas, to the assembled crowd. On Sunday, after divine service, it was +read in the church. Measures were adopted for a proper celebration of +the event, and on the Monday following, the earliest commemoration of +the occasion, since hallowed as the national anniversary, took place in +the town. +</p> + +<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-167.jpg"><img src="images/ill-167.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="" /></a> +<br /> +</div> + +<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-168.jpg"><img src="images/ill-168.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="POST OFFICE AND MASONIC HALL." /></a> +<br /> +POST OFFICE AND MASONIC HALL. +</div> +<p> +Worcester continued to increase both in size and importance during the +first half of the present century, till, in 1848, having outgrown the +limits of a town, it was made a city, and the first city government +inaugurated, with Ex-Gov. Levi Lincoln, Mayor, and the following +Aldermen: Parley Goddard, Benjamin F. Thomas, John W. Lincoln, James S. +Woodworth, William B. Fox, James Estabrook, Isaac Davis, and Stephen +Salisbury. The City Clerk was Charles A. Hamilton; the City Treasurer, +John Boyden; and the City Marshal, George Jones. Since then it has made +rapid strides in + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>[155]</span> + + growth, influence, and prosperity. When the call for troops to defend +Washington came, in 1861, Worcester as a city was true to her record as +a town; for within twelve hours a company started for the seat of war, +and passed through Baltimore with the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, on +the memorable 19th of April, just eighty-six years from the first +shedding of Massachusetts blood at Lexington. +</p> +<p> +In 1800 the population of Worcester was 2,411; in 1820 it was 2,962; +in 1840, 7,500; in 1850, 17,049; in 1860, about 25,000; in 1870, about +41,000. At the present time it is about 70,000. The first event of +consequence that gave an impetus to the growth of the town was the +opening of the Blackstone Canal, in 1828, connecting Worcester with +tide-water at Providence. This, although considered at the time a marvel +of engineering skill, and undoubtedly of great benefit to the public, +was not a successful enterprise, and on the establishment of railroads +a few years later was discontinued. +</p> +<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-169.jpg"><img src="images/ill-169.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="WORCESTER CORSET COMPANY'S WORKS." /></a> +<br /> +WORCESTER CORSET COMPANY'S WORKS. +</div> +<p> +In 1831 the Boston and Worcester Railroad was incorporated and soon +built, followed at short intervals by the Western Railroad, the Norwich +and Worcester, the Nashua and Worcester, Fitchburg and Worcester, and +the Providence and Worcester railroads; thus making a centre from which +one could travel in any direction. Later the Barre and Gardner Railroad +was built, and the Boston and Worcester consolidated with the Western +Railroad. By this last corporation the Union Passenger Station was +erected, in 1877, which is one of the most costly, elegant, and +convenient edifices devoted to this business in the country. About +seventy-five trains arrive and depart daily. The advantage thus given to +Worcester over other towns in the county was great, and the results were +striking and immediate, as may be seen by reference to the figures of +population above given. The facility of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>[156]</span> + + communication thus afforded caused capitalists to settle here, and +manufactures rapidly sprang up and flourished, drawing to this spot +thousands of laborers, who otherwise would have gone elsewhere. At the +present time the chief interests of the city centre in its manufactures, +which embrace almost every variety of articles made in iron, steel, and +wire cotton and woollen fabrics, leather, wood, and chemicals. +</p> +<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-170.jpg"><img src="images/ill-170.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY." /></a> +<br /> +FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. +</div> +<p> +Among the multitude of manufactured products it is almost useless to +attempt to specify any particular ones. The same is true of the +manufacturing establishments and corporations. Mention may be made, +however, of the Washburn & Moen Wire Works, which give employment to +about three thousand operatives, established in 1831, and having a +capital of two million dollars. The power used in manufacturing is +almost exclusively steam, but water is used somewhat in the outskirts, +where streams have been dammed to make reservoirs. +</p> +<p> +Connected with the growth of Worcester it is interesting to note that +the increase in the population has been largely from the ranks of the +laboring classes. The manner in which the city is built shows this to +the most casual observer. There are but few large estates or imposing +residences, surrounded with extensive grounds. The great majority of the +houses are made of wood, are of small size, and stand in small +enclosures. As mechanics have prospered they have bought land, and built +such houses as were suitable to their means, obtaining loans of the +savings-banks, which they have paid off gradually. This has been +especially the case the last few years, during which time the city has + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>[157]</span> + + extended in every direction in the manner indicated; and it is said the +greater part of the deposits in the savings-banks, as well as their +loans, have been made by and to people of the laboring class. This +shows a general prosperity, and indicates a permanency of population +not seen in many cities. During the last twenty years many people who +began life with the most modest means, or with none at all, have become +wealthy; and in almost every such case their prosperity has been due +to their connection with manufacturing interests. +</p> +<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-171.jpg"><img src="images/ill-171.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE PRESENT ANTIQUARIAN HALL." /></a> +<br /> +THE PRESENT ANTIQUARIAN HALL. +</div> +<p> +Worcester is exceptionally fortunate in its water-supply. This is +derived from two large reservoirs fed by running streams, each about +five miles distant from the city. One of these, called the Lynde-Brook +Reservoir, is situated in the township of Leicester. It was built in +1864, has a water-shed of 1,870 acres, and a storage capacity of +681,000,000 gallons, and an elevation of 481 feet above the City Hall. +The dam of this reservoir gave way in February, 1876, during a freshet, +and the immense mass of water was precipitated, with an unearthly roar, +into the valley below, destroying everything in its path, and carrying +rocks, earth, trees, and <i>débris</i> to a distance of several miles. +The other, called the Holden Reservoir, is in the township of Holden. +This was built in 1883, has a water-shed of 3,148 acres, a storage +capacity of 450,000,000 gallons, and lies 260 feet above the City Hall. +There are also three distributing reservoirs at elevations of 177 to 184 +feet above the level of Main street, and supplied from the two principal +reservoirs. Thirty-inch mains connect the reservoirs with the city. The +height of the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>[158]</span> + + water-supply gives a pressure in the pipes at the City Hall of from +sixty to seventy-five pounds to the square inch, which is sufficient to +throw a stream of water to the tops of the highest buildings,—a great +advantage in case of fire, rendering the employment of steam +fire-engines unnecessary in those parts of the city provided with +hydrants. The water is of excellent quality, being remarkably free from +impurities, either organic or mineral. The total amount expended on the +water-works from 1864 to December 1, 1884, is $1,653,456, and the income +from water-rates for the year ending December, 1884, was $107,515. The +uneven character of the ground upon which Worcester is built is +favorable to drainage, and advantage has been taken of this fact to +construct an excellent system of sewers, which thoroughly drain the +greater parts of the city. All abutters are obliged to enter the sewers; +and no surface-drainage nor cesspools are allowed. The result is that +Worcester is a very clean city, and few places can be found either in +the city itself or in the suburbs where surface accumulations exhale +unpleasant or noxious odors. To the influence of pure water and good +drainage may partly be ascribed the general good health of the +inhabitants, and the absence, during the last few years, of anything +like an epidemic of diseases dependent upon unsanitary conditions. The +sewers all converge upon one large common sewer, which discharges its +contents into the Blackstone river at Quinsigamond. +</p> +<a name="image-0015"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-172.jpg"><img src="images/ill-172.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE OLD SOUTH MEETING-HOUSE." /></a> +<br /> +THE OLD SOUTH MEETING-HOUSE. +</div> +<p> +In Worcester, as in most of the smaller cities of New England, the +Main street is the chief thoroughfare and the site of many of the prominent +buildings. This street runs north and south, and is about two and a +half miles long. Near the north end, at Lincoln square, are the Court-House +and the American Antiquarian Society building. The latter +contains a large number of valuable and rare books, much sought after + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>[159]</span> + + for reference by students. Farther on toward the business centre are the +Bay State House—Worcester's principal hotel—and Mechanics' Hall. This +hall is one of the handsomest and largest in the State, and has a +seating capacity of about two thousand. In the centre of the city, +bordering upon Main street, is the Old Common, the original park of +Worcester, now a small breathing-place of the working class, where band +concerts are frequently given in summer. Here stand the Soldiers' +Monument, designed by Randolph Rogers, of Rome, and the Bigelow +Monument, erected to Timothy Bigelow, who commanded the minute-men who +marched to Cambridge upon receipt of the news of the Battle of +Lexington, and served throughout the Revolution as colonel of the +Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment. At one corner of the Common, facing +Main street, is the City Hall, a small, unimposing structure, hardly +worthy of the city. The question of erecting a new one has been lately +agitated. Near by stands the Old South Church, built in 1763. The +business + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>[160]</span> + + portion of Main street is well lined with large blocks, and the south +end is laid out for residences. +</p> +<a name="image-0015a"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-173.jpg"><img src="images/ill-173.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="ELM PARK." /></a> +<br /> +ELM PARK. +</div> +<p> +Upon one of the hills, at the west side, stands the City Hospital, which +is well managed and kept up, and has a visiting staff of the best +physicians in the city. In connection with this institution, a +training-school for nurses has lately been established. +</p> +<p> +The city's most imposing building is the Worcester State Lunatic Asylum, +which can be seen from the trains on the Boston and Albany Railroad. A +picturesque edifice in itself it crowns a hill about two miles east of +Worcester, and overlooks the blue waters of Lake Quinsigamond, and also +a charming stretch of hill and dale beyond. Were the softening charms of +nature a potent remedy for the diseased mind, speedy cures might be +effected in this sequestered retreat. It contains generally over seven +hundred inmates, and can accommodate more. The building, begun in 1873, +was completed in 1877, is handsomely fitted up throughout, and very +spacious. It cost one million and a quarter dollars. +</p> +<a name="image-0016"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;padding-left:0;margin-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-174.jpg"><img src="images/ill-174.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE BIGELOW MONUMENT." /></a> +<br /> +THE BIGELOW MONUMENT. +</div> +<p> +On Summer street is the Asylum for the Chronic Insane. For many years +it was the only asylum, but upon the completion of the new building the +chronic cases were removed there, and it has since been devoted to their +needs only. The Technical School, or Free Institute, is situated on a +pretty wooded acclivity on the west side. Founded in 1865, it was +endowed, through the liberality of John Boynton, of Templeton, with +$100,000, which he left as a legacy for that purpose. This school is +more particularly for mechanics, chemists, and engineers, and is + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>[161]</span> + + conducted on the plan of the polytechnic schools of Europe. It is the +aim of the institution to train young men in such branches as are not +usually taught in the high schools, that any mechanic or civil engineer +on leaving the establishment may be fitted in a thoroughly scientific +manner to pursue his life-work. The institution is free to +Worcester-county residents; to those outside of the county the price of +tuition is $150. The number of students accommodated is one hundred and +twenty-six. The Free Public Library, founded in 1859, is one of the best +in the State, has a circulating department of 26,000 and an intermediate +department of 14,000 books; also a reference collection of over 20,000 +volumes, bequeathed by the late Dr. John Green. An endowment fund, left +by this gentleman for the latter collection, is used to the best +advantage in procuring a great variety of encyclopædias and other +desirable books of reference. That Worcester citizens appreciate their +opportunities in this line is indicated by the large daily patronage. +Connected with the Public Library is a well-arranged reading-room, +supplied with periodicals and daily papers, accessible at all times to +the public; also the valuable library of the Worcester District Medical +Society, containing about 6,000 volumes. The able and accomplished +librarian is Mr. S.S. Green, who not only supplies its shelves with the +newest and most desirable books for reading and reference, but is a +fountain-head of information in himself, and ever ready and willing to +answer the many questions put to him constantly by a steady concourse of +applicants. +</p> +<a name="image-0017"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-175.jpg"><img src="images/ill-175.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY." /></a> +<br /> +THE WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY. +</div> +<p> +The public-school system has been the occasion of much compliment, +and is regarded both here and elsewhere as a model one. In 1733 it was +voted, "that a school-house be built in the centre half, and that said +school house be 24 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 7 feet stud, and be +completely finished with good chimney glass," This was the first +school-house built in Worcester, and it stood at the north end of Main +street, near the middle of +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>[162]</span> +</p> +<p> +the present street, and there remained until after the close of the +Revolution. In 1740 £100 were granted for the support of schools. +The first Grammar school was established in 1752. In 1755 John Adams, +afterward President of the United States, taught the Latin Grammar +school here, and remained until 1758. There are now twenty-six different +school-houses, including the High School, a large effective building, +situated on Walnut street. Further accommodations at the present time +are greatly needed, the existing houses being overcrowded. The amount +last appropriated for the schools was $184,500 for maintenance, and +$20,000 for the purchase of free textbooks. Beside the public schools +there are several large and well-known educational institutions,—the +College of the Holy Cross, the Free Institute, the Worcester Academy, +the Highland Military Academy, the Oread Institute, the State Normal +School, and the Roman Catholic Parochial schools. There are also several +private schools of note. The educational interests of the city have kept +pace with its rapid and astonishing growth. +</p> +<a name="image-0018"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-176.jpg"><img src="images/ill-176.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="OLD PAINE HOMESTEAD, LINCOLN STREET." /></a> +<br /> +OLD PAINE HOMESTEAD, LINCOLN STREET. +</div> +<p> +Worcester has seven national banks, four savings-banks, and one safety +deposit and trust company. +</p> +<p> +Among a number of newspapers the chief ones have been the "Spy" and +"Evening Gazette." The "Massachusetts Spy" is one of the oldest papers +in this country, and has been published with unbroken numbers for 115 +years. It was established in Boston, in July, 1770, but was removed to +Worcester by its proprietor, Isaiah Thomas, in May, 1775. It was in +those days outspoken with regard to the difficulties between the mother +country and the colonies, and, owing to its urgent appeals for freedom +from tyranny, it became necessary to remove press and paper. Mr. Thomas +was certainly one of the most remarkable men of his day. His patriotism +never waned + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>[163]</span> + + during the most trying days of the Revolution, and the "Massachusetts +Spy" and its editor are a part of the history of the country. July 22, +1845, the "Daily Spy" was first issued. The first number was on a sheet +18 by 23 inches, a trifle larger than the first number of the +"Massachusetts Spy," which was 16 by 20 inches. It has been enlarged +several times. The "National Ægis," published in 1801, in 1833 merged +into the "Massachusetts Yeoman," a paper started in 1823. The name was +changed to the "Worcester Palladium." In 1829 the "Worcester County +Republican" was started, and also merged into the "Palladium," in 1834. +It was a successful paper for years, but in 1876 it was sold to the +"Spy." The "Gazette," begun in 1801 as a weekly, became a daily in 1843, +and is now an eight-page paper, the only one in the city. In 1851 the +"Daily Morning Transcript" was issued. Early in 1866 its name was +changed to the "Evening Gazette," and it is now the representative +afternoon sheet of the city. There are two able and well-conducted +French weekly journals,—"Le Travailleur," and "Le Courier de +Worcester." +</p> +<a name="image-0019"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-177.jpg"><img src="images/ill-177.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING." /></a> +<br /> +HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING. +</div> +<p> +In 1719 the first church was built, near the present Old South Church, +on Main street. Previous to that time the inhabitants had held service +in their different houses, where their prayers were often interrupted by +the presence + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>[164]</span> + + of hostile Indians, who took the occasion when the people were absorbed +in their devotions to molest them. In 1763 the present Old South +Meeting-House was built. The original dimensions were seventy feet long, +fifty-five wide, with a tower on the north side surmounted by a spire +one hundred and thirty feet high. It was commenced June 21, 1763, and +first occupied Dec. 8, 1763. There were sixty-one large square box pews +and seven long ones on each side of the broad aisle, which were free. +The building committee consisted of John Chandler, Joshua Bigelow, +Josiah Brewer, John Curtis, James Putnam. Daniel Boyden, James Goodwin, +Jacob Hemmenway, David Bigelow, Samuel Moore, and Elisha Smith. The +entire expense of the building was £1,542. +</p> +<p> +Since the date of its erection there have been many changes and +additions, so that it now presents but little of the appearance of its +former self. +</p> +<p> +The bell now in use was cast in 1802, and has this inscription:— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "The living to the church I call,</p> +<p class="i2"> And to the grave I summon all."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p> +In 1786, owing to certain disagreements, a division occurred in the +parish, some of its members leaving and forming an organization of their +own, with the Rev. Mr. Bancroft as rector. This society dedicated its +first church January 1, 1722, and this was replaced by a new structure, +of brick, in 1829, which is still in use. Since this first division new +societies have sprung up and new churches have been built, until to-day +there are forty-eight different houses of worship, among which are +eleven Congregational, eight Methodist Episcopal, seven Baptist, seven +Roman Catholic, three Protestant Episcopal, two Universalist, and two +Unitarian churches. +</p> +<p> +On account of the encircling hills the climate of Worcester is hot in +summer, but somewhat more temperate and less subject to east winds in +winter than that of Boston. +</p> +<p> +The surrounding country has all the charms that cultivated soil and +undulating hill-and-valley scenery can give. Good roads run in various +directions to the adjacent towns, and strangers often speak of the many +different and delightful drives to be found about Worcester. +</p> +<p> +Three miles east of the city is the beautiful sheet of water called Lake +Quinsigamond. It is a narrow lake, about five miles long, with thickly +wooded banks, and its surface dotted with picturesque little islands. +Along its shores the Nipmuck Indians are said to have lived and hunted; +and on Wigwam Hill, a wooded eminence overlooking the water, where one +of their encampments is supposed to have been, are still occasionally +found specimens of their rude house utensils. +</p> +<p> +A large tract of land bordering on the lake has lately been given to the +city by two Worcester gentlemen, and it is expected that in the near +future it will be cleared away and made into a public park. The only +park that the city now possesses, besides the Common, before alluded to, +is a small affair on the west side, at the foot of Elm street, one of +the principal residence streets. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>[165]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0004" id="h2H_4_0004"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ABRAHAM LINCOLN. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By George Lowell Austin.</span> +</h3> +<p> +There is something eminently satisfactory in the reflection that, when +the new faith, "That all men are created equal," and that "Governments +are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of +the governed," was finally assailed by the slave-power of America, and +had to pass the ordeal of four years of war, a man born and reared in +poverty, deficient in education, unused to the etiquette even of +ordinary society, and untutored in the art of diplomacy and deception, +had been selected by the people of the United States to become the +representative of the new faith, and the defender of the government +established upon it. This man was <span class="sc">Abraham Lincoln</span>, of Illinois, the +record of whose life, at once important, eventful, and tragic, it is +pleasant to recall. +</p> +<p> +There are, in my judgment, at least four men associated with the period +of the civil war, who, in their early lives, their struggles, their +training, and their future callings, ought forever to command the +admiration of this people: Lincoln, the lowly, the exalted, the pure +man in rude marble, the plain cover to a gentle nature, the giant frame +and noble intellect; Grant, the defender of the Federal Union, the +unflinching soldier, around whose dying couch a whole nation now +lingers, whose light will shine down through future ages a warning to +conspirators, to freemen a pledge, and to the oppressed a beacon of +hope; Stanton, the lion of Buchanan's cabinet, the collaborator of +Lincoln, the supporter of Grant, gifted with the far-seeing eye of a +Carnot, spotless in character, incorruptible in integrity, great in +talent and learning, and a fit object of unhesitating trust; and John +Rogers, the American sculptor, who has offered, in his beautiful and +famous group of statuary, "The Council of War," an undying tribute to +these three great leaders in American history, and is himself worthy +to be grouped with them in our remembrance. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Leaves have their time to fall, </p> +<p class="i4"> And flowers to wither at the north wind's breath, </p> +<p class="i2"> And stars to set; but all— </p> +<p class="i4"> Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death!" </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +If we could have looked into a rude log-cabin in Hardin county, +Kentucky, on the morning of the 12th of February, 1809, we should have +seen an infant just born,—and with what promise of future greatness? +Looking ahead ten years, we should have discerned this infant, Abraham, +developing into youth, still living in the old log-cabin, with neither +doors nor windows, with wolves and bears for neighbors, with a shiftless +father. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>[166]</span> + + But his mother was dead! Still this mother had left her impress, and she +had become in that boy's heart "an angel of a mother." She made him what +he afterwards proved himself to be. Follow Abraham Lincoln where we +will,—from the cradle to the grave,—and we shall find honesty and +kindness ever distinguishing him. In his boyhood, among boys, he was +always fighting the battle of the offended and the weak; in manhood, he +was always protecting the fugitive from an angry mob; as a lawyer, +saving the widow's son from the gallows, and declining the rich fee of +an unrighteous cause; as a public debater, the fairest ever met in the +political arena; and as president of the republic, honest in his +convictions and kind to his bitterest enemies. +</p> +<p> +Let us not forget the difficulties which it was his lot and his good +fortune to surmount. He never was six months at school in his life; and +yet, by the use of a single book and the occasional aid of a village +schoolmaster, he became an expert surveyor in six weeks! At the age of +twenty-one he accompanied his family to Illinois. One morning, when +seated at the breakfast-table of his employer, Lincoln was told that a +man living six miles away had a copy of an English grammar. He left the +table at once, and went and borrowed the book. During the long winter +evenings that followed, in the light of the village cooper's shop, he +pored over the pages of that book,—studying the science of language, +the theory of human speech, and qualifying himself to become the author +of one of the three great State papers of modern times, by the light of +burning shavings! +</p> +<p> +But we leave that early life of his, which, in rude simplicity, repeats +"the short and simple annals of the poor." +</p> +<p> +In 1832 Black Hawk, the celebrated Indian chief, then in his +sixty-seventh year, crossed the Mississippi to regain the Rock River +valley,—the scene of his early trials and triumphs. His coming meant +war upon the pale-faced stranger, that had ventured to possess the +hunting-grounds of the red men. Several companies of volunteers were +raised to meet him, and Abraham Lincoln served as captain of one of +them. +</p> +<p> +When the war was over Lincoln returned to New Salem, his home in +Illinois, and shortly afterwards began the study of the law. He was +still poor in purse, his clothing was threadbare, but his ambition was +immense. He often pursued his study in the shade of a tree. One day +Squire Godbey—a very good man he was, too, so we are told—saw him +seated on a pile of wood, absorbed in a book, when, according to the +squire, the following dialogue took place: "Says I, 'Abe, what are you +studying?'—'Law,' says he. 'Great God Almighty!' says I." Studying law +astride of a wood-pile, probably barefooted, was too great a shock for +the squire's susceptible nature. He continued to study, then to practise +a little without fee, and finally was admitted to the bar in 1836. +</p> +<p> +Judge Davis, once on the Supreme Bench of the United States, a man +spotless alike upon the throne of justice and in his daily walk, was +upon intimate terms with Lincoln for upwards of twenty years, and during + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>[167]</span> + + more than half of that period sat upon the judicial bench before which +Lincoln most frequently practised. No one is abler than he to speak of +Lincoln as a lawyer,—a lawyer who became one of the first of the +Western bar,—a bar that can proudly point to its Carpenter, its +Trumbull, its Ryan, and its Davis. He says:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "The framework of Lincoln's mental and moral being was honesty; and a + wrong cause was poorly defended by him. The ability which some eminent + lawyers possess of explaining away the bad points of a cause by + ingenious sophistry was denied him. In order to bring into full activity + his great powers it was necessary that he should be convinced of the + right and justice of the matter which he advocated. When so convinced, + whether the cause was great or small, he was usually successful. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "He hated wrong and oppression everywhere; and many a man whose + fraudulent conduct was undergoing review in a court of justice has + writhed under his terrific indignation and rebukes. He was the most + simple and unostentatious of men in his habits, having few wants, and + those easily supplied." +</p> +<p> +In 1837 Mr. Lincoln removed to Springfield, Ill., where he entered into +partnership with his old friend, John T. Stuart; and this partnership +continued until 1841. In 1834 he had been elected to the Legislature, +and after his removal to Springfield he was again chosen to that body. +It was during this period that he found the nerve, when it did require +courage, to express and record his protest against the injustice of +slavery. Twice as a youth he had made a trip to New Orleans,—in 1828 +and 1831,—and on his second visit had for the first time observed +slavery in its most brutal and revolting form. He had gone into the very +centre of a slave mart, had seen families sold, the separation forever +of husband and wife, of parent and child. When we recall how deeply he +always sympathized with suffering, brute as well as human, and his +strong love of justice, we can realize how deeply he was affected by +these things. His companions on this trip have attempted to describe his +indignation and grief. They said. "His heart bled. He was mad, +thoughtful, abstracted, sad, and depressed." +</p> +<p> +The years which Mr. Lincoln passed in Springfield were the preparatory +years of his future greatness. From this time onward he was ever a busy +man. +</p> +<p> +He was once associated with Mr. Swett in defending a man accused of +murder. He listened to the testimony which witness after witness gave +against his client until his honest heart could stand it no longer; +then, turning to his associate, he said: "Swett, the man is guilty; you +defend him: I can't." Swett <i>did</i> defend him, and the man was +acquitted. When proffered his share of the large fee Lincoln most +emphatically declined it, on the ground that "all of it belonged to Mr. +Swett, whose ardor and eloquence saved a <i>guilty</i> man from +justice." +</p> +<p> +At another time, when a would-be client had stated the facts of his +case, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>[168]</span> + + Mr. Lincoln replied: "Yes; there is no reasonable doubt but I can gain +your case for you. I can set a whole neighborhood at loggerheads. I can +distress a widowed mother and her six fatherless children, and thereby +get for you $600, which rightfully belongs, it seems to me, as much to +the woman and her children as it does to you. You must remember that +some things that are <i>legally</i> right are not <i>morally</i> right. +I shall not take your case, but will give you a little advice, for which +I will charge you nothing. You appear to be a sprightly, energetic man: +I would advise you to try your hand at making $600 some other way." +</p> +<p> +I turn now to another phase of his nature, and recall that he had not +grown up to manhood without the usual experiences of the tender passion. +It was while he was yet living at New Salem that his heart opened to a +fair, sweet-tempered, and intelligent girl, with the romantic name of +Anne Rutledge. They were engaged to be married as soon as he should be +admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. But in August, 1835, she died. +Her beauty and her attractions and her early death made a very deep +impression upon him. We are told that he idealized her memory, and in +his recollections of her there was a poetry of sentiment, which might +possibly have been lessened, had she lived, by the prosaic realities of +life. With all his love of fun and frolic, with all his wit and humor, +with all his laughter and anecdotes, Lincoln, from his youth, was a man +of deep feeling. We have it on the authority of the most reliable of his +biographers, that he always associated with the memory of Anne Rutledge +the poem which, in his hours of despondency, he so often repeated:— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Oh! why should the spirit of mortal be proud? </p> +<p class="i2"> Like a swift fleeting meteor, a fast flying cloud, </p> +<p class="i2"> A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, </p> +<p class="i2"> He passeth from life to his rest in the grave. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, </p> +<p class="i2"> Be scattered around, and together be laid; </p> +<p class="i2"> And the young and the old, and the low and the high, </p> +<p class="i2"> Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +I never read this beautiful poem, so full of the true philosophy of +life, so suggestive of the rich promises of the hereafter, that I do not +think of the great president. He first found it in the columns of a +newspaper, cut it out, carried it in his pocket, and treasured it in his +memory for many years without knowing who was its author. +</p> +<p> +It would be pleasant to trace the years spent by Mr. Lincoln in the +State Legislature, and to revert to some of the speeches and occasional +addresses belonging to those years, which, in the light of his +subsequent history, are strangely significant. In the early period of +his legislative career he became acquainted with Stephen A. Douglas, +while the latter was a school-teacher at Winchester. Douglas was a man +of extraordinary powers, and one of the readiest of the American +debaters of his time. As the years went on he became actively interested +in politics, and at length assumed the leadership of the Democrats in +Illinois, while Lincoln became the standard-bearer of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>[169]</span> + + the Whigs. When party platforms were promulgated, upon the eve of +important contests, these two statesmen, by the unanimous consent of +their supporters, were selected to debate the merits of their respective +political creeds before the people. A series of joint discussions was +arranged to take place in the various important towns of the State. The +assemblages were large, and were composed of men of all parties. The +discussion opened with a speech of an hour, from one of the debaters; +the other replied in an address of an hour and a half; a rejoinder of +half an hour brought the discussion to a close. At the next meeting the +order of speaking was reversed, and by this arrangement the "last word" +was indulged in alternately by each debater. +</p> +<p> +During the various joint discussions held between the eloquent political +orators who were chosen to represent the Anti-Slavery and Democratic +parties, it may fairly be asserted that Lincoln opposed, while Douglas +defended, directly or indirectly, the slave interests of the country. +The former always felt that slavery was wrong, and in seeking a remedy +for the existing evil he followed in the footprints of Henry Clay. He +advocated gradual emancipation, with the consent of the people of the +slave States, and at the expense of the General Government. In his great +speech against the Kansas and Nebraska bill, he said, "Much as I hate +slavery, I would consent to its extension rather than see the Union +dissolved, just as I would consent to any great evil to avoid a greater +one." +</p> +<p> +The debates between Lincoln and Douglas, especially those of the year +1858, were unquestionably the most important in American history. The +speeches of Mr. Lincoln, as well as of the "Little Giant" who opposed +him, were circulated and read throughout the Union, and did more than +any other agency to create the public opinion which prepared the way for +the overthrow of slavery. As another has said, "The speeches of John +Quincy Adams and of Charles Sumner were more scholarly; those of Lovejoy +and Wendell Phillips were more vehement and impassioned; Senators +Seward, Hale, Trumbull, and Chase spoke from a more conspicuous forum; +but Lincoln's were more philosophical, while as able and earnest as any, +and his manner had a simplicity and directness, a clearness of statement +and felicity of illustration, and his language a plainness and +Anglo-Saxon strength, better adapted than any other to reach and +influence the common people,—the mass of the voters." +</p> +<p> +From 1847 to March 4, 1849, Mr. Lincoln served a term in Congress, where +he acted with his party in opposing the Mexican war. In 1855 he was a +prominent candidate for the United States Senate, but was defeated. From +the ruins of the old Whig party and the acquisition of the +Abolitionists, the Republican had been formed, and of this party, in +Illinois, Mr. Lincoln became, in 1858, the senatorial candidate. Again +he was defeated, by his adversary Mr. Douglas. Lincoln felt aggrieved, +for he had carried the popular vote of his State by nearly + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>[170]</span> + + 4,000 votes. When questioned by a friend upon this delicate point, he +said that he felt "like the boy that stumped his toe,—it hurt him too +much to laugh, and he was too big to cry." +</p> +<p> +In his speech at Springfield, with which the campaign of 1858 opened, +Mr. Lincoln made the compromisers of his party tremble by enunciating +a doctrine which, they claimed, provoked defeat. He said: "'A house +divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this Government cannot +permanently endure half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union +to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it +will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other; +either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, +and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is +in a course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it +forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States,—old as +well as new, North as well as South." +</p> +<p> +These were prophetic words; and they were spoken by a man born in the +slave State of Kentucky. It was the truth, the fearless truth, uttered +in advance of even the acknowledged leader of the Republican party, +Governor Seward, of New York. The simple assertion of that truth cost +Lincoln a seat in the United States Senate; but it set other men's minds +to thinking, and in 1860 the PEOPLE, following the path made through the +forest of error by a pioneer in the cause of truth, came to similar +conclusions, and made "Honest Old Abe" Chief Magistrate of the republic. +</p> +<p> +On the 10th of May, 1860, the Republican convention of Illinois met +at Decatur, in Macon county, to nominate State officers and appoint +delegates to the National Presidential Convention. Decatur was not far +from where Lincoln's father had settled and worked a farm in 1830, and +where young Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Hanks had split the rails for +enclosing the old pioneer's first cornfield. Mr. Lincoln was present, +simply as an observer, at the convention. Scarcely had he taken his seat +when General Oglesby arose, and remarked that an old Democrat of Macon +county desired to make a contribution to the convention. Two old fence +rails were then brought in, bearing the inscription: "Abraham Lincoln, +the rail candidate for the Presidency in 1860. Two rails from a lot of +three thousand, made in 1830, by Thomas Hanks and Abe Lincoln, whose +father was the first pioneer of Macon county." +</p> +<p> +The effect of this contribution can well be imagined: at once it became +useless to talk in Illinois of any other man than Abraham Lincoln for +President. +</p> +<p> +On the 16th of May the National Republican Convention was called +together in Chicago. The convention met in a large building called the +"Wigwam," which had been constructed specially for the occasion. The +contest for the nomination lay between William H. Seward of New York and +Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. On the third ballot, as we know, the latter +was nominated. I was but a youth on that memorable + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>[171]</span> + + day, but I vividly recollect that I was standing, with other urchins, +nearly opposite the "Wigwam," and was startled when a man stationed on +top of the building yelled out, "Fire: Lincoln is nominated!" Then +followed the roar of cannon and cheers upon cheers. +</p> +<p> +When the news reached Mr. Lincoln he was chatting with some friends +in the office of the "Sangamon Journal," in Springfield. He read the +telegram aloud, and then said: "There is a little woman down at our +house who will like to hear this. I'll go down and tell her." The +"little woman" was his wife, whom, as Mary Todd, he had won in 1842, and +he knew that she was more anxious that he should be President than he +himself was. +</p> +<p> +On the 7th of November, 1860, it was known throughout the country that +Lincoln had been elected. From that very hour dates the conspiracy +which, by easy stages and successive usurpations of authority, +culminated in rebellion. It is painful now to revert to the events which +marked its progress. There is not a man living to-day, I trust, that +does not wish they could be blotted out from our history. While watching +the course of these events Mr. Lincoln chanced one day to be talking +with his friend, Newton Bateman, a highly respectable and Christian +gentleman, and Superintendent of Public Instruction in Illinois. I can +only quote a part of the interview, as furnished by Mr. Bateman himself: +"I know there is a God," said Lincoln; "and he hates injustice and +slavery. I see the storm coming. I know that his hand is in it. If he +has a place and work for me,—and I think he has,—I believe I am ready. +I am nothing; but truth is everything, I know I am right, because I know +that liberty is right; for Christ teaches it; and Christ is God. I have +told them that 'a house divided against itself cannot stand,' and Christ +and reason say the same; and they will find it so. +</p> +<p> +"Douglas doesn't care whether slavery is voted up or down; but God +cares, and humanity cares, and I care; and with God's help I shall not +fail. I may not see the end, but it will come, and I shall be +vindicated; and these men will find that they have not read their Bible +aright." +</p> +<p> +We are told that, after a pause, he resumed: "Does it not appear strange +that men can ignore the moral aspects of this contest? A revelation +could not make it plainer to me that slavery or the Government, must be +destroyed. The future would be something awful, as I look at it, but for +this rock on which I stand." He alluded to the Testament which he held +in his hand, and which his mother—"to whom he owed all that he was, or +hoped to be"—had first taught him to read. +</p> +<p> +There is nothing in history more pathetic than the scene when, on the +11th of February, 1861, Abraham Lincoln bade a last farewell to his home +of a quarter of a century. +</p> +<p> +To his friends and neighbors he said, while grasping them by the hand, +"I go to assume a task more difficult than that which has devolved upon +any other man since the days of Washington. He never would have +succeeded except for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>[172]</span> + + he at all times relied. I feel that I cannot succeed without the same +divine blessing which sustained him, and on the same Almighty Being I +place my reliance for support." The profound religious feeling which +pervades this farewell speech characterized him to the close of his +life. +</p> +<p> +All along the route Lincoln preached the gospel of confidence, +conciliation, and peace. Notwithstanding the ominous signs of the times, +he had such an abiding faith in the people as to believe that the +guarantees of all their rights under the Constitution, of +non-intervention with the institution of slavery where it existed, and +the assurance of a most friendly spirit on the part of the new President +would calm the heated passion of the men of the South, would reclaim +States already in secession, and would retain the rest of the cotton +States under the banner of the Union. What a striking evidence of the +lingering hope and of the tender heart of the President is afforded by +his first inaugural address! +</p> +<p> +"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is +the momentous issue of civil war. +</p> +<p> +"The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without +being yourselves the aggressors; you can have no oath registered in +heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn +one,—'to preserve, protect, and defend it.' +</p> +<p> +"I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be +enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break, our bonds +of affection. +</p> +<p> +"The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and +patriot grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this broad +land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as +surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." +</p> +<p> +Abraham Lincoln took the helm of government in more dangerous times and +under more difficult and embarrassing circumstances than any of the +fifteen presidents who preceded him. The ship of Union was built and +launched and first commanded by Washington. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "He knew what master laid her keel, </p> +<p class="i2"> What workmen wrought her ribs of steel, </p> +<p class="i4"> Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, </p> +<p class="i2"> What anvils rang, what hammers beat, </p> +<p class="i2"> In what a forge and what a heat </p> +<p class="i4"> Were shaped the anchors of her hope." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +The men whom he chose as her first crew were those who had helped to +form her model. During succeeding generations inefficient hands were +occasionally shipped to take the place of worn-out members of the +original crew. Often the vessel was put out of her course to serve the +personal ends of this or that sailor, and ere long mutiny broke out +among her passengers, headed by John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. +Finally, a man ignorant in the science of astronomy and navigation, +feeble alike in heart + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>[173]</span> + + and arm, became, nominally, commander, but really the cat's-paw, of his +crew, at whose bidding the ship was steered. When Abraham Lincoln was +called to the helm he found the once stanch, strong vessel in a leaky, +damaged condition, with her compasses deranged, her rudder broken, and +the luminous star by which Washington guided his course dimmed by a +cloud of disunion and doubt. When the belching cannon opened upon +Sumter, then it was that the ship of State was found to be all but +stranded on the shoals,—Treason. +</p> +<p> +We are all aware of the story of that struggle. We can never forget +the story, for there is yet a "vacant chair," that recalls it in many +a home. The manner in which President Lincoln conducted the affairs of +the government during that struggle forms an important chapter in the +history of the world for that period. After Good Friday comes Easter; +after the day of dejection and doubt comes the day of recompense and +rejoicing. To my mind there is that in the life-work of President +Lincoln which itself consecrates every soldier's grave, and makes the +tenant of that grave more worthy of his sublime dying. It added honor +to honor to have fallen, serving under such a commander. +</p> +<p> +It was midsummer, 1862, and at a time when the whole North was +depressed, that the President convened his cabinet to talk over the +subject-matter of the Emancipation Proclamation. On the 22d of September +ensuing it was published to the world. It was the act of the President +alone. It exhibited far-seeing sagacity, courage, independence, and +statesmanship. The final proclamation was issued on the 1st of January, +1863. On that day the President had been receiving calls, and for hours +shaking hands. As the paper was brought to him by the Secretary of State +to be signed, he said, "Mr. Seward, I have been shaking hands all day, +and my right hand is almost paralyzed. If my name ever gets into history +it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it. If my hand trembles +when I sign the proclamation those who examine the document hereafter +will say, 'He hesitated.'" Then, resting his arm a moment, he turned +to the table, took up the pen, and slowly and firmly wrote, ABRAHAM +LINCOLN. He smiled as, handing the paper to Mr. Seward, he said "That +will do." +</p> +<p> +This was the pivotal act of his administration; but this humane and +just promise to liberate four millions of slaves, to wipe out a +nation's disgrace, was followed by the darkest and most doubtful days +in the history of America. Grant, in the lowlands of Louisiana, was +endeavoring, against obstacles, to open the Mississippi; but, with all +his energy, he accomplished nothing. McClellan's habit of growling at +the President had become intolerable, and Burnside superseded him in +command of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside advanced against Lee, +fought him at Fredericksburg, and was repulsed with terrible disaster. +Then the army broke camp for another campaign, the elements opposed, +Burnside gave way to Hooker. The soldiers became disheartened, and +thousands deserted to their homes in the North. The President's +proclamation was now + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>[174]</span> + + virtually a dead letter; people looked upon it and characterized it as a +joke. But there came at last a break in the clouds, and on Independence +Day, 1863, the star of liberty and union appeared upon the distant sky +as a covenant that God had not forsaken the Prophet of the West,—the +Redeemer of the Slave. I can find no more fitting words to characterize +Grant's victory at Vicksburg than those which the young and brave +McPherson used in his congratulatory address to the brave men who fought +for the victory:— +</p> +<p> +"The achievements of this hour will give a new meaning to this memorable +day; and Vicksburg will heighten the glory in the patriot's heart, which +kindles at the mention of Bunker Hill and Yorktown. The dawn of a +conquered peace is breaking before you. The plaudits of an admiring +world will hail you wherever you go." +</p> +<p> +Take it altogether it was perhaps the most brilliant operation of the +war, and established the reputation of Grant as one of the greatest +military leaders of any age. He, the last of the triumvirate, is passing +away; and, in this connection, no apology is needed in quoting the +letter which the President wrote with his own hand, and transmitted to +him, on receipt of the glorious tidings:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + <span class="sc">My dear General</span>,—I do not remember that you and I ever met + personally. I write this now as a grateful acknowledgment for the almost + inestimable service you have done the country. I wish to say a word + further. When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg I thought you + should do what you finally did,—march the troops across the neck, run + the batteries with the transports, and then go below; and I never had + any faith, except a general hope, that you knew better than I that the + Yazoo-Pass expedition and the like could succeed. When you got below, + and took Fort Gibson, Grand Gulf, and vicinity, I thought you should go + down the river and join Gen. Banks; and when you turned northward, east + of the Big Black, I thought it was a mistake. I now wish to make the + personal acknowledgment that you were right, and I was wrong. +</p> +<p> +And recall now the never-to-be-forgotten scenes at Gettysburg. The Union +army had been defeated at Chancellorsville, and Gen. Lee, having assumed +the offensive, had been making the greatest preparations for striking +a decisive blow. Already had he passed through Maryland; he was now in +Pennsylvania. But valiant men were there to meet and oppose. The fate +of the day, the fate of the Confederacy, was staked upon the issue. I +cannot picture the battle; but we all know the result, and how great was +the rejoicing in the North when, on that 4th day of July, the tidings of +the fall of Vicksburg and the victory at Gettysburg reached the country. +</p> +<p> +A portion of the battle-field of Gettysburg was set apart as a +resting-place for the heroes who fell on that bloody ground. In November +of that year the ceremony of consecration took place. Edward Everett, +the orator and the scholar, delivered the oration; it was a polished +specimen of his consummate skill. After him rose President +Lincoln,—"simple, rude, his care-worn face now lighted and glowing with +intense + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>[175]</span> + + feeling." He simply read the touching speech which is already placed +among the classics of our language:— +</p> +<p> +"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this +continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the +proposition that all men are created equal. +</p> +<p> +"Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, +or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met +on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of +it as the final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that +that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we +should do this. +</p> +<p> +"But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we +cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who +struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or +detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we +<i>say</i> here; but it can never forget what they <i>did</i> here. It +is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished +work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to +be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these +honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here +gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that +the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, +have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the +people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." +</p> +<p> +There have been but four instances in history in which great deeds have +been celebrated in words as immortal as themselves: the epitaph upon the +dead Spartan band at Thermopylæ; the words of Demosthenes on those who +perished at Marathon; the speech of Webster in memory of those who laid +down their lives at Bunker Hill; and these words of Lincoln on the hill +at Gettysburg. As he closed, and while his listeners were still sobbing, +he grasped the hand of Mr. Everett, and said. "I congratulate you on +your success."—"Ah," replied the orator, gracefully, "Mr. President, +how gladly would I exchange all my hundred pages to have been the author +of your twenty lines!" +</p> +<p> +I forbear to dwell longer on the events of the war. The tide had turned, +and the end was already foreseen. Notwithstanding that Mr. Lincoln had +proved the righteousness of his course, a great many people in the +North—and many even in his own party—were opposed to his nomination +for a second term. The disaffected nominated Gen. Fremont, upon the +platform of the suppression of the Rebellion, the Monroe doctrine, and +the election of President and Vice-President by the direct vote of the +people, and for one term only. The Democratic party declared the war for +the Union a failure, and very properly nominated McClellan. It required +a long time for the General to make up his mind in regard to accepting +the nomination; and, in conversations upon the subject with a friend, +Lincoln suggested that perhaps he might be + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>[176]</span> + + <i>entrenching</i>. The election was held, and Lincoln received a +majority greater than was ever before given to a candidate for the +presidency. The people this time were like the Dutch farmer,—they +believed that "it was not best to swap horses when crossing a stream." +</p> +<p> +On the 4th of March, 1865, he delivered that memorable inaugural address +which is truly accounted one of the ablest state papers to be found in +the archives of America. It concludes with these words:— +</p> +<p> +"With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the +right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are +in,—to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have +borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may +achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with +all nations." +</p> +<p> +Read and reread this whole address. Since the days of Christ's Sermon +on the Mount, where is the speech of ruler that can compare with it? +No other in American annals has so impressed the people. Said a +distinguished statesman from New York, on the day of its delivery, +"A century from to-day that inaugural will be read as one of the most +sublime utterances ever spoken by man. Washington is the great man of +the era of the Revolution. So will Lincoln be of this; but Lincoln will +reach the higher position in history." +</p> +<p> +Four years before, Mr. Lincoln, an untried man, had assumed the reins of +government; now, he was the faithful and beloved servant of the people. +Then, he was ridiculed and caricatured; and some persons even found +fault with his dress, just as the British ambassador found fault with +the dress of the author of the Declaration of Independence. The +ambassador is forgotten, but Jefferson will live as long as a government +of the people, by the people, and for the people, endures. While he +lived Lincoln was shamefully abused by the people and press of the land +of his forefathers; and not until the shot was fired—not until the +blood of the just—the ransom of the slave—was spilled, did England +throw off the cloak of prejudice, and acknowledge— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "This king of princes-peer,</p> +<p class="i2"> This rail-splitter, a true-born king of men."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p> +It is well known that not all of Mr. Lincoln's friends invariably +harmonized with his views. Of the number of these Horace Greeley stood +foremost, and undoubtedly caused the President great anxiety upon +several occasions. He never did things by halves; and, whenever he +undertook to do a thing, the whole country, believing in the honesty and +purity of his motives, gave to him a willing ear. From the editorial +sanctum of the "Tribune" many a sharp and soul-stirring letter went +forth addressed to the executive of the nation. Mr. Lincoln read them, +oftentimes replied to them, but very rarely heeded the counsel which +they contained. When the President was struck down, Mr. Greeley, who +differed so widely from him, mourned the loss of a very dear friend. +</p> +<p> +Charles Sumner often differed from the President, and on the floor of +the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>[177]</span> + + Senate Chamber frequently gave utterance to statements which carried +grief into the White House. But Mr. Lincoln knew and understood Charles +Sumner. An incident may here be recalled. The President was solicitous +that his views, as embodied in an act then claiming the attention of +Congress, should become law prior to the adjournment of that body on the +4th of March. Mr. Sumner opposed the bill, because he thought it did not +sufficiently guard the interests of the freedmen of that State. Owing +to the opposition of the Senator and a few of his friends the bill was +defeated. Mr. Lincoln felt displeased, and the newspapers throughout the +country published that the friendship which had so long existed between +the two men was at an end. +</p> +<p> +But Mr. Lincoln was not a man who would withdraw friendship on account +of an honest difference of opinion. It was not he who made the mistake +of urging the dismissal of Mr. Sumner from the chairmanship of the +Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. On the 4th of March Mr. Lincoln +was reinaugurated; on the evening of the 6th occurred the Inauguration +Ball. Mr. Sumner had never attended one of these state occasions, and he +did not purpose doing so at this time until he received, in the course +of the afternoon, the following letter:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + <span class="sc">Dear Mr. Sumner</span>,—Unless you send me word to the contrary, I + shall this evening call with my carriage at your house, to take you with + me to the Inauguration Ball. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Sincerely yours, +</p> +<p class="quote"> + ABRAHAM LINCOLN. +</p> +<p> +The great Senator entered the ball-room, with Mrs. Lincoln leaning on +his arm, and took his seat by the side of the President. The evening was +pleasantly spent, and the newspapers at once discovered how great a +blunder they had made. +</p> +<p> +At length the curtain fell upon the bloody scenes of the war. Under the +mighty blows of Grant and his lieutenants the Rebellion was crushed. +On a bright day the President, accompanied by Mr. Sumner, entered the +streets of Richmond, and witnessed the grateful tears of thousands of +the race he had redeemed from bondage and disgrace. Having returned to +Washington, he convened a cabinet council on the 14th of April. During +the session his heart overflowed with kind and charitable thoughts +towards the South, and towards those officers who had deserted the flag +of their country in her trying hour he poured out a forgiving spirit. +</p> +<p> +After that cabinet meeting he went to drive with Mrs. Lincoln,—they two +were alone. "Mary," said he, "we have had a hard time of it since we +came to Washington; but the war is over, and, with God's blessing, we +may hope for four years of peace and happiness, and then we will go back +to Illinois and pass the rest of our lives in quiet. We have laid by +some money, and during this term we will try and save up more, but shall +not have enough to support us. We will go back to Illinois, and I will +open a law-office at Springfield or Chicago, and practise law, and at +least do enough to help give us a livelihood." Such were the dreams of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>[178]</span> + + Abraham Lincoln the last day of his life. The whole world knows the +remainder of the story,—of that terrible night at the theatre; of that +passing away in the early dawn of the morning; of that sad and mournful +passage from the Capitol to the grave at Oak Ridge Cemetery. It is +painful to dwell upon it; it makes the heart faint even to recall it. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Abraham Lincoln</span> needs no eulogy. There is but one other name in +American history which can be mentioned with his as that of a peer,—the +name of Washington. He was as pure, and just, and as patriotic as the +Father of his Country. He was born of his time, a creature of the age of +giants, a genius from the people, all the greater for his struggles, for +he really did more than any man of his day to destroy caste and give +courage to the lowly; and therein he wrote the brightest pages of +progress. The shaft that marks his silent resting-place, the books he +read, the office he used, the strong body that covered his warm heart +and wise purposes, were only the outer symbols to the higher gifts of +his Creator. All gifts and graces are not found in one person. He is +great in whom the good predominates. All persons are not born equal. +Gifts are diversified; but if ever a man had the "genius of greatness," +it was Abraham Lincoln. As all are eloquent in that which they know, he +was eloquent in what he both knew and did. +</p> +<p> +A few words more. The President left a heart-broken widow, a woman whose +intellect was shattered by one of the most awful shocks in human +history. No mind can picture the agonies which she suffered, even till +the day of her death, on July 16, 1882. I make mention of her now, +because, during her eventful life in Washington and afterwards, she was +most cruelly treated by a portion of the press and people. I can +conceive of nothing so unmanly, so devoid of every chivalric impulse, as +the abuse of this poor, wounded, and bereft woman. But I am reminded of +the splendid outburst of eloquence on the part of Edmund Burke, when, +speaking of the heart-broken Queen of France, he said:— +</p> +<p> +"Little did I dream that I should live to see such disasters fall upon +her in a nation of gallant men,—a nation of men of honor, cavaliers. +I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to +avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of +chivalry is gone." +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Lincoln was incontestably the greatest man I ever knew. What marked + him was his sincerity, his kindness, his clear insight into affairs, + his firm will and clear policy. I always found him preëminently a + clear-minded man. The saddest day of my life was that of Lincoln's + assassination."—<span class="sc">U.S. Grant</span>. +</p> +<p> +[The death of <span class="sc">General Grant</span> has occurred since this article was +put into type.—<i>Ed.</i>] +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>[179]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0005" id="h2H_4_0005"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + NANTASKET BEACH. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Edward P. Guild.</span> +</h3> +<p> +The outline of Boston harbor somewhat resembles a very irregular +letter C, with its open side facing to the north-east. The upper horn +terminates with Point Shirley, in the town of Winthrop. The lower horn +is a narrow ridge of land of varying width, extending four miles from +the mainland, then abruptly turning to the westward for three miles. +This peninsula is the town of Hull; the sharp elbow is Point Allerton. +</p> +<p> +The stretch of four miles from the point to the mainland is of greatly +varying width, the harbor side being of most irregular and fantastic +outline; but the side toward the sea is smooth and even, and forms +Nantasket Beach,—one of the most popular watering-places on the +Atlantic coast. +</p> +<p> +The development of Nantasket as a summer resort began a long time ago, +although the era of large hotels and popular excursions began in the +last few years. Forty or fifty vears ago people from Boston, Dorchester, +Hingham, and other towns, when hungering for a sniff of unalloyed +sea-breeze, or a repast of the genuine clam-chowder, were in the habit +of resorting to this beach, where they could pitch their tents, or +find accommodations in the rather humble cottages which were already +beginning to dot the shore. That the delights of the beach were +appreciated then is evinced by the habitual visits of many noted men of +the time, among them Daniel Webster, who often came here for recreation, +usually bringing his gun with him that he might indulge his sporting +proclivities; and, according to his biographer, "he was a keen +sportsman. Until past the age of sixty-five he was a capital shot; and +the feathered game in his neighborhood was, of course, purely wild. He +used to say, after he had been in England, that shooting in 'preserves' +seemed to him very much like going out and murdering the barn-door +fowl. His shooting was of the woodcock, the wild-duck, and the various +marsh-birds that frequent the coast of New England.... Nor would he +unmoor his dory with his 'bob and line and sinker,' for a haul of cod or +hake or haddock, without having Ovid, or Agricola, or Pharsalia, in the +pocket of his old gray overcoat, for the 'still and silent hour' upon +the deep." +</p> +<p> +Another frequent visitor—Peter Peregrine—wrote: "The Nantasket Beach +is the most beautiful I ever saw. It sweeps around in a majestic curve, +which, if it were continued so as to complete the circle, would of +itself embrace a small sea. There was a gentle breeze upon the water, +and the sluggish waves rolled inward with a languid movement, and broke +with a low murmur of music in long lines of foam against the opposite +sands. The surface of the sea was, in every direction, thickly dotted +with sails; the air was of a delicious temperature, and altogether it +was a scene to detain one for hours." +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>[180]</span> +</p> +<p> +Evidently, Peter was a lover of nature at the sea-side; but to show that +those who sojourned here forty years ago were not unexposed to ridicule, +the following extract is given from a letter written from Hull in 1846: +"The public and private houses at Nantasket are overrun with company, +chiefly from Boston. Some of our fashionable people, as the rich are +vulgarly called, will leave their airy, cool, well-appointed +establishments in Boston, with every luxury the market affords, in the +vain hope of finding comfort in such houses. They will leave their city +palaces, the large and convenient rooms, comfortable bedsteads and +mattresses, and all the delicacies of the season, and submit to being +stowed away on straw-beds or cots, even upon the floor, half-a-dozen in +a small chamber, or four deep in an entry, to be half-starved into the +bargain upon badly cooked fish and other equally cheap commodities, for +the mere sake of being able to think that they are enjoying the +sea-breeze." Had the writer of this satire lived to lodge for a night in +one of the palace hotels which now adorn Nantasket Beach he would have +sung another song. +</p> +<p> +The peninsula of Hull is graced by three gentle elevations,—Atlantic +Hill, a rocky eminence marking the southern limit of the beach; Sagamore +Hill, a little farther to the north; and Strawberry Hill, about midway +to Point Allerton. The last of these elevations is the most noted of +the three. On its summit is an old barn, which is not only a well-known +landmark for sea-voyagers, but a point of the triangulations of the +official harbor surveys. In 1775 a large barn, containing eighty tons +of hay, was burned on this spot by the Americans, that it might not be +secured by the British. The splendid scene which this fire must have +produced was doubtless applauded with even more enthusiasm than the +great illuminations which are now a part of each season's events at the +beach. +</p> +<p> +It is said that fierce conflicts among the savages used to often occur +on the plains extending toward Point Allerton, before these parts were +invaded by the white man. The theory has arisen from the finding of +large numbers of skulls, bones, arrows, tomahawks, and other relics in +this locality. +</p> +<p> +The trip to Nantasket from Boston by boat on a summer day is most +delightful, affording a sail of an hour among the most interesting +objects of Boston harbor. The point of departure is at Rowe's wharf, +near the foot of Broad street, where the passenger steps on board one of +the well-equipped steamers of the Boston and Hingham Steamboat Company. +The course down to Nix's Mate, and thence to Pemberton, is quite +straight, but the route the remainder of the way, especially after +entering Weir river, is so tortuous as to cause the passenger to +constantly believe that the boat is just going to drive against the +shore. Upon the arrival at Nantasket pier the passenger is aware that he +is at a popular resort. Barges and coaches line the long pier; ambitious +porters give all possible strength of inflection to the names of their +respective hotels; while innumerable <i>menu</i> cards are thrust into +the visitors' hands, each calling particular attention to the chowders +of the ——— House as being the best to be had on the New England +coast. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>[181]</span> +</p> +<p> +Two minutes' walk is sufficient to cross from the steamboat-pier over +the narrow ridge of land to the beach. The difference between one side +and the other is very striking. On the one is the still, dark water of +Weir river; on the other, the open sea and the rolling surf. The beach +at once impresses the visitor as being remarkably fine, and, indeed, it +is equalled by none on the coast, unless, possibly, by Old Orchard. The +sands are hard and firm, and at low tide form a spacious boulevard for +driving or walking. Before the eye is the open sea, dotted here and +there with glistening sails. The long, dark vessel which appears in the +distance, about four o'clock on Saturday afternoon, is a Cunard steamer, +which has just left East Boston for its voyage to Liverpool. For two or +three hours it is in sight, slowly and majestically moving toward the +horizon. +</p> +<p> +The scene on the beach is in marked contrast to what might have been +witnessed a generation ago. Then one would have found here and there +a family group just driven down in the old-fashioned carryall, and +enjoying a feast of clam-chowder cooked over a fire of drift-wood. Now +the beach is thronged by crowds of many thousands; immense hotels vie +with those of the metropolis in grandeur; there are avenues and parks, +flying horses, tennis-grounds, shops for the sale of everything that the +city affords, and some that it does not, dog-carts and goat-wagons, +fruit and peanut-stands, bowling-alleys, shooting-targets, and, in fact, +as many devices to empty the pocket-book as are usually found at a +cattle-show and a church-fair together. An excursion party has just +arrived, but this occurs, sometimes, several times in a day,—for +Nantasket is a Mecca to the excursionist. Societies and lodges come +here; clubs resort hither for a social dinner; mercantile firms send +their employés on an annual sail to this place, and philanthropists +provide for hundreds of poor children a day's outing on this beach. +</p> +<p> +Thus, there is no exclusiveness about Nantasket; but, at the same time, +the tone of the place is excellent, and there seems to be no tendency +toward its falling into disrepute, as has been the case with other +very popular watering-places. It is, in fact, admitted by a New York +newspaper that "Bostonians are justly proud of Nantasket Beach, where +one can get cultured clams, intellectual chowder, refined lager, and +very scientific pork and beans. It is far superior to our monotonous +sand-beach in its picturesqueness of natural beauty, in the American +character of the visitors, and in the reasonableness of hotel charges, +as well as the excellence of the service." +</p> +<p> +The oldest of the large hotels now in existence at the beach is the +Rockland House, which was opened in 1854 by Colonel Nehemiah Ripley, who +was proprietor for many years. At first, it had forty rooms; it now has +about two hundred, and is beautifully furnished. It stands at the head +of a broad, rising lawn, and from its balconies and windows the view of +the sea is magnificent. It is now in the hands of Russell & Sturgis, who +are also proprietors of the Hotel Nantasket,—the most effective in its + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>[182]</span> + + architecture of any of the great houses here. Its towers and pinnacles +are numbered by the score, and it has the broadest of piazzas. In front +of the hotel, toward the water, is the band-stand from which Reeve's +celebrated band gives two concerts daily during the season, their +entrancing music mingling with the monotone of the surf, to the delight +of large audiences which assemble on the piazzas. +</p> +<p> +The Rockland Café, also under the same management, is joined to the +hotel by a long arcade, and enjoys an excellent reputation for its +chowders and fish dinners. +</p> +<p> +The Atlantic House, which crowns the hill of the same name, is a +spacious and elegant hotel, always filled during the season with guests, +including many of the representatives of wealth and culture in the +metropolis. The view from here is very grand, commanding the entire +beach and a vast expanse of the sea. The proprietors are L. Damon & +Sons. +</p> +<p> +Bathing is, naturally enough, a prominent feature of Nantasket's +attractions. Bath-houses are scattered all along the beach, where one +may, for a small sum,—fifty to two-hundred per cent. of its +value,—obtain the use of a suit for as long a time as he or she may +choose to buffet the waves of the briny Atlantic. The most appreciative +patrons of the surf seem to be the children, who are always ready to +pull off shoes and stockings, and, armed with a wooden pail and shovel, +amuse themselves with digging sand, and letting the surf break over +their feet. It is very evident that not a few older people envy the +children in this innocent amusement. +</p> +<p> +It is said that the life of the hotels and the drift of excursionists, +great as they appear, are falling into the background, while the +popularity of cottage life is rapidly on the increase. This plan is much +more economical than boarding at the highest-price hotels, although +those who have ample means find a summer spent at either the houses of +Russell & Sturgis, or at the hostelry of Damon & Sons, most eminently +satisfactory in every respect. New cottages spring up like mushrooms +every year from one end of the beach to the other, and they represent +every style of architecture, although Queen Anne is held responsible for +the most frequent style as yet. But in size, coloring, and expense the +cottages vary as widely as the tastes and wealth of their several +owners. "There are big houses and little; houses like the Chinese +pagodas in old Canton blue-ware; houses like castles, with towers and +battlements; houses like nests, and houses like barracks; houses with +seven gables, and houses with none at all." +</p> +<p> +During the heavy easterly gales of winter seaweed and kelp are washed +ashore in great quantities. This is carted off by the farmers, who find +it valuable as a fertilizer, and they are indebted to the sea for +thousands of dollars' worth of this product every year. Nantasket in +winter presents a gloomy contrast to its life and gayety in the summer. +The winds are cold and fierce. The pretty cottages are deserted, and the +sea moans with a sound + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>[183]</span> + + betokening peril to the craft that ventures to tempt the waves. The +nearly buried timbers of old vessels that are seen in the sands are +relics of disaster in years gone by. +</p> +<p> +But in the summer months, Nantasket must ever remain a sea-side paradise +to those who know its attractions. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + IDLENESS. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Sidney Harrison.</span> +</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> A flutter 'mid the branches, and my heart </p> +<p class="i4"> Leaps with the life in that full chirp that breathes; </p> +<p class="i2"> The brown, full-breasted sparrow with a dart </p> +<p class="i4"> Is at my feet amid the swaying wreaths </p> +<p class="i2"> Of grass and clover; trooping blackbirds come </p> +<p class="i4"> With haughty step; the oriole, wren and jay </p> +<p class="i4"> Revel amid the cool, green moss in play, </p> +<p class="i2"> Then off in clouds of music; while the drum </p> +<p class="i2"> Of scarlet-crested woodpecker from yon </p> +<p class="i2"> Old Druid-haunting oak sends toppling down </p> +<p class="i2"> A ruined memory of ages past; </p> +<p class="i2"> O life and death—how blended to the last! </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0007" id="h2H_4_0007"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE GRIMKÉ SISTERS. +</h2> +<h4> + THE FIRST AMERICAN WOMEN ADVOCATES OF ABOLITION AND WOMAN'S RIGHTS. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By George Lowell Austin.</span> +</h3> +<p> +This is an era of recollections. The events of twenty and twenty-five +years ago are being read and reconsidered anew with as much interest as +though they were the fresh and important events of the present. It was +long claimed by those who believed that they thought and wrote with +authority that not only was slavery the main cause of the civil war in +America, but that the abolition of slavery was its chiefest object. +A more sober criticism of the motives and deeds of those who were the +prime actors in that inglorious struggle has tended somewhat to alter +this opinion. It will, however, be again called to mind by a forthcoming +biography,—that of Sarah and Angelina Grimké, better known as "the +Grimké Sisters." The task of preparing this biography was intrusted to +Mrs. Catherine H. Birney, of Washington, who knew the sisters well, and +who lived for several years under the same roof with them. +</p> +<p> +There need be no hesitation in saying this book is one of the most +interesting and valuable contributions to the history of abolitionism +ever published. From first to last, during that momentous struggle, the +phrase + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>[184]</span> + + "the Grimké Sisters" was familiar to everybody, and the part which they +enacted in the struggle was no less familiar. Mr. Phillips often spoke +of them in his public addresses; they were prominent members of the +anti-slavery societies; they themselves frequently appeared before large +audiences on public platforms. Indeed, no history of the great moral +cause would be complete that was not, in large part, made up of their +noble deeds; and no less valiantly did they contend for Woman's Rights. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Sarah</span> and <span class="sc">Angelina Grimké</span> were born in Charleston, +South Carolina; Sarah, Nov. 26, 1792; Angelina, Feb. 20, 1805. They were +the daughters of the Hon. John Fauchereau Grimké, a colonel in the +revolutionary war, and judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina. His +ancestors were German on the father's side, French on the mother's; the +Fauchereau family having left France in consequence of the revocation of +the Edict of Nantes in 1685. +</p> +<p> +Judge Grimké's position, character, and wealth placed his family among +the leaders of the very exclusive society of Charleston. His children +were accustomed to luxury and display, to the service of slaves, and to +the indulgence of every selfish whim, although the father's practical +common-sense led him to protest against the habits to which such +indulgences naturally led. To Sarah he paid particular attention, and +was often heard to declare that if she had been of the other sex she +would have made the greatest jurist in the land. +</p> +<p> +Children are born without prejudice, and the young children of Southern +planters never felt or made any difference between their white and +colored playmates. So that there is nothing singular in the fact that +Sarah Grimké early felt such an abhorrence of the whole institution of +slavery that she was sure it was born in her. +</p> +<p> +When Sarah was twelve years old two important events occurred to +interrupt the even tenor of her life. Her brother Thomas was sent off to +Yale College, leaving her companionless; but a little sister, Angelina +Emily, the last child of her parents, and the pet and darling of Sarah +from the moment the light dawned upon her blue eyes, came to take his +place. Sarah almost became a mother to this little one; whither she led, +Angelina followed closely. +</p> +<p> +In 1818 Judge Grimké's health began to decline. So faithful did Sarah +nurse him that when it was decided that he should go to Philadelphia, +she was chosen to accompany him. This first visit to the North was the +most important event of Sarah's life, for the influences and impressions +there received gave some shape to her vague and wayward fancies, and +showed her a gleam of the light beyond the tangled path which still +stretched before her. +</p> +<p> +Her father died; and in the vessel which carried his remains from +Philadelphia Sarah met a party of Friends. She talked with them on +religious matters, and after a few months acknowledged to one of them, +in the course of a correspondence, her entire conversion to Quakerism. +Ere long circumstances and the inharmonious life in her family urged her +again to seek + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>[185]</span> + + Philadelphia, where she arrived in May, 1821. Angelina remained at +Charleston, where she grew up a gay, fashionable girl. +</p> +<p> +We pass over the interesting correspondence which, from this time +onward, was carried on between the sisters. +</p> +<p> +The strong contrast between Sarah and Angelina Grimké was shown not +only in their religious feelings, but in their manner of treating the +ordinary concerns of life, and in carrying out their convictions of +duty. In her humility, and in her strong reliance on the "inner light," +Sarah refused to trust her own judgment, even in the merest trifles, +such as the lending of a book to a friend, postponing the writing of a +letter, or sweeping a room to-day when it might be better to defer it +until to-morrow. She says of this: "Perhaps to some, who have been led +by higher ways than I have been into a knowledge of the truth, it may +appear foolish to think of seeking direction in little things, but my +mind has for a long time been in a state in which I have often felt a +fear how I came in or went out, and I have found it a precious thing to +stop and consult the mind of truth, and be governed thereby." +</p> +<p> +Already the sisters had begun to reflect upon the evils of slavery. +Evidences of the tenor of their reflection are furnished in their +letter, and also in Sarah's diary, which she commenced in 1828. Angelina +was the first to express her abhorrence of the whole system; while +Sarah's mind, for a while at least, was too much absorbed by her +disappointed hopes and her trials in the ministry to allow her to do +much more than express sympathy with Angelina's anti-slavery sentiments. +</p> +<p> +In the autumn of 1829 Angelina left Charleston never to return, and made +her home with Sarah in the home of Catherine Morris. She soon became +interested in Quakerism, and eventually joined the Society. The daily +records of their lives and thoughts, for the ensuing four or five years, +exhibit them in the enjoyment of their quiet home, visiting prisons, +hospitals, and almshouses, and mourning over no sorrow or sins but their +own. Angelina was leading a life of benevolent effort, too busy to admit +of the pleasure of society, and her Quaker associations did not favor +contact with the world's people, or promote knowledge of the active +movements in the larger reforms of the day. As to Sarah, she was +suffering keenly under a great sorrow of her life. +</p> +<p> +Meanwhile, events were making; the anti-slavery question was being +agitated and discussed. In February, 1831, occurred the famous debate at +Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati, presided over by Dr. Lyman Beecher. The +eloquence of that debate swept over the country; it flooded many hearts, +and set souls aflame. Sarah Grimké also thought a <i>little</i>. Under +date of "5th mo., 12th, 1835," appears the following in Angelina's +diary:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Five months have elapsed since I wrote in this diary, since which time + I have become deeply interested in the subject of abolition. I had long + regarded this cause as utterly hopeless, but since I have examined + anti-slavery principles, I find them so full of the power of truth, that + I am confident not many years will roll by before the horrible traffic + in human beings will be destroyed in this land of Gospel privileges. My + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>[186]</span> + + soul has measurably stood in the stead of the poor slave, and my earnest + prayers have been poured out that the Lord would be pleased to permit me + to be instrumental of good to these degraded, oppressed, and suffering + fellow-creatures. Truly, I often feel ready to go to prison or to death + in this cause of justice, mercy, and love; and I do fully believe if I + am called to return to Carolina, it will not be long before I shall + suffer persecution of some kind or other. +</p> +<p> +When, after the Garrison riot, Mr. Garrison issued his appeal to the +citizens of Boston, Angelina's anti-slavery enthusiasm was fully +aroused. On the 30th of March of that year (1835) she wrote a letter to +Mr. Garrison,—as <i>brave</i> a letter as was ever penned by the hand +of woman. In it occur these thrilling words:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + If, she says, persecution is the means which God has ordained for + the accomplishment of this great end, <i>Emancipation</i>, then, in + dependence upon him for strength to bear it, I feel as if I could say, + <i>Let It Come!</i> for it is my deep, solemn, deliberate conviction + that <i>this is a cause worth dying for</i>. I say so from what I have + seen, heard, and known in a land of slavery, where rests the darkness of + Egypt, and where is found the sin of Sodom. Yes! <i>Let it come—let us + suffer</i>, rather than insurrections should arise. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Garrison published the letter in the "Liberator" to the surprise of +Angelina and the great displeasure and grief of her Quaker friends, and +of her sister, Sarah, as well. But Angelina was not dismayed. In 1836 +she wrote her "Appeal to Southern Women," and sent it to New York, where +it was published as a pamphlet of thirty-six pages. Mr. Elizur Wright +spoke of it, at the time, as "a patch of blue sky breaking through the +storm-cloud of public indignation which had gathered so black over the +handful of anti-slavery workers." The praise was not exaggerated. The +pamphlet produced the most profound sensation wherever it was read. +</p> +<p> +Soon after its publication the sisters went to New York and there openly +identified themselves with the members of the American Anti-Slavery +Society; and also of the Female Anti-Slavery Society. The account of the +first assembly of women, not Quakers, in a public place in America, +addressed by American women, as given in these pages, is deeply +interesting and touching from its very simplicity. We, who are so +accustomed to hear women speak to promiscuous audiences on any and every +subject, will naturally smile at the following memoranda by Angelina:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + We went home to tea with Julia Tappan, and Brother Weld was all anxiety + to hear about the meeting. Julia undertook to give some account, and + among other things mentioned that a warm-hearted abolitionist had found + his way into the back part of the meeting, and was escorted out by Henry + Ludlow. Weld's noble countenance instantly lighted up, and he exclaimed: + "How supremely ridiculous to think of a man's being shouldered out of a + meeting for fear he should hear a woman speak!".... +</p> +<p class="quote"> + In the evening a colonizationist of this city came to introduce an + abolitionist to Lewis Tappan. We women soon hedged in our expatriation + brother, and held a long and interesting argument with him until near + ten o'clock. He gave up so much that I could not see what he had to + stand on when we left him. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>[187]</span> +</p> +<p> +After closing their meetings in New York the sisters held similar ones +in New Jersey, all of which were attended only by women. From thence +they went up the North River with Gerrit Smith, holding audiences at +Hudson and Poughkeepsie. At the latter place they spoke to an assembly +of colored people of both sexes, and this was the first time Angelina +ever addressed a mixed audience. +</p> +<p> +The woman's rights agitation, while entirely separate from abolitionism, +owes its origin to the interest this subject excited in the hearts and +minds of American women; and to Sarah and Angelina Grimké must be +accorded the credit of first making the woman question one of reform. +They wrote and spoke often on the theme. Public feeling grew strong +against them, and at last the Congregational ministers of Massachusetts +saw proper to pass a resolution of censure against the sisters! This +resolution was issued as a "Pastoral Letter," which, in the light and +freedom of the present day, must be regarded as a most extraordinary +document. +</p> +<p> +Whittier's muse found the "Pastoral Letter" a fitting theme for its +vigorous, sympathetic utterances. The poem thus inspired is perhaps one +of the very best among his many songs of freedom. It will be remembered +as beginning thus:— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "So this is all! the utmost reach </p> +<p class="i4"> Of priestly power the mind to fetter, </p> +<p class="i2"> When laymen <i>think</i>, when women <i>preach</i>, </p> +<p class="i4"> A war of words, a 'Pastoral Letter!'" </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +Up to this time nothing had been said by either of the sisters in their +lectures concerning their views about women. They had carefully confined +themselves to the subject of slavery, and the attendant topics of +immediate emancipation, abstinence from the use of slave products, the +errors of the Colonization Society, and the sin of prejudice on the +account of color. But now that they had found their own rights invaded, +they began to feel it was time to look out for the rights of their whole +sex. +</p> +<p> +In the face of all this censure and ridicule the two sisters continued +in the discharge of a duty to which they increasingly felt they were +called from on high. +</p> +<p> +One is compelled, in this brief <i>résumé</i>, to hurry over much that +is interesting and important. While the good work goes on we see the +sisters everywhere faithful to their sense of duty, unflinching to all +assailants. +</p> +<p> +In February, 1838, Sarah Grimké spoke for the last time in public, +and in the month of May following, Angelina was united in marriage to +Theodore D. Weld. "No marriage," says Mrs. Birney, "could have been more +fitting in every respect. The solemn relation was never entered upon +in more holiness of purpose or in higher resolve to hold themselves +strictly to the best they were capable of. It was a rededication of +lives long consecrated to God and humanity; of souls knowing no selfish +ambition, seeking before all things the glory of their Creator in the +elevation of his creatures everywhere. The entire unity of spirit in +which they afterwards lived and labored, the tender affection which, +through a companionship of more than forty years, knew no + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>[188]</span> + + diminution, made a family life so perfect and beautiful that it +brightened and inspired all who were favored to witness it. No one could +be with them under the most ordinary circumstances without feeling the +force and influence of their characters." +</p> +<p> +The happy couple settled down for their first house-keeping at Fort Lee, +on the Hudson. They were scarcely settled amid their new surroundings +before the sisters received a formal notice of their disownment by the +Society of Friends because of Angelina's marriage. In December, 1839, +the happiness of the little household was increased by the birth of a +son, who received the name of Charles Stuart, in loving remembrance of +the eminent English philanthropist, with whom Mr. Weld had been as a +brother, and whom he regarded as living as near the angels as mortal man +could live. +</p> +<p> +In the latter part of February, 1840, Mr. Weld, having purchased a farm +of fifty acres at Belleville, New Jersey, removed his family there. +The visitors to the Belleville farm—chiefly old and new anti-slavery +friends—were numerous, and were always received with a cordiality which +left no room to doubt its sincerity. +</p> +<p> +In many ways the members of this united household were diligent in +good works. If a neighbor required a few hundred dollars, to save the +foreclosure of a mortgage, the combined resources of the family were +taxed to aid him; if a poor student needed a helping hand in his +preparation for college, or for teaching, it was gladly extended to +him,—perhaps his board and lodging given him for six months or a +year,—with much valuable instruction thrown in. The instances of +charity of this kind were many, and were performed with such a cheerful +spirit that Sarah only incidentally alludes to the increase of their +cares and work at such times. In fact, their roof was ever a shelter for +the homeless, a home for the friendless; and it is pleasant to record +that the return of ingratitude, so often made for benevolence of this +kind, was never their portion. They always seem to have had the sweet +satisfaction of knowing, sooner or later, that their kindness was not +thrown away or under-estimated. +</p> +<p> +In 1852 the Raritan Bay Association, consisting of thirty or forty +educated and cultured families of congenial tastes, was formed at +Eagleswood, near Perth Amboy, New Jersey; and a year later Mr. and +Mrs. Weld were invited to join the Association, and take charge of its +educational department. They accepted, in the hope of finding in the +change greater social advantages for themselves and their children, with +less responsibility and less labor; for of these last the husband, wife, +and sister, in their Belleville School, had had more than they were +physically able to endure longer. Their desire and plan was to +establish, with the children of the residents at Eagleswood, a school +also for others, and to charge such a moderate remuneration only as +would enable the middle classes to profit by it. In this project, as +with every other, no selfish ambition found a place. They removed to +Eagleswood in the autumn of 1854. +</p> +<p> +In the new school Angelina taught history, for which she was admirably +qualified, while Sarah taught French, and was also book-keeper. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>[189]</span> +</p> +<p> +It is scarcely necessary to say that few schools have ever been +established upon such a basis of conscientiousness and love, and with +such adaptability in its conductors, as that at Eagleswood; few have +ever held before the pupils so high a moral standard, or urged them +on to such noble purposes in life. Children entered there spoiled by +indulgence, selfish, uncontrolled, sometimes vicious. Their teachers +studied them carefully; confidence was gained, weaknesses sounded, +elevation measured. Very slowly often, and with infinite patience and +perseverance, but successfully in nearly every case, these children were +redeemed. The idle became industrious, the selfish considerate, the +disobedient and wayward repentant and gentle. Sometimes the fruits of +all this labor and forbearance did not show themselves immediately, and, +in a few instances, the seed sown did not ripen until the boy or girl +had left school and mingled with the world. Then the contrast between +the common, every-day aims they encountered, and the teachings of their +Eagleswood mentors, was forced upon them. Forgotten lessons of truth and +honesty and purity were remembered, and the wavering resolve was stayed +and strengthened; worldly expediency gave way before the magnanimous +purpose, cringing subserviency before independent manliness. +</p> +<p> +Then came the war. In 1862 Mrs. Weld published one of the most powerful +things she ever wrote,—"A Declaration of War on Slavery." We have not +the space to follow the course of the sisters' lives farther; and, were +it otherwise, the events narrated would be all too familiar. Sarah, +after a somewhat prolonged illness, died on the 23d of December, 1873, +at Hyde Park, Mass. The funeral services were conducted by the Rev. +Francis Williams, and eloquent remarks were made also by Wm. Lloyd +Garrison. On the 26th of October, 1879, Angelina passed quietly away, +and the last services were in keeping with the record of the life then +commemorated. We close this writing with a passage from the remarks +which Wendell Phillips made on that occasion. No words could possibly +be more touching or more eloquent:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + When I think of Angelina there comes to me the picture of the spotless + dove in the tempest, as she battles with the storm, seeking for some + place to rest her foot. She reminds me of innocence personified in + Spenser's poem. In her girlhood, alone, heart-led, she comforts the + slave in his quarters, mentally struggling with the problems his + position wakes her to. Alone, not confused, but seeking something to + lean on, she grasps the Church, which proves a broken reed. No whit + disheartened, she turns from one sect to another, trying each by the + infallible touchstone of that clear, child-like conscience. The two old, + lonely Quakers rest her foot awhile. But the eager soul must work, not + rest in testimony. Coming North at last, she makes her own religion one + of sacrifice and toil. Breaking away from, rising above, all forms, the + dove floats at last in the blue sky where no clouds reach.... This is no + place for tears. Graciously, in loving kindness and tenderly, God broke + the shackles and freed her soul. It was not the dust which surrounded + her that we loved. It was not the form which encompassed her that we + revere; but it was the soul. We linger a very little while, her old + comrades. The hour comes, it is even now at the door, that God will open + our eyes to see her as she is: the white-souled child of twelve years + old ministering to want and sorrow; the ripe life, full of great + influences; the serene old age, example and inspiration whose light will + not soon go out. Farewell for a very little while. God keep us fit to + join thee in that broader service on which thou hast entered. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>[190]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0008" id="h2H_4_0008"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + TEN DAYS IN NANTUCKET. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Elizabeth Porter Gould.</span><a href="#note-2" name="noteref-2"><small>2</small></a> +</h3> +<p> +One night in the early part of July, 1883, as the successful real-estate +broker, Mr. Gordon, returned to his home from his city office, his +attention was arrested by a lively conversation between the members of +his family on the wonders of Nantucket. The sound of this old name +brought so vividly back to him his own boyish interest in the place, +that almost before he was aware of it he announced his return home to +his family by saying: "Well, supposing we go to Nantucket this summer? +It is thirty-four miles from mainland, and so free from malaria there is +no better place for fishing and sailing, and there would be a mental +interest in looking around the island which would be instructive and +delightful, and, perhaps, profitable; for me from a business point of +view." +</p> +<a name="image-0020"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-204.jpg"><img src="images/ill-204.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="EARLY MORNING, NANTUCKET." /></a> +<br /> +EARLY MORNING, NANTUCKET. +</div> +<p> +Mrs. Gordon, who had of late years developed a keen interest for the +historic and antique, immediately seconded her husband in his +suggestion; and before the evening closed a letter was sent to Nantucket +asking for necessary information as to a boarding-place there, for at +least ten days, for a party of five,—Mr. and Mrs. Gordon, their +daughter Bessie, twenty years of age, their son Tom, fifteen years, and +a favorite cousin of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>[191]</span> + + theirs, Miss Ray, who was then visiting them, and whose purse, as Mr. +Gordon had so often practically remembered, was not equal to her desire +to see and to know. +</p> +<p> +In a few days satisfactory arrangements were made, which ended in their +all leaving the Old Colony depot, Boston, in the half-past twelve train, +for Wood's Holl, where they arrived in two hours and a half. From that +place they took the steamer for a nearly three hours' sail to Nantucket, +only to stop for a few moments at Martha's Vineyard. +</p> +<p> +While they were thus ploughing their way on the mighty deep, Nantucket's +famous crier, "Billy" Clark, had climbed to his position in the tower of +the Unitarian church of the town,—as had been his daily custom for +years,—spy-glass in hand, to see the steamer when she should come in +sight. Between five and six o'clock, the repeated blowing of the horn +from the tower announced to the people his success, and became the +signal for them to make ready to receive those who should come to their +shores. Just before seven o'clock the steamer arrived. While she was +being fastened to the wharf, Tom was attracted by this same "Billy," +who, having received the daily papers, was running up the wharf toward +the town ringing his bell and crying out the number of passengers on +board, and other important news, which Tom failed to hear in the noise +of the crowd. A few minutes' walk brought the party to their +boarding-place. When Mrs. Gordon spied the soft, crayon likeness of +Benjamin Franklin on the wall, as she stepped into the house, her +historical pulse quickened to such an extent that she then and there +determined to hunt up more about the Folgers; for was not Benjamin +Franklin's mother a Folger and born on this island? Then, as she saw +about her some old portraits and copies of the masters, and, above all, +a copy of Murillo's Immaculate Conception in the dining-room, she was +sure that the atmosphere of her new quarters would be conducive to her +happiness and growth. The others saw the pictures, but they appreciated +more fully, just then, the delicious blue-fish which was on hand to +appease their hunger. +</p> +<p> +After a night of restful sleep, such as Nantucket is noted for giving, +they all arose early to greet a beautiful morning, which they used, +partly, for a stroll around the town. Of course, they all registered at +the Registry Agency on Orange street, where Mr. Godfrey, who had +entertained them by his interesting guide-book on Nantucket, gave them a +kind welcome. Then they walked along the Main street, noticing the bank, +built in 1818, and passed some quaint old houses with their gables, +roofs, and sides, all finished alike, which Burdette has described as +"being shingled, shangled, shongled, and shungled." Tom was struck with +the little railings which crowned so many of the houses; and which, +since the old fishing days' prosperity did not call the people on the +house-tops to watch anxiously for the expected ships, were now more +ornamental than useful. They passed, at the corner of Ray's Court, a +sycamore tree, the largest and oldest on the island, and soon halted at +the neat Soldiers' Monument, so suggestive of the patriotic valor of the +island people. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>[192]</span> + + Later they found on Winter street the Coffin School-house,—a brick +building with two white pillars in front and a white cupola,—which was +back from the street, behind some shade trees, and surrounded by an iron +fence. As they looked at it Miss Ray read aloud the words inscribed on +the front:— +</p> +<p style="text-align:center;text-indent:0;"> + <span class="sc">Founded 1827 by<br /> + Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart.<br /> + Erected<br /> + 1852.</span> +</p> +<p> +They were also interested to see, near by, a large white building, known +as the High School-house. As they neared home Tom's eves noticed the +sign of a Nantucket birds' exhibition, and a visit to that place was +made. +</p> +<p> +During the walk Mrs. Gordon had been particularly interested in the +large cobble-stones which the uneven streets supported in addition to +the green grass, and also the peculiar Nantucket cart, with its step +behind. +</p> +<p> +On their return to their boarding-place, they joined a party that had +been formed to go to the Cliff, a sandy bluff about a mile north from +the town, where they were told was to be found the best still-water +bathing on the island. Soon they were all on the yacht "Dauntless," +which hourly plied between the two places; in twenty minutes they were +landed at the Cliff; and fifteen minutes later they were all revelling +in the warm, refreshing water. Bessie declared that in all her large +bathing experience on the north shore she had never enjoyed anything +like this. Miss Ray felt that here in this warm, still water was her +opportunity to learn to swim; so she accepted the kind teaching of a +friend; but, alas, her efforts savored more of hard work to plough up +the Atlantic ocean than of an easy, delightful pleasure bottling up +knowledge for some possible future use. While Miss Ray was thus +straggling with the ocean, and Bessie and Tom were sporting like two +fish,—for both were at home in the water,—Mr. Gordon was looking +around the Cliff with his business eye wide open. As he walked along the +road back from the shore, and saw the fine views which it afforded him, +he admired the judgment of Eastman Johnson, the artist, in building his +summer-house and studio there. A little farther on, upon the Bluffs, the +highest point on the island, he noted the house of Charles O'Conor with +the little brick building close by for his library; he then decided that +an island which could give such physical benefit as this was said to +have given to Mr. O'Conor, would not be a bad one in which to invest. So +the value of the Cliff or Bluffs he placed in his note-book for future +use. +</p> +<a name="image-0020a"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-207.jpg"><img src="images/ill-207.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="VIEWS IN NANTUCKET, MASS." /></a> +<br /> +VIEWS IN NANTUCKET, MASS. +</div> +<p> +At the same time that Mr. Gordon was exploring the land Mrs. Gordon was +in the office of two gallant young civil engineers, exploring the +harbor! In fact she was studying a map of the surroundings of the +harbor, which these young men had made to aid them in their work of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>[193]</span> + + building a jetty from Brant Point to the bell-buoy. As she examined it +she found it hard to believe that Nantucket had ever stood next to +Boston + and Salem, as the third commercial town in the Commonwealth. She +sympathized deeply with the people of the years gone by who had been + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>[194]</span> + + obliged to struggle with such a looking harbor as the map revealed, and +said that she should go home to learn more of the "Camels," which she +honored more than ever. When they told her that probably three years +more than the two that had been given to the work were needed to finish +the jetty, and that there was a slight possibility that another one +would be needed for the best improvement of the harbor, she thought her +interest in the matter could be better kept alive If she should hunt up +her old trigonometry and learn that all over again! With this idea she +left the young men, whose kindness to her she fully appreciated, and +went to find her party. She soon found, on the yacht ready to go back to +town, all but Miss Ray; she had chosen to take one of the many carriages +which she had noticed were constantly taking passengers back and forth +from the town to the Cliff, at the rate of ten cents apiece. +</p> +<p> +Later in the afternoon their attention was arrested by another one +of the town-criers,—Tom had learned that there were three in the +town,—who was crying out that a meat-auction would be held that night +at half-past six o'clock. When they were told that these meat-auctions +had been the custom of the town for years, they were anxious to attend +one; but another engagement at that hour prevented their so doing, much +to Tom's regret. +</p> +<p> +The next day was Sunday. As Bessie and Tom were anxious to see all of +the nine churches of which they had read, they were, at first, in doubt +where to go; whereas their mother had no questions whatever, since she +had settled in her own mind, after having reduced all sects to the +Episcopal and the Roman Catholic, that the Episcopal Church was the true +historic one, and, therefore, the only one for her personal interest, +that she should go to the St. Paul's on Fair street. Mr. Gordon usually +went to church with his wife, although he often felt that the simplicity +of the early apostolic days was found more in the Congregational form of +worship. This day he yielded to Tom's desire to go to the +square-steepled Congregational Church on Centre street, to hear Miss +Baker, who had been preaching to the congregation for three years. He +entered the church with some prejudice; but soon he became so much +interested in the good sermon that he really forgot that the preacher +was a woman! Miss Ray and Bessie went to the Unitarian Church on Orange +street, to which the beautiful-toned Spanish bell invited them. After an +interesting service, on their way out they met Tom, who wished to look +into the pillared church of the Methodists, near the bank, and also into +the "Ave Maria" on Federal street, where the Roman Catholics worshipped. +Miss Ray, being anxious to attend a Friends' meeting in their little +meeting-house on Fair street, decided to do so the following Sunday, if +she were in town; while Bessie said that she should hunt up then the two +Baptist churches, the one on Summer street, and the other, particularly +for the colored people, on Pleasant street. Their surprise that a town +of a little less than four thousand inhabitants should contain so many +churches was modified somewhat + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>[195]</span> + + when they remembered that once, in 1840, the number of inhabitants was +nearly ten thousand. +</p> +<p> +In the afternoon the party visited some of the burying-grounds of the +town, six of which were now in use. The sight of so many unnamed graves +in the Friends' cemetery, at the head of Main street, saddened Miss Ray; +and she was glad to see the neat little slabs which of late years had +marked the graves of their departed ones. They strolled around the +Prospect Hill, or Unitarian Cemetery, near by, and wished to go into the +Catholic one on the same street; but, as Mrs. Gordon was anxious to see +some of the old headstones and epitaphs in the North burying-ground on +North Liberty street, and their time was limited, they went there +instead. When Tom saw her delight as she read on the old stones the date +of 1770, 1772, and some even earlier, he said that she must go out to +the ancient burial-ground on the hill near the water-works and see the +grave of John Gardner, Esq., who was buried there in 1706. As he said +this one of the public carriages happened to be within sight, and she +proposed that they take it and go immediately to that sacred spot. When +they arrived there her historic imagination knew no bounds; her +soliloquy partook of the sentiment—in kind only, not in degree—which +inspired Mark Twain when he wept over the grave of Adam. In the mean +while, Mr. Gordon had gone to the Wannacomet Waterworks, which supplied +the town with pure water from the old Washing-pond. He there noted in +his note-book that this important movement in the town's welfare was +another reason why investment in the island would be desirable. +</p> +<p> +As they started to go back to town from the burial-ground Tom wished +that they could drive to the south-west suburbs, to see the South and +also the colored burying-grounds, for he should feel better satisfied if +he could sec everything of a kind that there was! But Mrs. Gordon had +seen enough for one day, and so they drove to their boarding-house +instead. +</p> +<p> +The ringing of the sweet-toned church bell the next morning at seven +o'clock reminded Miss Ray of her desire to visit the tower which +contained it. She had noticed how it rang out three times during the +day, at seven, twelve, and nine o'clock, and, for the quiet Nantucket +town, she hoped that the old custom would never be dropped. And then +this bell had a peculiar attraction for her, for it was like the one +which was on her own church in Boston, the New Old South. She had been +greatly interested in reading that this "Old Spanish Bell," as it was +called, was brought from Lisbon in 1812; that it was stored in a cellar +for three years, when it was bought by subscription for about five +hundred dollars, and put in this tower. She had read, further, in +Godfrey's guide-book, that "some little time after the bell had been in +use, the sound of its mellow tones had reached the Hub; and so +bewitching were the musical vibrations of this queenly bell (e) of +Nantucket to many of the good people of the renowned 'City of Notions,' +that the agents of the Old South Church negotiated with the agents of +the Unitarian Church, saying that they + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>[196]</span> + + had a very fine clock in their tower; that they had been so unfortunate +as to have their bell broken, and wished to know at what price this bell +could be procured. The agents of the Unitarian Church replied that they +had a very fine bell in their tower, and would like to know at what +price the Old South Society would sell their clock. The bell weighs one +thousand five hundred and seventy-five pounds; the Boston gentlemen +offered one dollar a pound for it, and upon finding they could not get +it at any price, they asked where it came from; and having ascertained +its history, sent to Lisbon to the same foundry and procured that which +they now have." And she had been told further that this same bell had +been removed to the new church on the Back Bay. With all this pleasant +association with the bell of her own church, of course she must pay it a +visit. So at about nine o'clock, after Mr. Gordon and Tom had gone off +with two gentlemen for a day's blue-fishing, she, with Mrs. Gordon and +Bessie, started out for their morning's sight-seeing. In a half hour's +time they had climbed the stairs to the tower, and were admiring the +fine new clock,—a gift from one of Nantucket's sons, now living in New +York,—which had been first set in motion two years before, to replace +an old one which had told the time for over half a century. A little +farther up they saw the famous bell, and Miss Ray did wish that she +could read Spanish so as to translate the inscription which was upon it. +A few steps more brought them into the dome itself. Here, then, was the +place where "Billy" came to sight the steamers; and here was where a +watchman stayed every night to watch for fires. Whenever he saw one, +Bessie said his duty was to hang a lantern upon a hook in the direction +of the fire and give the alarm. She said that this had been the custom +for years. As they were all enjoying this finest view which the island +affords, Bessie spied the Old Mill in the distance, and as she had that +painted on a shell as a souvenir of her Nantucket trip she must surely +visit it. So they were soon wending their way up Orange street, through +Lyons to Pleasant, and then up South Mill to the Old Mill itself. On +paying five cents apiece, they were privileged to go to the top and look +through the spy-glass, and also see the miller grind some corn. This old +windmill, built in 1746, with its old oaken beams still strong and +sound, situated on a hill by itself, was to Bessie the most picturesque +thing that she had seen. She associated this with the oldest house on +the island, built in 1686, facing the south, which she had seen the day +before. +</p> +<p> +In the afternoon they continued their sight-seeing by visiting the +Athenæum on Federal street. They found it to be a large white building +with pillars in front, on the lower floor of which Miss Ray was +particularly pleased to see such a good library of six thousand volumes, +and a reading-room with the leading English and American periodicals, +the use of which she learned was to be gained by the payment of a small +sum. Bessie was attracted to the oil-painting on the wall of Abraham +Quary, who was the last of the Indian race on the island. Then they +examined, in an adjoining room, the curiosities gathered together for +public + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page197" name="page197"></a>[197]</span> + + inspection. Here they found the model of the "Camels," and also the jaw +of a sperm whale, seventeen feet long, with forty-six teeth and a weight +of eight hundred pounds. Bessie said that the whale from which it was +taken was eighty-seven feet long and weighed two hundred tons. When Mrs. +Gordon learned that this very whale was taken in the Pacific Ocean and +brought to the Island by a Nantucket Captain, she became as much +interested in it as in the "Camels," for surely it had an historical +interest. After an hour spent in this entertaining manner, they returned +to their boarding-place in time to greet the gentlemen who had come back +with glowing accounts of their day's work, or rather pleasure, for they +had met with splendid success. Tom's fingers were blistered, but what +was that compared to the fun of blue-fishing! +</p> +<p> +What particularly interested the ladies was a "Portuguese man of war" +which one of the gentlemen had caught in a pail and brought home alive. +This beautiful specimen of a fish, seen only at Nantucket, their hostess +said, and seldom caught alive, was admired by all, who, indeed, were +mostly ignorant of the habits or even the existence of such a creature. +Bessie wondered how such a lovely iridescent thing could be poison to +the touch. Tom promised to study up about it when he should begin his +winter studies, whereupon his mother said that if he would tell her what +he should learn about it she would write it out for the benefit of them +all. +</p> +<p> +The next morning they all started from the wharf at nine o'clock in the +miniature steamer, "Island Belle," for Wauwinet, a place seven miles +from the town. Miss Ray had become interested in the pretty Indian names +which she had heard, and was struck with this, which she learned was the +name of an old Indian chief who once controlled a large eastern part of +the island. In an hour they landed on the beach at Wauwinet. They found +it decorated with its rows of scallop-shells, some of which they +gathered as they walked along. Some of the party made use of this +still-water bathing, while others ran across the island, some three +hundred yards, to enjoy the surf-bathing there. Tom was delighted with +this novelty of two beaches, separated by such a narrow strip of land, +that he was continually going back and forth to try the water in both +places. He only wished that he could go up a little farther where he had +been told the land was only one hundred yards wide,—the narrowest part +of the island. After a shore dinner at the Wauwinet House, and another +stroll on the beaches, they started for the town on the yacht "Lilian," +which twice a day went back and forth. The wind was unfavorable, so they +were obliged to go fourteen miles instead of seven, thus using two hours +instead of one for the sail. On their way they passed the places known +as Polpis, Quidnet, and Coatue. Mr. Gordon was so much impressed with +the advantages of Coatue that he noted the fact in his note-book; while +his wife became so much interested in the nautical expressions used that +she declared that she should get Bowditch's "Navigation," and see if she +could find those terms in it; she must know more of navigation than + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>[198]</span> + + she did. As they landed at the wharf they heard "Billy" Clarke crying +out that the New Bedford band would give a grand concert at Surf Side +the next day. Now, as this kind of music had been the chief thing which +they had missed among the pleasures of Nantucket, of course they must go +and hear it. So the next afternoon, at two o'clock, they were on the +cars of the narrow-gauge railroad, bound for the Surf-Side Hotel, which +they reached in fifteen minutes, passing on the way a station of the +life-saving service department. They spent an hour or two seated on the +bluff overlooking the grand surf-beach, and enjoying the strains of +music as they came from the hotel behind them. It must be confessed that +Mr. Gordon was so interested in noting the characteristics of this part +of the island with an eye to business, that he did not lose himself +either in the music of the band or the ocean. On his way back to town, +when he expressed his desire to build a cottage for himself on that very +spot, Surf Side, Mrs. Gordon would not assent to any such proposition; +for she had settled in her own mind that there was no place like Brant +Point, where she and Bessie had been that forenoon; for did not the +keeper of the light-house there tell her, when she was at the top of it, +that on that spot was built the first light-house in the United States, +in 1746? That was enough for her, surely. The matter was still under +discussion when Miss Ray told them to wait until they had visited +'Sconset before they should decide the question. As for her she could +scarcely wait for the next morning to come when they should go there. +And when it did come it found her, at half-past eight o'clock, +decorating with pond-lilies, in honor of the occasion, the comfortable +excursion-wagon, capable of holding their party of eight besides the +driver. By nine o'clock they were driving up Orange street by the +Sherburne and Bay View Houses, on their way to Siasconset, or, 'Sconset, +as it is familiarly called. +</p> +<p> +As they passed a large white building known as the Poor Farm, Tom was +surprised that a town noted for its thrift and temperance should be +obliged to have such an institution. Bessie was glad to learn that they +were going over the old road instead of the new one, while Miss Ray +would rather have gone over the new one, so as to have seen the +milestones which Dr. Ewer, of New York, had put up by the wayside. They +met the well-known Captain Baxter, in his quaint conveyance, making his +daily trip to the town from 'Sconset. As they rode for miles over the +grassy moors with no trees or houses in sight, none of them could +believe that the island had once been mostly covered with beautiful oak +trees. Soon the village, with its quaint little houses built close +together on the narrow streets, which wound around In any direction to +find the town-pump, its queer, one-story school-house, its post-office, +guarded by the gayly-colored "Goddess of Liberty," was before, or rather +all around them. They had all enjoyed their ride of seven and a half +miles; and now, on alighting from the carriage, the party separated in +different directions. Miss Ray insisted upon bathing in the surf-beach +here in spite of its coarse sand and rope limitations, since it was the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>[199]</span> + + farthest out in the Atlantic Ocean. Her experience with the strong +undertow in its effects upon herself and upon those who watched her is +one, which, as no words can portray it, Tom has decided to draw out for +some future Puck; for he thinks that it is too good to be lost to the +public. +</p> +<p> +Mrs. Gordon and Bessie walked among the houses, noticing the peculiar +names which adorned some of them, and, indeed, going inside one of the +oldest where a step-ladder was used for the boys of the household to get +up into their little room. They crossed the bridge which led them to the +Sunset Heights where some new houses, in keeping with the style of the +old ones, were being built. They were pleased to see this unity of +design, rather than the modern cottage which had intruded itself upon +that coast. In their walk they learned that about eleven or twelve +families spent the winter at 'Sconset. The air was intensely +invigorating, so much so that Mrs. Gordon, who was no walker at home, +was surprised at herself with what she was doing without fatigue. Later +they found Mr. Gordon looking at the new church which had just been +completed, and which he had ascertained was built for no sectarian +purpose, but for the preaching of the truth. They all met at noon for +their lunch, after which they went a mile and a half farther to visit +the Sankaty Head light-house, the best one of the five on the island. +The keeper kindly escorted them up the fifty-six steps to the top, where +they learned that the point of the light was one hundred and sixty-five +feet above the level of the sea. He gave them some more facts relative +to the light, interspersed with personal experiences. Tom said that he +should remember particularly the fact that he told him that this +light-house would be the first one that he should see whenever he should +come home from a European trip. +</p> +<p> +Two hours later they were relating their pleasant experiences in the +dining-room of their boarding-house, while enjoying the delicious +blue-fish which gratified their hunger. As for Miss Ray her +anticipations had been realized; and that night she wrote to a certain +young man in Boston that she knew of no place in America where they +could be more by themselves and away from the world, when their happy +time should come in the following summer, than at 'Sconset. +</p> +<p> +The next afternoon found them all listening to Mrs. McCleave, as she +faithfully exhibited the many interesting curiosities of her museum, in +her home on Main street. Mrs. Gordon was very much interested in the +Cedar Vase, so rich with its "pleasant associations," while Bessie was +delighted with the beautiful carved ivory, with its romantic story as +told by its owner. Miss Ray considered Mrs. McCleave, with her +benevolent face, her good ancestry, and her eager desire to learn and +impart, a good specimen of the well-preserved Nantucket woman. +</p> +<p> +Through the courtesy of their hostess they were privileged, on their way +back, to visit the house of Miss Coleman, on Centre street, there to see +the wonderful wax figure of a baby six months old, said to be the +likeness of the Dauphin of France, the unfortunate son of Louis XVI. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>[200]</span> + + When Mrs. Gordon learned that this was brought to Nantucket in 1786, by +one of her own sea-captains, she became very much excited over it. As +she realized then that her knowledge of French history was too meagre to +fully understand its historical import, although she appreciated its +artistic value, she determined that another winter should be partially +devoted to that study. So she added "French history" to "Camels," +"Light-houses," "Navigation," and "Indians," which were already in her +note-book. She had added "Indians" the day before when her interest in +them had been quickened by some accounts of the civilization of the +early Indians in Nantucket, which seemed to her almost unprecedented in +American history. After supper Mr. and Mrs. Gordon went out in a +row-boat to enjoy the moonlight evening, Tom went to the skating-rink, +Miss Ray spent the evening with some friends at the Ocean House near by, +while Bessie went out for a moonlight sail with some friends from a +western city, whom, she said, she had "discovered, not made." Her +appreciation of a fine rendering of her favorite Raff Cavatina by a +talented young gentleman of the party, soon after her arrival, had been +the means of bringing together these two souls on the musical heights, +which afterwards had led to an introduction to the other members of the +party, all of whom she had enjoyed during the week that had passed. And +now, with these newly-found friends, on this perfect July evening, with +its full moon and fresh south-westerly breeze, in the new yacht +"Lucile," she found perfect enjoyment. Pleasant stories were related, +and one fish-story was allowed, to give spice to the occasion. After a +little more than two hours' sail they found themselves returning to the +Nantucket town, which, in the moonlight, presented a pretty appearance. +</p> +<p> +The next day, Saturday, Mr. Gordon and Tom started early to sail around +the island, with an intention of landing on the adjoining island, +Tuckernuck. Tom had calculated that it would be quite a sail, for he +knew that Nantucket Island was fourteen miles long, and averaged four +miles in width; and his father had decided that such a trip would give +him a better idea of the island's best points for building purposes. On +their return at night they found that the ladies had spent a pleasant +day, bathing, riding, and visiting some Boston friends who were stopping +at the Springfield House, a short distance from them. Bessie had found +more pleasure in the company of the young musician and his friends, +having attended one of the morning <i>musicales</i> which they were +accustomed to have by themselves In the hall of the Athenæum. Tom and +his father had much to tell of their day's pleasure. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Gordon, for once in his life, felt the longing which he knew had so +often possessed his wife, to go back and live in the years gone by; for +if he could now transfer himself to the year 1659, he might buy this +whole island of Thomas Mayhew for thirty pounds and two beaver hats. +What a lost opportunity for a good business investment! As it was, +however, some valuable notes were added to his note-book, suggested by +the trip, which time alone will give to the world. He was more and + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page201" name="page201"></a>[201]</span> + + more convinced that the future well-being of Nantucket was more in the +hands of real-estate brokers and summer pleasure-seekers, than in those +of the manufacturers, agriculturists, or even the fishing men as of old. +He could see no other future for her, and he should work accordingly. +His chief regret was that the island was so barren of trees. +</p> +<p> +They spent the next day, Sunday, in attending church, as they had +planned, and in pleasant conversation and rest preparatory to their +departure for Boston on the following morning. They expressed gratitude +that they had not been prevented by sickness or by one rainy day from +carrying out all the plans which had been laid for the ten days. Mrs. +Gordon very much regretted that they had not seen the famous Folger +clock which was to be seen at the house of a descendant of Walter +Folger, the maker of it. She should certainly see it the first thing, +if she ever were in Nantucket again; for she considered the man, who, +unaided, could make such a clock, the greatest mechanical genius that +ever lived. She felt this still more when she was told that the clock +could not be mended until there could be found a mechanic who was also +an astronomer. +</p> +<p> +At seven o'clock the next morning they were all on board the steamer, as +she left the old town of Nantucket in the distance. Mrs. Gordon looked +longingly back at Brant Point, which she still felt was the best spot on +the island; while Bessie eagerly watched for the little flag which a +certain young gentleman was yet waving from the wharf. +</p> +<p> +At half-past one they were in Boston, and an hour later at their +suburban home, all delighted with their short stay in Nantucket. They +felt that they had seen about all that there was to be seen there, and +they were glad to have visited the island before it should be clothed +with more modern garments. +</p> +<a name="note-2"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>2</u> (<a href="#noteref-2">return</a>)<br /> +Copyright 1885, by Elizabeth Porter Gould. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0009" id="h2H_4_0009"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + A BIRTHDAY SONNET. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By George W. Bungay.</span> +</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Our days are like swift shuttles in the loom, </p> +<p class="i2"> In which time weaves the warp and woof of fate; </p> +<p class="i2"> Its varied threads that interpenetrate </p> +<p class="i2"> The pattern woven, picture bride and groom, </p> +<p class="i2"> A life-like scene in their own happy home. </p> +<p class="i2"> There are some frayed and shaded strands, fair Kate, </p> +<p class="i2"> But lines of purest gold illuminate </p> +<p class="i2"> Our wedded lot, as stars the heavenly dome, </p> +<p class="i2"> And come what may, sunshine or chilling rain, </p> +<p class="i2"> Prosperity and peace or woe instead, </p> +<p class="i2"> Untruth and selfishness shall never stain </p> +<p class="i2"> The web of love and hope illustrated. </p> +<p class="i2"> Not even death unravels when we die, </p> +<p class="i2"> The woven work approved of God on high. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<a name="h2H_4_0010" id="h2H_4_0010"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page202" name="page202"></a>[202]</span> +</p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> +ELIZABETH.<a href="#note-3" name="noteref-3"><small>3</small></a> +</h2> +<h4> +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Frances C. Sparhawk</span>, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." +</h3> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XX. +</h2> +<h3> + GREEK MEETS GREEK. +</h3> +<p> +It was two weeks after the scene at Colonel Archdale's dinner-party. +There was quite a knot of people in Madam Pepperell's drawing-room. All +the household at Seascape had come on the way home from a drive to pay a +morning visit here, and found the in-door coolness refreshing. Colonel +Archdale, who had joined his son, was there also. Mr. Royal, as it +happened, was in Portsmouth that morning. +</p> +<p> +Edmonson had been exemplary enough in avoiding the cant of pretended +regret for what must have given him pleasure. Archdale had no complaints +to make on that score, but he distrusted Edmonson more and more, and +perceived more clearly that he was attracted by Elizabeth. He wondered +if she encouraged him: that was not like the person she seemed to be; +yet why not? She had assured Archdale more than once that she was free, +and her certainty had given him comfort. But he was here this morning +for another purpose than to weigh the question of Miss Royal's fancy. If +she did encourage Edmonson she was all the more inexplicable. +</p> +<p> +Stephen bent over Lady Dacre's chair, talking gayly to her; yet his eyes +wandered every now and then, and, gradually, after he had stopped +several times beside one and another, he came up to Elizabeth, as she +was sitting listening to a young lady who, with her brother, had come +back from town with Madam Pepperell, the night before, to spend a few +days at the house. +</p> +<p> +As Stephen stood behind her chair he looked across the room, and saw +Edmonson leaning with folded arms against a window. The light fell over +his face; he had been looking at Elizabeth, but his eyes met Archdale's +at once with an expression meant for cool scrutiny and a dash of +insolent triumph at the victory he had scored. Edmonson's fierceness was +not easily fettered; the dark shadow in his heart darted over his face, +and, withdrawing as hastily, left to view a light that blazed in his +eyes and only slowly died down into the cordial warmth necessary between +guest and host, even under peculiar circumstances. Stephen's face +darkened also, but his feeling was less, and his control greater. +Elizabeth was listening quietly to some account of a merry-making at + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page203" name="page203"></a>[203]</span> + + which Katie must have been present, for her name occurred frequently in +the narrative. As she perceived that Archdale was behind her she looked +round at him a moment, and by a few words included him in the +conversation. She was as entertaining as usual and rather more talkative +after he came. Yet he thought that under her ease of manner he detected +a current of nervousness that made him the more anxious to carry out the +purpose with which he had come to her. +</p> +<p> +But it was not easy to find any excuse for withdrawing her from the +circle in which she had made herself so welcome. At last, however, under +cover of a general movement, which he had secretly instigated, he +succeeded in getting her into the library, on the plea of a message to +her father. When there, he closed the door behind him, and said:— +</p> +<p> +"I have a message to your father, it is true, Mistress Royal, but it is +only to beg him to interfere." +</p> +<p> +"Interfere?" she echoed with a nervousness that this time was +unmistakable. +</p> +<p> +"Pray be seated," he said, drawing a chair toward her as she stood by +the mantel. +</p> +<p> +"Thank you, but—I don't mind standing. What you—the business will not +take long, you said." +</p> +<p> +"As you please." And he stood facing her on the opposite side of the +great fireplace. +</p> +<p> +She heard his tones, glanced at him, and sat down. He took a chair also, +still placing himself so that he could watch her. She grew plainly more +nervous. +</p> +<p> +"Who is Mr. Hartly?" he asked, abruptly. +</p> +<p> +She looked at him in a frightened way, and the hand that she lifted to +her throat was trembling. +</p> +<p> +"He is"—she began, then she stopped; without any warning her expression +and her manner changed, for with the coming of what she had dreaded came +the strength to meet it. There was no more tremulousness of voice or +hand, and the face that looked at Stephen Archdale was the face of a +woman who met him upon equal terms; yet, as he looked at her steadily, +he was not quite sure even of that; it seemed to him that it would +require an effort on his part to keep at her level; that at least he +must stand at his full height. She sat silent, meeting his steady gaze. +There was a dignity about her that would have been haughtiness but for +her simplicity. Even her dress carried out the effect of this +simplicity; it was a white muslin, very plain, and the single pink +hollyhock that the new guest had slipped into her hair, and Elizabeth +had forgotten, gave to her attire the touch of warmth that something in +her face showed, too. It was to Stephen the calmness of flesh and blood, +not of marble, that he was looking at; a possibility of life and motion +was there, but a possibility beyond his reach. Some one might arouse +her; to him she was impassive. +</p> +<p> +"You've not finished your sentence," he said, coldly. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page204" name="page204"></a>[204]</span> +</p> +<p> +"Why should I? You know the rest of it." +</p> +<p> +"Nevertheless, I wish you would say it." +</p> +<p> +"Very well. Mr. Hartly is an agent of Mr. Peterborough." +</p> +<p> +"And Mr. Peterborough?" +</p> +<p> +"My solicitor." +</p> +<p> +"You mean your father's?" +</p> +<p> +"Yes, and mine, too." +</p> +<p> +"Then you have property of your own?" +</p> +<p> +"Yes. You did not know it?" +</p> +<p> +"I heard of it yesterday. Your property is no concern of mine, you +understand." She was silent. Under the circumstances the statement was +significant. "Mr. Hartly came to my father the other day," he went on. +Still no answer. "Possibly you knew it?" he persisted. She lifted her +eyes which had been fixed on the cover of a book that her fingers were +toying with, and said:— +</p> +<p> +"Yes." +</p> +<p> +Stephen waited to choose words which should not express too forcibly the +impetuous feeling that shone in his eyes and rang in his voice when he +spoke. +</p> +<p> +"Let me put a case to you," he said, "or, rather, not an indifferent +case, but our own, and hear how it sounds in plain English. How we were +married, if married we are, it is useless to speak of; how absolutely +nothing we are to one another it is unnecessary also to say. I +appreciate your efforts and your courtesy when I see so plainly that it +is with difficulty you can bring yourself even to speak a word to me." +Elizabeth glanced up a moment, and down again, and her fingers went on +idly turning the leaves of the book. "When I see what social powers you +have," he pursued, "I assure you that I shall regret it for you if fate +have denied you a better choice. But at all events" (constrainedly), "I +must thank you for the gracious and successful manner in which you have +kept suspicion from becoming certainty before time proves it so." +</p> +<p> +She looked fully at him this time, and smiled. +</p> +<p> +"Gratitude comes hard to you," she said. "There is no cause for it in +anything I have ever done. You may be sure it was not to please you at +all, but to gratify something in myself that demanded satisfaction. Now, +please explain to me what you mean by your extraordinary summary of +things we know too well, and how I have offended you when I am really +your friend—yours, and "—She stopped, a smile flitted over her face +and was gone; it revealed for the unnamed person a gentleness and an +affection that perhaps she did not care to have her tones betray. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, you have offended me," he said. "I have no right to comment on +your actions in general." +</p> +<p> +"None whatever." +</p> +<p> +"But what I do have a right to demand is an explanation from you of +conduct so strange as to be unaccountable." +</p> +<p> +She flushed a little. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page205" name="page205"></a>[205]</span> +</p> +<p> +"It's not pleasant," she answered, "when one has done the best that +opened up to be told that it's unaccountable conduct." +</p> +<p> +"Then it was you? I was sure of it." She looked at him earnestly. +</p> +<p> +"Why should there be any beating about the bush?" she answered. "I +should like it better if you need never have known; but, since you were +sure to find it out sooner or later, it might as well come now. What I +have done is wise and right, the most satisfactory thing to me, and to +others wiser than I. But I wish you would never speak of it." +</p> +<p> +"Never speak of your coming forward with your whole fortune to make up +the loss that this fellow's claim will be to us? Never speak of it!" +cried Archdale. "And accept it? From you? You certainly have a +flattering opinion of me." +</p> +<p> +"If it were like any business losses," she said, "it would be different. +But this is something nobody could have been prepared for; it needs +something outside of the routine to meet it." She waited a moment. "Will +you put your case, as you said you were going to do?" she asked. "It +will make it clearer, and you will see that there is nothing +extraordinary. I think you need not say anything more about—about us, +that is all understood. Go on from there." +</p> +<p> +"A father and a son, then, are nominally in business together," he +answered; "the father does the work; the son has a generous share of the +profits. Matters are going on swimmingly. Suddenly a claimant turns up +who wants a grand slice of the property. He is the only son of the +father's elder brother,—a being who was not known to have existed, that +is, who was supposed to have died when an infant. The father, my father, +was named for him, and my grandfather's will gave the largest share of +his fortune to his oldest son, Walter, whom he supposed to be my father, +but who was really Gerald Edmonson's father—if the fellow's proofs turn +out valid; they are having a thorough overhauling. My uncle does not +suffer; it is only we. I am sorry," he added, "that you are liable to be +in any way connected with loss, but at the worst it is so remotely that +it will never affect you. As for the other matter, the story,"—he +stopped with a movement of irritation, perhaps of some deeper +feeling,—"that must be borne as best it can, nothing of that falls upon +you, certainly. How the matter concerns a young lady at all I can't +imagine; so I fail to see what interest you can have in it, or what +right to move in it." +</p> +<p> +"You fail to see?" she said and gave him a smile full of sweetness. It +was not a coaxing smile, as if she begged him to reconsider his +opinions; it indorsed her own while placidly acquiescing in mutual +indifference. "Besides, do you know it was through me that the portrait +was found?" And she gave him an account of the discovery. He did not +think it necessary to interrupt her by saying that he had heard Edmonson +give it with great relish; it seemed a good opportunity to learn whether +he had been telling the truth. The story was substantially the same, but +the enjoyment of the narrator was absent. "And, then," she added, +finishing, "this is not a bad investment." +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page206" name="page206"></a>[206]</span> +</p> +<p> +"It may be now; I can't tell. We were under full sail; we have large +ventures, and to give out so much ready money may mean ruin. In a few +months, perhaps sooner, you may have the happiness of bearing a bankrupt +name." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth's eyes were full of pity at the bitter tones in which she +heard suffering; she looked away and answered:— +</p> +<p> +"It is merely justice to me to let me prevent that, if I can." +</p> +<p> +"Good heavens!" he cried; and, struck with the readiness of her answer, +he studied her face. He would have liked to be sure from what motive she +was acting. Was it pride, or really pity? The thought of the last made +him furious; the other was at least endurable. "And you might not +prevent it," he added, watching to catch her eyes as she should turn +them back to answer. He was reasonably sure that it was pride. +</p> +<p> +"Then let me do this for my own sake," she said. "Listen to me calmly +for a moment. There is one thing you ought not to forget. Either I am +your wife, which God forbid, and I believe he has forbidden it, or I am +simply Katie's friend. In case of the first,—if I have destroyed your +happiness and Katie's, and my own,—what can money do for me? Life +offers me nothing; there are no possibilities before me so far as joy is +concerned; there is nothing left for me but to do the best I know how; +we must pick up the little things that lie along the way in life, you +and I; there will be nothing else for us; I have made you suffer so +much, and you deny me this little thing that can never balance any pain, +but is all I can dot? Why are you so unwise? Why should we make +ourselves more miserable than we need be?" +</p> +<p> +He sprang up. These very words—that he had often said to himself in +regard to his own life, that in effect he had said to her that +morning—how harsh they were, how they cut him! He was tender with his +wounded vanity. What man would like to hear that a woman has nothing +before her but misery if she be bound to himself? +</p> +<p> +"There is one condition," he cried, harshly, "under which I will accept +your money,—when you love me; when it is the gift of love." He laughed +bitterly. "I am safe," he said. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, Mr. Archdale, you are safe," she answered, rising to meet him as +he stood before her. "I can use no such weapons. It is beneath you to do +it. To say such a thing to me when you know that in any event my great +blessing is that I don't care a pin's worth for you, that I am not a +sighing woman wasting her affection on you, while you—But I don't +suppose you meant your words as an insult." +</p> +<p> +"Have I ever been rude to you?" he asked, eagerly. "Such a thing would +be an infinite disgrace to me." +</p> +<p> +"Yes," she said, answering his assertion. +</p> +<p> +"'While you,'" he repeated, "you said 'while you'—What were you going +to say about me?" +</p> +<p> +"While you love Katie with all your heart," she answered, "as it is + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page207" name="page207"></a>[207]</span> + + right you should do." He looked at her, and remembered that for all her +courage it might be that he owed her at least the courtesy of all +observances of respect and regard before others. He had committed an +unpardonable error that day of the dinner at his father's, and he felt a +confusion, as if the color were coming to his face now as he thought of +it. +</p> +<p> +"You—mistake," he stammered. "I assure you you do. I think I +understand—I"— +</p> +<p> +She looked up at him. Her face was pale, and there was in it the kind of +compassion that one might imagine a spirit to feel for a wayworn mortal. +</p> +<p> +"You owe me no explanation," she said. "Let us believe in the victory of +the right, and put this nightmare away from us. Remember you are +speaking only to Katie's friend." +</p> +<p> +He looked at her, and he could not be sure. +</p> +<p> +"But you must let me speak," he said, "because I see you mistake. I +don't want you to think because—I confess it—her beauty has a great +fascination for me that I can forget myself, that I—it was like +admiring a beautiful living picture." +</p> +<p> +She moved nearer, involuntarily. +</p> +<p> +"Poor fellow!" she said under her breath, "you have been brave; you are +brave, very brave. I've seen it." Then, after a pause in which she +retreated a little and stood considering deeply, she said, "I will tell +you something; it would be too much to be spoken of, only that you don't +understand why I did this thing about the business. Think how I am +placed. I may be standing between my dear friend and the man who was to +have been her husband, and separating them forever. That night when I +came home from your father's I realized it more than ever before; it +filled me so that I could not bear the thought of life. I happened to +have something by me, and I—almost took it. I should have slipped away +from between you two, I was so bent upon doing it,—only, the warning +saved me from such a sin. It will never be again," she added as she saw +his eyes dilate with questioning horror. "That temptation has gone. I +have accepted my lot, for it was permitted to come, or even that wicked +man could not have brought it. But now, think, think how I must long to +do some little thing, not to atone, that's impossible, but to make life +not quite so hard to you, and to her. Now, this has come for you. Take +it, I entreat you. Some day I may be able to help her in some way; I +think it will be so." +</p> +<p> +He looked into her eyes as she raised them to his. +</p> +<p> +"But you didn't mean to—do all this, if it is done," he said. "There's +no need of talking about atoning, as if you were guilty of anything." +</p> +<p> +"But, then, I ought to have refused; it was my place. It would have +saved everything." +</p> +<p> +"You wanted to," he said, "and you yielded to oblige Katie." +</p> +<p> +She looked relieved at his answer. It surprised him; he wondered that he +had remembered her hesitation. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page208" name="page208"></a>[208]</span> +</p> +<p> +"You will do this thing?" she persisted. "You see it is your duty." +</p> +<p> +"Do you know the reason you are so anxious to have me do it?" he asked, +the momentary softening of his face gone. "It's out of no love for +Katie, or friendliness to me." +</p> +<p> +"No," she said to his last statement, and added, "Yes, I know; I've seen +it." +</p> +<p> +"What is it?" +</p> +<p> +"I suppose," she said, humbly, "that it's my pride. +</p> +<p> +"Yes," he cried, "that's what it is—your pride. Well, I have my pride, +too. I'll take your money, when you love me—when it's the gift of your +love, as I said—no sooner; I shall have to do without it this year, I'm +afraid." +</p> +<p> +Her eyes swept him from head to foot in an indignant glance. Then she +turned and walked away as if disdaining further speech. He bowed in +silence as he opened the door for her, looking at her with a mocking +smile, and even as he did so taking in every line of her graceful +figure, the pose of her head, and the flush upon her face. In answer to +the taunt she did speak one sentence under her breath, but he caught +it:— +</p> +<p> +"You are not the only one," she said. +</p> +<p> +When he had closed the door after her he walked slowly the length of the +room, and, standing by the window, in another moment saw her pass by on +her way to the shore where she had learned that the party had gone. If +they were already sailing it was no matter; she could wait for them +there, or come back; but they might not have started, and to put any +part of sea and land between herself and Archdale would be a joy to her. +</p> +<p> +Archdale watched her until she disappeared. +</p> +<p> +"And I called myself proud," he muttered. He stood lost in revery, +living the scene over again. "What eyes!" he thought; "they're as +unconscious as a child's, but such power as they have; they call out a +man's best, and I met her with my worst. I never even told her she was +generous. She meant to be kind when she humiliated me so." And then he +thought that she deserved a better fate than to be bound to him whose +heart was with Katie, and realized that Elizabeth was not at all the +kind of woman whom he should choose to set his love upon. Yet he smiled +scornfully at himself for the eager start with which he had cried out +that if she were roused she could be magnificent. A magnificent woman +was not in his line, and if it proved that she was his wife, she would +go through the world a sleeping princess, he said to himself, unless he +should go off to the wars and get shot. Perhaps that would be the best +way out of the difficulty, he thought, and would leave her free. At the +moment Edmonson's face rose before him, and he frowned as he wondered +what feeling there was in that quarter. "No, no," he said to himself. +"Not Edmonson. I know he's a villain; I feel it." He interrupted his +thoughts by asking, sarcastically, what it could all matter to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>[209]</span> + + himself, well out of harm's way, what happened, what Elizabeth or +anybody else did? He was very angry with her, and she did not realize +the Archdale unforgiveness. If she had, would she have cared? She had +not yielded her purpose. +</p> +<a name="h2HCH0002" id="h2HCH0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XXI. +</h2> +<h3> + WAR CLOUDS. +</h3> +<p> +"I hate November," cried Mrs. Eveleigh, coming into Elizabeth's room +and bringing a whiff of cold air with her. "It's a mean month," she +continued. "There's nothing but disagreeable things about it. The leaves +are all gone, and the snow hasn't come. You can't even go out riding +with any comfort, the ground is so frozen you are jolted to pieces." And +with step emphasizing the petulance of her voice, the speaker turned +from her companion and went to her own room, to put away her bonnet and +the heavy cloak that, if it had not been able to protect her from the +roughness of the roads, had kept the cold air from doing more than +biting revengefully at her nose and the tips of her fingers, in place of +all the mischief it would have been glad to inflict if it had had the +chance. The steps grown fainter, went about the next room, and Elizabeth +went on with her reading only half attentively, watching for the +inevitable coming back. "But then," resumed Mrs. Eveleigh, returning to +her subject as soon as she had opened the door wide enough to admit her +voice, "one must see a little of the world sometimes. I'm coming in to +warm my feet by your fire, shan't I? mine is low. I declare, it's hard +that Nancy should be so partial to you. I can get scarcely any +attention, though, to be sure, poor thing, it's well to have it from +somebody, even if it is from dependents. And you don't get any too much +from the quarter where you've a right to it." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth, knowing it would be useless to attempt going on with her +reading, had laid aside her book on Mrs. Eveleigh's entrance, and now +she looked up from the sewing toward which she had reached out her hand, +and said:— +</p> +<p> +"You know as well as I do that it is exactly as I want it. Mr. Archdale +considers my wishes, and as to having a right, you know, Cousin +Patience, that that is what is being disproved now. Haven't I declared +that the ceremony was nothing at all?" +</p> +<p> +"Oh, certainly you have, but you'll find out how little good that will +do. I have not an idea that you'll ever have a chance to say 'Yes' to +that splendid Edmonson. You'll find it out soon enough, poor child." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth flushed, then turned pale. +</p> +<p> +"Have you heard anything?" she asked. +</p> +<p> +"Not yet; not since that Mr. Harwin turned out a minister, just as I +thought he would, and your case went to the court to be decided. You'll +have the first news, I suppose, but I don't doubt what it will be." +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>[210]</span> +</p> +<p> +"Neither do I," returned the girl, resolutely. +</p> +<p> +"We shall see," said Mrs. Eveleigh. "Do you know," she added, "that Mr. +Edmonson came yesterday when you were out?" +</p> +<p> +"Yes." +</p> +<p> +Then there fell between the pair as long an interval of silence as Mrs. +Eveleigh ever permitted where she was concerned. She broke it by asking, +energetically:— +</p> +<p> +"Elizabeth, if you really believed that you were not Mr. Archdale's +wife, why, in the name of wonder, did you go and put your whole fortune +into his business? And why did your father let you?" +</p> +<p> +"My father had no legal right to interfere," said the girl, ignoring the +first question, "and he did not choose to strain his authority. When was +he ever unkind to me?" +</p> +<p> +"I think he was then, decidedly." And the speaker nodded her head with +emphasis. "But you have not told me why you did it," she continued. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth was silent a moment. "I had been the means of the whole thing +being discovered," she said, "and I had hurt him enough already." +</p> +<p> +"And he let you risk your whole fortune just because you had happened to +put your finger through a hole in the hall tapestry." +</p> +<p> +"No," cried Elizabeth, "he did no such thing. He is very angry with me +now because I invested it; he is not willing, even though he knows that +it's for Katie's sake." +</p> +<p> +"I thought you said just now that it was for Mr. Archdale's." Elizabeth +looked at her, and smiled triumphantly. +</p> +<p> +"I did," she answered. "It's the same thing; I have always told you so." +</p> +<p> +"Um!" said Mrs. Eveleigh, and returned to the attack. "If he wouldn't +take the money, how could you give it?" The girl was silent. "It was the +father, I know; they say a penny never comes amiss to him." +</p> +<p> +"How did you find this out, Cousin Patience?" But Mrs. Eveleigh laughed +instead of answering. "You have not spoken of it?" cried Elizabeth. +</p> +<p> +"Not a word. Why, I don't want to proclaim any one of my own family a +goose." The only answer was a smile of satisfaction. "You don't mind +being called a goose, I see," pursued the speaker. +</p> +<p> +"Not at all. I know it's often true. Only it doesn't happen to be true +here." +</p> +<p> +Though Mrs. Eveleigh had so openly criticised Elizabeth, it would have +gone ill with any one who had dared to follow her example. She was often +annoyed by things in Elizabeth; but she believed in the girl's truth +more than she did in her own. And there she was quite right. Now she +began to talk about the portrait scene, and declared that Mr. Edmonson +looked very handsome standing beside the old picture that he so much +resembled. +</p> +<p> +"That portrait was Colonel Archdale's grandfather, his mother's + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>[211]</span> + + father, Mr. Edmonson," explained Elizabeth, perceiving that her +companion's ideas were somewhat mixed. And then Mrs. Eveleigh confessed +that she had been trying to explain about the portrait and the +relationship, and that though she had talked learnedly about the matter, +she had been a little confused in her own mind. +</p> +<p> +"This portrait was in the colonel's father's house, lent him to be +copied, and when he fled he took the original with him, and left the +copy. It was a duel that he fought, and there was something irregular +that he did about it. He went to Virginia, you remember, and while there +he changed his name. Then he came here, and the search for him died out. +The matter was hushed up some way, I suppose." +</p> +<p> +"And pretended that he belonged to a different race of Archdales in +another part of England," asserted Mrs. Eveleigh, contemptuously. +</p> +<p> +"Perhaps we should, too, if we had been in his place." +</p> +<p> +"What! in his place, Elizabeth? Can you even imagine how you would feel +if you had murdered anybody, or about the same as that?" +</p> +<p> +"Yes." +</p> +<p> +"Nonsense, my dear. You must have a powerful imagination; I shouldn't +think it was healthy. There's no use, any way, in being so odd." +</p> +<p> +"No." +</p> +<p> +"First 'yes,' and then 'no,' and neither of them means anything. But if +you haven't anything to say, I wish you would tell me how those people, +the colonel's father and mother, happened to have a son living that they +didn't know anything about." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth, full of remembrance of the time when a human life, even if +her own, had seemed light to her, could not help smiling at Mrs. +Eveleigh's literal interpretation of things. "They had to escape at +once," she said, "and the doctor said the child would die if he +undertook a sea-voyage in that state. So she sent him to her father's +home with a nurse who was very fond of him; he was a baby then. And she +went away with her husband with the understanding that when the child +recovered, as the doctor expected him to do, the nurse should bring him +to her in America. And she left open some way of communication. But, +instead of the baby, there came news that he was dead." +</p> +<p> +"And he wasn't dead?" +</p> +<p> +"No; his grandfather adopted him, and gave him his name. He hated Mr. +Archdale; he had lost his daughter through him, and he determined to +keep the child. So he bribed the nurse to report his death, and +persuaded her that it was better for the little fellow to stay with him +as his sole heir than follow the fortunes of a haunted man in a +wilderness, as America must have been then." +</p> +<p> +"And do you really believe they never knew of this son of theirs being +alive?" +</p> +<p> +"Mr. Archdale's will, if nothing else, proves that. He had three sons +here, you remember; and the colonel, the eldest of these, was named +Walter, after the one supposed to have died in England. And, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>[212]</span> + + now, you see how this trouble all happened. The will left the greater +part of the property to Mr. Archdale's oldest son, Walter, whom he +supposed the colonel. But the real oldest son, Walter, was this Mr. +Edmonson's father. So that the colonel was really left penniless." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, yes, now I see," cried Mrs. Eveleigh. "You are like your father +when you come to explanations, Elizabeth; a person can always get at +what you mean. Now tell me about the portrait, how it came there, and +how in the world Mr. Edmonson found it." +</p> +<p> +"I don't know how it came there," she answered, leading away from the +rest of the question by adding, "I have never asked a word about it." +</p> +<p> +"Elizabeth! you <i>are</i> odd, that's certain. And if Mr. Archdale is +never coming here any more, you will never have a chance now to ask him. +It's a pity to be so diffident." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth smiled a little. "What else did you hear this morning?" she +asked. +</p> +<p> +"Nothing that will interest you, though of course I thought it would +when I heard it. Stephen Archdale has come back from his expedition up +to the Penobscots with Colonel Pepperell. I wonder how they succeeded?" +</p> +<p> +"I can tell you that. The Indians have sent word that they will not +fight against their brothers of St. John's and New Brunswick. That means +that they'll fight for them. We shall have an Indian war with the French +one. Think of the horrors of it." She shuddered as she spoke. +</p> +<p> +"Yes," returned Mrs. Eveleigh, with calm acquiescence. "It will be +dreadful for the people that live in the little villages and in the open +country." +</p> +<p> +This calmness, as if one were gazing from an impregnable fortress upon +the tortures and deaths of others, silenced Elizabeth. She looked the +speaker over slowly and turned away. +</p> +<p> +"Any more news?" asked Mrs. Eveleigh in a cheerful tone. +</p> +<p> +"I can tell you nothing more," returned Elizabeth. +</p> +<p> +This was literally true. It would not have been true if she had said +that she had heard nothing else, for she had been sitting with her +father for an hour, and had learned of a secret scheme,—a scheme so +daring that the very idea of it made her eyes kindle and her breath come +quickly,—a scheme that if it should fail would be hooted at as the +dream of vain-glorious madmen, and if it should succeed, would be +called a stroke of genius—magnificent. It interested her to know that +among the most eager to carry out the scheme was Major Vaughn, the man +whose valor she had asserted to Sir Temple Dacre a few months before. A +small band of men had pledged themselves to put reality into this dream +of grand achievement. "Its failure means," thought Elizabeth, "that +America is to be French and Jesuit; its success that Englishmen, and +liberty of mind and conscience, rule here." She prayed and hoped for +success, and took an eager interest in all the details of the scheme +that had reached + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>[213]</span> + + her; but these were meagre enough, for, as yet, it was only outlined; +the main thing was that it was resolved upon. The prisoners captured at +Canso had been at last exchanged. They had been brought to Boston, and +had given valuable information about the place of their captivity, the +stronghold of France in America. Governor Shirley had declared that +Louisburg was to be captured, and that Colonel Pepperell was the man to +do it. Elizabeth, as she looked across at Mrs. Eveleigh, wondered what +she would say to the project. But she wondered in silence, not only +because silence had been enjoined, but because this was not a woman to +trust with the making of great events. She had heard of an Indian war, +and her chief thought had been that she would be safe. +</p> +<p> +The war had been talked about all the autumn. It was a terrible +necessity, but this new direction that it was to take was something +worth pondering over. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth naturally, took large views of things, and, as her father's +companion, she had not learned to restrict them. But, also, for the last +months she had perceived dimly that there was a power within her which +might never be called into action. And this power rose, sometimes, with +vehemence against the monotony of her surroundings, in the midst of her +wealth of comforts and of affection. +</p> +<p> +It was the last of November, only two days after this conversation, that +Stephen Archdale was announced. +</p> +<p> +"He has come to tell me the decision," said Elizabeth to Mrs. Eveleigh; +"he promised he would come immediately. It's good news." +</p> +<p> +"Then what makes you so pale? And you're actually trembling." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth looked at her companion in surprise, for all her years of +acquaintance with her. +</p> +<p> +"Don't you understand?" she said. "The strain is to be taken off. The +certainty must be good; and yet there is the possibility that it is not. +This and the thought that the moment has come make me tremble." +</p> +<p> +As she was speaking she moved away and in another moment was in the +drawing-room with Archdale. +</p> +<p> +"You have brought me word," she said, as soon as her greeting was over. +"You have good news; I see it in your eyes." +</p> +<p> +"Yes," he answered. "I suppose you will call it good news. You are free; +you are still Mistress Royal." +</p> +<p> +She clasped her hands impulsively, and retreated a few steps. It seemed +to him as he watched her that her first emotion was a thankfulness as +deep as a prayer. He saw that she could not speak. Then she came up to +him holding out both her hands. +</p> +<p> +"Never was any one so welcome to me as you with your words this +morning," she said. "I have not spoiled your life and Katie's." +</p> +<p> +"And you are free," he said again. +</p> +<p> +"Yes," she repeated, "I am free." And as she drew away her hands she +made a movement almost imperceptible and instantly checked, as if she +had thrown off some heavy weight. He read it, however, as he stood + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>[214]</span> + + there with his eyes upon her face, which was bright with a thankfulness +and a beauty that, although he had seen something of her possibilities +of expression, he had never dreamed of. How glad she was! A pang went +through him. He understood it afterward. It had meant that he was asking +himself if Katie's face, when he told her the news, would look so happy +at having gained him as this girl did at having lost him; and he had not +been sure of it. All the autumn there had been strange fancies in his +head about Katie. He had had no right, under the circumstances, to send +Lord Bulchester away; but it had seemed strange to him that any girl's +love of power should be carried so far if it were mere love of power +that moved her. But no shadow on Elizabeth's face showed him that she +dreamed of change in Katie, and Stephen felt rebuked that friendship +could find its object more perfect than love did. +</p> +<p> +"Will the wedding be on the anniversary of the other one?" asked +Elizabeth. "I suppose it will," she added; "Katie ought to have it so. +That will come in three weeks. It will be a little time before you sail, +if you go." And she smiled rather sadly, then glanced about her to make +sure that the last remark had not been overheard. +</p> +<p> +"Ah!" he said, "I see you know all about the scheme on foot. But it is +safe to trust you. You are very much interested," he added, watching +her. +</p> +<p> +"Very much. My father does trust me a good deal. But I hope I shall not +make him sorry for it." +</p> +<p> +Archdale kept on looking at her, and smiling. +</p> +<p> +"You prefer making people glad," he answered. +</p> +<p> +"But perhaps you will not go—now?" she said. +</p> +<p> +"Oh, yes. I promised my services to Colonel Pepperell last summer; that +holds me, you see. Besides, I want to do my part." +</p> +<p> +"I could not imagine you standing idle by while others were striking the +blows for our country," said Elizabeth. "Katie has told me a good deal +about you at one time and another. Dear Katie!" she added in an +undertone, with an exquisite gentleness in her face. Then, looking back +from the window where her eyes had wandered, she turned off her emotion +by some gay speech. +</p> +<p> +Very soon afterward the young man left her. For he was on his way to +carry the news to Katie who was then in Boston visiting her aunt. But to +go to her he passed Mr. Royal's door, and his wishes, as well as his +promise, made him delay his own happiness for a moment to see Elizabeth +rejoice. He saw her rejoice to his heart's content; and then he took +leave of her for his happy meeting with his betrothed. +</p> +<h4> +[TO BE CONTINUED.] +</h4> +<a name="note-3"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>3</u> (<a href="#noteref-3">return</a>)<br /> +Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>[215]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0012" id="h2H_4_0012"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + EDITOR'S TABLE. +</h2> +<p> +Evidences are constantly multiplying that American history is a subject +which has not lost its interest to investigators or to readers. During +the past month four distinct works, namely, the fifth volume of Von +Holst's Constitutional History of the United States, the third of +Schouler's History of the United States, the second of McMaster's +History of the People of the United States, and also a new volume of +Hubert Howe Bancroft's History of the Pacific States, have been +published, and are destined, no doubt, to take their places as +"standards." This diligence on the part of their respective writers, and +the interest in them manifested by the great public is commendable, and +in a measure dispels the oft-repeated saying that Americans are a nation +of novel-readers. +</p> +<p> +It is gratifying, also, to record another fact. During the third week in +July the Old South lectures for young people, illustrative of "The War +for the Union," were inaugurated in Boston. The ancient "meeting-house" +was crowded with earnest students to hear the first lecture on slavery, +delivered by William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. The speaker gave a vivid sketch +of the chief events of the anti-slavery movement, and of the part taken +by George Thompson, Garrison, Phillips, Whittier, and Harriet Martineau. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +Students of the anti-slavery struggle should not forget, however, how +much the success of that struggle was due to Mrs. Maria Weston Chapman, +whose death occurred at Weymouth, Mass., on July 12. She was not only a +<i>magna pars</i> of the struggle, but one of the most remarkable women +of our time. Mrs. Maria Child used to relate how Mrs. Chapman, clad in +the height of fashion of that day, came into the first anti-slavery +fair, an entire stranger to every one present. "She looked around over +the few tables, scantily supplied, and stopped by some faded artificial +flowers. The poor commodity only indicated the utter poverty of means to +carry on the work. We thought her a spy, or maybe she was a +slave-holder." From that time she entered heartily into the work. She +became the life of the Female Anti-slavery Society in Boston, she spoke +often in public; her pen was never idle when it could advance the cause +of equal rights and freedom. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Lowell, in his rhymed letter, descriptive of an anti-slavery bazaar +at Faneuil Hall, and the celebrities of the cause there assembled, drew +the portrait of this gifted woman with his usual felicitous touch:— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "There was Maria Chapman, too, </p> +<p class="i2"> With her swift eyes of clear steel-blue, </p> +<p class="i2"> The coiled up mainspring of the Fair, </p> +<p class="i2"> Originating everywhere </p> +<p class="i2"> The expansive force, without a sound, </p> +<p class="i2"> That whirls a hundred wheels around; </p> +<p class="i2"> Herself meanwhile as calm and still </p> +<p class="i2"> As the bare crown of Prospect Hill; </p> +<p class="i2"> A noble woman, brave and apt, </p> +<p class="i2"> Cumæa's sybil not more rapt, </p> +<p class="i2"> Who might, with those fair tresses shorn, </p> +<p class="i2"> 'The Maid of Orlean' casque have worn; </p> +<p class="i2"> Herself the Joan of our Arc, </p> +<p class="i2"> For every shaft a shining mark." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p> +It is one thing to be a good ship-builder for the government, and quite +another thing to be in favor with the Secretary of the Navy, at +Washington. This is the lesson, and the only lesson, which can be +deduced from the two dispatches which have been transmitted over the +country, namely: that the "Dolphin" has been rejected, and that John +Roach, her builder, has failed. +</p> +<p> +The case has its value as a warning to American ship-builders. They are +given to understand that the closest compliance with the requisitions of +the department in the process of constructing a vessel, and that under +the direction of experts, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>[216]</span> + + perfectly competent to determine what is good work and what is bad, will +avail them nothing unless they are in favor with the Secretary when the +vessel is offered for acceptance. And they are warned that the +Department of Justice holds it perfectly legal for the Navy Department +to lay upon them such conditions as to construction as must determine +the capacity of the vessel for speed, and yet reject the vessel as not +fast enough. They may be fined heavily for not having used their +discretion, and yet may have been denied discretion as to the plans +used. +</p> +<p> +It will be remembered by all who have watched the case, that the +"Dolphin" was found satisfactory and in full accordance with the terms +of the contract by one naval board, and that it was then condemned by +another board of no greater weight or capacity. If this fact be +remembered, it should be weighed with the full understanding that naval +officers, chosen by Mr. Whitney for this service, are just as much +dependents of the new Secretary as their predecessors were of Mr. +Chandler. The last set of officials, as experts, were not superior to +those which constituted the first; and yet Mr. Whitney bases his refusal +to accept the vessel upon the contradiction of the first report to the +second. If the first report was worthless, why not the second, in the +light of all the facts? +</p> +<p> +What is needed to-day is a board of examiners fully competent to +pronounce on the merits, of not only the "Dolphin" but of any and every +other ship that shall be built, and fully sundered from, and independent +of, political and official relations with the Navy Department. The +nearest approach to this is the report of the body of +experts—ship-builders, and ship-captains, experts in ship's materials, +and the like—whom Mr. Roach invited to examine the "Dolphin." The +report of these gentlemen flatly contradicts Mr. Whitney's board on +points which are matters of fact, and not of opinion, and therefore +throws the burden of proof upon Mr. Whitney himself. Until some equally +unpolitical and unofficial body refutes it, the treatment Mr. Roach has +received will be set down to other motives than the best. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The republic at last bows its head in sorrow at the death of its +greatest citizen. In awe and admiration it honors the character which, +heroic to the last, has never been more conspicuously shown than during +the months of that depressing illness, the end of which must have been +to him a welcome entering into rest. +</p> +<p> +The same unquailing courage, and the same calm, grim fortitude which +shed their fadeless lustre upon his whole extraordinary career were +evinced by General Grant at the last moments of his life. For months the +nation has hung over his bedside, awaiting the silent foot-fall of the +unseen conqueror of all that is mortal. +</p> +<p> +The nation's loss is not measured by the vacant place. For nearly a +decade General Grant had been only a private citizen, wielding no +sceptre of authority, and exercising no sway in the public councils. And +yet his going is a loss; for he was everywhere felt, not merely by what +he had done, but by what he was,—one of the great reserve forces of our +national commonwealth. +</p> +<p> +"Great men," said Burke, "are the guideposts and landmarks of the +State." General Grant was the guidepost of a victorious war, and a +landmark of a magnanimous peace. A pillar of strength has fallen; and +yet a broken shaft is not the fit emblem of his life. It is a finished +and splendid column, crowned with its full glory. +</p> +<p> +The chieftain is dead. The American people themselves will now judge +him, after the calm evening and the serene repose of retirement, more +justly than in the stress and storm of struggle. The asperities of angry +contentions have passed; the flaws have faded, and the blemishes are +dimmed, while the splendor of General Grant's achievements and the +simple grandeur of his character have gained a brighter halo as the +years have rolled by. The clouds and the smoke of battle have long since +lifted; the fragments and the scenes are swallowed in the majestic +drama; and to-day we see the hero elevated on his true pedestal of fame +through the just perspective of history. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>[217]</span> +</p> +<p> +It is given to few men to bear suffering with the fortitude displayed by +the departed hero; it is given to fewer still to await in patience and +without complaint the certain issue of suffering in death. But it is +neither his fortitude, nor his patience, nor his touching solicitude, +nor his unselfish industry which distinguished him in an almost unique +degree. It was rather, in one word, his simplicity, his strong but +unpretentious character, and his firm but magnanimous nature. +</p> +<p> +Of such, plainly, is the kingdom of Heaven, and it is a national glory +that of such, too, in the instance of General Grant, the American people +was never neglectful. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +If every person who is inclined to attribute to Socialism all the +discontent now prevalent among the laboring classes of this country, +would carefully read Mr. Laurence Gronlund's remarkable book, entitled, +<i>The Coöperative Commonwealth</i>,—an exposition of modern +Socialism,—he would perhaps awaken to a comprehension of the fact that +true Socialism is neither communism, nor lawlessness, nor anarchy. We +wish this book could be scattered, by millions, among the intelligent +people of this land, if for no other purpose than to root out many of +the false ideas which are current, as well as to inculcate a logical +explanation of much that is transpiring at the present moment. +</p> +<p> +We are told that at least 30,000 laborers are out of work in Cincinnati, +and that full as many are unemployed in Chicago. The same state of +affairs prevails in other large cities. These people, we are also told +by the newspapers, are "exposed to the designs of socialistic leaders, +and liable to embrace their dangerous schemes." Hence, it is to be +inferred, of course, that timely measures should be instituted to "guard +the unreflecting against socialistic theories and measures." +</p> +<p> +Despair sometimes calls for a desperate remedy. When men are in physical +or financial distress they <i>are</i> apt to lose their heads, so to +speak, and to be subject to the wildest delusions and hallucinations. A +great many of the unfortunates now out of employment have been already +reduced to misery and want; but it is a mistake to suppose that the +philosophy of Socialism can afford them any relief or consolation, or +that it can incite them to mad deeds of violence. There are certain +demagogues in this country who, assuming to be Socialists, are ready to +stir up the popular mind, even to the shedding of blood; but such men +are few in numbers, and wield only a limited influence. +</p> +<p> +Now, Socialism holds that the impending reconstruction of society, which +Huxley predicts, will be brought about by the logic of events, and +teaches that the coming revolution, which every intelligent mind must +foresee, is strictly an evolution. Socialists of this school reason from +no assumed first principle, like the French, who start from "social +equality," or like Herbert Spencer, who lays it down as an axiom that +"every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes +not the like freedom of every other man;" but basing themselves squarely +on <i>experience</i>,—not individual but universal experience,—they +can, and do present clear-cut, definite solutions. +</p> +<p> +It is this true <i>German</i> Socialism which Mr. Gronlund, in the work +previously alluded to, very clearly presents, and which should be more +generally understood than it is. +</p> +<p> +Apropos of the subject, it will not be amiss to recall a statement made +by Frederic Harrison, namely:— +</p> +<p> +"The working-class is the only class which is not a class. It is the +nation. It represents, so to speak, the body as a whole, of which the +other classes only represent special organs. These organs, no doubt, +have great and indispensable functions, but for most purposes of +government the state consists of the vast laboring majority. Its welfare +depends on what their lives are like." +</p> +<p> +And this from Carlyle:— +</p> +<p> +"It is not to die, or even to die of hunger that makes a man wretched; +many men have died; all men must die. But it is to live miserable, we +know not why: to work sore and yet gain nothing; to be heartworn, weary, +yet isolated, unrelated, girt in with a cold universal <i>Laissez-faire</i>." +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>[218]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0013" id="h2H_4_0013"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + AMONG THE BOOKS. +</h2> +<p> +It seems but a short time since we pored interestedly over the pages +of Mr. Stanley's "Through the Dark Continent," which described the +exploration of the Congo in 1876-7, from Nyongwe to the Atlantic +Ocean. The final results of that first expedition, which surpasses all +anticipation, are now recorded in two handsome volumes from the same +pen, bearing the title: <i>The Congo and the Founding of Its Free +State</i>.<a href="#note-4" name="noteref-4"><small>4</small></a> When Mr. Stanley, in 1878, had crossed the African +continent and had reached the mouth of the Congo, he took ship for +Europe. He had reached Marseilles, where, in the railway-station, he was +met by two commissioners who had been sent by Leopold II., King of the +Belgians, for the express purpose of interesting Mr. Stanley in the +project entertained by that king of founding a State in the heart of +Africa. This project was subsequently accepted, and all the powers of +Europe entered into the scheme. Mr. Stanley now relates, for the first +time, the story of the founding,—a story which is as entertaining as +the liveliest piece of fiction, and as marvellous in its unfolding as +would be the sudden discovery of a new and habitable world. From the +mouth of the Congo to Stanley Falls is about fifteen hundred miles, and +the basin of this immense river contains more than a million and a half +square miles; that is, a territory nearly one-half as large as that of +the United States. The opening of this great country to the commerce of +the world is one of the greatest events of the nineteenth, indeed of +any, century. By the agreement of the sovereigns of Europe, no European +power is ever to be permitted to seize the sea-coasts of the continent, +or to levy differential customs and high tariffs upon the commerce of +the world such as our New England and Middle States now levy upon the +West and South. Forever hereafter a merchant or producer dwelling in the +Congo can dispose of his ivory and ebony, or any other product +whatsoever, in whatever market it will yield him the most money, and buy +his shovel and hoe, his gunpowder, and the like, where he can buy them +the best and the cheapest. It is, perhaps, not too much to affirm that +the founding of such an empire on such a basis will make in time as +great a change in commercial affairs as the establishment of the +American Republic has made in political affairs and in the relation of +men to governments. The work of Mr. Stanley is destined to have a large +influence. It is the most important book on Africa that has ever been +written at any period of time or in any language. And yet no record of +good deeds grandly done could savor of more modesty and +unpretentiousness than does the narrative in these two noble volumes. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +Miss Anna Laurens Dawes, the daughter of Senator Dawes, of +Massachusetts, has undertaken "an explanation of the Constitution and +government of the United States," in her book entitled <i>How We are +Governed</i>.<a href="#note-5" name="noteref-5"><small>5</small></a> Believing, as we do, that a knowledge of politics is an +essential part of education, we hail this work as one of the hopeful +signs of the times, and commend it especially to young people, because +the author has so accurately and comprehensively accomplished her task +as to make it worthy of confidence. Simplicity in writing is the first +needed qualification of one who undertakes to instruct youth. Miss Dawes +exhibits this quality, and takes nothing for granted as to the previous +knowledge of her readers. Her plan follows the order of the +Constitution, and that document is quoted in full, and in its several +parts under the division of "The Legislature," "The Executive," "The +Citizen," and "The States." +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>[219]</span> +</p> +<p> +It is the practical nature of the contents of <i>The Hunter's +Handbook</i><a href="#note-6" name="noteref-6"><small>6</small></a> which will commend it to all readers, and which stamps +it as an indispensable work for all persons who "go camping out." This +is just the season for such healthful recreation and resting among the +hills or along shore. It is just the season, too, when, unless he knows +exactly how to manage, the camper-out is subjected to a great many +annoyances as well as pleasures. The little work under notice contains +many valuable hints and suggestions, while its notes of all camp +requisites and receipts are exceedingly valuable. Some of the author's +quaint aphorisms on camp economy, camp neatness and cleanliness, and on +the signs and portents of the weather, will tend to keep the reader in +good humor. It would require years of experience for new beginners to +acquire the information which a half hour's study of this book will +easily impart. To all such, then, it is invaluable. +</p> +<p> +The first volume of Mr. McMaster's entertaining work on the <i>History +of the People of the United States</i><a href="#note-7" name="noteref-7"><small>7</small></a> appeared just three years ago +this summer, and the lively interest which it then aroused gave promise +of the cordial welcome that would be generally extended to future +volumes of the same work. The first volume closed with the year 1790. +The second volume, which has recently been published, continues the easy +and entertaining narrative down to 1803. Within its seven chapters there +is a vast fund of valuable information in regard to life and society as +they existed under the early administrations. These chapters cover the +experimental years of the Republic under the Constitution,—the years +which, so susceptible of popular treatment, are so particularly engaging +to students of American history. At so formative a period in the +national development, when there was open contest between Congress and +the States, when the group of undoubted aristocrats gathered around +Hamilton were in direct opposition to the extreme republicanism of the +circle which acknowledged Jefferson as its chief, the dominance of +English or French influence was an element of great moment to the future +of the nation. Mr. McMaster has most admirably handled this phase of his +subject. +</p> +<p> +The account of town and country life as they were at the beginning of +the present century, and of the growth of those social usages which we +have come almost to regard as instinctive, is very entertaining and +instructive. Barring certain blemishes and a few inaccuracies, which +ought to be excusable in a work of such character, Mr. McMaster's two +volumes form a very valuable and welcome contribution to our national +literature. It was a felicitous thought which prompted him to enter this +peculiar field, and to gather up the important facts which writers on +political history have generally avoided. So thoroughly and so admirably +has Mr. McMaster worked this field that we doubt whether any other +writer, coming after him, will be tempted to invade the same territory. +The work thus far ends with the negotiations which led to the Louisiana +purchase, and we are led to expect three more instalments before it +shall be completed. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +Should any readers be tempted by Mrs. Gould's article in this number of +<span class="sc">The Bay State Monthly</span> to visit Nantucket, they will do well to +take with them, for handy reference and trustworthy guidance, Mr. +Godfrey's <i>Island of Nantucket: What it was and what it is</i>.<a href="#note-8" name="noteref-8"><small>8</small></a> It +is a complete index and guide to all that is interesting in the +island,—tells just how to get there and what to see there,—and +contains, moreover, several special articles, by different hands, on the +history, botany, geology, and entomology of the island. The maps +accompanying the text were made expressly for the book. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>[220]</span> +</p> +<p> +A fitting companion to Mr. Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," which appeared +some ten or a dozen years ago, is a new book, entitled <i>A Naturalist's +Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago</i>,<a href="#note-9" name="noteref-9"><small>9</small></a> of which Henry O. Forbes +is the author. Mr. Forbes revisited most of the islands which Mr. +Wallace had described, but his route in each island was altogether +different. He gives us the first detailed account of the Timor-laut +Islands, with very interesting and valuable ethnological notes. The work +is divided into six parts, devoted to the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Java, +Sumatra, the Moluccas, Timor-laut, Buru, and Timor. Many illustrations +are interspersed throughout the text, and the whole work is exceedingly +vigorous, graphic, and abounding in interest. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<i>Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis; In the Land of the Lapps and +Kvæns</i><a href="#note-10" name="noteref-10"><small>10</small></a> by Sophus Tromholt, edited by Carl Siewers, furnishes a +narrative of journeys in Lapland, Finland, and Northern Russia in +1882-83. It also contains an account of the recent circumpolar +scientific expeditions, and a popular statement of what is known of the +Aurora Borealis, which the author has studied long and carefully. A map +and nearly one hundred and fifty illustrations add greatly to the value +and attractiveness of the work. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Mr. Winfred A. Stearns</span>, a close student of natural history, and +one of the authors of "New England Bird Life," has prepared a work +entitled <i>Labrador: a sketch of its People, its Industries, and its +Natural History</i>.<a href="#note-11" name="noteref-11"><small>11</small></a> Although not written in a very agreeable style, +the work is one which deserves perusal, and will certainly command some +attention. Mr. Stearns visited Labrador three times, once in 1875, once +in 1880, and again in 1882. The results of these journeys and +observations are herein set down in a compact volume of three hundred +pages. With the exception of a valuable paper on Labrador in the +"Encyclopedia Britannica," little of a modern and useful character has +been written giving anything like a fair description of the country and +its resources. Mr. Stearns book supplies the omission, and is cordially +to be commended. It ought to pave the way for a good many excursion +parties. +</p> + +<a name="note-4"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>4</u> (<a href="#noteref-4">return</a>)<br /> +The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State. By Henry M. +Stanley, 2 vols. Maps and illustrations. New York; Harper & Bros. Price, +$10.00. +</p> +<a name="note-5"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>5</u> (<a href="#noteref-5">return</a>)<br /> +How We are Governed. By Anna Laurens Dawes. Boston: D. +Lothrop & Co. +</p> +<a name="note-6"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>6</u> (<a href="#noteref-6">return</a>)<br /> +The Hunter's Handbook, containing a description of all +articles required in camp, with hints on provisions and stores, and +receipts for camp cooking. By "An Old Hunter." Boston: Lee & Shepard. +Price, 50 cents. +</p> +<a name="note-7"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>7</u> (<a href="#noteref-7">return</a>)<br /> +A History of the People of the United States, from the +Revolution to the Civil War. By John Bach McMaster. Vol. II. New York: D. +Appleton & Co. Price, $2.50. +</p> +<a name="note-8"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>8</u> (<a href="#noteref-8">return</a>)<br /> +The Island of Nantucket: What it was and what it is. +Compiled by Edward K. Godfrey. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Price, paper, 50 +cents. +</p> +<a name="note-9"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>9</u> (<a href="#noteref-9">return</a>)<br /> +Wanderings of a Naturalist in the Eastern Archipelago. By +H.O. Forbes. Illustrated. New York: Harper & Bros. Price, $5.00. +</p> +<a name="note-10"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>10</u> (<a href="#noteref-10">return</a>)<br /> +Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis; In the Land of the +Lapps and Kvæns. By Sophus Tromholt. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. +</p> +<a name="note-11"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>11</u> (<a href="#noteref-11">return</a>)<br /> +Labrador: a Sketch of its People, Industries, and Natural +History. By W.A. Stearns. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Price, $1.75. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0014" id="h2H_4_0014"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + MEMORANDA FOR THE MONTH. +</h2> +<p> +The reduction of letter postage from two cents per half-ounce to two +cents per ounce, which took effect July 1st, suggests a few words in +regard to postal matters in general. The collection of news by +post-carriers is said to have originated in the regular couriers +established by Cyrus in his Persian kingdom about 550 B.C. Charlemagne +employed couriers for similar purposes in his time. The first +post-houses in Europe were instituted by Louis XI. of France. +Post-chaises were invented in the same country. In England in the reign +of Edward IV., 1784, riders on post-horses went stages of the distance +of twenty miles from each other in order to convey to the king the +earliest intelligence of war. Post communication between London and most +towns of England, Scotland, and Ireland existed in 1935. The penny-post +was first set up in London and its suburbs in 1681 as a private +enterprise, and nine years later became a branch of the general post. +Mail coaches, for the conveyance of letters, began to run between London +and Bristol in 1784. The postal system of the American colonies was +organized in 1710. Franklin, as deputy postmaster-general for the +colonies, established mail-coaches between Philadelphia and Boston in +1760. Previous to 1855 the rates of postage were according to distance. +The uniform three-cent rate was adopted in 1863. Money-order offices +were instituted in England as early as 1792. They were established in +this country in 1864, and there is no safer way to remit small amounts. +</p> +<hr /> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17723-h.htm or 17723-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17723/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17723] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + +[Illustration: John Albion Andrew] + + + + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine._ + +VOL. III. AUGUST, 1885. NO. III. + + * * * * * + + + + +JOHN ALBION ANDREW. + +THE "WAR-GOVERNOR" OF MASSACHUSETTS. + + +John Albion Andrew, the twenty-first Governor of Massachusetts, was +born, May 31, 1818, at Windham, a small town near Portland, Maine. His +father was Jonathan Andrew, who had established himself in Windham as a +small trader; his mother was Nancy Green Pierce, of New Hampshire, who +was a teacher in the celebrated academy at Fryeburg, where Daniel +Webster was once employed in the same capacity. + +Jonathan is described as having been "a quiet, reticent man, of much +intelligence and a keen perception of the ludicrous," while his wife was +"well educated, with great sweetness of temper, and altogether highly +prepossessing in appearance." There never was a more united and happy +family. The father possessed ample means for their education, and left +his household to the good management of his wife, who was admirable in +her domestic arrangements, judicious, sensible, energetic, and a rigid +disciplinarian of her children. There was a rare union of gentleness and +force in this woman, which made her generally attractive, and especially +endeared her to all who came under the influence of her character. + +Mrs. Andrew died on the 7th of March, 1832. Shortly afterwards the +husband sold out his property in Windham and removed to a farm in +Boxford, in the county where he was born. He died in September, 1849. + +John Albion, the oldest son, entered Bowdoin College in 1833, where he +pursued a course in no way remarkable. He was a studious youth, applied +himself closely to his books, and appeared to take no lively interest in +athletic sports. Notwithstanding his studiousness, he was ranked among +the lowest of his class, and was allotted no part at Commencement. Among +his fellows he was, however, exceedingly popular, and his happy +temperament, his genial nature, won him friendship which after years +only made stronger and more enduring. + +After his graduation the young man came to Boston and entered the office +of the late Henry H. Fuller, as a student of law. The attraction between +him and young Andrew was mutual, and they became almost like brothers. +It was while serving his novitiate under Mr. Fuller that Andrew became +interested in many of the reform movements of the day, and was as firm +and peculiar in one direction as his friend was in another. + +Andrew rose slowly at the bar. To his clients he simply did his duty, +and that was all. He was not a learned lawyer, nor was he in any sense a +great lawyer, and yet he expended great care and industry in looking up +his cases, and probably never lost a client who had once employed him. +We are told by one of his biographers that, "during all these years he +was not what was called a student, but was never idle." He entered +largely into the moral questions of that day; was greatly interested in +the preaching of James Freeman Clarke; a constant attendant at meeting +and the Bible-classes. Occasional lay-preaching being the custom of that +church, young Andrew sometimes occupied the pulpit and conducted the +services to the general acceptance of the people. + +Andrew did not become actively interested in politics until his +admission to the bar, and then he joined the Whig party, and became +thoroughly in earnest in advocating the Anti-Slavery movement. In 1859 +he was chosen to the lower branch of the Legislature and at once took a +prominent position. In 1860 he was nominated for Governor of the +Commonwealth, by a general popular impulse which overwhelmed the old +political managers, who regarded him as an intruder upon the arena, and +had laid other plans. He was called to the position of chief magistrate +of Massachusetts at a most momentous time, but he was found equal to the +emergency, and early acquired, by general consent, the title of "The +Great War-Governor." + +It was just on the eve of the Rebellion, and the whole North was excited +by the events which had already transpired. In his inaugural address in +January, '61, Governor Andrew advised that a portion of the militia +should be placed on a footing of activity, in order that, "in the +possible contingencies of the future the State might be ready without +inconvenient delay to contribute her share of force in any exigency of +public danger," and immediately despatched a confidential messenger to +the Governors of Maine and New Hampshire to inform them of his +determination to prepare for instant service the militia of +Massachusetts, and to invite their cooeperation. + +This is not the place nor the time to give even a _resume_ of +Governor Andrew's administration. He retired from office at the close of +1865, after a service of unexampled interest and importance in the +history of the Commonwealth. He retired with honor to himself and to the +regret of all who had known him best. We have already alluded to +Governor Andrew's interest in the question of Anti-Slavery, and it +should be stated that in regard to the emancipation of the slaves he was +among the first, as he was the most persistent advocate of a measure +which he considered the greatest blow that could be struck at the enemy, +fully justified as a measure of war and demanded by every consideration +of justice and humanity. + +Apropos of his impatience on this subject the following incident related +by one of the Governor's friends is worth recalling:-- + +"It was the summer of 1862, when emancipation was being talked a great +deal. We had not had any great successes, and everybody had a notion +that emancipation ought to come. One day the Governor sent for me to +come up to the State-House. I went up to his room, and I never shall +forget how I met him. He was signing some kind of bonds, standing at +a tall desk in the Council Chamber, in his shirt-sleeves, his fingers +all covered with ink. He said, 'How do you do? I want you to go to +Washington.'--'Why, Governor,' said I, 'I can't go to Washington +on any such notice as this; I am busy, and it is impossible for me +to go.'--'All my folks are serving their country,' said he; and he +mentioned the various services the members of his staff were engaged +in, and said with emphasis, 'Somebody must go to Washington.'--'Well, +Governor, I don't see how I can.' Said he, 'I command you to +go!'--'Well,' said I, 'Governor, put it in that way and I shall go, +of course.'--'There is something going on,' he remarked. 'This is a +momentous time.' He turned suddenly towards me and said, 'You believe in +prayer, don't you?' I said, 'Why, of course.'--'Then let us pray;' and +he knelt right down at the chair that was placed there; we both kneeled +down, and I never heard such a prayer in all my life. I never was so +near the throne of God, except when my mother died, as I was then. I +said to the Governor, 'I am profoundly impressed; and I will start this +afternoon for Washington.' I soon found out that emancipation was in +everybody's mouth, and when I got to Washington and called upon Sumner, +he began to talk emancipation. He asked me to go and see the President, +and tell him how the people of Boston and New England regarded it. I +went to the White House that evening and met the President. We first +talked about everything but emancipation, and finally he asked me what I +thought about emancipation. I told him what I thought about it, and said +that Governor Andrew was so far interested in it that I had no doubt +he had sent me on there to post the President in regard to what the +class of people I met in Boston and New York thought of it, and then +I repeated to him, as I had previously to Sumner, this prayer of the +Governor's, as well as I could remember it. The President said, 'When we +have the Governor of Massachusetts to send us troops in the way he has, +and when we have him to utter such prayers for us, I have no doubt that +we shall succeed.' In September the Governor sent for me. He had a +despatch that emancipation would be proclaimed, and it was done the next +day. You remember the President made proclamation in September to take +effect in January. Well, he and I were together alone again in the +Council Chamber. Said he, 'You remember when I wanted you to go on to +Washington?' I said, 'Yes, I remember it very well.'--'Well,' said he, +'I didn't know exactly what I wanted you to go for then. Now I will tell +you what let's do; you sing "Coronation," and I'll join with you.' So we +sang together the old tune, and also "Praise God from whom all blessings +flow." Then I sang "Old John Brown," he marching around the room and +joining in the chorus after each verse." + +After the war had begun, Governor Andrew insisted on every measure to +defeat the Confederate armies that was consistent with the laws of war. +He was especially strenuous in demanding the emancipation of the slaves, +as the following quotation from a sketch by Mr. Albert G. Browne, Jr., +the Governor's military secretary, will show:-- + +"Over the bodies of our soldiers who were killed at Baltimore he had +recorded a prayer that he might live to see the end of the war, and a +vow that, so long as he should govern Massachusetts, and so far as +Massachusetts could control the issue, it should not end without freeing +every slave in America. He believed, at the first, in the policy of +emancipation as a war measure. Finding that timid counsels controlled +the government at Washington, and the then commander of the Army of the +Potomac, so that there was no light in that quarter, he hailed the +action of Fremont in Missouri in proclaiming freedom to the Western +slaves. Through all the reverses which afterwards befell that officer he +never varied from this friendship; and when at last Fremont retired from +the Army of Virginia, the Governor offered him the command of a +Massachusetts regiment, and vainly urged him to take the field again +under our State flag. Just so, afterwards, he welcomed the similar +action of Hunter in South Carolina, and wrote in his defence the famous +letter in which he urged 'to fire at the enemy's magazine.' He was +deeply disappointed when the administration disavowed Hunter's act, for +he had hoped much from the personal friendship which was known to exist +between the General and the President. Soon followed the great reverses +of McClellan before Richmond. + +"The feelings of the Governor at this time, on the subject of +emancipation, are well expressed in a speech which he made on Aug. 10, +1862, at the Methodist camp-meeting on Martha's Vineyard. It was the +same speech in which occurs his remark since so often quoted:-- + +"'I know not what record of sin awaits me in the other world, but this I +know, that I was never mean enough to despise any man because he was +black.' + +"Referring to slavery, he said:-- + +"'I have never believed it to be possible that this controversy should +end and peace resume her sway until that dreadful iniquity has been +trodden beneath our feet. I believe it cannot, and I have noticed, my +friends (although I am not superstitious, I believe), that, from the day +our government turned its back on the proclamation of General Hunter, +the blessing of God has been withdrawn from our arms. We were marching +on conquering and to conquer; post after post had fallen before our +victorious arms; but since that day I have seen no such victories. But I +have seen no discouragement. I bate not one jot of hope. I believe that +God rules above, and that he will rule in the hearts of men, and that, +either with our aid or against it, he has determined to let the people +go. But the confidence I have in my own mind that the appointed hour has +nearly come makes me feel all the more confidence in the certain and +final triumph of our Union arms, because I do not believe that this +great investment of Providence is to be wasted.'" + +[Illustration: GOV. ANDREW'S BIRTHPLACE] + +Governor Andrew retired from office January 5, 1866, and, returning to +private life, he again entered upon a large practice at the bar, which +was lucrative as well. + +On the 30th of October, 1867, he died suddenly of apoplexy, after tea, +at his own home on Charles street, Boston. The body was laid in Mount +Auburn Cemetery, but was afterwards removed to the old burial-place in +Hingham, where a fine statue has since been erected over his grave. + +Governor Andrew was married Christmas evening, December, 1848, +to Miss Eliza Jane, daughter of Charles Hersey, of Hingham. They had +four children living at the time of his death,--John Forrester, born Nov. +26, 1850; Elizabeth Loring, born July 29, 1852; Edith, born April 5, +1854; Henry Hersey, born April 28, 1858. + +Mr. Edwin P. Whipple, who was first chosen as the most competent person +to write the biography of Governor Andrew, after examining the +Governor's private and official correspondence, affirmed that he could +discover nothing in his most private notes which was not honorable. + +[Illustration: BURIAL-PLACE AND MONUMENT, HINGHAM, MASS.] + +Says Mr. Peleg W. Chandler, in his "Memoir and Reminiscences of Governor +Andrew,"[1] a most charming volume, from which largely this sketch has +been prepared:-- + +"He passed more than twenty years in an arduous profession, and never +earned more than enough for the decent and comfortable support of his +family. He devoted his best years to the country, and lost his life in +her service. His highest ambition was to do his duty in simple faith and +honest endeavor, of such a character the well-known lines of Sir Henry +Watton are eminently applicable:-- + + "This man was free from servile bands + Of hope to rise, or fear to fall; + Lord of himself, though not of lands, + And having nothing, yet had all." + + +[Footnote 1: Published by Roberts Brothers, Boston.] + + * * * * * + + + + +THE CITY OF WORCESTER--THE HEART OF THE COMMONWEALTH. + + +By Fanny Bullock Workman. + + +The city of Worcester, forty-four miles west of Boston, lies in a valley +surrounded on all sides by hills, and covers an area which may be +roughly estimated as extending four miles in length by two in breadth, +its long axis running north and south. It is the second city in the +State in point of population, while in enterprise it yields the palm to +none of its size in the country, sending to all parts of the world its +manufactured products, the excellence of which has established the +reputation of the place in which they were produced. + +[Illustration: UNION PASSENGER STATION.] + +Worcester was first settled in the spring of 1675, under the name of +Quinsigamond. The original order of the General Court, granted Oct. +11th, 1665, was as follows:-- + + + This Court, understanding by the petition of Thomas Noyes, John Haynes + of Sudbury, and Nathaniel Treadaway of Watertown, hereunto affixed, + that there is a meete place for a Plantation about ten miles from + Marlborow, westward, at or neer Quansetamug Pond, which, that it may + be improved for that end, and not spoiled by the grantinge of farms, + in answer to the forsaid petition, This Court doth order, that there + should he a quantitie of eight miles square layd out and reserved + thereabout, in the Courts dispose, for a plantation, for the + encouragement of such persons as shall appear, any time within three + years from the date hereof, beeing men approved by this Court; and that + Capt. Edward Johnson, Lieut. Joshua Fisher, and Lieut. Thomas Noyes, + shall, and are herby appointed and empowered to lay out the same, + and to be payd by such persons as shall appear within the terme above + expressed. The Deputies have passed this with reference to the consent + of our honored Magistrates hereto. + + WILLIAM TORREY _clerk_ + + The Magistrates consent to a survey of the place petitioned for, and + that Capt. Gookin doe joine with those mentioned of our brethren the + deputies, and make return of their survey to the next General Court of + Elections, who may take order therein as they shall see meete, their + brethren the deputies hereto consenting. + + EDWARD RAWSON _Sect'y._ + + WILLIAM TORREY _Cleric._ Consented to by the deputies. + + +[Illustration: FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.] + +[Illustration: FIRST UNITARIAN CHURCH.] + +[Illustration: PLAN OF WORCESTER 1673 TO 1675.] + +At that time several persons occupied lands that had been granted them, +and built houses. This infant settlement was strangled almost at its +birth by the outbreak of King Philip's War, which spread in that year +throughout Massachusetts. The colonists, few in number, and without +adequate means of protection against the hostile savages, soon abandoned +their buildings, which were burned by the Indians, December 2, 1675. In +1684 some of the former proprietors returned to their lands, accompanied +by new settlers, and a second plantation was formed; this time under the +name of Worcester. The records relating to the fortunes of this +plantation are very meagre; but it continued to exist till 1700, or +1702, when, during the progress of the French and Indian hostilities, +owing to its exposed position, it was again deserted by its inhabitants. +One man only, Digory Serjent, remained with his family, refusing to give +up to the Indians the fields his labor had brought under cultivation. +For a time he was unmolested. The authorities sent messengers to warn +him of the danger he incurred by his rash course, and to advise his +removal with his family to a place of safety. But the warning and +admonition were alike disregarded. At last, early in the winter of 1702, +an armed force was sent to compel him to depart. They marched with due +expedition, but, being detained overnight by a severe snow-storm at a +blockhouse about two miles from his residence, they arrived too late to +attain their object, and found his body, scarcely yet cold, lying on the +floor, and his family carried captive by the Indians. Thus terminated +the second attempt at a settlement on this spot, which was again given +over for several years to desolation and decay. + +[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CHURCH.] + +The principal seat of the Indians in this vicinity was Pakachoag Hill, a +little south of where now stands the College of the Holy Cross. They +were called Nipmuck Indians, and consisted of about twenty families, +numbering about one hundred persons, under Sagamore John. Another tribe, +of about the same number, dwelt on Tatnuck Hill, under Sagamore Solomon. +John Eliot, the famous apostle to the Indians, with General Daniel +Gookins, visited these tribes in 1674; but he did not fully reclaim them +to peaceful habits, although many of them professed Christianity. + +[Illustration: CHAIR MANUFACTORY OF E.W. VAILL.] + +[Illustration: THE NEW CENTRAL CHURCH.] + +In 1713 the inhabitants, not discouraged by their former experience, one +after another returned again to take possession of their property; and +this time they returned to stay. They were joined by others, and the +population began to increase. In 1722 Worcester was incorporated as a +town, and henceforth assumed its share of responsibility with the other +towns in adopting measures for the general welfare, and contributed its +proportion of men and supplies for the common defence. Through the +stormy period preceding the War of the Revolution, the public sentiment +of Worcester sustained the rights of the Colonies, and when, on the 19th +of April, 1773, the messenger of war, on his white horse, dashed through +the town, shouting, "To arms! to arms! the war is begun," the response +was immediate; the bell was rung, cannon fired, and the minute-men, true +to name, rallied on the Common, where they were paraded by Capt. Timothy +Bigelow. At about five o'clock in the afternoon they took up their line +of march. Capt. Benjamin Flagg soon followed, with thirty-one men,--a +total of one hundred and eight men. Capt. Bigelow having halted at +Sudbury, to rest his men, was met by Capt. Flagg, when they both pushed +on to Cambridge, where the organization of the army was being made. +Timothy Bigelow, whose abilities were at once recognized, was appointed +Major in Col. Jonathan Ward's regiment. On the 24th of April another +company, of fifty-nine men, all from Worcester, enlisted under Capt. +Jonas Hubbard. During the seven dark years that followed, this town +never wavered in its devotion to the cause of liberty, and was +represented on many of the most important battle-fields, as well +as at the surrender of Yorktown, which terminated the struggle for +independence. Saturday, the 14th of July, 1776, the Declaration of +Independence was received. It was publicly read, for the first time on +Massachusetts soil, from the porch of the Old South Church, by Isaiah +Thomas, to the assembled crowd. On Sunday, after divine service, it was +read in the church. Measures were adopted for a proper celebration of +the event, and on the Monday following, the earliest commemoration of +the occasion, since hallowed as the national anniversary, took place in +the town. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: POST OFFICE AND MASONIC HALL.] + +Worcester continued to increase both in size and importance during the +first half of the present century, till, in 1848, having outgrown the +limits of a town, it was made a city, and the first city government +inaugurated, with Ex-Gov. Levi Lincoln, Mayor, and the following +Aldermen: Parley Goddard, Benjamin F. Thomas, John W. Lincoln, James +S. Woodworth, William B. Fox, James Estabrook, Isaac Davis, and Stephen +Salisbury. The City Clerk was Charles A. Hamilton; the City Treasurer, +John Boyden; and the City Marshal, George Jones. Since then it has made +rapid strides in growth, influence, and prosperity. When the call for +troops to defend Washington came, in 1861, Worcester as a city was true +to her record as a town; for within twelve hours a company started for +the seat of war, and passed through Baltimore with the Sixth +Massachusetts Regiment, on the memorable 19th of April, just eighty-six +years from the first shedding of Massachusetts blood at Lexington. + +In 1800 the population of Worcester was 2,411; in 1820 it was 2,962; +in 1840, 7,500; in 1850, 17,049; in 1860, about 25,000; in 1870, about +41,000. At the present time it is about 70,000. The first event of +consequence that gave an impetus to the growth of the town was the +opening of the Blackstone Canal, in 1828, connecting Worcester with +tide-water at Providence. This, although considered at the time a marvel +of engineering skill, and undoubtedly of great benefit to the public, +was not a successful enterprise, and on the establishment of railroads +a few years later was discontinued. + +[Illustration: WORCESTER CORSET COMPANY'S WORKS.] + +In 1831 the Boston and Worcester Railroad was incorporated and soon +built, followed at short intervals by the Western Railroad, the Norwich +and Worcester, the Nashua and Worcester, Fitchburg and Worcester, and +the Providence and Worcester railroads; thus making a centre from which +one could travel in any direction. Later the Barre and Gardner Railroad +was built, and the Boston and Worcester consolidated with the Western +Railroad. By this last corporation the Union Passenger Station was +erected, in 1877, which is one of the most costly, elegant, and +convenient edifices devoted to this business in the country. About +seventy-five trains arrive and depart daily. The advantage thus given to +Worcester over other towns in the county was great, and the results were +striking and immediate, as may be seen by reference to the figures of +population above given. The facility of communication thus afforded +caused capitalists to settle here, and manufactures rapidly sprang up +and flourished, drawing to this spot thousands of laborers, who +otherwise would have gone elsewhere. At the present time the chief +interests of the city centre in its manufactures, which embrace almost +every variety of articles made in iron, steel, and wire cotton and +woollen fabrics, leather, wood, and chemicals. + +[Illustration: FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY.] + +Among the multitude of manufactured products it is almost useless to +attempt to specify any particular ones. The same is true of the +manufacturing establishments and corporations. Mention may be made, +however, of the Washburn & Moen Wire Works, which give employment to +about three thousand operatives, established in 1831, and having a +capital of two million dollars. The power used in manufacturing is +almost exclusively steam, but water is used somewhat in the outskirts, +where streams have been dammed to make reservoirs. + +Connected with the growth of Worcester it is interesting to note that +the increase in the population has been largely from the ranks of the +laboring classes. The manner in which the city is built shows this to +the most casual observer. There are but few large estates or imposing +residences, surrounded with extensive grounds. The great majority +of the houses are made of wood, are of small size, and stand in small +enclosures. As mechanics have prospered they have bought land, and built +such houses as were suitable to their means, obtaining loans of the +savings-banks, which they have paid off gradually. This has been +especially the case the last few years, during which time the city has +extended in every direction in the manner indicated; and it is said the +greater part of the deposits in the savings-banks, as well as their +loans, have been made by and to people of the laboring class. This shows +a general prosperity, and indicates a permanency of population not seen +in many cities. During the last twenty years many people who began life +with the most modest means, or with none at all, have become wealthy; +and in almost every such case their prosperity has been due to their +connection with manufacturing interests. + +[Illustration: THE PRESENT ANTIQUARIAN HALL.] + +Worcester is exceptionally fortunate in its water-supply. This is +derived from two large reservoirs fed by running streams, each about +five miles distant from the city. One of these, called the Lynde-Brook +Reservoir, is situated in the township of Leicester. It was built in +1864, has a water-shed of 1,870 acres, and a storage capacity of +681,000,000 gallons, and an elevation of 481 feet above the City Hall. +The dam of this reservoir gave way in February, 1876, during a freshet, +and the immense mass of water was precipitated, with an unearthly roar, +into the valley below, destroying everything in its path, and carrying +rocks, earth, trees, and _debris_ to a distance of several miles. +The other, called the Holden Reservoir, is in the township of Holden. +This was built in 1883, has a water-shed of 3,148 acres, a storage +capacity of 450,000,000 gallons, and lies 260 feet above the City Hall. +There are also three distributing reservoirs at elevations of 177 to 184 +feet above the level of Main street, and supplied from the two principal +reservoirs. Thirty-inch mains connect the reservoirs with the city. The +height of the water-supply gives a pressure in the pipes at the City +Hall of from sixty to seventy-five pounds to the square inch, which is +sufficient to throw a stream of water to the tops of the highest +buildings,--a great advantage in case of fire, rendering the employment +of steam fire-engines unnecessary in those parts of the city provided +with hydrants. The water is of excellent quality, being remarkably free +from impurities, either organic or mineral. The total amount expended on +the water-works from 1864 to December 1, 1884, is $1,653,456, and the +income from water-rates for the year ending December, 1884, was +$107,515. The uneven character of the ground upon which Worcester is +built is favorable to drainage, and advantage has been taken of this +fact to construct an excellent system of sewers, which thoroughly drain +the greater parts of the city. All abutters are obliged to enter the +sewers; and no surface-drainage nor cesspools are allowed. The result is +that Worcester is a very clean city, and few places can be found either +in the city itself or in the suburbs where surface accumulations exhale +unpleasant or noxious odors. To the influence of pure water and good +drainage may partly be ascribed the general good health of the +inhabitants, and the absence, during the last few years, of anything +like an epidemic of diseases dependent upon unsanitary conditions. The +sewers all converge upon one large common sewer, which discharges its +contents into the Blackstone river at Quinsigamond. + +[Illustration: THE OLD SOUTH MEETING-HOUSE.] + +In Worcester, as in most of the smaller cities of New England, the Main +street is the chief thoroughfare and the site of many of the prominent +buildings. This street runs north and south, and is about two and a half +miles long. Near the north end, at Lincoln square, are the Court-House +and the American Antiquarian Society building. The latter contains a +large number of valuable and rare books, much sought after for reference +by students. Farther on toward the business centre are the Bay State +House--Worcester's principal hotel--and Mechanics' Hall. This hall is +one of the handsomest and largest in the State, and has a seating +capacity of about two thousand. In the centre of the city, bordering +upon Main street, is the Old Common, the original park of Worcester, now +a small breathing-place of the working class, where band concerts are +frequently given in summer. Here stand the Soldiers' Monument, designed +by Randolph Rogers, of Rome, and the Bigelow Monument, erected to +Timothy Bigelow, who commanded the minute-men who marched to Cambridge +upon receipt of the news of the Battle of Lexington, and served +throughout the Revolution as colonel of the Fifteenth Massachusetts +Regiment. At one corner of the Common, facing Main street, is the City +Hall, a small, unimposing structure, hardly worthy of the city. The +question of erecting a new one has been lately agitated. Near by stands +the Old South Church, built in 1763. The business portion of Main street +is well lined with large blocks, and the south end is laid out for +residences. + +[Illustration: ELM PARK.] + +Upon one of the hills, at the west side, stands the City Hospital, which +is well managed and kept up, and has a visiting staff of the best +physicians in the city. In connection with this institution, a +training-school for nurses has lately been established. + +The city's most imposing building is the Worcester State Lunatic Asylum, +which can be seen from the trains on the Boston and Albany Railroad. A +picturesque edifice in itself it crowns a hill about two miles east of +Worcester, and overlooks the blue waters of Lake Quinsigamond, and also +a charming stretch of hill and dale beyond. Were the softening charms of +nature a potent remedy for the diseased mind, speedy cures might be +effected in this sequestered retreat. It contains generally over seven +hundred inmates, and can accommodate more. The building, begun in 1873, +was completed in 1877, is handsomely fitted up throughout, and very +spacious. It cost one million and a quarter dollars. + +[Illustration: THE BIGELOW MONUMENT.] + +On Summer street is the Asylum for the Chronic Insane. For many years +it was the only asylum, but upon the completion of the new building the +chronic cases were removed there, and it has since been devoted to their +needs only. The Technical School, or Free Institute, is situated on a +pretty wooded acclivity on the west side. Founded in 1865. it was +endowed, through the liberality of John Boynton, of Templeton, with +$100,000, which he left as a legacy for that purpose. This school is +more particularly for mechanics, chemists, and engineers, and is +conducted on the plan of the polytechnic schools of Europe. It is the +aim of the institution to train young men in such branches as are not +usually taught in the high schools, that any mechanic or civil engineer +on leaving the establishment may be fitted in a thoroughly scientific +manner to pursue his life-work. The institution is free to +Worcester-county residents; to those outside of the county the price of +tuition is $150. The number of students accommodated is one hundred and +twenty-six. The Free Public Library, founded in 1859, is one of the best +in the State, has a circulating department of 26,000 and an intermediate +department of 14,000 books; also a reference collection of over 20,000 +volumes, bequeathed by the late Dr. John Green. An endowment fund, left +by this gentleman for the latter collection, is used to the best +advantage in procuring a great variety of encyclopaedias and other +desirable books of reference. That Worcester citizens appreciate their +opportunities in this line is indicated by the large daily patronage. +Connected with the Public Library is a well-arranged reading-room, +supplied with periodicals and daily papers, accessible at all times to +the public; also the valuable library of the Worcester District Medical +Society, containing about 6,000 volumes. The able and accomplished +librarian is Mr. S.S. Green, who not only supplies its shelves with the +newest and most desirable books for reading and reference, but is a +fountain-head of information in himself, and ever ready and willing to +answer the many questions put to him constantly by a steady concourse of +applicants. + +[Illustration: THE WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY.] + +The public-school system has been the occasion of much compliment, and +is regarded both here and elsewhere as a model one. In 1733 it was +voted, "that a school-house be built in the centre half, and that said +school house be 24 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 7 feet stud, and be +completely finished with good chimney glass," This was the first +school-house built in Worcester, and it stood at the north end of Main +street, near the middle of the present street, and there remained until +after the close of the Revolution. In 1740 L100 were granted for the +support of schools. The first Grammar school was established in 1752. +In 1755 John Adams, afterward President of the United States, taught +the Latin Grammar school here, and remained until 1758. There are now +twenty-six different school-houses, including the High School, a large +effective building, situated on Walnut street. Further accommodations +at the present time are greatly needed, the existing houses being +overcrowded. The amount last appropriated for the schools was $184,500 +for maintenance, and $20,000 for the purchase of free textbooks. Beside +the public schools there are several large and well-known educational +institutions,--the College of the Holy Cross, the Free Institute, the +Worcester Academy, the Highland Military Academy, the Oread Institute, +the State Normal School, and the Roman Catholic Parochial schools. There +are also several private schools of note. The educational interests of +the city have kept pace with its rapid and astonishing growth. + +[Illustration: OLD PAINE HOMESTEAD, LINCOLN STREET.] + +Worcester has seven national banks, four savings-banks, and one safety +deposit and trust company. + +Among a number of newspapers the chief ones have been the "Spy" and +"Evening Gazette." The "Massachusetts Spy" is one of the oldest papers +in this country, and has been published with unbroken numbers for 115 +years. It was established in Boston, in July, 1770, but was removed to +Worcester by its proprietor, Isaiah Thomas, in May, 1775. It was in +those days outspoken with regard to the difficulties between the mother +country and the colonies, and, owing to its urgent appeals for freedom +from tyranny, it became necessary to remove press and paper. Mr. Thomas +was certainly one of the most remarkable men of his day. His patriotism +never waned during the most trying days of the Revolution, and the +"Massachusetts Spy" and its editor are a part of the history of the +country. July 22, 1845, the "Daily Spy" was first issued. The first +number was on a sheet 18 by 23 inches, a trifle larger than the first +number of the "Massachusetts Spy," which was 16 by 20 inches. It has +been enlarged several times. The "National AEgis," published in 1801, in +1833 merged into the "Massachusetts Yeoman," a paper started in 1823. +The name was changed to the "Worcester Palladium." In 1829 the +"Worcester County Republican" was started, and also merged into the +"Palladium," in 1834. It was a successful paper for years, but in 1876 +it was sold to the "Spy." The "Gazette," begun in 1801 as a weekly, +became a daily in 1843, and is now an eight-page paper, the only one in +the city. In 1851 the "Daily Morning Transcript" was issued. Early in +1866 its name was changed to the "Evening Gazette," and it is now the +representative afternoon sheet of the city. There are two able and +well-conducted French weekly journals,--"Le Travailleur," and "Le +Courier de Worcester." + +[Illustration: HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING.] + +In 1719 the first church was built, near the present Old South Church, +on Main street. Previous to that time the inhabitants had held service +in their different houses, where their prayers were often interrupted by +the presence of hostile Indians, who took the occasion when the people +were absorbed in their devotions to molest them. In 1763 the present Old +South Meeting-House was built. The original dimensions were seventy feet +long, fifty-five wide, with a tower on the north side surmounted by a +spire one hundred and thirty feet high. It was commenced June 21, 1763, +and first occupied Dec. 8, 1763. There were sixty-one large square box +pews and seven long ones on each side of the broad aisle, which were +free. The building committee consisted of John Chandler, Joshua Bigelow, +Josiah Brewer, John Curtis, James Putnam. Daniel Boyden, James Goodwin, +Jacob Hemmenway, David Bigelow, Samuel Moore, and Elisha Smith. The +entire expense of the building was L1,542. + +Since the date of its erection there have been many changes and +additions, so that it now presents but little of the appearance of its +former self. + +The bell now in use was cast in 1802, and has this inscription:-- + + "The living to the church I call, + And to the grave I summon all." + + +In 1786, owing to certain disagreements, a division occurred in the +parish, some of its members leaving and forming an organization of their +own, with the Rev. Mr. Bancroft as rector. This society dedicated its +first church January 1, 1722, and this was replaced by a new structure, +of brick, in 1829, which is still in use. Since this first division new +societies have sprung up and new churches have been built, until to-day +there are forty-eight different houses of worship, among which are +eleven Congregational, eight Methodist Episcopal, seven Baptist, seven +Roman Catholic, three Protestant Episcopal, two Universalist, and two +Unitarian churches. + +On account of the encircling hills the climate of Worcester is hot in +summer, but somewhat more temperate and less subject to east winds in +winter than that of Boston. + +The surrounding country has all the charms that cultivated soil and +undulating hill-and-valley scenery can give. Good roads run in various +directions to the adjacent towns, and strangers often speak of the many +different and delightful drives to be found about Worcester. + +Three miles east of the city is the beautiful sheet of water called Lake +Quinsigamond. It is a narrow lake, about five miles long, with thickly +wooded banks, and its surface dotted with picturesque little islands. +Along its shores the Nipmuck Indians are said to have lived and hunted; +and on Wigwam Hill, a wooded eminence overlooking the water, where one +of their encampments is supposed to have been, are still occasionally +found specimens of their rude house utensils. + +A large tract of land bordering on the lake has lately been given to the +city by two Worcester gentlemen, and it is expected that in the near +future it will be cleared away and made into a public park. The only +park that the city now possesses, besides the Common, before alluded to, +is a small affair on the west side, at the foot of Elm street, one of +the principal residence streets. + + * * * * * + + + + +ABRAHAM LINCOLN. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +There is something eminently satisfactory in the reflection that, when +the new faith, "That all men are created equal," and that "Governments +are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of +the governed," was finally assailed by the slave-power of America, and +had to pass the ordeal of four years of war, a man born and reared in +poverty, deficient in education, unused to the etiquette even of +ordinary society, and untutored in the art of diplomacy and deception, +had been selected by the people of the United States to become the +representative of the new faith, and the defender of the government +established upon it. This man was ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, the +record of whose life, at once important, eventful, and tragic, it is +pleasant to recall. + +There are, in my judgment, at least four men associated with the period +of the civil war, who, in their early lives, their struggles, their +training, and their future callings, ought forever to command the +admiration of this people: Lincoln, the lowly, the exalted, the pure +man in rude marble, the plain cover to a gentle nature, the giant frame +and noble intellect; Grant, the defender of the Federal Union, the +unflinching soldier, around whose dying couch a whole nation now +lingers, whose light will shine down through future ages a warning to +conspirators, to freemen a pledge, and to the oppressed a beacon of +hope; Stanton, the lion of Buchanan's cabinet, the collaborator of +Lincoln, the supporter of Grant, gifted with the far-seeing eye of a +Carnot, spotless in character, incorruptible in integrity, great in +talent and learning, and a fit object of unhesitating trust; and John +Rogers, the American sculptor, who has offered, in his beautiful and +famous group of statuary, "The Council of War," an undying tribute to +these three great leaders in American history, and is himself worthy +to be grouped with them in our remembrance. + + "Leaves have their time to fall, + And flowers to wither at the north wind's breath, + And stars to set; but all-- + Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death!" + + +If we could have looked into a rude log-cabin in Hardin county, +Kentucky, on the morning of the 12th of February, 1809, we should have +seen an infant just born,--and with what promise of future greatness? +Looking ahead ten years, we should have discerned this infant, Abraham, +developing into youth, still living in the old log-cabin, with neither +doors nor windows, with wolves and bears for neighbors, with a shiftless +father. But his mother was dead! Still this mother had left her impress, +and she had become in that boy's heart "an angel of a mother." She made +him what he afterwards proved himself to be. Follow Abraham Lincoln +where we will,--from the cradle to the grave,--and we shall find honesty +and kindness ever distinguishing him. In his boyhood, among boys, he was +always fighting the battle of the offended and the weak; in manhood, he +was always protecting the fugitive from an angry mob; as a lawyer, +saving the widow's son from the gallows, and declining the rich fee of +an unrighteous cause; as a public debater, the fairest ever met in the +political arena; and as president of the republic, honest in his +convictions and kind to his bitterest enemies. + +Let us not forget the difficulties which it was his lot and his good +fortune to surmount. He never was six months at school in his life; and +yet, by the use of a single book and the occasional aid of a village +schoolmaster, he became an expert surveyor in six weeks! At the age of +twenty-one he accompanied his family to Illinois. One morning, when +seated at the breakfast-table of his employer, Lincoln was told that a +man living six miles away had a copy of an English grammar. He left the +table at once, and went and borrowed the book. During the long winter +evenings that followed, in the light of the village cooper's shop, he +pored over the pages of that book,--studying the science of language, +the theory of human speech, and qualifying himself to become the author +of one of the three great State papers of modern times, by the light of +burning shavings! + +But we leave that early life of his, which, in rude simplicity, repeats +"the short and simple annals of the poor." + +In 1832 Black Hawk, the celebrated Indian chief, then in his +sixty-seventh year, crossed the Mississippi to regain the Rock River +valley,--the scene of his early trials and triumphs. His coming meant +war upon the pale-faced stranger, that had ventured to possess the +hunting-grounds of the red men. Several companies of volunteers were +raised to meet him, and Abraham Lincoln served as captain of one of +them. + +When the war was over Lincoln returned to New Salem, his home in +Illinois, and shortly afterwards began the study of the law. He was +still poor in purse, his clothing was threadbare, but his ambition was +immense. He often pursued his study in the shade of a tree. One day +Squire Godbey--a very good man he was, too, so we are told--saw him +seated on a pile of wood, absorbed in a book, when, according to the +squire, the following dialogue took place: "Says I, 'Abe, what are you +studying?'--'Law,' says he. 'Great God Almighty!' says I." Studying law +astride of a wood-pile, probably barefooted, was too great a shock for +the squire's susceptible nature. He continued to study, then to practise +a little without fee, and finally was admitted to the bar in 1836. + +Judge Davis, once on the Supreme Bench of the United States, a man +spotless alike upon the throne of justice and in his daily walk, was +upon intimate terms with Lincoln for upwards of twenty years, and during +more than half of that period sat upon the judicial bench before which +Lincoln most frequently practised. No one is abler than he to speak of +Lincoln as a lawyer,--a lawyer who became one of the first of the +Western bar,--a bar that can proudly point to its Carpenter, its +Trumbull, its Ryan, and its Davis. He says:-- + + + "The framework of Lincoln's mental and moral being was honesty; and a + wrong cause was poorly defended by him. The ability which some eminent + lawyers possess of explaining away the bad points of a cause by + ingenious sophistry was denied him. In order to bring into full activity + his great powers it was necessary that he should be convinced of the + right and justice of the matter which he advocated. When so convinced, + whether the cause was great or small, he was usually successful. + + "He hated wrong and oppression everywhere; and many a man whose + fraudulent conduct was undergoing review in a court of justice has + writhed under his terrific indignation and rebukes. He was the most + simple and unostentatious of men in his habits, having few wants, and + those easily supplied." + + +In 1837 Mr. Lincoln removed to Springfield, Ill., where he entered into +partnership with his old friend, John T. Stuart; and this partnership +continued until 1841. In 1834 he had been elected to the Legislature, +and after his removal to Springfield he was again chosen to that body. +It was during this period that he found the nerve, when it did require +courage, to express and record his protest against the injustice of +slavery. Twice as a youth he had made a trip to New Orleans,--in 1828 +and 1831,--and on his second visit had for the first time observed +slavery in its most brutal and revolting form. He had gone into the very +centre of a slave mart, had seen families sold, the separation forever +of husband and wife, of parent and child. When we recall how deeply he +always sympathized with suffering, brute as well as human, and his +strong love of justice, we can realize how deeply he was affected by +these things. His companions on this trip have attempted to describe his +indignation and grief. They said. "His heart bled. He was mad, +thoughtful, abstracted, sad, and depressed." + +The years which Mr. Lincoln passed in Springfield were the preparatory +years of his future greatness. From this time onward he was ever a busy +man. + +He was once associated with Mr. Swett in defending a man accused of +murder. He listened to the testimony which witness after witness gave +against his client until his honest heart could stand it no longer; +then, turning to his associate, he said: "Swett, the man is guilty; you +defend him: I can't." Swett _did_ defend him, and the man was +acquitted. When proffered his share of the large fee Lincoln most +emphatically declined it, on the ground that "all of it belonged to Mr. +Swett, whose ardor and eloquence saved a _guilty_ man from +justice." + +At another time, when a would-be client had stated the facts of his +case, Mr. Lincoln replied: "Yes; there is no reasonable doubt but I can +gain your case for you. I can set a whole neighborhood at loggerheads. +I can distress a widowed mother and her six fatherless children, and +thereby get for you $600, which rightfully belongs, it seems to me, as +much to the woman and her children as it does to you. You must remember +that some things that are _legally_ right are not _morally_ +right. I shall not take your case, but will give you a little advice, +for which I will charge you nothing. You appear to be a sprightly, +energetic man: I would advise you to try your hand at making $600 some +other way." + +I turn now to another phase of his nature, and recall that he had not +grown up to manhood without the usual experiences of the tender passion. +It was while he was yet living at New Salem that his heart opened to a +fair, sweet-tempered, and intelligent girl, with the romantic name of +Anne Rutledge. They were engaged to be married as soon as he should be +admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. But in August, 1835, she died. +Her beauty and her attractions and her early death made a very deep +impression upon him. We are told that he idealized her memory, and in +his recollections of her there was a poetry of sentiment, which might +possibly have been lessened, had she lived, by the prosaic realities of +life. With all his love of fun and frolic, with all his wit and humor, +with all his laughter and anecdotes, Lincoln, from his youth, was a man +of deep feeling. We have it on the authority of the most reliable of his +biographers, that he always associated with the memory of Anne Rutledge +the poem which, in his hours of despondency, he so often repeated:-- + + + "Oh! why should the spirit of mortal be proud? + Like a swift fleeting meteor, a fast flying cloud, + A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, + He passeth from life to his rest in the grave. + + "The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, + Be scattered around, and together be laid; + And the young and the old, and the low and the high, + Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie." + + +I never read this beautiful poem, so full of the true philosophy of +life, so suggestive of the rich promises of the hereafter, that I do not +think of the great president. He first found it in the columns of a +newspaper, cut it out, carried it in his pocket, and treasured it in his +memory for many years without knowing who was its author. + +It would be pleasant to trace the years spent by Mr. Lincoln in the +State Legislature, and to revert to some of the speeches and occasional +addresses belonging to those years, which, in the light of his +subsequent history, are strangely significant. In the early period of +his legislative career he became acquainted with Stephen A. Douglas, +while the latter was a school-teacher at Winchester. Douglas was a man +of extraordinary powers, and one of the readiest of the American +debaters of his time. As the years went on he became actively interested +in politics, and at length assumed the leadership of the Democrats in +Illinois, while Lincoln became the standard-bearer of the Whigs. When +party platforms were promulgated, upon the eve of important contests, +these two statesmen, by the unanimous consent of their supporters, were +selected to debate the merits of their respective political creeds +before the people. A series of joint discussions was arranged to take +place in the various important towns of the State. The assemblages were +large, and were composed of men of all parties. The discussion opened +with a speech of an hour, from one of the debaters; the other replied in +an address of an hour and a half; a rejoinder of half an hour brought +the discussion to a close. At the next meeting the order of speaking was +reversed, and by this arrangement the "last word" was indulged in +alternately by each debater. + +During the various joint discussions held between the eloquent political +orators who were chosen to represent the Anti-Slavery and Democratic +parties, it may fairly be asserted that Lincoln opposed, while Douglas +defended, directly or indirectly, the slave interests of the country. +The former always felt that slavery was wrong, and in seeking a remedy +for the existing evil he followed in the footprints of Henry Clay. He +advocated gradual emancipation, with the consent of the people of the +slave States, and at the expense of the General Government. In his great +speech against the Kansas and Nebraska bill, he said, "Much as I hate +slavery, I would consent to its extension rather than see the Union +dissolved, just as I would consent to any great evil to avoid a greater +one." + +The debates between Lincoln and Douglas, especially those of the year +1858, were unquestionably the most important in American history. The +speeches of Mr. Lincoln, as well as of the "Little Giant" who opposed +him, were circulated and read throughout the Union, and did more than +any other agency to create the public opinion which prepared the way for +the overthrow of slavery. As another has said, "The speeches of John +Quincy Adams and of Charles Sumner were more scholarly; those of Lovejoy +and Wendell Phillips were more vehement and impassioned; Senators +Seward, Hale, Trumbull, and Chase spoke from a more conspicuous forum; +but Lincoln's were more philosophical, while as able and earnest as any, +and his manner had a simplicity and directness, a clearness of statement +and felicity of illustration, and his language a plainness and +Anglo-Saxon strength, better adapted than any other to reach and +influence the common people,--the mass of the voters." + +From 1847 to March 4, 1849, Mr. Lincoln served a term in Congress, +where he acted with his party in opposing the Mexican war. In 1855 he +was a prominent candidate for the United States Senate, but was +defeated. From the ruins of the old Whig party and the acquisition of +the Abolitionists, the Republican had been formed, and of this party, in +Illinois, Mr. Lincoln became, in 1858, the senatorial candidate. Again +he was defeated, by his adversary Mr. Douglas. Lincoln felt aggrieved, +for he had carried the popular vote of his State by nearly 4,000 votes. +When questioned by a friend upon this delicate point, he said that he +felt "like the boy that stumped his toe,--it hurt him too much to laugh, +and he was too big to cry." + +In his speech at Springfield, with which the campaign of 1858 opened, +Mr. Lincoln made the compromisers of his party tremble by enunciating +a doctrine which, they claimed, provoked defeat. He said: "'A house +divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this Government cannot +permanently endure half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union +to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it +will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other; +either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, +and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is +in a course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it +forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States,--old as +well as new, North as well as South." + +These were prophetic words; and they were spoken by a man born in the +slave State of Kentucky. It was the truth, the fearless truth, uttered +in advance of even the acknowledged leader of the Republican party, +Governor Seward, of New York. The simple assertion of that truth cost +Lincoln a seat in the United States Senate; but it set other men's minds +to thinking, and in 1860 the PEOPLE, following the path made through the +forest of error by a pioneer in the cause of truth, came to similar +conclusions, and made "Honest Old Abe" Chief Magistrate of the republic. + +On the 10th of May, 1860, the Republican convention of Illinois met +at Decatur, in Macon county, to nominate State officers and appoint +delegates to the National Presidential Convention. Decatur was not far +from where Lincoln's father had settled and worked a farm in 1830, and +where young Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Hanks had split the rails for +enclosing the old pioneer's first cornfield. Mr. Lincoln was present, +simply as an observer, at the convention. Scarcely had he taken his seat +when General Oglesby arose, and remarked that an old Democrat of Macon +county desired to make a contribution to the convention. Two old fence +rails were then brought in, bearing the inscription: "Abraham Lincoln, +the rail candidate for the Presidency in 1860. Two rails from a lot of +three thousand, made in 1830, by Thomas Hanks and Abe Lincoln, whose +father was the first pioneer of Macon county." + +The effect of this contribution can well be imagined: at once it became +useless to talk in Illinois of any other man than Abraham Lincoln for +President. + +On the 16th of May the National Republican Convention was called +together in Chicago. The convention met in a large building called the +"Wigwam," which had been constructed specially for the occasion. The +contest for the nomination lay between William H. Seward of New York and +Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. On the third ballot, as we know, the latter +was nominated. I was but a youth on that memorable day, but I vividly +recollect that I was standing, with other urchins, nearly opposite the +"Wigwam," and was startled when a man stationed on top of the building +yelled out, "Fire: Lincoln is nominated!" Then followed the roar of +cannon and cheers upon cheers. + +When the news reached Mr. Lincoln he was chatting with some friends +in the office of the "Sangamon Journal," in Springfield. He read the +telegram aloud, and then said: "There is a little woman down at our +house who will like to hear this. I'll go down and tell her." The +"little woman" was his wife, whom, as Mary Todd, he had won in 1842, and +he knew that she was more anxious that he should be President than he +himself was. + +On the 7th of November, 1860, it was known throughout the country that +Lincoln had been elected. From that very hour dates the conspiracy +which, by easy stages and successive usurpations of authority, +culminated in rebellion. It is painful now to revert to the events which +marked its progress. There is not a man living to-day, I trust, that +does not wish they could be blotted out from our history. While watching +the course of these events Mr. Lincoln chanced one day to be talking +with his friend, Newton Bateman, a highly respectable and Christian +gentleman, and Superintendent of Public Instruction in Illinois. I can +only quote a part of the interview, as furnished by Mr. Bateman himself: +"I know there is a God," said Lincoln; "and he hates injustice and +slavery. I see the storm coming. I know that his hand is in it. If he +has a place and work for me,--and I think he has,--I believe I am ready. +I am nothing; but truth is everything, I know I am right, because I know +that liberty is right; for Christ teaches it; and Christ is God. I have +told them that 'a house divided against itself cannot stand,' and Christ +and reason say the same; and they will find it so. + +"Douglas doesn't care whether slavery is voted up or down; but God +cares, and humanity cares, and I care; and with God's help I shall not +fail. I may not see the end, but it will come, and I shall be +vindicated; and these men will find that they have not read their Bible +aright." + +We are told that, after a pause, he resumed: "Does it not appear strange +that men can ignore the moral aspects of this contest? A revelation +could not make it plainer to me that slavery or the Government, must be +destroyed. The future would be something awful, as I look at it, but for +this rock on which I stand." He alluded to the Testament which he held +in his hand, and which his mother--"to whom he owed all that he was, or +hoped to be"--had first taught him to read. + +There is nothing in history more pathetic than the scene when, on the +11th of February, 1861, Abraham Lincoln bade a last farewell to his home +of a quarter of a century. + +To his friends and neighbors he said, while grasping them by the hand, +"I go to assume a task more difficult than that which has devolved +upon any other man since the days of Washington. He never would have +succeeded except for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at all +times relied. I feel that I cannot succeed without the same divine +blessing which sustained him, and on the same Almighty Being I place my +reliance for support." The profound religious feeling which pervades +this farewell speech characterized him to the close of his life. + +All along the route Lincoln preached the gospel of confidence, +conciliation, and peace. Notwithstanding the ominous signs of the times, +he had such an abiding faith in the people as to believe that the +guarantees of all their rights under the Constitution, of +non-intervention with the institution of slavery where it existed, and +the assurance of a most friendly spirit on the part of the new President +would calm the heated passion of the men of the South, would reclaim +States already in secession, and would retain the rest of the cotton +States under the banner of the Union. What a striking evidence of the +lingering hope and of the tender heart of the President is afforded by +his first inaugural address! + +"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is +the momentous issue of civil war. + +"The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without +being yourselves the aggressors; you can have no oath registered in +heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn +one,--'to preserve, protect, and defend it.' + +"I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be +enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break, our bonds +of affection. + +"The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and +patriot grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this broad +land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as +surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." + +Abraham Lincoln took the helm of government in more dangerous times and +under more difficult and embarrassing circumstances than any of the +fifteen presidents who preceded him. The ship of Union was built and +launched and first commanded by Washington. + + + "He knew what master laid her keel, + What workmen wrought her ribs of steel, + Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, + What anvils rang, what hammers beat, + In what a forge and what a heat + Were shaped the anchors of her hope." + + +The men whom he chose as her first crew were those who had helped to +form her model. During succeeding generations inefficient hands were +occasionally shipped to take the place of worn-out members of the +original crew. Often the vessel was put out of her course to serve the +personal ends of this or that sailor, and ere long mutiny broke out +among her passengers, headed by John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. +Finally, a man ignorant in the science of astronomy and navigation, +feeble alike in heart and arm, became, nominally, commander, but really +the cat's-paw, of his crew, at whose bidding the ship was steered. When +Abraham Lincoln was called to the helm he found the once stanch, strong +vessel in a leaky, damaged condition, with her compasses deranged, her +rudder broken, and the luminous star by which Washington guided his +course dimmed by a cloud of disunion and doubt. When the belching cannon +opened upon Sumter, then it was that the ship of State was found to be +all but stranded on the shoals,--Treason. + +We are all aware of the story of that struggle. We can never forget +the story, for there is yet a "vacant chair," that recalls it in many +a home. The manner in which President Lincoln conducted the affairs of +the government during that struggle forms an important chapter in the +history of the world for that period. After Good Friday comes Easter; +after the day of dejection and doubt comes the day of recompense and +rejoicing. To my mind there is that in the life-work of President +Lincoln which itself consecrates every soldier's grave, and makes the +tenant of that grave more worthy of his sublime dying. It added honor +to honor to have fallen, serving under such a commander. + +It was midsummer, 1862, and at a time when the whole North was +depressed, that the President convened his cabinet to talk over the +subject-matter of the Emancipation Proclamation. On the 22d of September +ensuing it was published to the world. It was the act of the President +alone. It exhibited far-seeing sagacity, courage, independence, and +statesmanship. The final proclamation was issued on the 1st of January, +1863. On that day the President had been receiving calls, and for hours +shaking hands. As the paper was brought to him by the Secretary of State +to be signed, he said, "Mr. Seward, I have been shaking hands all day, +and my right hand is almost paralyzed. If my name ever gets into history +it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it. If my hand trembles +when I sign the proclamation those who examine the document hereafter +will say, 'He hesitated.'" Then, resting his arm a moment, he turned +to the table, took up the pen, and slowly and firmly wrote, ABRAHAM +LINCOLN. He smiled as, handing the paper to Mr. Seward, he said "That +will do." + +This was the pivotal act of his administration; but this humane +and just promise to liberate four millions of slaves, to wipe out a +nation's disgrace, was followed by the darkest and most doubtful days +in the history of America. Grant, in the lowlands of Louisiana, was +endeavoring, against obstacles, to open the Mississippi; but, with all +his energy, he accomplished nothing. McClellan's habit of growling at +the President had become intolerable, and Burnside superseded him in +command of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside advanced against Lee, +fought him at Fredericksburg, and was repulsed with terrible disaster. +Then the army broke camp for another campaign, the elements opposed, +Burnside gave way to Hooker. The soldiers became disheartened, and +thousands deserted to their homes in the North. The President's +proclamation was now virtually a dead letter; people looked upon it +and characterized it as a joke. But there came at last a break in the +clouds, and on Independence Day, 1863, the star of liberty and union +appeared upon the distant sky as a covenant that God had not forsaken +the Prophet of the West,--the Redeemer of the Slave. I can find no more +fitting words to characterize Grant's victory at Vicksburg than those +which the young and brave McPherson used in his congratulatory address +to the brave men who fought for the victory:-- + +"The achievements of this hour will give a new meaning to this memorable +day; and Vicksburg will heighten the glory in the patriot's heart, which +kindles at the mention of Bunker Hill and Yorktown. The dawn of a +conquered peace is breaking before you. The plaudits of an admiring +world will hail you wherever you go." + +Take it altogether it was perhaps the most brilliant operation of the +war, and established the reputation of Grant as one of the greatest +military leaders of any age. He, the last of the triumvirate, is passing +away; and, in this connection, no apology is needed in quoting the +letter which the President wrote with his own hand, and transmitted to +him, on receipt of the glorious tidings:-- + + + MY DEAR GENERAL,--I do not remember that you and I ever met personally. + I write this now as a grateful acknowledgment for the almost + inestimable service you have done the country. I wish to say a word + further. When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg I thought you + should do what you finally did,--march the troops across the neck, run + the batteries with the transports, and then go below; and I never had + any faith, except a general hope, that you knew better than I that the + Yazoo-Pass expedition and the like could succeed. When you got below, + and took Fort Gibson, Grand Gulf, and vicinity, I thought you should go + down the river and join Gen. Banks; and when you turned northward, east + of the Big Black, I thought it was a mistake. I now wish to make the + personal acknowledgment that you were right, and I was wrong. + + +And recall now the never-to-be-forgotten scenes at Gettysburg. The Union +army had been defeated at Chancellorsville, and Gen. Lee, having assumed +the offensive, had been making the greatest preparations for striking +a decisive blow. Already had he passed through Maryland; he was now in +Pennsylvania. But valiant men were there to meet and oppose. The fate +of the day, the fate of the Confederacy, was staked upon the issue. I +cannot picture the battle; but we all know the result, and how great was +the rejoicing in the North when, on that 4th day of July, the tidings of +the fall of Vicksburg and the victory at Gettysburg reached the country. + +A portion of the battle-field of Gettysburg was set apart as a +resting-place for the heroes who fell on that bloody ground. In November +of that year the ceremony of consecration took place. Edward Everett, +the orator and the scholar, delivered the oration; it was a polished +specimen of his consummate skill. After him rose President +Lincoln,--"simple, rude, his care-worn face now lighted and glowing with +intense feeling." He simply read the touching speech which is already +placed among the classics of our language:-- + +"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this +continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the +proposition that all men are created equal. + +"Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, +or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met +on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of +it as the final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that +that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we +should do this. + +"But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we +cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who +struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or +detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we +_say_ here; but it can never forget what they _did_ here. It +is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished +work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to +be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these +honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here +gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that +the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, +have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the +people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." + +There have been but four instances in history in which great deeds have +been celebrated in words as immortal as themselves: the epitaph upon the +dead Spartan band at Thermopylae; the words of Demosthenes on those who +perished at Marathon; the speech of Webster in memory of those who laid +down their lives at Bunker Hill; and these words of Lincoln on the hill +at Gettysburg. As he closed, and while his listeners were still sobbing, +he grasped the hand of Mr. Everett, and said. "I congratulate you on +your success."--"Ah," replied the orator, gracefully, "Mr. President, +how gladly would I exchange all my hundred pages to have been the author +of your twenty lines!" + +I forbear to dwell longer on the events of the war. The tide had turned, +and the end was already foreseen. Notwithstanding that Mr. Lincoln had +proved the righteousness of his course, a great many people in the +North--and many even in his own party--were opposed to his nomination +for a second term. The disaffected nominated Gen. Fremont, upon the +platform of the suppression of the Rebellion, the Monroe doctrine, and +the election of President and Vice-President by the direct vote of the +people, and for one term only. The Democratic party declared the war for +the Union a failure, and very properly nominated McClellan. It required +a long time for the General to make up his mind in regard to accepting +the nomination; and, in conversations upon the subject with a friend, +Lincoln suggested that perhaps he might be _entrenching_. The +election was held, and Lincoln received a majority greater than was ever +before given to a candidate for the presidency. The people this time +were like the Dutch farmer,--they believed that "it was not best to swap +horses when crossing a stream." + +On the 4th of March, 1865, he delivered that memorable inaugural address +which is truly accounted one of the ablest state papers to be found in +the archives of America. It concludes with these words:-- + +"With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the +right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are +in,--to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have +borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may +achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with +all nations." + +Read and reread this whole address. Since the days of Christ's Sermon +on the Mount, where is the speech of ruler that can compare with it? +No other in American annals has so impressed the people. Said a +distinguished statesman from New York, on the day of its delivery, +"A century from to-day that inaugural will be read as one of the most +sublime utterances ever spoken by man. Washington is the great man of +the era of the Revolution. So will Lincoln be of this; but Lincoln will +reach the higher position in history." + +Four years before, Mr. Lincoln, an untried man, had assumed the reins of +government; now, he was the faithful and beloved servant of the people. +Then, he was ridiculed and caricatured; and some persons even found +fault with his dress, just as the British ambassador found fault with +the dress of the author of the Declaration of Independence. The +ambassador is forgotten, but Jefferson will live as long as a government +of the people, by the people, and for the people, endures. While he +lived Lincoln was shamefully abused by the people and press of the land +of his forefathers; and not until the shot was fired--not until the +blood of the just--the ransom of the slave--was spilled, did England +throw off the cloak of prejudice, and acknowledge-- + + + "This king of princes-peer, + This rail-splitter, a true-born king of men." + + +It is well known that not all of Mr. Lincoln's friends invariably +harmonized with his views. Of the number of these Horace Greeley stood +foremost, and undoubtedly caused the President great anxiety upon +several occasions. He never did things by halves; and, whenever he +undertook to do a thing, the whole country, believing in the honesty and +purity of his motives, gave to him a willing ear. From the editorial +sanctum of the "Tribune" many a sharp and soul-stirring letter went +forth addressed to the executive of the nation. Mr. Lincoln read them, +oftentimes replied to them, but very rarely heeded the counsel which +they contained. When the President was struck down, Mr. Greeley, who +differed so widely from him, mourned the loss of a very dear friend. + +Charles Sumner often differed from the President, and on the floor of +the Senate Chamber frequently gave utterance to statements which carried +grief into the White House. But Mr. Lincoln knew and understood Charles +Sumner. An incident may here be recalled. The President was solicitous +that his views, as embodied in an act then claiming the attention of +Congress, should become law prior to the adjournment of that body on the +4th of March. Mr. Sumner opposed the bill, because he thought it did not +sufficiently guard the interests of the freedmen of that State. Owing to +the opposition of the Senator and a few of his friends the bill was +defeated. Mr. Lincoln felt displeased, and the newspapers throughout the +country published that the friendship which had so long existed between +the two men was at an end. + +But Mr. Lincoln was not a man who would withdraw friendship on account +of an honest difference of opinion. It was not he who made the mistake +of urging the dismissal of Mr. Sumner from the chairmanship of the +Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. On the 4th of March Mr. Lincoln +was reinaugurated; on the evening of the 6th occurred the Inauguration +Ball. Mr. Sumner had never attended one of these state occasions, and he +did not purpose doing so at this time until he received, in the course +of the afternoon, the following letter:-- + + + DEAR MR. SUMNER,--Unless you send me word to the contrary, I shall + this evening call with my carriage at your house, to take you with + me to the Inauguration Ball. + + Sincerely yours, + + ABRAHAM LINCOLN. + + +The great Senator entered the ball-room, with Mrs. Lincoln leaning on +his arm, and took his seat by the side of the President. The evening was +pleasantly spent, and the newspapers at once discovered how great a +blunder they had made. + +At length the curtain fell upon the bloody scenes of the war. Under the +mighty blows of Grant and his lieutenants the Rebellion was crushed. +On a bright day the President, accompanied by Mr. Sumner, entered the +streets of Richmond, and witnessed the grateful tears of thousands of +the race he had redeemed from bondage and disgrace. Having returned to +Washington, he convened a cabinet council on the 14th of April. During +the session his heart overflowed with kind and charitable thoughts +towards the South, and towards those officers who had deserted the flag +of their country in her trying hour he poured out a forgiving spirit. + +After that cabinet meeting he went to drive with Mrs. Lincoln,--they two +were alone. "Mary," said he, "we have had a hard time of it since we +came to Washington; but the war is over, and, with God's blessing, we +may hope for four years of peace and happiness, and then we will go back +to Illinois and pass the rest of our lives in quiet. We have laid by +some money, and during this term we will try and save up more, but shall +not have enough to support us. We will go back to Illinois, and I will +open a law-office at Springfield or Chicago, and practise law, and at +least do enough to help give us a livelihood." Such were the dreams of +Abraham Lincoln the last day of his life. The whole world knows the +remainder of the story,--of that terrible night at the theatre; of that +passing away in the early dawn of the morning; of that sad and mournful +passage from the Capitol to the grave at Oak Ridge Cemetery. It is +painful to dwell upon it; it makes the heart faint even to recall it. + +ABRAHAM LINCOLN needs no eulogy. There is but one other name in +American history which can be mentioned with his as that of a peer,--the +name of Washington. He was as pure, and just, and as patriotic as the +Father of his Country. He was born of his time, a creature of the age of +giants, a genius from the people, all the greater for his struggles, for +he really did more than any man of his day to destroy caste and give +courage to the lowly; and therein he wrote the brightest pages of +progress. The shaft that marks his silent resting-place, the books he +read, the office he used, the strong body that covered his warm heart +and wise purposes, were only the outer symbols to the higher gifts of +his Creator. All gifts and graces are not found in one person. He is +great in whom the good predominates. All persons are not born equal. +Gifts are diversified; but if ever a man had the "genius of greatness," +it was Abraham Lincoln. As all are eloquent in that which they know, he +was eloquent in what he both knew and did. + +A few words more. The President left a heart-broken widow, a woman whose +intellect was shattered by one of the most awful shocks in human +history. No mind can picture the agonies which she suffered, even till +the day of her death, on July 16, 1882. I make mention of her now, +because, during her eventful life in Washington and afterwards, she was +most cruelly treated by a portion of the press and people. I can +conceive of nothing so unmanly, so devoid of every chivalric impulse, as +the abuse of this poor, wounded, and bereft woman. But I am reminded of +the splendid outburst of eloquence on the part of Edmund Burke, when, +speaking of the heart-broken Queen of France, he said:-- + +"Little did I dream that I should live to see such disasters fall upon +her in a nation of gallant men,--a nation of men of honor, cavaliers. +I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to +avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. But the age of +chivalry is gone." + + + "Lincoln was incontestably the greatest man I ever knew. What marked + him was his sincerity, his kindness, his clear insight into affairs, + his firm will and clear policy. I always found him preeminently a + clear-minded man. The saddest day of my life was that of Lincoln's + assassination."--U.S. GRANT. + + +[The death of GENERAL GRANT has occurred since this article was put into +type.--_Ed._] + + * * * * * + + + + +NANTASKET BEACH. + + +By Edward P. Guild. + + +The outline of Boston harbor somewhat resembles a very irregular +letter C, with its open side facing to the north-east. The upper horn +terminates with Point Shirley, in the town of Winthrop. The lower horn +is a narrow ridge of land of varying width, extending four miles from +the mainland, then abruptly turning to the westward for three miles. +This peninsula is the town of Hull; the sharp elbow is Point Allerton. + +The stretch of four miles from the point to the mainland is of greatly +varying width, the harbor side being of most irregular and fantastic +outline; but the side toward the sea is smooth and even, and forms +Nantasket Beach,--one of the most popular watering-places on the +Atlantic coast. + +The development of Nantasket as a summer resort began a long time ago, +although the era of large hotels and popular excursions began in the +last few years. Forty or fifty vears ago people from Boston, Dorchester, +Hingham, and other towns, when hungering for a sniff of unalloyed +sea-breeze, or a repast of the genuine clam-chowder, were in the habit +of resorting to this beach, where they could pitch their tents, or +find accommodations in the rather humble cottages which were already +beginning to dot the shore. That the delights of the beach were +appreciated then is evinced by the habitual visits of many noted men of +the time, among them Daniel Webster, who often came here for recreation, +usually bringing his gun with him that he might indulge his sporting +proclivities; and, according to his biographer, "he was a keen +sportsman. Until past the age of sixty-five he was a capital shot; and +the feathered game in his neighborhood was, of course, purely wild. He +used to say, after he had been in England, that shooting in 'preserves' +seemed to him very much like going out and murdering the barn-door +fowl. His shooting was of the woodcock, the wild-duck, and the various +marsh-birds that frequent the coast of New England.... Nor would he +unmoor his dory with his 'bob and line and sinker,' for a haul of cod or +hake or haddock, without having Ovid, or Agricola, or Pharsalia, in the +pocket of his old gray overcoat, for the 'still and silent hour' upon +the deep." + +Another frequent visitor--Peter Peregrine--wrote: "The Nantasket Beach +is the most beautiful I ever saw. It sweeps around in a majestic curve, +which, if it were continued so as to complete the circle, would of +itself embrace a small sea. There was a gentle breeze upon the water, +and the sluggish waves rolled inward with a languid movement, and broke +with a low murmur of music in long lines of foam against the opposite +sands. The surface of the sea was, in every direction, thickly dotted +with sails; the air was of a delicious temperature, and altogether it +was a scene to detain one for hours." + +Evidently, Peter was a lover of nature at the sea-side; but to show that +those who sojourned here forty years ago were not unexposed to ridicule, +the following extract is given from a letter written from Hull in 1846: +"The public and private houses at Nantasket are overrun with company, +chiefly from Boston. Some of our fashionable people, as the rich are +vulgarly called, will leave their airy, cool, well-appointed +establishments in Boston, with every luxury the market affords, in the +vain hope of finding comfort in such houses. They will leave their city +palaces, the large and convenient rooms, comfortable bedsteads and +mattresses, and all the delicacies of the season, and submit to being +stowed away on straw-beds or cots, even upon the floor, half-a-dozen in +a small chamber, or four deep in an entry, to be half-starved into the +bargain upon badly cooked fish and other equally cheap commodities, for +the mere sake of being able to think that they are enjoying the +sea-breeze." Had the writer of this satire lived to lodge for a night in +one of the palace hotels which now adorn Nantasket Beach he would have +sung another song. + +The peninsula of Hull is graced by three gentle elevations,--Atlantic +Hill, a rocky eminence marking the southern limit of the beach; Sagamore +Hill, a little farther to the north; and Strawberry Hill, about midway +to Point Allerton. The last of these elevations is the most noted of +the three. On its summit is an old barn, which is not only a well-known +landmark for sea-voyagers, but a point of the triangulations of the +official harbor surveys. In 1775 a large barn, containing eighty tons +of hay, was burned on this spot by the Americans, that it might not be +secured by the British. The splendid scene which this fire must have +produced was doubtless applauded with even more enthusiasm than the +great illuminations which are now a part of each season's events at the +beach. + +It is said that fierce conflicts among the savages used to often occur +on the plains extending toward Point Allerton, before these parts were +invaded by the white man. The theory has arisen from the finding of +large numbers of skulls, bones, arrows, tomahawks, and other relics in +this locality. + +The trip to Nantasket from Boston by boat on a summer day is most +delightful, affording a sail of an hour among the most interesting +objects of Boston harbor. The point of departure is at Rowe's wharf, +near the foot of Broad street, where the passenger steps on board one of +the well-equipped steamers of the Boston and Hingham Steamboat Company. +The course down to Nix's Mate, and thence to Pemberton, is quite +straight, but the route the remainder of the way, especially after +entering Weir river, is so tortuous as to cause the passenger to +constantly believe that the boat is just going to drive against the +shore. Upon the arrival at Nantasket pier the passenger is aware that he +is at a popular resort. Barges and coaches line the long pier; ambitious +porters give all possible strength of inflection to the names of their +respective hotels; while innumerable _menu_ cards are thrust into +the visitors' hands, each calling particular attention to the chowders +of the ------ House as being the best to be had on the New England +coast. + +Two minutes' walk is sufficient to cross from the steamboat-pier over +the narrow ridge of land to the beach. The difference between one side +and the other is very striking. On the one is the still, dark water of +Weir river; on the other, the open sea and the rolling surf. The beach +at once impresses the visitor as being remarkably fine, and, indeed, it +is equalled by none on the coast, unless, possibly, by Old Orchard. The +sands are hard and firm, and at low tide form a spacious boulevard for +driving or walking. Before the eye is the open sea, dotted here and +there with glistening sails. The long, dark vessel which appears in the +distance, about four o'clock on Saturday afternoon, is a Cunard steamer, +which has just left East Boston for its voyage to Liverpool. For two or +three hours it is in sight, slowly and majestically moving toward the +horizon. + +The scene on the beach is in marked contrast to what might have been +witnessed a generation ago. Then one would have found here and there +a family group just driven down in the old-fashioned carryall, and +enjoying a feast of clam-chowder cooked over a fire of drift-wood. Now +the beach is thronged by crowds of many thousands; immense hotels vie +with those of the metropolis in grandeur; there are avenues and parks, +flying horses, tennis-grounds, shops for the sale of everything that the +city affords, and some that it does not, dog-carts and goat-wagons, +fruit and peanut-stands, bowling-alleys, shooting-targets, and, in fact, +as many devices to empty the pocket-book as are usually found at a +cattle-show and a church-fair together. An excursion party has just +arrived, but this occurs, sometimes, several times in a day,--for +Nantasket is a Mecca to the excursionist. Societies and lodges come +here; clubs resort hither for a social dinner; mercantile firms send +their employes on an annual sail to this place, and philanthropists +provide for hundreds of poor children a day's outing on this beach. + +Thus, there is no exclusiveness about Nantasket; but, at the same time, +the tone of the place is excellent, and there seems to be no tendency +toward its falling into disrepute, as has been the case with other +very popular watering-places. It is, in fact, admitted by a New York +newspaper that "Bostonians are justly proud of Nantasket Beach, where +one can get cultured clams, intellectual chowder, refined lager, and +very scientific pork and beans. It is far superior to our monotonous +sand-beach in its picturesqueness of natural beauty, in the American +character of the visitors, and in the reasonableness of hotel charges, +as well as the excellence of the service." + +The oldest of the large hotels now in existence at the beach is the +Rockland House, which was opened in 1854 by Colonel Nehemiah Ripley, who +was proprietor for many years. At first, it had forty rooms; it now has +about two hundred, and is beautifully furnished. It stands at the head +of a broad, rising lawn, and from its balconies and windows the view of +the sea is magnificent. It is now in the hands of Russell & Sturgis, who +are also proprietors of the Hotel Nantasket,--the most effective in its +architecture of any of the great houses here. Its towers and pinnacles +are numbered by the score, and it has the broadest of piazzas. In front +of the hotel, toward the water, is the band-stand from which Reeve's +celebrated band gives two concerts daily during the season, their +entrancing music mingling with the monotone of the surf, to the delight +of large audiences which assemble on the piazzas. + +The Rockland Cafe, also under the same management, is joined to the +hotel by a long arcade, and enjoys an excellent reputation for its +chowders and fish dinners. + +The Atlantic House, which crowns the hill of the same name, is a +spacious and elegant hotel, always filled during the season with guests, +including many of the representatives of wealth and culture in the +metropolis. The view from here is very grand, commanding the entire +beach and a vast expanse of the sea. The proprietors are L. Damon & +Sons. + +Bathing is, naturally enough, a prominent feature of Nantasket's +attractions. Bath-houses are scattered all along the beach, where one +may, for a small sum,--fifty to two-hundred per cent. of its +value,--obtain the use of a suit for as long a time as he or she may +choose to buffet the waves of the briny Atlantic. The most appreciative +patrons of the surf seem to be the children, who are always ready to +pull off shoes and stockings, and, armed with a wooden pail and shovel, +amuse themselves with digging sand, and letting the surf break over +their feet. It is very evident that not a few older people envy the +children in this innocent amusement. + +It is said that the life of the hotels and the drift of excursionists, +great as they appear, are falling into the background, while the +popularity of cottage life is rapidly on the increase. This plan is much +more economical than boarding at the highest-price hotels, although +those who have ample means find a summer spent at either the houses of +Russell & Sturgis, or at the hostelry of Damon & Sons, most eminently +satisfactory in every respect. New cottages spring up like mushrooms +every year from one end of the beach to the other, and they represent +every style of architecture, although Queen Anne is held responsible for +the most frequent style as yet. But in size, coloring, and expense the +cottages vary as widely as the tastes and wealth of their several +owners. "There are big houses and little; houses like the Chinese +pagodas in old Canton blue-ware; houses like castles, with towers and +battlements; houses like nests, and houses like barracks; houses with +seven gables, and houses with none at all." + +During the heavy easterly gales of winter seaweed and kelp are washed +ashore in great quantities. This is carted off by the farmers, who find +it valuable as a fertilizer, and they are indebted to the sea for +thousands of dollars' worth of this product every year. Nantasket in +winter presents a gloomy contrast to its life and gayety in the summer. +The winds are cold and fierce. The pretty cottages are deserted, and the +sea moans with a sound betokening peril to the craft that ventures to +tempt the waves. The nearly buried timbers of old vessels that are seen +in the sands are relics of disaster in years gone by. + +But in the summer months, Nantasket must ever remain a sea-side paradise +to those who know its attractions. + + * * * * * + + + + +IDLENESS. + + +By Sidney Harrison. + + + A flutter 'mid the branches, and my heart + Leaps with the life in that full chirp that breathes; + The brown, full-breasted sparrow with a dart + Is at my feet amid the swaying wreaths + Of grass and clover; trooping blackbirds come + With haughty step; the oriole, wren and jay + Revel amid the cool, green moss in play, + Then off in clouds of music; while the drum + Of scarlet-crested woodpecker from yon + Old Druid-haunting oak sends toppling down + A ruined memory of ages past; + O life and death--how blended to the last! + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GRIMKE SISTERS. + +THE FIRST AMERICAN WOMEN ADVOCATES OF ABOLITION AND WOMAN'S RIGHTS. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +This is an era of recollections. The events of twenty and twenty-five +years ago are being read and reconsidered anew with as much interest as +though they were the fresh and important events of the present. It was +long claimed by those who believed that they thought and wrote with +authority that not only was slavery the main cause of the civil war in +America, but that the abolition of slavery was its chiefest object. +A more sober criticism of the motives and deeds of those who were the +prime actors in that inglorious struggle has tended somewhat to alter +this opinion. It will, however, be again called to mind by a forthcoming +biography,--that of Sarah and Angelina Grimke, better known as "the +Grimke Sisters." The task of preparing this biography was intrusted to +Mrs. Catherine H. Birney, of Washington, who knew the sisters well, and +who lived for several years under the same roof with them. + +There need be no hesitation in saying this book is one of the most +interesting and valuable contributions to the history of abolitionism +ever published. From first to last, during that momentous struggle, the +phrase "the Grimke Sisters" was familiar to everybody, and the part +which they enacted in the struggle was no less familiar. Mr. Phillips +often spoke of them in his public addresses; they were prominent members +of the anti-slavery societies; they themselves frequently appeared +before large audiences on public platforms. Indeed, no history of the +great moral cause would be complete that was not, in large part, made up +of their noble deeds; and no less valiantly did they contend for Woman's +Rights. + +SARAH and ANGELINA GRIMKE were born in Charleston, South Carolina; +Sarah, Nov. 26, 1792; Angelina, Feb. 20, 1805. They were the daughters +of the Hon. John Fauchereau Grimke, a colonel in the revolutionary war, +and judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina. His ancestors were +German on the father's side, French on the mother's; the Fauchereau +family having left France in consequence of the revocation of the Edict +of Nantes in 1685. + +Judge Grimke's position, character, and wealth placed his family among +the leaders of the very exclusive society of Charleston. His children +were accustomed to luxury and display, to the service of slaves, and to +the indulgence of every selfish whim, although the father's practical +common-sense led him to protest against the habits to which such +indulgences naturally led. To Sarah he paid particular attention, and +was often heard to declare that if she had been of the other sex she +would have made the greatest jurist in the land. + +Children are born without prejudice, and the young children of Southern +planters never felt or made any difference between their white and +colored playmates. So that there is nothing singular in the fact that +Sarah Grimke early felt such an abhorrence of the whole institution of +slavery that she was sure it was born in her. + +When Sarah was twelve years old two important events occurred to +interrupt the even tenor of her life. Her brother Thomas was sent off to +Yale College, leaving her companionless; but a little sister, Angelina +Emily, the last child of her parents, and the pet and darling of Sarah +from the moment the light dawned upon her blue eyes, came to take his +place. Sarah almost became a mother to this little one; whither she led, +Angelina followed closely. + +In 1818 Judge Grimke's health began to decline. So faithful did Sarah +nurse him that when it was decided that he should go to Philadelphia, +she was chosen to accompany him. This first visit to the North was the +most important event of Sarah's life, for the influences and impressions +there received gave some shape to her vague and wayward fancies, and +showed her a gleam of the light beyond the tangled path which still +stretched before her. + +Her father died; and in the vessel which carried his remains from +Philadelphia Sarah met a party of Friends. She talked with them on +religious matters, and after a few months acknowledged to one of them, +in the course of a correspondence, her entire conversion to Quakerism. +Ere long circumstances and the inharmonious life in her family urged her +again to seek Philadelphia, where she arrived in May, 1821. Angelina +remained at Charleston, where she grew up a gay, fashionable girl. + +We pass over the interesting correspondence which, from this time +onward, was carried on between the sisters. + +The strong contrast between Sarah and Angelina Grimke was shown not +only in their religious feelings, but in their manner of treating the +ordinary concerns of life, and in carrying out their convictions of +duty. In her humility, and in her strong reliance on the "inner light," +Sarah refused to trust her own judgment, even in the merest trifles, +such as the lending of a book to a friend, postponing the writing of a +letter, or sweeping a room to-day when it might be better to defer it +until to-morrow. She says of this: "Perhaps to some, who have been led +by higher ways than I have been into a knowledge of the truth, it may +appear foolish to think of seeking direction in little things, but my +mind has for a long time been in a state in which I have often felt a +fear how I came in or went out, and I have found it a precious thing to +stop and consult the mind of truth, and be governed thereby." + +Already the sisters had begun to reflect upon the evils of slavery. +Evidences of the tenor of their reflection are furnished in their +letter, and also in Sarah's diary, which she commenced in 1828. Angelina +was the first to express her abhorrence of the whole system; while +Sarah's mind, for a while at least, was too much absorbed by her +disappointed hopes and her trials in the ministry to allow her to do +much more than express sympathy with Angelina's anti-slavery sentiments. + +In the autumn of 1829 Angelina left Charleston never to return, and made +her home with Sarah in the home of Catherine Morris. She soon became +interested in Quakerism, and eventually joined the Society. The daily +records of their lives and thoughts, for the ensuing four or five years, +exhibit them in the enjoyment of their quiet home, visiting prisons, +hospitals, and almshouses, and mourning over no sorrow or sins but their +own. Angelina was leading a life of benevolent effort, too busy to admit +of the pleasure of society, and her Quaker associations did not favor +contact with the world's people, or promote knowledge of the active +movements in the larger reforms of the day. As to Sarah, she was +suffering keenly under a great sorrow of her life. + +Meanwhile, events were making; the anti-slavery question was being +agitated and discussed. In February, 1831, occurred the famous debate at +Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati, presided over by Dr. Lyman Beecher. The +eloquence of that debate swept over the country; it flooded many hearts, +and set souls aflame. Sarah Grimke also thought a _little_. Under +date of "5th mo., 12th, 1835," appears the following in Angelina's +diary:-- + + + Five months have elapsed since I wrote in this diary, since which time + I have become deeply interested in the subject of abolition. I had long + regarded this cause as utterly hopeless, but since I have examined + anti-slavery principles, I find them so full of the power of truth, that + I am confident not many years will roll by before the horrible traffic + in human beings will be destroyed in this land of Gospel privileges. My + soul has measurably stood in the stead of the poor slave, and my earnest + prayers have been poured out that the Lord would be pleased to permit me + to be instrumental of good to these degraded, oppressed, and suffering + fellow-creatures. Truly, I often feel ready to go to prison or to death + in this cause of justice, mercy, and love; and I do fully believe if I + am called to return to Carolina, it will not be long before I shall + suffer persecution of some kind or other. + + +When, after the Garrison riot, Mr. Garrison issued his appeal to the +citizens of Boston, Angelina's anti-slavery enthusiasm was fully +aroused. On the 30th of March of that year (1835) she wrote a letter to +Mr. Garrison,--as _brave_ a letter as was ever penned by the hand +of woman. In it occur these thrilling words:-- + + + If, she says, persecution is the means which God has ordained for + the accomplishment of this great end, _Emancipation_, then, in + dependence upon him for strength to bear it, I feel as if I could say, + _Let It Come!_ for it is my deep, solemn, deliberate conviction + that _this is a cause worth dying for_. I say so from what I have + seen, heard, and known in a land of slavery, where rests the darkness of + Egypt, and where is found the sin of Sodom. Yes! _Let it come--let us + suffer_, rather than insurrections should arise. + + +Mr. Garrison published the letter in the "Liberator" to the surprise of +Angelina and the great displeasure and grief of her Quaker friends, and +of her sister, Sarah, as well. But Angelina was not dismayed. In 1836 +she wrote her "Appeal to Southern Women," and sent it to New York, where +it was published as a pamphlet of thirty-six pages. Mr. Elizur Wright +spoke of it, at the time, as "a patch of blue sky breaking through the +storm-cloud of public indignation which had gathered so black over the +handful of anti-slavery workers." The praise was not exaggerated. The +pamphlet produced the most profound sensation wherever it was read. + +Soon after its publication the sisters went to New York and there openly +identified themselves with the members of the American Anti-Slavery +Society; and also of the Female Anti-Slavery Society. The account of the +first assembly of women, not Quakers, in a public place in America, +addressed by American women, as given in these pages, is deeply +interesting and touching from its very simplicity. We, who are so +accustomed to hear women speak to promiscuous audiences on any and every +subject, will naturally smile at the following memoranda by Angelina:-- + + + We went home to tea with Julia Tappan, and Brother Weld was all anxiety + to hear about the meeting. Julia undertook to give some account, and + among other things mentioned that a warm-hearted abolitionist had found + his way into the back part of the meeting, and was escorted out by Henry + Ludlow. Weld's noble countenance instantly lighted up, and he exclaimed: + "How supremely ridiculous to think of a man's being shouldered out of a + meeting for fear he should hear a woman speak!".... + + In the evening a colonizationist of this city came to introduce an + abolitionist to Lewis Tappan. We women soon hedged in our expatriation + brother, and held a long and interesting argument with him until near + ten o'clock. He gave up so much that I could not see what he had to + stand on when we left him. + + +After closing their meetings in New York the sisters held similar ones +in New Jersey, all of which were attended only by women. From thence +they went up the North River with Gerrit Smith, holding audiences at +Hudson and Poughkeepsie. At the latter place they spoke to an assembly +of colored people of both sexes, and this was the first time Angelina +ever addressed a mixed audience. + +The woman's rights agitation, while entirely separate from abolitionism, +owes its origin to the interest this subject excited in the hearts and +minds of American women; and to Sarah and Angelina Grimke must be +accorded the credit of first making the woman question one of reform. +They wrote and spoke often on the theme. Public feeling grew strong +against them, and at last the Congregational ministers of Massachusetts +saw proper to pass a resolution of censure against the sisters! This +resolution was issued as a "Pastoral Letter," which, in the light and +freedom of the present day, must be regarded as a most extraordinary +document. + +Whittier's muse found the "Pastoral Letter" a fitting theme for its +vigorous, sympathetic utterances. The poem thus inspired is perhaps one +of the very best among his many songs of freedom. It will be remembered +as beginning thus:-- + + + "So this is all! the utmost reach + Of priestly power the mind to fetter, + When laymen _think_, when women _preach_, + A war of words, a 'Pastoral Letter!'" + + +Up to this time nothing had been said by either of the sisters in their +lectures concerning their views about women. They had carefully confined +themselves to the subject of slavery, and the attendant topics of +immediate emancipation, abstinence from the use of slave products, the +errors of the Colonization Society, and the sin of prejudice on the +account of color. But now that they had found their own rights invaded, +they began to feel it was time to look out for the rights of their whole +sex. + +In the face of all this censure and ridicule the two sisters continued +in the discharge of a duty to which they increasingly felt they were +called from on high. + +One is compelled, in this brief _resume_, to hurry over much that +is interesting and important. While the good work goes on we see the +sisters everywhere faithful to their sense of duty, unflinching to all +assailants. + +In February, 1838, Sarah Grimke spoke for the last time in public, +and in the month of May following, Angelina was united in marriage to +Theodore D. Weld. "No marriage," says Mrs. Birney, "could have been more +fitting in every respect. The solemn relation was never entered upon +in more holiness of purpose or in higher resolve to hold themselves +strictly to the best they were capable of. It was a rededication of +lives long consecrated to God and humanity; of souls knowing no selfish +ambition, seeking before all things the glory of their Creator in the +elevation of his creatures everywhere. The entire unity of spirit in +which they afterwards lived and labored, the tender affection which, +through a companionship of more than forty years, knew no diminution, +made a family life so perfect and beautiful that it brightened and +inspired all who were favored to witness it. No one could be with them +under the most ordinary circumstances without feeling the force and +influence of their characters." + +The happy couple settled down for their first house-keeping at Fort Lee, +on the Hudson. They were scarcely settled amid their new surroundings +before the sisters received a formal notice of their disownment by the +Society of Friends because of Angelina's marriage. In December, 1839, +the happiness of the little household was increased by the birth of a +son, who received the name of Charles Stuart, in loving remembrance of +the eminent English philanthropist, with whom Mr. Weld had been as a +brother, and whom he regarded as living as near the angels as mortal man +could live. + +In the latter part of February, 1840, Mr. Weld, having purchased a farm +of fifty acres at Belleville, New Jersey, removed his family there. +The visitors to the Belleville farm--chiefly old and new anti-slavery +friends--were numerous, and were always received with a cordiality which +left no room to doubt its sincerity. + +In many ways the members of this united household were diligent in +good works. If a neighbor required a few hundred dollars, to save the +foreclosure of a mortgage, the combined resources of the family were +taxed to aid him; if a poor student needed a helping hand in his +preparation for college, or for teaching, it was gladly extended to +him,--perhaps his board and lodging given him for six months or a +year,--with much valuable instruction thrown in. The instances of +charity of this kind were many, and were performed with such a cheerful +spirit that Sarah only incidentally alludes to the increase of their +cares and work at such times. In fact, their roof was ever a shelter for +the homeless, a home for the friendless; and it is pleasant to record +that the return of ingratitude, so often made for benevolence of this +kind, was never their portion. They always seem to have had the sweet +satisfaction of knowing, sooner or later, that their kindness was not +thrown away or under-estimated. + +In 1852 the Raritan Bay Association, consisting of thirty or forty +educated and cultured families of congenial tastes, was formed at +Eagleswood, near Perth Amboy, New Jersey; and a year later Mr. and +Mrs. Weld were invited to join the Association, and take charge of its +educational department. They accepted, in the hope of finding in the +change greater social advantages for themselves and their children, with +less responsibility and less labor; for of these last the husband, wife, +and sister, in their Belleville School, had had more than they were +physically able to endure longer. Their desire and plan was to +establish, with the children of the residents at Eagleswood, a school +also for others, and to charge such a moderate remuneration only as +would enable the middle classes to profit by it. In this project, as +with every other, no selfish ambition found a place. They removed to +Eagleswood in the autumn of 1854. + +In the new school Angelina taught history, for which she was admirably +qualified, while Sarah taught French, and was also book-keeper. + +It is scarcely necessary to say that few schools have ever been +established upon such a basis of conscientiousness and love, and with +such adaptability in its conductors, as that at Eagleswood; few have +ever held before the pupils so high a moral standard, or urged them +on to such noble purposes in life. Children entered there spoiled by +indulgence, selfish, uncontrolled, sometimes vicious. Their teachers +studied them carefully; confidence was gained, weaknesses sounded, +elevation measured. Very slowly often, and with infinite patience and +perseverance, but successfully in nearly every case, these children were +redeemed. The idle became industrious, the selfish considerate, the +disobedient and wayward repentant and gentle. Sometimes the fruits of +all this labor and forbearance did not show themselves immediately, and, +in a few instances, the seed sown did not ripen until the boy or girl +had left school and mingled with the world. Then the contrast between +the common, every-day aims they encountered, and the teachings of their +Eagleswood mentors, was forced upon them. Forgotten lessons of truth and +honesty and purity were remembered, and the wavering resolve was stayed +and strengthened; worldly expediency gave way before the magnanimous +purpose, cringing subserviency before independent manliness. + +Then came the war. In 1862 Mrs. Weld published one of the most powerful +things she ever wrote,--"A Declaration of War on Slavery." We have not +the space to follow the course of the sisters' lives farther; and, were +it otherwise, the events narrated would be all too familiar. Sarah, +after a somewhat prolonged illness, died on the 23d of December, 1873, +at Hyde Park, Mass. The funeral services were conducted by the Rev. +Francis Williams, and eloquent remarks were made also by Wm. Lloyd +Garrison. On the 26th of October, 1879, Angelina passed quietly away, +and the last services were in keeping with the record of the life then +commemorated. We close this writing with a passage from the remarks +which Wendell Phillips made on that occasion. No words could possibly +be more touching or more eloquent:-- + + + When I think of Angelina there comes to me the picture of the spotless + dove in the tempest, as she battles with the storm, seeking for some + place to rest her foot. She reminds me of innocence personified in + Spenser's poem. In her girlhood, alone, heart-led, she comforts the + slave in his quarters, mentally struggling with the problems his + position wakes her to. Alone, not confused, but seeking something to + lean on, she grasps the Church, which proves a broken reed. No whit + disheartened, she turns from one sect to another, trying each by the + infallible touchstone of that clear, child-like conscience. The two old, + lonely Quakers rest her foot awhile. But the eager soul must work, not + rest in testimony. Coming North at last, she makes her own religion one + of sacrifice and toil. Breaking away from, rising above, all forms, the + dove floats at last in the blue sky where no clouds reach.... This is no + place for tears. Graciously, in loving kindness and tenderly, God broke + the shackles and freed her soul. It was not the dust which surrounded + her that we loved. It was not the form which encompassed her that we + revere; but it was the soul. We linger a very little while, her old + comrades. The hour comes, it is even now at the door, that God will open + our eyes to see her as she is: the white-souled child of twelve years + old ministering to want and sorrow; the ripe life, full of great + influences; the serene old age, example and inspiration whose light will + not soon go out. Farewell for a very little while. God keep us fit to + join thee in that broader service on which thou hast entered. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TEN DAYS IN NANTUCKET. + + +By Elizabeth Porter Gould.[2] + + +One night in the early part of July, 1883, as the successful real-estate +broker, Mr. Gordon, returned to his home from his city office, his +attention was arrested by a lively conversation between the members of +his family on the wonders of Nantucket. The sound of this old name +brought so vividly back to him his own boyish interest in the place, +that almost before he was aware of it he announced his return home to +his family by saying: "Well, supposing we go to Nantucket this summer? +It is thirty-four miles from mainland, and so free from malaria there is +no better place for fishing and sailing, and there would be a mental +interest in looking around the island which would be instructive and +delightful, and, perhaps, profitable; for me from a business point of +view." + +[Illustration: EARLY MORNING, NANTUCKET.] + +Mrs. Gordon, who had of late years developed a keen interest for +the historic and antique, immediately seconded her husband in his +suggestion; and before the evening closed a letter was sent to Nantucket +asking for necessary information as to a boarding-place there, for at +least ten days, for a party of five,--Mr. and Mrs. Gordon, their +daughter Bessie, twenty years of age, their son Tom, fifteen years, and +a favorite cousin of theirs, Miss Ray, who was then visiting them, and +whose purse, as Mr. Gordon had so often practically remembered, was not +equal to her desire to see and to know. + +In a few days satisfactory arrangements were made, which ended in their +all leaving the Old Colony depot, Boston, in the half-past twelve train, +for Wood's Holl, where they arrived in two hours and a half. From that +place they took the steamer for a nearly three hours' sail to Nantucket, +only to stop for a few moments at Martha's Vineyard. + +While they were thus ploughing their way on the mighty deep, Nantucket's +famous crier, "Billy" Clark, had climbed to his position in the tower of +the Unitarian church of the town,--as had been his daily custom for +years,--spy-glass in hand, to see the steamer when she should come in +sight. Between five and six o'clock, the repeated blowing of the horn +from the tower announced to the people his success, and became the +signal for them to make ready to receive those who should come to their +shores. Just before seven o'clock the steamer arrived. While she was +being fastened to the wharf, Tom was attracted by this same "Billy," +who, having received the daily papers, was running up the wharf toward +the town ringing his bell and crying out the number of passengers on +board, and other important news, which Tom failed to hear in the noise +of the crowd. A few minutes' walk brought the party to their +boarding-place. When Mrs. Gordon spied the soft, crayon likeness of +Benjamin Franklin on the wall, as she stepped into the house, her +historical pulse quickened to such an extent that she then and there +determined to hunt up more about the Folgers; for was not Benjamin +Franklin's mother a Folger and born on this island? Then, as she saw +about her some old portraits and copies of the masters, and, above all, +a copy of Murillo's Immaculate Conception in the dining-room, she was +sure that the atmosphere of her new quarters would be conducive to her +happiness and growth. The others saw the pictures, but they appreciated +more fully, just then, the delicious blue-fish which was on hand to +appease their hunger. + +After a night of restful sleep, such as Nantucket is noted for giving, +they all arose early to greet a beautiful morning, which they used, +partly, for a stroll around the town. Of course, they all registered at +the Registry Agency on Orange street, where Mr. Godfrey, who had +entertained them by his interesting guide-book on Nantucket, gave them a +kind welcome. Then they walked along the Main street, noticing the bank, +built in 1818, and passed some quaint old houses with their gables, +roofs, and sides, all finished alike, which Burdette has described as +"being shingled, shangled, shongled, and shungled." Tom was struck with +the little railings which crowned so many of the houses; and which, +since the old fishing days' prosperity did not call the people on the +house-tops to watch anxiously for the expected ships, were now more +ornamental than useful. They passed, at the corner of Ray's Court, a +sycamore tree, the largest and oldest on the island, and soon halted +at the neat Soldiers' Monument, so suggestive of the patriotic valor +of the island people. Later they found on Winter street the Coffin +School-house,--a brick building with two white pillars in front and a +white cupola,--which was back from the street, behind some shade trees, +and surrounded by an iron fence. As they looked at it Miss Ray read +aloud the words inscribed on the front:-- + + + Founded 1827 by + Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart. + Erected + 1852. + + +They were also interested to see, near by, a large white building, known +as the High School-house. As they neared home Tom's eves noticed the +sign of a Nantucket birds' exhibition, and a visit to that place was +made. + +During the walk Mrs. Gordon had been particularly interested in the +large cobble-stones which the uneven streets supported in addition to +the green grass, and also the peculiar Nantucket cart, with its step +behind. + +On their return to their boarding-place, they joined a party that had +been formed to go to the Cliff, a sandy bluff about a mile north from +the town, where they were told was to be found the best still-water +bathing on the island. Soon they were all on the yacht "Dauntless," +which hourly plied between the two places; in twenty minutes they were +landed at the Cliff; and fifteen minutes later they were all revelling +in the warm, refreshing water. Bessie declared that in all her large +bathing experience on the north shore she had never enjoyed anything +like this. Miss Ray felt that here in this warm, still water was her +opportunity to learn to swim; so she accepted the kind teaching of a +friend; but, alas, her efforts savored more of hard work to plough up +the Atlantic ocean than of an easy, delightful pleasure bottling up +knowledge for some possible future use. While Miss Ray was thus +straggling with the ocean, and Bessie and Tom were sporting like two +fish,--for both were at home in the water,--Mr. Gordon was looking +around the Cliff with his business eye wide open. As he walked along the +road back from the shore, and saw the fine views which it afforded him, +he admired the judgment of Eastman Johnson, the artist, in building his +summer-house and studio there. A little farther on, upon the Bluffs, the +highest point on the island, he noted the house of Charles O'Conor with +the little brick building close by for his library; he then decided that +an island which could give such physical benefit as this was said to +have given to Mr. O'Conor, would not be a bad one in which to invest. So +the value of the Cliff or Bluffs he placed in his note-book for future +use. + +[Illustration: VIEWS IN NANTUCKET, MASS.] + +At the same time that Mr. Gordon was exploring the land Mrs. Gordon +was in the office of two gallant young civil engineers, exploring the +harbor! In fact she was studying a map of the surroundings of the +harbor, which these young men had made to aid them in their work of +building a jetty from Brant Point to the bell-buoy. As she examined it +she found it hard to believe that Nantucket had ever stood next to +Boston and Salem, as the third commercial town in the Commonwealth. She +sympathized deeply with the people of the years gone by who had been +obliged to struggle with such a looking harbor as the map revealed, and +said that she should go home to learn more of the "Camels," which she +honored more than ever. When they told her that probably three years +more than the two that had been given to the work were needed to finish +the jetty, and that there was a slight possibility that another one +would be needed for the best improvement of the harbor, she thought her +interest in the matter could be better kept alive If she should hunt up +her old trigonometry and learn that all over again! With this idea she +left the young men, whose kindness to her she fully appreciated, and +went to find her party. She soon found, on the yacht ready to go back to +town, all but Miss Ray; she had chosen to take one of the many carriages +which she had noticed were constantly taking passengers back and forth +from the town to the Cliff, at the rate of ten cents apiece. + +Later in the afternoon their attention was arrested by another one +of the town-criers,--Tom had learned that there were three in the +town,--who was crying out that a meat-auction would be held that night +at half-past six o'clock. When they were told that these meat-auctions +had been the custom of the town for years, they were anxious to attend +one; but another engagement at that hour prevented their so doing, much +to Tom's regret. + +The next day was Sunday. As Bessie and Tom were anxious to see all of +the nine churches of which they had read, they were, at first, in doubt +where to go; whereas their mother had no questions whatever, since she +had settled in her own mind, after having reduced all sects to the +Episcopal and the Roman Catholic, that the Episcopal Church was the true +historic one, and, therefore, the only one for her personal interest, +that she should go to the St. Paul's on Fair street. Mr. Gordon usually +went to church with his wife, although he often felt that the simplicity +of the early apostolic days was found more in the Congregational form of +worship. This day he yielded to Tom's desire to go to the +square-steepled Congregational Church on Centre street, to hear Miss +Baker, who had been preaching to the congregation for three years. He +entered the church with some prejudice; but soon he became so much +interested in the good sermon that he really forgot that the preacher +was a woman! Miss Ray and Bessie went to the Unitarian Church on Orange +street, to which the beautiful-toned Spanish bell invited them. After an +interesting service, on their way out they met Tom, who wished to look +into the pillared church of the Methodists, near the bank, and also into +the "Ave Maria" on Federal street, where the Roman Catholics worshipped. +Miss Ray, being anxious to attend a Friends' meeting in their little +meeting-house on Fair street, decided to do so the following Sunday, if +she were in town; while Bessie said that she should hunt up then the two +Baptist churches, the one on Summer street, and the other, particularly +for the colored people, on Pleasant street. Their surprise that a town +of a little less than four thousand inhabitants should contain so many +churches was modified somewhat when they remembered that once, in 1840, +the number of inhabitants was nearly ten thousand. + +In the afternoon the party visited some of the burying-grounds of the +town, six of which were now in use. The sight of so many unnamed graves +in the Friends' cemetery, at the head of Main street, saddened Miss Ray; +and she was glad to see the neat little slabs which of late years had +marked the graves of their departed ones. They strolled around the +Prospect Hill, or Unitarian Cemetery, near by, and wished to go into the +Catholic one on the same street; but, as Mrs. Gordon was anxious to see +some of the old headstones and epitaphs in the North burying-ground on +North Liberty street, and their time was limited, they went there +instead. When Tom saw her delight as she read on the old stones the date +of 1770, 1772, and some even earlier, he said that she must go out to +the ancient burial-ground on the hill near the water-works and see the +grave of John Gardner, Esq., who was buried there in 1706. As he said +this one of the public carriages happened to be within sight, and she +proposed that they take it and go immediately to that sacred spot. When +they arrived there her historic imagination knew no bounds; her +soliloquy partook of the sentiment--in kind only, not in degree--which +inspired Mark Twain when he wept over the grave of Adam. In the mean +while, Mr. Gordon had gone to the Wannacomet Waterworks, which supplied +the town with pure water from the old Washing-pond. He there noted in +his note-book that this important movement in the town's welfare was +another reason why investment in the island would be desirable. + +As they started to go back to town from the burial-ground Tom wished +that they could drive to the south-west suburbs, to see the South and +also the colored burying-grounds, for he should feel better satisfied if +he could sec everything of a kind that there was! But Mrs. Gordon had +seen enough for one day, and so they drove to their boarding-house +instead. + +The ringing of the sweet-toned church bell the next morning at seven +o'clock reminded Miss Ray of her desire to visit the tower which +contained it. She had noticed how it rang out three times during the +day, at seven, twelve, and nine o'clock, and, for the quiet Nantucket +town, she hoped that the old custom would never be dropped. And then +this bell had a peculiar attraction for her, for it was like the one +which was on her own church in Boston, the New Old South. She had been +greatly interested in reading that this "Old Spanish Bell," as it was +called, was brought from Lisbon in 1812; that it was stored in a cellar +for three years, when it was bought by subscription for about five +hundred dollars, and put in this tower. She had read, further, in +Godfrey's guide-book, that "some little time after the bell had been in +use, the sound of its mellow tones had reached the Hub; and so +bewitching were the musical vibrations of this queenly bell (e) of +Nantucket to many of the good people of the renowned 'City of Notions,' +that the agents of the Old South Church negotiated with the agents of +the Unitarian Church, saying that they had a very fine clock in their +tower; that they had been so unfortunate as to have their bell broken, +and wished to know at what price this bell could be procured. The agents +of the Unitarian Church replied that they had a very fine bell in their +tower, and would like to know at what price the Old South Society would +sell their clock. The bell weighs one thousand five hundred and +seventy-five pounds; the Boston gentlemen offered one dollar a pound for +it, and upon finding they could not get it at any price, they asked +where it came from; and having ascertained its history, sent to Lisbon +to the same foundry and procured that which they now have." And she had +been told further that this same bell had been removed to the new church +on the Back Bay. With all this pleasant association with the bell of her +own church, of course she must pay it a visit. So at about nine o'clock, +after Mr. Gordon and Tom had gone off with two gentlemen for a day's +blue-fishing, she, with Mrs. Gordon and Bessie, started out for their +morning's sight-seeing. In a half hour's time they had climbed the +stairs to the tower, and were admiring the fine new clock,--a gift from +one of Nantucket's sons, now living in New York,--which had been first +set in motion two years before, to replace an old one which had told the +time for over half a century. A little farther up they saw the famous +bell, and Miss Ray did wish that she could read Spanish so as to +translate the inscription which was upon it. A few steps more brought +them into the dome itself. Here, then, was the place where "Billy" came +to sight the steamers; and here was where a watchman stayed every night +to watch for fires. Whenever he saw one, Bessie said his duty was to +hang a lantern upon a hook in the direction of the fire and give the +alarm. She said that this had been the custom for years. As they were +all enjoying this finest view which the island affords, Bessie spied the +Old Mill in the distance, and as she had that painted on a shell as a +souvenir of her Nantucket trip she must surely visit it. So they were +soon wending their way up Orange street, through Lyons to Pleasant, and +then up South Mill to the Old Mill itself. On paying five cents apiece, +they were privileged to go to the top and look through the spy-glass, +and also see the miller grind some corn. This old windmill, built in +1746, with its old oaken beams still strong and sound, situated on a +hill by itself, was to Bessie the most picturesque thing that she had +seen. She associated this with the oldest house on the island, built in +1686, facing the south, which she had seen the day before. + +In the afternoon they continued their sight-seeing by visiting the +Athenaeum on Federal street. They found it to be a large white building +with pillars in front, on the lower floor of which Miss Ray was +particularly pleased to see such a good library of six thousand volumes, +and a reading-room with the leading English and American periodicals, +the use of which she learned was to be gained by the payment of a small +sum. Bessie was attracted to the oil-painting on the wall of Abraham +Quary, who was the last of the Indian race on the island. Then they +examined, in an adjoining room, the curiosities gathered together for +public inspection. Here they found the model of the "Camels," and also +the jaw of a sperm whale, seventeen feet long, with forty-six teeth and +a weight of eight hundred pounds. Bessie said that the whale from which +it was taken was eighty-seven feet long and weighed two hundred tons. +When Mrs. Gordon learned that this very whale was taken in the Pacific +Ocean and brought to the Island by a Nantucket Captain, she became as +much interested in it as in the "Camels," for surely it had an +historical interest. After an hour spent in this entertaining manner, +they returned to their boarding-place in time to greet the gentlemen who +had come back with glowing accounts of their day's work, or rather +pleasure, for they had met with splendid success. Tom's fingers were +blistered, but what was that compared to the fun of blue-fishing! + +What particularly interested the ladies was a "Portuguese man of war" +which one of the gentlemen had caught in a pail and brought home alive. +This beautiful specimen of a fish, seen only at Nantucket, their hostess +said, and seldom caught alive, was admired by all, who, indeed, were +mostly ignorant of the habits or even the existence of such a creature. +Bessie wondered how such a lovely iridescent thing could be poison to +the touch. Tom promised to study up about it when he should begin his +winter studies, whereupon his mother said that if he would tell her what +he should learn about it she would write it out for the benefit of them +all. + +The next morning they all started from the wharf at nine o'clock in the +miniature steamer, "Island Belle," for Wauwinet, a place seven miles +from the town. Miss Ray had become interested in the pretty Indian names +which she had heard, and was struck with this, which she learned was the +name of an old Indian chief who once controlled a large eastern part of +the island. In an hour they landed on the beach at Wauwinet. They found +it decorated with its rows of scallop-shells, some of which they +gathered as they walked along. Some of the party made use of this +still-water bathing, while others ran across the island, some three +hundred yards, to enjoy the surf-bathing there. Tom was delighted with +this novelty of two beaches, separated by such a narrow strip of land, +that he was continually going back and forth to try the water in both +places. He only wished that he could go up a little farther where he had +been told the land was only one hundred yards wide,--the narrowest part +of the island. After a shore dinner at the Wauwinet House, and another +stroll on the beaches, they started for the town on the yacht "Lilian," +which twice a day went back and forth. The wind was unfavorable, so they +were obliged to go fourteen miles instead of seven, thus using two hours +instead of one for the sail. On their way they passed the places known +as Polpis, Quidnet, and Coatue. Mr. Gordon was so much impressed with +the advantages of Coatue that he noted the fact in his note-book; while +his wife became so much interested in the nautical expressions used that +she declared that she should get Bowditch's "Navigation," and see if she +could find those terms in it; she must know more of navigation than she +did. As they landed at the wharf they heard "Billy" Clarke crying out +that the New Bedford band would give a grand concert at Surf Side the +next day. Now, as this kind of music had been the chief thing which they +had missed among the pleasures of Nantucket, of course they must go and +hear it. So the next afternoon, at two o'clock, they were on the cars of +the narrow-gauge railroad, bound for the Surf-Side Hotel, which they +reached in fifteen minutes, passing on the way a station of the +life-saving service department. They spent an hour or two seated on the +bluff overlooking the grand surf-beach, and enjoying the strains of +music as they came from the hotel behind them. It must be confessed that +Mr. Gordon was so interested in noting the characteristics of this part +of the island with an eye to business, that he did not lose himself +either in the music of the band or the ocean. On his way back to town, +when he expressed his desire to build a cottage for himself on that very +spot, Surf Side, Mrs. Gordon would not assent to any such proposition; +for she had settled in her own mind that there was no place like Brant +Point, where she and Bessie had been that forenoon; for did not the +keeper of the light-house there tell her, when she was at the top of it, +that on that spot was built the first light-house in the United States, +in 1746? That was enough for her, surely. The matter was still under +discussion when Miss Ray told them to wait until they had visited +'Sconset before they should decide the question. As for her she could +scarcely wait for the next morning to come when they should go there. +And when it did come it found her, at half-past eight o'clock, +decorating with pond-lilies, in honor of the occasion, the comfortable +excursion-wagon, capable of holding their party of eight besides the +driver. By nine o'clock they were driving up Orange street by the +Sherburne and Bay View Houses, on their way to Siasconset, or, 'Sconset, +as it is familiarly called. + +As they passed a large white building known as the Poor Farm, Tom was +surprised that a town noted for its thrift and temperance should be +obliged to have such an institution. Bessie was glad to learn that they +were going over the old road instead of the new one, while Miss Ray +would rather have gone over the new one, so as to have seen the +milestones which Dr. Ewer, of New York, had put up by the wayside. They +met the well-known Captain Baxter, in his quaint conveyance, making his +daily trip to the town from 'Sconset. As they rode for miles over the +grassy moors with no trees or houses in sight, none of them could +believe that the island had once been mostly covered with beautiful oak +trees. Soon the village, with its quaint little houses built close +together on the narrow streets, which wound around In any direction to +find the town-pump, its queer, one-story school-house, its post-office, +guarded by the gayly-colored "Goddess of Liberty," was before, or rather +all around them. They had all enjoyed their ride of seven and a half +miles; and now, on alighting from the carriage, the party separated in +different directions. Miss Ray insisted upon bathing in the surf-beach +here in spite of its coarse sand and rope limitations, since it was the +farthest out in the Atlantic Ocean. Her experience with the strong +undertow in its effects upon herself and upon those who watched her is +one, which, as no words can portray it, Tom has decided to draw out for +some future Puck; for he thinks that it is too good to be lost to the +public. + +Mrs. Gordon and Bessie walked among the houses, noticing the peculiar +names which adorned some of them, and, indeed, going inside one of the +oldest where a step-ladder was used for the boys of the household to get +up into their little room. They crossed the bridge which led them to the +Sunset Heights where some new houses, in keeping with the style of the +old ones, were being built. They were pleased to see this unity of +design, rather than the modern cottage which had intruded itself upon +that coast. In their walk they learned that about eleven or twelve +families spent the winter at 'Sconset. The air was intensely +invigorating, so much so that Mrs. Gordon, who was no walker at home, +was surprised at herself with what she was doing without fatigue. Later +they found Mr. Gordon looking at the new church which had just been +completed, and which he had ascertained was built for no sectarian +purpose, but for the preaching of the truth. They all met at noon for +their lunch, after which they went a mile and a half farther to visit +the Sankaty Head light-house, the best one of the five on the island. +The keeper kindly escorted them up the fifty-six steps to the top, where +they learned that the point of the light was one hundred and sixty-five +feet above the level of the sea. He gave them some more facts relative +to the light, interspersed with personal experiences. Tom said that he +should remember particularly the fact that he told him that this +light-house would be the first one that he should see whenever he should +come home from a European trip. + +Two hours later they were relating their pleasant experiences in the +dining-room of their boarding-house, while enjoying the delicious +blue-fish which gratified their hunger. As for Miss Ray her +anticipations had been realized; and that night she wrote to a certain +young man in Boston that she knew of no place in America where they +could be more by themselves and away from the world, when their happy +time should come in the following summer, than at 'Sconset. + +The next afternoon found them all listening to Mrs. McCleave, as she +faithfully exhibited the many interesting curiosities of her museum, in +her home on Main street. Mrs. Gordon was very much interested in the +Cedar Vase, so rich with its "pleasant associations," while Bessie was +delighted with the beautiful carved ivory, with its romantic story as +told by its owner. Miss Ray considered Mrs. McCleave, with her +benevolent face, her good ancestry, and her eager desire to learn and +impart, a good specimen of the well-preserved Nantucket woman. + +Through the courtesy of their hostess they were privileged, on their way +back, to visit the house of Miss Coleman, on Centre street, there to +see the wonderful wax figure of a baby six months old, said to be the +likeness of the Dauphin of France, the unfortunate son of Louis XVI. +When Mrs. Gordon learned that this was brought to Nantucket in 1786, by +one of her own sea-captains, she became very much excited over it. As +she realized then that her knowledge of French history was too meagre to +fully understand its historical import, although she appreciated its +artistic value, she determined that another winter should be partially +devoted to that study. So she added "French history" to "Camels," +"Light-houses," "Navigation," and "Indians," which were already in her +note-book. She had added "Indians" the day before when her interest in +them had been quickened by some accounts of the civilization of the +early Indians in Nantucket, which seemed to her almost unprecedented +in American history. After supper Mr. and Mrs. Gordon went out in a +row-boat to enjoy the moonlight evening, Tom went to the skating-rink, +Miss Ray spent the evening with some friends at the Ocean House near by, +while Bessie went out for a moonlight sail with some friends from a +western city, whom, she said, she had "discovered, not made." Her +appreciation of a fine rendering of her favorite Raff Cavatina by a +talented young gentleman of the party, soon after her arrival, had been +the means of bringing together these two souls on the musical heights, +which afterwards had led to an introduction to the other members of the +party, all of whom she had enjoyed during the week that had passed. And +now, with these newly-found friends, on this perfect July evening, with +its full moon and fresh south-westerly breeze, in the new yacht +"Lucile," she found perfect enjoyment. Pleasant stories were related, +and one fish-story was allowed, to give spice to the occasion. After a +little more than two hours' sail they found themselves returning to the +Nantucket town, which, in the moonlight, presented a pretty appearance. + +The next day, Saturday, Mr. Gordon and Tom started early to sail around +the island, with an intention of landing on the adjoining island, +Tuckernuck. Tom had calculated that it would be quite a sail, for he +knew that Nantucket Island was fourteen miles long, and averaged four +miles in width; and his father had decided that such a trip would give +him a better idea of the island's best points for building purposes. On +their return at night they found that the ladies had spent a pleasant +day, bathing, riding, and visiting some Boston friends who were stopping +at the Springfield House, a short distance from them. Bessie had found +more pleasure in the company of the young musician and his friends, +having attended one of the morning _musicales_ which they were +accustomed to have by themselves In the hall of the Athenaeum. Tom and +his father had much to tell of their day's pleasure. + +Mr. Gordon, for once in his life, felt the longing which he knew had so +often possessed his wife, to go back and live in the years gone by; for +if he could now transfer himself to the year 1659, he might buy this +whole island of Thomas Mayhew for thirty pounds and two beaver hats. +What a lost opportunity for a good business investment! As it was, +however, some valuable notes were added to his note-book, suggested by +the trip, which time alone will give to the world. He was more and more +convinced that the future well-being of Nantucket was more in the hands +of real-estate brokers and summer pleasure-seekers, than in those of the +manufacturers, agriculturists, or even the fishing men as of old. He +could see no other future for her, and he should work accordingly. His +chief regret was that the island was so barren of trees. + +They spent the next day, Sunday, in attending church, as they had +planned, and in pleasant conversation and rest preparatory to their +departure for Boston on the following morning. They expressed gratitude +that they had not been prevented by sickness or by one rainy day from +carrying out all the plans which had been laid for the ten days. Mrs. +Gordon very much regretted that they had not seen the famous Folger +clock which was to be seen at the house of a descendant of Walter +Folger, the maker of it. She should certainly see it the first thing, +if she ever were in Nantucket again; for she considered the man, who, +unaided, could make such a clock, the greatest mechanical genius that +ever lived. She felt this still more when she was told that the clock +could not be mended until there could be found a mechanic who was also +an astronomer. + +At seven o'clock the next morning they were all on board the steamer, as +she left the old town of Nantucket in the distance. Mrs. Gordon looked +longingly back at Brant Point, which she still felt was the best spot on +the island; while Bessie eagerly watched for the little flag which a +certain young gentleman was yet waving from the wharf. + +At half-past one they were in Boston, and an hour later at their +suburban home, all delighted with their short stay in Nantucket. They +felt that they had seen about all that there was to be seen there, and +they were glad to have visited the island before it should be clothed +with more modern garments. + +[Footnote 2: Copyright 1885, by Elizabeth Porter Gould.] + + * * * * * + + + + +A BIRTHDAY SONNET. + + +By George W. Bungay. + + + Our days are like swift shuttles in the loom, + In which time weaves the warp and woof of fate; + Its varied threads that interpenetrate + The pattern woven, picture bride and groom, + A life-like scene in their own happy home. + There are some frayed and shaded strands, fair Kate, + But lines of purest gold illuminate + Our wedded lot, as stars the heavenly dome, + And come what may, sunshine or chilling rain, + Prosperity and peace or woe instead, + Untruth and selfishness shall never stain + The web of love and hope illustrated. + Not even death unravels when we die, + The woven work approved of God on high. + + + * * * * * + + + + +ELIZABETH.[3] + +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. + + +By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." + + +CHAPTER XX. + +GREEK MEETS GREEK. + + +It was two weeks after the scene at Colonel Archdale's dinner-party. +There was quite a knot of people in Madam Pepperell's drawing-room. All +the household at Seascape had come on the way home from a drive to pay a +morning visit here, and found the in-door coolness refreshing. Colonel +Archdale, who had joined his son, was there also. Mr. Royal, as it +happened, was in Portsmouth that morning. + +Edmonson had been exemplary enough in avoiding the cant of pretended +regret for what must have given him pleasure. Archdale had no complaints +to make on that score, but he distrusted Edmonson more and more, and +perceived more clearly that he was attracted by Elizabeth. He wondered +if she encouraged him: that was not like the person she seemed to be; +yet why not? She had assured Archdale more than once that she was free, +and her certainty had given him comfort. But he was here this morning +for another purpose than to weigh the question of Miss Royal's fancy. If +she did encourage Edmonson she was all the more inexplicable. + +Stephen bent over Lady Dacre's chair, talking gayly to her; yet his eyes +wandered every now and then, and, gradually, after he had stopped +several times beside one and another, he came up to Elizabeth, as she +was sitting listening to a young lady who, with her brother, had come +back from town with Madam Pepperell, the night before, to spend a few +days at the house. + +As Stephen stood behind her chair he looked across the room, and saw +Edmonson leaning with folded arms against a window. The light fell over +his face; he had been looking at Elizabeth, but his eyes met Archdale's +at once with an expression meant for cool scrutiny and a dash of +insolent triumph at the victory he had scored. Edmonson's fierceness was +not easily fettered; the dark shadow in his heart darted over his face, +and, withdrawing as hastily, left to view a light that blazed in his +eyes and only slowly died down into the cordial warmth necessary between +guest and host, even under peculiar circumstances. Stephen's face +darkened also, but his feeling was less, and his control greater. +Elizabeth was listening quietly to some account of a merry-making at +which Katie must have been present, for her name occurred frequently in +the narrative. As she perceived that Archdale was behind her she looked +round at him a moment, and by a few words included him in the +conversation. She was as entertaining as usual and rather more talkative +after he came. Yet he thought that under her ease of manner he detected +a current of nervousness that made him the more anxious to carry out the +purpose with which he had come to her. + +But it was not easy to find any excuse for withdrawing her from the +circle in which she had made herself so welcome. At last, however, under +cover of a general movement, which he had secretly instigated, he +succeeded in getting her into the library, on the plea of a message to +her father. When there, he closed the door behind him, and said:-- + +"I have a message to your father, it is true, Mistress Royal, but it is +only to beg him to interfere." + +"Interfere?" she echoed with a nervousness that this time was +unmistakable. + +"Pray be seated," he said, drawing a chair toward her as she stood by +the mantel. + +"Thank you, but--I don't mind standing. What you--the business will not +take long, you said." + +"As you please." And he stood facing her on the opposite side of the +great fireplace. + +She heard his tones, glanced at him, and sat down. He took a chair also, +still placing himself so that he could watch her. She grew plainly more +nervous. + +"Who is Mr. Hartly?" he asked, abruptly. + +She looked at him in a frightened way, and the hand that she lifted to +her throat was trembling. + +"He is"--she began, then she stopped; without any warning her expression +and her manner changed, for with the coming of what she had dreaded came +the strength to meet it. There was no more tremulousness of voice or +hand, and the face that looked at Stephen Archdale was the face of a +woman who met him upon equal terms; yet, as he looked at her steadily, +he was not quite sure even of that; it seemed to him that it would +require an effort on his part to keep at her level; that at least he +must stand at his full height. She sat silent, meeting his steady gaze. +There was a dignity about her that would have been haughtiness but for +her simplicity. Even her dress carried out the effect of this +simplicity; it was a white muslin, very plain, and the single pink +hollyhock that the new guest had slipped into her hair, and Elizabeth +had forgotten, gave to her attire the touch of warmth that something in +her face showed, too. It was to Stephen the calmness of flesh and blood, +not of marble, that he was looking at; a possibility of life and motion +was there, but a possibility beyond his reach. Some one might arouse +her; to him she was impassive. + +"You've not finished your sentence," he said, coldly. + +"Why should I? You know the rest of it." + +"Nevertheless, I wish you would say it." + +"Very well. Mr. Hartly is an agent of Mr. Peterborough." + +"And Mr. Peterborough?" + +"My solicitor." + +"You mean your father's?" + +"Yes, and mine, too." + +"Then you have property of your own?" + +"Yes. You did not know it?" + +"I heard of it yesterday. Your property is no concern of mine, you +understand." She was silent. Under the circumstances the statement was +significant. "Mr. Hartly came to my father the other day," he went on. +Still no answer. "Possibly you knew it?" he persisted. She lifted her +eyes which had been fixed on the cover of a book that her fingers were +toying with, and said:-- + +"Yes." + +Stephen waited to choose words which should not express too forcibly the +impetuous feeling that shone in his eyes and rang in his voice when he +spoke. + +"Let me put a case to you," he said, "or, rather, not an indifferent +case, but our own, and hear how it sounds in plain English. How we were +married, if married we are, it is useless to speak of; how absolutely +nothing we are to one another it is unnecessary also to say. I +appreciate your efforts and your courtesy when I see so plainly that it +is with difficulty you can bring yourself even to speak a word to me." +Elizabeth glanced up a moment, and down again, and her fingers went on +idly turning the leaves of the book. "When I see what social powers you +have," he pursued, "I assure you that I shall regret it for you if fate +have denied you a better choice. But at all events" (constrainedly), "I +must thank you for the gracious and successful manner in which you have +kept suspicion from becoming certainty before time proves it so." + +She looked fully at him this time, and smiled. + +"Gratitude comes hard to you," she said. "There is no cause for it in +anything I have ever done. You may be sure it was not to please you at +all, but to gratify something in myself that demanded satisfaction. Now, +please explain to me what you mean by your extraordinary summary of +things we know too well, and how I have offended you when I am really +your friend--yours, and "--She stopped, a smile flitted over her face +and was gone; it revealed for the unnamed person a gentleness and an +affection that perhaps she did not care to have her tones betray. + +"Yes, you have offended me," he said. "I have no right to comment on +your actions in general." + +"None whatever." + +"But what I do have a right to demand is an explanation from you of +conduct so strange as to be unaccountable." + +She flushed a little. + +"It's not pleasant," she answered, "when one has done the best that +opened up to be told that it's unaccountable conduct." + +"Then it was you? I was sure of it." She looked at him earnestly. + +"Why should there be any beating about the bush?" she answered. "I +should like it better if you need never have known; but, since you were +sure to find it out sooner or later, it might as well come now. What I +have done is wise and right, the most satisfactory thing to me, and to +others wiser than I. But I wish you would never speak of it." + +"Never speak of your coming forward with your whole fortune to make up +the loss that this fellow's claim will be to us? Never speak of it!" +cried Archdale. "And accept it? From you? You certainly have a +flattering opinion of me." + +"If it were like any business losses," she said, "it would be different. +But this is something nobody could have been prepared for; it needs +something outside of the routine to meet it." She waited a moment. "Will +you put your case, as you said you were going to do?" she asked. "It +will make it clearer, and you will see that there is nothing +extraordinary. I think you need not say anything more about--about us, +that is all understood. Go on from there." + +"A father and a son, then, are nominally in business together," he +answered; "the father does the work; the son has a generous share of the +profits. Matters are going on swimmingly. Suddenly a claimant turns up +who wants a grand slice of the property. He is the only son of the +father's elder brother,--a being who was not known to have existed, that +is, who was supposed to have died when an infant. The father, my father, +was named for him, and my grandfather's will gave the largest share of +his fortune to his oldest son, Walter, whom he supposed to be my father, +but who was really Gerald Edmonson's father--if the fellow's proofs turn +out valid; they are having a thorough overhauling. My uncle does not +suffer; it is only we. I am sorry," he added, "that you are liable to be +in any way connected with loss, but at the worst it is so remotely that +it will never affect you. As for the other matter, the story,"--he +stopped with a movement of irritation, perhaps of some deeper +feeling,--"that must be borne as best it can, nothing of that falls upon +you, certainly. How the matter concerns a young lady at all I can't +imagine; so I fail to see what interest you can have in it, or what +right to move in it." + +"You fail to see?" she said and gave him a smile full of sweetness. It +was not a coaxing smile, as if she begged him to reconsider his +opinions; it indorsed her own while placidly acquiescing in mutual +indifference. "Besides, do you know it was through me that the portrait +was found?" And she gave him an account of the discovery. He did not +think it necessary to interrupt her by saying that he had heard Edmonson +give it with great relish; it seemed a good opportunity to learn whether +he had been telling the truth. The story was substantially the same, but +the enjoyment of the narrator was absent. "And, then," she added, +finishing, "this is not a bad investment." + +"It may be now; I can't tell. We were under full sail; we have large +ventures, and to give out so much ready money may mean ruin. In a few +months, perhaps sooner, you may have the happiness of bearing a bankrupt +name." + +Elizabeth's eyes were full of pity at the bitter tones in which she +heard suffering; she looked away and answered:-- + +"It is merely justice to me to let me prevent that, if I can." + +"Good heavens!" he cried; and, struck with the readiness of her answer, +he studied her face. He would have liked to be sure from what motive she +was acting. Was it pride, or really pity? The thought of the last made +him furious; the other was at least endurable. "And you might not +prevent it," he added, watching to catch her eyes as she should turn +them back to answer. He was reasonably sure that it was pride. + +"Then let me do this for my own sake," she said. "Listen to me calmly +for a moment. There is one thing you ought not to forget. Either I am +your wife, which God forbid, and I believe he has forbidden it, or I am +simply Katie's friend. In case of the first,--if I have destroyed your +happiness and Katie's, and my own,--what can money do for me? Life +offers me nothing; there are no possibilities before me so far as joy is +concerned; there is nothing left for me but to do the best I know how; +we must pick up the little things that lie along the way in life, you +and I; there will be nothing else for us; I have made you suffer so +much, and you deny me this little thing that can never balance any pain, +but is all I can dot? Why are you so unwise? Why should we make +ourselves more miserable than we need be?" + +He sprang up. These very words--that he had often said to himself in +regard to his own life, that in effect he had said to her that +morning--how harsh they were, how they cut him! He was tender with his +wounded vanity. What man would like to hear that a woman has nothing +before her but misery if she be bound to himself? + +"There is one condition," he cried, harshly, "under which I will accept +your money,--when you love me; when it is the gift of love." He laughed +bitterly. "I am safe," he said. + +"Yes, Mr. Archdale, you are safe," she answered, rising to meet him as +he stood before her. "I can use no such weapons. It is beneath you to do +it. To say such a thing to me when you know that in any event my great +blessing is that I don't care a pin's worth for you, that I am not a +sighing woman wasting her affection on you, while you--But I don't +suppose you meant your words as an insult." + +"Have I ever been rude to you?" he asked, eagerly. "Such a thing would +be an infinite disgrace to me." + +"Yes," she said, answering his assertion. + +"'While you,'" he repeated, "you said 'while you'--What were you going +to say about me?" + +"While you love Katie with all your heart," she answered, "as it is +right you should do." He looked at her, and remembered that for all +her courage it might be that he owed her at least the courtesy of all +observances of respect and regard before others. He had committed an +unpardonable error that day of the dinner at his father's, and he felt a +confusion, as if the color were coming to his face now as he thought of +it. + +"You--mistake," he stammered. "I assure you you do. I think I +understand--I"-- + +She looked up at him. Her face was pale, and there was in it the kind of +compassion that one might imagine a spirit to feel for a wayworn mortal. + +"You owe me no explanation," she said. "Let us believe in the victory of +the right, and put this nightmare away from us. Remember you are +speaking only to Katie's friend." + +He looked at her, and he could not be sure. + +"But you must let me speak," he said, "because I see you mistake. I +don't want you to think because--I confess it--her beauty has a great +fascination for me that I can forget myself, that I--it was like +admiring a beautiful living picture." + +She moved nearer, involuntarily. + +"Poor fellow!" she said under her breath, "you have been brave; you are +brave, very brave. I've seen it." Then, after a pause in which she +retreated a little and stood considering deeply, she said, "I will tell +you something; it would be too much to be spoken of, only that you don't +understand why I did this thing about the business. Think how I am +placed. I may be standing between my dear friend and the man who was to +have been her husband, and separating them forever. That night when I +came home from your father's I realized it more than ever before; it +filled me so that I could not bear the thought of life. I happened to +have something by me, and I--almost took it. I should have slipped away +from between you two, I was so bent upon doing it,--only, the warning +saved me from such a sin. It will never be again," she added as she saw +his eyes dilate with questioning horror. "That temptation has gone. I +have accepted my lot, for it was permitted to come, or even that wicked +man could not have brought it. But now, think, think how I must long to +do some little thing, not to atone, that's impossible, but to make life +not quite so hard to you, and to her. Now, this has come for you. Take +it, I entreat you. Some day I may be able to help her in some way; I +think it will be so." + +He looked into her eyes as she raised them to his. + +"But you didn't mean to--do all this, if it is done," he said. "There's +no need of talking about atoning, as if you were guilty of anything." + +"But, then, I ought to have refused; it was my place. It would have +saved everything." + +"You wanted to," he said, "and you yielded to oblige Katie." + +She looked relieved at his answer. It surprised him; he wondered that he +had remembered her hesitation. + +"You will do this thing?" she persisted. "You see it is your duty." + +"Do you know the reason you are so anxious to have me do it?" he asked, +the momentary softening of his face gone. "It's out of no love for +Katie, or friendliness to me." + +"No," she said to his last statement, and added, "Yes, I know; I've seen +it." + +"What is it?" + +"I suppose," she said, humbly, "that it's my pride. + +"Yes," he cried, "that's what it is--your pride. Well, I have my pride, +too. I'll take your money, when you love me--when it's the gift of your +love, as I said--no sooner; I shall have to do without it this year, I'm +afraid." + +Her eyes swept him from head to foot in an indignant glance. Then she +turned and walked away as if disdaining further speech. He bowed in +silence as he opened the door for her, looking at her with a mocking +smile, and even as he did so taking in every line of her graceful +figure, the pose of her head, and the flush upon her face. In answer to +the taunt she did speak one sentence under her breath, but he caught +it:-- + +"You are not the only one," she said. + +When he had closed the door after her he walked slowly the length of the +room, and, standing by the window, in another moment saw her pass by on +her way to the shore where she had learned that the party had gone. If +they were already sailing it was no matter; she could wait for them +there, or come back; but they might not have started, and to put any +part of sea and land between herself and Archdale would be a joy to her. + +Archdale watched her until she disappeared. + +"And I called myself proud," he muttered. He stood lost in revery, +living the scene over again. "What eyes!" he thought; "they're as +unconscious as a child's, but such power as they have; they call out a +man's best, and I met her with my worst. I never even told her she was +generous. She meant to be kind when she humiliated me so." And then he +thought that she deserved a better fate than to be bound to him whose +heart was with Katie, and realized that Elizabeth was not at all the +kind of woman whom he should choose to set his love upon. Yet he smiled +scornfully at himself for the eager start with which he had cried out +that if she were roused she could be magnificent. A magnificent woman +was not in his line, and if it proved that she was his wife, she would +go through the world a sleeping princess, he said to himself, unless he +should go off to the wars and get shot. Perhaps that would be the best +way out of the difficulty, he thought, and would leave her free. At the +moment Edmonson's face rose before him, and he frowned as he wondered +what feeling there was in that quarter. "No, no," he said to himself. +"Not Edmonson. I know he's a villain; I feel it." He interrupted his +thoughts by asking, sarcastically, what it could all matter to himself, +well out of harm's way, what happened, what Elizabeth or anybody else +did? He was very angry with her, and she did not realize the Archdale +unforgiveness. If she had, would she have cared? She had not yielded her +purpose. + + +CHAPTER XXI. + +WAR CLOUDS. + + +"I hate November," cried Mrs. Eveleigh, coming into Elizabeth's room +and bringing a whiff of cold air with her. "It's a mean month," she +continued. "There's nothing but disagreeable things about it. The leaves +are all gone, and the snow hasn't come. You can't even go out riding +with any comfort, the ground is so frozen you are jolted to pieces." And +with step emphasizing the petulance of her voice, the speaker turned +from her companion and went to her own room, to put away her bonnet and +the heavy cloak that, if it had not been able to protect her from the +roughness of the roads, had kept the cold air from doing more than +biting revengefully at her nose and the tips of her fingers, in place of +all the mischief it would have been glad to inflict if it had had the +chance. The steps grown fainter, went about the next room, and Elizabeth +went on with her reading only half attentively, watching for the +inevitable coming back. "But then," resumed Mrs. Eveleigh, returning to +her subject as soon as she had opened the door wide enough to admit her +voice, "one must see a little of the world sometimes. I'm coming in to +warm my feet by your fire, shan't I? mine is low. I declare, it's hard +that Nancy should be so partial to you. I can get scarcely any +attention, though, to be sure, poor thing, it's well to have it from +somebody, even if it is from dependents. And you don't get any too much +from the quarter where you've a right to it." + +Elizabeth, knowing it would be useless to attempt going on with her +reading, had laid aside her book on Mrs. Eveleigh's entrance, and now +she looked up from the sewing toward which she had reached out her hand, +and said:-- + +"You know as well as I do that it is exactly as I want it. Mr. Archdale +considers my wishes, and as to having a right, you know, Cousin +Patience, that that is what is being disproved now. Haven't I declared +that the ceremony was nothing at all?" + +"Oh, certainly you have, but you'll find out how little good that will +do. I have not an idea that you'll ever have a chance to say 'Yes' to +that splendid Edmonson. You'll find it out soon enough, poor child." + +Elizabeth flushed, then turned pale. + +"Have you heard anything?" she asked. + +"Not yet; not since that Mr. Harwin turned out a minister, just as I +thought he would, and your case went to the court to be decided. You'll +have the first news, I suppose, but I don't doubt what it will be." + +"Neither do I," returned the girl, resolutely. + +"We shall see," said Mrs. Eveleigh. "Do you know," she added, "that Mr. +Edmonson came yesterday when you were out?" + +"Yes." + +Then there fell between the pair as long an interval of silence as Mrs. +Eveleigh ever permitted where she was concerned. She broke it by asking, +energetically:-- + +"Elizabeth, if you really believed that you were not Mr. Archdale's +wife, why, in the name of wonder, did you go and put your whole fortune +into his business? And why did your father let you?" + +"My father had no legal right to interfere," said the girl, ignoring the +first question, "and he did not choose to strain his authority. When was +he ever unkind to me?" + +"I think he was then, decidedly." And the speaker nodded her head with +emphasis. "But you have not told me why you did it," she continued. + +Elizabeth was silent a moment. "I had been the means of the whole thing +being discovered," she said, "and I had hurt him enough already." + +"And he let you risk your whole fortune just because you had happened to +put your finger through a hole in the hall tapestry." + +"No," cried Elizabeth, "he did no such thing. He is very angry with me +now because I invested it; he is not willing, even though he knows that +it's for Katie's sake." + +"I thought you said just now that it was for Mr. Archdale's." Elizabeth +looked at her, and smiled triumphantly. + +"I did," she answered. "It's the same thing; I have always told you so." + +"Um!" said Mrs. Eveleigh, and returned to the attack. "If he wouldn't +take the money, how could you give it?" The girl was silent. "It was the +father, I know; they say a penny never comes amiss to him." + +"How did you find this out, Cousin Patience?" But Mrs. Eveleigh laughed +instead of answering. "You have not spoken of it?" cried Elizabeth. + +"Not a word. Why, I don't want to proclaim any one of my own family a +goose." The only answer was a smile of satisfaction. "You don't mind +being called a goose, I see," pursued the speaker. + +"Not at all. I know it's often true. Only it doesn't happen to be true +here." + +Though Mrs. Eveleigh had so openly criticised Elizabeth, it would have +gone ill with any one who had dared to follow her example. She was often +annoyed by things in Elizabeth; but she believed in the girl's truth +more than she did in her own. And there she was quite right. Now she +began to talk about the portrait scene, and declared that Mr. Edmonson +looked very handsome standing beside the old picture that he so much +resembled. + +"That portrait was Colonel Archdale's grandfather, his mother's father, +Mr. Edmonson," explained Elizabeth, perceiving that her companion's +ideas were somewhat mixed. And then Mrs. Eveleigh confessed that she had +been trying to explain about the portrait and the relationship, and that +though she had talked learnedly about the matter, she had been a little +confused in her own mind. + +"This portrait was in the colonel's father's house, lent him to be +copied, and when he fled he took the original with him, and left the +copy. It was a duel that he fought, and there was something irregular +that he did about it. He went to Virginia, you remember, and while there +he changed his name. Then he came here, and the search for him died out. +The matter was hushed up some way, I suppose." + +"And pretended that he belonged to a different race of Archdales in +another part of England," asserted Mrs. Eveleigh, contemptuously. + +"Perhaps we should, too, if we had been in his place." + +"What! in his place, Elizabeth? Can you even imagine how you would feel +if you had murdered anybody, or about the same as that?" + +"Yes." + +"Nonsense, my dear. You must have a powerful imagination; I shouldn't +think it was healthy. There's no use, any way, in being so odd." + +"No." + +"First 'yes,' and then 'no,' and neither of them means anything. But if +you haven't anything to say, I wish you would tell me how those people, +the colonel's father and mother, happened to have a son living that they +didn't know anything about." + +Elizabeth, full of remembrance of the time when a human life, even if +her own, had seemed light to her, could not help smiling at Mrs. +Eveleigh's literal interpretation of things. "They had to escape at +once," she said, "and the doctor said the child would die if he +undertook a sea-voyage in that state. So she sent him to her father's +home with a nurse who was very fond of him; he was a baby then. And she +went away with her husband with the understanding that when the child +recovered, as the doctor expected him to do, the nurse should bring him +to her in America. And she left open some way of communication. But, +instead of the baby, there came news that he was dead." + +"And he wasn't dead?" + +"No; his grandfather adopted him, and gave him his name. He hated Mr. +Archdale; he had lost his daughter through him, and he determined to +keep the child. So he bribed the nurse to report his death, and +persuaded her that it was better for the little fellow to stay with him +as his sole heir than follow the fortunes of a haunted man in a +wilderness, as America must have been then." + +"And do you really believe they never knew of this son of theirs being +alive?" + +"Mr. Archdale's will, if nothing else, proves that. He had three sons +here, you remember; and the colonel, the eldest of these, was named +Walter, after the one supposed to have died in England. And, now, you +see how this trouble all happened. The will left the greater part of the +property to Mr. Archdale's oldest son, Walter, whom he supposed the +colonel. But the real oldest son, Walter, was this Mr. Edmonson's +father. So that the colonel was really left penniless." + +"Yes, yes, now I see," cried Mrs. Eveleigh. "You are like your father +when you come to explanations, Elizabeth; a person can always get at +what you mean. Now tell me about the portrait, how it came there, and +how in the world Mr. Edmonson found it." + +"I don't know how it came there," she answered, leading away from the +rest of the question by adding, "I have never asked a word about it." + +"Elizabeth! you _are_ odd, that's certain. And if Mr. Archdale is +never coming here any more, you will never have a chance now to ask him. +It's a pity to be so diffident." + +Elizabeth smiled a little. "What else did you hear this morning?" she +asked. + +"Nothing that will interest you, though of course I thought it would +when I heard it. Stephen Archdale has come back from his expedition up +to the Penobscots with Colonel Pepperell. I wonder how they succeeded?" + +"I can tell you that. The Indians have sent word that they will not +fight against their brothers of St. John's and New Brunswick. That means +that they'll fight for them. We shall have an Indian war with the French +one. Think of the horrors of it." She shuddered as she spoke. + +"Yes," returned Mrs. Eveleigh, with calm acquiescence. "It will be +dreadful for the people that live in the little villages and in the open +country." + +This calmness, as if one were gazing from an impregnable fortress upon +the tortures and deaths of others, silenced Elizabeth. She looked the +speaker over slowly and turned away. + +"Any more news?" asked Mrs. Eveleigh in a cheerful tone. + +"I can tell you nothing more," returned Elizabeth. + +This was literally true. It would not have been true if she had said +that she had heard nothing else, for she had been sitting with her +father for an hour, and had learned of a secret scheme,--a scheme so +daring that the very idea of it made her eyes kindle and her breath come +quickly,--a scheme that if it should fail would be hooted at as the +dream of vain-glorious madmen, and if it should succeed, would be +called a stroke of genius--magnificent. It interested her to know that +among the most eager to carry out the scheme was Major Vaughn, the man +whose valor she had asserted to Sir Temple Dacre a few months before. A +small band of men had pledged themselves to put reality into this dream +of grand achievement. "Its failure means," thought Elizabeth, "that +America is to be French and Jesuit; its success that Englishmen, and +liberty of mind and conscience, rule here." She prayed and hoped for +success, and took an eager interest in all the details of the scheme +that had reached her; but these were meagre enough, for, as yet, it +was only outlined; the main thing was that it was resolved upon. The +prisoners captured at Canso had been at last exchanged. They had been +brought to Boston, and had given valuable information about the place of +their captivity, the stronghold of France in America. Governor Shirley +had declared that Louisburg was to be captured, and that Colonel +Pepperell was the man to do it. Elizabeth, as she looked across at Mrs. +Eveleigh, wondered what she would say to the project. But she wondered +in silence, not only because silence had been enjoined, but because this +was not a woman to trust with the making of great events. She had heard +of an Indian war, and her chief thought had been that she would be safe. + +The war had been talked about all the autumn. It was a terrible +necessity, but this new direction that it was to take was something +worth pondering over. + +Elizabeth naturally, took large views of things, and, as her father's +companion, she had not learned to restrict them. But, also, for the last +months she had perceived dimly that there was a power within her which +might never be called into action. And this power rose, sometimes, with +vehemence against the monotony of her surroundings, in the midst of her +wealth of comforts and of affection. + +It was the last of November, only two days after this conversation, that +Stephen Archdale was announced. + +"He has come to tell me the decision," said Elizabeth to Mrs. Eveleigh; +"he promised he would come immediately. It's good news." + +"Then what makes you so pale? And you're actually trembling." + +Elizabeth looked at her companion in surprise, for all her years of +acquaintance with her. + +"Don't you understand?" she said. "The strain is to be taken off. The +certainty must be good; and yet there is the possibility that it is not. +This and the thought that the moment has come make me tremble." + +As she was speaking she moved away and in another moment was in the +drawing-room with Archdale. + +"You have brought me word," she said, as soon as her greeting was over. +"You have good news; I see it in your eyes." + +"Yes," he answered. "I suppose you will call it good news. You are free; +you are still Mistress Royal." + +She clasped her hands impulsively, and retreated a few steps. It seemed +to him as he watched her that her first emotion was a thankfulness as +deep as a prayer. He saw that she could not speak. Then she came up to +him holding out both her hands. + +"Never was any one so welcome to me as you with your words this +morning," she said. "I have not spoiled your life and Katie's." + +"And you are free," he said again. + +"Yes," she repeated, "I am free." And as she drew away her hands she +made a movement almost imperceptible and instantly checked, as if she +had thrown off some heavy weight. He read it, however, as he stood there +with his eyes upon her face, which was bright with a thankfulness and a +beauty that, although he had seen something of her possibilities of +expression, he had never dreamed of. How glad she was! A pang went +through him. He understood it afterward. It had meant that he was asking +himself if Katie's face, when he told her the news, would look so happy +at having gained him as this girl did at having lost him; and he had not +been sure of it. All the autumn there had been strange fancies in his +head about Katie. He had had no right, under the circumstances, to send +Lord Bulchester away; but it had seemed strange to him that any girl's +love of power should be carried so far if it were mere love of power +that moved her. But no shadow on Elizabeth's face showed him that she +dreamed of change in Katie, and Stephen felt rebuked that friendship +could find its object more perfect than love did. + +"Will the wedding be on the anniversary of the other one?" asked +Elizabeth. "I suppose it will," she added; "Katie ought to have it so. +That will come in three weeks. It will be a little time before you sail, +if you go." And she smiled rather sadly, then glanced about her to make +sure that the last remark had not been overheard. + +"Ah!" he said, "I see you know all about the scheme on foot. But it is +safe to trust you. You are very much interested," he added, watching +her. + +"Very much. My father does trust me a good deal. But I hope I shall not +make him sorry for it." + +Archdale kept on looking at her, and smiling. + +"You prefer making people glad," he answered. + +"But perhaps you will not go--now?" she said. + +"Oh, yes. I promised my services to Colonel Pepperell last summer; that +holds me, you see. Besides, I want to do my part." + +"I could not imagine you standing idle by while others were striking the +blows for our country," said Elizabeth. "Katie has told me a good deal +about you at one time and another. Dear Katie!" she added in an +undertone, with an exquisite gentleness in her face. Then, looking back +from the window where her eyes had wandered, she turned off her emotion +by some gay speech. + +Very soon afterward the young man left her. For he was on his way to +carry the news to Katie who was then in Boston visiting her aunt. But to +go to her he passed Mr. Royal's door, and his wishes, as well as his +promise, made him delay his own happiness for a moment to see Elizabeth +rejoice. He saw her rejoice to his heart's content; and then he took +leave of her for his happy meeting with his betrothed. + +[TO BE CONTINUED.] + +[Footnote 3: Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.] + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +Evidences are constantly multiplying that American history is a subject +which has not lost its interest to investigators or to readers. During +the past month four distinct works, namely, the fifth volume of Von +Holst's Constitutional History of the United States, the third of +Schouler's History of the United States, the second of McMaster's +History of the People of the United States, and also a new volume of +Hubert Howe Bancroft's History of the Pacific States, have been +published, and are destined, no doubt, to take their places as +"standards." This diligence on the part of their respective writers, and +the interest in them manifested by the great public is commendable, and +in a measure dispels the oft-repeated saying that Americans are a nation +of novel-readers. + +It is gratifying, also, to record another fact. During the third week in +July the Old South lectures for young people, illustrative of "The War +for the Union," were inaugurated in Boston. The ancient "meeting-house" +was crowded with earnest students to hear the first lecture on slavery, +delivered by William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. The speaker gave a vivid sketch +of the chief events of the anti-slavery movement, and of the part taken +by George Thompson, Garrison, Phillips, Whittier, and Harriet Martineau. + + * * * * * + +Students of the anti-slavery struggle should not forget, however, how +much the success of that struggle was due to Mrs. Maria Weston Chapman, +whose death occurred at Weymouth, Mass., on July 12. She was not only a +_magna pars_ of the struggle, but one of the most remarkable women +of our time. Mrs. Maria Child used to relate how Mrs. Chapman, clad in +the height of fashion of that day, came into the first anti-slavery +fair, an entire stranger to every one present. "She looked around over +the few tables, scantily supplied, and stopped by some faded artificial +flowers. The poor commodity only indicated the utter poverty of means to +carry on the work. We thought her a spy, or maybe she was a +slave-holder." From that time she entered heartily into the work. She +became the life of the Female Anti-slavery Society in Boston, she spoke +often in public; her pen was never idle when it could advance the cause +of equal rights and freedom. + +Mr. Lowell, in his rhymed letter, descriptive of an anti-slavery bazaar +at Faneuil Hall, and the celebrities of the cause there assembled, drew +the portrait of this gifted woman with his usual felicitous touch:-- + + + "There was Maria Chapman, too, + With her swift eyes of clear steel-blue, + The coiled up mainspring of the Fair, + Originating everywhere + The expansive force, without a sound, + That whirls a hundred wheels around; + Herself meanwhile as calm and still + As the bare crown of Prospect Hill; + A noble woman, brave and apt, + Cumaea's sybil not more rapt, + Who might, with those fair tresses shorn, + 'The Maid of Orlean' casque have worn; + Herself the Joan of our Arc, + For every shaft a shining mark." + + + * * * * * + +It is one thing to be a good ship-builder for the government, and quite +another thing to be in favor with the Secretary of the Navy, at +Washington. This is the lesson, and the only lesson, which can be +deduced from the two dispatches which have been transmitted over the +country, namely: that the "Dolphin" has been rejected, and that John +Roach, her builder, has failed. + +The case has its value as a warning to American ship-builders. They are +given to understand that the closest compliance with the requisitions of +the department in the process of constructing a vessel, and that under +the direction of experts, perfectly competent to determine what is good +work and what is bad, will avail them nothing unless they are in favor +with the Secretary when the vessel is offered for acceptance. And they +are warned that the Department of Justice holds it perfectly legal for +the Navy Department to lay upon them such conditions as to construction +as must determine the capacity of the vessel for speed, and yet reject +the vessel as not fast enough. They may be fined heavily for not having +used their discretion, and yet may have been denied discretion as to the +plans used. + +It will be remembered by all who have watched the case, that the +"Dolphin" was found satisfactory and in full accordance with the terms +of the contract by one naval board, and that it was then condemned by +another board of no greater weight or capacity. If this fact be +remembered, it should be weighed with the full understanding that naval +officers, chosen by Mr. Whitney for this service, are just as much +dependents of the new Secretary as their predecessors were of Mr. +Chandler. The last set of officials, as experts, were not superior to +those which constituted the first; and yet Mr. Whitney bases his refusal +to accept the vessel upon the contradiction of the first report to the +second. If the first report was worthless, why not the second, in the +light of all the facts? + +What is needed to-day is a board of examiners fully competent to +pronounce on the merits, of not only the "Dolphin" but of any and +every other ship that shall be built, and fully sundered from, and +independent of, political and official relations with the Navy +Department. The nearest approach to this is the report of the body of +experts--ship-builders, and ship-captains, experts in ship's materials, +and the like--whom Mr. Roach invited to examine the "Dolphin." The +report of these gentlemen flatly contradicts Mr. Whitney's board on +points which are matters of fact, and not of opinion, and therefore +throws the burden of proof upon Mr. Whitney himself. Until some equally +unpolitical and unofficial body refutes it, the treatment Mr. Roach has +received will be set down to other motives than the best. + + * * * * * + +The republic at last bows its head in sorrow at the death of its +greatest citizen. In awe and admiration it honors the character which, +heroic to the last, has never been more conspicuously shown than during +the months of that depressing illness, the end of which must have been +to him a welcome entering into rest. + +The same unquailing courage, and the same calm, grim fortitude which +shed their fadeless lustre upon his whole extraordinary career were +evinced by General Grant at the last moments of his life. For months the +nation has hung over his bedside, awaiting the silent foot-fall of the +unseen conqueror of all that is mortal. + +The nation's loss is not measured by the vacant place. For nearly a +decade General Grant had been only a private citizen, wielding no +sceptre of authority, and exercising no sway in the public councils. And +yet his going is a loss; for he was everywhere felt, not merely by what +he had done, but by what he was,--one of the great reserve forces of our +national commonwealth. + +"Great men," said Burke, "are the guideposts and landmarks of the +State." General Grant was the guidepost of a victorious war, and a +landmark of a magnanimous peace. A pillar of strength has fallen; and +yet a broken shaft is not the fit emblem of his life. It is a finished +and splendid column, crowned with its full glory. + +The chieftain is dead. The American people themselves will now judge +him, after the calm evening and the serene repose of retirement, more +justly than in the stress and storm of struggle. The asperities of angry +contentions have passed; the flaws have faded, and the blemishes are +dimmed, while the splendor of General Grant's achievements and the +simple grandeur of his character have gained a brighter halo as the +years have rolled by. The clouds and the smoke of battle have long since +lifted; the fragments and the scenes are swallowed in the majestic +drama; and to-day we see the hero elevated on his true pedestal of fame +through the just perspective of history. + +It is given to few men to bear suffering with the fortitude displayed by +the departed hero; it is given to fewer still to await in patience and +without complaint the certain issue of suffering in death. But it is +neither his fortitude, nor his patience, nor his touching solicitude, +nor his unselfish industry which distinguished him in an almost unique +degree. It was rather, in one word, his simplicity, his strong but +unpretentious character, and his firm but magnanimous nature. + +Of such, plainly, is the kingdom of Heaven, and it is a national glory +that of such, too, in the instance of General Grant, the American people +was never neglectful. + + * * * * * + +If every person who is inclined to attribute to Socialism all the +discontent now prevalent among the laboring classes of this country, +would carefully read Mr. Laurence Gronlund's remarkable book, entitled, +_The Cooeperative Commonwealth_,--an exposition of modern +Socialism,--he would perhaps awaken to a comprehension of the fact that +true Socialism is neither communism, nor lawlessness, nor anarchy. We +wish this book could be scattered, by millions, among the intelligent +people of this land, if for no other purpose than to root out many of +the false ideas which are current, as well as to inculcate a logical +explanation of much that is transpiring at the present moment. + +We are told that at least 30,000 laborers are out of work in Cincinnati, +and that full as many are unemployed in Chicago. The same state of +affairs prevails in other large cities. These people, we are also told +by the newspapers, are "exposed to the designs of socialistic leaders, +and liable to embrace their dangerous schemes." Hence, it is to be +inferred, of course, that timely measures should be instituted to "guard +the unreflecting against socialistic theories and measures." + +Despair sometimes calls for a desperate remedy. When men are in physical +or financial distress they _are_ apt to lose their heads, so to +speak, and to be subject to the wildest delusions and hallucinations. A +great many of the unfortunates now out of employment have been already +reduced to misery and want; but it is a mistake to suppose that the +philosophy of Socialism can afford them any relief or consolation, or +that it can incite them to mad deeds of violence. There are certain +demagogues in this country who, assuming to be Socialists, are ready to +stir up the popular mind, even to the shedding of blood; but such men +are few in numbers, and wield only a limited influence. + +Now, Socialism holds that the impending reconstruction of society, which +Huxley predicts, will be brought about by the logic of events, and +teaches that the coming revolution, which every intelligent mind must +foresee, is strictly an evolution. Socialists of this school reason from +no assumed first principle, like the French, who start from "social +equality," or like Herbert Spencer, who lays it down as an axiom that +"every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes +not the like freedom of every other man;" but basing themselves squarely +on _experience_,--not individual but universal experience,--they +can, and do present clear-cut, definite solutions. + +It is this true _German_ Socialism which Mr. Gronlund, in the work +previously alluded to, very clearly presents, and which should be more +generally understood than it is. + +Apropos of the subject, it will not be amiss to recall a statement made +by Frederic Harrison, namely:-- + +"The working-class is the only class which is not a class. It is the +nation. It represents, so to speak, the body as a whole, of which the +other classes only represent special organs. These organs, no doubt, +have great and indispensable functions, but for most purposes of +government the state consists of the vast laboring majority. Its welfare +depends on what their lives are like." + +And this from Carlyle:-- + +"It is not to die, or even to die of hunger that makes a man wretched; +many men have died; all men must die. But it is to live miserable, we +know not why: to work sore and yet gain nothing; to be heartworn, weary, +yet isolated, unrelated, girt in with a cold universal _Laissez-faire_." + + * * * * * + + + + +AMONG THE BOOKS. + + +It seems but a short time since we pored interestedly over the pages +of Mr. Stanley's "Through the Dark Continent," which described the +exploration of the Congo in 1876-7, from Nyongwe to the Atlantic +Ocean. The final results of that first expedition, which surpasses all +anticipation, are now recorded in two handsome volumes from the same +pen, bearing the title: _The Congo and the Founding of Its Free +State_.[4] When Mr. Stanley, in 1878, had crossed the African +continent and had reached the mouth of the Congo, he took ship for +Europe. He had reached Marseilles, where, in the railway-station, he was +met by two commissioners who had been sent by Leopold II., King of the +Belgians, for the express purpose of interesting Mr. Stanley in the +project entertained by that king of founding a State in the heart of +Africa. This project was subsequently accepted, and all the powers of +Europe entered into the scheme. Mr. Stanley now relates, for the first +time, the story of the founding,--a story which is as entertaining as +the liveliest piece of fiction, and as marvellous in its unfolding as +would be the sudden discovery of a new and habitable world. From the +mouth of the Congo to Stanley Falls is about fifteen hundred miles, and +the basin of this immense river contains more than a million and a half +square miles; that is, a territory nearly one-half as large as that of +the United States. The opening of this great country to the commerce of +the world is one of the greatest events of the nineteenth, indeed of +any, century. By the agreement of the sovereigns of Europe, no European +power is ever to be permitted to seize the sea-coasts of the continent, +or to levy differential customs and high tariffs upon the commerce of +the world such as our New England and Middle States now levy upon the +West and South. Forever hereafter a merchant or producer dwelling in the +Congo can dispose of his ivory and ebony, or any other product +whatsoever, in whatever market it will yield him the most money, and buy +his shovel and hoe, his gunpowder, and the like, where he can buy them +the best and the cheapest. It is, perhaps, not too much to affirm that +the founding of such an empire on such a basis will make in time as +great a change in commercial affairs as the establishment of the +American Republic has made in political affairs and in the relation of +men to governments. The work of Mr. Stanley is destined to have a large +influence. It is the most important book on Africa that has ever been +written at any period of time or in any language. And yet no record of +good deeds grandly done could savor of more modesty and +unpretentiousness than does the narrative in these two noble volumes. + + * * * * * + +Miss Anna Laurens Dawes, the daughter of Senator Dawes, of +Massachusetts, has undertaken "an explanation of the Constitution and +government of the United States," in her book entitled _How We are +Governed_.[5] Believing, as we do, that a knowledge of politics is an +essential part of education, we hail this work as one of the hopeful +signs of the times, and commend it especially to young people, because +the author has so accurately and comprehensively accomplished her task +as to make it worthy of confidence. Simplicity in writing is the first +needed qualification of one who undertakes to instruct youth. Miss Dawes +exhibits this quality, and takes nothing for granted as to the previous +knowledge of her readers. Her plan follows the order of the +Constitution, and that document is quoted in full, and in its several +parts under the division of "The Legislature," "The Executive," "The +Citizen," and "The States." + + * * * * * + +It is the practical nature of the contents of _The Hunter's +Handbook_[6] which will commend it to all readers, and which stamps +it as an indispensable work for all persons who "go camping out." This +is just the season for such healthful recreation and resting among the +hills or along shore. It is just the season, too, when, unless he knows +exactly how to manage, the camper-out is subjected to a great many +annoyances as well as pleasures. The little work under notice contains +many valuable hints and suggestions, while its notes of all camp +requisites and receipts are exceedingly valuable. Some of the author's +quaint aphorisms on camp economy, camp neatness and cleanliness, and on +the signs and portents of the weather, will tend to keep the reader in +good humor. It would require years of experience for new beginners to +acquire the information which a half hour's study of this book will +easily impart. To all such, then, it is invaluable. + +The first volume of Mr. McMaster's entertaining work on the _History +of the People of the United States_[7] appeared just three years ago +this summer, and the lively interest which it then aroused gave promise +of the cordial welcome that would be generally extended to future +volumes of the same work. The first volume closed with the year 1790. +The second volume, which has recently been published, continues the easy +and entertaining narrative down to 1803. Within its seven chapters there +is a vast fund of valuable information in regard to life and society as +they existed under the early administrations. These chapters cover the +experimental years of the Republic under the Constitution,--the years +which, so susceptible of popular treatment, are so particularly engaging +to students of American history. At so formative a period in the +national development, when there was open contest between Congress and +the States, when the group of undoubted aristocrats gathered around +Hamilton were in direct opposition to the extreme republicanism of the +circle which acknowledged Jefferson as its chief, the dominance of +English or French influence was an element of great moment to the future +of the nation. Mr. McMaster has most admirably handled this phase of his +subject. + +The account of town and country life as they were at the beginning of +the present century, and of the growth of those social usages which we +have come almost to regard as instinctive, is very entertaining and +instructive. Barring certain blemishes and a few inaccuracies, which +ought to be excusable in a work of such character, Mr. McMaster's two +volumes form a very valuable and welcome contribution to our national +literature. It was a felicitous thought which prompted him to enter this +peculiar field, and to gather up the important facts which writers on +political history have generally avoided. So thoroughly and so admirably +has Mr. McMaster worked this field that we doubt whether any other +writer, coming after him, will be tempted to invade the same territory. +The work thus far ends with the negotiations which led to the Louisiana +purchase, and we are led to expect three more instalments before it +shall be completed. + + * * * * * + +Should any readers be tempted by Mrs. Gould's article in this number of +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY to visit Nantucket, they will do well to +take with them, for handy reference and trustworthy guidance, Mr. +Godfrey's _Island of Nantucket: What it was and what it is_.[8] It +is a complete index and guide to all that is interesting in the +island,--tells just how to get there and what to see there,--and +contains, moreover, several special articles, by different hands, on the +history, botany, geology, and entomology of the island. The maps +accompanying the text were made expressly for the book. + + * * * * * + +A fitting companion to Mr. Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," which appeared +some ten or a dozen years ago, is a new book, entitled _A Naturalist's +Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago_,[9] of which Henry O. Forbes +is the author. Mr. Forbes revisited most of the islands which Mr. +Wallace had described, but his route in each island was altogether +different. He gives us the first detailed account of the Timor-laut +Islands, with very interesting and valuable ethnological notes. The work +is divided into six parts, devoted to the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Java, +Sumatra, the Moluccas, Timor-laut, Buru, and Timor. Many illustrations +are interspersed throughout the text, and the whole work is exceedingly +vigorous, graphic, and abounding in interest. + + * * * * * + +_Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis; In the Land of the Lapps and +Kvaens_[10] by Sophus Tromholt, edited by Carl Siewers, furnishes a +narrative of journeys in Lapland, Finland, and Northern Russia in +1882-83. It also contains an account of the recent circumpolar +scientific expeditions, and a popular statement of what is known of the +Aurora Borealis, which the author has studied long and carefully. A map +and nearly one hundred and fifty illustrations add greatly to the value +and attractiveness of the work. + +MR. WINFRED A. STEARNS, a close student of natural history, and +one of the authors of "New England Bird Life," has prepared a work +entitled _Labrador: a sketch of its People, its Industries, and its +Natural History_.[11] Although not written in a very agreeable style, +the work is one which deserves perusal, and will certainly command some +attention. Mr. Stearns visited Labrador three times, once in 1875, once +in 1880, and again in 1882. The results of these journeys and +observations are herein set down in a compact volume of three hundred +pages. With the exception of a valuable paper on Labrador in the +"Encyclopedia Britannica," little of a modern and useful character has +been written giving anything like a fair description of the country and +its resources. Mr. Stearns book supplies the omission, and is cordially +to be commended. It ought to pave the way for a good many excursion +parties. + + +[Footnote 4: The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State. By Henry M. +Stanley, 2 vols. Maps and illustrations. New York; Harper & Bros. Price, +$10.00.] + +[Footnote 5: How We are Governed. By Anna Laurens Dawes. Boston: D. +Lothrop & Co.] + +[Footnote 6: The Hunter's Handbook, containing a description of all +articles required in camp, with hints on provisions and stores, and +receipts for camp cooking. By "An Old Hunter." Boston: Lee & Shepard. +Price, 50 cents.] + +[Footnote 7: A History of the People of the United States, from the +Revolution to the Civil War. By John Bach McMaster. Vol. II. New York: +D. Appleton & Co. Price, $2.50.] + +[Footnote 8: The Island of Nantucket: What it was and what it is. +Compiled by Edward K. Godfrey. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Price, paper, 50 +cents.] + +[Footnote 9: Wanderings of a Naturalist in the Eastern Archipelago. By +H.O. Forbes. Illustrated. New York: Harper & Bros. Price, $5.00.] + +[Footnote 10: Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis; In the Land of the +Lapps and Kvaens. By Sophus Tromholt. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, & Co.] + +[Footnote 11: Labrador: a Sketch of its People, Industries, and Natural +History. By W.A. Stearns. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Price, $1.75.] + + * * * * * + + + + +MEMORANDA FOR THE MONTH. + + +The reduction of letter postage from two cents per half-ounce to two +cents per ounce, which took effect July 1st, suggests a few words in +regard to postal matters in general. The collection of news by +post-carriers is said to have originated in the regular couriers +established by Cyrus in his Persian kingdom about 550 B.C. Charlemagne +employed couriers for similar purposes in his time. The first +post-houses in Europe were instituted by Louis XI. of France. +Post-chaises were invented in the same country. In England in the reign +of Edward IV., 1784, riders on post-horses went stages of the distance +of twenty miles from each other in order to convey to the king the +earliest intelligence of war. Post communication between London and most +towns of England, Scotland, and Ireland existed in 1935. The penny-post +was first set up in London and its suburbs in 1681 as a private +enterprise, and nine years later became a branch of the general post. +Mail coaches, for the conveyance of letters, began to run between London +and Bristol in 1784. The postal system of the American colonies was +organized in 1710. Franklin, as deputy postmaster-general for the +colonies, established mail-coaches between Philadelphia and Boston in +1760. Previous to 1855 the rates of postage were according to distance. +The uniform three-cent rate was adopted in 1863. Money-order offices +were instituted in England as early as 1792. 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