diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-8.txt | 5303 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 109810 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 1910070 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/17724-h.htm | 6354 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-236.jpg | bin | 0 -> 134571 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-242.jpg | bin | 0 -> 109418 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-243.jpg | bin | 0 -> 114046 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-244.jpg | bin | 0 -> 107110 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-245.jpg | bin | 0 -> 102150 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-246.jpg | bin | 0 -> 119995 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-247.jpg | bin | 0 -> 87201 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-265.jpg | bin | 0 -> 139332 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-270.jpg | bin | 0 -> 104660 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-276.jpg | bin | 0 -> 120008 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-277.jpg | bin | 0 -> 111859 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-278.jpg | bin | 0 -> 153221 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-285a.jpg | bin | 0 -> 92723 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-285b.jpg | bin | 0 -> 60438 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-286.jpg | bin | 0 -> 153647 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724-h/images/ill-287.jpg | bin | 0 -> 92519 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724.txt | 5303 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17724.zip | bin | 0 -> 109781 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
25 files changed, 16976 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/17724-8.txt b/17724-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..108db13 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5303 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17724] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + +[Illustration: John D. Long] + + + + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine._ + +VOL. III. SEPTEMBER, 1885. NO. IV. + + * * * * * + + + + +HON. JOHN D. LONG. + + +Hon. John D. Long, the thirty-second governor of the +Commonwealth of Massachusetts, under the Constitution, and whose wise, +prudent administration reflected great credit upon himself, was born in +Buckfield, Maine, October 27, 1838. + +His father was a man of some prominence in the Pine Tree State, and in +the year in which his more distinguished son first saw the light, he ran +for Congress on the Whig ticket, and although receiving a plurality of +the votes cast, he was defeated. + +The son was a studious lad, more fond of his books than of play, and +thought more of obtaining a solid education than of developing his +muscles as an athlete. At the proper age he entered the academy at +Hebron, the principal of which was at that time Mark H. Dunnell, +subsequently a member of Congress from Minnesota. + +At the age of fourteen, young Long entered the Freshman class at Harvard +College. He at once took high rank, stood fourth in his class for the +course, and second at the end of the Senior year. He was the author of +the class ode, sung on Commencement day. + +After leaving College, Mr. Long was engaged as principal of the Westford +Academy, an old institution incorporated in 1793. He remained at +Westford two years, highly esteemed by his pupils and beloved of the +whole people. As a teacher, he won marked success, and many of his +contemporaries regret that he did not always remain in the profession. +But he cherished another, if not a higher ambition. From Westford he +passed to the Harvard Law School, and to the offices of Sidney Bartlett +and Peleg W. Chandler, in Boston. In 1861, he was admitted to the bar, +and then he opened an office in his native town, to practise his new +profession. + +He soon found, however, that Buckfield was not the place for him. +People there were far too honest and peace-loving, and minded their own +business too well to assist in building up a lawyer's reputation. After +a two years' stay, therefore, he removed to Boston, and entered the +office of Stillman B. Allen, where he rapidly gained an extensive +practice. The firm, which consisted of Mr. Allen, Mr. Long, Thomas +Savage and Alfred Hemenway, had their offices on Court Street, in an old +building now on the site of the new Young's Hotel. Mr. Long remained in +the firm until his election, in November, 1879, to the governorship of +Massachusetts. + +In 1870, he was married to Miss Mary W. Glover of Hingham, +Massachusetts, to which town he had previously removed his residence. +During his executive administration, he had the great misfortune to +undergo bereavement by the loss of this most estimable lady, whose wise +counsel often lent him encouragement in the perplexed days of his +official life. + +In 1875, Mr. Long was chosen to represent the Republicans of the second +Plymouth District in the legislature. He at once took a prominent +position, and gained great popularity with his fellow members. In 1876, +he was re-elected to the House, and soon after he was chosen speaker. +This position he filled with dignity, grace, and with an ease surpassed +by no speaker before him or since. He showed himself thoroughly versed +in parliamentary practice, and his tact was indeed something remarkable. +So great was his popularity that, in 1877, he had every vote which was +cast for speaker, and in the following year every vote but six. + +In the fall of 1877, the Republican State Convention assembled at +Worcester, and it at once became apparent that many of the delegates +were desirous to vote for Mr. Speaker Long for the highest office in the +Commonwealth. At the convention he received, however, only 217 votes for +candidate; and his name was then withdrawn. At the convention of 1878, +he again found numerous supporters, and received 266 votes for Governor. +He was then nominated for Lieutenant Governor by a very large majority, +and was elected. In the convention of 1879, Governor Thomas Talbot +declining a re-nomination, Lieutenant Governor Long received 669 votes +to 505 votes for the Hon. Henry L. Pierce, and was nominated and +elected, having 122,751 votes to 109,149 for General Benjamin F. Butler, +9,989 for John Quincy Adams, and 1,635 for the Rev D.C. Eddy, D.D. + +On the fifteenth of September, 1880, Governor Long was re-nominated by +acclamation, and in November he was re-elected by a plurality of about +52,000 votes,--the largest plurality given for any candidate for the +governorship of Massachusetts since the presidential year of 1872. He +continued to hold the office, by re-election until January, 1883. + +Several important acts were passed during the administration of Governor +Long, and notably among these was an act fixing the penalties for +drunkeness,--an act providing that no person who has been served in the +United State army or navy, and has been honorably discharged from the +service, if otherwise qualified to vote, shall be debarred from voting +on account of his being a pauper, or, if a pauper, because of the +non-payment of a poll tax,--an act which obviated many of the evils of +double taxation by providing that, when any person has an interest in +taxable real estate as holders of a mortgage, given to secure the +payment of a loan, the amount of which is fixed and stated, the amount +of said person's interest as mortgagee shall be assessed as real estate +in the city or town where the land lies, and the mortgagor shall be +assessed only for the value of said real estate, less the mortgagee's +interest in it. + +The creditable manner in which Mr. Long conducted the affairs of the +State induced his constituents to send him as their representative in +Washington. He was elected a member of the Forty-eighth Congress, and is +now a member also of the Forty-ninth. His record thus far has been +altogether honorable and characterized by a sturdy watchfulness of the +interests entrusted to his care. + +As a man of letters. Governor Long has achieved a reputation. Some years +ago, he produced a scholarly translation, in blank verse, of Virgil's +_Æneid_, which was published in 1879 in Boston. It has found many +admirers among students of classical literature. Governor Long, amid +busy professional and official duties, has also written several poems +and essays which reflect credit upon his heart and brain. His inaugural +addresses were masterpieces of literary art, and the same can be said of +his speeches on the floor of Congress, all of them, polished, forceful +and to the point. + +Mr. Long is a very fluent speaker, and, without oratorical display, he +always succeeds in winning the attention of his auditors. It is what he +says, more than how he says it, that has won for him his great +popularity on the platform. When, in February last, the Washington +monument was dedicated, he it was that was chosen to read the +magnificent oration of Robert C. Winthrop. + +As a specimen of Mr. Long's happy way of expressing timely thoughts, the +following passage, selected from an address which he delivered at +Tremont Temple, Boston, on Memorial Day, 1881, deserves to be read:-- + + + "Scarce a town is there--from Boston, with its magnificent column + crowned with the statue of America at the dedication of which even the + conquered Southron came to pay honor, to the humblest stone in rural + villages--in which these monuments do not rise summer and winter, in + snow and sun, day and night, to tell how universal was the response of + Massachusetts to the call of the patriots' duty, whether it rang above + the city's din or broke the quiet of the farm. On city square and + village green stand the graceful figures of student, clerk, mechanic, + farmer, in that endeared and never-to-be-forgotten war-uniform of the + soldier or the sailor, their stern young faces to the front, still on + guard, watching the work they wrought in the flesh, and teaching in + eloquent silence the lesson of the citizen's duty to the state, How our + children will study these! How they will search and read their names! + How quaint and antique to them will seem their arms and costume! How + they will gather and store up in their minds the fine, insensibly + filtering percolation of the sentiment of valor, of loyalty, of fight + for right, of resistance against wrong, just as we inherited all this + from the Revolutionary era, so that, when some crisis shall in the + future come to them, as it came to us, they will spring to the rescue, + as sprang our youth, in the beauty and chivalry of the consciousness + of a noble descent." + + + * * * * * + + + + +CONCORD MEN AND MEMORIES. + + +By George B. Bartlett. + + +On a pleasant June morning after a long drive through shady country +lanes, the little pile of rocks was reached, which for two hundred and +fifty years has marked the western corner of the lot, six miles square, +granted to form the plantation at Musketaquid on the second of September +1635. Resting here in the shadow of the pines, listening to the busy +gossip of the squirrels, many scenes and people which have made the town +of Concord, Massachusetts, so noted, seemed to pass in review, some of +which will here be recounted. + +Perhaps on this spot Simon Willard and his associates may have stood, +and these rough rocks been laid in place by their hands. Peter Bulkeley, +the wise and reverend, may have consecrated this solemn occasion with +prayer in accordance with the good old custom of the time. To the two +gentlemen above-mentioned the chief credit of the settlement of Concord +is mainly due. Attention was early called to the broad meadows of the +Musketaquid or 'grass grown river' and a company marched from the +ancient Newtown to form a settlement there early in the fall of 1635. +Few of the thousand pilgrims who arrive every year over the Fitchburg +and Lowell railroads can imagine the discomforts of the toilsome journey +of these early settlers as they penetrated through the unbroken +wilderness and wet and dreary swamps, devoting nearly two weeks to the +journey now easily accomplished in forty minutes. Many of their cattle +died from exposure and change of climate, and great heroism and courage +were required to make them persevere. They were kindly received by the +Indians who were in possession of the lands along the rivers, and who +finally consented to part with them so peacefully, that the name of the +town was called Concord. + +Near the present site of the hotel stood an oak tree under which +tradition locates the scene of these amicable bargains. On a hill at the +junction of the Sudbury and Assabet rivers, rumor also locates the lodge +of the squaw who reigned as queen over one of the Indian tribes, and +thus introduced into the village female supremacy which has steadily +gained in power ever since. Later the Apostle Eliot preached here often, +and converted many dusky followers into "Praying Indians." Remnants of +their lodge-stones, arrow-heads and other relics were abundant half a +century ago in the great fields and other well known resorts, and a +large kitchen-miden or pile of shells, now fast becoming sand, marks the +place of one of their solemn feasts. The early explorers seem to have +built at first under the shelter of the low sand-hills which extend +through the centre of the town, and perhaps some of them were content to +winter in caves dug in the western slopes. Their first care was for +their church which was organized under the Rev. Peter Bulkeley and John +Jones as pastor and teacher, but after a few years Mr. Jones left for +Connecticut with one-third of his flock. Many other things occurred to +discourage this little band, but their indomitable leader was not one to +abandon any enterprise. Rev. Peter Bulkeley was a gentleman of learning, +wealth and culture, as was also Simon Willard who managed the temporal +affairs of the plantation. It is a curious commentary on the present +temperance question to learn from early records that to the chief men +alone was given the right to sell intoxicating liquors. In many of the +early plantations the land seems to have been divided into parcels, +which were in some cases distributed by lot, and this fact may perhaps +have originated the word _lot_ as applied to land. A large tract +near the centre of the town was long held in common by forty associates, +the entrance to which was behind the site of the former Courthouse, now +occupied by the Insurance Office. Before many years had passed this +little town lost in some degree its peaceful reputation, and became a +centre of operations during King Philip's war, many bodies of armed men +being sent out against the savages, and one to the relief of Brookfield, +under Mr. Willard. Block houses were built at several exposed points, +the sites of which, with other noted places will soon be marked with +memorial tablets. + +Trained by this Indian warfare, the inhabitants of Concord were prepared +for the events which were to follow, and when, in 1775, their town +furnished the first battle-field of the American Revolution, they were +able to offer "the first effectual resistance to British aggression." In +the old church built in 1712 was held the famous Continental Congress +where the fiery speeches of Adams and Hancock did so much to hasten the +opening of the inevitable conflict between England and her provinces. +The same frame which was used for the present building echoed with the +stirring words of the patriots as well as with the fearless utterances +of the Rev. William Emerson, who, on the Sunday before Concord fight, +preached his famous sermon on the text "Resistance to tyrants is +obedience to God." The events which preceded the Revolution need not be +recorded here, nor any facts not intimately connected with the history +of the town, which had been quietly making preparations for the grand +event. Under Colonel James Barrett and Major Buttrick, the militia and +other soldiers were drilled and organized, some of whom under the name +of Minute-men were ordered to be ready to parade at a moment's notice. +Cannon and other munitions of war were procured, which with flour and +provisions were secreted in various places. + +Tidings of these preparations was carried to the British in Boston by +the spies and tories who abounded in the town, and on the evening of the +eighteenth of April, an expedition consisting of about eight hundred men +was sent out to counteract them. Paul Revere having been stopped at +Lexington, was able to spread the news of the attack by means of Dr. +Prescott who had been sitting up late with the lady whom he afterwards +married. Love overleaps all obstacles, and with cut bridle-rein the +Doctor leaped his gallant steed over walls and fences and reached +Concord very early in the morning. At the ringing of the bell the +Minute-men flocked to their standard on the crest of Burying Hill where +they were joined by Rev. William Emerson, whose marble tomb stands near +the very spot, and also marks the place where Pitcairn and Smith +controlled the operations of the British during the forenoon. + +The Liberty-pole occupied the next eminence, a few rods farther east. +Here the little band of patriots awaited the coming of the +well-disciplined foe, ignorant that their country-men had fallen on +Lexington Common before the very muskets that now glittered in the +morning sun. Some proposed to go and meet the British, and some to die +holding their ground; but their wiser commanders led them to +Ponkawtassett Hill a mile away, where the worn and weary troops were +cheered by food and rest, and were reinforced by new arrivals from Acton +and other towns, until they numbered nearly three hundred men. After +destroying many stores in the village, and sending three companies to +Colonel Barrett's in vain search for the cannon, which were buried in +the furrows of a ploughed field, a detachment of British soldiers took +possession of the South Bridge, and three companies were left to guard +the old North Bridge under command of Captain Lawrie. + +[Illustration: Henry D. Thoreau.] + +Seeing this manoeuvre the Americans slowly advanced and took up their +position on the hill at the west of the bridge which the British now +began to destroy. Colonel Isaac Davis of Acton now offered to lead the +attack, saying, "I have not a man who is afraid to go," and he was given +the place in front of the advancing column, and fell at the first volley +from the British, who were posted on the other bank of the river. Major +Buttrick then ordered his troops to fire, and dashed on to the bridge, +driving the enemy back to the main road, down which they soon retreated +to the Common, to join the Grenadiers and Marines who there awaited +them. The Minute-men crossed over the hills and fields to Merriam's +corner when they again attacked the British, who were marching back to +Boston, and killed and wounded several of the enemy without injury to +themselves. Meanwhile the three companies had returned from Colonel +Barrett's and marched safely over the bridge which had been abandoned by +both sides, and joined the main force of the British who had waited for +them on the Common. + +After the skirmish at Merriam's corner, the fighting was continued in +true Indian fashion from behind walls and buildings with such effect +that the British would have been captured had they not been re-enforced +at Lexington by a large force with field pieces. + +In 1836, the spot on which the British stood was marked by a plain +monument, and in 1875 the place near which Captain Isaac Davis and his +companions fell was made forever memorable by the noble bronze statue of +the Minute-man by Daniel Chester French in which the artist has +carefully copied every detail of dress and implement, from the ancient +firelock, to the old plough on which he leans. + +[Illustration: THE OLD BATTLE GROUND.] + +In order to prove her claim to the peaceful name of Concord, this +village seems to have taken an active part in every warlike enterprise +which followed. Several of her men fought at Bunker Hill and one was +killed there. In Shay's Rebellion Job Shattuck of Groton attempted to +prevent the court, which assembled in Concord, from transacting its +business, by an armed force. In the war of 1812, Concord men served +well, and in the old anti-slavery days many a fierce battle of tongue +and pen was waged by the early supporters of the then unpopular cause. +John Brown spent his fifty-eighth birthday in the town the week before +he left for Harper's Ferry, and the gallows from which his "soul went +marching on." The United States officials who came to arrest Mr. Sanborn +for his knowledge of Brown's movements were advised by the women and men +of Concord to retreat down the old Boston road _a la_ British; and +when the call came for troops to put down the late Rebellion, Concord +was among the first to send her militia to the field under the gallant +young farmer-soldier, Colonel Prescott, who at Petersburg, + + + "Showed how a soldier ought to fight, + And a Christian ought to die." + + +[Illustration: R. Waldo Emerson] + +In memory of the brave who found in Concord "a birthplace, home or +grave" the plain shaft in the public square was erected on the spot +where the Minute-men were probably first drawn up on the morning of the +nineteenth of April. 1775 to listen to the inspiring words of their +young preacher, Rev. William Emerson, and ninety years after in the same +place his grandson R.W. Emerson recounted the noble deeds of the men who +had gallantly proved themselves worthy to bear the names made famous by +their ancestors at Concord fight. The Rev. William Emerson in 1775 +occupied and owned _The Old Manse_, which was built for him about +ten years before, on the occasion of his marriage to Miss. Phoebe Bliss, +the daughter of one of the early ministers of Concord. Mr. Emerson was +so patriotic and eager to attack the invaders at once, that he was +compelled by his people to remain in his house, from which he is said to +have watched the battle at the bridge from a window commanding the +field. He soon after joined the army as chaplain and died the next year +at Rutland, and his widow married some years after the Rev. Dr. Ripley +who succeeded him in his church and home, and lived until his death in +the Manse which has always remained in the possession of his +descendants. Dr. Ripley ruled the church and town with the iron sway of +an old-fashioned New England minister, and the old Manse has for years +been a literary centre. In the old dining room, the solemn conclave of +clergymen have cracked many a hard doctrine and many a merry jest, +seated in the high-backed leather chairs which have stood for one +hundred and twenty years around the old table. Here Mrs. Sarah Ripley +fitted many a noted scholar for college in the intervals of her +housekeeping labors before the open kitchen fireplace. In an attic +room, called the Saint's chamber, from the penciled names of honored +occupants, Emerson is said to have written _Nature_, and perhaps +other works, as much of his time was spent in the Manse at various +periods of his life. Here Hawthorne came on his wedding tour and lived +for two happy years and wrote the _Mosses from an Old Manse_ and +other works. In his study over the dining-room, his name is written +with a diamond on one of the little window panes, and with the same +instrument his wife has recorded on the dining-room window annals of +her daughter who was born in the house. + +[Illustration: Nathaniel Hawthorne.] + +On the hill opposite, the solitary poplar, the last of a group set +out by some school-girls eighty years ago, still stands. Each of its +companions died about the time of the decease of its lady planter, and +as the one who set out the present tree has lately died, the poplar +suffered last year from a stroke of lightning which may cause it to +follow soon. + +Nearly opposite the Manse on the road toward the village is the well +preserved house, formerly the home of Elisha Jones, which bears in the +L the mark of a bullet fired into it on the day of Concord fight. On +the same side of the way a little farther down is a house, a portion of +which was built by Humphrey Barrett as early as 1640. As the route of +the retreating British from the bridge is followed for half a mile down +this road the common is reached, which is bounded on the Northern end by +the stores, from which the British took flour and other Continental +supplies, and at the opposite end stands Wright tavern which the gallant +Pitcairn immortalized by stirring his brandy with a bloody finger, +unconscious that the rebel blood he promised to stir would cause his own +to flow at Bunker Hill. + +Opposite Wright tavern is one of the oldest burying hills in the +country, on which may be seen the stone of Joseph Merriam, who died in +1677 and those of Colonel Barrett who commanded the troops, and of Major +Buttrick who led them at the bridge, and of his son the fifer who +furnished the music to which they marched. Here also is the inscription +to John Jack famous for its alliteration, and the tablets of the old +ministers and founders of church and State. Some of these headstones +bear coats of arms and rough portraits in stone, while others more +symbolic, are content with the winged cherubim or solemn weeping willow, +and others older still preserve the antique coffin shape. About one +quarter of a mile in the rear of this historic Burying Hill is Sleepy +Hollow, the cemetery now so famous, which will be for centuries as now, +the Mecca of pious pilgrims, for here Emerson sleeps beneath the giant +pine of which he loved to write and which in grateful recognition ever +whispers its solemn dirge over the dead poet, who will live forever in +his writings. His grave is now marked by a rough rock of beautiful pink +crystal-quartz, and his son Waldo lies close beside him, with no +monument but the imperishable one of _Threnody_. Mrs. Ruth Emerson, +the mother of the poet and his brothers, nephews and grandchildren rest +near him, and close by is the grave of Miss Mary Moody Emerson, the +eccentric genius whom he well appreciated. + +[Illustration: THE STUDY IN THE TOWER OF THE WAYSIDE.] + +Ridge Path leads up the steep hill past the grave of Emerson and also to +most of the noted burial places. On ascending this path at the western +end, Hawthorne's lot is first reached, surrounded by a low hedge of +Arbor Vitae and the grave of the great writer is marked only by two low +white stones one of which bears his name. At his head lies his little +grandson, Francis Lathrop, and by his side Julian's little daughter +Gladys. Behind is the grave of Thoreau, a plain brown stone, and very +near are the graves of two of the little women, Amy and Beth, by the +side of their noble mother, Mrs. Alcott. Colonel Prescott and many noted +citizens are buried on this path which has for a chief ornament the +handsome monument of the Honorable William Whiting, nearly opposite +which is the Manse lot, with its memorials to Mrs. Ripley and her sons. +On the side of this hill is the Monument to Honorable Samuel Hoar which +bears upon its upper portion an appropriate motto from Pilgrim's +Progress, and an oft-quoted inscription which with the one in the same +lot to his daughter, is recommended to all lovers of pure English as +they are true records of the pure souls they commemorate. + +[Illustration: A. BRONSON ALCOTT.] + +Returning from the cemetery to the square, we still follow the British +down the Boston road and pass at the corner near the church another +building from which stores were taken and on the left houses of +historical fame, the house and shop of Captain Brown who led the second +company in the fight, the home of the patriot Lee and John Beatton who +left funds for church purposes. Below this house which is two hundred +years old, a guard was posted on the day of the fight and before it +stand two elms so old that they are filled with bricks inside, and +mended outside with plaster in order to preserve them. The next house on +the right is the home of Emerson, a plain wooden building with trees +near the western side, and a fine old-fashioned garden in the rear. His +study was in the front of the house at the right of the entrance. One +side is filled to the ceiling with books, and a picture of the Fates +hangs above the grate, a table occupies the centre, at the right of +which is the rocking chair in which he often sat, and his writing +implements lie near on the table. From the study two doors lead to the +long parlor with its large fire-place around which so many noted people +have gathered. + +After passing the home of Emerson the road turns toward the left and +leads past the farm and greenhouses of John B. Morse, the agricultural +author, to the School of Philosophy which has just completed its seventh +session with success, the attendance having steadily improved certainly +as far as culture is considered. It stands in the grounds of the Orchard +House now the home of Dr. Harris who has carried out the idea of Mr. +Alcott of whom he bought the place, by laying out beautiful walks over +the crest of the wooded hill. He has surrounded a tall pine on the hill +top with a strong staircase by which it can easily be climbed to a +height of 54 feet from the base and 110 feet from the road in front of +the school building or chapel. Orchard House was for years the home of +the Alcott family where Louisa wrote and May painted and their father +studied philosophy. A broken rustic fence one of the last traces of Mr. +Alcott's mechanical skill forms the slight barrier between the grounds +at the Orchard House and Wayside, which Mr. Alcott bought in 1845 and a +few years later sold to Nathaniel Hawthorne who owned it at the time of +his death. The house is a strange mixture of the old and new, as the +rear part bears evident traces of antiquity, at the right were the +Hawthorne parlors and reception rooms, at the left of the entry his +library, sometimes called the den, and in front a small room with a low +window separates the dining room from the reception room and the whole +is crowned with a tower built by Mr. Hawthorne for a study where he +found the quiet and seclusion which he loved. Much of Mr. Hawthorne's +composition seems to have been done as he wandered up and down the shady +paths which wind in every direction along the terraced hillside, and a +small crooked path is still shown as the one worn by the restless step +of genius. Mr. G.P. Lathrop who married Rose Hawthorne sold the place to +Daniel Lothrop, the Boston publisher, who has thoroughly repaired it and +greatly added to its beauty by reverently preserving every landmark in +his improvements, and now in summer his accomplished wife, known to the +public by her _nom de plume_ of Margaret Sidney, entertains many +noted people at Wayside. On the Boston road and a little farther on is +the garden of Ephraim Bull, the originator of the Concord grape and +below is Merriam's Corner to which the Minute-men crossed and attacked +the British as above mentioned. Half a mile across country lies Sandy +Pond from which the town has its water supply which can furnish daily +half a million gallons of pure water, each containing only one and +three-fourths grains of solid matter. From Sandy Pond several narrow +wood-roads lead to Walden, a mile distant where Thoreau lived for eight +months at an expense of one dollar and nine cents a month. His house +cost thirty dollars and was built by his own hands with a little help in +raising and in it he wrote Walden, considered by many his best book. Mr. +Thoreau died in May 1862, in the house occupied by the Alcott family on +Main street where many of the principal inhabitants live. At the +junction of this street with Sudbury street stands the Concord Free +Public Library, the generous gift of William Munroe, Esq. which was +dedicated October 1, 1873, and now owns nearly twenty thousand volumes +and numerous works of art, coins and relics, the germs of a gallery +which will be added in future. Behind the many fine estates which front +on Main street, Sudbury river forms another highway and many boats lie +along the green lawns ready to convey their owners up river to Fairhaven +bay, Martha's Point, the Cliffs and Baker Farm, the haunts of the +botanists, fishermen and authors of Concord, or down to Egg Rock where +the South Branch unites with the lovely Assabet to form the Concord +River which leads to the Merrimac by way of Bedford, Billerica and +Lowell. But most of the boats go up the Assabet to the beautiful bend +where the gaunt hemlocks lean over to see their reflection in the amber +stream, past the willows by which kindly hands have hidden the railroad, +to the shaded aisles of the vine-entangled maples where the rowers moor +their boats and climb Lee Hill which Mr. C.H. Hood has so beautifully +laid out. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE CONSPIRACY OF 1860-61. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +I. + + +After the October elections, in the autumn of 1860, had been carried by +the Republicans, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the +United States, in November, became a foregone conclusion. On the 5th day +of October,--the initial day of the American Rebellion,--Governor Gist, +of South Carolina, wrote a confidential circular-letter, which he +despatched by special messenger to the governors of the so-called Cotton +States. In this letter he requested an "interchange of opinions which he +might be at liberty to submit to a consultation of the leading men" of +his State. He added that South Carolina would unquestionably call a +convention as soon as it was ascertained that a majority of Lincoln +electors were chosen in the then pending presidential election. "If a +single State secedes," he wrote, "she will follow her. If no other State +takes the lead, South Carolina will secede; in my opinion, alone, if she +has any assurance that she will be soon followed by another or other +States; otherwise, it is doubtful." He asked information, and advised +concerted action. + +The governors of North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and +Georgia sent replies; but the discouraging tone of their responses +establishes, beyond controversy, that, with the exception of South +Carolina, "the Rebellion was not in any sense a popular revolution, but +was a conspiracy among the prominent local office-holders and +politicians, which the people neither expected nor desired, and which +they were made eventually to justify and uphold by the usual arts and +expedients of conspiracy." + +From the dawn of its existence the South had practically controlled the +government; she very naturally wished to perpetuate her control. The +extension of slavery and the creation of additional slave States was a +necessary step in the scheme, and became the well-defined single issue +in the presidential election, though not necessarily the primal cause of +the impending civil war. For the first time in the history of the +republic the ambition of the South met overwhelming defeat. In legal +form and by constitutional majorities Abraham Lincoln was chosen to the +presidency, and this choice meant, finally, that slavery should not be +extended. + +An election was held in South Carolina in the month of October, 1860, +under the manipulation of the conspirators. To a Legislature chosen from +the proper material, Governor Gist, on November 5th, sent a message +declaring "our institutions" in danger from the "fixed majorities" of +the North, and recommending the calling of a State Convention, and the +purchase of arms and the material of war. This was the first official +notice and proclamation of insurrection. + +The morning of November 7th decided the result of the national election. +From this time onward everything was adroitly managed to swell the +revolutionary furor. The people of South Carolina, and especially of +Charleston, indulged in a continuous holiday, amid unflagging +excitement, and, while singing the Marseillaise, prepared for war! +Everybody appeared to be satisfied,--the conspirators, because their +schemes were progressing, and the people, because, innocently duped, +they hoped for success. + +The first half of the month of December had worn away. A new governor, +Francis W. Pickens, ruled the destinies of South Carolina. A Convention, +authorized by the Legislature, met at Columbia, the capital of the +State, and, on the 20th of December, passed unanimously what it called +an ordinance of secession, in the following words:-- + + + We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, + do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that the + ordinance adopted by us in convention on the 23d day of May, in the + year of our Lord 1788, whereby the Constitution of the United States + of America was ratified, and also all Acts and parts of Acts of the + General Assembly of this State ratifying amendments of the said + Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the Union now subsisting + between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the United + States of America, is hereby dissolved. + + +The ordinance was immediately made known by huge placards, issued from +the Charleston printing-offices, and by the firing of guns, the ringing +of bells, and other jubilations. The same evening South Carolina was +proclaimed an "independent commonwealth." Said one of the chief actors: +"The secession of South Carolina is not an event of a day. It is not +anything produced by Mr. Lincoln's election, or by the non-execution of +the Fugitive-Slave Law. It is a matter which has been gathering head for +thirty years." This was a distinct affirmation, which is corroborated by +other and abundant testimony, that the revolt was not only against +right, but that it was utterly without cause. + +The events which took place in South Carolina were, in substance, +duplicated in her sister States of the South. Mississippi seceded on +January 9, 1861; Florida, on January 10; Alabama, on January 11; +Georgia, on January 18; Louisiana, on January 26; and Texas, on February +1; but not a single State, except Texas, dared to submit its ordinance +of secession to a direct vote of the people. + +One of the most striking features in the early history of the secession +is the apparent delusion in the minds of the leaders that secession +could not result in war. Even after the firing upon Sumter, the delusion +continued to exist. Misled, perhaps, by the opinion of ex-President +Pierce,[1] the South believed that the North would be divided; that it +would not fight. It is but fair to say that the tone of a portion of the +Northern press, and the speeches of some of the Northern Democrats, and +the ambiguous way of speaking on the part of some of the Northern +Republicans rather warranted than discouraged such an opinion. + +There was, however, one prominent man from Massachusetts, who had united +with the Southern leaders in the support of Breckenridge, who had wisdom +as well as wit, and who now sought to dispel this false idea. In the +month of December he was in Washington, and he asked his old associates +what it meant. + +"It means," said they, "separation, and a Southern Confederacy. We will +have our independence, and establish a Southern government, with no +discordant elements." + +"Are you prepared for war?" inquired Butler. + +"Oh! there will be no war; the North will not fight." + +"The North will fight. The North will send the last man and expend the +last dollar to maintain the government." + +"But," said his Southern friends, "the North can't fight; we have too +many allies there." + +"You have friends," said Butler, "in the North, who will stand by you so +long as you fight your battles in the Union; but the moment you fire on +the flag the Northern people will be a unit against you. And you may be +assured, if war comes, _slavery ends_." + +Butler was far too sagacious a man not to perceive that war was +inevitable, and too sturdy and patriotic not to resist it. With a +boldness and frankness which have shown themselves through his whole +political career, he went to Buchanan; he advised and begged him to +arrest the commissioners, with whom he was then parleying, and to have +them tried for treason! Such advice it was as characteristic of Benjamin +F. Butler to give as it was of President Buchanan to disregard. + + +II. + + +But the adoption of secession ordinances and the assumption of +independent authority was not enough for the Cotton Republic. Though +they hoped to evade civil war, still they never forgot for a moment that +a conflict was not only possible, but even probable. Their prudence told +them that they ought to prepare for such an emergency by at once taking +possession of all the arms and military forts within their borders. + +At this time there was a large navy-yard at Pensacola, Florida; from +twelve to fifteen harbor forts along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; +half-a-dozen arsenals, stocked with an aggregate of one hundred and +fifty thousand arms (transferred there about a year before from Northern +arsenals, by Secretary Floyd); three mints; four important +custom-houses; three revenue cutters, on duty at leading Southern +seaports, and a vast amount of valuable miscellaneous property,--all of +which had been purchased with the money of the Federal Government. + +The land on which the navy-yards, arsenals, forts, and, indeed, all the +buildings so purchased and controlled, stood, was vested in the United +States, not alone by the right of eminent domain, but also by formal +legislative deeds of cession from the States themselves, _wherein +they_ were located. The self-constituted governments of these State +now assumed either that the right of eminent domain reverted to them, or +that it had always belonged to them; and that they were perfectly +justified in taking absolute possession, "holding themselves responsible +in money damages to be settled by negotiation." The Federal Government +and the sentiment of the North regarded this hypothesis false and +absurd. + +In due season the governors of the Cotton States, by official orders to +their extemporized militia companies, took forcible possession of all +the property belonging to the Federal Government lying within the +borders of these States. This proceeding was no other than _levying +actual war against the United States_. There was as yet no bloodshed, +however, and for this reason: the regular army of the United States +amounted then to but little over seventeen thousand men, and, most of +these being on the Western frontier, there was only a small garrison at +each of the Southern forts; all that was necessary, therefore, was for a +superior armed force--as a rule, State militia--to demand the surrender +of these forts in the name of the State, and it would at once, though +under protest, be complied with. There were three notable exceptions to +this peaceable evacuation,--first, no attempt was made against Fort +Taylor, at Key West; Fort Jefferson, on Tortugas Island; and Fort +Pickens, at Pensacola, on account of the distance and danger; second, +part of the troops in Texas were eventually refused the promised +transit, and were captured; third, the forts in Charleston harbor +underwent peculiar vicissitudes, which will be recounted later on. + +The conspiracy which, for a while at least, seemed destined to overcome +all obstacles, was not confined to South Carolina or the Cotton States. +Unfortunately it had established itself in the highest official circles +of the National Government. Three members of President Buchanan's +cabinet--Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury; Floyd, of +Virginia, Secretary of War; and Thompson, of Mississippi, Secretary of +the Interior--were rank and ardent disunionists. To the artful +machinations of these three arch-traitors, who cared more for self than +they did for the South, the success of the conspiracy was largely due. +Grouped about them was a number of lesser functionaries, willing to lend +their help. Even the President did not escape the suspicion of the taint +of disloyal purpose. + +The first and chief solicitude of the disunionists of South Carolina was +to gain possession of the forts. A secret caucus was held. "We must have +the forts," was its watchword; and, ere long, from every street corner +in Charleston came the impatient echo: "The forts must be ours." + +To revert to the beginning. On the 1st of October, 1860, the Chief of +Ordnance wrote to Secretary Floyd, urging the importance of protecting +the ordnance and ammunition stored in Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, +providing it met the approval of the commanding officer of Fort +Moultrie. The Secretary had no objections; but the commanding officer of +Fort Moultrie, while giving a very hesitating approval of the +application, expressed "_grave doubts of the loyalty and reliability +of the workmen engaged on the fort_," and closed his letter (dated +November 8th) by recommending that the garrison of Fort Moultrie should +be reinforced, and that both Fort Sumter and Castle Pinckney should be +garrisoned by companies _sent at once_ from Fortress Monroe, at old +Point Comfort. A few days later he ordered the ordnance officer at the +Charleston office to turn over to him, for removal to Fort Moultrie, all +the small arms and ammunition which he had in store. The attempt to make +this transfer was successfully resisted by the Charleston mob. + +This evidence of loyalty on the part of the commanding officer of the +troops in Charleston harbor was not appreciated at Washington. His +removal was promptly ordered by the Secretary of War. The officer thus +summarily dealt with was Lieutenant-Colonel J.C. Gardner, First +Artillery, U.S.A., a native of Massachusetts, and an old veteran of the +war of 1812. Thus, so far as history reveals, was a son of the old Bay +State the _first_ to resist the encroachments of the Southern +conspiracy. It is worthy of note, also, that the removal of Col. Gardner +was in a measure due to the recommendation of Major (afterwards General) +Fitz John Porter. + +Major Robert Anderson was ordered, on November 15th, to take command of +Fort Moultrie. He was chosen probably in the belief that, being a +Southern man, he would eventually throw his fortunes with the South. On +the 21st of November Major Anderson arrived at the fort, and on the 23d +of the same month he wrote to Secretary Floyd as follows:-- + + + Fort Sumter and Castle Pinckney _must_ be garrisoned immediately + if the government determines to keep command of the harbor.[2] + + +In the same letter he also expressed the opinion that the people of +South Carolina intended to seize all the forts in Charleston harbor by +force of arms as soon as their ordinance of secession was published. + +The faith of Secretary Floyd must, indeed, have been shaken while +reading such words! He might have ordered the removal of the writer of +them had not a rather unexpected incident now occurred to divert his +attention. + +The Secretary of State, the venerable Lewis Cass of Michigan, at once +denounced submission to the conspiracy as treasonable, and insisted that +Major Anderson's demand for reinforcements should be granted. This +episode was a political bomb-shell in the camp of the enemy. The +President became a trifle alarmed, and sent for Floyd. A conference +between the President and the Secretary was held, when the latter +"pooh-poohed" the actual danger. "The South Carolinians," said he, "are +honorable gentlemen. They would scorn to take the forts. They must not +be Irritated." But the President evinced restlessness; he may have +suspected the motive of his cabinet officer. Floyd, too, grew restless; +the obstinacy of the executive alarmed him. He was only too glad to +consent to the suggestion that General Scott should be consulted. + +General Scott rose from his sick-bed in New York, and hastened to +Washington, on the 12th of December. On the 13th he had an interview +with the President, in which he urged that three hundred men be sent to +reinforce Major Anderson at Fort Moultrie. The President declined, on +the ground, first, that Major Anderson was fully instructed what to do +in case he should at any time see good reason to believe that there was +any purpose to dispossess him of any of the forts; and, secondly, that +at this time (December 13th) he--the President--believed that Anderson +was in no danger of attack. + +The President acted his own will in the matter. On the 15th General Cass +tendered his resignation, and retired from official life, for the avowed +reason that the President had refused to reinforce Anderson, and was +negotiating with open and avowed traitors. Secretary Cobb had resigned a +few days before. Black, the Attorney-General, was now made Secretary of +State; Thomas, of Maryland, Secretary of the Treasury; and Edwin M. +Stanton was appointed Attorney-General. The President believed, and +undoubtedly honestly, that, by his concession to Floyd and the other +conspirators, he had stayed the tide of disunion in the South. It now +appears how quickly and unexpectedly he was undeceived. While these +events were transpiring, a paper addressed "To our Constituents," and +urging "the organization of a Southern Confederacy," was being +circulated for signature through the two houses of Congress. It was +signed by about one-half of the Senators and Representatives of North +and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, +Texas, and Arkansas, and bore the date, "Washington, December 15, 1860." +It is to be remembered as the official beginning of the subsequent +Confederate States, just as Governor Gist's October circular was the +official beginning of South Carolina secession and rebellion. + +On the 20th of December, South Carolina, as has been previously stated, +passed its ordinance. The desire, several times already expressed, to +hold possession of the forts in Charleston harbor now took the form of +a demand. The State Convention appointed three Commissioners to proceed +to Washington to "treat for the delivery of the forts, magazines, +light-houses, and other real estate, for an apportionment of the public +debt, for a division of all other property, and generally to negotiate +about other measures and arrangements." The Commissioners arrived in +Washington on the 26th of December, and, by special appointment, were to +meet the President at one o'clock on the following day. Before that hour +arrived an unlooked-for event occurred. + + +III. + + +We must now turn back again. Major Anderson, it will be remembered, had +been sent to Charleston by order of Lieutenant-General Scott, acting, of +course, under orders of the Secretary of War. Major Anderson's first +letter, dated November 23d, was sent through the regular channels. It +appears from the records[3] that, on the 28th of November, he was +ordered by Secretary Floyd to address all future communications +_only_ to the Adjutant-General or _direct_ to the Secretary of +War. From this time forth, then, Major Anderson could communicate only +with the conspirators against his government. + +At last General Scott began to wonder why he had received no further +tidings from Major Anderson, and on the 27th of December he delivered +the following message to the President:-- + + + Since the formal order, unaccompanied by special instructions, assigning + Major Anderson to the command of Fort Moultrie, no order, intimation, + suggestion, or communication for his government and guidance, has gone + to that officer, or any of his subordinates, from the head-quarters of + the army; nor have any reports or communications been addressed to the + General-in-chief from Fort Moultrie later than a letter written by Major + Anderson, almost immediately after his arrival in Charleston harbor, + reporting the then state of the work. + + +This letter reached the President on the 27th. On the day before Major +Anderson had transferred his entire garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort +Sumter. It was a bold move, done without orders, and solely because +there was no longer hope that the President would send reinforcements. +It was a judicious move, because Sumter was the real key to Charleston +harbor. It was an act of patriotism which will forever enshrine the name +of Anderson in American history. + +The tidings reached Washington. Disappointed and chagrined, Secretary +Floyd sent the following telegram:-- + + + WAR DEPARTMENT. + + ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, December 27, 1880. + + MAJOR ANDERSON, _Fort Moultrie:_-- + + Intelligence has reached here this morning that you have abandoned Fort + Moultrie, spiked your guns, burned the carriages, and gone to Fort + Sumter. It is not believed, because there is no order for any such + movement. Explain the meaning of this report. + + J.B. FLOYD, + _Secretary of War_. + + +The answer was as follows:-- + + + CHARLESTON, December 27, 1860. + + HON. J.B. FLOYD, _Secretary of War:_-- + + The telegram is correct. I abandoned Fort Moultrie because I was certain + that, if attacked, my men must have been sacrificed, and the command of + the harbor lost. I spiked the guns, and destroyed the carriages, to keep + the guns from being used against us. + + If attacked, the garrison would never have surrendered without a fight. + + ROBERT ANDERSON, + _Major First Artillery_. + + +The event reached the President's ears; he was perplexed, and postponed +the promised interview with the Commissioners one day. He met them on +the 28th. He states, in his _Defence_, published in 1866, that he +informed them at once that he "could recognize them only as private +gentlemen, and not as commissioners from a sovereign State; that it was +to Congress, and to Congress alone, they must appeal." Nevertheless, he +expressed his willingness to communicate to that body, as the only +competent tribunal, any proposition they might have to offer; as if he +did not realize that this proposal was a quasi-recognition of South +Carolina's claim to independence, and a misdemeanor meriting +impeachment. + +The Commissioners, strange to say, were either too stupid or too timid +to perceive the advantage of this concession. Fortunately for the +country, their indifference lost to Rebellion its only possible chance +of peaceful success. + +The Commissioners evidently believed that the President was within the +control of the cabinet cabal, for they made an angry complaint against +Anderson, and imperiously demanded "explanations." For two days the +President wavered. An outside complication tended to open his eyes. On +the 31st of December Floyd resigned the portfolio of war; and, on the +same day, the President sent to the Commissioners a definite answer +that, "whatever might have been his first inclination, the Governor of +South Carolina had, since Anderson's movement, forcibly seized Fort +Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, and the Charleston arsenal, custom-house, and +post-office, and covered them with the palmetto flag; that under such +circumstances he could not, and would not, withdraw the Federal troops +from Sumter." The angry Commissioners returned home, leaving behind them +an insolent rejoinder, charging the President "with tacit consent to the +scheme of peaceable secession!" + + +IV. + +The crisis of December 31st changed the attitude of the Government +toward Rebellion. Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, was appointed Secretary of +War. General Scott was placed in military control. + +An effort was at once made to reinforce Sumter. On the 5th of January +notice was sent by Assistant Adjutant-General Thomas, from New York, to +Major Anderson that a swift steamship, "Star of the West," loaded with +two hundred and fifty recruits and all needed supplies, had sailed, that +same day, for his relief. Major Anderson failed to receive the notice. +On the morning of the 9th the steamer steamed up the channel in the +direction of Sumter, when presently she was fired upon vigorously by the +secessionists. Her captain ran up the stars and stripes, but quickly +lost heart as he caught sight of the ready guns of Fort Moultrie, then +put about, and back to sea. + +The commander at Sumter was enraged. He sat down and wrote a brief note +to the Governor of South Carolina, demanding to know "if the firing on +the vessel and the flag had been by his orders, and declaring, unless +the act were disclaimed, he would close the harbor with the guns of +Sumter." The Governor's reply was both an avowal and a justification of +the act. Anderson, in a second note, stated that he would ask his +government for instructions, and requested "safe conduct for a bearer of +despatches." The Governor, in reply, sent a formal demand for the +surrender of the fort. Anderson responded to this, that he could not +comply; but that, if the government saw fit "to refer this matter to +Washington," he would depute an officer to accompany the messenger. + +This meant a truce, which the conspirators heartily welcomed. On the +12th of January, therefore, Attorney-General I.W. Hayne, of South +Carolina, proceeded to Washington as an envoy to carry to President +Buchanan the Governor's demand for the surrender of Fort Sumter. The +matter was prolonged; but, on the 6th of February, Mr. Hayne found that +his mission was a failure. + +On the 4th of February, while the Peace Conference, so called, met in +Washington to consider propositions of compromise and concession, the +delegates of the seceding States assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, to +organize their conspiracy into an avowed and opened rebellion. On the +9th Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President, and +Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President of the new +Confederacy. On the 18th Davis was inaugurated. + +On the 1st of March General Beauregard was, by the rebel government, +placed in command of the defence of Charleston harbor, with orders to +complete preparations for the capture of Fort Sumter. The Governor had +been exceedingly anxious that the capture should be attempted before the +4th of March. "Mr. Buchanan cannot resist," he wrote to Davis, "because +he has not the power. Mr. Lincoln may not attack, because the cause of +quarrel will have been, or may be considered by him, as past." + +President Lincoln was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1861. With an +unanswerable argument against disunion, and an earnest appeal to reason +and lawful remedy, he closed his inaugural address with the following +impressive declaration of peace and good-will:-- + + + In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is + the momentous issue of civil war. + + The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without + being yourselves the aggressors; you can have no oath registered in + heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn + one,--to preserve, protect, and defend it. + + I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be + enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break, our bond + of affection. + + The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and + patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this + broad land, will yet swell the Chorus of the Union when again touched, + as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. + + +On the 15th of March President Lincoln, having been advised by General +Scott that it was now "practically impossible to relieve or reinforce +Sumter," propounded the following question to his cabinet: "Assuming it +to be possible to provision Sumter, is it wise, under all the +circumstances of the case, to attempt to do so?" Five of the seven +members of the cabinet argued _against_ the policy of relief. On +the 29th the matter came up again, and four of the seven then favored an +attempt to relieve Major Anderson. The President at once ordered the +preparation of an expedition. Three ships of war, with a transport and +three swift steam tugs, a supply of open boats, provisions far six +months, and two hundred recruits, were fitted out at New York, and, with +all possible secrecy, sailed on the 9th and 10th of April, "under sealed +orders to rendezvous before Charleston harbor at daylight on the morning +of the 11th." + +Meanwhile preparations for the capture of Sumter had been steadily going +on under the direction of General Beauregard, one of the most skilful of +engineers. On the 1st of April he telegraphed to Montgomery, the capital +of the new confederacy:-- + + + Batteries ready to open Wednesday or Thursday. What instructions? + + +On the same day orders were issued to stop all courtesies to the +garrison, to prohibit all supplies from the city, and to allow no one to +depart from the fort. On the 7th Anderson received a confidential +letter, under date of April 4th, from President Lincoln, notifying him +that a relief expedition would be sent, and requesting him to hold out, +if possible, until its arrival. + +On the morning of the 8th the following communication from the President +was, by special messenger, placed in the hands of Governor Pickens:-- + + + I am directed by the President of the United States to notify you to + expect an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions + only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in + provisions, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, + or in case of an attack upon the fort. + + +This message was at once communicated to Jefferson Davis, at Montgomery, +who entertained the opinion that the war should be begun without further +delay. On the 10th Beauregard was instructed to demand the evacuation of +Fort Sumter, and to reduce it in case of refusal. + +On the following day, at two o'clock in the afternoon, General +Beauregard sent two of his aids to make the demand; but it was refused. +Still another message was sent, with the same result. On the morning of +the 12th, at twenty minutes past three o'clock, General Beauregard sent +notice to Anderson that he would open fire upon Sumter in one hour from +that time. + +At half-past four appeared "the first flash from the mortar battery near +old Fort Jackson, on the south side of the harbor, and an instant after +a bombshell rose in a slow, high curve through the air, and fell upon +the fort." + +It was the first gun in the Rebellion. Gun after gun responded to the +signal, and through thirty-six hours, without the loss of a single life +in the besieged garrison. At noon, on Sunday, the 14th of April, Major +Anderson hauled down the flag of the United States, and evacuated Fort +Sumter. Before sunset the flag of the Confederate States floated over +the ramparts. + +The following telegrams were transmitted:-- + + + STEAMSHIP "BALTIC," OFF SANDY HOOK, + + April 18 (1861), 10.30 A.M., _via_ New York. + + Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters + were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge walls + seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door + closed from the effect of heat, four barrels and three cartridges of + powder only being available, and no provisions remaining but pork, I + accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, being the + same offered by him on the 11th inst., prior to the commencement of + hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th + inst., with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and + private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns. + + ROBERT ANDERSON, + _Major First Artillery, Commanding_. + + + HON. S. CAMERON, _Secretary of War, Washington_. + + + + WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, April 20, 1861. + + MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON, _Late Commander at Fort Sumter_:-- + + MY DEAR SIR,--I am directed by the President of the United States to + communicate to you, and through you to the officers and men of your + command at Forts Moultrie and Sumter, the approbation of the government + of your and their judicious and gallant conduct there, and to tender you + and them the thanks of the government for the same. + + SIMON CAMERON, + _Secretary of War_. + + +The conspiracy had now ceased to be such. Revolution and war had begun, +and by the firing upon Fort Sumter the political atmosphere was cleared +up as if by magic. If there were now any _doubters_ on either side +they had betaken themselves out of sight; for them, and for all the +world, the roar of Beauregard's guns had changed incredulity into fact. +Behind those guns stood seven seceded States, with the machinery of a +perfectly organized local government and with a zeal worthy of a nobler +cause. + +The news of the assault reached the Capitol on Saturday, April 13th, On +Sunday, the 14th, the President and his cabinet held their first council +of war. On the following morning the first "call for troops" was +proclaimed to the whole country, in a grand "appeal to all loyal +citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid this effort to maintain the +honor, the integrity, and existence of our National Union, and the +perpetuity of popular government." + +The North was now aroused. Within forty-eight hours from the publication +of the proclamation armed companies of volunteers were moving towards +the expected scene of conflict. For the first time in the history of +this nation parties vanished from politics, and "universal opinion +recognized but two rallying points,--the camps of the South which +gathered to assail the Union, and the armies of the North that rose to +defend it." + +The watchword of the impending conflict was sounded by Stephen A. +Douglas, one of the most powerful and energetic of public leaders, a +recent candidate for the presidency, and the life-long political +antagonist of Abraham Lincoln. On Sunday, the 14th of April, while the +ink was scarcely yet dry upon the written parchment of the proclamation, +Mr. Douglas called at the White House, and, in a long interview, assured +his old antagonist of his readiness to join him in unrelenting warfare +against Rebellion. Shortly afterwards he departed for his home in +Illinois, where, until his death, which occurred a few weeks later, he +declared, with masterly eloquence, that,-- + + + "Every man must be for the United States or against it; there can + be no neutrals in this war--only patriots and traitors." + + + + "Hurrah! the drums are beating; the fife is calling shrill; + Ten thousand starry banners flame on town, and bay, and hill; + The thunders of the rising wave drown Labor's peaceful hum; + Thank God that we have lived to see the saffron morning come! + The morning of the battle-call, to every soldier dear,-- + O joy! the cry is "Forward!" O joy! the foe is near! + For all the crafty men of peace have failed to purge the land; + Hurrah! the ranks of battle close; God takes his cause in hand!" + + +[Footnote 1: "If, through the madness of Northern abolitionists, that +dire calamity (disruption of the Union) must come, the fighting will not +be along Mason and Dixon's line merely. It will be _within our own +borders, in our own streets_, between the two classes of citizens to +whom I have referred. Those who defy law, and scout constitutional +obligation, will, if we ever reach the arbitrament of arms, find +occupation enough at home."--_Letter to Jefferson Davis, dated +January_ 6, 1860.] + +[Footnote 2: The word "must" is italicized in the original letter. +See _Official Records of the Rebellion_, Vol. I., p. 76.] + +[Footnote 3: See _Official Records of the Rebellion_, I., p. 77.] + + * * * * * + + + + +TOMMY TAFT. + +A STORY OF BOSTON-TOWN. + + +By A.L.G. + + +Tommy Taft, or T.T. as he was wont to call himself, had always regretted +two misfortunes,--first, the indisputable fact of his birth, and second, +the imprisonment of his father, not long afterwards. + +The earlier misfortune, Tommy Taft, not being at the time aware of it, +was of course quite unable to prevent. The later misfortune it was alike +beyond his power to forestall. It came to pass that young Tommy Taft +grew up to be as crude a specimen of body and soul as had ever +flourished in Boston-town. + +I have not set myself the task of following the drift of his life from +the dawn of babyhood to the twentieth anniversary of the same. But one +event ought to be here recalled, which was, that on a certain day Tommy +Taft was at work in a garden and in just that part of the garden, it +ought to be said, where the wall was so low that a person could easily +look over it into the long, narrow road. + +Tommy Taft was not particularly fond of work; in other words, he was not +a great worker. On this occasion, however, the promise of an extra +shilling being uppermost in his mind, he plied his energies with more +than wonted skill. He was disposed to be meditative as well, and so +deeply that he chanced not to perceive an aged personage who, for +perhaps five and twenty minutes, had been cautiously scrutinizing him +from across the wall. + +It was a most extraordinary fit of sneezing--nothing more nor less--that +first attracted the attention of Tommy Taft, and prompted him to look +up. And what did he see? Only a weather-beaten face, shaded by a ragged +straw hat out of which peeped locks of grizzled gray hair. The owner +leaned somewhat heavily against the wall. + +Tommy Taft was not amazed; but if he had not already become accustomed +to affronts and ill-shapen visages, he might have been awed into +silence. He merely paused, with his right foot on the shoulder of the +spade share, and peered at the stranger. To the best of his knowledge, +he had never seen him before. On a former time, however, he had chanced +to see his own face in a mirror and, odd as it may seem, he now remarked +to himself a striking resemblance between the two faces,--his own and +that of the new comer. But his thoughts were quickly turned. + +"I say, young man!" + +"What say?" replied Tommy Taft. + +"You don't happen to know a young man by the name o' Tom Taft, do you?" + +"I reckon I do." The youth plunged the spade share into the earth, and +folded his arms. + +"Have a shake, then," continued the stranger. + +"But that ain't a tellin' me who you be," said Tommy Taft, approaching +and holding out his hand. + +"I'm Jim Taft; and if so be your father was a shoemaker in this town and +got locked up--I say, I'm he!" + +There was pathos in the utterance of these words, and, somehow or other, +Tommy Taft's heart fluttered just a little and before he was aware of it +a tear was trickling down his cheek. + +"Are you happy, young man," queried the elder. He drew himself up on the +wall. + +"Well, I s'pose I am, though I ain't got nuthin'. But folks as haint got +nuthin' and enjoy it is a plagued sight richer than sich as has got +everything and don't enjoy it. Yes--I s'pose I'm happy." + +"And where's the old woman?" + +"Dead, I s'pose." + +"Dead!" + +"Or in the work-house where she might'nt have been, if you'd a stayed +round." + +Jim Taft, for it was he, began to think, and the longer he thought, the +more troubled he looked. + +"You won't say as you saw me loafin' around here, will you?" he asked at +length; "that is, if you won't give me a lift, me--your father?" + +"How a lift?" inquired his interlocutor. + +"A few shillings perhaps; or, perhaps you ain't got a pair o' boots as +has in 'em more leather 'n holes, or a pair of breeches as is good for +suthin'." + +"Wait a bit!" said Tommy Taft. He disappeared; but he soon came back, +with an old pair of boots in one hand and a pair of pantaloons in the +other. + +"There's suthin' in the nigh pocket," he remarked, as he handed the +pantaloons to his parent. "I've often s'posed you'd come back, and would +need the money what I saved for you." + +The parent, however, had not the courtesy to return thanks. He was more +anxious to know something about Tom's employer and his whereabouts. + +"He's a good one, he is," said Tommy Taft; "and no, he ain't to home. +He's in ----; and I've got to meet him to-night in the tavern there--." + +"In Hog's Lane?" + +"Yes." + +"Hylton has a heap o' money, Tommy." + +"If he have or no, I don't reckon its none o' your business, or mine +nuther." + +The parent noticed the surly tone in which his son had just spoken, and +concluded to say "good day," and to be off. + +Tommy Taft wondered what could be the cause of so sudden a departure; +and then he wondered whether, it really was his father that had so +unexpectedly accosted him. He went back to his spade, and next wondered +whether the man might not be an escaped convict. If so, how came he to +know John Hylton? + +In obedience to orders, Tommy Taft set off to meet his employer +at the tavern in Hog's Lane. He supped that evening with the keeper. +Afterwards, he lighted his pipe, drew a chair up to the open fireplace, +and smoked in silence. Still later, he betook himself through a long, +narrow entry, up a narrow flight of stairs, and into a small, square +room. After he had closed the door behind him, he observed another door, +which, he concluded, opened into the next apartment. It was locked. +Tommy Taft was to pass the night in this self-same room, and he had good +reasons for believing that his employer occupied the room adjoining and +was already sound asleep. + +The hours sped by. The tavern-keeper looked up to the clock,--it was +after midnight. He locked the big door, and had just diminished the +number of burning lamps from six to two, when he heard the sound of +voices as in dispute, and seemingly issuing from the room just above. +He hurried to the foot of the stairs, and listened. He distinctly caught +the voice of Mr. Hylton, and the words of another voice,--"You'll be +sorry for that!" The tavern-keeper heard nothing more. Presently, he too +went to bed. + +Morning came, and the servants were busy in the kitchen. At half-past +six, Tommy Taft ought, as on former occasions, to have carried a pitcher +of hot water up to his employer's bedroom. But he failed to do so, this +morning. At seven, Mr. Hylton ought to have been seated at the breakfast +table; but he did not appear. + +The tavern-keeper, when the clock had struck eight, went upstairs. He +rapped on the door of the small square room. No response. He forced open +the door. + +"Ah!" he exclaimed. "Tommy Taft gone! and the bed not slept in, +neither!" + +The window was open. It had rained during the night, and on the soft, +gravel mould beneath the window he discovered foot prints. He turned, +and went to the door which communicated between the two apartments. It +was unlocked. He turned the knob,--opened the door gently, and beheld +John Hylton lying in a pool of blood, with his throat gashed, and with +a large clasp-knife clenched in his right hand! + +It was indeed a mystery. The discovery of the tragedy was followed by +intense excitement. The coroner's jury suspected Tommy Taft as the +murderer, because the knife which was found in the hand of the victim +bore on its hilt the initials "T.T.", and because the tavern-keeper +testified that he had heard angry words in the night. + +Tommy Taft was brought to trial. It was proved that the murdered man's +money-bag was rifled of all coin, but of only one bank note,--and that, +the one which the tavern-keeper had had in his possession the afternoon +before the tragedy and which Tommy Taft got changed on the day after the +murder. These facts, together with the footprints on the gravel soil, +enabled the prosecuting attorney to make out what seemed to both judge +and jury a very strong case. Indeed, there was but one person in the +court room that believed the prisoner innocent,--that was Tommy Taft +himself. + +He admitted that he had had a dispute with his employer, but gave no +cause and that the latter had peremptorily dismissed him from further +service; that the bank-note was given to him that very same night, as +the full amount due him; that after the dispute, he could not go to bed; +that he bethought him, without disturbing anybody, to steal quietly down +stairs and to depart, unobserved, by way of the front door. He sturdily +denied that the footprints on the gravel soil were his. He firmly +declared his innocence, and that, while he felt that he could tell the +name of the murderer, he did not wish to do so, for the reason that he +had no proof to support his suspicion. + +Tommy Taft died on the gallows. After the execution, people gathered to +discuss the event. They began to think, too, as people sometimes will +when they have condemned without thinking. + +"That boy's pluckier than I'd a bin," murmured an old man, as he dragged +his weather-beaten body slowly through the crowd. "He wasn't a guilty, +Tommy Taft wasn't." + +Nobody knew the speaker, and nobody cared for what he said. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MUSE OF HISTORY. + + +By Elizabeth Porter Gould. + + + Clio with her flickering light + And book of valued lore, + Comes down the ages dark and bright, + Our interest to implore. + + She walks with glad, majestic mien, + Proud of her knowledge gained, + E'en while she mourns from having seen + Man's life so dulled and pained. + + Her face with lines of care is wrought, + From searching mystery's cause, + And dealing with the hidden thought + Of nature's subtle laws. + + Yet still she blushes with new life + In sight of actions fine, + And pales with anguish at the strife + Of evil's dread design. + + She stops to sing her grandest lays + When, in creation's heat, + She sees evolved a higher phase + Of life's fruitions sweet. + + 'Twas thus in days of Genesis + When man came forth supreme; + 'Twas thus in days of Nemesis + When Love did dare redeem. + + And thus 'twill be in future days + When out from spirit-laws, + Shall be brought forth for lasting praise + The ever-great First cause. + + Then gladly know this wondrous muse + Who walks the aisles of Time; + And dare not thoughtlessly refuse + Her book of lore sublime. + + For in it is the precious force + Of spirit-life divine, + Which even through a winding course + Leads on to Wisdom's shrine. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TWO REFORM MAYORS OF BOSTON. + +JOHN PHILLIPS. + + +By The Editor. + + +The progenitor of the Phillips family in America was the Rev. George +Phillips, son of Christopher Phillips of Rainham, St. Martin, Norfolk +County, England, _mediocris fortunæ_. He entered Gonville and Caius +College, Cambridge, April, 20, 1610, then aged seventeen years, and +received his bachelor's degree in 1613. + +[Illustration: JOHN PHILLIPS, THE FIRST MAYOR OF BOSTON.] + +After his graduation he was settled in the ministry at Boxted, Essex +County, England; but his strong attachment to the principles of the +Nonconformists brought him into difficulties with some of his +parishioners, and as the storm of persecution grew more dark and +threatening, he resolved to cast his lot with the Puritans, who were +about to depart for the New World. On the 12th of April, 1630, he with +his wife and two children embarked for America in the "Arbella," as +fellow-passenger, with Gov. Winthrop, Sir Richard Saltonstall, and other +assistants of the Massachusetts Company, and arrived at Salem on the +12th of June, where, shortly afterwards, his wife died and was buried by +the side of Lady Arabella Johnson. + +Mr. Phillips was admitted "freeman," May 18, 1631; this being the +earliest date of any such admission. For fourteen years he was the +pastor of the church at Watertown, a most godly man, and an influential +member of the small council that regulated the affairs of the colony. +His share in giving form and character to the institutions of New +England is believed to have been a very large one. He died on the 1st of +July, 1644, aged about fifty-one years. + +The son of the foregoing, born in Boxted, England, in 1625, and +graduated from Harvard College in 1650, became in 1651 the Rev. Samuel +Phillips of Rowley, Mass. He continued as pastor over this parish for a +period of forty-five years. He was highly esteemed for his piety and +talents, which were of no common order; and he was eminently useful, +both at home and abroad. + +In September, 1687, an information was filed by one Philip Nelson +against the Rev. Samuel Phillips, for calling Randolph "a wicked man;" +and for this "crime" (redounding to his honor) he was committed to +prison. + +He was married in October, 1651, to Sarah Appleton, the daughter of +Samuel and Mary (Everhard) Appleton of Ipswich. He died April 22, 1696, +greatly beloved and lamented. His inventory amounted to nine hundred and +eighty-nine pounds sterling. In November, 1839, a chaste and handsome +marble monument was placed over the remains of Mr. Phillips and his +wife, in the burial-ground at Rowley, by the Hon. Jonathan Phillips of +Boston, their great-great-great-grandson. + +He left two sons, the younger of whom, George (1664-1739, Harvard 1686), +became an eminent clergyman, the Rev. George Phillips, first of Jamaica, +L.I., and afterwards of Brookhaven. The elder son, Samuel, chose the +occupation of a goldsmith, and settled in Salem. It is from this Samuel +of Salem that the two Boston branches of the Phillips family have +descended. + +A younger son of Samuel, the Hon. John Phillips, was born June 22, +1701. He became a successful merchant of Boston, was a deacon of +Brattle-street Church, a colonel of the Boston Regiment, a justice of +the peace and of the quorum, and a representative of Boston for several +years in the General Court. He married, in 1723, Mary Buttolph, a +daughter of Nicholas Buttolph of Boston. She died in 1742; and he next +married, Abigail Webb, a daughter of Rev. Mr. Webb of Fairfield, Conn. +He died April 19, 1768, and was buried with military honors. According +to the records, he was "a man much devoted to works of benevolence." + +His son, William Phillips of Boston, was born Aug. 29, 1737, and died +June 4, 1772. In 1761 he married Margaret Wendell, the eleventh and +youngest child of the Hon. Jacob Wendell, a merchant, and one of the +Governor's Council. His widow died in 1823. + +JOHN PHILLIPS, the only son of William and Margaret, was born in Boston +on the ancient Phillips place, on the 26th of November, 1770. His mother +was a woman of uncommon energy of mind as well as of ardent piety, and +early instilled into the heart of her son the principles of religion and +a love of learning and of his native land. She placed him, at the early +age of seven years, in the family of his kinsman, Lieut.-Gov. Samuel +Phillips of Andover, where he remained until he entered Harvard College +in 1784. In this excellent and pious family, and in the academy under +the charge of the learned Dr. Eliphalet Pearson, young Phillips acquired +the rudiments of a sound scholarship as well as that urbane and +conciliating manner which was so conducive to his success in subsequent +life. + +Judge Phillips and his excellent wife took a lively interest in the +studies of their ward. They examined him from time to time, not only in +his catechism, which was then regularly taught, but also in respect of +his literary efforts and acquirements. They encouraged him to make +strenuous efforts to obtain a high rank as a scholar, speaker, +gentleman, and Christian. Their labors were not lost. On leaving +Andover, the youth was prepared to take an elevated stand in college, +which he maintained to the completion of his course, when the honor of +pronouncing the salutatory oration was conferred on him by the faculty. + +Mr. Phillips chose the profession of the law, and soon gained an +extensive practice. His popularity became such, that in 1794, he was +invited to deliver the annual Fourth of July oration before the people +of Boston. "This production," says a writer, "bears the finest marks of +intellectual vigor." Some extracts from it have found their way into the +school-books as models of eloquence. + +In this same year Mr. Phillips was married to Miss Sally Walley, +daughter of Thomas Walley, Esq., a respectable merchant of Boston. On +the establishment of the Municipal Court in Boston, in 1800, he was made +public prosecutor, and in 1803 was chosen representative to the General +Court. The next year he was sent to the Senate, and such was the wisdom +of his political measures, and the dignity of his bearing towards all +parties, that he continued to hold a seat in this body every successive +year until his decease, always discharging his duties, either as a +debater or in the chair, to which he was ten times called, most +creditably to himself as well as most acceptably to his constituents and +the State. + +In 1809 Mr. Phillips was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas. +Three years later he was elected a member of the corporation of Harvard +College, and in 1820 a member of the convention for the revision of +the State Constitution. In this able and dignified body he held a +conspicuous rank. His remarks upon the various questions which arose +were learned, judicious, and sometimes rendered all the more effective +by the flashes of his wit. Speaking, for example, on the third article +of the Bill of Rights, he said he hoped they would not be like the man +whose epitaph was, "I am well, I would be better, and here I am." + +The next year the town of Boston, which then contained nearly forty-five +thousand inhabitants, began to agitate in good earnest the question of +adopting a city government. A committee of twelve, of which Mr. Phillips +was chairman, drew up and reported a city charter for the town, which +was adopted at a meeting held March 4, 1822, by a vote of 2,797 to +1,881. The result was formally announced on the 7th of the same month by +a proclamation from Gov. Brooks. + +The two prominent candidates for the office of mayor were Harrison Gray +Otis and Josiah Quincy, both men of high accomplishments and enjoying +a large share of public confidence. But after a vote had been taken, +resulting in no choice of mayor, the friends of these gentlemen suddenly +agreed on Mr. Phillips, who at the town-meeting held on the 16th of +April, 1822, received 2,500 out of 2,650 votes, and thus became the +first mayor of the city of Boston. + +The inauguration occurred at Faneuil Hall on the 1st of May following. +The ceremonies of the occasion were unusually impressive; the venerable +Dr. Thomas Baldwin invoking the favor of Heaven, and Chief Justice Isaac +Parker administering the oath. + +In discharging the duties of his office, Mr. Phillips wisely avoided +sumptuous display on one hand, and a parsimonious economy on the other, +but observing that _juste milieu_ which good sense dictated, and +the spirit of our republican institutions demanded, succeeded in +overcoming all prejudice against the new form of municipal government, +and in establishing a precedent, which, followed by succeeding mayors, +has saved the city millions of dollars of needless expense, and has +served as a worthy example to many other cities in this country. + +The result of the first year's administration under the new charter +did not meet the expectations of those who had been instrumental in +procuring it. They were eager for a more energetic system, and they +charged Mr. Phillips with pursuing a timid and hesitating course for +fear of losing his popularity. But still when he went out of office, +Mr. Josiah Quincy, his successor, could say of him:-- + + + "After examining and considering the records and proceedings of the + city authorities for the past year, it is impossible for me to refrain + from expressing the sense I entertain of the services of that high and + honorable individual who filled the chair of this city, as well as of + the wise, prudent, and faithful citizens who composed during that + period the city council." + + +Perceiving, towards the expiration of his first term of service, that +his health was beginning to fail, Mr. Phillips declined being a +candidate for re-election, and on the twenty-ninth day of May, 1823, was +suddenly stricken down by disease of the heart,--he being then in the +fifty-third year of his age. His death was universally lamented, and +public honors were paid by all parties to his memory. + +John Phillips was a good man, true as steel, and always trustworthy in +the various relations of life. He lived in the fear of God, and from his +Word received instruction for the guidance of his conduct. He lived in +stormy times; yet such was the consistency and elevation of his +character, such the suavity and dignity of his manner, such the kindness +of his heart, the clearness of his conceptions, and the beauty of his +language, that he commanded the respect and admiration of his political +opponents, wielding perhaps as great an influence as any public man of +the State at that period; and he will ever stand as a worthy model for +the incumbents of that high municipal office, which his wisdom, +prudence, virtue, integrity, and eloquence adorned. + +[Illustration] + +The following are the names of the children of John and Sally (Walley) +Phillips, all of whom are now dead:-- + +1. Thomas Walley, born Jan. 16, 1797. 2. Sarah Hurd, born April 24, +1799. 3. Samuel born Feb. 8, 1801. 4. Margaret, born Nov. 29, 1802. 5. +Miriam, born Nov. 20, 18--. 6. John Charles, born Nov. 16, 1807. 7. +George William, born Jan. 3, 1810. 8. WENDELL, born Nov. 29, 1811. 9. +Grenville Tudor, born Aug. 14, 1816.[4] + + +[Footnote 4: See the "Life and Times of Wendell Phillips," by G.L. +Austin, Boston, 1884.] + + * * * * * + + + + +HUGH O'BRIEN. + + +By Charles H. Taylor. + + +There are but few other men at the present moment in whom the citizens +of Boston are more interested, for a variety of good reasons, than the +HON. HUGH O'BRIEN. His name must be added to the roll of Bostonians, who +have distinguished themselves by the services they have rendered to the +city. Now placed at the head of this great municipality as Mayor, a +glance at his life shows that he has won his way to that position by the +exhibition of qualities, such as all self-educated men possess. His +private and public life fully illustrate that true merit is sooner or +later appreciated and rewarded. + +Born in Ireland, July 13, 1827, he was brought to America when five +years old. Boston became the home of his childhood, and has always been +his place of residence. Ever since he graduated from the old grammar +school on Fort Hill, he has been swayed by Boston ideas and influences. +The excellent ground-work of his education obtained in that school soon +became enlarged and increased through the efforts of young O'Brien to +add to his stock of information on all conceivable subjects. To +accomplish this he haunted the Public Library, and eagerly read +everything of a useful nature--history, biography and statistics having +a peculiar fascination to him. During this time he had also entered the +office of the _Boston Courier_ to learn the printer's trade, at the +age of twelve years. He made rapid progress in that important art. From +the _Courier_ he went to the book and job printing office of +Messrs. Tuttle, Dennett & Chisholm, on School street, where he became +foreman at the early age of fifteen. After several years service there, +he started the publication of the _Shipping and Commercial List_, +with which he still maintains a connection, and has always been its +principal editor. + +Any young man desiring to advance himself intellectually and socially in +life could not have had a better schooling than that afforded by the +newspaper work which Mr. O'Brien has done. Added to all this labor, +there was the ambition of this young man to succeed. He had a distinct +aim in life, which was always to be an honored and respected member of +his craft and of society. He is, therefore, found diligently at work +absorbed in business and intellectual pursuits. Various literary +societies and philanthropic projects have always found in him a sturdy +supporter. + +What would be the future of such an energetic and ambitious young man +was easily predicted by his friends and acquaintances, and the +predictions have been verified. It was believed that he would succeed in +life, become a very useful member of society, and "make his mark in the +world," as the saying goes. These things have come to pass. And why? +Because the young man equipped himself early with the weapons with which +to fight the battle of life. And he never dropped those weapons; therein +is the secret of his success. Many young men begin life aright; how sad +that they do not continue in the right path! + +Mr. O'Brien made the _Shipping and Commercial List_ a strong paper +and merchants quickly began to rely upon it for accurate information as +regards mercantile and commercial affairs. He also issued the first +annual reports of Boston's trade and commerce, and that volume has been +adopted for years by the Merchants' Exchange, The work in connection +with his newspaper naturally brought him into personal contact with the +foremost merchants of Boston. These gentlemen who have known him +intimately for forty years, have nothing but words of praise concerning +his character, honesty, and business sagacity. He has witnessed the city +grow from a population of 75,000 inhabitants to over 400,000, and all +the changes in business methods, together with the multifarious +enterprises in which Boston has engaged, are perfectly familiar to him, +and he has not been backward in helping to promote such changes and +enterprises as would benefit all classes of citizens. Prominent business +men have not only spoken well of Mr. O'Brien, but they have given a +practical illustration of their faith in him by making him the custodian +of trust funds for various purposes, and in no instance has their +confidence been misplaced. His financial abilities have always been +acknowledged to be first-class, and therefore it is not surprising to +learn that for years he has been President of the Union Institution for +Savings, Treasurer of the Franklin Typographical Union, and a director +in various benevolent and charitable institutions. + +It is very natural, in view of the business training and abilities of +Hugh O'Brien, that he should be heard from in public life. Such vigorous +and brainy men do not escape the attention of the people. In 1875 he +took a seat in the Board of Aldermen, when the _Boston Advertiser_ +referred to him as "well-known in the community and has the respect and +confidence of every one." It is well known in political circles that Mr. +O'Brien did not seek this office and has never been an applicant for any +office. He also served as Alderman in the years 1875, 1876, 1877, 1879, +1880, 1881 and 1883, and was chairman of the Board four years. + +His public career as Alderman was closely watched by the people and is +well known. During his service in that capacity he gave to municipal +affairs the same careful study that he had devoted to business matters +when in private life. He served upon important committees, and all the +great questions of vital interest to the welfare of Boston which have +come up of late years, in which he had also been interested while in +private life, received his official attention and prompt action. Notable +among these were good pay for laborers, purification and improvement of +the water supply, a useful system of parks, sanitary reforms, schools, +abolition of the poll tax, and last but not least, low taxation. He has +always been found on the right side of these and other important +questions and has labored long and diligently, in the face of +opposition, to carry out the ideas of the taxpayers in relation to them. +Bostonians well know the signal success which has crowned his efforts. + +In December, 1884, Alderman O'Brien was elected Mayor for the year 1885. +During the first half of his term, the old charter being in force, he +did many meritorious things which no other Mayor has done under that +instrument. And now under the new city charter, which makes him directly +responsible for the honest and efficient management of the city's +affairs, his actions are speaking loud enough to be heard even outside +the city, and they challenge the admiration of all readers of the daily +press of Boston. + +In appearance, Mayor O'Brien is a little over the average height, of +robust build, weighing over two hundred pounds; has a florid complexion, +with keen blue eyes. He has what physiologists would call a +well-balanced temperament, knows how to govern himself, has an +indomitable will and pluck, and is a man for emergencies. He is an +indefatigable worker, and the details of a large business do not prevent +him from despatching work promptly. Above all, he possesses that rare +virtue, tact. He is courteous and affable to all visitors, and makes new +friends constantly because of his sterling qualities. As a public +speaker, he is earnest, forcible and argumentative without being +captious. If his opponent thinks he has a man to deal with who is not +fully posted upon the subject under discussion, he quickly learns his +error. While not an orator, Mayor O'Brien carries conviction to hearers +by the force of his honest utterances and sound reasoning. At the same +time he has risen to the heights of eloquence upon the floor of the +Board of Aldermen when defending the cause of the laboring man. Himself +a workingman all his life, he never allows those who earn their bread by +the sweat of their brow to ask him twice for a favor which it is in his +power to grant. He has been their unsolicited champion when they badly +needed one, and his record will bear the minutest inspection. + +Such then is a brief sketch of a remarkable Bostonian. The poor boy who +landed in Boston a little over a half century ago has become its Chief +Magistrate. Boston has honored him. He has shown, and is still showing, +his appreciation of the high honor. Slowly, but surely, this modest +gentleman has won his way to the front in the popular estimation of his +fellow-citizens. A man who tries constantly to do right for the love of +doing right, he has become more distinguished than many so-called +brilliant men who, meteor-like, flash before people's eyes once, and are +heard of no more. There is a solidity about all his public acts which +command attention and elicit approbation. It is too early to write the +full history of Mayor O'Brien, because he is rapidly making history; but +Boston's history thus far does not record when the city has had a more +efficient or more honest Mayor than the present Chief Magistrate. + + * * * * * + + + + +HELEN HUNT JACKSON. + + +The news of the death of Mrs. Helen Jackson--better known as +"H.H."--will probably carry a pang of regret into more American homes +than similar intelligence in regard to any other woman, with the +possible exception of Mrs. H.B. Stowe, who belongs to an earlier +literary generation. + +Helen Maria (Fiske) Jackson was the daughter of Prof. Nathan W. Fiske, +of Amherst College, whose "Manual of Classical Literature," based on +that of Eschenberg, was long in use in our colleges, and who wrote +several other books. She was born in Amherst, Mass., October 18, 1831; +her mother's maiden name being Vinal. The daughter was educated in part +at Ipswich (Mass.) Female Seminary, and in part at the school of the +Rev. J.S.C. Abbott in New York city. She was married to Captain +(afterward Major) Edward B. Hunt, an eminent engineer officer of the +United States Army. Major Hunt was a man of scientific attainments quite +unusual in his profession, was a member of various learned societies, +and for some time an assistant professor at West Point. He contributed +to one of the early volumes of the _Atlantic Monthly_ (xii, 794) a +paper on "Military Bridges." His wife resided with him at various +military stations--West Point, Washington, Newport, R.I., etc.--and they +had several children, all of whom died very young except one boy, +Rennie, who lived to the age of eight or ten, showing extraordinary +promise. His death and that of Major Hunt--who was killed in 1863 by the +discharge of suffocating vapors from a submarine battery of his own +invention--left Mrs. Hunt alone in the world, and she removed her +residence a year or two after to Newport, R.I., where the second period +of her life began. + +Up to this time she had given absolutely no signs of literary talent. +She had been absorbed in her duties as wife and mother, and had been +fond of society, in which she was always welcome because of her +vivacity, wit, and ready sympathy. In Newport she found herself, from +various causes, under strong literary influences, appealing to tastes +that developed rapidly in herself. She soon began to publish poems, one +of the first of which, if not the first--a translation from Victor +Hugo--appeared in the _Nation_. Others of her poems, perhaps her +best--including the sonnets "Burnt Ships" and "Ariadne's +Farewell"--appeared also in the _Nation_. Not long after, she began +to print short papers on domestic subjects in the _Independent_ and +elsewhere, and soon found herself thoroughly embarked in a literary +career. Her first poem in the _Atlantic Monthly_ appeared in +February, 1869; and her volume of "Verses" was printed at her own +expense in 1870, being reprinted with some enlargement in 1871. and +again, almost doubled in size, in 1874. Her "Bits of Travel" (1872) was +made up of sketches of a tour in Europe in 1868-9; a portion of these, +called "Encyclicals of a Traveller," having been originally written as +circular letters to her many friends and then printed--rather against +her judgment, but at the urgent request of Mr. J.T. Fields--almost +precisely as they were written. Upon this followed "Bits of Talk About +Home Matters" (1873), "Bits of Talk for Young Folks" (1876), and "Bits of +Travel at Home" (1878). These, with a little poem called "The Story of +Boon," constituted, for some time, all her acknowledged volumes; but it +is now no secret that she wrote two of the most successful novels of the +_No Name_ series--"Mercy Philbrick's Choice" (1876) and "Hetty's +Strange History" (1877). We do not propose here to enter into the vexed +question of the authorship of the "Saxe Holme" stories, which appeared +in the early volumes of _Scribner's Monthly_, and were published in +two volumes (1873, 1878). The secret was certainly very well kept, and +in spite of her denials, they were very often attributed to her by +readers and critics. + +Her residence in Newport as a busy and successful literary woman thus +formed a distinct period of her life, quite apart from the epoch which +preceded it and from the later one which followed. A change soon came. +Her health was never very strong, and she was liable to severe attacks +of diphtheria, to relieve which she tried the climate of Colorado. She +finally took up her residence there, and was married about 1876, to +William S. Jackson, a merchant of Colorado Springs. She had always had +the greatest love for travel and exploration, and found unbounded field +for this in her new life, driving many miles a day over precipitous +roads, and thinking little of crossing the continent by rail from the +Atlantic to the Pacific. In the course of these journeys she became +profoundly interested in the wrongs of the Indians, and for the rest of +her life all literary interests and ambitions were utterly subordinated +to this. During a winter of hard work at the Astor Library in New York +she prepared her "Century of Dishonor" (1881). As one result of this +book she was appointed by the United States Government as one of two +commissioners (Abbot Kinney being the other) to examine and report upon +"the condition and needs of the Mission Indians of California." Their +report, to which Mrs. Jackson's name is first signed, is dated at +Colorado Springs, July 13, 1883, and is a thoroughly business-like +document of thirty-five pages. A new edition of "A Century of Dishonor" +containing this report is just ready by her publishers, Messrs Roberts +Brothers. + +As another fruit of this philanthropic interest, she wrote, during +another winter in this city, her novel, "Ramona," a book composed with +the greatest rapidity, and printed first in the _Christian Union_, +afterward appearing in a volume in 1884. Its sole object was further to +delineate the wrongs of the aborigines. Besides these two books, she +wrote, during this later period, some children's stories, "Nelly's +Silver Mine, a Story of Colorado Life" (1878), and three little volumes +of tales about cats. But her life-work, as she viewed it at the end, was +in her two books in behalf of the Indians. + + * * * * * + + + + +HINGHAM. + + +By Francis H. Lincoln. + + +[Illustration: THE PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDING, BURNT IN 1879.] + + +The impression left upon the mind of the traveller who has seen Hingham +only from the railroad train would be one of backyards, a mill-pond, and +woods; but to him who approaches it towards the close of a pleasant June +day by steamboat, when the tide is in, there is spread out a lovely +view. As the boat comes near the landing-place, islands and green hills, +beautiful trees and fields, form a complete circle around him. The +picture is one he will not forget. This pleasant impression will grow +stronger if he drives by almost any of the streets leading from the +harbor, for about five miles, to the southern limit of the town. Should +he take the main street he will be charmed by the wealth of stately elms +and other shade-trees, which in many places form a complete arch over +his head, and by the neat dwellings, for the most part of modest +pretensions, some old and some new, almost every one with well-kept +grounds all betokening thrift and suggesting a well-to-do community. +Nor need he confine himself to the main street. Several of the thickly +settled villages spread out into equally attractive side streets. Here +and there a church, a school-house, or a public building adds to the +general tidy look of the place. Numerous pleasant wood roads, with a few +fresh water ponds and streams, make up a variety of scenery which is +certainly equal to any New England town. + +[Illustration: THE "OLD MEETING HOUSE."] + +"Do you have any poor here?" was once asked by a visitor. "I see no +evidence of anything but plenty, and yet you do not seem to have any +specially leading industries. Whence comes this prosperity?" Whence, +indeed? The history of the settlement and growth of Hingham differs +little from many another town in eastern Massachusetts. Founded by the +Puritans, it is the same story of hardship, patient, persistent toil, +prudent economy, encouragement of education and morality, which has been +told over and over again, and which has demonstrated the sure foundation +upon which true civilization rests. + +Hingham lies on the south shore of Massachusetts Bay, on the line of the +Old Colony Railroad, 17 miles from Boston by railroad and about 13 by +water. Its area is a little less than 13,000 square acres, and its +population in 1880 was 4,485. Its valuation in 1884 was $3,245,661, and +the number of dwelling-houses was 1,044. Its original limits included +the present town of Cohasset, which was set off and incorporated April +26, 1770. Until March 26, 1793, Hingham was a part of Suffolk county, +when it was annexed to the County of Norfolk, and June 20, 1793, it +again became a part of the County of Suffolk. June 18, 1803, it was +annexed to the County of Plymouth, of which it has since formed a part. + +[Illustration: THE SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT.] + +The original name of the settlement was Bare (or Bear) Cove. The name +was changed to Hingham, and the town incorporated Sept. 3, 1635, on the +same day with Weymouth and Concord. There are but eleven towns in the +State older than these three. Settlements having dates earlier than the +incorporation were made in many towns, and there is proof that there +were inhabitants here in 1633. There was a recognition of the place as a +sort of municipality in 1634, for Bare Cove was assessed in that year. +Rev. Peter Hobart, of Hingham, England, the first minister, arrived at +Charlestown in June, 1635, and soon after settled in this town where +many of his friends from Hingham, England, had already settled, from +which fact the name of their old home was given to the new. Mr. Hobart +and twenty-nine others drew for house-lots on the 18th of September, +1635. Grants of land were made at various times during the year 1635, +and for several succeeding years. Hence it will be seen that, in this +present year, two hundred and fifty years of the town's history will +have been completed, and the anniversary will be celebrated during the +present month of September. + +The close proximity of Hingham to Hull, of which the original name was +Nantasket or Nantascot, well known during recent years as a famous +summer resort, lends an added interest to one of the earliest of +Hingham's controversies. We find a record in July, 1643:-- + + + There is chosen by the town, Joseph Peck, Bozoan Allen, Anthony Eames, + and Joshua Hubbard, to go to the next Court to make the best improvement + of the evidence the town have for the property of Nantascot, and to + answer the suit that now depends, &c. + + +But this attempt of the inhabitants of Hingham to claim a title was +summarily disposed of by the General Court, in September, 1643, as +follows:-- + + + The former grant to Nantascot was again voted and confirmed, and Hingham + was willed to forbear troubling the Court any more about Nantascot. + + +Under the lead of such a man as Rev. Peter Hobart, who appears to have +been fearless and courageous, the inhabitants could not long remain +at rest. In 1645, and through several succeeding years, there were +difficulties of a very pronounced character between the inhabitants and +the colonial magistrates, especially between Peter Hobart and Gov. +Winthrop. The story has been briefly told as follows:-- + + + The town of Hingham had chosen a certain man to be the captain of + its military company, and had sent his name to the magistrates for + approval. Before action had been taken upon the name the town + reconsidered its action, and chose another man to be captain, and + sent in his name. The magistrates were strongly inclined to confirm + and appoint the first and to reject the second. Winthrop was especially + pronounced and for his conduct in the affair Hobart impeached him before + the General Court for maladministration in office. The contest was long + and bitter. Winthrop was acquitted and exonerated; Hobart was censured, + and, with many other inhabitants of Hingham, heavily fined. The town + was thoroughly aroused, supported Hobart to the utmost, and paid his + fine.... Winthrop and Hobart were the representatives of the two parties + into which the colony was forming--the more conservative and the more + radical. The extreme radicals scented in the measures and conduct of the + magistrates, tyranny; and the conservatives deprecated the views of the + radicals as leading to unrestrained action and lawlessness. Winthrop was + a conservative; Hobart was a radical. He said he did not know for what + he was fined, unless it was for presuming to petition the General Court, + and that fine was a violation of the right of petition. + + +Mr. Hobart was characterized "as a bold man, who would speak his mind." + +The story of the contest with the authorities is long and tedious, and +it would not serve the purpose of this article to relate it fully, but +we can see in the brief statement above that, whether the minister and +his people were right or wrong, they had in them that energy, pluck, and +persistency which men who would establish strong foundations of society +and municipal prosperity must have. + +Many interesting events in the early history of the town must be passed +over. The complete history is being prepared under the authority of the +town, and he who has curiosity concerning it will, ere long, have an +opportunity to gratify it. Suffice it to say that the town suffered, in +common with all the early settlements, from the Indians, though not +extraordinarily; the usual precautions were taken to prevent assaults, +and considerable attention was paid to the maintenance of the military. +The whole civil history of the town has been one of steady prosperity, +of rather slow growth in population. + +The first church in Hingham was formed in 1635, on the settlement of the +town, with Rev. Peter Hobart as its first minister. + +The first house for public worship was erected by the first settlers of +the town, probably within a short time after its settlement in 1635. It +was surrounded by a palisado, and surmounted by a belfry with a bell, +and was undoubtedly a plain structure, so far as the scanty records give +any light upon it. It stood upon a hill, in front of the present site of +the Derby Academy, in the centre of what is now Main street. But the +chief curiosity of Hingham to-day is the second meeting-house, known as +the "Old Meeting-house." It is believed that no house for public worship +exists within the limits of the United States, which continues to be +used for the purpose for which it was erected, and remaining on the same +site where it was built, which is so old as this. It is said that +timbers from the first were used in the construction of the present +house. The brass tablet on its wall states:-- + + + "This Church was gathered in 1635. The frame of this Meeting-house was + raised on the twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, and twenty-eighth days of + July, 1681, and the house was completed and opened for public worship + on the eighth of January, 1681-2. It cost the town £430 and the old + house." + + +In 1881 there were elaborate commemorative services on the occasion of +the 200th anniversary of the building of the meeting-house. + +The history of this parish has been remarkable for the long terms of +service of its ministers. During the two hundred and fifty years of its +existence it has had but eight ministers, of whom the eighth and the +present one is the Rev. H. Price Collier. The denomination is Unitarian. +Originally a Puritan church, it was liberalized under the sixty-nine +years' ministry of Rev. Ebenezer Gay, D.D., extending from 1718 to 1787. +Of this able divine many interesting anecdotes are told. He was a +powerful leader of religious thought, who "sounded almost the first +evangel of that more liberal faith which found its highest expression in +Channing, and its fruit in the absolute religious freedom of to-day. +Well may the Commonwealth cherish this church in high and in sacred +esteem, which, through two such men as Peter Hobart and Ebenezer Gay, +has put, in the spirit of the highest independence, its mark upon the +tablets of civil liberty and of religious thought." + +The second parish (Unitarian) at South Hingham was set off March 25, +1745. Its first minister was Rev. Daniel Shute, D.D., a man of great +ability and practical sense, who was an earnest advocate of his +country's cause during the revolutionary war. He was a member of the +convention which formed the constitution of Massachusetts, and of that +which adopted the constitution of the United States. + +The Third Congregational Society (Unitarian) was organized in 1807. +There is also within the town a religious society of each of the +following denominations, viz.: Evangelical Congregational, Baptist, +Methodist Episcopal, Universalist, Protestant Episcopal, Second Advent, +and Roman Catholic. It would seem as if there need be no hungering for +the "bread of life." + +The military record of Hingham is worthy of notice. + +In Philip's war, in 1675, it appears that "souldiers were impressed into +the country service," and provision was made by the selectmen for their +expenses. + +In 1690 "Capt. Thomas Andrews and soldiers met on board ship to go to +Canada" in the expedition under command of Sir William Phips. Capt. +Andrews and most of the soldiers belonging to Hingham died in the +expedition. + +In the French and Indian wars many Hingham citizens enlisted, and Capt. +Joshua Barker was in the expedition to the West Indies in 1740, and in +the wars of later years. + +In the war of the Revolution there was no lack of patriotism in Hingham, +"The records indicate that nowhere did patriotism put forth in a greater +degree the fulness of its efforts and the energy of its whole soul and +spirit." + +The limits of this article will not permit an extended notice of all the +acts which make up the creditable and patriotic record of the town. +Descended from those, who, through hardship and toil, labored for the +common good, and bore each other's burdens, it is naturally to be +expected that the people of Hingham aided the cause of freedom and the +liberties of their country by resolutions and votes, and by liberal +supplies of money. Nor did they hesitate to take up arms and sacrifice +their lives for their country's good. From the beginning to the end of +the Revolution, in many a hard-fought battle, in the sufferings and +hardships of camp and march, from the struggle on Breed's Hill to the +brilliant affair of Yorktown, we find the names of Hingham men mentioned +with honor. And how could it be otherwise? If heredity tells for +anything the whole history of the early struggles of the infant colonies +was a guarantee that sturdy traits would be found in the descendants of +the first settlers. In the world's history we find no higher type of +patriotism than on the barren, rocky shores of Massachusetts. It is +undoubtedly true that there were some whose sympathies were not with the +principles which inspired the majority of the people of that day, who +were distrustful of the consequences which would result from failure, +and who gave but feeble encouragement. We find such in every age and +country. But it must be put down to the credit of even these few that +they paid heavy taxes without resistance, and yielded to the popular +will after independence was once declared. "Royalists as well as +republicans, tories as well as whigs, gave of their substance to +establish the liberties of their country." + +The acts and motives of the men of this town deserved to be crowned with +that success which came in due season, a priceless benefit to posterity. + +It was General Benjamin Lincoln, of Hingham, the wise counsellor, the +foremost citizen of his time, the trusted friend of Washington, who was +designated to receive the sword of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Among the +many worthy and distinguished names of the sons of Hingham, that of +General Lincoln stands in the foremost rank. His monument stands in the +cemetery near the Old Meeting-house, characteristic of the man in its +rich simplicity. + +In the war of 1812, although a majority of the citizens disapproved of +the State administration, "all manifested a disposition to defend their +houses and firesides against the common foe, and repaired with alacrity +to resist any invasion upon their neighbors." + +In the war of the Rebellion it is the same story of patriotism and a +ready response to the call of the country. Early in the field and late +to leave it, the record of the town does not differ from others in the +State. A monument bearing the names of those who gave their lives for +the country was erected in 1870, in the Hingham cemetery, near the +statue of Governor Andrew. + +The town has always made liberal provision for education, and its +schools stand to-day, as they have always stood, among the best. The +public schools have, for several years past, contained between 600 and +700 pupils, and appropriations of $13,000 to $14,000 are made annually +for their support. Besides the public schools there are a number of +small private schools, and the Derby Academy, which was established by +Mrs. Sarah Derby, who endowed it with funds for its support. She died in +1790, and the school was opened in 1791, since which time it has +continued uninterruptedly to educate many pupils in the town as well as +a number from neighboring towns. The list of graduates contains the +names of many who became distinguished in after life. It is for both +males and females, and is managed by a board of trustees. Its history is +one of credit to its founder and to the town. Mrs. Derby's first +husband, from whom she acquired her property, was Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, of +Hingham, well known as the founder of the professorship bearing his name +in Harvard College. + +Among the other benefactions to the town must be mentioned the Hingham +Public Library, opened for the use of the inhabitants, in 1869, through +the liberality of the late Hon. Albert Fearing. By liberal gifts of +money from him a building was built and books were purchased. Large and +valuable donations of books were also made by other public-spirited +citizens until several thousand volumes were collected together. The +building and its contents were totally destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1879. +A more commodious building was immediately erected, and opened to the +public April 5, 1880. Its shelves are well filled with standard +literature. The library is managed by a board of trustees under a deed +of trust from Mr. Fearing. + +The industries of Hingham are varied, and, from a business point of +view, it must be admitted that there has been a considerable decline +during the last fifty years. Although never a manufacturing town, within +the usual meaning of that term, there were formerly many small +manufactories of various articles, among which may be mentioned buckets, +furniture, hatchets, etc. The mackerel-fishery was also extensively +carried on from this port; but that has all disappeared, and Hingham is +becoming, more and more every year, a surburban town of residences. With +the increased facilities afforded by railroad and steamboat for daily +access to the city of Boston, many of its citizens, whose business is in +the city, have their residences in Hingham; and it is also the summer +home of many others. The railroad was opened in 1849, and a steamboat +has made regular trips to and from the city during the summer months for +the past fifty years. Downer Landing, the well-known summer resort, with +its pleasure-gardens, summer cottages, and hotel, the Rose Standish +House, built up through the philanthropy and liberality of the late Mr. +Samuel Downer, are within the limits of Hingham. + +There is one hotel in the settled part of the town, the Cushing House. + +The town is abundantly supplied with water of the purest quality for +domestic and fire purposes, from Accord Pond, situated on the southern +boundary line of the town, and there is an excellent fire department. + +There is a weekly paper (_The Hingham Journal_), a national bank, a +savings-bank, and a fire insurance company, which, with numerous stores +in almost every department of domestic supplies, largely make up the +business of the town. + +The Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society holds monthly +meetings and an annual exhibition in its spacious hall and grounds. + +The views from several of the hills in Hingham are very beautiful, and +its woods and fields afford a large and varied study for the botanist. + +Of a high average of intelligence, attentive to education, encouraging +morality, obedient to the laws, the people of Hingham have always stood +high in the scale of social enjoyment and prosperity. Its town meetings +are models of democratic government, and there are few places in which +this purely American institution is preserved with so much respect and +true regard for the public welfare. + +It is with justifiable pride that the native of Hingham looks back +through the two and one-half centuries of her history. + + + "Such is the patriot's boast, where'er we roam, + His first, best country ever is at home." + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HOUSE OF TICKNOR. + +WITH A GLIMPSE OF THE OLD CORNER BOOKSTORE. + + +By Barry Lyndon. + + +The great Boston fire of 1872 had a forerunner in the same city. In 1711 +a most sweeping conflagration occurred, which burned down all the houses +on both sides of Cornhill, from School street to Dock square, besides +the First Church, the Town House, all the upper part of King street, and +the greater part of Pudding Lane, between Water street and Spring Lane. +Nearly one hundred houses were destroyed, of which the _débris_ was +used to fill up Long Wharf. The fire "broke out," says an account in the +Boston _News-Letter_, "in an old tenement within a backyard in +Cornhill, near the First Meeting-house, occasioned by the carelessness +of a poor Scottish woman by using fire near a parcel of ocum, chips, and +other combustible rubbish." + +The houses which were rebuilt along Cornhill, soon after the fire, were +"of brick, three stories high, with a garret, a flat roof, and +balustrade." Several of these houses were still standing in 1825; in +1855 only a very few remained; while only one, so far as we know, has +come down to us to-day and is yet even well-preserved, namely, the Old +Corner Bookstore, on the corner of the present Washington and School +streets. + +This old house teems with historical associations, past and present. +Under its roof Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was wont to hold her Antinomian +_séances_, under the very nose of Governor John Winthrop, when +"over against the site of the Old Corner Store dwelt the notables of the +town,--the governor, the elder of the church, the captain of the +artillery company, and the most needful of the craftsmen and artificers +of the humble plantation; and at a short distance from it were the +meeting-house, the market-house, the town-house, the school-house, and +the ever-flowing spring of pure water." + +The Old Corner Store is supposed to have been built directly after the +fire of 1711. It is an example of what is known as the colonial style of +architecture, and is thought to be the oldest brick building now +standing in Boston. Upon a tablet on its western gable appears the +supposed date of its construction, 1712. + +[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF W.D. TICKNOR.] + +After passing through several ownerships the house reverted, in 1755, to +the descendants of the Hutchinson family. In 1784 it belonged to Mr. +Edward Sohier and his wife Susanna (Brimmer), and was valued at £1,600. +In 1795 it came into the possession of Mr. Herman Brimmer, and was +designated in the first Boston Directory (1789) as No. 76 Cornhill. In +1817 the front part of the building was used as an apothecary shop, by +Dr. Samuel Clarke, the father of Rev. James Freeman Clarke. In 1824 the +name of Cornhill was changed to Washington street, and the old store was +variously numbered until it took No. 135. Here Dr. Clarke remained +keeping shop until 1828, when he was succeeded by a firm of booksellers. +After he left, the building was considerably changed, inside and out, +and Messrs. Richard B. Carter and Charles J. Hendee then occupied the +front room as a bookstore, in 1828, and Mr. Isaac R. Butts moved his +printing-office from Wilson's Lane to the chambers soon afterwards. +Messrs. Carter and Hendee continued in the store until 1832, when they +removed to No. 131, upstairs, and were succeeded by John Allen and +William D. Ticknor in 1832-34. From 1834 the store was occupied by Mr. +W.D. Ticknor alone until 1845; and subsequently by himself and partners, +Mr. John Reed, Jr., and James T. Fields, until the spring of 1864, when +the senior partner died. The new firm of Ticknor (Howard M.), Fields +(James T.), and Osgood (James R.) remained at the Old Corner till 1867, +when they removed to No. 124 Tremont street. Messrs. E.P. Dutton & Co. +next moved into the Old Corner Store, and was succeeded, September 1, +1869, by Alexander Williams & Co. The store is now occupied, since 1882, +by Messrs. Cupples, Upham, & Co., well-known book publishers. + +[Illustration: THE OLD CORNER IN 1800.] + +It will be seen that the first appearance of the name of Ticknor, as in +any way associated with the publishing of books, was in 1832. In the +spring of 1864 Mr. William D. Ticknor visited Philadelphia in company +with Nathaniel Hawthorne; was taken suddenly ill and died there. Shortly +afterwards his eldest son Howard M. Ticknor, a graduate of Harvard +College in the class of 1856, was taken into the firm, which, under the +name of TICKNOR & FIELDS, held a very prominent place among American +publishers for over twenty years. During the period ending with the year +1867 the Old Corner was one of the best known spots in Boston, not alone +by reason of its antiquity, but equally by reason of its distinguished +literary history and its _habitués_. Here Charles Dickens and +Thackeray used to loiter and chat with their American publishers; +Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier, and Whipple the essayist, made +it their head-quarters. Nearly all of their best-known writings, and +those of Emerson, Hawthorne, Saxe, Winthrop, Bayard Taylor, Mrs. Stowe, +Aldrich, Howells, and a host of other well-known authors, sooner or +later bore the imprint of the house of Ticknor. After the failure of +Messrs. Phillips, Sampson,& Co., the "Atlantic Monthly," first suggested +by Mr. Francis H. Underwood, now United States Consul to Glasgow, passed +into the hands of Ticknor & Fields, and, a little later, was added "Our +Young Folks," edited by J.T. Trowbridge and Lucy Larcom, "Every +Saturday," edited by T.B. Aldrich, and the "North American Review," long +edited by James Russell Lowell. + +[Illustration: THE OLD CORNER IN 1850.] + +Still later the firm name was Fields, Osgood, & Co., then James R. +Osgood & Co., then Houghton, Osgood,& Co., and again James R. Osgood +& Co. The last-named firm published a remarkable series of books, which +their successors inherit. + +[Illustration: 124 TREMONT STREET.] + +At no time in its history, from 1832 to the present time, has the firm +been without a Ticknor in its copartnership. For a brief season, +however, the name disappeared from the firm's imprint. + +The great publishing house has just inaugurated a new tenure of life as +Ticknor & Co., the copartnership consisting of Benjamin H. and Thomas B. +Ticknor, sons of William D. Ticknor, and George F. Godfrey, of Bangor, +Me., a gentleman of marked culture and geniality, and one, too, who, all +may rest assured, will take kindly to and will find success in the book +business. With scholarly acquirements, and with minds trained to the +wants of to-day, the sons of W.D. Ticknor, both gentlemen of refined +literary taste, now step to the front with strong hands and vigorous +purposes, not alone to perpetuate but to add to the former reputation of +the time-honored publishing house. + +The new house succeeds to a rich inheritance of the books of younger +American authors,--those of Howells, James, Edgar Fawcett, Kate Field, +Mrs. Burnett, Miss Howard, Julian Hawthorne, George W. Cable, and +others. That it means to maintain the supremacy is foreshadowed by the +list of important works which it has announced as forthcoming. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE FIRST NEW ENGLAND WITCH. + + +By Willard H. Morse, M.D. + + +At the beginning of the seventeenth century, in an English country +district, two lads romped on the same lea and chased the same +butterflies. One was a little brown-eyed boy, with red cheeks, fine +round form, and fiery temper. The other was a gentle child, tall, lithe, +and blonde. The one was the son of a man of wealth and a noble lady, and +carried his captive butterflies to a mansion-house, and kept them in a +crystal case. The other ran from the fields to a farm-house, and thought +of the lea as a grain field. It might have been the year 1606, when the +two were called in from their play-ground, and sent to school, thus to +begin life. The farmer's boy went to a common school, and his brown-eyed +play-mate entered a grammar school. From that time their paths were far +apart. + +The name of the tall, blonde boy was Samuel Morse. At fifteen he left +school to help his father on the home farm. At twenty he had become +second tenant on a Wiltshire holding, and began to be a prosperous +farmer. Before he had attained the age of forty he was the father of a +large family of children, among them five sons, whose names were Samuel, +William, Robert, John, and Anthony. William, Robert, and Anthony +ultimately emigrated to America, while Samuel, Jr., and John remained in +England. Young Samuel went to London, and became a merchant and a miser. +When past his fiftieth year he married. His wife died four years later, +leaving a baby daughter and a son. Both children were sent up to +Marlboro, where they had a home with their Uncle John, who was living on +the old farm. There they grew up, and became the heirs both of John and +their father. The boy was named Morgan. He received a finished +education, embraced the law, and married. His only child and daughter, +Mary, became the heiress of her aunt's property and her great-uncle +John's estate, and was accounted a lady of wealth, station, and beauty. + +Meanwhile, the family of old Samuel Morse's playfellow had also reached +the fourth generation. The name of that playfellow was Oliver Cromwell, +who became Lord Protector of the British Commonwealth. Of course he +forgot Samuel Morse, and was sitting in Parliament when Samuel died. He +had children and grandchildren who lived as contemporaries of his old +playmate's children and grandchildren. Two or three years before +Samuel's great granddaughter, Mary, was born, a great grandson of the +Protector saw the light. This boy was named Oliver, but was called +"Rummy Noll." The ancestral estate of Theodale's became his sole +inheritance, and as soon as he came into the property he began to live a +wild, fast life, distinguishing himself as an adventurous, if not +profligate gentleman. + +He travelled much; and one day in a sunny English year came to the town +of his great-grandfather's nativity. There he chanced to meet Mary +Morse. The beautiful girl fascinated him, but would not consent to be +his wife until all of his "wild oats" were sown. Then she became Mrs. +Cromwell, and was a happy wife, as well as a lady of eminence and +wealth. Oliver and Mary Cromwell had a daughter Olivia, who married a +Mr. Russell, and whose daughters are the present sole representatives of +the Protectorate family. + +As was said above, William, Anthony, and Robert Morse, brothers of +Samuel, Jr., emigrated to America, and became the ancestors of nearly +all of their name in this country. William and Anthony settled at +Newbury, Massachusetts. The latter became a respected citizen, and among +his descendants were such men as Rev. Dr. James Morse of Newburyport, +Samuel Finley Breese Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, Rev. Sidney +Edwards Morse, and others scarcely less notable. + +Robert Morse, Anthony's brother, left England at about the time of the +beginning of the civil war, and located in Boston as a tailor. He was a +sterling old Puritan, prudent, enterprising and of strict morality. He +speculated in real estate, and after a while removed to Elizabethtown, +New Jersey, which place he helped to settle, and where he amassed much +wealth. He had nine children. Among his descendants were some men of +eminence, as Dr. Isaac Morse of Elizabethtown, Honorable Nathan Morse of +New Orleans, Isaac E. Morse, long a member of Congress from Louisiana, +Judge Morse of Ohio, and others. + +None of these sons of Samuel, the mate of Cromwell, were great men +themselves, but were notable in their descendants. Samuel's descendant +came to represent a historical family; Anthony's greatest descendant +invented the telegraph; and the descendants of Robert were noble +Southrons. William alone of the five brothers had notoriety. Samuel, +Jr., was more eminent, but William made a mark in Massachusetts' +history. Settling in the town of Newbury, William Morse led an humble +and monotonous life. When he had lived there more than forty years, and +had come to be an old and infirm man, he was made to figure unhappily +in the first legal investigation of New England witchcraft. This was +in 1679-81, or more than ten years before the Salem witchcraft, and +it constitutes a page of hitherto unpublished Massachusetts history. +Mr. and Mrs. Morse resided in a plain, wooden house that still stands +at the head of Market Street, in what is now Newburyport. William had +been a farmer, but his sons had now taken the homestead, and he was +supporting himself and wife by shoe-making. His age was almost +three-score-years-and-ten, and he was a reputably worthy man, then just +in the early years of his dotage. His wife, the "goody Elizabeth," was +a Newbury woman, and apparently some few years her husband's senior. + +I can easily imagine the worthy couple there in the old square room of +a winter's night. On one side of the fire-place sits the old man in +his hard arm-chair, his hands folded, and his spectacles awry, as he +sonorously snores away the time. Opposite him sits the old lady, a +little, toothless dame, with angular features half hidden in a stiffly +starched white cap, her fingers flying over her knitting-work, as +precisely and perseveringly she "seams," "narrows," and "widens." At the +old lady's right hand stands a cherry table, on which burns a yellow +tallow candle that occasionally the dame proceeds to snuff. There is no +carpet on the floor, and the furniture is poor and plain. A kitchen +chair sits at the other side of the table, and in, or _on_ it, sits +a half-grown boy, a ruddy, freckled, country boy who wants to whistle, +and prefers to go out and play, but who is required to stay in the +house, to sit still, and to read from out the leather-covered Bible that +lies open on the table before him. + +"But I would like to go out and slide down hill!" begs the boy. + +"Have you read yer ten chapters yit?" asks the old dame. + +"N-no!" + +"Wal; read on." + +And the lad obeys. He is reading aloud; he is not a good reader; the +chapters are in Deuteronomy; but that stint must be performed before +evening; then ten chapters after six o'clock, and at eight he must go to +bed. If he moves uneasily in his chair, or stops to breathe, he is +reprimanded. + +The boy was the grandson of the old couple, and resided with them. Under +just such restrictions he was kept. Bright, quick, and full of boy life, +he was restless under the enforced restraint. + +In the neighborhood resided a Yankee school-master, named Caleb Powell, +a fellow, who delighted in interfering with the affairs of his +neighbors, and in airing his wisdom on almost every known subject. He +noticed that the Puritan families kept their boys too closely confined; +and influenced by surreptitious gifts of cider and cheese, he interceded +in their behalf. He was regarded as an oracle, and was listened to with +respect. Gran'ther Morse was among those argued with, and being told +that the boy was losing his health by being "kept in" so much, he at +once consented to give him a rest from the Bible readings and let him +play out of doors and at the houses of the neighbors. Once released, the +lad declared that he "should not be put under again." Fertile in +imagination, he soon devised a plan. + +At that time a belief in witchcraft was universal, and afforded a +solution of everything strange and unintelligible. The old shoemaker +firmly believed in the supernatural agency of witches, and his roguish +grandson knew it. That he might not be obliged to return to the +Scripture readings, the boy practised impositions on his grandfather to +which the old man became a very easy dupe. + +No one suspected the boy's agency, except Caleb Powell. That worthy knew +the young man, and believed that there was nothing marvellous or +superstitious about the "manifestations." Desirous of being esteemed +learned, he laid claim to a knowledge of astrology, and when the +"witchcraft" was the town talk he gave out that he could develope the +whole mystery. The consequence was that he was suspected of dealing in +the black art, and was accused, tried, and narrowly escaped with his +life. + +On the court records of Salem is entered:-- + + "December 3, 1679. Caleb Powell being complained of for suspicion of + working with ye devill to the molesting of William Morse and his + family, was by warrant directed to constable, and respited till + Monday." "December 8, (Monday) Caleb Powell appeared ... and it was + determined that sd. Morse should present ye case at ye county court + at Ipswich in March." + + +This order was obeyed, and the trial came on. The following is a +specimen of the testimony presented:-- + + + "William Morse saith, together with his wife, that Thursday night being + November 27, we heard a great noyes of knocking ye boards of ye house, + whereupon myselfe and wife looks out and see nobody, but we had stones + and sticks thrown at us so that we were forced to retire. + + "Ye same night, ye doore being lockt when we went to bed, we heerd a + great hog grunt in ye house, and willing to go out. That we might not be + disturbed in our sleep, I rose to let him out, and I found a hog and the + door unlockt. + + "Ye next night I had a great awl that I kept in the window, the which + awl I saw fall down ye chimney into ye ashes. I bid ye boy put ye same + awl in ye cupboard which I saw done, and ye door shut too. When ye same + awl came down ye chimney again in our sight, and I took it up myselfe. + + "Ye next day, being Saturday, stones, sticks and pieces of bricks came + down so that we could not quietly eat our breakfast. Sticks of fire came + downe also at ye same time. + + "Ye same day in ye afternoon, my thread four times taken away and come + downe ye chimney againe; my awl and a gimlet wanting came down ye + chimney. Againe, my leather and my nailes, being in ye cover of a + firkin, taken away, and came downe ye chimney. + + "The next, being Sunday, stones, sticks and brickbats came down ye + chimney. On Monday, Mr. Richardson [the minister,] and my brother was + there. They saw ye frame of my cow-house standing firm. I sent my boy to + drive ye fowls from my hog's trough. He went to ye cow-house, and ye + frame fell on him, he crying with ye hurt. In ye afternoon ye potts + hanging over ye fire did dash so vehemently one against another that we + did sett down one that they might not dash to pieces. I saw ye andiron + leap into ye pott and dance, and leap out, and again leap in, and leap + on a table and there abide. And my wife saw ye andiron on ye table. Also + I saw ye pott turn over, and throw down all ye water. Againe we see a + tray with wool leap up and downe, and throw ye wool out, and saw nobody + meddle with it. Again a tub's hoop fly off, and nobody near it. Againe + ye woolen wheele upside downe, and stood upon its end, and a spade set + on it. This myself, my wife, and Stephen Greenleaf saw. Againe my tools + fell down on ye ground, and before my boy could take them they were sent + from him. Againe when my wife and ye boy were making ye bed, ye chest + did open and shutt, ye bed-clothes would not be made to ly on ye bed, + but flew off againe. + + "We saw a keeler of bread turn over. A chair did often bow to me. Ye + chamber door did violently fly together. Ye bed did move to and fro. Ye + barn-door was unpinned four times. We agreed to a big noise in ye other + room. My chair would not stand still, but was ready to throw me + backward. Ye catt was thrown at us five times. A great stone of six + pounds weight did remove from place to place. Being minded to write, + my ink-horne was hid from me, which I found covered by a ragg, and my + pen quite gone. I made a new penn, and while I was writing, one eare + of corne hitt me in ye face, and sticks, stones, and my old pen were + flung att me. Againe my spectickles were throwne from ye table, and + almost into ye hot fire. My paper, do what I could, I could hardly + keep it. Before I could dry my writing, a mammouth hat rubbed along it, + but I held it so fast that it did only blot some of it. My wife and I + being much afraid that I should not preserve ye writing, we did think + best to lay it in ye Bible. Againe ye next night I lay it there againe, + but in ye morning it was not to be found, till I found it in a box + alone. Againe while I was writing this morning I was forced to forbeare + writing any more, because I was so disturbed by many things constantly + thrown att me." + + +Anthony Morse testified:-- + + "Occasionally, being to my brother Morse's hous, he showed to me a pece + of brick, what had several times come down ye chimne. I sitting in ye + cornar towde that pece of brick in my hand. Within a littel spas of tiem + ye pece of brick was gone from me I know not by what meanes. Quickly + after it come down chimne. Also in ye chimne cornar I saw a hammar on ye + ground. Their bein no person nigh it, it was sodenly gone, by what + meanes I know not; but within a littell spas it fell down chimne, and + ... also a pece of woud a fute long. + + "Taken on oath Dec. the 8, 1679, before me, + + "JOHN WOODBRIDGE, COMMISSIONER." + + +Thomas Hardy testified:-- + + "I and George Hardy being at William Morse his house, affirm that ye + earth in ye chimny cornar moved and scattered on us. I was hitt with + somewhat; Hardy hitt by a iron ladle; somewhat hitt Morse a great blow, + butt itt was so swift none could tell what itt was. After, we saw itt + was a shoe." + + +Rev. Mr. Richardson testified:-- + + "Was at Bro. Morse his house on a Saturday. A board flew against my + chair. I heard a noyes in another roome, which I suppose in all reason + was diabolicall." + + +John Dole testified:-- + + "I saw, sir, a large fire-stick of candle-wood, a stone, and a + fire-brand to fall down. These I saw nott whence they come till they + fell by me." + + +Elizabeth Titcomb testified:-- + + "Powell said that he could find out ye witch by his learning if he had + another scholar with him." + + +Joseph Myrick and Sarah Hale testified:-- + + "Joseph Morse, often said in our hearing that if there are any Wizards + he was sure Caleb Powell was one." + + +William Morse being asked what he had to say as to Powell being a +wizard, testified:-- + + "He come in, and seeing our spirit very low cause by our great + affliction, he said, 'Poore old man, and poor old woman, I eye ye boy, + who is ye occasion of all your greefe; and I draw neere ye with great + compassion.' Then sayd I, 'Powell, how can ye boy do them things?' + Then sayd he, 'This boy is a young rogue, a vile rogue!' Powell, he + also sayd, that he had understanding in Astrology and Astronomie, + and knew the working of spirits. Looking on ye boy, he said, 'You + young rogue!' And to me, Goodman Morse, if you be willing to lett me + have ye boy I will undertake that you shall be freed from any trouble + of this kind the while he is with me." + + +Other evidence was received for the prosecution. The defence put in by +Powell was that "on Monday night last, till Friday after the noone, I +had ye boy with me, and they had no trouble." + + +Mary Tucker deposed:-- + + "Powell said he come to Morse's and did not see fit to go in as the old + man was att prayer. He lookt in a window, and saw ye boy fling a shoe at + the old man's head while he prayed." + + +The verdict now stands on the court record, and reads as follows:-- + + "Upon hearing the complaint brought to this court against Caleb Powell + for suspicion of working by the devill to the molesting of ye family of + William Morse of Newbury, though this court cannot find any evident + ground of proceeding farther against ye sayd Powell, yett we determine + that he hath given such ground of suspicion of his so dealing that we + cannot so acquit him but that he justly deserves to bare his own shame + and the costs of prosecution of the complaint." + + +The bad boy seems to have had a grudge against Powell, and, anxious to +see that person punched, he resumed his pranks both at his grandfather's +and among the neighbors. + +Strange things happened. Joseph Bayley's cows would stand still and not +move. Caleb Powell, having been discharged, no longer boasted of his +learning. Jonathan Haines' oxen would not work. A sheep belonging to +Caleb Moody was mysteriously dyed. Zachariah Davis' calves all died, as +did also a sheep belonging to Joshua Richardson. Mrs. John Wells said +that she saw the "imp of God in sayd Morse's hous." + +Sickness visited several families, and Goody Morse, as was her custom, +acted as village nurse. One by one her patients died. John Dee, Mrs. +William Chandler, Mrs. Goodwin's child, and an infant of Mr. Ordway's, +were among the dead. The rumor ran about that Goody Morse was a witch. +John Chase affirmed that he had seen her coming into his house through a +knot-hole at night. John Gladding saw "halfe of Marm Morse about two a +clocke in ye daytime." Jonathan Woodman, seeing a strange black cat, +struck it; and Dr. Dole was called the same day to treat a bruise on +Mrs. Morse. The natural inference was that the old lady was a witch and +the cause of all of these strange things, as well as of the +extraordinary occurrences in her home. Accusers were not wanting, and +she was arrested. In her trial all of this evidence was put in, and her +husband repeated his testimony at the Powell trial. The county court +heard it and passed the case to the General Court, from whence it was +returned. + +The records abound in reports of the testimony. We will only quote the +evidence of Zachariah Davis, who said:-- + + "I having offended Goody Morse, my three calves fell a dancing and + roaring, and were in such a condition as I never saw a calf in before + ... A calf ran a roaringe away soe that we gott him only with much adoe + and putt him in ye barne, and we heard him roar severell times in ye + night. In ye morning I went to ye barne, and there he was setting upon + his tail like a dog. I never see no calf set after that manner before; + and so he remained in these fits till he died." + + +The entry on the court record is as follows:-- + + "Boston, May ye 20, 1680:--The Grand Jury presenting Elizabeth, wife of + William Morse. She was indicted by name of Elizabeth Morse for that she + not having ye fear of God before her eyes, being instigated by the + Devil, and had familiarity with the Devil contrary to ye peace of our + sovereign lord, the King, his crown and dignity, the laws of God, and of + this jurisdiction. After the prisoner was att ye barr and pleaded not + guilty, and put herself on ye country and God for trial. Ye evidences + being produced were read and committed to ye jury." + + "Boston, May 21st, of 1680:--Ye jury brought in their verdict. They + found Elizabeth Morse guilty according to indictment. + + "May ye 27:--Then ye sentence of ye Governor, to wit:--'Elizabeth you + are to goe from hence to ye plaice from which you come, and thence to + the plaice of execution, and there to be hanged, by ye neck, till you be + dead; and ye Lord have mercy on your Soule.'" + + "June ye 1st:--Ye Governor and ye magistrates voted ye reprieving of + Eliz. Morse, as attests, + + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." + + +The unfortunate woman seems to have remained imprisoned until the +meeting of the Legislature. On the records of that body we find:-- + + "Ye Deputies in perusal of ye Acts of ye Hon. Court of Assistants + relating to ye woman condemned for witchcraft doe not understand why + execution of ye sentence given her by ye sd. court is not executed. Her + repreeval seems to us to be beyond what ye law will allow, and doe + therefore judge meete to declare ourselves against it, etc. This Nov. + 3d., 1680. + + "WM. TORREY, Clerk." + + +Then follows this entry:-- + + "Exceptions not consented to by ye magistrates. + + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." + + +Mrs. Morse continued in prison until May 1681. On the fourteenth of +that month her husband petitioned for her to "the honorable gen. court +now sitting in Boston," begging "to clere up ye truth." This petition +recites a review of the testimony of seventeen persons who had testified +against Goody Morse. On the eighteenth, he petitioned "ye hon. Governor, +deputy Governor, deputies and magistrates." In answer, a new hearing was +granted. The court record says:-- + + + "Ye Deputyes judge meet to grant ye petitioner a hearing ye next sixth + day and that warrants go forth to all persons concerned from this court, + they to appear in order to her further trial, our honored magistrates + hereto consenting. + + "WM. TORREY, Clerk." + + +Again the magistrates were refractory, for we find:-- + + + "May twenty-fourth, 1681:--Not consented to by ye magistrates. + + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." + + +No further trial followed. Mr. Morse did not rest in his efforts for +the release of his wife. He called a council of the clergymen of the +neighborhood to examine her. The council met and acted. The report +of the Rev. John Hale of Beverly (probably chairman) is before me. +It reads:-- + + + "This touching Madam Elizabeth Morse:-- + + "She being reprieved, her husband desired us to discourse her, which + we did. Her discourse was very christain, and she still pleaded her + innocence of that which was laid to her dischage. We did not esteem + it prudence for us to pass any definite sentence upon on under her + circumstances, yet we inclined to ye more charitable side." + + +After this examination the court permitted her to return home, when she +never gave further occasion for slander, dying the death of a hopeful +Christian not many years after. + +And the mischievous grandson, what of him? He went to Beverly, married, +had children, died. His great-great-grandson lives to-day. He, +descendant of William, over wires that Anthony's descendant made to do +noble work, sends this message, written on paper made by a descendant of +Robert, to Miss Russell, representing Samuel Morse and Oliver +Cromwell:-- + + + "After two centuries witch-work is in electricity, and that witch-work + has made us a name." + + + * * * * * + + + + +IN EMBER DAYS. + + +By Adelaide C. Waldron. + + + Softly there sounds above the roar + Of the wide world's deafening din, + An echo of song from a far-off time, + Deeper and sweeter than poet's rhyme, + Whose tidings of joy and whose message sublime, + "Heaven's peace on earth, and good-will to mankind," + Fill me with force; I yet will find + The way to enter in! + + + * * * * * + + + + +CHRISTOPHER GAULT.--A STORY. + + +By Edward P. Guild. + + +In the summer of 1879 I went to a quiet town in north-western +Massachusetts, with the object of getting a few weeks of much needed +rest and recreation. It had been four years since the first appearance +of my name as "Attorney and Counsellor at Law," on the door of a small +Washington-street office, just below the _Herald_ Building in the +city of Boston; and, as I had worked all that time with hardly a thought +of rest, I decided to take a good, respectable vacation. + +Hopkins, who had an office on the same floor, advised me to go to H----, +in Franklin county, where I could find the purest of air, splendid +scenery, good trout fishing, and entire freedom from fashionable +boarders. As this was just the bill of fare that I wanted, and as +Hopkins was born and brought up there, and ought to know, I thankfully +accepted his advice. + +A week after my arrival I met Christopher Gault, who was boarding not +far from Deacon Thompson's, where I had my quarters. A friendship at +once began to grow between us, and our time was largely spent in each +other's company. I found my new acquaintance a very agreeable companion, +and, moreover, an unusually interesting young man. He was then about +twenty-six years old, of medium stature, dark brown hair, and +closely-cut side whiskers and moustache. His talents were brilliant and +varied. Mathematics were his delight, and he had well chosen the +profession of a civil engineer, in which, as I afterwards learned, he +was already gaining distinction in my own city of Boston. He was an +ardent admirer of nature, and was always ready for a ramble with me over +the hills or through the woods; always closely observing the formation +of the rocks, and capturing any interesting specimen of mineral, plant, +or bug that came under the notice of his sharp eyes. + +In conversation, which we often enjoyed on the broad piazza, Gault was +exceedingly entertaining, and usually took an absorbing interest in the +subject under discussion; but at times he would sit silent as though +engrossed in other thoughts, and often with a very apparent look of +melancholy in his face. One day when I had been noticing this, I said:-- + +"Gault, you are growing too serious for your age; you ought to get a +wife." + +He smiled a little quickly, and resumed his former expression, without +replying; but after a moment drew from his pocket book a photograph, and +placed it in my hand. + +It was of a most attractive looking young lady of, perhaps, twenty-two +years. + +"Ah! I see that my suggestion is not needed," I said, holding the +picture at arm's length to get a better general impression. "Is she +yours?" + +He flushed a little at so direct a question, as he answered evasively:-- + +"She is a very true friend of mine." + +"But she is more than that. Now, tell me, Gault, when is your honeymoon +to begin?" + +"That is more than I can tell," he replied, slowly returning the +photograph to his pocket book. + +"You must not wait to get rich," I observed. "It is when a man is +working for success that he most needs the sympathy and help of a good +wife." + +"I know that," replied my friend; "but I am in a peculiar position. Some +day I will tell you all." + +I saw that he was growing nervous, and changed the subject of +conversation. + +Returning from the post office that afternoon to the old farm house, I +stopped for a little chat with Deacon Thompson, my good natured host, +who was mending his orchard fence; for the well loaded boughs of apples, +just beginning to assume their various tinges of red, yellow, or russet, +offered a strong temptation to the cattle in the adjoining pasture. +Incidentally I inquired regarding an old excavation which I had noticed +on the hill near an unfrequented road. This excavation had apparently +once served for a cellar, although most of the stones had been removed, +and the sheep easily ran down its now sloping and grassy sides. In close +proximity was a deep well, over the top of which had been placed a huge, +flat stone. Overshadowing both cellar and well were three ancient elms, +storm-beaten and lightning-cleft, but still standing as if to guard the +very solitude which was unbroken save by the tinkling bell, which told +whither the farmer's flock was straying. From Mr. Thompson I learned the +history connected with this scene. + +Twenty years before he was born, his father's folks saw, one morning in +March, a smoke curling above the tops of the elms which were just +visible over the brow of the hill. Quickly going to the scene, they +found the house burned to the ground. The occupants were an old man, +named Peter Colburn, and his wife; and they, together with a traveller, +who had obtained lodging there for the night, were all burned with the +house. The stranger's horse and saddle were found in the barn, some +little distance from the house, but there was no clew to his identity. +There were only a few people then who had settled in this bleak region, +and there was no funeral other than the assembling of a half dozen +together, who dug a grave within fifty feet from the elms, and there +laid the charred remains of the unfortunate victims. I had seen a small, +rough, unlettered stone standing there, but did not before know its +meaning. + +The next day I related the bit of tragic history to Christopher Gault, +and we strolled over the hill to its scene. + +"What a magnificent view!" he exclaimed, as we came to the place. + +Certainly it could not be finer. We stood upon an elevated plateau, from +which the prospect in either direction was beautiful and grand. To the +north could be seen the graceful curves of the Green Mountain range, +gradually growing fainter and of paler blue as the eye followed them to +at least seventy miles away. + +Farther to the east rose the majestic form of Monadnock, if not the +highest, one of the very noblest peaks in the Granite State. In an +opposite direction, and nearly one hundred miles from Monadnock, stood +old Greylock, the greatest elevation in Massachusetts; while much nearer +by--in fact, seeming almost at our feet when compared with these immense +ranges--lay the charming Deerfield valley, up from which rose the +curling smoke of the locomotive as it moved steadily westward, until +hidden from view by a sudden entrance into Hoosac Tunnel. + +The view so absorbed our attention for a time that we hardly noticed our +immediate surroundings. When we did so we began to make an examination. +Gault, with characteristic curiosity, began a search in the bottom of +the old cellar. Suddenly he emerged. + +"A veritable relic!" he exclaimed. "See! an old knife; and here on its +handle is a name. Can you read it?" and he handed it to me. + +A minute's brisk scouring made it quite plain. + +"I have it now," I said. "It is Samuel Wickham." + +As I read the inscription I was startled to see the color almost +instantly leave Gault's face. + +"Samuel Wickham! You don't mean It. Let me see," and he grasped the +knife from my hand. + +"It is. You are right," he said. "You do not understand my interest +in this matter," he added, evidently a little embarrassed at his own +manner. "It was the name that struck me. Probably this knife belonged +to the unfortunate stranger," and he put it carefully in his pocket. + +"Do you know just when the house was burned,--did Mr. Thompson say?" he +inquired, trying hard to control his excitement. + +"Not exactly," I replied; "but he told me that he had a record +somewhere. You could probably ascertain from him." + +The next morning I went trouting alone, and did not return to the house +until afternoon. When I did so I found a note awaiting me. + +It proved to be from my friend, and said that for special reasons he had +decided to return to the city that day. He was sorry not to see me +again, but hoped to do so before long. I, in turn, was quite anxious to +meet him again, and learn why he had returned so unexpectedly, and to +know the cause of his singular manner upon finding the rusty knife. The +two events were naturally connected in my mind, and also our previous +conversation when he had shown me the picture of the young lady. + +Three weeks later I was in Boston, and almost at once visited Mr. +Gault's office at No.--Water street. To my disappointment, I learned +that he had just taken passage for England. + +I hoped to see him when he returned, but was not destined to do so until +two years later. + +Before relating my unexpected meeting with him in 1881, I must describe +a certain somewhat remarkable case which I was so fortunate as to have +put into my hands shortly after my return from the country. + + +II. + + +It was one day in October that a distinguished-looking gentleman of +about fifty-five entered my office, introduced himself as Mr. Crabshaw, +and asked me to take the following case. + +An old woman named Nancy Blake had recently died in Virginia, leaving a +large amount of property. This Nancy Blake had lived for over half a +century all alone, and almost entirely secluded. She had left neither +will nor near relatives, and the question was, who is her nearest of +kin? My visitor informed me that long ago he had known of the existence +of an eccentric woman in Virginia,--a great-aunt of his now deceased +wife. Nothing had been heard from her, however, for twenty-five years, +and it was supposed that she was dead; but he had just received +information that led him to believe in the identity of the old lady +Blake with the aforementioned great-aunt. If the relationship could be +established, then his daughter Cecilia would be the true heir. Her claim +had been brought to the attention of the court, and she bad been +informed that there was another claimant. Would I undertake the case? +After a long talk with Mr. Crabshaw, I decided that I would do so. I +agreed to call at his house the next day and have another talk with him, +and also meet his daughter, preparatory to my trip to Virginia. + +Mr. Crabshaw, who, as I subsequently learned, was descended from an +English family which had been represented in this country for two +generations only, lived in the famous and once aristocratic quarter of +Boston known as West End. A short residence on our republican soil had +done little to Americanize the Crabshaw family, who lived in true +English style. The household consisted only of Mr. Crabshaw and his one +daughter, Cecilia, and a small retinue of servants, although he was not +possessed of any very large wealth. My first meeting with Miss Crabshaw +was at once a pleasure and a surprise; the first because she was a most +charming young lady, and the latter because she was the original of the +picture shown me a few months before by Christopher Gault. I did not +mention the coincidence, however, but proceeded directly to the business +in hand. Miss Cecilia was an exceedingly sensible and intelligent young +lady and I could get more needed information in ten minutes from her +than in half an hour from the old gentleman. + +The last time that I met Mr. Crabshaw before going to Virginia, I +mentioned having met Mr. Gault the summer before. + +"You got acquainted with him then, did you? I am very glad to know it. +He is a fine young man--a very estimable fellow, sir. I have always +known the family, and always liked Christopher. As you are very likely +aware, he thinks a great deal of Cecilia, and she is a pretty firm +friend of his. Now that is all very well, sir, as long as they don't get +sentimental, or anything of that kind." + +"We are constituted so as to grow a little sentimental when the occasion +presents itself, Mr. Crabshaw," I remarked. + +"Yes, yes, I understand, but my daughter knows quite well that there is +no occasion for her yet. I might as well tell you," he continued, after +a pause, "that, although it is nothing against Christopher himself, +there is a streak of bad blood in the family. His great-grandfather +_turned traitor_; yes, sir, _committed treason_ against the +crown of England, and then fled. To be sure," he added, "Christopher +Gault is no more responsible for the crime of his ancestor than am I +myself; but the question of blood is an important one, and these traits +are very liable to crop out; if not in one generation, then in another." + +"You believe, then, in the law of heredity as affecting moral +character?" + +"Certainly. Physical and mental traits are inherited; why not moral?" + +A few days later I was in the city of Richmond, and from there I +proceeded directly to D---- county, where, at the November term of +the county court, I intended to present Miss Crabshaw's claim to the +property in question. Meantime I devoted myself to the preparation of +testimony relating to the case. I visited the place where old Nancy +Blake had lived, situated about twelve miles from D---- court-house. +The property left by her consisted of the old house, fallen badly into +decay, a small amount of land, and a large sum of money deposited in +the bank. Little was known about "Old Nancy," as the few people in the +thinly settled locality called her. The most information that I could +glean was from an old negro who had been her neighbor for the most of +his life. He said that he could well remember her father, who had been +dead for fifty years. He was a man of military look and an Englishman. +His name was John Blake. He could remember nothing about his wife, but +he had at least one son and a daughter besides Nancy. When he was about +to die his son came to see him. He was much older than either daughter, +Nancy being the youngest. Eleanor died not long after, and Nancy was +left alone. She was very eccentric and seldom saw any one. + +Such was the story, in brief, as I was able to obtain it from the old +negro. + +The details of the case, as it was brought out in court, do not need +special mention, and it will be sufficient to merely state the basis of +the claim. + +Although Mr. Crabshaw was very proud of his descent, and traced his +lineage back some hundreds of years, and was very particular to have the +family coat-of-arms always made conspicuous, yet he had married a lady +whose ancestry was not clearly known. Mrs. Crabshaw, who had died when +her daughter was a mere child, was a beautiful and accomplished woman, +whose grandfather, on her father's side, she had never seen, and of whom +she knew no more than that his name was Thomas Blake, and that he died +in the town of S----, Connecticut, in 1832, at the age of forty-nine +years. + +The one important thing that I wished to prove was, that Thomas Blake +was the brother of Nancy Blake, and that Cecilia Crabshaw was thus +great-grand niece of said Nancy. The court pronounced itself satisfied +as to this, and Miss Crabshaw was declared the nearest of kin, and hence +heir to the property. + +The case had required the presence of my fair client, so she had made +the journey to Washington a week previous, where she visited an uncle, +and came out to D---- county to be present at the hearing. + +It was necessary for me to remain in Virginia some little time on +account of other business, and it was arranged that I should see what +could be done towards effecting a sale of the real estate. Accordingly, +soon after the case had been decided, I went out to look over the +premises. + +The house was very old, and showed no signs of any improvement having +been made for at least half a century. The furniture was of little value +and there were but few other things. A rusty sword, a few old books, and +some odd trinkets comprised about all. As Miss Crabshaw did not care for +these they were given to a negro woman who had rendered some assistance +to Old Nancy in the last years of her life. + +The house itself contained none of those mysterious passages or hidden +closets which the imagination so readily connects with such old +habitations. There was a kind of small locker, however, opening from a +large closet near the ceiling. This little recess contained nothing but +a package of old papers and worthless letters, faded and mouldy. On +looking them over, one in particular attracted my attention on account +of an official seal which it bore. It proved to be a document +commissioning Richard Anthony Treadwell as Major in the Seventh Regiment +of Cavalry in the Royal Army of his Majesty King George III. The date +was June 12, 1793. But who was Richard Anthony Treadwell, and how +happened his commission to be here? A discovery made a few minutes later +served to throw some light on the mystery. Among the few books found in +the house was an antique volume of Shakspere's plays, which, judging +from the thick net-work of cobwebs encircling it, had not been touched +for years. + +Curiosity led me to open the book. On its fly-leaf was the inscription: +"A present to Thomas from his father, Richard A. Treadwell." A curious +fact was that this name had been crossed and recrossed with a pen, and +underneath had been written as a substitute in the same handwriting: +"John Blake." The ink used at the _first_ writing had retained its +blackness in a remarkable degree; while that used at the time of the +_erasure_ and _for the substitute name_ had so faded that the +first name was much plainer than the second. The natural inference, +then, was that the father of Nancy Blake and the great-great-grandfather +of Cecilia Crabshaw had, at some time, changed his name from that of +Richard Anthony Treadwell to that of John Blake. Why he should have done +so was an unexplained problem, and whether it was my duty to inform Miss +Crabshaw of the fact or not was not quite evident to me. What I really +did, however, was to put the old document in my pocket and forget it. + +The place was soon after sold for a few hundred dollars, and after +attending to my affairs in the locality I returned to Boston, but not +to remain. + +A leading lawyer in Washington, an old and esteemed friend of my father, +and a former adviser of mine in the matter of studying law, had offered +to admit me to partnership in a lucrative practice which had become too +large for his advancing years. I accepted, and bade good-by to dear old +Boston. + + +III. + + +It was not until May, 1881, that I returned to my former home, and then +for a short time only. + +The next day after my arrival I had a caller at my hotel, and to my +surprise and pleasure it proved to be my old acquaintance and friend, +Christopher Gault. + +"I saw your name in the list of arrivals in the morning paper, and came +up at once. I am delighted to find you here. I was in hopes to have met +you on my return from England, but learned that you had left 'The Hub' +entirely." + +"Yes, I have been gone a year and a half. But tell me, Gault, where have +you kept yourself all of this time? I had nearly lost all trace of you. +You made your departure from this continent so suddenly, nearly two +years ago, that I thought you must have been"-- + +"Fleeing from justice?" he interrupted, laughing. "Seeking it, rather. +I see you don't quite understand," he added. "Well, you shall have an +explanation; but it is quite a little story, and I will not detain you +this morning." + +"I shall see you again?" + +"I hope so, by all means; and Mrs. Gault would be most happy to meet +you." + +"Mrs. Gault!" I exclaimed, extending my hand,--"Mrs. Gault! Let me +congratulate you. And Mrs. Gault was formerly"-- + +"Miss Cecilia Crabshaw," he interposed, anticipating my guess. + +"I could have guessed it," I remarked. "In fact, I think I was rather +more sanguine than you two years ago." + +He laughed a little, with evident satisfaction. "I have been better +prospered than I anticipated then. We have now been married three +months. By the way, when do you return to Washington?" + +"Probably a week from now,--ten days at the latest." + +"Then let me make you a proposition. Besides my acquisition of which you +have just learned I have been favored in other ways, and I have just +purchased a house in the beautiful town of H----, where you and I met +for the first time. This house I have remodelled into a summer +residence; and Mrs. Gault and myself, with two or three friends, intend +going up tomorrow for a two-months' stay. Now, my proposition is this: +when you get ready to return, take a train on the Fitchburg Railroad, +and go by the way of Albany and the Hudson river. Stop off at the little +station of C----, and come up to H----, and spend a day with your old +friend. I will meet you at the station myself. Nothing would give me +greater pleasure, and I know the lady who was once your client would +unite with me in the invitation." + +"The temptation is too great to resist," I responded, after a moment's +reflection, "and I accept with pleasure." + +A week later I alighted from Christopher Gault's carriage at the door of +a beautiful summer cottage, not a mile from where my vacation had been +spent in '79. His own groom led the horse to the stable, and Mrs. Gault +met us on the veranda. She welcomed me in her charming manner, making a +pleasant allusion as she did so to our first meeting as attorney and +client. We chatted pleasantly for a half hour, when a bell announced +that dinner was ready, and we repaired to the dining-room, where a meal +was served, simply, but most tastefully. "Now," said Mr. Gault, as we +rose from the table, "perhaps you have in mind the promised explanation +of my rather precipitate departure from this attractive region some time +ago; and, if Mrs. Gault will excuse us, we will take a little walk. + +"You will remember," he began, as we walked leisurely down the +well-shaded path in the narrow country road, "that two years ago I +showed to you a picture of a lady whom we have just left. You also +remember that, while I gave you to understand that we were strongly +attached to each other, I was very far from being enthusiastic about it +as a young lover might be. You did not know the reason then, but it was +simply a question of _blood_. + +"In the year 1795 flagrant act of treason was committed against the +Government of Great Britain and His Majesty King George III. My +great-grandfather was then a large property holder, not far from London, +and he figured prominently in public affairs. + +"Although he had always been of irreproachable character, trusted and +respected, yet the circumstances were such that suspicion was turned +towards him. A certain officer in the king's army appeared and declared +himself ready to testify as a witness to treasonable acts and words on +the part of my great-grandfather. A warrant was issued for his arrest, +and the process was about to be served when it was discovered that he +had fled. Then his house was searched, and in it was found strong +corroborative evidence. This was nothing less than letters, which, if +genuine, proved without the shadow of doubt that he was guilty. There +was no one to appear in defence of the accused, and he was convicted. As +he was not to be found within the king's domains, judgment of outlawry +was pronounced against him as a fugitive from justice. Then followed +those dreadful attendant penalties; confiscation of his estate and the +terrible 'attainder and corruption of blood.' His only son was in +America at the time, and, disgraced and with prospects blighted by the +news of his father's downfall, he resolved never to return. Twelve years +ago this son's youngest daughter, my beloved mother, died, leaving me +with little else than barely means enough to finish my education, and a +good amount of ambition. + +"Although we lived in a republic where attainder is unknown in the laws +of the land, still my mother felt the disgrace keenly. She never +believed implicitly, however, that her grandfather was really guilty of +the crime for which he was convicted. In fact, after his sentence had +been pronounced, there were strong reasons for believing that he was not +in England at all at the time of the treason, and his son never ceased +in his unavailing efforts to find his whereabouts. + +"The Crabshaw family had always been warm friends of ours, and, although +they had brought from England many British ideas and counted much on +loyalty, yet they were always ready to appreciate any true worth. After +I was left alone I valued their friendship highly. I was always welcome +at Mr. Crabshaw's house. Cecilia and I were companions in study, and +almost before I knew it we were--in love. As I found this sentiment +strengthening I grew alarmed; for, although no allusion to my family +disgrace had ever been made in my presence, I was aware that Mr. +Crabshaw knew the history well, and that the thought of an alliance with +the house of Crabshaw would be folly. It was at that time that my +mother's belief in her grandfather's innocence became more strongly +impressed upon me, and I formed the purpose, almost hopeless though it +seemed, of establishing the truth of this belief. The idea grew upon me. +I found myself getting nervous, and for the sake of my health I came +here two years ago to find relaxation in trout fishing and the study of +nature." + +We had walked during the relation of my friend's narrative along the +road often travelled by me before, and which led to the three shattered +elms and the old cellar. We sat down beneath the shade of the trees once +more to rest, and as we did so Gault took from his pocket the old knife +which two years before had been discovered in the grass-grown cellar. + +"There," said he, holding it before my eyes, "there is the name on the +handle that you read for the first time,--'Samuel Wickham,'--and you can +imagine my feelings when I tell you that that was the name of my +great-grandfather. When you told me that Deacon Thompson had a record of +this long past tragedy you doubtless remember the intense eagerness with +which I hastened to find him. + +"In the diary was distinctly recorded the burning of the house, March 4, +1795. If Samuel Wickham was guilty of the crime it was utterly +impossible that he should have been out of England at that time. From +that moment my cherished belief became a settled conviction. My means +were limited, but I resolved to visit England at once, and, if possible, +substantiate the evidence found so unexpectedly under these elms; not +that I expected to obtain reversal of a sentence pronounced in a court +of law over eighty years ago, but Cecelia Crabshaw should know that my +blood was not tainted by an ancestor's crime. I can assure you that I +thought much more than I slept that night. + +"The next day, as you know, I went back to Boston, and a month later was +in England. I went directly to S----, and there found the old mansion, +once the rightful property of my great-grandfather. I found proof that +he sailed for New York, January 23, 1795. But that was not all. The old +Wickham mansion had stood for years unoccupied. I learned that after its +forfeiture to the crown the whole estate had been granted for life as a +reward to the young officer who had brought to the government the +evidence of its former owner's treason. By him it was occupied for some +thirty years; then he suddenly disappeared. After that the estate was +sold to an eccentric and wealthy bachelor, who built a superb residence +thereon, letting the old mansion remain closed. Very recently he had +died, leaving no will and no heirs, and the estate again escheated to +the crown. + +"I was very anxious to search the old mansion, and readily obtained +permission to enter. It was built in the time of Elizabeth, and was a +large building, similar in architecture to many others built in the +sixteenth century in this part of England. As I entered the deserted +building a strange feeling of desolation took possession of me. Hardly a +human being had been within its walls for fifty years. The dust lay deep +on the bare oaken floor, and almost muffled the sound of my footsteps. +On one exquisitely carved panel appeared, in defiance of attempts to +destroy it, the Wickham coat-of-arms. + +"I was searching for nothing in particular, but everything had to me a +fascinating interest, and I opened every door and examined every nook +and shelf. In one room I came across an antique oaken desk. As I pulled +open one of its drawers a half-dozen scared spiders fled before the +intruding rays of light. In the drawer there was a small wooden box. +There was nothing in this box but a sheet of paper, folded and sealed, +and addressed to the attorney-general of England. I hesitated a moment, +and then broke it open with excited curiosity. It was the most thrilling +moment of my life. Even now, as I tell you this story, I feel the same +thrill go through me as when my eyes ran over that page. It was nothing +more nor less than a written confession of,--first, treason against the +crown of England; and, second, perjury and false witness against Samuel +Wickham. It was signed by the officer who appeared against him, and was +witnessed by two parties. Strange to say, both of these parties were +still living, and able to attest the validity of their signatures and +the genuineness of the other. They had merely witnessed this signature +at the time, without being aware of the nature of the document. + +"The excitement and delight which followed this discovery were so great +that I could do nothing at all for a time. I then engaged the services +of an able barrister, and within six months the judgment of outlawry, +forfeiture, attainder, and corruption of blood, pronounced eighty-five +years ago upon Samuel Wickham by the Court of the King's Bench, was, +upon a writ of error, reversed by the Court of the King's Exchequer. I +then proved that I was the only surviving heir of the wrongfully +convicted man, and in a short time the estate became mine. After +consideration I decided best not to keep the property, and just before +my departure from England I sold it for ninety-two thousand pounds +sterling. Four months after my return Cecilia married a man whose blood +was, at least, free from the inherited taint of treason. + +"And now, my dear fellow, you have the story. To be sure there are some +things connected with it not entirely clear; as, for instance, why did +my ancestor leave England when he did, and how came he to be travelling +over these hills? And, in regard to the traitorous officer, where did he +go after he had written the letter of confession?--that is a question, +although it has been said that he fled to America and settled in +Virginia." + +"What was this officer's name?" + +"His name was Richard Anthony Treadwell, and he was major of the seventh +regiment of cavalry." + +The sudden mention of this name brought me to my feet. My surprise was +so great that for a moment I could say nothing. Then I said, coolly, "I +have Major Treadwell's commission in my pocket." Gault stared at me in +blank amazement. I drew from my pocket the old document found in the +little house in Virginia after the death of Nancy Blake, and handed it +to him. I had put it in my pocket just before I left Washington, +intending to at last give it to its owner. + +He took the paper and glanced at the name. "Where did you get this?" he +exclaimed, bewildered with astonishment. + +I briefly related the circumstances. + +"Well," said Gault, "this is a wonderful coincidence; it is the most +remarkable thing that I ever knew. The traitor, it seems, is still +in my family, but not on my side of the house. Fortunately for me, +however, I do not share my excellent father-in-law's sentiments on the +subject of 'blood,' and this singular discovery regarding my wife's +great-great-grandfather will not disturb me in the least. Now," he +continued, "this remarkable sequel of a remarkable case is known by you +and me only, and we may as well let it rest here. It would be a terrible +shock to Mr. Crabshaw, with all his proud ideas regarding everything of +this kind, to know that his own daughter was descended from one who had +been an actual traitor, and I shall never inflict the suffering which +such a revelation would cause him. This historic place has given me one +relic which led to all my success, and now I will pay it back with +another relic for which I have no further use." + +As he said this he tore into shreds the old commission and threw them +into the ancient cellar. + + * * * * * + + + + +ELIZABETH.[5] + +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. + + +By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." + + +CHAPTER XXII. + +THE ARMY SAILS. + + +Winter was over by the calendar. But neither the skies nor the +thermometer agreed with that. Spring could not bring forward evidences +of her reign while her predecessor's snowy foot was still planted upon +the earth, and showed no haste to get under it. The season had been +unusually mild, but it lingered, fighting the battle with its last +reserve forces, the breath of the icebergs that came rushing up the +harbor like the charge of ten thousand bayonets. Military comparisons +were frequent at that time, for the thoughts of New England were bent +upon war. Governor Shirley had pressed his measure well. Defeated in the +secret conclave of the General Court, he had attacked the Legislature +through a petition signed by merchants in Boston and Salem who urged +re-consideration. Before February the measure had passed by a majority +of one. No student of history can ever despair of the power of one voice +or one will. The measure had not passed until the end of January. But +public enthusiasm had mounted high, and now while March had still a week +to run, the last transports were ready to sail out of the harbor to meet +the others at Nantasket Roads, and thence proceed to Canso, where they +were to remain and receive supplies until the ice should clear from the +harbor. Then to Louisburg. + +It might be said that the troops had tiptoed through the state to the +music of muffled drums, so much stress had been laid upon secrecy, and +so much the success of the expedition depended upon it. No vessels were +permitted to sail toward Louisburg, lest they should carry the news of +the intended attack. Government and people united their efforts to give +the expedition every chance. It was well that telegraph and telephone +were not to the front then. + +But the pressure of public affairs could not keep hearts from being +heavy over private griefs. Archdale was wounded both in his affection +and his pride, for Katie had refused to marry him on the anniversary of +that frustrated wedding, or, indeed, at all, at present. She said that +it would be too sudden, that she must first have a little time to regard +Stephen as a lover. "But I've never been anything else," he said. Katie +insisted that she had been training herself to regard him as Elizabeth's +husband. And to his reply that if she were so foolish, she must not make +him pay for her folly, she asserted with spirit that no one had ever +spoken so to her before. In truth, Lord Bulchester's assiduous humility +did make the directness of Stephen Archdale seem like assertion to her; +and Katie was not one to forget while she was talking with Stephen that +if she chose to turn her head, there were the beauties of a coronet and +of Lyburg Chase offered to her on bended knee. She had not turned her +head yet. Stephen told himself that he was sure that she never meant to, +but for all that, he was not quite sure that she would not do it almost +without meaning it. He began by insisting that now Bulchester should be +dismissed. But Katie declared that he should not be sent away as if she +had lost her own freedom the moment of Stephen's return to her. She +would send him away herself at least before she became Stephen's wife. +To Archdale's representations of the cruelty of this course, she +answered that Lord Bulchester had known of her engagement before he met +her. If he could not take care of himself, why, then----. And Katie +tossed her charming head a very little, and smiled at Stephen so +winningly, and added that it would not hurt him, that he yielded, with +as good a grace as he could, a position that he found untenable. So +Archdale waited, and Bulchester kept his place, whether more securely or +less Stephen could not tell. + +One thing, however, was clear, that Stephen lost his peace of mind +without even the poor satisfaction of being sure that the state of +affairs was such as to make that necessary. Katie was a coquette, but he +felt that coquetry was fascinating only when one were sure of the right +side being turned toward himself, sure that it was another man's heart, +and not his own that was being played with. He had not come to +confessing to himself that in any case it was ignoble. So he waited +while the winter wore on, and March found him still betrothed to Katie +and still at her feet though in a mood that threatened danger. For after +asserting that she needed time to adapt herself to the altered condition +of things, she had found a new objection. She did not want to marry and +have her husband go off to the war before the honeymoon was over; she +preferred to wait until he returned. "Do you really mean to marry me at +all?" he asked. "Stephen!" she cried tearfully. "Do you realize what I +have suffered!" The tears and the appeal conquered him, and for the +moment he felt himself a brute. + +But when cool judgment came back to him, Katie's conduct looked always +more and more unsatisfactory. She certainly was not thinking of his +wishes now. He knew that no other human being could have kept him in +this position, and while he chafed at it, he made every possible excuse +for her, even to condoning a certain childishness which he told himself +this proved. Since she was loyal, what mattered a little tantalizing of +himself? Still Stephen wavered between his pride and his love. The first +told him to end this child's play, to marry Katie if she would have him, +but tell her it was now or never. Love put off this evil day, and it may +be that his love had a touch of pride in it also, that he did not fancy +being superseded by Bulchester. + +Then came the expedition. + +The streets of Boston were thronged with a crowd of serious faces. One +vessel after another had slipped quietly off to the Roads. But the last +of the fleet was here. And not only the friends of the soldiers, but +friends of the cause, and lookers-on had assembled. The whole city +seemed to be there. + +When Elizabeth with her father and Mrs. Eveleigh drove up, the +embarkation was nearly over, and some of the transports were already +standing off to sea. The largest vessel, however, was still at the pier, +and as Elizabeth looked at the troops marching steadily on board, she +saw Archdale near the gangway. He seemed to be in command. She watched +him a moment with a feeling of sadness. Who could tell that he would +ever come back, that youth and prowess might not prove too weak for the +sword of the enemy or for some stray shot? How lightly Mr. Edmonson had +spoken of such a thing! She did not know whom he had been talking of, +but his tone was mocking. He paid people in society more attention than +Archdale did, he certainly was more kind and interested in all that +concerned herself. And yet, in an emergency, if a call came for +self-denial, or devotion to honor, was it Edmonson to whom she would +appeal? + +Since her freedom the latter had not failed to press his suit eagerly, +and he had endeavored to conceal the fury that possessed him when he +became convinced that she meant her refusal. He had not succeeded very +well in this, and Elizabeth had caught another glimpse of his inner +life. She did not believe in his professions of regard for her, but she +did believe thoroughly in these glimpses of character. She had been +courteous, but he had made her shrink from him. Since the last refusal, +for he had not been content with one, she had met him only in society, +but here he was constantly near her, really because he was fascinated by +her. But to her it seemed under the circumstances like a persecution. +She thought of him none the more pleasantly because she met him at every +turn. His assiduity meant to her a desire to marry a rich wife. Since +his conduct at Colonel Archdale's house she had remembered that she was +considered an heiress. She did not believe in Edmonson's capacity for +affection for any woman. Here she was mistaken. The young man was as +much in love with her as he knew how to be, and that was passionately, +if not deeply. + +Twice Archdale had been to see her with Katie who was spending the +winter with her aunt in Boston. With those exceptions Elizabeth had seen +nothing of him, although he had been frequently in the city. He had been +very much occupied by military matters, and, apart from these, not in a +mood for general society. Until this morning of the embarkation +Elizabeth had not caught a glimpse of him for a month. She remembered it +as she looked at him and saw a certain fixedness in his face. + +A sudden consciousness of observation made her turn her eyes toward the +middle of the boat. They met Edmonson's looking at her intently. Bowing +to him, she dropped her own, and before his greeting of her was over, +she turned to speak to her father. + +But she said only a few words to him, and began again to watch the +soldiers. How many of these strong men would come back uncrippled? And a +good many would not come back at all. But as she looked at them filing +through the gangway, the sense of numbers, and of strength, swept back +the possibilities of evil, and instead of the embarkation, she seemed +to see before her the rush of the troops to the fortress, as Governor +Shirley had planned it all, the splendid attack, the defense gallant +though useless, the stormy entrance, and the English flag floating over +the battlements of Louisburg. The bloodshed and the agony were lost +sight of, it was the vision of conquest and the thought of the royal +colors floating over the stronghold of French America that flushed her +cheek and kindled her eyes. + +Archdale watching her felt like holding his breath, lest in some way he +should disturb her and lose this glimpse of character. She was looking +out to sea. He felt sure that, although she had just smiled and bowed +she had already forgotten him again. It was nothing connected with +himself that had brought such a look to her face. But here were some of +the possibilities of this noble girl, Katie's friend. Sweeping his +glance further on as he stood there, he had reason to feel that +Elizabeth was much more deeply interested in the expedition than Katie +was. The latter had given him her farewell in her uncle's house, to be +sure. But now she seemed to have quite forgotten that he might never +come back. Any public exhibition of sentiment would have been as +distasteful to him as to her, but he had expected a little gravity. He +thought as he stood there that perhaps he had been uncourteous in not +going to say farewell to Elizabeth to whom he was so much indebted. But +it was the consciousness of this that had prevented him. He could not +bear to see her until he had returned that money put into the Archdale +firm under a mistaken supposition; for not only was Elizabeth not his +wife, but Katie for whom she assured him that she had done this, might +never be. He looked at his betrothed again in the crowd, and something +like scorn came into his face, a scorn that stung himself more deeply +than its unconscious object. + +As to this money of Elizabeth's, he had not yet been able to make his +father return it. The Colonel had declared that he could pay a better +per cent. than she could get elsewhere, and would do it. He had assured +Mr. Royal of this, and the latter seemed content. But Stephen looking +back to Elizabeth again, could not keep from thinking about the money +and wishing that it were out of his hands. Yet, with this undercurrent +of thought, he at the same time was seeing in her face a beauty that +possibly did not wholly vanish with her mood, but lay half hidden behind +reserve, and waited the touch of the power that could call it forth. + +Edmonson's voice, speaking to one of the officers, reached him at the +moment. Elizabeth moved her head. Instinctively he watched to see if she +turned toward the speaker. No, it was toward himself that she was +looking with a smile of farewell. He bowed eagerly, decidedly, for by +this time the troops had all embarked, the plank was up, and he was free +for the moment. + +He bowed to Elizabeth. But the next instant she saw him looking intently +at some one behind her in the crowd, and she felt sure that Katie was +giving him her silent farewell. While she dropped her eyes as if this +parting were not for strangers to watch, the shouts of the crowd on +shore and the cheers of the soldiers marked the widening space between +ship and shore. + +When Mr. Royal's horses were turned about, Elizabeth found that Katie +Archdale had been almost directly behind. She was with her aunt and +uncle. Kenelm Waldo sat beside her, while Lord Bulchester with one foot +on the ground and the other on the step of the carriage, talked from the +opposite side. Katie turned readily from one to the other, and if she +intercepted an angry glance, her eyes grew brighter and her brilliant +smile deepened. Her laugh was not forced, it came with that musical +ripple which had always added so much to her fascination. + +Elizabeth caught it as she passed with a bow, and a grave face. After +all, she thought, Katie could not have seen Mr. Archdale the moment +before. + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + +KATIE ARCHDALE. + + +It was a beautiful morning, warmer than May mornings usually are in +Boston. But the warm sunshine that came into the drawing-room where +Katie Archdale was seated was unheeded. Katie was still at her uncle's +and that morning, as she had been very many mornings of late, was much +occupied with a visitor who sat on the sofa beside her with an +assumption of privilege which his diffident air at times failed to carry +out well. + +"Are you quite sure, Lord Bulchester?" she asked. And her voice had a +touch of tremulousness, so inspiring to lovers. + +"Sure? Am I sure?" he asked, his little figure expanding in his +earnestness, his face aglow with an emotion which gave dignity to his +plain features. "Sure that I love you?" he repeated wonderingly. "How +could anybody help it?" + +"Then its not any especial discernment in you?" Her tones had the +softness of a coquetry about to lose itself in a glad submission to a +power higher than its own. + +"No," he sighed. "And, yet, it is some special discernment. For, if not, +why should I love you better than anyone else does?" + +"Do you?" The arch glance softened to suit his mood, half bewildered him +with ecstasy. To the music of them the drawing-room seemed to heighten +and broaden before his eyes, and to lengthen out into vistas of the +halls and parks of his own beautiful home, Lyburg Chase, and through +them all, Katie moved, and gave them a new charm. And, then, he seemed +to be in different places on the Continent, among the Swiss Mountains, +beside the Italian lakes, in gay Paris, and every where Katie moved by +his side, and gave new life to the familiar scenes. + +"Give me my answer to-day," he cried; "for to-day my treasure, you are +sure of yourself, to-day you know that you love me." + +Katie's face changed, as the sky changes when a rift of blue that +promised a smiling day is swallowed up again in the midst of uncertain +weather; whatever softness lingered was veiled by doubt. "I don't know," +she said hesitatingly, "I'm not sure yet. I can't tell. Must you have +your answer to-day?" And she looked at him half defiantly. An expression +of bitter disappointment swept over Bulchester's face and seemed +actually to affect his whole personality, for he appeared to shrink into +himself until there was less of him. "You see," Katie went on, "between +you I am driven, I am tossed; I don't even know what I feel. How can I? +Poor Stephen, you know, has loved me all my life, and one does not +easily forget that, Lord Bulchester. He does have a claim, you know." + +"Only your preference has any claim," he answered in a voice of +entreaty. + +"Yes," she said, and sighed. The assent and the sigh completely puzzled +him. Were they for himself, or for Stephen Archdale? Had she already +chosen without being willing to speak, or was she still hesitating? In +either case, the decision was equally momentous, the only question was +of lengthening or shortening the suspense of waiting for it. + +"Then take your time," he answered drearily, "and I will leave you, I +will go and hide my impatience. You must not be tortured." + +"No," returned the girl with a low sigh. At that instant she turned her +face away from him toward the window, a knock at the door being the +ostensible reason. But if anyone had seen the smile with which she +received the assurance that she was not to be tortured, he would have +believed that there was no imminent danger of it. Had it been a question +of torturing,--that was another thing. When she turned a grave face +toward Lord Bulchester again he had risen. "No, No," she cried. "Don't +go, sit down, I would rather have you here, for a time at least. It's +Elizabeth,--Mistress Royal." Her tones threw the listener from +dreariness into despair. A moment since he thought he had her assurance +that his own claims were seriously considered. And, now, what could give +her manner this nervousness, but the fact that her attachment to +Archdale was still in force? For Bulchester had learned from her that +since her arrested wedding Elizabeth had always been associated in her +mind with Stephen. She was so in his own also, for this reason, and +another. The young man sat down again. It was not consistent with his +feelings, nor his knowledge of affairs, and, still less, with his +character to perceive that Katie's conscience troubled her a little. + +Elizabeth had always found likable things in Lord Bulchester: and +although she had been indignant at his taking advantage of the position +of affairs to try to win Katie, she had owned to herself that he was not +responsible for such position, and ought not to have been expected to +feel about as she did. And now that Katie and Stephen Archdale were once +more united, Elizabeth felt a deep pity for Bulchester, and believed +that he was behaving well in being manly enough to have won Katie's +respect and friendship. No shadow of doubt of her friend's loyalty to +Stephen crossed her mind. And nothing gave her warning that out of this +morning visit in which there would be said and done no single thing that +would seem at the time of any consequence, would come results that would +influence her life. + +The conversation, after ranging about a little turned upon the quiet +that had settled down upon the city, now that the excitement of fitting +out the expedition was over. Elizabeth said that it seemed to her the +hush of anxiety and expectation, for it was felt that the fate of the +country hung upon the issue. Whether New England were still English in +government or became French provinces depended more upon the fate of +Louisburg than anybody liked to confess. + +"I don't believe there's any danger of our being French provinces," said +Katie. + +"I ought to have put it that we fight the battle there or in our own +home," said Elizabeth. Then as they went on to speak of the soldiers, +she said suddenly to Bulchester: "What does your lordship do without +Mr. Edmonson?" The latter shifted his foot on the floor uneasily. + +"I suppose you think that I ought to have gone too," he said half in +apology, "but--," He looked at Katie and his face brightened: she was +not a woman to blame him because his love for her had kept him at home. +He did not linger upon the other part of the truth, that he was not fond +of war in any event. "I have helped in my small way," he said. "Don't +believe me quite without patriotism." Elizabeth looked surprised. + +"I did not mean that at all," she answered. "I was not thinking of it, +but only that you had been so much with Mr. Edmonson, that you must miss +him." + +"I don't know," answered Bulchester. After a moment's hesitation he +added, "I see you look surprised: the intimacy between us seemed to you +close?" + +"Why, yes, it did," assented Elizabeth, "very close. But I don't see why +I should say so, or how it should be any affair of mine." + +Bulchester looked uncomfortable. "All the same," he answered, "you are +judging me, and thinking me disloyal, and that it is a strange time to +forget one's friendship when the friend has gone to peril life for his +country." + +"Perhaps something like that did come to me," confessed Elizabeth. + +"You can't judge," pursued the other eagerly, speaking to Elizabeth, but +thinking of the impression that this might be making upon Katie. "There +are things I cannot explain, things that have made me draw away from +Edmonson. It is not because he has gone to the war and I have found +reason to stay at home. There are impressions that come sometimes like +dreams, you can't put them into words. But without being able to do +that, you are sure certain things are so. No, not sure." He stopped +again. It was impossible to explain. + +"Don't stop there," cried Katie. "How tantalizing. Either you should not +have begun, or you ought to go on. You must," she insisted with a +gesture of impatience, while her eyes met his with a smile that always +conquered him. + +"I've nothing to say,--that is, there is nothing I can say. One doesn't +betray one's friends. But Edmonson--" He halted again. + +"Yes, but Mr. Edmonson," she repeated, "is a delightful man when one is +on a frolic. What else about him?" + +"Oh--nothing." + +The girl frowned. "Very well," she said. "Everybody trusts Mistress +Royal. I understand it is I who am unworthy of your confidence. As you +please." + +"You!" he cried. "You unworthy of my confidence!" There was +consternation in his tones. "You?" he repeated, looking at her +helplessly. The idea was too much for him. + +"Certainly. Or you would at least tell us what you mean about Mr. +Edmonson, even if your former friendship for him--that is supposing it +gone now--prevented you from going into details." She spoke earnestly +and wondered as she did so why she had never felt any curiosity before +as to the break of the intimacy between Edmonson and his friend, for, +evidently, there had been a coolness, something more than mere +separation. As Elizabeth sat looking at his perturbed face, an old +legend crossed her mind. "Mr. Edmonson has lost his shadow," she +thought; and it seemed ominous to her. + +"There are no details," answered the earl. "Nothing has happened. If you +imagine I have quarrelled with him, you are mistaken. Nothing of the +sort. There were reasons, as I have said, to keep me at home, and he had +no claim upon me to accompany him. Besides, there's a something, that +as I said, I can't put into words, and I may be entirely wrong. But +Edmonson is a terrible fellow at times. One day he--." Then Bulchester +stopped abruptly, and began a new sentence. "I know nothing," he said. +"I have nothing to tell, only I fear, because if he wants anything, he +must have it through every obstacle. When he takes the bits between his +teeth, Heaven only knows where he will bring up, and Heaven hasn't +much to do with the direction of his running, I imagine. Sometimes one +would rather not ride behind him." As he finished, his eyes were on +Elizabeth's face, and it seemed as if he were speaking especially for +her. But in a moment as they met hers full of inquiry, he dropped them +and looked disturbed. + +"You are frightfully mysterious," cried Katie. + +"Not at all," he entreated. "There is no mystery anywhere. I never said +anything about mysteries. Please don't think I spoke of such a thing." + +"Yes, you are very mysterious," she insisted. "Nobody can help seeing +that you know evil of your friend, and don't want to tell it. I dare say +it's to your credit. But, all the same, it's tantalizing." + +Not even her commendation could keep a sharp anxiety from showing itself +on Bulchester's face. "I have said nothing," he answered, "it all might +happen and he have no concern in it--, I mean," he caught himself back +with a startled look and then went on with an assumption of coolness, "I +mean exactly what I say, Mistress Archdale, simply that Edmonson does +not please me so much as he did before I saw better people. But I assure +you that this has no connection with any special thing that he has +done." + +"Or may do?" asked Elizabeth. + +"Or that I believe he will do," he answered resolutely. But it was after +an instant's hesitation which was not lost upon one of his listeners who +sat watching him gravely, and in a moment as if uttering her thought +aloud, said, + +"That is new; he used to please you entirely." + +Bulchester fidgetted, and glanced at Katie who had turned toward the +speaker. There was no need, he thought, of bringing out his past +infatuation so plainly. In the light of a new one, it looked absurd +enough to him not to want to have it paraded before one of his present +companions at least. But Elizabeth had had no idea of parading his +absurdities; for when he said apologetically that one learned in time to +regulate his enthusiasms, she looked at him with surprise, as if roused, +and answered that the ability to be a good friend was the last thing to +need apology. Then she sat busy with her own thoughts. + +"What, the mischief, is she after?" thought the young man watching her +as Katie talked, and there must have been strong reason that could have +diverted his mind in any degree from Katie. "Is it possible she has +struck my uncanny suspicion? If she has, she's cool about it. No, it's +impossible; I've buried it fathoms deep. Nobody could find it. It's too +evil a suspicion, too satanical, ever to be brought to light. I wish to +Heaven, though, I had never run across it, it makes me horribly +uncomfortable." Then he turned to Katie, but soon his thoughts were +running upon Elizabeth again. "She's one of those people," he mused, +"that you think don't notice anything, and all at once she'll score a +hit that the best players would be proud of. I can't make her out. But I +hardly think Edmonson would have everything quite his own way. Pity he +can't try it. I'd like to see it working. And perhaps some day--." So, +he tried to put away from him a suggestion, which, dwelt upon, gave him +a sense of personal guilt, because, only supposing this thing came that +Edmonson had hinted at, it would be an advantage to himself. He shivered +at the suggestion; there was no such purpose in reality, he was sure of +it. Edmonson only talked wildly as he had a way of doing. The very +thought seemed a crime to Bulchester. If he really believed, he ought to +speak. But he did not believe, and he could hardly denounce his friend +on a vagary. Still, he was troubled by Elizabeth's evident pondering, +and was glad to have the conversation turned into any channel that would +sweep out thoughts of Edmonson from their minds. + +As this was done and he turned fully to Katie again, a new mood, the +effect of her sudden indifference, came over him. A few moments ago she +had been almost fond, now she was languidly polite. Hope faded away from +all points of his horizon. An easterly mist of doubt was creeping over +him. His egotism at its height was only a mild satisfaction in his +social impregnability and was readily overpowered by the recollection of +personal defects to which he was acutely alive. In the atmosphere of +Katie's coolness, he forgot his earldom and thought disconsolately of +his nose. He was disconcerted, and after a few embarrassed words took +his leave. It never occurred to him as a consolation that his tones and +glances were growing a little too loverlike to be safely on exhibition +before Elizabeth who had not noticed them in the moments that Bulchester +had forgotten his caution, but who, as Katie knew, might wake up to the +fact at any glance. Elizabeth bade him farewell kindly, she pitied his +disappointment, and thought that he bore it well. But as she watched his +half-timorous movements, she believed that even had her own marriage +ceremony turned out to be a reality. Lord Bulchester would have had no +chance with a girl who had been loved by Stephen Archdale whose wooing +was as full of intrepidity as his other acts. + +"Well! What are you thinking of?" asked Katie meeting her earnest gaze. + +"Do you want me to tell you?" + +"Yes." + +"I was wondering why you tortured him. Why don't you send him away at +once, and forever?" + +Katie laughed unaimiably. "He seems to like the torturing," she said. +Then she looked at Elizabeth in a teasing way. "Some girls would prefer +him to Stephen, you know," she added. + +"You mean because he has a title? You can't think of any other reason." + +"Oh, of course I don't, my Archdale champion. How strange that you trust +me so little, Elizabeth!" + +"Trust you so little, Katie? Why, if any other girl did as you are +doing, I should say she was playing false with her betrothed, and meant +to throw him over. I never imagine such a thing of you. I only feel that +you are very cruel to Lord Bulchester." + +Katie cast down her eyes for a moment. "Some things are beyond our +control," she answered. + +"Not things like these," said Elizabeth. "Since you have suffered +yourself, I don't understand why you want to make other people suffer." + +"Don't you?" returned the girl. "That's just the reason, I suppose. Why +should I be alone? But I shall be done with playing by and by, +Elizabeth." + +"Yes, I know, Katie," the girl answered. "I trust you." + +Again Katie looked down for a moment, looked up again, this time into +the face of her friend, and sighed lightly. "Don't think me better than +I am, Betsey," she implored, the dimples about her mouth effectually +counteracting the pathos of her tones. And at the words she put up her +lips with a childlike air to her companion. Elizabeth's arms folded +impulsively about her, and held her for a moment in an embrace that +seemed at once to guard, and caress, and brood over her. Then she drew +away, and sat beside her with a quietness that seemed like a wish to +make her sudden evidence of strong feeling forgotten. + +"Betsey, my dear," said Katie softly, "you're so good. I have seemed +different to you sometimes. You must not expect me to be like you." + +"I should not have done half so well," said Elizabeth hastily. + +Katie smiled. After this they sat and talked some time longer; it was +the first free interview that they had had since their estrangement was +over, and Elizabeth's voice had a happy ring in it. After a time, Katie +began to give an account of some gathering at which she had been +present. At the sound of Lord Bulchester's name, among the guests, +Elizabeth's attention wandered. She began to think of the young's man's +strange reticence respecting Edmonson, and evident uneasiness about +something connected with him. Why were they not friends still? Was it on +account of this unknown something? All at once the light of conviction +flashed over her face. She perceived at least one cause of the +separation. Bulchester's attentions to Katie were distasteful to +Edmonson, for he wanted Katie to marry Stephen Archdale, because he +feared lest Elizabeth should grow fond of him, lest Stephen should come +to find a fortune convenient. Elizabeth's unaided perceptions would +never have reached this point; but in Edmonson's anger at her second +refusal of him he had dared to intimate such a thing, so darkly, to be +sure, that she had not seen fit to understand him, but plainly enough to +throw light upon the estrangement of the two men. "Distasteful," was a +light word to use in speaking of anything that Edmonson did not like; +his feelings were so strong that he seemed always ready to be +vindictive. Her feeling toward him for this intimation had been anger +which had cooled into contempt of a nature like his, ready to find +baseness everywhere. The suggestion was no reproach to her, for she had +had no thoughts of disloyalty to Katie. As she sat there still seeming +to listen, suddenly, it seemed to her, for she could not trace its +coming, a picture rose before her with the vividness of reality. She saw +Archdale and Edmonson standing together on the deck of the same vessel +bound upon the same errand, always together; and she remembered +Edmonson' muttered words, and his face dark with passion over all its +fairness. + +She went home full of secret trouble, trouble too vague for utterance. +Besides what she knew and felt there had been something else that she +had not got at, and that disturbed Lord Bulchester. The rest of the day +she was more or less abstracted, and went to bed with her mind full of +indistinct images brooded over by that vague trouble, the very stuff of +which dreams are made. And more than this, out of which the brain in the +unconscious cerebration of sleep, sometimes, drawing all the tangled +threads into order, weaves from them a web on which is pictured the +truth. + +[Footnote 5: Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.] + + * * * * * + + + + +GROWING OLD. + + + Growing old! The pulses' measure + Keeps its even tenor still; + Eye and hand nor fail nor falter, + And the brain obeys the will; + Only by the whitening tresses, + And the deepening wrinkles told, + Youth has passed away like vapor; + Prime is gone, and I grow old. + + Laughter hushes at my presence, + Gay young voices whisper lower, + If I dare to linger by it, + All the streams or life run slower. + Though I love the mirth of children, + Though I prize youth's virgin gold, + What have I to do with either! + Time is telling--I grow old. + + Not so dread the gloomy river + That I shrank from so of yore; + All my first of love and friendship + Gather on the further shore. + Were it not the best to join them + Ere I feel the blood run cold? + Ere I hear it said too harshly, + "Stand back from us--you are old!" + + _--All the Year Round_. + + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +Many a valuable work has been produced in manuscript by students and +other persons of experience in special fields of practice which have +never yet been put into type, and perhaps never will, solely because of +the poverty of their writers or of the disinclination of publishers in +general to take hold of books which do not at the start promise a +remuneration. The late Professor Sophocles of Harvard College, left in +MS. a _Lexicon of Modern Greek and English_, which if published +would certainly prove a valuable contribution to literature as well as +be greatly appreciated by scholars. We are aware of several instances of +this sort. + +While, in such instances, the authors are to be commiserated, it would +be folly to blame the publishers, who, were they to accept for +publication every unremunerative manuscript offered to them, would soon +cease to be publishers and instead be forced into the alms-houses. It +has been suggested that wealthy men can do themselves honor and assist +creditably in building up literature by providing the means wherewith +deserving, but poor, authors may print their books. Were the suggestion +to be carefully weighed, and then, to be adopted, American literature +would be made the richer. A great many rich men of the day seem to take +great satisfaction in patronizing artists, athletes, actors, and +colleges. Why is it not possible to derive as much pleasure in +patronizing authors? + +While writing on this theme, we are remained that one of the most +unsaleable books of the present day is a Town History: and, yet, however +crude or dry it may seem to be, it is in reality an exceedingly valuable +contribution to our national annals. Such books are as a rule declined +by regular publishing houses, and, if published at all, the author is +usually out of pocket by reason of his investment. There ought to be +public spirit enough in every community to make the opposite of this the +rule. + + * * * * * + +It remains to be seen whether the Hartford _Courant_ and other +newspapers of the same proclivities, will ever again wave the "bloody +shirt" in the field of politics. This paper, viewing the events of the +past month, has repeatedly thanked God (in print) that, "now we have +neither North nor South, but one united country." Few events in +ceremonial history, we confess, have been more significant than the +presence of two Confederate generals as pall-bearers at the funeral of +GENERAL GRANT. This ought, if indeed it does not, to mark the close of +the Civil War and of all the divisions and combinations which have had +their roots and their justifications in it. The "bloody shirt" can be +waved no more, except as an insult to the memory of the late first +citizen of the Republic. On what basis, then, are political parties +henceforth to rest? What, in the future, will give a meaning to the +names Republican and Democrat, or make it national and patriotic for an +American citizen to enlist in one of the two organizations and wage +political war against the other? + +We can detect only three great questions now before the American people. +One is the Tariff, the other the reform of the Civil Service, and the +last is the problem of labor. It is noticeable that the division of +opinion regarding either of these questions does not correspond with the +lines of the established parties. There are Protectionists, as also Free +Traders, in both parties; both parties are equally puzzled by the labor +question; and though the Democratic Party has hitherto been re-actionary +on the subject of the Civil Service, a Democratic President is to-day +the champion and the hope of Reform. On the whole, it begins to look as +if each of the two great parties was in a state of incipient +disintegration. On the one hand, the Independent Republicans, whose +votes elected Grover Cleveland, although still professing allegiance to +the Republican party, will never again ally themselves with those who +supported Mr. Blaine. On the other side the Bourbon Democrats, who +helped to elect Mr. Cleveland, are now in arms against him. The +presidency of Cleveland is to say, the least the triumph of national +over party government; and should he continue to go forward bravely in +his present course, he may rest assured that the hearts of all good +citizens will go with him, and that his triumph will be complete. The +day is here when thinking men will have to brush conventionalism aside, +and confront with open minds the problem which the course of events has +now distinctly set before them for solution. + + * * * * * + +The records of our own time are being gradually embalmed in a permanent +form. MR. BLAINE has given us his first volume of what perhaps are +better classed as _impressions_ rather than as _memoirs pour +servir_; we are promised the Personal Memoirs of GENERAL GRANT; and +now at last, after many years' waiting, we have the completed works of +CHARLES SUMNER, the incorruptible son of Massachusetts, from the press +of Messrs. Lee and Shepard, who have spared no expense as publishers. + +People who have not yet examined these volumes, or at least have not yet +looked through the volume containing the Index, have but a faint idea of +their invaluable worth and character. It would be impossible to write +the history of the early life of this people under the constitution +without borrowing material from the papers of Hamilton and of Madison. +Equally impossible will it be for the future historian to narrate, in +just and equable proportion, the events from 1845 to 1874, without +consulting the fifteen volumes which Mr. Sumner has left behind him. + +But the distinguished senator from Massachusetts was not himself an +historian; he was a close and painstaking student of history, as well as +a rigid and critical observer of current events. He kept himself +thoroughly posted in the progress of his generation, and possessed the +happy faculty of seeing things not alone as one within the circle of +events but as one standing outside and afar off. Consequently, his +orations, senatorial speeches, miscellaneous addresses, letters and +papers on current themes are not fraught with the transitory or +ephemeral character, so common to heated discussions in legislative +halls, but are singularly and as a whole among the grandest +contributions to national history and growth. + +These volumes cover, as we have already remarked, the period extending +from 1845 to 1874, and they furnish a compendium of all the great +questions which occupied the attention of the nation during that time, +and which were discussed by him with an ability equalled by few and +excelled by none of the great statesmen who were his contemporaries. The +high position which Mr. Sumner so long and so honorably held as one of +the giant minds of the nation,--his intimate connection with and +leadership in the great measure of the abolition of slavery, and all the +great questions of the civil war and those involved in a just settlement +of the same, rendered it a desideratum that these volumes should be +published. + +Aside from their value as contributions to political history, the works, +particularly the orations, of Mr. Sumner belong to the literature of +America. They are as far superior to the endless number of orations and +speeches which are delivered throughout the country as the works of a +polished, talented and accomplished author surpass the ephemeral +productions of a day. In one respect these orations surpass almost all +others, namely, in the elevation of sentiment, the high and lofty moral +tone and grandeur of thought which they possess. The one on the "True +Grandeur of Nations" stands forth of itself like a serene and majestic +image, cut from the purest Parian marble. There has been no orator in +our time, whose addresses approach nearer the models of antiquity, +unless it be Webster, whom Sumner greatly surpasses in moral tone and +dignity of thought. + +The works of a statesman, so variously endowed, and who has treated so +_many_ subjects with such a masterly command of knowledge, +reasoning, and eloquence, cannot fail to be widely circulated. These +elegantly-printed volumes,--which in their typographical appearance seem +to rival anything of similar character that have come to our +notice,--carefully edited and fully rounded by a copious analytical +index of subjects discussed, topics referred to, and facts adduced, will +prove an invaluable treasury to the scholar, the historian and the +general seeker after truth. The librarians of every city and town +library in this country should insist upon having the works of Charles +Sumner upon their shelves. + + * * * * * + +On the 12th of this month will be celebrated the two hundred and +fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of the town of Concord, Mass. +Judge John S. Keyes, whose father performed the same service at the +bi-centennial celebration half a century ago, will preside. On the 15th +of last May the committee of twenty-five made a report, which merits the +attention of committees to be appointed in other towns in New England, +on similar occasions. This report reads as follows: + +"We have decided that it was not best to placard the town in an endeavor +to make history; that with the sum at the disposal of the town, and +those of the earliest dates, leaving to the future the memorials, if +any, of recent events and more modern times." + +For this purpose, the town appropriated one thousand dollars, and in +connection with the celebration, it was suggested, and provided for, +that a large fac-simile of the act of incorporation of the town, +September 12th, 1635, should be procured and placed in the town hall in +such a position that all persons might easily read it. The work of +executing suitable memorials, to mark the most important spots in the +history of the town, has already been done in a neat manner by a citizen +of Concord, and we are informed that all the arrangements for the +pleasant events are fully completed. + + * * * * * + +The following letter was laid on the Editor's Table the other day:-- + +"I am a farmer, and I own my farm free and clear. I also have two sons, +both smart, capable and trustworthy. As I have been a sturdy and +uncompromising Democrat all my life, I think the party ought to do +something for at least one of my sons, who is fond of politics. Any +appointment in one of the Government offices would suit them. Now, how +shall I _apply_ for a position, such as they want?" + +No reasonable answer to such an inquiry as this will suit "smart, +capable and trustworthy" boys, one of whom "is fond of politics," and +whose father is disposed rather to favor than to discourage their +misguided ambition. We venture to hope, however, that their father has +lived long enough to become convinced that nothing pays so well on a +farm as common sense and hard work, and that the rule holds equally in +force in other fields of industry. Our friend seems to have forgotten +that although the Democratic party is a very grateful old party, yet it +has so much to be grateful for that, it has hardly enough gratitude to +go round. He and his two sons can best keep their reverence for the +grand old Party undisturbed, by remaining on the farm, aloof from the +few millions of others who confidently believe that patriotism will be +sooner or later rewarded by a postmastership. + +We promise him that if he neglects to follow our wholesome counsel, and +instead shall go on, to Washington to seek political gifts, he will +return home mad. If he then will look about him, he will understand how +this kind of madness works. There is a great deal of it just now. + +Farmer's boys should not seek political gifts. For them there is no +occupation so demoralizing as office-seeking, except office-holding. At +the best, as a rule, they could become only Government clerks, liable to +be turned out after they had served long enough to be spoiled for any +other occupation except of a routine character. + +The Democratic Party shows its gratitude best when it faces the +infuriated office-seeker in his mad career and tells him that there is +not even the smallest post-office open for him. It chastens but to save. +Even though of Bourbon mould it has profited by experience; it has noted +the demoralizing effect of office-holding on the Republicans! If it now +and then gratifies the unruly demand of a Mugwump, it is because it +knows,--and secretly gloats in the knowledge--that the Mugwumps are +liable to rush to destruction during the next four years, and it +therefore chooses the lesser evil. The Mugwumps are the guests of the +Democratic Party. What a world of consolation for the farmer, always "a +sturdy and uncompromising Democrat!" + +A final suggestion to our friend,--write to some of the clerks in the +Washington departments for information, and learn wisdom from what they +say in reply. + + * * * * * + +The statue of Commodore Perry will be unveiled at Newport, R.I., on +September 10th. Colonel John H. Powell will be chief marshal, and Bishop +Clark will officiate. All the local societies and military companies, as +well as the military at Fort Adams, have been invited to be present. The +Secretary of the Navy writes that all the vessels of the training +squadron will be here before that time, and that their officers and +crews will be in line upon that occasion. The monument will be presented +on behalf of the State and city by ex-United States Senator Sheffield, +who will make an elaborate address. Governor Wetmore, on behalf of the +State, and Mayor Franklin, on behalf of the city, will accept the gift. + + * * * * * + + + + +HISTORICAL RECORD. + + +August 3.--Pemberton Square was chosen as the site for the new Suffolk +County Court House. + + * * * * * + +On August 3 was celebrated at Middletown, Conn., the centenary of the +first Episcopal ordination held in this country. "The clergy met their +Bishop at Middletown on Aug. 2, 1785, and after a formal acknowledgment +of their Bishop on the part of the clergy, he held an ordination of +three candidates from Connecticut--Philo Shelton, Ashbel Baldwin and +Henry Vandyck--and one from Maryland, Colin Fergusun." There was a large +attendance of clergymen from various parts of New England. + + * * * * * + +August 5.--The Washburn Library, erected by the surviving members of the +Washburn family, was dedicated at Livermore, Maine. Among the guests +present were ex-vice President Hannibal Hamlin, Senator Frye, Mr. E.B. +Haskell of the Boston _Herald_, and Hon. E.B. Washburn, of Illinois +who delivered the address. Over a thousand people attended the services. + + * * * * * + +August 6.--Death of the Hon. John Batchelder, a well known citizen of +Lynn, Mass, at the age of eighty. He was a native of Topsfield, Mass., +but went to Lynn when a young man. He taught school in Ward 5 for thirty +years previous to 1855, and was elected to the Massachusetts senate that +year. He was also in the same year elected city clerk and collector of +taxes. He was re-elected to the senate in 1856 and 1857. He was the +first treasurer of the Lynn Five Cents Savings Bank. He afterward taught +the Ward 6 Grammar School, and held that position ten years, and then +became a member of the school board. The last office held by him was +that of postmaster, being appointed by President Grant in 1869. + + * * * * * + +At a meeting of the Battle Monument Association, held at Bennington, +Vt., on the 12th of August, there were present Governor Pingree, who +presided, Senators Evarts and Morrill, Professor Perry of Yale College, +Lieutenant Governor Ormsbee of Brandon, and other gentlemen. The report +of the special committee was read, and a resolution passed accepting the +design of J.P. RINN, of Boston for a Battle Monument. A committee was +then appointed to report the details to the President of the United +States and the governors of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which +action will entitle the Association to receive the appropriations made +by Congress and the Legislatures of these states for the monument. The +fund now amounts to $80,000. + + * * * * * + +On August 12th, General HENRY KEMBLE OLIVER died in Salem, +Mass., at the advanced age of eighty-five years. He was born in Beverly, +Mass., Nov. 24, 1800, a son of Rev. Daniel Oliver and Elizabeth Kemble; +was educated in the Boston Latin School, and Harvard College (for two +years) and was graduated from Dartmouth College. After his graduation, +he settled in Salem, and as Principal of the High and Latin Schools, and +also of a private school, he was virtually at the head of the +educational interests of the town for a quarter of a century. In 1848, +he moved to Lawrence, Mass., to become agent of the Atlantic Mills. +While living in Lawrence, he was appointed superintendent of schools, +and in recognition of his services the "Oliver Grammar School" was +founded. + +At an early day General Oliver became interested in military affairs as +an officer of the Salem Light Infantry and in 1844 he was made Adjutant +General of the Commonwealth, by Gov. Briggs, and held this office for +four years. During the war he served with great satisfaction as +Treasurer of the Commonwealth, and performed the most arduous duties in +a very faithful and acceptable manner. From 1869 to 1873 he was chief of +the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and ever after that became interested in +reducing the hours of labor in factories and in the limitation of +factory work by children. From 1876 to 1880 he was mayor of Salem, and +displayed almost the same vivacity and energy in discharging the duties +of this office, as an octogenarian, that he had shown in his youth. He +was master of the theory and history of music, a good bass singer, a +good organist, and the author of several popular compositions. Of these +"Federal Street" seems likely to become permanent in musical literature. +In his youth he sang in the Park street church in Boston and for many +years he led the choir of the North church in Salem. "Oliver's +Collection of Church Music" is one of the results of his labors in this +direction. In conjunction with Dr. Tuckerman he published the "National +Lyre." He was a member of the old Handel and Hayden Society and the +Salem Glee Club, both famous musical organizations of his early days. +In 1825 General Oliver married Sally, daughter of Captain Samuel Cook, +by whom he had two sons and five daughters, as follows: Colonel S.C. +Oliver, Dr. H.K. Oliver, Jr., Sarah Elizabeth, who married Mr. Bartlett +of Lawrence, and who died about four years ago, Emily Kemble, who is the +wife of Colonel Andrews, U.S.A., Mary Evans Oliver, who has been the +faithful attendant of the general in his declining years, and Ellen +Wendell, who married Augustus Cheever of North Andover. + + * * * * * + +August 13.--Boxford, Mass. celebrated its bi-centennial. Among the +addresses was one by Sidney Perley, author of the "History of Boxford +from 1635 to 1880," who spoke particularly on the formative period of +the history of Boxford, alluding to the fact that Boxford was a frontier +in 1635 and was then a wilderness and the fighting ground of the Agawam +and Tarantive Indians. + + * * * * * + +August 19.--Third annual meeting of the American Boynton Association +held in Worcester, Mass. The Secretary said that he had been able to +trace over three hundred families back to William and John Boynton, who +settled in Rowley, Mass., in 1638. They came from Yorkshire, England, +and the family there is traced back through thirty generations, to 1067, +when their estate was confirmed to them by William, the Conqueror. It +was reported that work is being pushed in the preparation of the family +memorial to be published. + + * * * * * + +August 19.--Centennial of Heath, Franklin County, Mass, incorporated +February 14, 1785. The celebration had been postponed to August for the +sake of convenience. About 2,500 people attended the exercises. The +principal addresses were by John H. Thompson, Esq., of Chicago, and Rev. +C.E. Dickinson of Marietta, Ohio. + +In describing these the Springfield _Republican_ said of the town:-- + +"In 1832 the population was 1300, but by the census just taken the town +shows but 568 inhabitants. This decadence is attributable to emigration +and the railroads. Its wealth has consisted chiefly in the men and women +who have here been reared and educated for lives of usefulness. Indeed +few towns of equal population have sent out so many who have honored +themselves and their native town as Heath. Its Puritan characteristics +have lingered like a sweet fragrance, and their influences are still +felt. From this little hamlet have gone out into other fields a member +of Congress, two judges, ten lawyers, thirteen ministers, twenty-nine +physicians and many teachers; twenty-three natives have been college +graduates, and thirty-eight, not natives have also been collegians. If +the women have not occupied as public position as the men, they have +been no less useful. Forty-five have graduated from various seminaries +and several have become well known missionaries and teachers. It was in +this town, too, that Dr. Holland spent his early life." + + * * * * * + +August 19.--Twelfth annual gathering of the Needham family, descendants +of John Needham, who built the Needham homestead at the cross-roads +known as Needham's Corner on the Lynnfield road at South Peabody, Mass. +John Needham was famous in his day and generation as the builder of the +solid old stone jail in Salem in 1813, the same massive structure which +has just been remodeled. Back of him in the time of the Puritans, there +were George Needham and his three brothers and a sister, who came to +Salem very early in its infancy, and whose lineal descendants scattered +all over New England, John Needham died in 1831 at the age of +seventy-three. At the family gathering six generations were represented, +and a large number of the branches of the family as well--the Needhams, +the Newhalls, the Browns, the Stones, the Nourses, the Galencias and +others. + + * * * * * + +August 26.--Centennial celebration of Rowe, Franklin County, Mass. Like +Heath, the town was incorporated in February, 1785. The historical +address was by Hon. Silas Bullard of Menasha, Wis. + + * * * * * + +W.T. Spear has just finished a history of North Adams which he has spent +a long time in compiling. He has written the history of the town from +the time of its settlement in 1749 to the present time, and says he has +gleaned many facts from old town records which have never been +published. He will publish his work in small book form and sell it at +fifty cents a copy. + + * * * * * + +F. Wally Perkins, a topographical engineer in the employ of the United +States coast and geographical service, is making a geographical survey +of the Connecticut river from South Deerfield to its mouth. Part of the +expense of this survey is borne by the government and the rest by the +state, the object being to locate certain topographical and geological +features in the valley. + + * * * * * + +It has not been definitely stated where in Boston the proposed statue of +William Loyd Garrison will be placed, but it will either be in West +Chester Park or Commonwealth avenue, with a preference for the latter. +The city engineer is now engaged in making plans for the pedestal, which +is to be of hammed Quincy granite, about ten feet in height. In the +statue Mr. Garrison is represented sitting in an easy chair apparently +at peace with all the world, the great struggle in which he was a +prominent figure having been brought to an end. Beneath the chair lies a +file of the Liberator, which suggests the iron will of the man in his +conflict with slavery, and the strength of his purpose is further shown +in the following inscription on the side of the pedestal "I am in +earnest; I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retire a +single inch; I will be heard." + + * * * * * + +The General Court has a double survival in the State Legislature and the +town meeting. And the most curious part of this survival is that the +Legislature of this State still retains some judicial functions. It is, +we believe, the only State where this is the case. The Legislature of +Massachusetts retains the name of the General Court, but contents itself +with purely legislative work while our own Legislature is still Supreme +Court in equity. This has descended to it as an inheritance from the +General Court of colonial times.--New Haven (Conn.)_News_. + + * * * * * + +From the annual report of Major C.W. Raymond on the improvement of +rivers and harbors in Massachusetts it appears that the cost of the +improvement of Newburyport harbor during the year was $31,560, and +$9,868 remains available. The object of the improvement is to create, +at the outer bar, a permanent channel one thousand feet in width, with +a least depth of seventeen feet at low water. The amount required for +the completion of the project is $205,000, provided the entire sum is +appropriated for the next fiscal year. It is proposed to expend the +money in the rapid completion of the jetties already under construction. + + * * * * * + +The proceedings of the Bostonian Society at its annual meeting in +January, 1885, have just been published in pamphlet form. It embraces +much valuable data. The illustrations consist of a fine heliotype view +of the Old State House, from the east end, the home of the Society; +and a copy of its well-devised seal, in the heraldic coloring. The +experiment of a cheap pamphlet giving a summary historical sketch of the +Old State House has been successful, and another similar publication is +contemplated. + + * * * * * + +Rebecca Nourse, who was the first person hanged as a witch at Salem, in +1692, notwithstanding her repeated affirmation of her innocence, has +just had a monument erected by her descendants. On one side of it is the +legend concerning her, and on the other these lines of the poet +Whittier:-- + + + "O Christian martyr, who for truth could die, + When all about thee owned the hideous lie. + The world, redeemed from superstition's sway, + Is breathing freer for thy sake to-day." + + + * * * * * + +In his address at the unveiling of Ward's statue of "The Pilgrim," +erected in Central Park, New York, by the New England Society in the +city of New York, Mr. George William Curtis said:-- + + + "Holding that the true rule of religious faith and worship was written + in the Bible, and that every man must read and judge for himself, the + Puritan conceived the church as a body of independent seekers and + interpreters of the truth, dispensing with priests and priestly orders + and functions; organizing itself and calling no man master." + + + * * * * * + + + + +AMONG THE BOOKS. + + +There have been earlier biographies of John Brown, the martyr of +Virginia; but by none of them have his character and acts been told so +fully and judged so fairly as now by Mr. Sanborn.[6] His later +biographer, furthermore, has had access to all the papers and letters, +that remain, bearing on Brown's life, and of these he has made the very +best possible use. In the arrangement of the materials at his command, +Mr. Sanborn has shown admirable taste and judgment, and, without seeming +to be a eulogist, has contented himself with allowing his hero to speak +for himself, or rather to plead his own case. Viewing the case as a +whole, with its back-ground of antecedent history, no fair-minded person +can longer regard John Brown as either an adventurer or as a madman. He +was by nature, however, enthusiastic; he believed that he had a mission +in this world to fulfil, and that, the freedom of the slaves. This +mission he cherished uppermost in his mind, for its accomplishment he +labored and suffered incessantly, and for it he died. He lacked one +quality,--discretion. His pioneer life in New York, his thrilling +adventures in Kansas, where he fought slavery so fiercely that he saved +that state from being branded with the curse, his unwise but +conscientiously-conceived and carefully planned attack on Harper's +Ferry, his capture, trial and death, as told in Mr. Sanborn's pages make +up the warp and woof of a story, which surpasses in interest anything of +the nature of a biography that has been published for many a day. John +Brown has been dead a full quarter of a century; the object of his +ambition has been accomplished, but by other hands and brains; the +prophetic visions of his stalwart mind have been more than fulfilled. +History will do him justice, even if the book now before us has not +already done so, as we think. + +Immediately after the execution, the body of the martyr was borne to +North Elba, N.Y., and, on the 8th of November, 1859, it was laid away to +rest. Mr. Sanborn gives only the briefest account of these last +services, and omits, for some unaccountable reason, to furnish even an +extract from that pathetic and pointed address, which came from Wendell +Phillips, while standing by the open grave. If Mr. Phillips ever spoke +more beautifully than he did, on that memorable day, we have never known +it. We sincerely hope that, in a future edition, Mr. Sanborn may be led +to insert the address in the pages where they so properly belong. + +[Footnote 6: The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, +and Martyr of Virginia. Edited by F.B. Sanborn, Boston: Roberts Bros. +Price, $3.00] + + * * * * * + +The theme of Prof. Hosmer's narrative[7] was born in Boston. Sept 27, +1722, and graduated at Harvard in 1740, and studied law. He was not a +lawyer and neither did he make his mark as a merchant although he +engaged with his father in the management of his malt-house. This early +life of Samuel Adams is portrayed with more than usual interest in this +biography. Then with great care we are given the salient points of his +career as a representative in the Massachusetts General Court, as a +leader of the Boston patriots in their resistance to British oppression, +as a member of the Continental Congress and in other public offices. We +are shown Samuel Adams as a man without great business or professional +talents but wonderful in counsel, a cool headed patriot, an adroit +tactician, and above all a thorough democrat. To mingle with the common +people was his delight; he was a frequenter of the Caulkers' Club, +popular with blacksmiths, ship carpenters, and mechanics. He was not a +great orator; but sometimes, rising with the greatness of the subject or +occasion was the most effective speaker to be heard. + +The two features of Professor Hosmer's work which impress us most +forcibly are its fairness and its readableness. We have had one worthy +life of Adams before this in Wells's three volume biography, a work +highly valuable in its abundance of matter, but hardly so impartial as +the smaller and more recent biography. In its preparation, Professor +Hosmer has availed himself of Mr. Wells's work, of the Adams Papers in +Mr. Bancroft's possession, and of copious materials in the Boston +libraries. He has thus had every facility for his task and he has used +them to the best advantage. + +In general interest this book is second to no other in the series of +American Statesmen, so far published. The story opens well and does not +diminish in interest to the end. The author, although now a St. Louis +man, is himself from the old Adams stock, and has amply shown his +capacity to prepare a concise and permanently valuable life of the +sturdy American patriot and town-meeting man, Samuel Adams. + +[Footnote 7: Samuel Adams. By James K. Hosmer. American Statesman +Series. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Price $1.25.] + + * * * * * + +The only fault which we have to find with Mr. Drake's book[8] is, that +he has not done himself justice in his title. The title which he has +chosen is expressive neither of the size nor of the contents of his +work. We read at least one hundred pages before we find a New England +legend, and the only account of the folklore that we have been able to +find is in the author's introduction covering about six pages. Properly +described, the work deals with New England history, of the most romantic +character occasionally interspersed with a great deal of very tedious +moralizing,--a blemish of style which Mr. Drake seems quite unable to +avoid. The book, despite many features which annoy, is valuable, and +ought well to repay publication. To the young especially it ought to +prove interesting, since it makes plain to them many familiar tales of +early childhood. The publishers, as usual, have done their level best to +make it a very beautiful book, and have of course succeeded. + +The second volume of the _Life and Times of the Tylers_[9] +concludes the work. It is the volume which is the more important and +will prove the more interesting to readers in general. It comprises the +events and incidents of the public life of John Tyler,--from his +induction into the Presidency in 1841 to his death while a member of the +Confederate Congress of 1862. It must be remembered that these volumes +are edited by a member of the Tyler family; a fact, which leads us to +say that an impartial history of President Tyler's administration of the +pertinent matters which preceded it, and of the reflections upon its +policy, cannot be naturally expected from a person interested, or from +an actor in the politics of that period. + +By the operation of the Constitution alone, Tyler became President. At +that time, he was not considered by his party, and, after he had +obtained the office by the death of General Harrison, he straightway +placed himself in direct opposition to the party which had nominated and +elected him Vice President. The son, who is the author or editor of +these volumes, appears to be forgetful of this fact; for on no other +ground can we account for the bias which he exhibits from the first page +to the last. His duty, he thinks, is to defend his father's +administration, and this idea leads him into trouble at the very +beginning. He says: "The Whig party of 1840 had nothing to do with bank, +tariff, or internal improvements,"--when all the world knows the +contrary! There can be no doubt,--indeed there never was any doubt--that +the Whig leaders of 1840, no matter by what pretexts they gained votes +and power, were committed to a national bank, to a protective tariff, +and to internal improvements. The measures, which the Whigs in Congress +introduced and passed,--only to be vetoed by the President--were Whig +measures, and would certainly have been approved by General Harrison, +had he been alive. + +The Whig party gained a great deal in the election of 1840; but it lost +all by the contingency which made John Tyler president of the United +States. Why he was ever named on the electoral ticket is itself +inexplicable. He distinguished himself only by virtue of his mistakes, +from first to last inexcusable; and the biography, by the son, is +distinguished only by innuendos and a current of bitterness which +destroy its value as historical authority. This is much to be regretted; +because an unprejudiced life of John Tyler has long been needed. + +That portion of the volume which deals with Mr. Tyler's part of the +Peace Congress, and his share in the exciting events preceding and +during the first year of the war of the Rebellion, will arouse no +discussion. The letters which these concluding pages contain are +particularly valuable, for they show the state of public feeling in the +South at that time. Notwithstanding our adverse criticism of certain +portions of this volume,--and we have plainly stated our reason--we +still welcome the work in its completeness. It adds much to our stock of +knowledge, lets in light where light was needed, and is withal +commendable as an addition to the material data of our national history. + + +[Footnote 8: A book of New England Legends and Folk-Lore, in Prose and +Poetry. By Samuel Adams Drake. Illustrated. Boston: Roberts Brothers.] + +[Footnote 9: Life and Times of the Tylers. By L.H. Tyler, Richmond, Va.: +Whittet and Shipperson. 2 vols. $6.00.] + + * * * * * + + + + +PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. + + +Important Announcement. + +The October number of the Bay State Monthly will contain, among other +articles of interest, a valuable historical and descriptive paper on the +enterprising and rapidly increasing city of HOLYOKE, MASS., the chief +paper manufacturing place in the world, and the centre, also, of other +important private and corporate industries. This paper has been prepared +by a writer "to the manor born," and will be copiously and beautifully +illustrated. + +Another article of special interest and value will be the HISTORY AND +ROMANCE OF FORT SHIRLEY, built in the town of Heath, Mass., in 1744, as +a defence against the Indians. The article has been prepared by Prof. +A.L. Perry, of Williams College. + +The series of papers illustrative of NEW ENGLAND IN THE CIVIL WAR, and +which will command the attention of all classes of readers, will be +initiated in the October number of the Bay State Monthly, by THREE +IMPORTANT CHAPTERS, namely:-- + +I. + +PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REBELLION, by a +writer who was thoroughly familiar with its current. + +II. + +THE MARCH OF THE 6TH REGIMENT, by one of its officers, who has gathered +together anecdotes as well as sober history. + +III. + +THE RESPONSE OF THE MARBLEHEADERS IN 1861, a stirring paper of +patriotism and valor, written by SAMUEL RHODES, JR., the historian of +Marblehead. + +The first instalment of a series of papers on the AUTHORITATIVE +LITERATURE OF THE REBELLION, by DR. GEORGE L. AUSTIN, will also appear +in the October number. + +Besides the foregoing features, the October number will contain other +articles of permanent worth in the fields of BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY, and +STORY. A vigorous method of dealing with LEADING QUESTIONS OF THE DAY +will be maintained in the Editorial Departments. + +It will thus be seen that no pains are being spared to insure for the +Bay State Monthly a character that shall prove invaluable and of the +deepest interest to ALL CLASSES OF READERS. + + * * * * * + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS + +of courtesies extended in the preparation of the August and September +issues of the Bay State Monthly are here made, with thanks, to the +following parties: E.B. Crane, Esq., N. Paine, Esq., Daniel Seagrave, +Esq., Messrs. Keyes & Woodbury, Charles Hamilton, Esq., and Messrs. F.S. +Blanchard & Co., of Worcester, Mass.; also to Messrs. D. Lothrop & Co., +Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Ticknor & Co., and Roberts Brothers, of +Boston,--all of whom have most cordially coöperated with the management +of the Bay State Monthly. + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17724-8.txt or 17724-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17724/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/17724-8.zip b/17724-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4cc98fc --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-8.zip diff --git a/17724-h.zip b/17724-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..908d57c --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h.zip diff --git a/17724-h/17724-h.htm b/17724-h/17724-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e238b3b --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/17724-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6354 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<meta content="pg2html (binary v0.18c)" name="generator" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of + The Bay State Monthly, Volume III, No. 4, September 1885, + by Various. +</title> +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + a,img { border: none; } + p { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 100%; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; } + hr { width: 50%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + .foot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 85%; } + .poem { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; } + .poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; } + .poem p { margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; } + .poem p.i2 { margin-left: 1.5em; } + .poem p.i4 { margin-left: 2.5em; } + .poem p.i6 { margin-left: 3.5em; } + .poem p.i9 { margin-left: 5.0em; } + .quote { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; text-indent: 0em; font-size: 90%; } + .figure { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps; } + .toc { margin-left: 15%; font-size: 80%; margin-bottom: 0em;} + center { padding: 0.8em;} + span.pagenum { position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt; display: none;} + .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } +/*]]>*/ + // --> +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17724] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure"> +<a href="images/ill-236.jpg"><img src="images/ill-236.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="John D. Long" /></a> +<br /> +John D. Long +</div> +<h1> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>[221]</span> +</h1> + +<a name="h2H_4_0001" id="h2H_4_0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> + THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. +</h1> +<h2> + <i>A Massachusetts Magazine.</i> +</h2> +<h3> +VOL. III. SEPTEMBER, 1885. NO. IV. +</h3> +<hr /> + + +<h3>Contents</h3> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0002">HON. JOHN D. LONG.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0003">CONCORD MEN AND MEMORIES.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0004">THE CONSPIRACY OF 1860-61.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0005">TOMMY TAFT.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0006">THE MUSE OF HISTORY.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0007">TWO REFORM MAYORS OF BOSTON.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0008">HUGH O'BRIEN.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0009">HELEN HUNT JACKSON.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0010">HINGHAM.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0011">THE HOUSE OF TICKNOR.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0012">THE FIRST NEW ENGLAND WITCH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0013">IN EMBER DAYS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0014">CHRISTOPHER GAULT.—A STORY.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0015">ELIZABETH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0018">GROWING OLD.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0019">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0020">HISTORICAL RECORD.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0021">AMONG THE BOOKS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0022">PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_ACKN">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a></p> +<hr /> + +<a name="h2H_4_0002" id="h2H_4_0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HON. JOHN D. LONG. +</h2> +<p> +<span class="sc">Hon. John D. Long</span>, the thirty-second governor of the +Commonwealth of Massachusetts, under the Constitution, and whose wise, +prudent administration reflected great credit upon himself, was born in +Buckfield, Maine, October 27, 1838. +</p> +<p> +His father was a man of some prominence in the Pine Tree State, and in +the year in which his more distinguished son first saw the light, he ran +for Congress on the Whig ticket, and although receiving a plurality of +the votes cast, he was defeated. +</p> +<p> +The son was a studious lad, more fond of his books than of play, and +thought more of obtaining a solid education than of developing his +muscles as an athlete. At the proper age he entered the academy at +Hebron, the principal of which was at that time Mark H. Dunnell, +subsequently a member of Congress from Minnesota. +</p> +<p> +At the age of fourteen, young Long entered the Freshman class at Harvard +College. He at once took high rank, stood fourth in his class for the +course, and second at the end of the Senior year. He was the author of +the class ode, sung on Commencement day. +</p> +<p> +After leaving College, Mr. Long was engaged as principal of the Westford +Academy, an old institution incorporated in 1793. He remained at +Westford two years, highly esteemed by his pupils and beloved of the +whole people. As a teacher, he won marked success, and many of his +contemporaries regret that he did not always remain in the profession. +But he cherished another, if not a higher ambition. From Westford he +passed to the Harvard Law School, and to the offices of Sidney Bartlett +and Peleg W. Chandler, in Boston. In 1861, he was admitted to the bar, +and then he opened an office in his native town, to practise his new +profession. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>[222]</span> +</p> +<p> +He soon found, however, that Buckfield was not the place for him. +People there were far too honest and peace-loving, and minded their own +business too well to assist in building up a lawyer's reputation. After +a two years' stay, therefore, he removed to Boston, and entered the +office of Stillman B. Allen, where he rapidly gained an extensive +practice. The firm, which consisted of Mr. Allen, Mr. Long, Thomas +Savage and Alfred Hemenway, had their offices on Court Street, in an old +building now on the site of the new Young's Hotel. Mr. Long remained in +the firm until his election, in November, 1879, to the governorship of +Massachusetts. +</p> +<p> +In 1870, he was married to Miss Mary W. Glover of Hingham, +Massachusetts, to which town he had previously removed his residence. +During his executive administration, he had the great misfortune to +undergo bereavement by the loss of this most estimable lady, whose wise +counsel often lent him encouragement in the perplexed days of his +official life. +</p> +<p> +In 1875, Mr. Long was chosen to represent the Republicans of the second +Plymouth District in the legislature. He at once took a prominent +position, and gained great popularity with his fellow members. In 1876, +he was re-elected to the House, and soon after he was chosen speaker. +This position he filled with dignity, grace, and with an ease surpassed +by no speaker before him or since. He showed himself thoroughly versed +in parliamentary practice, and his tact was indeed something remarkable. +So great was his popularity that, in 1877, he had every vote which was +cast for speaker, and in the following year every vote but six. +</p> +<p> +In the fall of 1877, the Republican State Convention assembled at +Worcester, and it at once became apparent that many of the delegates +were desirous to vote for Mr. Speaker Long for the highest office in the +Commonwealth. At the convention he received, however, only 217 votes for +candidate; and his name was then withdrawn. At the convention of 1878, +he again found numerous supporters, and received 266 votes for Governor. +He was then nominated for Lieutenant Governor by a very large majority, +and was elected. In the convention of 1879, Governor Thomas Talbot +declining a re-nomination, Lieutenant Governor Long received 669 votes +to 505 votes for the Hon. Henry L. Pierce, and was nominated and +elected, having 122,751 votes to 109,149 for General Benjamin F. Butler, +9,989 for John Quincy Adams, and 1,635 for the Rev D.C. Eddy, D.D. +</p> +<p> +On the fifteenth of September, 1880, Governor Long was re-nominated by +acclamation, and in November he was re-elected by a plurality of about +52,000 votes,—the largest plurality given for any candidate for the +governorship of Massachusetts since the presidential year of 1872. He +continued to hold the office, by re-election until January, 1883. +</p> +<p> +Several important acts were passed during the administration of Governor +Long, and notably among these was an act fixing the penalties for +drunkeness,—an act providing that no person who has been served in the +United State army or navy, and has been honorably discharged from the +service, if otherwise qualified to vote, shall be debarred from voting +on account of his being a pauper, or, if a pauper, because of the +non-payment of a poll tax,—an act which obviated many + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>[223]</span> + + of the evils of double taxation by providing that, when any person has +an interest in taxable real estate as holders of a mortgage, given to +secure the payment of a loan, the amount of which is fixed and stated, +the amount of said person's interest as mortgagee shall be assessed as +real estate in the city or town where the land lies, and the mortgagor +shall be assessed only for the value of said real estate, less the +mortgagee's interest in it. +</p> +<p> +The creditable manner in which Mr. Long conducted the affairs of the +State induced his constituents to send him as their representative in +Washington. He was elected a member of the Forty-eighth Congress, and is +now a member also of the Forty-ninth. His record thus far has been +altogether honorable and characterized by a sturdy watchfulness of the +interests entrusted to his care. +</p> +<p> +As a man of letters. Governor Long has achieved a reputation. Some years +ago, he produced a scholarly translation, in blank verse, of Virgil's +<i>Æneid</i>, which was published in 1879 in Boston. It has found many +admirers among students of classical literature. Governor Long, amid +busy professional and official duties, has also written several poems +and essays which reflect credit upon his heart and brain. His inaugural +addresses were masterpieces of literary art, and the same can be said of +his speeches on the floor of Congress, all of them, polished, forceful +and to the point. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Long is a very fluent speaker, and, without oratorical display, he +always succeeds in winning the attention of his auditors. It is what he +says, more than how he says it, that has won for him his great +popularity on the platform. When, in February last, the Washington +monument was dedicated, he it was that was chosen to read the +magnificent oration of Robert C. Winthrop. +</p> +<p> +As a specimen of Mr. Long's happy way of expressing timely thoughts, the +following passage, selected from an address which he delivered at +Tremont Temple, Boston, on Memorial Day, 1881, deserves to be read:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Scarce a town is there—from Boston, with its magnificent column + crowned with the statue of America at the dedication of which even the + conquered Southron came to pay honor, to the humblest stone in rural + villages—in which these monuments do not rise summer and winter, in + snow and sun, day and night, to tell how universal was the response of + Massachusetts to the call of the patriots' duty, whether it rang above + the city's din or broke the quiet of the farm. On city square and + village green stand the graceful figures of student, clerk, mechanic, + farmer, in that endeared and never-to-be-forgotten war-uniform of the + soldier or the sailor, their stern young faces to the front, still on + guard, watching the work they wrought in the flesh, and teaching in + eloquent silence the lesson of the citizen's duty to the state, How our + children will study these! How they will search and read their names! + How quaint and antique to them will seem their arms and costume! How + they will gather and store up in their minds the fine, insensibly + filtering percolation of the sentiment of valor, of loyalty, of fight + for right, of resistance against wrong, just as we inherited all this + from the Revolutionary era, so that, when some crisis shall in the + future come to them, as it came to us, they will spring to the rescue, + as sprang our youth, in the beauty and chivalry of the consciousness + of a noble descent." +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>[224]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CONCORD MEN AND MEMORIES. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By George B. Bartlett.</span> +</h3> +<p> +On a pleasant June morning after a long drive through shady country +lanes, the little pile of rocks was reached, which for two hundred and +fifty years has marked the western corner of the lot, six miles square, +granted to form the plantation at Musketaquid on the second of September +1635. Resting here in the shadow of the pines, listening to the busy +gossip of the squirrels, many scenes and people which have made the town +of Concord, Massachusetts, so noted, seemed to pass in review, some of +which will here be recounted. +</p> +<p> +Perhaps on this spot Simon Willard and his associates may have stood, +and these rough rocks been laid in place by their hands. Peter Bulkeley, +the wise and reverend, may have consecrated this solemn occasion with +prayer in accordance with the good old custom of the time. To the two +gentlemen above-mentioned the chief credit of the settlement of Concord +is mainly due. Attention was early called to the broad meadows of the +Musketaquid or 'grass grown river' and a company marched from the +ancient Newtown to form a settlement there early in the fall of 1635. +Few of the thousand pilgrims who arrive every year over the Fitchburg +and Lowell railroads can imagine the discomforts of the toilsome journey +of these early settlers as they penetrated through the unbroken +wilderness and wet and dreary swamps, devoting nearly two weeks to the +journey now easily accomplished in forty minutes. Many of their cattle +died from exposure and change of climate, and great heroism and courage +were required to make them persevere. They were kindly received by the +Indians who were in possession of the lands along the rivers, and who +finally consented to part with them so peacefully, that the name of the +town was called Concord. +</p> +<p> +Near the present site of the hotel stood an oak tree under which +tradition locates the scene of these amicable bargains. On a hill at the +junction of the Sudbury and Assabet rivers, rumor also locates the lodge +of the squaw who reigned as queen over one of the Indian tribes, and +thus introduced into the village female supremacy which has steadily +gained in power ever since. Later the Apostle Eliot preached here often, +and converted many dusky followers into "Praying Indians." Remnants of +their lodge-stones, arrow-heads and other relics were abundant half a +century ago in the great fields and other well known resorts, and a +large kitchen-miden or pile of shells, now fast becoming sand, marks the +place of one of their solemn feasts. The early explorers seem to have +built at first under the shelter of the low sand-hills which extend +through the centre of the town, and perhaps some of them were content to +winter in caves dug in the western slopes. Their first care was for +their church which was organized under the Rev. Peter Bulkeley and John +Jones as pastor and teacher, but after a few years Mr. Jones left for +Connecticut with one-third of his flock. Many other + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>[225]</span> + + things occurred to discourage this little band, but their indomitable +leader was not one to abandon any enterprise. Rev. Peter Bulkeley was a +gentleman of learning, wealth and culture, as was also Simon Willard who +managed the temporal affairs of the plantation. It is a curious +commentary on the present temperance question to learn from early +records that to the chief men alone was given the right to sell +intoxicating liquors. In many of the early plantations the land seems to +have been divided into parcels, which were in some cases distributed by +lot, and this fact may perhaps have originated the word <i>lot</i> as +applied to land. A large tract near the centre of the town was long held +in common by forty associates, the entrance to which was behind the site +of the former Courthouse, now occupied by the Insurance Office. Before +many years had passed this little town lost in some degree its peaceful +reputation, and became a centre of operations during King Philip's war, +many bodies of armed men being sent out against the savages, and one to +the relief of Brookfield, under Mr. Willard. Block houses were built at +several exposed points, the sites of which, with other noted places will +soon be marked with memorial tablets. +</p> +<p> +Trained by this Indian warfare, the inhabitants of Concord were prepared +for the events which were to follow, and when, in 1775, their town +furnished the first battle-field of the American Revolution, they were +able to offer "the first effectual resistance to British aggression." In +the old church built in 1712 was held the famous Continental Congress +where the fiery speeches of Adams and Hancock did so much to hasten the +opening of the inevitable conflict between England and her provinces. +The same frame which was used for the present building echoed with the +stirring words of the patriots as well as with the fearless utterances +of the Rev. William Emerson, who, on the Sunday before Concord fight, +preached his famous sermon on the text "Resistance to tyrants is +obedience to God." The events which preceded the Revolution need not be +recorded here, nor any facts not intimately connected with the history +of the town, which had been quietly making preparations for the grand +event. Under Colonel James Barrett and Major Buttrick, the militia and +other soldiers were drilled and organized, some of whom under the name +of Minute-men were ordered to be ready to parade at a moment's notice. +Cannon and other munitions of war were procured, which with flour and +provisions were secreted in various places. +</p> +<p> +Tidings of these preparations was carried to the British in Boston by +the spies and tories who abounded in the town, and on the evening of the +eighteenth of April, an expedition consisting of about eight hundred men +was sent out to counteract them. Paul Revere having been stopped at +Lexington, was able to spread the news of the attack by means of Dr. +Prescott who had been sitting up late with the lady whom he afterwards +married. Love overleaps all obstacles, and with cut bridle-rein the +Doctor leaped his gallant steed over walls and fences and reached +Concord very early in the morning. At the ringing of the bell the +Minute-men flocked to their standard on the crest of Burying Hill where +they were joined by Rev. William Emerson, whose marble tomb stands near +the very spot, and also marks the place where Pitcairn and Smith +controlled the operations of the British during the forenoon. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>[226]</span> +</p> +<p> +The Liberty-pole occupied the next eminence, a few rods farther east. +Here the little band of patriots awaited the coming of the +well-disciplined foe, ignorant that their country-men had fallen on +Lexington Common before the very muskets that now glittered in the +morning sun. Some proposed to go and meet the British, and some to die +holding their ground; but their wiser commanders led them to +Ponkawtassett Hill a mile away, where the worn and weary troops were +cheered by food and rest, and were reinforced by new arrivals from Acton +and other towns, until they numbered nearly three hundred men. After +destroying many stores in the village, and sending three companies to +Colonel Barrett's in vain search for the cannon, which were buried in +the furrows of a ploughed field, a detachment of British soldiers took +possession of the South Bridge, and three companies were left to guard +the old North Bridge under command of Captain Lawrie. +</p> +<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-242.jpg"><img src="images/ill-242.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="Henry D. Thoreau. " /></a> +<br /> +Henry D. Thoreau. +</div> +<p> +Seeing this manoeuvre the Americans slowly advanced and took up their +position on the hill at the west of the bridge which the British now +began to destroy. Colonel Isaac Davis of Acton now offered to lead the +attack, saying, "I have not a man who is afraid to go," and he was given +the place in front of the advancing column, and fell at the first volley +from the British, who were posted on the other bank of the river. Major +Buttrick then ordered his troops to fire, and dashed on to the bridge, +driving the enemy back to the main road, down which they soon retreated +to the Common, to join the Grenadiers and Marines who there awaited +them. The Minute-men crossed over the hills and fields to Merriam's +corner when they again attacked the British, who were marching back to +Boston, and killed and wounded several of the enemy without injury to +themselves. Meanwhile the three companies had returned from Colonel +Barrett's and marched safely over the bridge which had been abandoned by +both sides, and joined the main force of the British who had waited for +them on the Common. +</p> +<p> +After the skirmish at Merriam's corner, the fighting was continued in +true Indian fashion from behind walls and buildings with such effect +that the British + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>[227]</span> + + would have been captured had they not been re-enforced at Lexington by a +large force with field pieces. +</p> +<p> +In 1836, the spot on which the British stood was marked by a plain +monument, and in 1875 the place near which Captain Isaac Davis and his +companions fell was made forever memorable by the noble bronze statue of +the Minute-man by Daniel Chester French in which the artist has +carefully copied every detail of dress and implement, from the ancient +firelock, to the old plough on which he leans. +</p> +<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-243.jpg"><img src="images/ill-243.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE OLD BATTLE GROUND. " /></a> +<br /> +THE OLD BATTLE GROUND. +</div> +<p> +In order to prove her claim to the peaceful name of Concord, this +village seems to have taken an active part in every warlike enterprise +which followed. Several of her men fought at Bunker Hill and one was +killed there. In Shay's Rebellion Job Shattuck of Groton attempted to +prevent the court, which assembled in Concord, from transacting its +business, by an armed force. In the war of 1812, Concord men served +well, and in the old anti-slavery days many a fierce battle of tongue +and pen was waged by the early supporters of the then unpopular cause. +John Brown spent his fifty-eighth birthday in the town the week before +he left for Harper's Ferry, and the gallows from which his "soul went +marching on." The United States officials who came to arrest Mr. Sanborn +for his knowledge of Brown's movements were advised by the women and men +of Concord to retreat down the old Boston road <i>a la</i> British; and +when the call came for troops to put down the late Rebellion, Concord +was among the first to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>[228]</span> + + send her militia to the field under the gallant young farmer-soldier, +Colonel Prescott, who at Petersburg, +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Showed how a soldier ought to fight,</p> +<p class="i2"> And a Christian ought to die."</p> +</div> +</div> +<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;padding-left:0;margin-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-244.jpg"><img src="images/ill-244.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="R. Waldo Emerson" /></a> +<br /> +R. Waldo Emerson +</div> +<p> +In memory of the brave who found in Concord "a birthplace, home or +grave" the plain shaft in the public square was erected on the spot +where the Minute-men were probably first drawn up on the morning of the +nineteenth of April. 1775 to listen to the inspiring words of their +young preacher, Rev. William Emerson, and ninety years after in the same +place his grandson R.W. Emerson recounted the noble deeds of the men who +had gallantly proved themselves worthy to bear the names made famous by +their ancestors at Concord fight. The Rev. William Emerson in 1775 +occupied and owned <i>The Old Manse</i>, which was built for him about +ten years before, on the occasion of his marriage to Miss. Phoebe Bliss, +the daughter of one of the early ministers of Concord. Mr. Emerson was +so patriotic and eager to attack the invaders at once, that he was +compelled by his people to remain in his house, from which he is said to +have watched the battle at the bridge from a window commanding the +field. He soon after joined the army as chaplain and died the next year +at Rutland, and his widow married some years after the Rev. Dr. Ripley +who succeeded him in his church and home, and lived until his death in +the Manse which has always remained in the possession of his +descendants. Dr. Ripley ruled the church and town with the iron sway of +an old-fashioned New England minister, and the old Manse has for years +been a literary centre. In the old dining room, the solemn conclave of +clergymen have cracked many a hard doctrine and many a merry jest, +seated in the high-backed leather chairs which have stood for one +hundred and twenty years around the old table. Here Mrs. Sarah Ripley +fitted many a noted scholar for college in the intervals of her +housekeeping labors + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>[229]</span> + + before the open kitchen fireplace. In an attic room, called the Saint's +chamber, from the penciled names of honored occupants, Emerson is said +to have written <i>Nature</i>, and perhaps other works, as much of his +time was spent in the Manse at various periods of his life. Here +Hawthorne came on his wedding tour and lived for two happy years and +wrote the <i>Mosses from an Old Manse</i> and other works. In his study +over the dining-room, his name is written with a diamond on one of the +little window panes, and with the same instrument his wife has recorded +on the dining-room window annals of her daughter who was born in the +house. +</p> +<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px;padding-right:0;margin-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-245.jpg"><img src="images/ill-245.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="Nathaniel Hawthorne." /></a> +<br /> +Nathaniel Hawthorne. +</div> +<p> +On the hill opposite, the solitary poplar, the last of a group set +out by some school-girls eighty years ago, still stands. Each of its +companions died about the time of the decease of its lady planter, and +as the one who set out the present tree has lately died, the poplar +suffered last year from a stroke of lightning which may cause it to +follow soon. +</p> +<p> +Nearly opposite the Manse on the road toward the village is the well +preserved house, formerly the home of Elisha Jones, which bears in the +L the mark of a bullet fired into it on the day of Concord fight. On +the same side of the way a little farther down is a house, a portion of +which was built by Humphrey Barrett as early as 1640. As the route of +the retreating British from the bridge is followed for half a mile down +this road the common is reached, which is bounded on the Northern end by +the stores, from which the British took flour and other Continental +supplies, and at the opposite end stands Wright tavern which the gallant +Pitcairn immortalized by stirring his brandy with a bloody finger, +unconscious that the rebel blood he promised to stir would cause his own +to flow at Bunker Hill. +</p> +<p> +Opposite Wright tavern is one of the oldest burying hills in the +country, on which may be seen the stone of Joseph Merriam, who died in +1677 and those of Colonel Barrett who commanded the troops, and of Major +Buttrick who led them at the bridge, and of his son the fifer who +furnished the music to which they marched. Here also is the inscription +to John Jack famous for its alliteration, and the tablets of the old +ministers and founders of church and State. Some of these headstones +bear coats of arms and rough portraits in stone, while others more +symbolic, are content with the winged cherubim or solemn weeping willow, +and others older still preserve the antique coffin shape. About one + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>[230]</span> + + quarter of a mile in the rear of this historic Burying Hill is Sleepy +Hollow, the cemetery now so famous, which will be for centuries as now, +the Mecca of pious pilgrims, for here Emerson sleeps beneath the giant +pine of which he loved to write and which in grateful recognition ever +whispers its solemn dirge over the dead poet, who will live forever in +his writings. His grave is now marked by a rough rock of beautiful pink +crystal-quartz, and his son Waldo lies close beside him, with no +monument but the imperishable one of <i>Threnody</i>. Mrs. Ruth Emerson, +the mother of the poet and his brothers, nephews and grandchildren rest +near him, and close by is the grave of Miss Mary Moody Emerson, the +eccentric genius whom he well appreciated. +</p> +<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-246.jpg"><img src="images/ill-246.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE STUDY IN THE TOWER OF THE WAYSIDE." /></a> +<br /> +THE STUDY IN THE TOWER OF THE WAYSIDE. +</div> +<p> +Ridge Path leads up the steep hill past the grave of Emerson and also to +most of the noted burial places. On ascending this path at the western +end, Hawthorne's lot is first reached, surrounded by a low hedge of +Arbor Vitae and the grave of the great writer is marked only by two low +white stones one of which bears his name. At his head lies his little +grandson, Francis Lathrop, and by his side Julian's little daughter +Gladys. Behind is the grave of Thoreau, a plain brown stone, and very +near are the graves of two of the little women, Amy and Beth, by the +side of their noble mother, Mrs. Alcott. Colonel Prescott and many noted +citizens are buried on this path which has for a chief ornament the +handsome monument of the Honorable William Whiting, nearly opposite +which is the Manse lot, with its memorials to Mrs. Ripley and her sons. +On the side of this hill is the Monument to Honorable Samuel Hoar which +bears upon its upper + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>[231]</span> + + portion an appropriate motto from Pilgrim's Progress, and an oft-quoted +inscription which with the one in the same lot to his daughter, is +recommended to all lovers of pure English as they are true records of +the pure souls they commemorate. +</p> +<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px;margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-247.jpg"><img src="images/ill-247.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="A. BRONSON ALCOTT." /></a> +<br /> +A. BRONSON ALCOTT. +</div> +<p> +Returning from the cemetery to the square, we still follow the British +down the Boston road and pass at the corner near the church another +building from which stores were taken and on the left houses of +historical fame, the house and shop of Captain Brown who led the second +company in the fight, the home of the patriot Lee and John Beatton who +left funds for church purposes. Below this house which is two hundred +years old, a guard was posted on the day of the fight and before it +stand two elms so old that they are filled with bricks inside, and +mended outside with plaster in order to preserve them. The next house on +the right is the home of Emerson, a plain wooden building with trees +near the western side, and a fine old-fashioned garden in the rear. His +study was in the front of the house at the right of the entrance. One +side is filled to the ceiling with books, and a picture of the Fates +hangs above the grate, a table occupies the centre, at the right of +which is the rocking chair in which he often sat, and his writing +implements lie near on the table. From the study two doors lead to the +long parlor with its large fire-place around which so many noted people +have gathered. +</p> +<p> +After passing the home of Emerson the road turns toward the left and +leads past the farm and greenhouses of John B. Morse, the agricultural +author, to the School of Philosophy which has just completed its seventh +session with success, the attendance having steadily improved certainly +as far as culture is considered. It stands in the grounds of the Orchard +House now the home of Dr. Harris who has carried out the idea of Mr. +Alcott of whom he bought the place, by laying out beautiful walks over +the crest of the wooded hill. He has surrounded a tall pine on the hill +top with a strong staircase by which it can easily be climbed to a +height of 54 feet from the base and 110 feet from the road in front of +the school building or chapel. Orchard House was for years the home of +the Alcott family + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>[232]</span> + + where Louisa wrote and May painted and their father studied philosophy. +A broken rustic fence one of the last traces of Mr. Alcott's mechanical +skill forms the slight barrier between the grounds at the Orchard House +and Wayside, which Mr. Alcott bought in 1845 and a few years later sold +to Nathaniel Hawthorne who owned it at the time of his death. The house +is a strange mixture of the old and new, as the rear part bears evident +traces of antiquity, at the right were the Hawthorne parlors and +reception rooms, at the left of the entry his library, sometimes called +the den, and in front a small room with a low window separates the +dining room from the reception room and the whole is crowned with a +tower built by Mr. Hawthorne for a study where he found the quiet and +seclusion which he loved. Much of Mr. Hawthorne's composition seems to +have been done as he wandered up and down the shady paths which wind in +every direction along the terraced hillside, and a small crooked path is +still shown as the one worn by the restless step of genius. Mr. G.P. +Lathrop who married Rose Hawthorne sold the place to Daniel Lothrop, the +Boston publisher, who has thoroughly repaired it and greatly added to +its beauty by reverently preserving every landmark in his improvements, +and now in summer his accomplished wife, known to the public by her +<i>nom de plume</i> of Margaret Sidney, entertains many noted people at +Wayside. On the Boston road and a little farther on is the garden of +Ephraim Bull, the originator of the Concord grape and below is Merriam's +Corner to which the Minute-men crossed and attacked the British as above +mentioned. Half a mile across country lies Sandy Pond from which the +town has its water supply which can furnish daily half a million gallons +of pure water, each containing only one and three-fourths grains of +solid matter. From Sandy Pond several narrow wood-roads lead to Walden, +a mile distant where Thoreau lived for eight months at an expense of one +dollar and nine cents a month. His house cost thirty dollars and was +built by his own hands with a little help in raising and in it he wrote +Walden, considered by many his best book. Mr. Thoreau died in May 1862, +in the house occupied by the Alcott family on Main street where many of +the principal inhabitants live. At the junction of this street with +Sudbury street stands the Concord Free Public Library, the generous gift +of William Munroe, Esq. which was dedicated October 1, 1873, and now +owns nearly twenty thousand volumes and numerous works of art, coins and +relics, the germs of a gallery which will be added in future. Behind the +many fine estates which front on Main street, Sudbury river forms +another highway and many boats lie along the green lawns ready to convey +their owners up river to Fairhaven bay, Martha's Point, the Cliffs and +Baker Farm, the haunts of the botanists, fishermen and authors of +Concord, or down to Egg Rock where the South Branch unites with the +lovely Assabet to form the Concord River which leads to the Merrimac by +way of Bedford, Billerica and Lowell. But most of the boats go up the +Assabet to the beautiful bend where the gaunt hemlocks lean over to see +their reflection in the amber stream, past the willows by which kindly +hands have hidden the railroad, to the shaded aisles of the +vine-entangled maples where the rowers moor their boats and climb Lee +Hill which Mr. C.H. Hood has so beautifully laid out. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>[233]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0004" id="h2H_4_0004"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE CONSPIRACY OF 1860-61. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By George Lowell Austin.</span> +</h3> +<center> +I. +</center> +<p> +After the October elections, in the autumn of 1860, had been carried by +the Republicans, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the +United States, in November, became a foregone conclusion. On the 5th day +of October,—the initial day of the American Rebellion,—Governor Gist, +of South Carolina, wrote a confidential circular-letter, which he +despatched by special messenger to the governors of the so-called Cotton +States. In this letter he requested an "interchange of opinions which he +might be at liberty to submit to a consultation of the leading men" of +his State. He added that South Carolina would unquestionably call a +convention as soon as it was ascertained that a majority of Lincoln +electors were chosen in the then pending presidential election. "If a +single State secedes," he wrote, "she will follow her. If no other State +takes the lead, South Carolina will secede; in my opinion, alone, if she +has any assurance that she will be soon followed by another or other +States; otherwise, it is doubtful." He asked information, and advised +concerted action. +</p> +<p> +The governors of North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and +Georgia sent replies; but the discouraging tone of their responses +establishes, beyond controversy, that, with the exception of South +Carolina, "the Rebellion was not in any sense a popular revolution, but +was a conspiracy among the prominent local office-holders and +politicians, which the people neither expected nor desired, and which +they were made eventually to justify and uphold by the usual arts and +expedients of conspiracy." +</p> +<p> +From the dawn of its existence the South had practically controlled the +government; she very naturally wished to perpetuate her control. The +extension of slavery and the creation of additional slave States was a +necessary step in the scheme, and became the well-defined single issue +in the presidential election, though not necessarily the primal cause of +the impending civil war. For the first time in the history of the +republic the ambition of the South met overwhelming defeat. In legal +form and by constitutional majorities Abraham Lincoln was chosen to the +presidency, and this choice meant, finally, that slavery should not be +extended. +</p> +<p> +An election was held in South Carolina in the month of October, 1860, +under the manipulation of the conspirators. To a Legislature chosen from +the proper material, Governor Gist, on November 5th, sent a message +declaring "our institutions" in danger from the "fixed majorities" of +the North, and recommending the calling of a State Convention, and the +purchase of arms and the material of war. This was the first official +notice and proclamation of insurrection. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>[234]</span> +</p> +<p> +The morning of November 7th decided the result of the national election. +From this time onward everything was adroitly managed to swell the +revolutionary furor. The people of South Carolina, and especially of +Charleston, indulged in a continuous holiday, amid unflagging +excitement, and, while singing the Marseillaise, prepared for war! +Everybody appeared to be satisfied,—the conspirators, because their +schemes were progressing, and the people, because, innocently duped, +they hoped for success. +</p> +<p> +The first half of the month of December had worn away. A new governor, +Francis W. Pickens, ruled the destinies of South Carolina. A Convention, +authorized by the Legislature, met at Columbia, the capital of the +State, and, on the 20th of December, passed unanimously what it called +an ordinance of secession, in the following words:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, + do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that the + ordinance adopted by us in convention on the 23d day of May, in the + year of our Lord 1788, whereby the Constitution of the United States + of America was ratified, and also all Acts and parts of Acts of the + General Assembly of this State ratifying amendments of the said + Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the Union now subsisting + between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the United + States of America, is hereby dissolved. +</p> +<p> +The ordinance was immediately made known by huge placards, issued from +the Charleston printing-offices, and by the firing of guns, the ringing +of bells, and other jubilations. The same evening South Carolina was +proclaimed an "independent commonwealth." Said one of the chief actors: +"The secession of South Carolina is not an event of a day. It is not +anything produced by Mr. Lincoln's election, or by the non-execution of +the Fugitive-Slave Law. It is a matter which has been gathering head for +thirty years." This was a distinct affirmation, which is corroborated by +other and abundant testimony, that the revolt was not only against +right, but that it was utterly without cause. +</p> +<p> +The events which took place in South Carolina were, in substance, +duplicated in her sister States of the South. Mississippi seceded on +January 9, 1861; Florida, on January 10; Alabama, on January 11; +Georgia, on January 18; Louisiana, on January 26; and Texas, on February +1; but not a single State, except Texas, dared to submit its ordinance +of secession to a direct vote of the people. +</p> +<p> +One of the most striking features in the early history of the secession +is the apparent delusion in the minds of the leaders that secession +could not result in war. Even after the firing upon Sumter, the delusion +continued to exist. Misled, perhaps, by the opinion of ex-President +Pierce,<a href="#note-1" name="noteref-1"><small>1</small></a> the South believed that the North would be divided; that it +would not fight. It is but fair to say that the tone of a portion of the +Northern press, and the speeches + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>[235]</span> + + of some of the Northern Democrats, and the ambiguous way of speaking on +the part of some of the Northern Republicans rather warranted than +discouraged such an opinion. +</p> +<p> +There was, however, one prominent man from Massachusetts, who had united +with the Southern leaders in the support of Breckenridge, who had wisdom +as well as wit, and who now sought to dispel this false idea. In the +month of December he was in Washington, and he asked his old associates +what it meant. +</p> +<p> +"It means," said they, "separation, and a Southern Confederacy. We will +have our independence, and establish a Southern government, with no +discordant elements." +</p> +<p> +"Are you prepared for war?" inquired Butler. +</p> +<p> +"Oh! there will be no war; the North will not fight." +</p> +<p> +"The North will fight. The North will send the last man and expend the +last dollar to maintain the government." +</p> +<p> +"But," said his Southern friends, "the North can't fight; we have too +many allies there." +</p> +<p> +"You have friends," said Butler, "in the North, who will stand by you so +long as you fight your battles in the Union; but the moment you fire on +the flag the Northern people will be a unit against you. And you may be +assured, if war comes, <i>slavery ends</i>." +</p> +<p> +Butler was far too sagacious a man not to perceive that war was +inevitable, and too sturdy and patriotic not to resist it. With a +boldness and frankness which have shown themselves through his whole +political career, he went to Buchanan; he advised and begged him to +arrest the commissioners, with whom he was then parleying, and to have +them tried for treason! Such advice it was as characteristic of Benjamin +F. Butler to give as it was of President Buchanan to disregard. +</p> +<center> +II. +</center> +<p> +But the adoption of secession ordinances and the assumption of +independent authority was not enough for the Cotton Republic. Though +they hoped to evade civil war, still they never forgot for a moment that +a conflict was not only possible, but even probable. Their prudence told +them that they ought to prepare for such an emergency by at once taking +possession of all the arms and military forts within their borders. +</p> +<p> +At this time there was a large navy-yard at Pensacola, Florida; from +twelve to fifteen harbor forts along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; +half-a-dozen arsenals, stocked with an aggregate of one hundred and +fifty thousand arms (transferred there about a year before from Northern +arsenals, by Secretary Floyd); three mints; four important +custom-houses; three revenue cutters, on duty at leading Southern +seaports, and a vast amount of valuable miscellaneous property,—all of +which had been purchased with the money of the Federal Government. +</p> +<p> +The land on which the navy-yards, arsenals, forts, and, indeed, all the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>[236]</span> + + buildings so purchased and controlled, stood, was vested in the United +States, not alone by the right of eminent domain, but also by formal +legislative deeds of cession from the States themselves, <i>wherein +they</i> were located. The self-constituted governments of these State +now assumed either that the right of eminent domain reverted to them, or +that it had always belonged to them; and that they were perfectly +justified in taking absolute possession, "holding themselves responsible +in money damages to be settled by negotiation." The Federal Government +and the sentiment of the North regarded this hypothesis false and +absurd. +</p> +<p> +In due season the governors of the Cotton States, by official orders to +their extemporized militia companies, took forcible possession of all +the property belonging to the Federal Government lying within the +borders of these States. This proceeding was no other than <i>levying +actual war against the United States</i>. There was as yet no bloodshed, +however, and for this reason: the regular army of the United States +amounted then to but little over seventeen thousand men, and, most of +these being on the Western frontier, there was only a small garrison at +each of the Southern forts; all that was necessary, therefore, was for a +superior armed force—as a rule, State militia—to demand the surrender +of these forts in the name of the State, and it would at once, though +under protest, be complied with. There were three notable exceptions to +this peaceable evacuation,—first, no attempt was made against Fort +Taylor, at Key West; Fort Jefferson, on Tortugas Island; and Fort +Pickens, at Pensacola, on account of the distance and danger; second, +part of the troops in Texas were eventually refused the promised +transit, and were captured; third, the forts in Charleston harbor +underwent peculiar vicissitudes, which will be recounted later on. +</p> +<p> +The conspiracy which, for a while at least, seemed destined to overcome +all obstacles, was not confined to South Carolina or the Cotton States. +Unfortunately it had established itself in the highest official circles +of the National Government. Three members of President Buchanan's +cabinet—Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury; Floyd, of +Virginia, Secretary of War; and Thompson, of Mississippi, Secretary of +the Interior—were rank and ardent disunionists. To the artful +machinations of these three arch-traitors, who cared more for self than +they did for the South, the success of the conspiracy was largely due. +Grouped about them was a number of lesser functionaries, willing to lend +their help. Even the President did not escape the suspicion of the taint +of disloyal purpose. +</p> +<p> +The first and chief solicitude of the disunionists of South Carolina was +to gain possession of the forts. A secret caucus was held. "We must have +the forts," was its watchword; and, ere long, from every street corner +in Charleston came the impatient echo: "The forts must be ours." +</p> +<p> +To revert to the beginning. On the 1st of October, 1860, the Chief of +Ordnance wrote to Secretary Floyd, urging the importance of protecting +the ordnance and ammunition stored in Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, +providing it met the approval of the commanding officer of Fort +Moultrie. The Secretary had no objections; but the commanding officer of +Fort Moultrie, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>[237]</span> + + while giving a very hesitating approval of the application, expressed +"<i>grave doubts of the loyalty and reliability of the workmen engaged +on the fort</i>," and closed his letter (dated November 8th) by +recommending that the garrison of Fort Moultrie should be reinforced, +and that both Fort Sumter and Castle Pinckney should be garrisoned by +companies <i>sent at once</i> from Fortress Monroe, at old Point +Comfort. A few days later he ordered the ordnance officer at the +Charleston office to turn over to him, for removal to Fort Moultrie, all +the small arms and ammunition which he had in store. The attempt to make +this transfer was successfully resisted by the Charleston mob. +</p> +<p> +This evidence of loyalty on the part of the commanding officer of the +troops in Charleston harbor was not appreciated at Washington. His +removal was promptly ordered by the Secretary of War. The officer thus +summarily dealt with was Lieutenant-Colonel J.C. Gardner, First +Artillery, U.S.A., a native of Massachusetts, and an old veteran of the +war of 1812. Thus, so far as history reveals, was a son of the old Bay +State the <i>first</i> to resist the encroachments of the Southern +conspiracy. It is worthy of note, also, that the removal of Col. Gardner +was in a measure due to the recommendation of Major (afterwards General) +Fitz John Porter. +</p> +<p> +Major Robert Anderson was ordered, on November 15th, to take command of +Fort Moultrie. He was chosen probably in the belief that, being a +Southern man, he would eventually throw his fortunes with the South. On +the 21st of November Major Anderson arrived at the fort, and on the 23d +of the same month he wrote to Secretary Floyd as follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Fort Sumter and Castle Pinckney <i>must</i> be garrisoned immediately + if the government determines to keep command of the harbor.<a href="#note-2" name="noteref-2"><small>2</small></a> +</p> +<p> +In the same letter he also expressed the opinion that the people of +South Carolina intended to seize all the forts in Charleston harbor by +force of arms as soon as their ordinance of secession was published. +</p> +<p> +The faith of Secretary Floyd must, indeed, have been shaken while +reading such words! He might have ordered the removal of the writer of +them had not a rather unexpected incident now occurred to divert his +attention. +</p> +<p> +The Secretary of State, the venerable Lewis Cass of Michigan, at once +denounced submission to the conspiracy as treasonable, and insisted that +Major Anderson's demand for reinforcements should be granted. This +episode was a political bomb-shell in the camp of the enemy. The +President became a trifle alarmed, and sent for Floyd. A conference +between the President and the Secretary was held, when the latter +"pooh-poohed" the actual danger. "The South Carolinians," said he, "are +honorable gentlemen. They would scorn to take the forts. They must not +be Irritated." But the President evinced restlessness; he may have +suspected the motive of his cabinet officer. Floyd, too, grew restless; +the obstinacy of the executive + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>[238]</span> + + alarmed him. He was only too glad to consent to the suggestion that +General Scott should be consulted. +</p> +<p> +General Scott rose from his sick-bed in New York, and hastened to +Washington, on the 12th of December. On the 13th he had an interview +with the President, in which he urged that three hundred men be sent to +reinforce Major Anderson at Fort Moultrie. The President declined, on +the ground, first, that Major Anderson was fully instructed what to do +in case he should at any time see good reason to believe that there was +any purpose to dispossess him of any of the forts; and, secondly, that +at this time (December 13th) he—the President—believed that Anderson +was in no danger of attack. +</p> +<p> +The President acted his own will in the matter. On the 15th General Cass +tendered his resignation, and retired from official life, for the avowed +reason that the President had refused to reinforce Anderson, and was +negotiating with open and avowed traitors. Secretary Cobb had resigned a +few days before. Black, the Attorney-General, was now made Secretary of +State; Thomas, of Maryland, Secretary of the Treasury; and Edwin M. +Stanton was appointed Attorney-General. The President believed, and +undoubtedly honestly, that, by his concession to Floyd and the other +conspirators, he had stayed the tide of disunion in the South. It now +appears how quickly and unexpectedly he was undeceived. While these +events were transpiring, a paper addressed "To our Constituents," and +urging "the organization of a Southern Confederacy," was being +circulated for signature through the two houses of Congress. It was +signed by about one-half of the Senators and Representatives of North +and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, +Texas, and Arkansas, and bore the date, "Washington, December 15, 1860." +It is to be remembered as the official beginning of the subsequent +Confederate States, just as Governor Gist's October circular was the +official beginning of South Carolina secession and rebellion. +</p> +<p> +On the 20th of December, South Carolina, as has been previously stated, +passed its ordinance. The desire, several times already expressed, to +hold possession of the forts in Charleston harbor now took the form of +a demand. The State Convention appointed three Commissioners to proceed +to Washington to "treat for the delivery of the forts, magazines, +light-houses, and other real estate, for an apportionment of the public +debt, for a division of all other property, and generally to negotiate +about other measures and arrangements." The Commissioners arrived in +Washington on the 26th of December, and, by special appointment, were to +meet the President at one o'clock on the following day. Before that hour +arrived an unlooked-for event occurred. +</p> +<center> +III. +</center> +<p> +We must now turn back again. Major Anderson, it will be remembered, had +been sent to Charleston by order of Lieutenant-General Scott, acting, of +course, under orders of the Secretary of War. Major Anderson's + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>[239]</span> + + first letter, dated November 23d, was sent through the regular channels. +It appears from the records<a href="#note-3" name="noteref-3"><small>3</small></a> that, on the 28th of November, he was +ordered by Secretary Floyd to address all future communications +<i>only</i> to the Adjutant-General or <i>direct</i> to the Secretary of +War. From this time forth, then, Major Anderson could communicate only +with the conspirators against his government. +</p> +<p> +At last General Scott began to wonder why he had received no further +tidings from Major Anderson, and on the 27th of December he delivered +the following message to the President:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Since the formal order, unaccompanied by special instructions, assigning + Major Anderson to the command of Fort Moultrie, no order, intimation, + suggestion, or communication for his government and guidance, has gone + to that officer, or any of his subordinates, from the head-quarters of + the army; nor have any reports or communications been addressed to the + General-in-chief from Fort Moultrie later than a letter written by Major + Anderson, almost immediately after his arrival in Charleston harbor, + reporting the then state of the work. +</p> +<p> +This letter reached the President on the 27th. On the day before Major +Anderson had transferred his entire garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort +Sumter. It was a bold move, done without orders, and solely because +there was no longer hope that the President would send reinforcements. +It was a judicious move, because Sumter was the real key to Charleston +harbor. It was an act of patriotism which will forever enshrine the name +of Anderson in American history. +</p> +<p> +The tidings reached Washington. Disappointed and chagrined, Secretary +Floyd sent the following telegram:— +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + WAR DEPARTMENT. +<br /> + ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, December 27, 1880. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + MAJOR ANDERSON, <i>Fort Moultrie:</i>— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Intelligence has reached here this morning that you have abandoned Fort + Moultrie, spiked your guns, burned the carriages, and gone to Fort + Sumter. It is not believed, because there is no order for any such + movement. Explain the meaning of this report. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + J.B. FLOYD, <br /> + <i>Secretary of War</i>. +</p> + +<p> +The answer was as follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + CHARLESTON, December 27, 1860. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + HON. J.B. FLOYD, <i>Secretary of War:</i>— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The telegram is correct. I abandoned Fort Moultrie because I was certain + that, if attacked, my men must have been sacrificed, and the command of + the harbor lost. I spiked the guns, and destroyed the carriages, to keep + the guns from being used against us. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + If attacked, the garrison would never have surrendered without a fight. +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + ROBERT ANDERSON,<br /> + <i>Major First Artillery</i>. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>[240]</span> + +<p> +The event reached the President's ears; he was perplexed, and postponed +the promised interview with the Commissioners one day. He met them on +the 28th. He states, in his <i>Defence</i>, published in 1866, that he +informed them at once that he "could recognize them only as private +gentlemen, and not as commissioners from a sovereign State; that it was +to Congress, and to Congress alone, they must appeal." Nevertheless, he +expressed his willingness to communicate to that body, as the only +competent tribunal, any proposition they might have to offer; as if he +did not realize that this proposal was a quasi-recognition of South +Carolina's claim to independence, and a misdemeanor meriting +impeachment. +</p> +<p> +The Commissioners, strange to say, were either too stupid or too timid +to perceive the advantage of this concession. Fortunately for the +country, their indifference lost to Rebellion its only possible chance +of peaceful success. +</p> +<p> +The Commissioners evidently believed that the President was within the +control of the cabinet cabal, for they made an angry complaint against +Anderson, and imperiously demanded "explanations." For two days the +President wavered. An outside complication tended to open his eyes. On +the 31st of December Floyd resigned the portfolio of war; and, on the +same day, the President sent to the Commissioners a definite answer +that, "whatever might have been his first inclination, the Governor of +South Carolina had, since Anderson's movement, forcibly seized Fort +Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, and the Charleston arsenal, custom-house, and +post-office, and covered them with the palmetto flag; that under such +circumstances he could not, and would not, withdraw the Federal troops +from Sumter." The angry Commissioners returned home, leaving behind them +an insolent rejoinder, charging the President "with tacit consent to the +scheme of peaceable secession!" +</p> +<center> +IV. +</center> +<p> +The crisis of December 31st changed the attitude of the Government +toward Rebellion. Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, was appointed Secretary of +War. General Scott was placed in military control. +</p> +<p> +An effort was at once made to reinforce Sumter. On the 5th of January +notice was sent by Assistant Adjutant-General Thomas, from New York, to +Major Anderson that a swift steamship, "Star of the West," loaded with +two hundred and fifty recruits and all needed supplies, had sailed, that +same day, for his relief. Major Anderson failed to receive the notice. +On the morning of the 9th the steamer steamed up the channel in the +direction of Sumter, when presently she was fired upon vigorously by the +secessionists. Her captain ran up the stars and stripes, but quickly +lost heart as he caught sight of the ready guns of Fort Moultrie, then +put about, and back to sea. +</p> +<p> +The commander at Sumter was enraged. He sat down and wrote a brief note +to the Governor of South Carolina, demanding to know "if the firing on +the vessel and the flag had been by his orders, and declaring, unless +the act were disclaimed, he would close the harbor with the guns of +Sumter." + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>[241]</span> + + The Governor's reply was both an avowal and a justification of the act. +Anderson, in a second note, stated that he would ask his government for +instructions, and requested "safe conduct for a bearer of despatches." +The Governor, in reply, sent a formal demand for the surrender of the +fort. Anderson responded to this, that he could not comply; but that, if +the government saw fit "to refer this matter to Washington," he would +depute an officer to accompany the messenger. +</p> +<p> +This meant a truce, which the conspirators heartily welcomed. On the +12th of January, therefore, Attorney-General I.W. Hayne, of South +Carolina, proceeded to Washington as an envoy to carry to President +Buchanan the Governor's demand for the surrender of Fort Sumter. The +matter was prolonged; but, on the 6th of February, Mr. Hayne found that +his mission was a failure. +</p> +<p> +On the 4th of February, while the Peace Conference, so called, met in +Washington to consider propositions of compromise and concession, the +delegates of the seceding States assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, to +organize their conspiracy into an avowed and opened rebellion. On the +9th Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President, and +Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President of the new +Confederacy. On the 18th Davis was inaugurated. +</p> +<p> +On the 1st of March General Beauregard was, by the rebel government, +placed in command of the defence of Charleston harbor, with orders to +complete preparations for the capture of Fort Sumter. The Governor had +been exceedingly anxious that the capture should be attempted before the +4th of March. "Mr. Buchanan cannot resist," he wrote to Davis, "because +he has not the power. Mr. Lincoln may not attack, because the cause of +quarrel will have been, or may be considered by him, as past." +</p> +<p> +President Lincoln was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1861. With an +unanswerable argument against disunion, and an earnest appeal to reason +and lawful remedy, he closed his inaugural address with the following +impressive declaration of peace and good-will:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is + the momentous issue of civil war. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without + being yourselves the aggressors; you can have no oath registered in + heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn + one,—to preserve, protect, and defend it. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be + enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break, our bond + of affection. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and + patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this + broad land, will yet swell the Chorus of the Union when again touched, + as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. +</p> +<p> +On the 15th of March President Lincoln, having been advised by General +Scott that it was now "practically impossible to relieve or reinforce +Sumter," propounded the following question to his cabinet: "Assuming it +to be possible + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>[242]</span> + + to provision Sumter, is it wise, under all the circumstances of the +case, to attempt to do so?" Five of the seven members of the cabinet +argued <i>against</i> the policy of relief. On the 29th the matter came +up again, and four of the seven then favored an attempt to relieve Major +Anderson. The President at once ordered the preparation of an +expedition. Three ships of war, with a transport and three swift steam +tugs, a supply of open boats, provisions far six months, and two hundred +recruits, were fitted out at New York, and, with all possible secrecy, +sailed on the 9th and 10th of April, "under sealed orders to rendezvous +before Charleston harbor at daylight on the morning of the 11th." +</p> +<p> +Meanwhile preparations for the capture of Sumter had been steadily going +on under the direction of General Beauregard, one of the most skilful of +engineers. On the 1st of April he telegraphed to Montgomery, the capital +of the new confederacy:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Batteries ready to open Wednesday or Thursday. What instructions? +</p> +<p> +On the same day orders were issued to stop all courtesies to the +garrison, to prohibit all supplies from the city, and to allow no one to +depart from the fort. On the 7th Anderson received a confidential +letter, under date of April 4th, from President Lincoln, notifying him +that a relief expedition would be sent, and requesting him to hold out, +if possible, until its arrival. +</p> +<p> +On the morning of the 8th the following communication from the President +was, by special messenger, placed in the hands of Governor Pickens:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + I am directed by the President of the United States to notify you to + expect an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions + only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in + provisions, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, + or in case of an attack upon the fort. +</p> +<p> +This message was at once communicated to Jefferson Davis, at Montgomery, +who entertained the opinion that the war should be begun without further +delay. On the 10th Beauregard was instructed to demand the evacuation of +Fort Sumter, and to reduce it in case of refusal. +</p> +<p> +On the following day, at two o'clock in the afternoon, General +Beauregard sent two of his aids to make the demand; but it was refused. +Still another message was sent, with the same result. On the morning of +the 12th, at twenty minutes past three o'clock, General Beauregard sent +notice to Anderson that he would open fire upon Sumter in one hour from +that time. +</p> +<p> +At half-past four appeared "the first flash from the mortar battery near +old Fort Jackson, on the south side of the harbor, and an instant after +a bombshell rose in a slow, high curve through the air, and fell upon +the fort." +</p> +<p> +It was the first gun in the Rebellion. Gun after gun responded to the +signal, and through thirty-six hours, without the loss of a single life +in the besieged garrison. At noon, on Sunday, the 14th of April, Major +Anderson hauled down the flag of the United States, and evacuated Fort +Sumter. Before sunset the flag of the Confederate States floated over +the ramparts. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page243" name="page243"></a>[243]</span> +</p> +<p> +The following telegrams were transmitted:— +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + STEAMSHIP "BALTIC," OFF SANDY HOOK, +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + April 18 (1861), 10.30 A.M., <i>via</i> New York. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters + were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge walls + seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door + closed from the effect of heat, four barrels and three cartridges of + powder only being available, and no provisions remaining but pork, I + accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, being the + same offered by him on the 11th inst., prior to the commencement of + hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th + inst., with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and + private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns. +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + ROBERT ANDERSON,<br /> + <i>Major First Artillery, Commanding</i>. +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + HON. S. CAMERON, <i>Secretary of War, Washington</i>. +</p> + +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, April 20, 1861. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON, <i>Late Commander at Fort Sumter</i>:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + MY DEAR SIR,—I am directed by the President of the United States to + communicate to you, and through you to the officers and men of your + command at Forts Moultrie and Sumter, the approbation of the government + of your and their judicious and gallant conduct there, and to tender you + and them the thanks of the government for the same. +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + SIMON CAMERON,<br /> + <i>Secretary of War</i>. +</p> +<p> +The conspiracy had now ceased to be such. Revolution and war had begun, +and by the firing upon Fort Sumter the political atmosphere was cleared +up as if by magic. If there were now any <i>doubters</i> on either side +they had betaken themselves out of sight; for them, and for all the +world, the roar of Beauregard's guns had changed incredulity into fact. +Behind those guns stood seven seceded States, with the machinery of a +perfectly organized local government and with a zeal worthy of a nobler +cause. +</p> +<p> +The news of the assault reached the Capitol on Saturday, April 13th, On +Sunday, the 14th, the President and his cabinet held their first council +of war. On the following morning the first "call for troops" was +proclaimed to the whole country, in a grand "appeal to all loyal +citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid this effort to maintain the +honor, the integrity, and existence of our National Union, and the +perpetuity of popular government." +</p> +<p> +The North was now aroused. Within forty-eight hours from the publication +of the proclamation armed companies of volunteers were moving towards +the expected scene of conflict. For the first time in the history of +this nation parties vanished from politics, and "universal opinion +recognized but two rallying points,—the camps of the South which +gathered to assail the Union, and the armies of the North that rose to +defend it." +</p> +<p> +The watchword of the impending conflict was sounded by Stephen A. +Douglas, one of the most powerful and energetic of public leaders, a +recent + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>[244]</span> + + candidate for the presidency, and the life-long political antagonist of +Abraham Lincoln. On Sunday, the 14th of April, while the ink was +scarcely yet dry upon the written parchment of the proclamation, Mr. +Douglas called at the White House, and, in a long interview, assured his +old antagonist of his readiness to join him in unrelenting warfare +against Rebellion. Shortly afterwards he departed for his home in +Illinois, where, until his death, which occurred a few weeks later, he +declared, with masterly eloquence, that,— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "<span class="sc">Every man must be for the United States or against it; there can + be no neutrals in this war—only patriots and traitors.</span>" +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Hurrah! the drums are beating; the fife is calling shrill; </p> +<p class="i2"> Ten thousand starry banners flame on town, and bay, and hill; </p> +<p class="i2"> The thunders of the rising wave drown Labor's peaceful hum; </p> +<p class="i2"> Thank God that we have lived to see the saffron morning come! </p> +<p class="i2"> The morning of the battle-call, to every soldier dear,— </p> +<p class="i2"> O joy! the cry is "Forward!" O joy! the foe is near! </p> +<p class="i2"> For all the crafty men of peace have failed to purge the land; </p> +<p class="i2"> Hurrah! the ranks of battle close; God takes his cause in hand!" </p> +</div> +</div> + +<a name="note-1"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>1</u> (<a href="#noteref-1">return</a>)<br /> +"If, through the madness of Northern abolitionists, that +dire calamity (disruption of the Union) must come, the fighting will not +be along Mason and Dixon's line merely. It will be <i>within our own +borders, in our own streets</i>, between the two classes of citizens to +whom I have referred. Those who defy law, and scout constitutional +obligation, will, if we ever reach the arbitrament of arms, find +occupation enough at home."—<i>Letter to Jefferson Davis, dated +January</i> 6, 1860. +</p> +<a name="note-2"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>2</u> (<a href="#noteref-2">return</a>)<br /> +The word "must" is italicized in the original letter. See +<i>Official Records of the Rebellion</i>, Vol. I., p. 76. +</p> +<a name="note-3"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>3</u> (<a href="#noteref-3">return</a>)<br /> +See <i>Official Records of the Rebellion</i>, I., p. 77. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0005" id="h2H_4_0005"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + TOMMY TAFT. +</h2> +<h4> + A STORY OF BOSTON-TOWN. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By A.L.G.</span> +</h3> +<p> +Tommy Taft, or T.T. as he was wont to call himself, had always regretted +two misfortunes,—first, the indisputable fact of his birth, and second, +the imprisonment of his father, not long afterwards. +</p> +<p> +The earlier misfortune, Tommy Taft, not being at the time aware of it, +was of course quite unable to prevent. The later misfortune it was alike +beyond his power to forestall. It came to pass that young Tommy Taft +grew up to be as crude a specimen of body and soul as had ever +flourished in Boston-town. +</p> +<p> +I have not set myself the task of following the drift of his life from +the dawn of babyhood to the twentieth anniversary of the same. But one +event ought to be here recalled, which was, that on a certain day Tommy +Taft was at work in a garden and in just that part of the garden, it +ought to be said, where the wall was so low that a person could easily +look over it into the long, narrow road. +</p> +<p> +Tommy Taft was not particularly fond of work; in other words, he was not +a great worker. On this occasion, however, the promise of an extra +shilling being uppermost in his mind, he plied his energies with more +than wonted skill. He + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>[245]</span> + + was disposed to be meditative as well, and so deeply that he chanced not +to perceive an aged personage who, for perhaps five and twenty minutes, +had been cautiously scrutinizing him from across the wall. +</p> +<p> +It was a most extraordinary fit of sneezing—nothing more nor less—that +first attracted the attention of Tommy Taft, and prompted him to look +up. And what did he see? Only a weather-beaten face, shaded by a ragged +straw hat out of which peeped locks of grizzled gray hair. The owner +leaned somewhat heavily against the wall. +</p> +<p> +Tommy Taft was not amazed; but if he had not already become accustomed +to affronts and ill-shapen visages, he might have been awed into +silence. He merely paused, with his right foot on the shoulder of the +spade share, and peered at the stranger. To the best of his knowledge, +he had never seen him before. On a former time, however, he had chanced +to see his own face in a mirror and, odd as it may seem, he now remarked +to himself a striking resemblance between the two faces,—his own and +that of the new comer. But his thoughts were quickly turned. +</p> +<p> +"I say, young man!" +</p> +<p> +"What say?" replied Tommy Taft. +</p> +<p> +"You don't happen to know a young man by the name o' Tom Taft, do you?" +</p> +<p> +"I reckon I do." The youth plunged the spade share into the earth, and +folded his arms. +</p> +<p> +"Have a shake, then," continued the stranger. +</p> +<p> +"But that ain't a tellin' me who you be," said Tommy Taft, approaching +and holding out his hand. +</p> +<p> +"I'm Jim Taft; and if so be your father was a shoemaker in this town and +got locked up—I say, I'm he!" +</p> +<p> +There was pathos in the utterance of these words, and, somehow or other, +Tommy Taft's heart fluttered just a little and before he was aware of it +a tear was trickling down his cheek. +</p> +<p> +"Are you happy, young man," queried the elder. He drew himself up on the +wall. +</p> +<p> +"Well, I s'pose I am, though I ain't got nuthin'. But folks as haint got +nuthin' and enjoy it is a plagued sight richer than sich as has got +everything and don't enjoy it. Yes—I s'pose I'm happy." +</p> +<p> +"And where's the old woman?" +</p> +<p> +"Dead, I s'pose." +</p> +<p> +"Dead!" +</p> +<p> +"Or in the work-house where she might'nt have been, if you'd a stayed +round." +</p> +<p> +Jim Taft, for it was he, began to think, and the longer he thought, the +more troubled he looked. +</p> +<p> +"You won't say as you saw me loafin' around here, will you?" he asked at +length; "that is, if you won't give me a lift, me—your father?" +</p> +<p> +"How a lift?" inquired his interlocutor. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>[246]</span> +</p> +<p> +"A few shillings perhaps; or, perhaps you ain't got a pair o' boots as +has in 'em more leather 'n holes, or a pair of breeches as is good for +suthin'." +</p> +<p> +"Wait a bit!" said Tommy Taft. He disappeared; but he soon came back, +with an old pair of boots in one hand and a pair of pantaloons in the +other. +</p> +<p> +"There's suthin' in the nigh pocket," he remarked, as he handed the +pantaloons to his parent. "I've often s'posed you'd come back, and would +need the money what I saved for you." +</p> +<p> +The parent, however, had not the courtesy to return thanks. He was more +anxious to know something about Tom's employer and his whereabouts. +</p> +<p> +"He's a good one, he is," said Tommy Taft; "and no, he ain't to home. +He's in ——; and I've got to meet him to-night in the tavern there—." +</p> +<p> +"In Hog's Lane?" +</p> +<p> +"Yes." +</p> +<p> +"Hylton has a heap o' money, Tommy." +</p> +<p> +"If he have or no, I don't reckon its none o' your business, or mine +nuther." +</p> +<p> +The parent noticed the surly tone in which his son had just spoken, and +concluded to say "good day," and to be off. +</p> +<p> +Tommy Taft wondered what could be the cause of so sudden a departure; +and then he wondered whether, it really was his father that had so +unexpectedly accosted him. He went back to his spade, and next wondered +whether the man might not be an escaped convict. If so, how came he to +know John Hylton? +</p> +<p> +In obedience to orders, Tommy Taft set off to meet his employer +at the tavern in Hog's Lane. He supped that evening with the keeper. +Afterwards, he lighted his pipe, drew a chair up to the open fireplace, +and smoked in silence. Still later, he betook himself through a long, +narrow entry, up a narrow flight of stairs, and into a small, square +room. After he had closed the door behind him, he observed another door, +which, he concluded, opened into the next apartment. It was locked. +Tommy Taft was to pass the night in this self-same room, and he had good +reasons for believing that his employer occupied the room adjoining and +was already sound asleep. +</p> +<p> +The hours sped by. The tavern-keeper looked up to the clock,—it was +after midnight. He locked the big door, and had just diminished the +number of burning lamps from six to two, when he heard the sound of +voices as in dispute, and seemingly issuing from the room just above. +He hurried to the foot of the stairs, and listened. He distinctly caught +the voice of Mr. Hylton, and the words of another voice,—"You'll be +sorry for that!" The tavern-keeper heard nothing more. Presently, he too +went to bed. +</p> +<p> +Morning came, and the servants were busy in the kitchen. At half-past +six, Tommy Taft ought, as on former occasions, to have carried a pitcher +of hot water up to his employer's bedroom. But he failed to do so, this +morning. At seven, Mr. Hylton ought to have been seated at the breakfast +table; but he did not appear. +</p> +<p> +The tavern-keeper, when the clock had struck eight, went upstairs. He +rapped on the door of the small square room. No response. He forced open +the door. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>[247]</span> +</p> +<p> +"Ah!" he exclaimed. "Tommy Taft gone! and the bed not slept in, +neither!" +</p> +<p> +The window was open. It had rained during the night, and on the soft, +gravel mould beneath the window he discovered foot prints. He turned, +and went to the door which communicated between the two apartments. It +was unlocked. He turned the knob,—opened the door gently, and beheld +John Hylton lying in a pool of blood, with his throat gashed, and with +a large clasp-knife clenched in his right hand! +</p> +<p> +It was indeed a mystery. The discovery of the tragedy was followed by +intense excitement. The coroner's jury suspected Tommy Taft as the +murderer, because the knife which was found in the hand of the victim +bore on its hilt the initials "T.T.", and because the tavern-keeper +testified that he had heard angry words in the night. +</p> +<p> +Tommy Taft was brought to trial. It was proved that the murdered man's +money-bag was rifled of all coin, but of only one bank note,—and that, +the one which the tavern-keeper had had in his possession the afternoon +before the tragedy and which Tommy Taft got changed on the day after the +murder. These facts, together with the footprints on the gravel soil, +enabled the prosecuting attorney to make out what seemed to both judge +and jury a very strong case. Indeed, there was but one person in the +court room that believed the prisoner innocent,—that was Tommy Taft +himself. +</p> +<p> +He admitted that he had had a dispute with his employer, but gave no +cause and that the latter had peremptorily dismissed him from further +service; that the bank-note was given to him that very same night, as +the full amount due him; that after the dispute, he could not go to bed; +that he bethought him, without disturbing anybody, to steal quietly down +stairs and to depart, unobserved, by way of the front door. He sturdily +denied that the footprints on the gravel soil were his. He firmly +declared his innocence, and that, while he felt that he could tell the +name of the murderer, he did not wish to do so, for the reason that he +had no proof to support his suspicion. +</p> +<p> +Tommy Taft died on the gallows. After the execution, people gathered to +discuss the event. They began to think, too, as people sometimes will +when they have condemned without thinking. +</p> +<p> +"That boy's pluckier than I'd a bin," murmured an old man, as he dragged +his weather-beaten body slowly through the crowd. "He wasn't a guilty, +Tommy Taft wasn't." +</p> +<p> +Nobody knew the speaker, and nobody cared for what he said. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>[248]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE MUSE OF HISTORY. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Elizabeth Porter Gould.</span> +</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Clio with her flickering light </p> +<p class="i4"> And book of valued lore, </p> +<p class="i2"> Comes down the ages dark and bright, </p> +<p class="i4"> Our interest to implore. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> She walks with glad, majestic mien, </p> +<p class="i4"> Proud of her knowledge gained, </p> +<p class="i2"> E'en while she mourns from having seen </p> +<p class="i4"> Man's life so dulled and pained. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Her face with lines of care is wrought, </p> +<p class="i4"> From searching mystery's cause, </p> +<p class="i2"> And dealing with the hidden thought </p> +<p class="i4"> Of nature's subtle laws. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Yet still she blushes with new life </p> +<p class="i4"> In sight of actions fine, </p> +<p class="i2"> And pales with anguish at the strife </p> +<p class="i4"> Of evil's dread design. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> She stops to sing her grandest lays </p> +<p class="i4"> When, in creation's heat, </p> +<p class="i2"> She sees evolved a higher phase </p> +<p class="i4"> Of life's fruitions sweet. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> 'Twas thus in days of Genesis </p> +<p class="i4"> When man came forth supreme; </p> +<p class="i2"> 'Twas thus in days of Nemesis </p> +<p class="i4"> When Love did dare redeem. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> And thus 'twill be in future days </p> +<p class="i4"> When out from spirit-laws, </p> +<p class="i2"> Shall be brought forth for lasting praise </p> +<p class="i4"> The ever-great First cause. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Then gladly know this wondrous muse </p> +<p class="i4"> Who walks the aisles of Time; </p> +<p class="i2"> And dare not thoughtlessly refuse </p> +<p class="i4"> Her book of lore sublime. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> For in it is the precious force </p> +<p class="i4"> Of spirit-life divine, </p> +<p class="i2"> Which even through a winding course </p> +<p class="i4"> Leads on to Wisdom's shrine. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>[249]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0007" id="h2H_4_0007"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + TWO REFORM MAYORS OF BOSTON. +</h2> +<h4> + JOHN PHILLIPS. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By The Editor.</span> +</h3> +<p> +The progenitor of the Phillips family in America was the Rev. George +Phillips, son of Christopher Phillips of Rainham, St. Martin, Norfolk +County, England, <i>mediocris fortunæ</i>. He entered Gonville and Caius +College, Cambridge, April, 20, 1610, then aged seventeen years, and +received his bachelor's degree in 1613. +</p> +<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-265.jpg"><img src="images/ill-265.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="JOHN PHILLIPS, THE FIRST MAYOR OF BOSTON." /></a> +<br /> +JOHN PHILLIPS, THE FIRST MAYOR OF BOSTON. +</div> +<p> +After his graduation he was settled in the ministry at Boxted, Essex +County, England; but his strong attachment to the principles of the +Nonconformists brought him into difficulties with some of his +parishioners, and as the storm of persecution grew more dark and +threatening, he resolved to cast his lot with the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>[250]</span> + + Puritans, who were about to depart for the New World. On the 12th of +April, 1630, he with his wife and two children embarked for America in +the "Arbella," as fellow-passenger, with Gov. Winthrop, Sir Richard +Saltonstall, and other assistants of the Massachusetts Company, and +arrived at Salem on the 12th of June, where, shortly afterwards, his +wife died and was buried by the side of Lady Arabella Johnson. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Phillips was admitted "freeman," May 18, 1631; this being the +earliest date of any such admission. For fourteen years he was the +pastor of the church at Watertown, a most godly man, and an influential +member of the small council that regulated the affairs of the colony. +His share in giving form and character to the institutions of New +England is believed to have been a very large one. He died on the 1st of +July, 1644, aged about fifty-one years. +</p> +<p> +The son of the foregoing, born in Boxted, England, in 1625, and +graduated from Harvard College in 1650, became in 1651 the Rev. Samuel +Phillips of Rowley, Mass. He continued as pastor over this parish for a +period of forty-five years. He was highly esteemed for his piety and +talents, which were of no common order; and he was eminently useful, +both at home and abroad. +</p> +<p> +In September, 1687, an information was filed by one Philip Nelson +against the Rev. Samuel Phillips, for calling Randolph "a wicked man;" +and for this "crime" (redounding to his honor) he was committed to +prison. +</p> +<p> +He was married in October, 1651, to Sarah Appleton, the daughter of +Samuel and Mary (Everhard) Appleton of Ipswich. He died April 22, 1696, +greatly beloved and lamented. His inventory amounted to nine hundred and +eighty-nine pounds sterling. In November, 1839, a chaste and handsome +marble monument was placed over the remains of Mr. Phillips and his +wife, in the burial-ground at Rowley, by the Hon. Jonathan Phillips of +Boston, their great-great-great-grandson. +</p> +<p> +He left two sons, the younger of whom, George (1664-1739, Harvard 1686), +became an eminent clergyman, the Rev. George Phillips, first of Jamaica, +L.I., and afterwards of Brookhaven. The elder son, Samuel, chose the +occupation of a goldsmith, and settled in Salem. It is from this Samuel +of Salem that the two Boston branches of the Phillips family have +descended. +</p> +<p> +A younger son of Samuel, the Hon. John Phillips, was born June 22, +1701. He became a successful merchant of Boston, was a deacon of +Brattle-street Church, a colonel of the Boston Regiment, a justice of +the peace and of the quorum, and a representative of Boston for several +years in the General Court. He married, in 1723, Mary Buttolph, a +daughter of Nicholas Buttolph of Boston. She died in 1742; and he next +married, Abigail Webb, a daughter of Rev. Mr. Webb of Fairfield, Conn. +He died April 19, 1768, and was buried with military honors. According +to the records, he was "a man much devoted to works of benevolence." +</p> +<p> +His son, William Phillips of Boston, was born Aug. 29, 1737, and died +June 4, 1772. In 1761 he married Margaret Wendell, the eleventh and +youngest child of the Hon. Jacob Wendell, a merchant, and one of the +Governor's Council. His widow died in 1823. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>[251]</span> +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">John Phillips</span>, the only son of William and Margaret, was born in Boston +on the ancient Phillips place, on the 26th of November, 1770. His mother +was a woman of uncommon energy of mind as well as of ardent piety, and +early instilled into the heart of her son the principles of religion and +a love of learning and of his native land. She placed him, at the early +age of seven years, in the family of his kinsman, Lieut.-Gov. Samuel +Phillips of Andover, where he remained until he entered Harvard College +in 1784. In this excellent and pious family, and in the academy under +the charge of the learned Dr. Eliphalet Pearson, young Phillips acquired +the rudiments of a sound scholarship as well as that urbane and +conciliating manner which was so conducive to his success in subsequent +life. +</p> +<p> +Judge Phillips and his excellent wife took a lively interest in the +studies of their ward. They examined him from time to time, not only in +his catechism, which was then regularly taught, but also in respect of +his literary efforts and acquirements. They encouraged him to make +strenuous efforts to obtain a high rank as a scholar, speaker, +gentleman, and Christian. Their labors were not lost. On leaving +Andover, the youth was prepared to take an elevated stand in college, +which he maintained to the completion of his course, when the honor of +pronouncing the salutatory oration was conferred on him by the faculty. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Phillips chose the profession of the law, and soon gained an +extensive practice. His popularity became such, that in 1794, he was +invited to deliver the annual Fourth of July oration before the people +of Boston. "This production," says a writer, "bears the finest marks of +intellectual vigor." Some extracts from it have found their way into the +school-books as models of eloquence. +</p> +<p> +In this same year Mr. Phillips was married to Miss Sally Walley, +daughter of Thomas Walley, Esq., a respectable merchant of Boston. On +the establishment of the Municipal Court in Boston, in 1800, he was made +public prosecutor, and in 1803 was chosen representative to the General +Court. The next year he was sent to the Senate, and such was the wisdom +of his political measures, and the dignity of his bearing towards all +parties, that he continued to hold a seat in this body every successive +year until his decease, always discharging his duties, either as a +debater or in the chair, to which he was ten times called, most +creditably to himself as well as most acceptably to his constituents and +the State. +</p> +<p> +In 1809 Mr. Phillips was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas. +Three years later he was elected a member of the corporation of Harvard +College, and in 1820 a member of the convention for the revision of +the State Constitution. In this able and dignified body he held a +conspicuous rank. His remarks upon the various questions which arose +were learned, judicious, and sometimes rendered all the more effective +by the flashes of his wit. Speaking, for example, on the third article +of the Bill of Rights, he said he hoped they would not be like the man +whose epitaph was, "I am well, I would be better, and here I am." +</p> +<p> +The next year the town of Boston, which then contained nearly forty-five +thousand inhabitants, began to agitate in good earnest the question of +adopting a + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>[252]</span> + + city government. A committee of twelve, of which Mr. Phillips was +chairman, drew up and reported a city charter for the town, which was +adopted at a meeting held March 4, 1822, by a vote of 2,797 to 1,881. +The result was formally announced on the 7th of the same month by a +proclamation from Gov. Brooks. +</p> +<p> +The two prominent candidates for the office of mayor were Harrison Gray +Otis and Josiah Quincy, both men of high accomplishments and enjoying +a large share of public confidence. But after a vote had been taken, +resulting in no choice of mayor, the friends of these gentlemen suddenly +agreed on Mr. Phillips, who at the town-meeting held on the 16th of +April, 1822, received 2,500 out of 2,650 votes, and thus became the +first mayor of the city of Boston. +</p> +<p> +The inauguration occurred at Faneuil Hall on the 1st of May following. +The ceremonies of the occasion were unusually impressive; the venerable +Dr. Thomas Baldwin invoking the favor of Heaven, and Chief Justice Isaac +Parker administering the oath. +</p> +<p> +In discharging the duties of his office, Mr. Phillips wisely avoided +sumptuous display on one hand, and a parsimonious economy on the other, +but observing that <i>juste milieu</i> which good sense dictated, and +the spirit of our republican institutions demanded, succeeded in +overcoming all prejudice against the new form of municipal government, +and in establishing a precedent, which, followed by succeeding mayors, +has saved the city millions of dollars of needless expense, and has +served as a worthy example to many other cities in this country. +</p> +<p> +The result of the first year's administration under the new charter +did not meet the expectations of those who had been instrumental in +procuring it. They were eager for a more energetic system, and they +charged Mr. Phillips with pursuing a timid and hesitating course for +fear of losing his popularity. But still when he went out of office, +Mr. Josiah Quincy, his successor, could say of him:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "After examining and considering the records and proceedings of the + city authorities for the past year, it is impossible for me to refrain + from expressing the sense I entertain of the services of that high and + honorable individual who filled the chair of this city, as well as of + the wise, prudent, and faithful citizens who composed during that + period the city council." +</p> +<p> +Perceiving, towards the expiration of his first term of service, that +his health was beginning to fail, Mr. Phillips declined being a +candidate for re-election, and on the twenty-ninth day of May, 1823, was +suddenly stricken down by disease of the heart,—he being then in the +fifty-third year of his age. His death was universally lamented, and +public honors were paid by all parties to his memory. +</p> +<p> +John Phillips was a good man, true as steel, and always trustworthy in +the various relations of life. He lived in the fear of God, and from his +Word received instruction for the guidance of his conduct. He lived in +stormy times; yet such was the consistency and elevation of his +character, such the suavity and dignity of his manner, such the kindness +of his heart, the clearness of his conceptions, and the beauty of his +language, that he commanded the respect and admiration of his political +opponents, wielding perhaps as great an influence as any public man of +the State at that period; and he will ever stand as a worthy model for +the incumbents of that high municipal office, which his wisdom, +prudence, virtue, integrity, and eloquence adorned. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>[253]</span> +</p> +<p> +The following are the names of the children of John and Sally (Walley) +Phillips, all of whom are now dead:— +</p> +<p> +1. Thomas Walley, born Jan. 16, 1797. 2. Sarah Hurd, born April 24, +1799. 3. Samuel born Feb. 8, 1801. 4. Margaret, born Nov. 29, 1802. 5. +Miriam, born Nov. 20, 18—. 6. John Charles, born Nov. 16, 1807. 7. +George William, born Jan. 3, 1810. 8. <span class="sc">Wendell</span>, born Nov. 29, 1811. 9. +Grenville Tudor, born Aug. 14, 1816.<a href="#note-4" name="noteref-4"><small>4</small></a> +</p> +<a name="note-4"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>4</u> (<a href="#noteref-4">return</a>)<br /> +See the "Life and Times of Wendell Phillips," by G.L. Austin, Boston, 1884. +</p> +<hr /> + +<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-270.jpg"><img src="images/ill-270.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="Hugh O'Brien" /></a> +<br /> +Hugh O'Brien. +</div> + +<a name="h2H_4_0008" id="h2H_4_0008"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HUGH O'BRIEN. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Charles H. Taylor.</span> +</h3> +<p> +There are but few other men at the present moment in whom the citizens +of Boston are more interested, for a variety of good reasons, than the +<span class="sc">Hon. Hugh O'Brien</span>. His name must be added to the roll of +Bostonians, who have distinguished themselves by the services they have +rendered to the city. Now placed at the head of this great municipality +as Mayor, a glance at his life shows that he has won his way to that +position by the exhibition of qualities, such as all self-educated men +possess. His private and public life fully illustrate that true merit is +sooner or later appreciated and rewarded. +</p> +<p> +Born in Ireland, July 13, 1827, he was brought to America when five +years old. Boston became the home of his childhood, and has always been +his place of residence. Ever since he graduated from the old grammar +school on Fort Hill, he has been swayed by Boston ideas and influences. +The excellent ground-work of his education obtained in that school soon +became enlarged and increased through the efforts of young O'Brien to +add to his stock of information on all conceivable subjects. To +accomplish this he haunted the Public Library, and eagerly read +everything of a useful nature—history, biography and statistics having +a peculiar fascination to him. During this time he had also entered the +office of the <i>Boston Courier</i> to learn the printer's trade, at the +age of twelve years. He made rapid progress in that important art. From +the <i>Courier</i> he went to the book and job printing office of +Messrs. Tuttle, Dennett & Chisholm, on School street, where he became +foreman at the early age of fifteen. After several years service there, +he started the publication of the <i>Shipping and Commercial List</i>, +with which he still maintains a connection, and has always been its +principal editor. +</p> +<p> +Any young man desiring to advance himself intellectually and socially in +life could not have had a better schooling than that afforded by the +newspaper work which Mr. O'Brien has done. Added to all this labor, +there was the ambition of this young man to succeed. He had a distinct +aim in life, which was always to be an honored and respected member of +his craft and of society. He is, therefore, found diligently at work +absorbed in business and intellectual pursuits. Various literary +societies and philanthropic projects have always found in him a sturdy +supporter. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>[254]</span> +</p> +<p> +What would be the future of such an energetic and ambitious young man +was easily predicted by his friends and acquaintances, and the +predictions have been verified. It was believed that he would succeed in +life, become a very useful member of society, and "make his mark in the +world," as the saying goes. These things have come to pass. And why? +Because the young man equipped himself early with the weapons with which +to fight the battle of life. And he never dropped those weapons; therein +is the secret of his success. Many young men begin life aright; how sad +that they do not continue in the right path! +</p> +<p> +Mr. O'Brien made the <i>Shipping and Commercial List</i> a strong paper +and merchants quickly began to rely upon it for accurate information as +regards mercantile and commercial affairs. He also issued the first +annual reports of Boston's trade and commerce, and that volume has been +adopted for years by the Merchants' Exchange, The work in connection +with his newspaper naturally brought him into personal contact with the +foremost merchants of Boston. These gentlemen who have known him +intimately for forty years, have nothing but words of praise concerning +his character, honesty, and business sagacity. He has witnessed the city +grow from a population of 75,000 inhabitants to over 400,000, and all +the changes in business methods, together with the multifarious +enterprises in which Boston has engaged, are perfectly familiar to him, +and he has not been backward in helping to promote such changes and +enterprises as would benefit all classes of citizens. Prominent business +men have not only spoken well of Mr. O'Brien, but they have given a +practical illustration of their faith in him by making him the custodian +of trust funds for various purposes, and in no instance has their +confidence been misplaced. His financial abilities have always been +acknowledged to be first-class, and therefore it is not surprising to +learn that for years he has been President of the Union Institution for +Savings, Treasurer of the Franklin Typographical Union, and a director +in various benevolent and charitable institutions. +</p> +<p> +It is very natural, in view of the business training and abilities of +Hugh O'Brien, that he should be heard from in public life. Such vigorous +and brainy men do not escape the attention of the people. In 1875 he +took a seat in the Board of Aldermen, when the <i>Boston Advertiser</i> +referred to him as "well-known in the community and has the respect and +confidence of every one." It is well known in political circles that Mr. +O'Brien did not seek this office and has never been an applicant for any +office. He also served as Alderman in the years 1875, 1876, 1877, 1879, +1880, 1881 and 1883, and was chairman of the Board four years. +</p> +<p> +His public career as Alderman was closely watched by the people and is +well known. During his service in that capacity he gave to municipal +affairs the same careful study that he had devoted to business matters +when in private life. He served upon important committees, and all the +great questions of vital interest to the welfare of Boston which have +come up of late years, in which he had also been interested while in +private life, received his official attention and prompt action. Notable +among these were good pay for laborers, purification and improvement of +the water supply, a useful system of parks, sanitary reforms, schools, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>[255]</span> + + abolition of the poll tax, and last but not least, low taxation. He has +always been found on the right side of these and other important +questions and has labored long and diligently, in the face of +opposition, to carry out the ideas of the taxpayers in relation to them. +Bostonians well know the signal success which has crowned his efforts. +</p> +<p> +In December, 1884, Alderman O'Brien was elected Mayor for the year 1885. +During the first half of his term, the old charter being in force, he +did many meritorious things which no other Mayor has done under that +instrument. And now under the new city charter, which makes him directly +responsible for the honest and efficient management of the city's +affairs, his actions are speaking loud enough to be heard even outside +the city, and they challenge the admiration of all readers of the daily +press of Boston. +</p> +<p> +In appearance, Mayor O'Brien is a little over the average height, of +robust build, weighing over two hundred pounds; has a florid complexion, +with keen blue eyes. He has what physiologists would call a +well-balanced temperament, knows how to govern himself, has an +indomitable will and pluck, and is a man for emergencies. He is an +indefatigable worker, and the details of a large business do not prevent +him from despatching work promptly. Above all, he possesses that rare +virtue, tact. He is courteous and affable to all visitors, and makes new +friends constantly because of his sterling qualities. As a public +speaker, he is earnest, forcible and argumentative without being +captious. If his opponent thinks he has a man to deal with who is not +fully posted upon the subject under discussion, he quickly learns his +error. While not an orator, Mayor O'Brien carries conviction to hearers +by the force of his honest utterances and sound reasoning. At the same +time he has risen to the heights of eloquence upon the floor of the +Board of Aldermen when defending the cause of the laboring man. Himself +a workingman all his life, he never allows those who earn their bread by +the sweat of their brow to ask him twice for a favor which it is in his +power to grant. He has been their unsolicited champion when they badly +needed one, and his record will bear the minutest inspection. +</p> +<p> +Such then is a brief sketch of a remarkable Bostonian. The poor boy who +landed in Boston a little over a half century ago has become its Chief +Magistrate. Boston has honored him. He has shown, and is still showing, +his appreciation of the high honor. Slowly, but surely, this modest +gentleman has won his way to the front in the popular estimation of his +fellow-citizens. A man who tries constantly to do right for the love of +doing right, he has become more distinguished than many so-called +brilliant men who, meteor-like, flash before people's eyes once, and are +heard of no more. There is a solidity about all his public acts which +command attention and elicit approbation. It is too early to write the +full history of Mayor O'Brien, because he is rapidly making history; but +Boston's history thus far does not record when the city has had a more +efficient or more honest Mayor than the present Chief Magistrate. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>[256]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0009" id="h2H_4_0009"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HELEN HUNT JACKSON. +</h2> +<p> +The news of the death of Mrs. Helen Jackson—better known as +"H.H."—will probably carry a pang of regret into more American homes +than similar intelligence in regard to any other woman, with the +possible exception of Mrs. H.B. Stowe, who belongs to an earlier +literary generation. +</p> +<p> +Helen Maria (Fiske) Jackson was the daughter of Prof. Nathan W. Fiske, +of Amherst College, whose "Manual of Classical Literature," based on +that of Eschenberg, was long in use in our colleges, and who wrote +several other books. She was born in Amherst, Mass., October 18, 1831; +her mother's maiden name being Vinal. The daughter was educated in part +at Ipswich (Mass.) Female Seminary, and in part at the school of the +Rev. J.S.C. Abbott in New York city. She was married to Captain +(afterward Major) Edward B. Hunt, an eminent engineer officer of the +United States Army. Major Hunt was a man of scientific attainments quite +unusual in his profession, was a member of various learned societies, +and for some time an assistant professor at West Point. He contributed +to one of the early volumes of the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> (xii, 794) a +paper on "Military Bridges." His wife resided with him at various +military stations—West Point, Washington, Newport, R.I., etc.—and they +had several children, all of whom died very young except one boy, +Rennie, who lived to the age of eight or ten, showing extraordinary +promise. His death and that of Major Hunt—who was killed in 1863 by the +discharge of suffocating vapors from a submarine battery of his own +invention—left Mrs. Hunt alone in the world, and she removed her +residence a year or two after to Newport, R.I., where the second period +of her life began. +</p> +<p> +Up to this time she had given absolutely no signs of literary talent. +She had been absorbed in her duties as wife and mother, and had been +fond of society, in which she was always welcome because of her +vivacity, wit, and ready sympathy. In Newport she found herself, from +various causes, under strong literary influences, appealing to tastes +that developed rapidly in herself. She soon began to publish poems, one +of the first of which, if not the first—a translation from Victor +Hugo—appeared in the <i>Nation</i>. Others of her poems, perhaps her +best—including the sonnets "Burnt Ships" and "Ariadne's +Farewell"—appeared also in the <i>Nation</i>. Not long after, she began +to print short papers on domestic subjects in the <i>Independent</i> and +elsewhere, and soon found herself thoroughly embarked in a literary +career. Her first poem in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> appeared in +February, 1869; and her volume of "Verses" was printed at her own +expense in 1870, being reprinted with some enlargement in 1871, and +again, almost doubled in size, in 1874. Her "Bits of Travel" (1872) was +made up of sketches of a tour in Europe in 1868-9; a portion of these, +called "Encyclicals of a Traveller," having been originally written as +circular letters to her many friends and then printed—rather against +her judgment, but at the urgent request of Mr. J.T. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>[257]</span> + + Fields—almost precisely as they were written. Upon this followed "Bits +of Talk About Home Matters" (1873), "Bits of Talk for Young Folks" +(1876), and "Bits of Travel at Home" (1878). These, with a little poem +called "The Story of Boon," constituted, for some time, all her +acknowledged volumes; but it is now no secret that she wrote two of the +most successful novels of the <i>No Name</i> series—"Mercy Philbrick's +Choice" (1876) and "Hetty's Strange History" (1877). We do not propose +here to enter into the vexed question of the authorship of the "Saxe +Holme" stories, which appeared in the early volumes of <i>Scribner's +Monthly</i>, and were published in two volumes (1873, 1878). The secret +was certainly very well kept, and in spite of her denials, they were +very often attributed to her by readers and critics. +</p> +<p> +Her residence in Newport as a busy and successful literary woman thus +formed a distinct period of her life, quite apart from the epoch which +preceded it and from the later one which followed. A change soon came. +Her health was never very strong, and she was liable to severe attacks +of diphtheria, to relieve which she tried the climate of Colorado. She +finally took up her residence there, and was married about 1876, to +William S. Jackson, a merchant of Colorado Springs. She had always had +the greatest love for travel and exploration, and found unbounded field +for this in her new life, driving many miles a day over precipitous +roads, and thinking little of crossing the continent by rail from the +Atlantic to the Pacific. In the course of these journeys she became +profoundly interested in the wrongs of the Indians, and for the rest of +her life all literary interests and ambitions were utterly subordinated +to this. During a winter of hard work at the Astor Library in New York +she prepared her "Century of Dishonor" (1881). As one result of this +book she was appointed by the United States Government as one of two +commissioners (Abbot Kinney being the other) to examine and report upon +"the condition and needs of the Mission Indians of California." Their +report, to which Mrs. Jackson's name is first signed, is dated at +Colorado Springs, July 13, 1883, and is a thoroughly business-like +document of thirty-five pages. A new edition of "A Century of Dishonor" +containing this report is just ready by her publishers, Messrs Roberts +Brothers. +</p> +<p> +As another fruit of this philanthropic interest, she wrote, during +another winter in this city, her novel, "Ramona," a book composed with +the greatest rapidity, and printed first in the <i>Christian Union</i>, +afterward appearing in a volume in 1884. Its sole object was further to +delineate the wrongs of the aborigines. Besides these two books, she +wrote, during this later period, some children's stories, "Nelly's +Silver Mine, a Story of Colorado Life" (1878), and three little volumes +of tales about cats. But her life-work, as she viewed it at the end, was +in her two books in behalf of the Indians. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>[258]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0010" id="h2H_4_0010"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HINGHAM. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Francis H. Lincoln.</span> +</h3> + +<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-276.jpg"><img src="images/ill-276.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDING, BURNT IN 1879." /></a> +<br /> +THE PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDING, BURNT IN 1879. +</div> + +<p> +The impression left upon the mind of the traveller who has seen Hingham +only from the railroad train would be one of backyards, a mill-pond, +and woods; but to him who approaches it towards the close of a pleasant +June day by steamboat, when the tide is in, there is spread out a lovely view. +As the boat comes near the landing-place, islands and green hills, beautiful +trees and fields, form a complete circle around him. The picture is one he +will not forget. This pleasant impression will grow stronger if he drives +by almost any of the streets leading from the harbor, for about five miles, +to the southern limit of the town. Should he take the main street he will +be charmed by the wealth of stately elms and other shade-trees, which in +many places form a complete arch over his head, and by the neat dwellings, +for the most part of modest pretensions, some old and some new, almost + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>[259]</span> + + every one with well-kept grounds all betokening thrift and suggesting a +well-to-do community. Nor need he confine himself to the main street. +Several of the thickly settled villages spread out into equally +attractive side streets. Here and there a church, a school-house, or a +public building adds to the general tidy look of the place. Numerous +pleasant wood roads, with a few fresh water ponds and streams, make up a +variety of scenery which is certainly equal to any New England town. +</p> +<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-277.jpg"><img src="images/ill-277.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE 'OLD MEETING HOUSE.'" /></a> +<br /> +THE 'OLD MEETING HOUSE.' +</div> +<p> +"Do you have any poor here?" was once asked by a visitor. "I see no +evidence of anything but plenty, and yet you do not seem to have any +specially leading industries. Whence comes this prosperity?" Whence, +indeed? The history of the settlement and growth of Hingham differs +little from many another town in eastern Massachusetts. Founded by the +Puritans, it is the same story of hardship, patient, persistent toil, +prudent economy, encouragement of education and morality, which has been +told over and over again, and which has demonstrated the sure foundation +upon which true civilization rests. +</p> +<p> +Hingham lies on the south shore of Massachusetts Bay, on the line of the +Old Colony Railroad, 17 miles from Boston by railroad and about 13 by +water. Its area is a little less than 13,000 square acres, and its +population in 1880 was 4,485. Its valuation in 1884 was $3,245,661, and +the number of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" name="page260"></a>[260]</span> + + dwelling-houses was 1,044. Its original limits included the present town +of Cohasset, which was set off and incorporated April 26, 1770. Until +March 26, 1793, Hingham was a part of Suffolk county, when it was +annexed to the County of Norfolk, and June 20, 1793, it again became a +part of the County of Suffolk. June 18, 1803, it was annexed to the +County of Plymouth, of which it has since formed a part. +</p> +<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-278.jpg"><img src="images/ill-278.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT." /></a> +<br /> +THE SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT. +</div> +<p> +The original name of the settlement was Bare (or Bear) Cove. The name +was changed to Hingham, and the town incorporated Sept. 3, 1635, on the +same day with Weymouth and Concord. There are but eleven towns in the +State older than these three. Settlements having dates earlier than the +incorporation were made in many towns, and there is proof that there +were inhabitants here in 1633. There was a recognition of the place as a +sort of municipality in 1634, for Bare Cove was assessed in that year. +Rev. Peter Hobart, of Hingham, England, the first minister, arrived at +Charlestown + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>[261]</span> + + in June, 1635, and soon after settled in this town where many of his +friends from Hingham, England, had already settled, from which fact the +name of their old home was given to the new. Mr. Hobart and twenty-nine +others drew for house-lots on the 18th of September, 1635. Grants of +land were made at various times during the year 1635, and for several +succeeding years. Hence it will be seen that, in this present year, two +hundred and fifty years of the town's history will have been completed, +and the anniversary will be celebrated during the present month of +September. +</p> +<p> +The close proximity of Hingham to Hull, of which the original name was +Nantasket or Nantascot, well known during recent years as a famous +summer resort, lends an added interest to one of the earliest of +Hingham's controversies. We find a record in July, 1643:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + There is chosen by the town, Joseph Peck, Bozoan Allen, Anthony Eames, + and Joshua Hubbard, to go to the next Court to make the best improvement + of the evidence the town have for the property of Nantascot, and to + answer the suit that now depends, &c. +</p> +<p> +But this attempt of the inhabitants of Hingham to claim a title was +summarily disposed of by the General Court, in September, 1643, as +follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The former grant to Nantascot was again voted and confirmed, and Hingham + was willed to forbear troubling the Court any more about Nantascot. +</p> +<p> +Under the lead of such a man as Rev. Peter Hobart, who appears to have +been fearless and courageous, the inhabitants could not long remain +at rest. In 1645, and through several succeeding years, there were +difficulties of a very pronounced character between the inhabitants and +the colonial magistrates, especially between Peter Hobart and Gov. +Winthrop. The story has been briefly told as follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The town of Hingham had chosen a certain man to be the captain of + its military company, and had sent his name to the magistrates for + approval. Before action had been taken upon the name the town + reconsidered its action, and chose another man to be captain, and + sent in his name. The magistrates were strongly inclined to confirm + and appoint the first and to reject the second. Winthrop was especially + pronounced and for his conduct in the affair Hobart impeached him before + the General Court for maladministration in office. The contest was long + and bitter. Winthrop was acquitted and exonerated; Hobart was censured, + and, with many other inhabitants of Hingham, heavily fined. The town + was thoroughly aroused, supported Hobart to the utmost, and paid his + fine.... Winthrop and Hobart were the representatives of the two parties + into which the colony was forming—the more conservative and the more + radical. The extreme radicals scented in the measures and conduct of the + magistrates, tyranny; and the conservatives deprecated the views of the + radicals as leading to unrestrained action and lawlessness. Winthrop was + a conservative; Hobart was a radical. He said he did not know for what + he was fined, unless it was for presuming to petition the General Court, + and that fine was a violation of the right of petition. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Hobart was characterized "as a bold man, who would speak his mind." +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" name="page262"></a>[262]</span> +</p> +<p> +The story of the contest with the authorities is long and tedious, and +it would not serve the purpose of this article to relate it fully, but +we can see in the brief statement above that, whether the minister and +his people were right or wrong, they had in them that energy, pluck, and +persistency which men who would establish strong foundations of society +and municipal prosperity must have. +</p> +<p> +Many interesting events in the early history of the town must be passed +over. The complete history is being prepared under the authority of the +town, and he who has curiosity concerning it will, ere long, have an +opportunity to gratify it. Suffice it to say that the town suffered, in +common with all the early settlements, from the Indians, though not +extraordinarily; the usual precautions were taken to prevent assaults, +and considerable attention was paid to the maintenance of the military. +The whole civil history of the town has been one of steady prosperity, +of rather slow growth in population. +</p> +<p> +The first church in Hingham was formed in 1635, on the settlement of the +town, with Rev. Peter Hobart as its first minister. +</p> +<p> +The first house for public worship was erected by the first settlers of +the town, probably within a short time after its settlement in 1635. It +was surrounded by a palisado, and surmounted by a belfry with a bell, +and was undoubtedly a plain structure, so far as the scanty records give +any light upon it. It stood upon a hill, in front of the present site of +the Derby Academy, in the centre of what is now Main street. But the +chief curiosity of Hingham to-day is the second meeting-house, known as +the "Old Meeting-house." It is believed that no house for public worship +exists within the limits of the United States, which continues to be +used for the purpose for which it was erected, and remaining on the same +site where it was built, which is so old as this. It is said that +timbers from the first were used in the construction of the present +house. The brass tablet on its wall states:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "This Church was gathered in 1635. The frame of this Meeting-house was + raised on the twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, and twenty-eighth days of + July, 1681, and the house was completed and opened for public worship on + the eighth of January, 1681-2. It cost the town £430 and the old house." +</p> +<p> +In 1881 there were elaborate commemorative services on the occasion of +the 200th anniversary of the building of the meeting-house. +</p> +<p> +The history of this parish has been remarkable for the long terms of +service of its ministers. During the two hundred and fifty years of its +existence it has had but eight ministers, of whom the eighth and the +present one is the Rev. H. Price Collier. The denomination is Unitarian. +Originally a Puritan church, it was liberalized under the sixty-nine +years' ministry of Rev. Ebenezer Gay, D.D., extending from 1718 to +1787. Of this able divine many interesting anecdotes are told. He was +a powerful leader of religious thought, who "sounded almost the first +evangel of that more liberal faith which found its highest expression +in Channing, and its fruit in the absolute religious freedom of to-day. +Well may the Commonwealth cherish this church in high and in sacred +esteem, which, through two such + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>[263]</span> + + men as Peter Hobart and Ebenezer Gay, has put, in the spirit of the +highest independence, its mark upon the tablets of civil liberty and of +religious thought." +</p> +<p> +The second parish (Unitarian) at South Hingham was set off March 25, +1745. Its first minister was Rev. Daniel Shute, D.D., a man of great +ability and practical sense, who was an earnest advocate of his +country's cause during the revolutionary war. He was a member of the +convention which formed the constitution of Massachusetts, and of that +which adopted the constitution of the United States. +</p> +<p> +The Third Congregational Society (Unitarian) was organized in 1807. +There is also within the town a religious society of each of the +following denominations, viz.: Evangelical Congregational, Baptist, +Methodist Episcopal, Universalist, Protestant Episcopal, Second Advent, +and Roman Catholic. It would seem as if there need be no hungering for +the "bread of life." +</p> +<p> +The military record of Hingham is worthy of notice. +</p> +<p> +In Philip's war, in 1675, it appears that "souldiers were impressed into +the country service," and provision was made by the selectmen for their +expenses. +</p> +<p> +In 1690 "Capt. Thomas Andrews and soldiers met on board ship to go to +Canada" in the expedition under command of Sir William Phips. Capt. +Andrews and most of the soldiers belonging to Hingham died in the +expedition. +</p> +<p> +In the French and Indian wars many Hingham citizens enlisted, and Capt. +Joshua Barker was in the expedition to the West Indies in 1740, and in +the wars of later years. +</p> +<p> +In the war of the Revolution there was no lack of patriotism in Hingham, +"The records indicate that nowhere did patriotism put forth in a greater +degree the fulness of its efforts and the energy of its whole soul and +spirit." +</p> +<p> +The limits of this article will not permit an extended notice of all the +acts which make up the creditable and patriotic record of the town. +Descended from those, who, through hardship and toil, labored for the +common good, and bore each other's burdens, it is naturally to be +expected that the people of Hingham aided the cause of freedom and the +liberties of their country by resolutions and votes, and by liberal +supplies of money. Nor did they hesitate to take up arms and sacrifice +their lives for their country's good. From the beginning to the end of +the Revolution, in many a hard-fought battle, in the sufferings and +hardships of camp and march, from the struggle on Breed's Hill to the +brilliant affair of Yorktown, we find the names of Hingham men mentioned +with honor. And how could it be otherwise? If heredity tells for +anything the whole history of the early struggles of the infant colonies +was a guarantee that sturdy traits would be found in the descendants of +the first settlers. In the world's history we find no higher type of +patriotism than on the barren, rocky shores of Massachusetts. It is +undoubtedly true that there were some whose sympathies + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>[264]</span> + + were not with the principles which inspired the majority of the people +of that day, who were distrustful of the consequences which would result +from failure, and who gave but feeble encouragement. We find such in +every age and country. But it must be put down to the credit of even +these few that they paid heavy taxes without resistance, and yielded to +the popular will after independence was once declared. "Royalists as +well as republicans, tories as well as whigs, gave of their substance to +establish the liberties of their country." +</p> +<p> +The acts and motives of the men of this town deserved to be crowned with +that success which came in due season, a priceless benefit to posterity. +</p> +<p> +It was General Benjamin Lincoln, of Hingham, the wise counsellor, the +foremost citizen of his time, the trusted friend of Washington, who was +designated to receive the sword of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Among the +many worthy and distinguished names of the sons of Hingham, that of +General Lincoln stands in the foremost rank. His monument stands in the +cemetery near the Old Meeting-house, characteristic of the man in its +rich simplicity. +</p> +<p> +In the war of 1812, although a majority of the citizens disapproved of +the State administration, "all manifested a disposition to defend their +houses and firesides against the common foe, and repaired with alacrity +to resist any invasion upon their neighbors." +</p> +<p> +In the war of the Rebellion it is the same story of patriotism and a +ready response to the call of the country. Early in the field and late +to leave it, the record of the town does not differ from others in the +State. A monument bearing the names of those who gave their lives for +the country was erected in 1870, in the Hingham cemetery, near the +statue of Governor Andrew. +</p> +<p> +The town has always made liberal provision for education, and its +schools stand to-day, as they have always stood, among the best. The +public schools have, for several years past, contained between 600 and +700 pupils, and appropriations of $13,000 to $14,000 are made annually +for their support. Besides the public schools there are a number of +small private schools, and the Derby Academy, which was established by +Mrs. Sarah Derby, who endowed it with funds for its support. She died in +1790, and the school was opened in 1791, since which time it has +continued uninterruptedly to educate many pupils in the town as well as +a number from neighboring towns. The list of graduates contains the +names of many who became distinguished in after life. It is for both +males and females, and is managed by a board of trustees. Its history is +one of credit to its founder and to the town. Mrs. Derby's first +husband, from whom she acquired her property, was Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, of +Hingham, well known as the founder of the professorship bearing his name +in Harvard College. +</p> +<p> +Among the other benefactions to the town must be mentioned the Hingham +Public Library, opened for the use of the inhabitants, in 1869, through +the liberality of the late Hon. Albert Fearing. By liberal gifts of +money from him a building was built and books were purchased. Large + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>[265]</span> + + and valuable donations of books were also made by other public-spirited +citizens until several thousand volumes were collected together. The +building and its contents were totally destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1879. +A more commodious building was immediately erected, and opened to the +public April 5, 1880. Its shelves are well filled with standard +literature. The library is managed by a board of trustees under a deed +of trust from Mr. Fearing. +</p> +<p> +The industries of Hingham are varied, and, from a business point of +view, it must be admitted that there has been a considerable decline +during the last fifty years. Although never a manufacturing town, within +the usual meaning of that term, there were formerly many small +manufactories of various articles, among which may be mentioned buckets, +furniture, hatchets, etc. The mackerel-fishery was also extensively +carried on from this port; but that has all disappeared, and Hingham is +becoming, more and more every year, a surburban town of residences. With +the increased facilities afforded by railroad and steamboat for daily +access to the city of Boston, many of its citizens, whose business is in +the city, have their residences in Hingham; and it is also the summer +home of many others. The railroad was opened in 1849, and a steamboat +has made regular trips to and from the city during the summer months for +the past fifty years. Downer Landing, the well-known summer resort, with +its pleasure-gardens, summer cottages, and hotel, the Rose Standish +House, built up through the philanthropy and liberality of the late Mr. +Samuel Downer, are within the limits of Hingham. +</p> +<p> +There is one hotel in the settled part of the town, the Cushing House. +</p> +<p> +The town is abundantly supplied with water of the purest quality for +domestic and fire purposes, from Accord Pond, situated on the southern +boundary line of the town, and there is an excellent fire department. +</p> +<p> +There is a weekly paper (<i>The Hingham Journal</i>), a national bank, a +savings-bank, and a fire insurance company, which, with numerous stores +in almost every department of domestic supplies, largely make up the +business of the town. +</p> +<p> +The Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society holds monthly +meetings and an annual exhibition in its spacious hall and grounds. +</p> +<p> +The views from several of the hills in Hingham are very beautiful, and +its woods and fields afford a large and varied study for the botanist. +</p> +<p> +Of a high average of intelligence, attentive to education, encouraging +morality, obedient to the laws, the people of Hingham have always stood +high in the scale of social enjoyment and prosperity. Its town meetings +are models of democratic government, and there are few places in which +this purely American institution is preserved with so much respect and +true regard for the public welfare. +</p> +<p> +It is with justifiable pride that the native of Hingham looks back +through the two and one-half centuries of her history. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Such is the patriot's boast, where'er we roam,</p> +<p class="i2"> His first, best country ever is at home."</p> +</div> +</div> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page266" name="page266"></a>[266]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0011" id="h2H_4_0011"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE HOUSE OF TICKNOR. +</h2> +<h4> + WITH A GLIMPSE OF THE OLD CORNER BOOKSTORE. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Barry Lyndon.</span> +</h3> +<p> +The great Boston fire of 1872 had a forerunner in the same city. In 1711 +a most sweeping conflagration occurred, which burned down all the houses +on both sides of Cornhill, from School street to Dock square, besides +the First Church, the Town House, all the upper part of King street, and +the greater part of Pudding Lane, between Water street and Spring Lane. +Nearly one hundred houses were destroyed, of which the <i>débris</i> was +used to fill up Long Wharf. The fire "broke out," says an account in the +Boston <i>News-Letter</i>, "in an old tenement within a backyard in +Cornhill, near the First Meeting-house, occasioned by the carelessness +of a poor Scottish woman by using fire near a parcel of ocum, chips, and +other combustible rubbish." +</p> +<p> +The houses which were rebuilt along Cornhill, soon after the fire, were +"of brick, three stories high, with a garret, a flat roof, and +balustrade." Several of these houses were still standing in 1825; in +1855 only a very few remained; while only one, so far as we know, has +come down to us to-day and is yet even well-preserved, namely, the Old +Corner Bookstore, on the corner of the present Washington and School +streets. +</p> +<p> +This old house teems with historical associations, past and present. +Under its roof Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was wont to hold her Antinomian +<i>séances</i>, under the very nose of Governor John Winthrop, when +"over against the site of the Old Corner Store dwelt the notables of the +town,—the governor, the elder of the church, the captain of the +artillery company, and the most needful of the craftsmen and artificers +of the humble plantation; and at a short distance from it were the +meeting-house, the market-house, the town-house, the school-house, and +the ever-flowing spring of pure water." +</p> +<p> +The Old Corner Store is supposed to have been built directly after the +fire of 1711. It is an example of what is known as the colonial style of +architecture, and is thought to be the oldest brick building now +standing in Boston. Upon a tablet on its western gable appears the +supposed date of its construction, 1712. +</p> + +<a name="image-0012a"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px;margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-285a.jpg"><img src="images/ill-285a.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="PORTRAIT OF W.D. TICKNOR." /></a> +<br /> +PORTRAIT OF W.D. TICKNOR. +</div> + +<p> +After passing through several ownerships the house reverted, in 1755, to +the descendants of the Hutchinson family. In 1784 it belonged to Mr. +Edward Sohier and his wife Susanna (Brimmer), and was valued at £1,600. +In 1795 it came into the possession of Mr. Herman Brimmer, and was +designated in the first Boston Directory (1789) as No. 76 Cornhill. In +1817 the front part of the building was used as an apothecary shop, by +Dr. Samuel Clarke, the father of Rev. James Freeman Clarke. In 1824 the +name of Cornhill + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page267" name="page267"></a>[267]</span> + +was changed to Washington street, and the old store was variously +numbered until it took No. 135. Here Dr. Clarke remained keeping shop +until 1828, when he was succeeded by a firm of booksellers. After he +left, the building was considerably changed, inside and out, and Messrs. +Richard B. Carter and Charles J. Hendee then occupied the front room as +a bookstore, in 1828, and Mr. Isaac R. Butts moved his printing-office +from Wilson's Lane to the chambers soon afterwards. Messrs. Carter and +Hendee continued in the store until 1832, when they removed to No. 131, +upstairs, and were succeeded by John Allen and William D. Ticknor in +1832-34. From 1834 the store was occupied by Mr. W.D. Ticknor alone +until 1845; and subsequently by himself and partners, Mr. John Reed, +Jr., and James T. Fields, until the spring of 1864, when the senior +partner died. The new firm of Ticknor (Howard M.), Fields (James T.), +and Osgood (James R.) remained at the Old Corner till 1867, when they +removed to No. 124 Tremont street. Messrs. E.P. Dutton & Co. next moved +into the Old Corner Store, and was succeeded, September 1, 1869, by +Alexander Williams & Co. The store is now occupied, since 1882, by +Messrs. Cupples, Upham, & Co., well-known book publishers. +</p> + +<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;padding-left:0;margin-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-285b.jpg"><img src="images/ill-285b.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE OLD CORNER IN 1800." /></a> +<br /> +THE OLD CORNER IN 1800. +</div> + +<p> +It will be seen that the first appearance of the name of Ticknor, as in +any way associated with the publishing of books, was in 1832. In the +spring of 1864 Mr. William D. Ticknor visited Philadelphia + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page268" name="page268"></a>[268]</span> + + in company with Nathaniel Hawthorne; was taken suddenly ill and died +there. Shortly afterwards his eldest son Howard M. Ticknor, a graduate +of Harvard College in the class of 1856, was taken into the firm, which, +under the name of TICKNOR & FIELDS, held a very prominent place among +American publishers for over twenty years. During the period ending with +the year 1867 the Old Corner was one of the best known spots in Boston, +not alone by reason of its antiquity, but equally by reason of its +distinguished literary history and its <i>habitués</i>. Here Charles +Dickens and Thackeray used to loiter and chat with their American +publishers; Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier, and Whipple the +essayist, made it their head-quarters. Nearly all of their best-known +writings, and those of Emerson, Hawthorne, Saxe, Winthrop, Bayard +Taylor, Mrs. Stowe, Aldrich, Howells, and a host of other well-known +authors, sooner or later bore the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page269" name="page269"></a>[269]</span> + + imprint of the house of Ticknor. After the failure of Messrs. Phillips, +Sampson,& Co., the "Atlantic Monthly," first suggested by Mr. Francis H. +Underwood, now United States Consul to Glasgow, passed into the hands of +Ticknor & Fields, and, a little later, was added "Our Young Folks," +edited by J.T. Trowbridge and Lucy Larcom, "Every Saturday," edited by +T.B. Aldrich, and the "North American Review," long edited by James +Russell Lowell. +</p> + +<a name="image-0013a"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-286.jpg"><img src="images/ill-286.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE OLD CORNER IN 1850." /></a> +<br /> +THE OLD CORNER IN 1850. +</div> + +<p> +Still later the firm name was Fields, Osgood, & Co., then James R. +Osgood & Co., then Houghton, Osgood,& Co., and again James R. Osgood +& Co. The last-named firm published a remarkable series of books, which +their successors inherit. +</p> +<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right;width:200px;padding-right:0;margin-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-287.jpg"><img src="images/ill-287.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="124 TREMONT STREET." /></a> +<br /> +124 TREMONT STREET. +</div> +<p> +At no time in its history, from 1832 to the present time, has the firm +been without a Ticknor in its copartnership. For a brief season, +however, the name disappeared from the firm's imprint. +</p> +<p> +The great publishing house has just inaugurated a new tenure of life as +Ticknor & Co., the copartnership consisting of Benjamin H. and Thomas B. +Ticknor, sons of William D. Ticknor, and George F. Godfrey, of Bangor, +Me., a gentleman of marked culture and geniality, and one, too, who, all +may rest assured, will take kindly to and will find success in the book +business. With scholarly acquirements, and with minds trained to the +wants of to-day, the sons of W.D. Ticknor, both gentlemen of refined +literary taste, now step to the front with strong hands and vigorous +purposes, not alone to perpetuate but to add to the former reputation of +the time-honored publishing house. +</p> +<p> +The new house succeeds to a rich inheritance of the books of younger +American authors,—those of Howells, James, Edgar Fawcett, Kate Field, +Mrs. Burnett, Miss Howard, Julian Hawthorne, George W. Cable, and +others. That it means to maintain the supremacy is foreshadowed by the +list of important works which it has announced as forthcoming. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page270" name="page270"></a>[270]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0012" id="h2H_4_0012"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE FIRST NEW ENGLAND WITCH. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Willard H. Morse, M.D.</span> +</h3> +<p> +At the beginning of the seventeenth century, in an English country +district, two lads romped on the same lea and chased the same +butterflies. One was a little brown-eyed boy, with red cheeks, fine +round form, and fiery temper. The other was a gentle child, tall, lithe, +and blonde. The one was the son of a man of wealth and a noble lady, and +carried his captive butterflies to a mansion-house, and kept them in a +crystal case. The other ran from the fields to a farm-house, and thought +of the lea as a grain field. It might have been the year 1606, when the +two were called in from their play-ground, and sent to school, thus to +begin life. The farmer's boy went to a common school, and his brown-eyed +play-mate entered a grammar school. From that time their paths were far +apart. +</p> +<p> +The name of the tall, blonde boy was Samuel Morse. At fifteen he left +school to help his father on the home farm. At twenty he had become +second tenant on a Wiltshire holding, and began to be a prosperous +farmer. Before he had attained the age of forty he was the father of a +large family of children, among them five sons, whose names were Samuel, +William, Robert, John, and Anthony. William, Robert, and Anthony +ultimately emigrated to America, while Samuel, Jr., and John remained in +England. Young Samuel went to London, and became a merchant and a miser. +When past his fiftieth year he married. His wife died four years later, +leaving a baby daughter and a son. Both children were sent up to +Marlboro, where they had a home with their Uncle John, who was living on +the old farm. There they grew up, and became the heirs both of John and +their father. The boy was named Morgan. He received a finished +education, embraced the law, and married. His only child and daughter, +Mary, became the heiress of her aunt's property and her great-uncle +John's estate, and was accounted a lady of wealth, station, and beauty. +</p> +<p> +Meanwhile, the family of old Samuel Morse's playfellow had also reached +the fourth generation. The name of that playfellow was Oliver Cromwell, +who became Lord Protector of the British Commonwealth. Of course he +forgot Samuel Morse, and was sitting in Parliament when Samuel died. He +had children and grandchildren who lived as contemporaries of his old +playmate's children and grandchildren. Two or three years before +Samuel's great granddaughter, Mary, was born, a great grandson of the +Protector saw the light. This boy was named Oliver, but was called +"Rummy Noll." The ancestral estate of Theodale's became his sole +inheritance, and as soon as he came into the property he began to live a +wild, fast life, distinguishing himself as an adventurous, if not +profligate gentleman. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page271" name="page271"></a>[271]</span> +</p> +<p> +He travelled much; and one day in a sunny English year came to the town +of his great-grandfather's nativity. There he chanced to meet Mary +Morse. The beautiful girl fascinated him, but would not consent to be +his wife until all of his "wild oats" were sown. Then she became Mrs. +Cromwell, and was a happy wife, as well as a lady of eminence and +wealth. Oliver and Mary Cromwell had a daughter Olivia, who married a +Mr. Russell, and whose daughters are the present sole representatives of +the Protectorate family. +</p> +<p> +As was said above, William, Anthony, and Robert Morse, brothers of +Samuel, Jr., emigrated to America, and became the ancestors of nearly +all of their name in this country. William and Anthony settled at +Newbury, Massachusetts. The latter became a respected citizen, and among +his descendants were such men as Rev. Dr. James Morse of Newburyport, +Samuel Finley Breese Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, Rev. Sidney +Edwards Morse, and others scarcely less notable. +</p> +<p> +Robert Morse, Anthony's brother, left England at about the time of the +beginning of the civil war, and located in Boston as a tailor. He was a +sterling old Puritan, prudent, enterprising and of strict morality. He +speculated in real estate, and after a while removed to Elizabethtown, +New Jersey, which place he helped to settle, and where he amassed much +wealth. He had nine children. Among his descendants were some men of +eminence, as Dr. Isaac Morse of Elizabethtown, Honorable Nathan Morse of +New Orleans, Isaac E. Morse, long a member of Congress from Louisiana, +Judge Morse of Ohio, and others. +</p> +<p> +None of these sons of Samuel, the mate of Cromwell, were great men +themselves, but were notable in their descendants. Samuel's descendant +came to represent a historical family; Anthony's greatest descendant +invented the telegraph; and the descendants of Robert were noble +Southrons. William alone of the five brothers had notoriety. Samuel, +Jr., was more eminent, but William made a mark in Massachusetts' +history. Settling in the town of Newbury, William Morse led an humble +and monotonous life. When he had lived there more than forty years, and +had come to be an old and infirm man, he was made to figure unhappily in +the first legal investigation of New England witchcraft. This was in +1679-81, or more than ten years before the Salem witchcraft, and it +constitutes a page of hitherto unpublished Massachusetts history. Mr. +and Mrs. Morse resided in a plain, wooden house that still stands at the +head of Market Street, in what is now Newburyport. William had been a +farmer, but his sons had now taken the homestead, and he was supporting +himself and wife by shoe-making. His age was almost +three-score-years-and-ten, and he was a reputably worthy man, then just +in the early years of his dotage. His wife, the "goody Elizabeth," was a +Newbury woman, and apparently some few years her husband's senior. +</p> +<p> +I can easily imagine the worthy couple there in the old square room of a +winter's night. On one side of the fire-place sits the old man in his +hard arm-chair, his hands folded, and his spectacles awry, as he +sonorously snores away the time. Opposite him sits the old lady, a +little, toothless dame, with + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page272" name="page272"></a>[272]</span> + + angular features half hidden in a stiffly starched white cap, her +fingers flying over her knitting-work, as precisely and perseveringly +she "seams," "narrows," and "widens." At the old lady's right hand +stands a cherry table, on which burns a yellow tallow candle that +occasionally the dame proceeds to snuff. There is no carpet on the +floor, and the furniture is poor and plain. A kitchen chair sits at the +other side of the table, and in, or <i>on</i> it, sits a half-grown boy, +a ruddy, freckled, country boy who wants to whistle, and prefers to go +out and play, but who is required to stay in the house, to sit still, +and to read from out the leather-covered Bible that lies open on the +table before him. +</p> +<p> +"But I would like to go out and slide down hill!" begs the boy. +</p> +<p> +"Have you read yer ten chapters yit?" asks the old dame. +</p> +<p> +"N-no!" +</p> +<p> +"Wal; read on." +</p> +<p> +And the lad obeys. He is reading aloud; he is not a good reader; the +chapters are in Deuteronomy; but that stint must be performed before +evening; then ten chapters after six o'clock, and at eight he must go to +bed. If he moves uneasily in his chair, or stops to breathe, he is +reprimanded. +</p> +<p> +The boy was the grandson of the old couple, and resided with them. Under +just such restrictions he was kept. Bright, quick, and full of boy life, +he was restless under the enforced restraint. +</p> +<p> +In the neighborhood resided a Yankee school-master, named Caleb Powell, +a fellow, who delighted in interfering with the affairs of his +neighbors, and in airing his wisdom on almost every known subject. He +noticed that the Puritan families kept their boys too closely confined; +and influenced by surreptitious gifts of cider and cheese, he interceded +in their behalf. He was regarded as an oracle, and was listened to with +respect. Gran'ther Morse was among those argued with, and being told +that the boy was losing his health by being "kept in" so much, he at +once consented to give him a rest from the Bible readings and let him +play out of doors and at the houses of the neighbors. Once released, the +lad declared that he "should not be put under again." Fertile in +imagination, he soon devised a plan. +</p> +<p> +At that time a belief in witchcraft was universal, and afforded a +solution of everything strange and unintelligible. The old shoemaker +firmly believed in the supernatural agency of witches, and his roguish +grandson knew it. That he might not be obliged to return to the +Scripture readings, the boy practised impositions on his grandfather to +which the old man became a very easy dupe. +</p> +<p> +No one suspected the boy's agency, except Caleb Powell. That worthy knew +the young man, and believed that there was nothing marvellous or +superstitious about the "manifestations." Desirous of being esteemed +learned, he laid claim to a knowledge of astrology, and when the +"witchcraft" was the town talk he gave out that he could develope the +whole mystery. The consequence was that he was suspected of dealing in +the black art, and was accused, tried, and narrowly escaped with his +life. +</p> +<p> +On the court records of Salem is entered:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "December 3, 1679. Caleb Powell being complained of for suspicion of + working with ye + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>[273]</span> + + devill to the molesting of William Morse and his family, was by warrant + directed to constable, and respited till Monday." "December 8, (Monday) + Caleb Powell appeared ... and it was determined that sd. Morse should + present ye case at ye county court at Ipswich in March." +</p> +<p> +This order was obeyed, and the trial came on. The following is a +specimen of the testimony presented:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "William Morse saith, together with his wife, that Thursday night being + November 27, we heard a great noyes of knocking ye boards of ye house, + whereupon myselfe and wife looks out and see nobody, but we had stones + and sticks thrown at us so that we were forced to retire. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Ye same night, ye doore being lockt when we went to bed, we heerd a + great hog grunt in ye house, and willing to go out. That we might not be + disturbed in our sleep, I rose to let him out, and I found a hog and the + door unlockt. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Ye next night I had a great awl that I kept in the window, the which + awl I saw fall down ye chimney into ye ashes. I bid ye boy put ye same + awl in ye cupboard which I saw done, and ye door shut too. When ye same + awl came down ye chimney again in our sight, and I took it up myselfe. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Ye next day, being Saturday, stones, sticks and pieces of bricks came + down so that we could not quietly eat our breakfast. Sticks of fire came + downe also at ye same time. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Ye same day in ye afternoon, my thread four times taken away and come + downe ye chimney againe; my awl and a gimlet wanting came down ye + chimney. Againe, my leather and my nailes, being in ye cover of a + firkin, taken away, and came downe ye chimney. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "The next, being Sunday, stones, sticks and brickbats came down ye + chimney. On Monday, Mr. Richardson [the minister,] and my brother was + there. They saw ye frame of my cow-house standing firm. I sent my boy to + drive ye fowls from my hog's trough. He went to ye cow-house, and ye + frame fell on him, he crying with ye hurt. In ye afternoon ye potts + hanging over ye fire did dash so vehemently one against another that we + did sett down one that they might not dash to pieces. I saw ye andiron + leap into ye pott and dance, and leap out, and again leap in, and leap + on a table and there abide. And my wife saw ye andiron on ye table. Also + I saw ye pott turn over, and throw down all ye water. Againe we see a + tray with wool leap up and downe, and throw ye wool out, and saw nobody + meddle with it. Again a tub's hoop fly off, and nobody near it. Againe + ye woolen wheele upside downe, and stood upon its end, and a spade set + on it. This myself, my wife, and Stephen Greenleaf saw. Againe my tools + fell down on ye ground, and before my boy could take them they were sent + from him. Againe when my wife and ye boy were making ye bed, ye chest + did open and shutt, ye bed-clothes would not be made to ly on ye bed, + but flew off againe. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "We saw a keeler of bread turn over. A chair did often bow to me. Ye + chamber door did violently fly together. Ye bed did move to and fro. Ye + barn-door was unpinned four times. We agreed to a big noise in ye other + room. My chair would not stand still, but was ready to throw me + backward. Ye catt was thrown at us five times. A great stone of six + pounds weight did + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page274" name="page274"></a>[274]</span> + + remove from place to place. Being minded to write, my ink-horne was hid + from me, which I found covered by a ragg, and my pen quite gone. I made + a new penn, and while I was writing, one eare of corne hitt me in ye + face, and sticks, stones, and my old pen were flung att me. Againe my + spectickles were throwne from ye table, and almost into ye hot fire. My + paper, do what I could, I could hardly keep it. Before I could dry my + writing, a mammouth hat rubbed along it, but I held it so fast that it + did only blot some of it. My wife and I being much afraid that I should + not preserve ye writing, we did think best to lay it in ye Bible. Againe + ye next night I lay it there againe, but in ye morning it was not to be + found, till I found it in a box alone. Againe while I was writing this + morning I was forced to forbeare writing any more, because I was so + disturbed by many things constantly thrown att me." +</p> +<p> +Anthony Morse testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Occasionally, being to my brother Morse's hous, he showed to me a pece + of brick, what had several times come down ye chimne. I sitting in ye + cornar towde that pece of brick in my hand. Within a littel spas of tiem + ye pece of brick was gone from me I know not by what meanes. Quickly + after it come down chimne. Also in ye chimne cornar I saw a hammar on ye + ground. Their bein no person nigh it, it was sodenly gone, by what + meanes I know not; but within a littell spas it fell down chimne, and + ... also a pece of woud a fute long. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Taken on oath Dec. the 8, 1679, before me, +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "JOHN WOODBRIDGE, COMMISSIONER." +</p> +<p> +Thomas Hardy testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "I and George Hardy being at William Morse his house, affirm that ye + earth in ye chimny cornar moved and scattered on us. I was hitt with + somewhat; Hardy hitt by a iron ladle; somewhat hitt Morse a great blow, + butt itt was so swift none could tell what itt was. After, we saw itt + was a shoe." +</p> +<p> +Rev. Mr. Richardson testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Was at Bro. Morse his house on a Saturday. A board flew against my + chair. I heard a noyes in another roome, which I suppose in all reason + was diabolicall." +</p> +<p> +John Dole testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "I saw, sir, a large fire-stick of candle-wood, a stone, and a + fire-brand to fall down. These I saw nott whence they come till they + fell by me." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth Titcomb testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Powell said that he could find out ye witch by his learning if he had + another scholar with him." +</p> +<p> +Joseph Myrick and Sarah Hale testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Joseph Morse, often said in our hearing that if there are any Wizards + he was sure Caleb Powell was one." +</p> +<p> +William Morse being asked what he had to say as to Powell being a +wizard, testified:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "He come in, and seeing our spirit very low cause by our great + affliction, he said, 'Poore old man, and poor old woman, I eye ye boy, + who is ye occasion + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>[275]</span> + + of all your greefe; and I draw neere ye with great compassion.' Then + sayd I, 'Powell, how can ye boy do them things?' Then sayd he, 'This boy + is a young rogue, a vile rogue!' Powell, he also sayd, that he had + understanding in Astrology and Astronomie, and knew the working of + spirits. Looking on ye boy, he said, 'You young rogue!' And to me, + 'Goodman Morse, if you be willing to lett me have ye boy I will + undertake that you shall be freed from any trouble of this kind the + while he is with me." +</p> +<p> +Other evidence was received for the prosecution. The defence put in by +Powell was that "on Monday night last, till Friday after the noone, I +had ye boy with me, and they had no trouble." +</p> +<p> +Mary Tucker deposed:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Powell said he come to Morse's and did not see fit to go in as the old + man was att prayer. He lookt in a window, and saw ye boy fling a shoe at + the old man's head while he prayed." +</p> +<p> +The verdict now stands on the court record, and reads as follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Upon hearing the complaint brought to this court against Caleb Powell + for suspicion of working by the devill to the molesting of ye family of + William Morse of Newbury, though this court cannot find any evident + ground of proceeding farther against ye sayd Powell, yett we determine + that he hath given such ground of suspicion of his so dealing that we + cannot so acquit him but that he justly deserves to bare his own shame + and the costs of prosecution of the complaint." +</p> +<p> +The bad boy seems to have had a grudge against Powell, and, anxious to +see that person punched, he resumed his pranks both at his grandfather's +and among the neighbors. +</p> +<p> +Strange things happened. Joseph Bayley's cows would stand still and not +move. Caleb Powell, having been discharged, no longer boasted of his +learning. Jonathan Haines' oxen would not work. A sheep belonging to +Caleb Moody was mysteriously dyed. Zachariah Davis' calves all died, as +did also a sheep belonging to Joshua Richardson. Mrs. John Wells said +that she saw the "imp of God in sayd Morse's hous." +</p> +<p> +Sickness visited several families, and Goody Morse, as was her custom, +acted as village nurse. One by one her patients died. John Dee, Mrs. +William Chandler, Mrs. Goodwin's child, and an infant of Mr. Ordway's, +were among the dead. The rumor ran about that Goody Morse was a witch. +John Chase affirmed that he had seen her coming into his house through a +knot-hole at night. John Gladding saw "halfe of Marm Morse about two a +clocke in ye daytime." Jonathan Woodman, seeing a strange black cat, +struck it; and Dr. Dole was called the same day to treat a bruise on +Mrs. Morse. The natural inference was that the old lady was a witch and +the cause of all of these strange things, as well as of the +extraordinary occurrences in her home. Accusers were not wanting, and +she was arrested. In her trial all of this evidence was put in, and her +husband repeated his testimony at the Powell trial. The county court +heard it and passed the case to the General Court, from whence it was +returned. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page276" name="page276"></a>[276]</span> +</p> +<p> +The records abound in reports of the testimony. We will only quote the +evidence of Zachariah Davis, who said:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "I having offended Goody Morse, my three calves fell a dancing and + roaring, and were in such a condition as I never saw a calf in before + ... A calf ran a roaringe away soe that we gott him only with much adoe + and putt him in ye barne, and we heard him roar severell times in ye + night. In ye morning I went to ye barne, and there he was setting upon + his tail like a dog. I never see no calf set after that manner before; + and so he remained in these fits till he died." +</p> +<p> +The entry on the court record is as follows:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Boston, May ye 20, 1680:—The Grand Jury presenting Elizabeth, wife of + William Morse. She was indicted by name of Elizabeth Morse for that she + not having ye fear of God before her eyes, being instigated by the + Devil, and had familiarity with the Devil contrary to ye peace of our + sovereign lord, the King, his crown and dignity, the laws of God, and of + this jurisdiction. After the prisoner was att ye barr and pleaded not + guilty, and put herself on ye country and God for trial. Ye evidences + being produced were read and committed to ye jury." +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Boston, May 21st, of 1680:—Ye jury brought in their verdict. They + found Elizabeth Morse guilty according to indictment. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "May ye 27:—Then ye sentence of ye Governor, to wit:—'Elizabeth you + are to goe from hence to ye plaice from which you come, and thence to + the plaice of execution, and there to be hanged, by ye neck, till you be + dead; and ye Lord have mercy on your Soule.'" +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "June ye 1st:—Ye Governor and ye magistrates voted ye reprieving of + Eliz. Morse, as attests, +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." +</p> +<p> +The unfortunate woman seems to have remained imprisoned until the +meeting of the Legislature. On the records of that body we find:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Ye Deputies in perusal of ye Acts of ye Hon. Court of Assistants + relating to ye woman condemned for witchcraft doe not understand why + execution of ye sentence given her by ye sd. court is not executed. Her + repreeval seems to us to be beyond what ye law will allow, and doe + therefore judge meete to declare ourselves against it, etc. This Nov. + 3d., 1680. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "WM. TORREY, Clerk." +</p> +<p> +Then follows this entry:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Exceptions not consented to by ye magistrates. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." +</p> +<p> +Mrs. Morse continued in prison until May 1681. On the fourteenth of that +month her husband petitioned for her to "the honorable gen. court now +sitting in Boston," begging "to clere up ye truth." This petition +recites a review of the testimony of seventeen persons who had testified +against Goody Morse. On the eighteenth, he petitioned "ye hon. Governor, +deputy Governor, deputies and magistrates." In answer, a new hearing was +granted. The court record says:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Ye Deputyes judge meet to grant ye petitioner a hearing ye next sixth + day and that warrants go forth to all persons concerned from this court, + they to appear in order to her further trial, our honored magistrates + hereto consenting. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "WM. TORREY, Clerk." +</p> +<p> +Again the magistrates were refractory, for we find:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "May twenty-fourth, 1681:—Not consented to by ye magistrates. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page277" name="page277"></a>[277]</span> +</p> +<p> +No further trial followed. Mr. Morse did not rest in his efforts for +the release of his wife. He called a council of the clergymen of the +neighborhood to examine her. The council met and acted. The report +of the Rev. John Hale of Beverly (probably chairman) is before me. +It reads:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "This touching Madam Elizabeth Morse:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "She being reprieved, her husband desired us to discourse her, which + we did. Her discourse was very christain, and she still pleaded her + innocence of that which was laid to her dischage. We did not esteem + it prudence for us to pass any definite sentence upon on under her + circumstances, yet we inclined to ye more charitable side." +</p> +<p> +After this examination the court permitted her to return home, when she +never gave further occasion for slander, dying the death of a hopeful +Christian not many years after. +</p> +<p> +And the mischievous grandson, what of him? He went to Beverly, married, +had children, died. His great-great-grandson lives to-day. He, +descendant of William, over wires that Anthony's descendant made to do +noble work, sends this message, written on paper made by a descendant of +Robert, to Miss Russell, representing Samuel Morse and Oliver +Cromwell:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "After two centuries witch-work is in electricity, and that witch-work + has made us a name." +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0013" id="h2H_4_0013"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + IN EMBER DAYS. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Adelaide C. Waldron.</span> +</h3> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6"> Softly there sounds above the roar </p> +<p class="i6"> Of the wide world's deafening din, </p> +<p class="i2"> An echo of song from a far-off time, </p> +<p class="i2"> Deeper and sweeter than poet's rhyme, </p> +<p class="i2"> Whose tidings of joy and whose message sublime, </p> +<p class="i2"> "Heaven's peace on earth, and good-will to mankind," </p> +<p class="i2"> Fill me with force; I yet will find </p> +<p class="i9"> The way to enter in! </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>[278]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0014" id="h2H_4_0014"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHRISTOPHER GAULT.—A STORY. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Edward P. Guild.</span> +</h3> +<p> +In the summer of 1879 I went to a quiet town in north-western +Massachusetts, with the object of getting a few weeks of much needed +rest and recreation. It had been four years since the first appearance +of my name as "Attorney and Counsellor at Law," on the door of a small +Washington-street office, just below the <i>Herald</i> Building in the +city of Boston; and, as I had worked all that time with hardly a thought +of rest, I decided to take a good, respectable vacation. +</p> +<p> +Hopkins, who had an office on the same floor, advised me to go to H——, +in Franklin county, where I could find the purest of air, splendid +scenery, good trout fishing, and entire freedom from fashionable +boarders. As this was just the bill of fare that I wanted, and as +Hopkins was born and brought up there, and ought to know, I thankfully +accepted his advice. +</p> +<p> +A week after my arrival I met Christopher Gault, who was boarding not +far from Deacon Thompson's, where I had my quarters. A friendship at +once began to grow between us, and our time was largely spent in each +other's company. I found my new acquaintance a very agreeable companion, +and, moreover, an unusually interesting young man. He was then about +twenty-six years old, of medium stature, dark brown hair, and +closely-cut side whiskers and moustache. His talents were brilliant and +varied. Mathematics were his delight, and he had well chosen the +profession of a civil engineer, in which, as I afterwards learned, he +was already gaining distinction in my own city of Boston. He was an +ardent admirer of nature, and was always ready for a ramble with me over +the hills or through the woods; always closely observing the formation +of the rocks, and capturing any interesting specimen of mineral, plant, +or bug that came under the notice of his sharp eyes. +</p> +<p> +In conversation, which we often enjoyed on the broad piazza, Gault was +exceedingly entertaining, and usually took an absorbing interest in the +subject under discussion; but at times he would sit silent as though +engrossed in other thoughts, and often with a very apparent look of +melancholy in his face. One day when I had been noticing this, I said:— +</p> +<p> +"Gault, you are growing too serious for your age; you ought to get a +wife." +</p> +<p> +He smiled a little quickly, and resumed his former expression, without +replying; but after a moment drew from his pocket book a photograph, and +placed it in my hand. +</p> +<p> +It was of a most attractive looking young lady of, perhaps, twenty-two +years. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>[279]</span> +</p> +<p> +"Ah! I see that my suggestion is not needed," I said, holding the +picture at arm's length to get a better general impression. "Is she +yours?" +</p> +<p> +He flushed a little at so direct a question, as he answered evasively:— +</p> +<p> +"She is a very true friend of mine." +</p> +<p> +"But she is more than that. Now, tell me, Gault, when is your honeymoon +to begin?" +</p> +<p> +"That is more than I can tell," he replied, slowly returning the +photograph to his pocket book. +</p> +<p> +"You must not wait to get rich," I observed. "It is when a man is +working for success that he most needs the sympathy and help of a good +wife." +</p> +<p> +"I know that," replied my friend; "but I am in a peculiar position. Some +day I will tell you all." +</p> +<p> +I saw that he was growing nervous, and changed the subject of +conversation. +</p> +<p> +Returning from the post office that afternoon to the old farm house, I +stopped for a little chat with Deacon Thompson, my good natured host, +who was mending his orchard fence; for the well loaded boughs of apples, +just beginning to assume their various tinges of red, yellow, or russet, +offered a strong temptation to the cattle in the adjoining pasture. +Incidentally I inquired regarding an old excavation which I had noticed +on the hill near an unfrequented road. This excavation had apparently +once served for a cellar, although most of the stones had been removed, +and the sheep easily ran down its now sloping and grassy sides. In close +proximity was a deep well, over the top of which had been placed a huge, +flat stone. Overshadowing both cellar and well were three ancient elms, +storm-beaten and lightning-cleft, but still standing as if to guard the +very solitude which was unbroken save by the tinkling bell, which told +whither the farmer's flock was straying. From Mr. Thompson I learned the +history connected with this scene. +</p> +<p> +Twenty years before he was born, his father's folks saw, one morning in +March, a smoke curling above the tops of the elms which were just +visible over the brow of the hill. Quickly going to the scene, they +found the house burned to the ground. The occupants were an old man, +named Peter Colburn, and his wife; and they, together with a traveller, +who had obtained lodging there for the night, were all burned with the +house. The stranger's horse and saddle were found in the barn, some +little distance from the house, but there was no clew to his identity. +There were only a few people then who had settled in this bleak region, +and there was no funeral other than the assembling of a half dozen +together, who dug a grave within fifty feet from the elms, and there +laid the charred remains of the unfortunate victims. I had seen a small, +rough, unlettered stone standing there, but did not before know its +meaning. +</p> +<p> +The next day I related the bit of tragic history to Christopher Gault, +and we strolled over the hill to its scene. +</p> +<p> +"What a magnificent view!" he exclaimed, as we came to the place. +</p> +<p> +Certainly it could not be finer. We stood upon an elevated plateau, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>[280]</span> + + from which the prospect in either direction was beautiful and grand. To +the north could be seen the graceful curves of the Green Mountain range, +gradually growing fainter and of paler blue as the eye followed them to +at least seventy miles away. +</p> +<p> +Farther to the east rose the majestic form of Monadnock, if not the +highest, one of the very noblest peaks in the Granite State. In an +opposite direction, and nearly one hundred miles from Monadnock, stood +old Greylock, the greatest elevation in Massachusetts; while much nearer +by—in fact, seeming almost at our feet when compared with these immense +ranges—lay the charming Deerfield valley, up from which rose the +curling smoke of the locomotive as it moved steadily westward, until +hidden from view by a sudden entrance into Hoosac Tunnel. +</p> +<p> +The view so absorbed our attention for a time that we hardly noticed our +immediate surroundings. When we did so we began to make an examination. +Gault, with characteristic curiosity, began a search in the bottom of +the old cellar. Suddenly he emerged. +</p> +<p> +"A veritable relic!" he exclaimed. "See! an old knife; and here on its +handle is a name. Can you read it?" and he handed it to me. +</p> +<p> +A minute's brisk scouring made it quite plain. +</p> +<p> +"I have it now," I said. "It is Samuel Wickham." +</p> +<p> +As I read the inscription I was startled to see the color almost +instantly leave Gault's face. +</p> +<p> +"Samuel Wickham! You don't mean It. Let me see," and he grasped the +knife from my hand. +</p> +<p> +"It is. You are right," he said. "You do not understand my interest +in this matter," he added, evidently a little embarrassed at his own +manner. "It was the name that struck me. Probably this knife belonged +to the unfortunate stranger," and he put it carefully in his pocket. +</p> +<p> +"Do you know just when the house was burned,—did Mr. Thompson say?" he +inquired, trying hard to control his excitement. +</p> +<p> +"Not exactly," I replied; "but he told me that he had a record +somewhere. You could probably ascertain from him." +</p> +<p> +The next morning I went trouting alone, and did not return to the house +until afternoon. When I did so I found a note awaiting me. +</p> +<p> +It proved to be from my friend, and said that for special reasons he had +decided to return to the city that day. He was sorry not to see me +again, but hoped to do so before long. I, in turn, was quite anxious to +meet him again, and learn why he had returned so unexpectedly, and to +know the cause of his singular manner upon finding the rusty knife. The +two events were naturally connected in my mind, and also our previous +conversation when he had shown me the picture of the young lady. +</p> +<p> +Three weeks later I was in Boston, and almost at once visited Mr. +Gault's office at No.—Water street. To my disappointment, I learned +that he had just taken passage for England. +</p> +<p> +I hoped to see him when he returned, but was not destined to do so until +two years later. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name="page281"></a>[281]</span> +</p> +<p> +Before relating my unexpected meeting with him in 1881, I must describe +a certain somewhat remarkable case which I was so fortunate as to have +put into my hands shortly after my return from the country. +</p> +<center> +II. +</center> +<p> +It was one day in October that a distinguished-looking gentleman of +about fifty-five entered my office, introduced himself as Mr. Crabshaw, +and asked me to take the following case. +</p> +<p> +An old woman named Nancy Blake had recently died in Virginia, leaving a +large amount of property. This Nancy Blake had lived for over half a +century all alone, and almost entirely secluded. She had left neither +will nor near relatives, and the question was, who is her nearest of +kin? My visitor informed me that long ago he had known of the existence +of an eccentric woman in Virginia,—a great-aunt of his now deceased +wife. Nothing had been heard from her, however, for twenty-five years, +and it was supposed that she was dead; but he had just received +information that led him to believe in the identity of the old lady +Blake with the aforementioned great-aunt. If the relationship could be +established, then his daughter Cecilia would be the true heir. Her claim +had been brought to the attention of the court, and she bad been +informed that there was another claimant. Would I undertake the case? +After a long talk with Mr. Crabshaw, I decided that I would do so. I +agreed to call at his house the next day and have another talk with him, +and also meet his daughter, preparatory to my trip to Virginia. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Crabshaw, who, as I subsequently learned, was descended from an +English family which had been represented in this country for two +generations only, lived in the famous and once aristocratic quarter of +Boston known as West End. A short residence on our republican soil had +done little to Americanize the Crabshaw family, who lived in true +English style. The household consisted only of Mr. Crabshaw and his one +daughter, Cecilia, and a small retinue of servants, although he was not +possessed of any very large wealth. My first meeting with Miss Crabshaw +was at once a pleasure and a surprise; the first because she was a most +charming young lady, and the latter because she was the original of the +picture shown me a few months before by Christopher Gault. I did not +mention the coincidence, however, but proceeded directly to the business +in hand. Miss Cecilia was an exceedingly sensible and intelligent young +lady and I could get more needed information in ten minutes from her +than in half an hour from the old gentleman. +</p> +<p> +The last time that I met Mr. Crabshaw before going to Virginia, I +mentioned having met Mr. Gault the summer before. +</p> +<p> +"You got acquainted with him then, did you? I am very glad to know it. +He is a fine young man—a very estimable fellow, sir. I have always +known the family, and always liked Christopher. As you are very likely +aware, he thinks a great deal of Cecilia, and she is a pretty firm +friend of + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>[282]</span> + + his. Now that is all very well, sir, as long as they don't get +sentimental, or anything of that kind." +</p> +<p> +"We are constituted so as to grow a little sentimental when the occasion +presents itself, Mr. Crabshaw," I remarked. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, yes, I understand, but my daughter knows quite well that there is +no occasion for her yet. I might as well tell you," he continued, after +a pause, "that, although it is nothing against Christopher himself, +there is a streak of bad blood in the family. His great-grandfather +<i>turned traitor</i>; yes, sir, <i>committed treason</i> against the +crown of England, and then fled. To be sure," he added, "Christopher +Gault is no more responsible for the crime of his ancestor than am I +myself; but the question of blood is an important one, and these traits +are very liable to crop out; if not in one generation, then in another." +</p> +<p> +"You believe, then, in the law of heredity as affecting moral +character?" +</p> +<p> +"Certainly. Physical and mental traits are inherited; why not moral?" +</p> +<p> +A few days later I was in the city of Richmond, and from there I +proceeded directly to D—— county, where, at the November term of +the county court, I intended to present Miss Crabshaw's claim to the +property in question. Meantime I devoted myself to the preparation of +testimony relating to the case. I visited the place where old Nancy +Blake had lived, situated about twelve miles from D—— court-house. +The property left by her consisted of the old house, fallen badly into +decay, a small amount of land, and a large sum of money deposited in +the bank. Little was known about "Old Nancy," as the few people in the +thinly settled locality called her. The most information that I could +glean was from an old negro who had been her neighbor for the most of +his life. He said that he could well remember her father, who had been +dead for fifty years. He was a man of military look and an Englishman. +His name was John Blake. He could remember nothing about his wife, but +he had at least one son and a daughter besides Nancy. When he was about +to die his son came to see him. He was much older than either daughter, +Nancy being the youngest. Eleanor died not long after, and Nancy was +left alone. She was very eccentric and seldom saw any one. +</p> +<p> +Such was the story, in brief, as I was able to obtain it from the old +negro. +</p> +<p> +The details of the case, as it was brought out in court, do not need +special mention, and it will be sufficient to merely state the basis of +the claim. +</p> +<p> +Although Mr. Crabshaw was very proud of his descent, and traced his +lineage back some hundreds of years, and was very particular to have the +family coat-of-arms always made conspicuous, yet he had married a lady +whose ancestry was not clearly known. Mrs. Crabshaw, who had died when +her daughter was a mere child, was a beautiful and accomplished woman, +whose grandfather, on her father's side, she had never seen, and of whom +she knew no more than that his name was Thomas Blake, and that he died +in the town of S——, Connecticut, in 1832, at the age of forty-nine +years. +</p> +<p> +The one important thing that I wished to prove was, that Thomas Blake + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>[283]</span> + + was the brother of Nancy Blake, and that Cecilia Crabshaw was thus +great-grand niece of said Nancy. The court pronounced itself satisfied +as to this, and Miss Crabshaw was declared the nearest of kin, and hence +heir to the property. +</p> +<p> +The case had required the presence of my fair client, so she had made +the journey to Washington a week previous, where she visited an uncle, +and came out to D—— county to be present at the hearing. +</p> +<p> +It was necessary for me to remain in Virginia some little time on +account of other business, and it was arranged that I should see what +could be done towards effecting a sale of the real estate. Accordingly, +soon after the case had been decided, I went out to look over the +premises. +</p> +<p> +The house was very old, and showed no signs of any improvement having +been made for at least half a century. The furniture was of little value +and there were but few other things. A rusty sword, a few old books, and +some odd trinkets comprised about all. As Miss Crabshaw did not care for +these they were given to a negro woman who had rendered some assistance +to Old Nancy in the last years of her life. +</p> +<p> +The house itself contained none of those mysterious passages or hidden +closets which the imagination so readily connects with such old +habitations. There was a kind of small locker, however, opening from a +large closet near the ceiling. This little recess contained nothing but +a package of old papers and worthless letters, faded and mouldy. On +looking them over, one in particular attracted my attention on account +of an official seal which it bore. It proved to be a document +commissioning Richard Anthony Treadwell as Major in the Seventh Regiment +of Cavalry in the Royal Army of his Majesty King George III. The date +was June 12, 1793. But who was Richard Anthony Treadwell, and how +happened his commission to be here? A discovery made a few minutes later +served to throw some light on the mystery. Among the few books found in +the house was an antique volume of Shakspere's plays, which, judging +from the thick net-work of cobwebs encircling it, had not been touched +for years. +</p> +<p> +Curiosity led me to open the book. On its fly-leaf was the inscription: +"A present to Thomas from his father, Richard A. Treadwell." A curious +fact was that this name had been crossed and recrossed with a pen, and +underneath had been written as a substitute in the same handwriting: +"John Blake." The ink used at the <i>first</i> writing had retained its +blackness in a remarkable degree; while that used at the time of the +<i>erasure</i> and <i>for the substitute name</i> had so faded that the +first name was much plainer than the second. The natural inference, +then, was that the father of Nancy Blake and the great-great-grandfather +of Cecilia Crabshaw had, at some time, changed his name from that of +Richard Anthony Treadwell to that of John Blake. Why he should have done +so was an unexplained problem, and whether it was my duty to inform Miss +Crabshaw of the fact or not was not quite evident to me. What I really +did, however, was to put the old document in my pocket and forget it. +</p> +<p> +The place was soon after sold for a few hundred dollars, and after + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>[284]</span> + + attending to my affairs in the locality I returned to Boston, but not to +remain. +</p> +<p> +A leading lawyer in Washington, an old and esteemed friend of my father, +and a former adviser of mine in the matter of studying law, had offered +to admit me to partnership in a lucrative practice which had become too +large for his advancing years. I accepted, and bade good-by to dear old +Boston. +</p> +<center> +III. +</center> +<p> +It was not until May, 1881, that I returned to my former home, and then +for a short time only. +</p> +<p> +The next day after my arrival I had a caller at my hotel, and to my +surprise and pleasure it proved to be my old acquaintance and friend, +Christopher Gault. +</p> +<p> +"I saw your name in the list of arrivals in the morning paper, and came +up at once. I am delighted to find you here. I was in hopes to have met +you on my return from England, but learned that you had left 'The Hub' +entirely." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, I have been gone a year and a half. But tell me, Gault, where have +you kept yourself all of this time? I had nearly lost all trace of you. +You made your departure from this continent so suddenly, nearly two +years ago, that I thought you must have been"— +</p> +<p> +"Fleeing from justice?" he interrupted, laughing. "Seeking it, rather. +I see you don't quite understand," he added. "Well, you shall have an +explanation; but it is quite a little story, and I will not detain you +this morning." +</p> +<p> +"I shall see you again?" +</p> +<p> +"I hope so, by all means; and Mrs. Gault would be most happy to meet +you." +</p> +<p> +"Mrs. Gault!" I exclaimed, extending my hand,—"Mrs. Gault! Let me +congratulate you. And Mrs. Gault was formerly"— +</p> +<p> +"Miss Cecilia Crabshaw," he interposed, anticipating my guess. +</p> +<p> +"I could have guessed it," I remarked. "In fact, I think I was rather +more sanguine than you two years ago." +</p> +<p> +He laughed a little, with evident satisfaction. "I have been better +prospered than I anticipated then. We have now been married three +months. By the way, when do you return to Washington?" +</p> +<p> +"Probably a week from now,—ten days at the latest." +</p> +<p> +"Then let me make you a proposition. Besides my acquisition of which +you have just learned I have been favored in other ways, and I have +just purchased a house in the beautiful town of H——, where you and +I met for the first time. This house I have remodelled into a summer +residence; and Mrs. Gault and myself, with two or three friends, intend +going up tomorrow for a two-months' stay. Now, my proposition is this: +when you get ready to return, take a train on the Fitchburg Railroad, +and go by the way + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>[285]</span> + + of Albany and the Hudson river. Stop off at the little station of C——, +and come up to H——, and spend a day with your old friend. I will meet +you at the station myself. Nothing would give me greater pleasure, and I +know the lady who was once your client would unite with me in the +invitation." +</p> +<p> +"The temptation is too great to resist," I responded, after a moment's +reflection, "and I accept with pleasure." +</p> +<p> +A week later I alighted from Christopher Gault's carriage at the door of +a beautiful summer cottage, not a mile from where my vacation had been +spent in '79. His own groom led the horse to the stable, and Mrs. Gault +met us on the veranda. She welcomed me in her charming manner, making a +pleasant allusion as she did so to our first meeting as attorney and +client. We chatted pleasantly for a half hour, when a bell announced +that dinner was ready, and we repaired to the dining-room, where a meal +was served, simply, but most tastefully. "Now," said Mr. Gault, as we +rose from the table, "perhaps you have in mind the promised explanation +of my rather precipitate departure from this attractive region some time +ago; and, if Mrs. Gault will excuse us, we will take a little walk. +</p> +<p> +"You will remember," he began, as we walked leisurely down the +well-shaded path in the narrow country road, "that two years ago I +showed to you a picture of a lady whom we have just left. You also +remember that, while I gave you to understand that we were strongly +attached to each other, I was very far from being enthusiastic about it +as a young lover might be. You did not know the reason then, but it was +simply a question of <i>blood</i>. +</p> +<p> +"In the year 1795 flagrant act of treason was committed against the +Government of Great Britain and His Majesty King George III. My +great-grandfather was then a large property holder, not far from London, +and he figured prominently in public affairs. +</p> +<p> +"Although he had always been of irreproachable character, trusted and +respected, yet the circumstances were such that suspicion was turned +towards him. A certain officer in the king's army appeared and declared +himself ready to testify as a witness to treasonable acts and words on +the part of my great-grandfather. A warrant was issued for his arrest, +and the process was about to be served when it was discovered that he +had fled. Then his house was searched, and in it was found strong +corroborative evidence. This was nothing less than letters, which, if +genuine, proved without the shadow of doubt that he was guilty. There +was no one to appear in defence of the accused, and he was convicted. As +he was not to be found within the king's domains, judgment of outlawry +was pronounced against him as a fugitive from justice. Then followed +those dreadful attendant penalties; confiscation of his estate and the +terrible 'attainder and corruption of blood.' His only son was in +America at the time, and, disgraced and with prospects blighted by the +news of his father's downfall, he resolved never to return. Twelve years +ago this son's youngest daughter, my beloved mother, died, leaving me +with little else than barely means enough to finish my education, and a +good amount of ambition. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name="page286"></a>[286]</span> +</p> +<p> +"Although we lived in a republic where attainder is unknown in the laws +of the land, still my mother felt the disgrace keenly. She never +believed implicitly, however, that her grandfather was really guilty of +the crime for which he was convicted. In fact, after his sentence had +been pronounced, there were strong reasons for believing that he was not +in England at all at the time of the treason, and his son never ceased +in his unavailing efforts to find his whereabouts. +</p> +<p> +"The Crabshaw family had always been warm friends of ours, and, although +they had brought from England many British ideas and counted much on +loyalty, yet they were always ready to appreciate any true worth. After +I was left alone I valued their friendship highly. I was always welcome +at Mr. Crabshaw's house. Cecilia and I were companions in study, and +almost before I knew it we were—in love. As I found this sentiment +strengthening I grew alarmed; for, although no allusion to my family +disgrace had ever been made in my presence, I was aware that Mr. +Crabshaw knew the history well, and that the thought of an alliance with +the house of Crabshaw would be folly. It was at that time that my +mother's belief in her grandfather's innocence became more strongly +impressed upon me, and I formed the purpose, almost hopeless though it +seemed, of establishing the truth of this belief. The idea grew upon me. +I found myself getting nervous, and for the sake of my health I came +here two years ago to find relaxation in trout fishing and the study of +nature." +</p> +<p> +We had walked during the relation of my friend's narrative along the +road often travelled by me before, and which led to the three shattered +elms and the old cellar. We sat down beneath the shade of the trees once +more to rest, and as we did so Gault took from his pocket the old knife +which two years before had been discovered in the grass-grown cellar. +</p> +<p> +"There," said he, holding it before my eyes, "there is the name on the +handle that you read for the first time,—'Samuel Wickham,'—and you can +imagine my feelings when I tell you that that was the name of my +great-grandfather. When you told me that Deacon Thompson had a record of +this long past tragedy you doubtless remember the intense eagerness with +which I hastened to find him. +</p> +<p> +"In the diary was distinctly recorded the burning of the house, March 4, +1795. If Samuel Wickham was guilty of the crime it was utterly +impossible that he should have been out of England at that time. From +that moment my cherished belief became a settled conviction. My means +were limited, but I resolved to visit England at once, and, if possible, +substantiate the evidence found so unexpectedly under these elms; not +that I expected to obtain reversal of a sentence pronounced in a court +of law over eighty years ago, but Cecelia Crabshaw should know that my +blood was not tainted by an ancestor's crime. I can assure you that I +thought much more than I slept that night. +</p> +<p> +"The next day, as you know, I went back to Boston, and a month later was +in England. I went directly to S——, and there found the old mansion, +once the rightful property of my great-grandfather. I found proof + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name="page287"></a>[287]</span> + + that he sailed for New York, January 23, 1795. But that was not all. The +old Wickham mansion had stood for years unoccupied. I learned that after +its forfeiture to the crown the whole estate had been granted for life +as a reward to the young officer who had brought to the government the +evidence of its former owner's treason. By him it was occupied for some +thirty years; then he suddenly disappeared. After that the estate was +sold to an eccentric and wealthy bachelor, who built a superb residence +thereon, letting the old mansion remain closed. Very recently he had +died, leaving no will and no heirs, and the estate again escheated to +the crown. +</p> +<p> +"I was very anxious to search the old mansion, and readily obtained +permission to enter. It was built in the time of Elizabeth, and was a +large building, similar in architecture to many others built in the +sixteenth century in this part of England. As I entered the deserted +building a strange feeling of desolation took possession of me. Hardly a +human being had been within its walls for fifty years. The dust lay deep +on the bare oaken floor, and almost muffled the sound of my footsteps. +On one exquisitely carved panel appeared, in defiance of attempts to +destroy it, the Wickham coat-of-arms. +</p> +<p> +"I was searching for nothing in particular, but everything had to me a +fascinating interest, and I opened every door and examined every nook +and shelf. In one room I came across an antique oaken desk. As I pulled +open one of its drawers a half-dozen scared spiders fled before the +intruding rays of light. In the drawer there was a small wooden box. +There was nothing in this box but a sheet of paper, folded and sealed, +and addressed to the attorney-general of England. I hesitated a moment, +and then broke it open with excited curiosity. It was the most thrilling +moment of my life. Even now, as I tell you this story, I feel the same +thrill go through me as when my eyes ran over that page. It was nothing +more nor less than a written confession of,—first, treason against the +crown of England; and, second, perjury and false witness against Samuel +Wickham. It was signed by the officer who appeared against him, and was +witnessed by two parties. Strange to say, both of these parties were +still living, and able to attest the validity of their signatures and +the genuineness of the other. They had merely witnessed this signature +at the time, without being aware of the nature of the document. +</p> +<p> +"The excitement and delight which followed this discovery were so great +that I could do nothing at all for a time. I then engaged the services +of an able barrister, and within six months the judgment of outlawry, +forfeiture, attainder, and corruption of blood, pronounced eighty-five +years ago upon Samuel Wickham by the Court of the King's Bench, was, +upon a writ of error, reversed by the Court of the King's Exchequer. I +then proved that I was the only surviving heir of the wrongfully +convicted man, and in a short time the estate became mine. After +consideration I decided best not to keep the property, and just before +my departure from England I sold it for ninety-two thousand pounds +sterling. Four months after my return Cecilia married a man whose blood +was, at least, free from the inherited taint of treason. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page288" name="page288"></a>[288]</span> +</p> +<p> +"And now, my dear fellow, you have the story. To be sure there are some +things connected with it not entirely clear; as, for instance, why did +my ancestor leave England when he did, and how came he to be travelling +over these hills? And, in regard to the traitorous officer, where did he +go after he had written the letter of confession?—that is a question, +although it has been said that he fled to America and settled in +Virginia." +</p> +<p> +"What was this officer's name?" +</p> +<p> +"His name was Richard Anthony Treadwell, and he was major of the seventh +regiment of cavalry." +</p> +<p> +The sudden mention of this name brought me to my feet. My surprise was +so great that for a moment I could say nothing. Then I said, coolly, "I +have Major Treadwell's commission in my pocket." Gault stared at me in +blank amazement. I drew from my pocket the old document found in the +little house in Virginia after the death of Nancy Blake, and handed it +to him. I had put it in my pocket just before I left Washington, +intending to at last give it to its owner. +</p> +<p> +He took the paper and glanced at the name. "Where did you get this?" he +exclaimed, bewildered with astonishment. +</p> +<p> +I briefly related the circumstances. +</p> +<p> +"Well," said Gault, "this is a wonderful coincidence; it is the most +remarkable thing that I ever knew. The traitor, it seems, is still +in my family, but not on my side of the house. Fortunately for me, +however, I do not share my excellent father-in-law's sentiments on the +subject of 'blood,' and this singular discovery regarding my wife's +great-great-grandfather will not disturb me in the least. Now," he +continued, "this remarkable sequel of a remarkable case is known by you +and me only, and we may as well let it rest here. It would be a terrible +shock to Mr. Crabshaw, with all his proud ideas regarding everything of +this kind, to know that his own daughter was descended from one who had +been an actual traitor, and I shall never inflict the suffering which +such a revelation would cause him. This historic place has given me one +relic which led to all my success, and now I will pay it back with +another relic for which I have no further use." +</p> +<p> +As he said this he tore into shreds the old commission and threw them +into the ancient cellar. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[289]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0015" id="h2H_4_0015"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ELIZABETH.<a href="#note-5" name="noteref-5"><small>5</small></a> +</h2> +<h4> + A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Frances C. Sparhawk</span>, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." +</h3> +<a name="h2HCH0001" id="h2HCH0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XXII. +</h2> +<h3> + THE ARMY SAILS. +</h3> +<p> +Winter was over by the calendar. But neither the skies nor the +thermometer agreed with that. Spring could not bring forward evidences +of her reign while her predecessor's snowy foot was still planted upon +the earth, and showed no haste to get under it. The season had been +unusually mild, but it lingered, fighting the battle with its last +reserve forces, the breath of the icebergs that came rushing up the +harbor like the charge of ten thousand bayonets. Military comparisons +were frequent at that time, for the thoughts of New England were bent +upon war. Governor Shirley had pressed his measure well. Defeated in the +secret conclave of the General Court, he had attacked the Legislature +through a petition signed by merchants in Boston and Salem who urged +re-consideration. Before February the measure had passed by a majority +of one. No student of history can ever despair of the power of one voice +or one will. The measure had not passed until the end of January. But +public enthusiasm had mounted high, and now while March had still a week +to run, the last transports were ready to sail out of the harbor to meet +the others at Nantasket Roads, and thence proceed to Canso, where they +were to remain and receive supplies until the ice should clear from the +harbor. Then to Louisburg. +</p> +<p> +It might be said that the troops had tiptoed through the state to the +music of muffled drums, so much stress had been laid upon secrecy, and +so much the success of the expedition depended upon it. No vessels were +permitted to sail toward Louisburg, lest they should carry the news of +the intended attack. Government and people united their efforts to give +the expedition every chance. It was well that telegraph and telephone +were not to the front then. +</p> +<p> +But the pressure of public affairs could not keep hearts from being +heavy over private griefs. Archdale was wounded both in his affection +and his pride, for Katie had refused to marry him on the anniversary of +that frustrated wedding, or, indeed, at all, at present. She said that +it would be too sudden, that she must first have a little time to regard +Stephen as a lover. "But I've never been anything else," he said. Katie +insisted that she had been training herself to regard him as Elizabeth's +husband. And to his reply that if she were so foolish, she must not make +him pay for her folly, she asserted with spirit that no one had ever +spoken so to her before. In truth, Lord Bulchester's assiduous humility +did make the directness of Stephen Archdale seem like assertion to her; +and Katie + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[290]</span> + + was not one to forget while she was talking with Stephen that if she +chose to turn her head, there were the beauties of a coronet and of +Lyburg Chase offered to her on bended knee. She had not turned her head +yet. Stephen told himself that he was sure that she never meant to, but +for all that, he was not quite sure that she would not do it almost +without meaning it. He began by insisting that now Bulchester should be +dismissed. But Katie declared that he should not be sent away as if she +had lost her own freedom the moment of Stephen's return to her. She +would send him away herself at least before she became Stephen's wife. +To Archdale's representations of the cruelty of this course, she +answered that Lord Bulchester had known of her engagement before he met +her. If he could not take care of himself, why, then——. And Katie +tossed her charming head a very little, and smiled at Stephen so +winningly, and added that it would not hurt him, that he yielded, with +as good a grace as he could, a position that he found untenable. So +Archdale waited, and Bulchester kept his place, whether more securely or +less Stephen could not tell. +</p> +<p> +One thing, however, was clear, that Stephen lost his peace of mind +without even the poor satisfaction of being sure that the state of +affairs was such as to make that necessary. Katie was a coquette, but he +felt that coquetry was fascinating only when one were sure of the right +side being turned toward himself, sure that it was another man's heart, +and not his own that was being played with. He had not come to +confessing to himself that in any case it was ignoble. So he waited +while the winter wore on, and March found him still betrothed to Katie +and still at her feet though in a mood that threatened danger. For after +asserting that she needed time to adapt herself to the altered condition +of things, she had found a new objection. She did not want to marry and +have her husband go off to the war before the honeymoon was over; she +preferred to wait until he returned. "Do you really mean to marry me at +all?" he asked. "Stephen!" she cried tearfully. "Do you realize what I +have suffered!" The tears and the appeal conquered him, and for the +moment he felt himself a brute. +</p> +<p> +But when cool judgment came back to him, Katie's conduct looked always +more and more unsatisfactory. She certainly was not thinking of his +wishes now. He knew that no other human being could have kept him in +this position, and while he chafed at it, he made every possible excuse +for her, even to condoning a certain childishness which he told himself +this proved. Since she was loyal, what mattered a little tantalizing of +himself? Still Stephen wavered between his pride and his love. The first +told him to end this child's play, to marry Katie if she would have him, +but tell her it was now or never. Love put off this evil day, and it may +be that his love had a touch of pride in it also, that he did not fancy +being superseded by Bulchester. +</p> +<p> +Then came the expedition. +</p> +<p> +The streets of Boston were thronged with a crowd of serious faces. One +vessel after another had slipped quietly off to the Roads. But the last +of the fleet was here. And not only the friends of the soldiers, but +friends of the cause, and lookers-on had assembled. The whole city +seemed to be there. +</p> +<p> +When Elizabeth with her father and Mrs. Eveleigh drove up, the embarkation + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[291]</span> + + was nearly over, and some of the transports were already standing off to +sea. The largest vessel, however, was still at the pier, and as +Elizabeth looked at the troops marching steadily on board, she saw +Archdale near the gangway. He seemed to be in command. She watched him a +moment with a feeling of sadness. Who could tell that he would ever come +back, that youth and prowess might not prove too weak for the sword of +the enemy or for some stray shot? How lightly Mr. Edmonson had spoken of +such a thing! She did not know whom he had been talking of, but his tone +was mocking. He paid people in society more attention than Archdale did, +he certainly was more kind and interested in all that concerned herself. +And yet, in an emergency, if a call came for self-denial, or devotion to +honor, was it Edmonson to whom she would appeal? +</p> +<p> +Since her freedom the latter had not failed to press his suit eagerly, +and he had endeavored to conceal the fury that possessed him when he +became convinced that she meant her refusal. He had not succeeded very +well in this, and Elizabeth had caught another glimpse of his inner +life. She did not believe in his professions of regard for her, but she +did believe thoroughly in these glimpses of character. She had been +courteous, but he had made her shrink from him. Since the last refusal, +for he had not been content with one, she had met him only in society, +but here he was constantly near her, really because he was fascinated by +her. But to her it seemed under the circumstances like a persecution. +She thought of him none the more pleasantly because she met him at every +turn. His assiduity meant to her a desire to marry a rich wife. Since +his conduct at Colonel Archdale's house she had remembered that she was +considered an heiress. She did not believe in Edmonson's capacity for +affection for any woman. Here she was mistaken. The young man was as +much in love with her as he knew how to be, and that was passionately, +if not deeply. +</p> +<p> +Twice Archdale had been to see her with Katie who was spending the +winter with her aunt in Boston. With those exceptions Elizabeth had seen +nothing of him, although he had been frequently in the city. He had been +very much occupied by military matters, and, apart from these, not in a +mood for general society. Until this morning of the embarkation +Elizabeth had not caught a glimpse of him for a month. She remembered it +as she looked at him and saw a certain fixedness in his face. +</p> +<p> +A sudden consciousness of observation made her turn her eyes toward the +middle of the boat. They met Edmonson's looking at her intently. Bowing +to him, she dropped her own, and before his greeting of her was over, +she turned to speak to her father. +</p> +<p> +But she said only a few words to him, and began again to watch the +soldiers. How many of these strong men would come back uncrippled? And a +good many would not come back at all. But as she looked at them filing +through the gangway, the sense of numbers, and of strength, swept back +the possibilities of evil, and instead of the embarkation, she seemed to +see before her the rush of the troops to the fortress, as Governor +Shirley had planned it all, the splendid attack, the defense gallant +though useless, the stormy entrance, and the English flag floating over +the battlements of Louisburg. The bloodshed and the agony + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>[292]</span> + + were lost sight of, it was the vision of conquest and the thought of the +royal colors floating over the stronghold of French America that flushed +her cheek and kindled her eyes. +</p> +<p> +Archdale watching her felt like holding his breath, lest in some way he +should disturb her and lose this glimpse of character. She was looking +out to sea. He felt sure that, although she had just smiled and bowed +she had already forgotten him again. It was nothing connected with +himself that had brought such a look to her face. But here were some of +the possibilities of this noble girl, Katie's friend. Sweeping his +glance further on as he stood there, he had reason to feel that +Elizabeth was much more deeply interested in the expedition than Katie +was. The latter had given him her farewell in her uncle's house, to be +sure. But now she seemed to have quite forgotten that he might never +come back. Any public exhibition of sentiment would have been as +distasteful to him as to her, but he had expected a little gravity. He +thought as he stood there that perhaps he had been uncourteous in not +going to say farewell to Elizabeth to whom he was so much indebted. But +it was the consciousness of this that had prevented him. He could not +bear to see her until he had returned that money put into the Archdale +firm under a mistaken supposition; for not only was Elizabeth not his +wife, but Katie for whom she assured him that she had done this, might +never be. He looked at his betrothed again in the crowd, and something +like scorn came into his face, a scorn that stung himself more deeply +than its unconscious object. +</p> +<p> +As to this money of Elizabeth's, he had not yet been able to make his +father return it. The Colonel had declared that he could pay a better +per cent. than she could get elsewhere, and would do it. He had assured +Mr. Royal of this, and the latter seemed content. But Stephen looking +back to Elizabeth again, could not keep from thinking about the money +and wishing that it were out of his hands. Yet, with this undercurrent +of thought, he at the same time was seeing in her face a beauty that +possibly did not wholly vanish with her mood, but lay half hidden behind +reserve, and waited the touch of the power that could call it forth. +</p> +<p> +Edmonson's voice, speaking to one of the officers, reached him at the +moment. Elizabeth moved her head. Instinctively he watched to see if she +turned toward the speaker. No, it was toward himself that she was +looking with a smile of farewell. He bowed eagerly, decidedly, for by +this time the troops had all embarked, the plank was up, and he was free +for the moment. +</p> +<p> +He bowed to Elizabeth. But the next instant she saw him looking intently +at some one behind her in the crowd, and she felt sure that Katie was +giving him her silent farewell. While she dropped her eyes as if this +parting were not for strangers to watch, the shouts of the crowd on +shore and the cheers of the soldiers marked the widening space between +ship and shore. +</p> +<p> +When Mr. Royal's horses were turned about, Elizabeth found that Katie +Archdale had been almost directly behind. She was with her aunt and +uncle. Kenelm Waldo sat beside her, while Lord Bulchester with one foot +on the ground and the other on the step of the carriage, talked from the +opposite side. Katie + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>[293]</span> + + turned readily from one to the other, and if she intercepted an angry +glance, her eyes grew brighter and her brilliant smile deepened. Her +laugh was not forced, it came with that musical ripple which had always +added so much to her fascination. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth caught it as she passed with a bow, and a grave face. After +all, she thought, Katie could not have seen Mr. Archdale the moment +before. +</p> +<a name="h2HCH0002" id="h2HCH0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XXIII. +</h2> +<h3> + KATIE ARCHDALE. +</h3> +<p> +It was a beautiful morning, warmer than May mornings usually are in +Boston. But the warm sunshine that came into the drawing-room where +Katie Archdale was seated was unheeded. Katie was still at her uncle's +and that morning, as she had been very many mornings of late, was much +occupied with a visitor who sat on the sofa beside her with an +assumption of privilege which his diffident air at times failed to carry +out well. +</p> +<p> +"Are you quite sure, Lord Bulchester?" she asked. And her voice had a +touch of tremulousness, so inspiring to lovers. +</p> +<p> +"Sure? Am I sure?" he asked, his little figure expanding in his +earnestness, his face aglow with an emotion which gave dignity to his +plain features. "Sure that I love you?" he repeated wonderingly. "How +could anybody help it?" +</p> +<p> +"Then its not any especial discernment in you?" Her tones had the +softness of a coquetry about to lose itself in a glad submission to a +power higher than its own. +</p> +<p> +"No," he sighed. "And, yet, it is some special discernment. For, if not, +why should I love you better than anyone else does?" +</p> +<p> +"Do you?" The arch glance softened to suit his mood, half bewildered him +with ecstasy. To the music of them the drawing-room seemed to heighten +and broaden before his eyes, and to lengthen out into vistas of the +halls and parks of his own beautiful home, Lyburg Chase, and through +them all, Katie moved, and gave them a new charm. And, then, he seemed +to be in different places on the Continent, among the Swiss Mountains, +beside the Italian lakes, in gay Paris, and every where Katie moved by +his side, and gave new life to the familiar scenes. +</p> +<p> +"Give me my answer to-day," he cried; "for to-day my treasure, you are +sure of yourself, to-day you know that you love me." +</p> +<p> +Katie's face changed, as the sky changes when a rift of blue that +promised a smiling day is swallowed up again in the midst of uncertain +weather; whatever softness lingered was veiled by doubt. "I don't know," +she said hesitatingly, "I'm not sure yet. I can't tell. Must you have +your answer to-day?" And she looked at him half defiantly. An expression +of bitter disappointment swept over Bulchester's face and seemed +actually to affect his whole personality, for he appeared to shrink into +himself until there was less of him. "You see," Katie went on, "between +you I am driven, I am tossed; I don't even know what I feel. How can I? +Poor Stephen, you know, has loved me all my life, and one + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[294]</span> + + does not easily forget that, Lord Bulchester. He does have a claim, you +know." +</p> +<p> +"Only your preference has any claim," he answered in a voice of +entreaty. +</p> +<p> +"Yes," she said, and sighed. The assent and the sigh completely puzzled +him. Were they for himself, or for Stephen Archdale? Had she already +chosen without being willing to speak, or was she still hesitating? In +either case, the decision was equally momentous, the only question was +of lengthening or shortening the suspense of waiting for it. +</p> +<p> +"Then take your time," he answered drearily, "and I will leave you, I +will go and hide my impatience. You must not be tortured." +</p> +<p> +"No," returned the girl with a low sigh. At that instant she turned her +face away from him toward the window, a knock at the door being the +ostensible reason. But if anyone had seen the smile with which she +received the assurance that she was not to be tortured, he would have +believed that there was no imminent danger of it. Had it been a question +of torturing,—that was another thing. When she turned a grave face +toward Lord Bulchester again he had risen. "No, No," she cried. "Don't +go, sit down, I would rather have you here, for a time at least. It's +Elizabeth,—Mistress Royal." Her tones threw the listener from +dreariness into despair. A moment since he thought he had her assurance +that his own claims were seriously considered. And, now, what could give +her manner this nervousness, but the fact that her attachment to +Archdale was still in force? For Bulchester had learned from her that +since her arrested wedding Elizabeth had always been associated in her +mind with Stephen. She was so in his own also, for this reason, and +another. The young man sat down again. It was not consistent with his +feelings, nor his knowledge of affairs, and, still less, with his +character to perceive that Katie's conscience troubled her a little. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth had always found likable things in Lord Bulchester: and +although she had been indignant at his taking advantage of the position +of affairs to try to win Katie, she had owned to herself that he was not +responsible for such position, and ought not to have been expected to +feel about as she did. And now that Katie and Stephen Archdale were once +more united, Elizabeth felt a deep pity for Bulchester, and believed +that he was behaving well in being manly enough to have won Katie's +respect and friendship. No shadow of doubt of her friend's loyalty to +Stephen crossed her mind. And nothing gave her warning that out of this +morning visit in which there would be said and done no single thing that +would seem at the time of any consequence, would come results that would +influence her life. +</p> +<p> +The conversation, after ranging about a little turned upon the quiet +that had settled down upon the city, now that the excitement of fitting +out the expedition was over. Elizabeth said that it seemed to her the +hush of anxiety and expectation, for it was felt that the fate of the +country hung upon the issue. Whether New England were still English in +government or became French provinces depended more upon the fate of +Louisburg than anybody liked to confess. +</p> +<p> +"I don't believe there's any danger of our being French provinces," said +Katie. +</p> +<p> +"I ought to have put it that we fight the battle there or in our own +home," + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>[295]</span> + + said Elizabeth. Then as they went on to speak of the soldiers, she said +suddenly to Bulchester: "What does your lordship do without Mr. +Edmonson?" The latter shifted his foot on the floor uneasily. +</p> +<p> +"I suppose you think that I ought to have gone too," he said half in +apology, "but—," He looked at Katie and his face brightened: she was +not a woman to blame him because his love for her had kept him at home. +He did not linger upon the other part of the truth, that he was not fond +of war in any event. "I have helped in my small way," he said. "Don't +believe me quite without patriotism." Elizabeth looked surprised. +</p> +<p> +"I did not mean that at all," she answered. "I was not thinking of it, +but only that you had been so much with Mr. Edmonson, that you must miss +him." +</p> +<p> +"I don't know," answered Bulchester. After a moment's hesitation he +added, "I see you look surprised: the intimacy between us seemed to you +close?" +</p> +<p> +"Why, yes, it did," assented Elizabeth, "very close. But I don't see why +I should say so, or how it should be any affair of mine." +</p> +<p> +Bulchester looked uncomfortable. "All the same," he answered, "you are +judging me, and thinking me disloyal, and that it is a strange time to +forget one's friendship when the friend has gone to peril life for his +country." +</p> +<p> +"Perhaps something like that did come to me," confessed Elizabeth. +</p> +<p> +"You can't judge," pursued the other eagerly, speaking to Elizabeth, but +thinking of the impression that this might be making upon Katie. "There +are things I cannot explain, things that have made me draw away from +Edmonson. It is not because he has gone to the war and I have found +reason to stay at home. There are impressions that come sometimes like +dreams, you can't put them into words. But without being able to do +that, you are sure certain things are so. No, not sure." He stopped +again. It was impossible to explain. +</p> +<p> +"Don't stop there," cried Katie. "How tantalizing. Either you should not +have begun, or you ought to go on. You must," she insisted with a +gesture of impatience, while her eyes met his with a smile that always +conquered him. +</p> +<p> +"I've nothing to say,—that is, there is nothing I can say. One doesn't +betray one's friends. But Edmonson—" He halted again. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, but Mr. Edmonson," she repeated, "is a delightful man when one is +on a frolic. What else about him?" +</p> +<p> +"Oh—nothing." +</p> +<p> +The girl frowned. "Very well," she said. "Everybody trusts Mistress +Royal. I understand it is I who am unworthy of your confidence. As you +please." +</p> +<p> +"You!" he cried. "You unworthy of my confidence!" There was +consternation in his tones. "You?" he repeated, looking at her +helplessly. The idea was too much for him. +</p> +<p> +"Certainly. Or you would at least tell us what you mean about Mr. +Edmonson, even if your former friendship for him—that is supposing it +gone now—prevented you from going into details." She spoke earnestly +and wondered as she did so why she had never felt any curiosity before +as to the break of the intimacy + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>[296]</span> + + between Edmonson and his friend, for, evidently, there had been a +coolness, something more than mere separation. As Elizabeth sat looking +at his perturbed face, an old legend crossed her mind. "Mr. Edmonson has +lost his shadow," she thought; and it seemed ominous to her. +</p> +<p> +"There are no details," answered the earl. "Nothing has happened. If you +imagine I have quarrelled with him, you are mistaken. Nothing of the +sort. There were reasons, as I have said, to keep me at home, and he had +no claim upon me to accompany him. Besides, there's a something, that +as I said, I can't put into words, and I may be entirely wrong. But +Edmonson is a terrible fellow at times. One day he—." Then Bulchester +stopped abruptly, and began a new sentence. "I know nothing," he said. +"I have nothing to tell, only I fear, because if he wants anything, he +must have it through every obstacle. When he takes the bits between his +teeth, Heaven only knows where he will bring up, and Heaven hasn't +much to do with the direction of his running, I imagine. Sometimes one +would rather not ride behind him." As he finished, his eyes were on +Elizabeth's face, and it seemed as if he were speaking especially for +her. But in a moment as they met hers full of inquiry, he dropped them +and looked disturbed. +</p> +<p> +"You are frightfully mysterious," cried Katie. +</p> +<p> +"Not at all," he entreated. "There is no mystery anywhere. I never said +anything about mysteries. Please don't think I spoke of such a thing." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, you are very mysterious," she insisted. "Nobody can help seeing +that you know evil of your friend, and don't want to tell it. I dare say +it's to your credit. But, all the same, it's tantalizing." +</p> +<p> +Not even her commendation could keep a sharp anxiety from showing itself +on Bulchester's face. "I have said nothing," he answered, "it all might +happen and he have no concern in it—, I mean," he caught himself back +with a startled look and then went on with an assumption of coolness, "I +mean exactly what I say, Mistress Archdale, simply that Edmonson does +not please me so much as he did before I saw better people. But I assure +you that this has no connection with any special thing that he has +done." +</p> +<p> +"Or may do?" asked Elizabeth. +</p> +<p> +"Or that I believe he will do," he answered resolutely. But it was after +an instant's hesitation which was not lost upon one of his listeners who +sat watching him gravely, and in a moment as if uttering her thought +aloud, said, +</p> +<p> +"That is new; he used to please you entirely." +</p> +<p> +Bulchester fidgetted, and glanced at Katie who had turned toward the +speaker. There was no need, he thought, of bringing out his past +infatuation so plainly. In the light of a new one, it looked absurd +enough to him not to want to have it paraded before one of his present +companions at least. But Elizabeth had had no idea of parading his +absurdities; for when he said apologetically that one learned in time to +regulate his enthusiasms, she looked at him with surprise, as if roused, +and answered that the ability to be a good friend was the last thing to +need apology. Then she sat busy with her own thoughts. +</p> +<p> +"What, the mischief, is she after?" thought the young man watching her as + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[297]</span> + + Katie talked, and there must have been strong reason that could have +diverted his mind in any degree from Katie. "Is it possible she has +struck my uncanny suspicion? If she has, she's cool about it. No, it's +impossible; I've buried it fathoms deep. Nobody could find it. It's too +evil a suspicion, too satanical, ever to be brought to light. I wish to +Heaven, though, I had never run across it, it makes me horribly +uncomfortable." Then he turned to Katie, but soon his thoughts were +running upon Elizabeth again. "She's one of those people," he mused, +"that you think don't notice anything, and all at once she'll score a +hit that the best players would be proud of. I can't make her out. But I +hardly think Edmonson would have everything quite his own way. Pity he +can't try it. I'd like to see it working. And perhaps some day—." So, +he tried to put away from him a suggestion, which, dwelt upon, gave him +a sense of personal guilt, because, only supposing this thing came that +Edmonson had hinted at, it would be an advantage to himself. He shivered +at the suggestion; there was no such purpose in reality, he was sure of +it. Edmonson only talked wildly as he had a way of doing. The very +thought seemed a crime to Bulchester. If he really believed, he ought to +speak. But he did not believe, and he could hardly denounce his friend +on a vagary. Still, he was troubled by Elizabeth's evident pondering, +and was glad to have the conversation turned into any channel that would +sweep out thoughts of Edmonson from their minds. +</p> +<p> +As this was done and he turned fully to Katie again, a new mood, the +effect of her sudden indifference, came over him. A few moments ago she +had been almost fond, now she was languidly polite. Hope faded away from +all points of his horizon. An easterly mist of doubt was creeping over +him. His egotism at its height was only a mild satisfaction in his +social impregnability and was readily overpowered by the recollection of +personal defects to which he was acutely alive. In the atmosphere of +Katie's coolness, he forgot his earldom and thought disconsolately of +his nose. He was disconcerted, and after a few embarrassed words took +his leave. It never occurred to him as a consolation that his tones and +glances were growing a little too loverlike to be safely on exhibition +before Elizabeth who had not noticed them in the moments that Bulchester +had forgotten his caution, but who, as Katie knew, might wake up to the +fact at any glance. Elizabeth bade him farewell kindly, she pitied his +disappointment, and thought that he bore it well. But as she watched his +half-timorous movements, she believed that even had her own marriage +ceremony turned out to be a reality. Lord Bulchester would have had no +chance with a girl who had been loved by Stephen Archdale whose wooing +was as full of intrepidity as his other acts. +</p> +<p> +"Well! What are you thinking of?" asked Katie meeting her earnest gaze. +</p> +<p> +"Do you want me to tell you?" +</p> +<p> +"Yes." +</p> +<p> +"I was wondering why you tortured him. Why don't you send him away at +once, and forever?" +</p> +<p> +Katie laughed unaimiably. "He seems to like the torturing," she said. +Then she looked at Elizabeth in a teasing way. "Some girls would prefer +him to Stephen, you know," she added. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[298]</span> +</p> +<p> +"You mean because he has a title? You can't think of any other reason." +</p> +<p> +"Oh, of course I don't, my Archdale champion. How strange that you trust +me so little, Elizabeth!" +</p> +<p> +"Trust you so little, Katie? Why, if any other girl did as you are +doing, I should say she was playing false with her betrothed, and meant +to throw him over. I never imagine such a thing of you. I only feel that +you are very cruel to Lord Bulchester." +</p> +<p> +Katie cast down her eyes for a moment. "Some things are beyond our +control," she answered. +</p> +<p> +"Not things like these," said Elizabeth. "Since you have suffered +yourself, I don't understand why you want to make other people suffer." +</p> +<p> +"Don't you?" returned the girl. "That's just the reason, I suppose. Why +should I be alone? But I shall be done with playing by and by, +Elizabeth." +</p> +<p> +"Yes, I know, Katie," the girl answered. "I trust you." +</p> +<p> +Again Katie looked down for a moment, looked up again, this time into +the face of her friend, and sighed lightly. "Don't think me better than +I am, Betsey," she implored, the dimples about her mouth effectually +counteracting the pathos of her tones. And at the words she put up her +lips with a childlike air to her companion. Elizabeth's arms folded +impulsively about her, and held her for a moment in an embrace that +seemed at once to guard, and caress, and brood over her. Then she drew +away, and sat beside her with a quietness that seemed like a wish to +make her sudden evidence of strong feeling forgotten. +</p> +<p> +"Betsey, my dear," said Katie softly, "you're so good. I have seemed +different to you sometimes. You must not expect me to be like you." +</p> +<p> +"I should not have done half so well," said Elizabeth hastily. +</p> +<p> +Katie smiled. After this they sat and talked some time longer; it was +the first free interview that they had had since their estrangement was +over, and Elizabeth's voice had a happy ring in it. After a time, Katie +began to give an account of some gathering at which she had been +present. At the sound of Lord Bulchester's name, among the guests, +Elizabeth's attention wandered. She began to think of the young's man's +strange reticence respecting Edmonson, and evident uneasiness about +something connected with him. Why were they not friends still? Was it on +account of this unknown something? All at once the light of conviction +flashed over her face. She perceived at least one cause of the +separation. Bulchester's attentions to Katie were distasteful to +Edmonson, for he wanted Katie to marry Stephen Archdale, because he +feared lest Elizabeth should grow fond of him, lest Stephen should come +to find a fortune convenient. Elizabeth's unaided perceptions would +never have reached this point; but in Edmonson's anger at her second +refusal of him he had dared to intimate such a thing, so darkly, to be +sure, that she had not seen fit to understand him, but plainly enough to +throw light upon the estrangement of the two men. "Distasteful," was a +light word to use in speaking of anything that Edmonson did not like; +his feelings were so strong that he seemed always ready to be +vindictive. Her feeling toward him for this intimation had been anger +which had cooled into contempt of a nature like his, ready to find +baseness everywhere. The suggestion + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>[299]</span> + + was no reproach to her, for she had had no thoughts of disloyalty to +Katie. As she sat there still seeming to listen, suddenly, it seemed to +her, for she could not trace its coming, a picture rose before her with +the vividness of reality. She saw Archdale and Edmonson standing +together on the deck of the same vessel bound upon the same errand, +always together; and she remembered Edmonson' muttered words, and his +face dark with passion over all its fairness. +</p> +<p> +She went home full of secret trouble, trouble too vague for utterance. +Besides what she knew and felt there had been something else that she +had not got at, and that disturbed Lord Bulchester. The rest of the day +she was more or less abstracted, and went to bed with her mind full of +indistinct images brooded over by that vague trouble, the very stuff of +which dreams are made. And more than this, out of which the brain in the +unconscious cerebration of sleep, sometimes, drawing all the tangled +threads into order, weaves from them a web on which is pictured the +truth. +</p> +<a name="note-5"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>5</u> (<a href="#noteref-5">return</a>)<br /> +Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0018" id="h2H_4_0018"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + GROWING OLD. +</h2> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Growing old! The pulses' measure </p> +<p class="i4"> Keeps its even tenor still; </p> +<p class="i2"> Eye and hand nor fail nor falter, </p> +<p class="i4"> And the brain obeys the will; </p> +<p class="i2"> Only by the whitening tresses, </p> +<p class="i4"> And the deepening wrinkles told, </p> +<p class="i2"> Youth has passed away like vapor; </p> +<p class="i4"> Prime is gone, and I grow old. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Laughter hushes at my presence, </p> +<p class="i4"> Gay young voices whisper lower, </p> +<p class="i2"> If I dare to linger by it, </p> +<p class="i4"> All the streams or life run slower. </p> +<p class="i2"> Though I love the mirth of children, </p> +<p class="i4"> Though I prize youth's virgin gold, </p> +<p class="i2"> What have I to do with either! </p> +<p class="i4"> Time is telling—I grow old. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Not so dread the gloomy river </p> +<p class="i4"> That I shrank from so of yore; </p> +<p class="i2"> All my first of love and friendship </p> +<p class="i4"> Gather on the further shore. </p> +<p class="i2"> Were it not the best to join them </p> +<p class="i4"> Ere I feel the blood run cold? </p> +<p class="i2"> Ere I hear it said too harshly, </p> +<p class="i2"> "Stand back from us—you are old!" </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i6"> <i>—All the Year Round</i>. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[300]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0019" id="h2H_4_0019"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + EDITOR'S TABLE. +</h2> +<p> +Many a valuable work has been produced in manuscript by students and +other persons of experience in special fields of practice which have +never yet been put into type, and perhaps never will, solely because of +the poverty of their writers or of the disinclination of publishers in +general to take hold of books which do not at the start promise a +remuneration. The late Professor Sophocles of Harvard College, left in +MS. a <i>Lexicon of Modern Greek and English</i>, which if published +would certainly prove a valuable contribution to literature as well as +be greatly appreciated by scholars. We are aware of several instances of +this sort. +</p> +<p> +While, in such instances, the authors are to be commiserated, it would +be folly to blame the publishers, who, were they to accept for +publication every unremunerative manuscript offered to them, would soon +cease to be publishers and instead be forced into the alms-houses. It +has been suggested that wealthy men can do themselves honor and assist +creditably in building up literature by providing the means wherewith +deserving, but poor, authors may print their books. Were the suggestion +to be carefully weighed, and then, to be adopted, American literature +would be made the richer. A great many rich men of the day seem to take +great satisfaction in patronizing artists, athletes, actors, and +colleges. Why is it not possible to derive as much pleasure in +patronizing authors? +</p> +<p> +While writing on this theme, we are reminded that one of the most +unsaleable books of the present day is a Town History: and, yet, however +crude or dry it may seem to be, it is in reality an exceedingly valuable +contribution to our national annals. Such books are as a rule declined +by regular publishing houses, and, if published at all, the author is +usually out of pocket by reason of his investment. There ought to be +public spirit enough in every community to make the opposite of this the +rule. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +It remains to be seen whether the Hartford <i>Courant</i> and other +newspapers of the same proclivities, will ever again wave the "bloody +shirt" in the field of politics. This paper, viewing the events of the +past month, has repeatedly thanked God (in print) that, "now we have +neither North nor South, but one united country." Few events in +ceremonial history, we confess, have been more significant than the +presence of two Confederate generals as pall-bearers at the funeral of +<span class="sc">General Grant</span>. This ought, if indeed it does not, to mark the close of +the Civil War and of all the divisions and combinations which have had +their roots and their justifications in it. The "bloody shirt" can be +waved no more, except as an insult to the memory of the late first +citizen of the Republic. On what basis, then, are political parties +henceforth to rest? What, in the future, will give a meaning to the +names Republican and Democrat, or make it national and patriotic for an +American citizen to enlist in one of the two organizations and wage +political war against the other? +</p> +<p> +We can detect only three great questions now before the American people. +One is the Tariff, the other the reform of the Civil Service, and the +last is the problem of labor. It is noticeable that the division of +opinion regarding either of these questions does not correspond with the +lines of the established parties. There are Protectionists, as also Free +Traders, in both parties; both parties are equally puzzled by the labor +question; and though the Democratic Party has hitherto been re-actionary +on the subject of the Civil Service, a Democratic President is to-day +the champion and the hope of Reform. On the whole, it begins to look as +if each of the two great parties was in a state of incipient +disintegration. On the one hand, the Independent Republicans, whose +votes elected Grover Cleveland, although still professing allegiance to +the Republican party, will never again ally themselves with those who +supported Mr. Blaine. On the other side the Bourbon Democrats, who +helped to elect Mr. Cleveland, are now in arms against him. The +presidency of Cleveland is to say, the least the triumph of national +over party government; and should he continue to go forward bravely in +his present course, he may rest assured that the hearts of all good +citizens will go with him, and that his triumph will be complete. The + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[301]</span> + + day is here when thinking men will have to brush conventionalism aside, +and confront with open minds the problem which the course of events has +now distinctly set before them for solution. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The records of our own time are being gradually embalmed in a permanent +form. <span class="sc">Mr. Blaine</span> has given us his first volume of what perhaps are +better classed as <i>impressions</i> rather than as <i>memoirs pour +servir</i>; we are promised the Personal Memoirs of <span class="sc">General Grant</span>; and +now at last, after many years' waiting, we have the completed works of +<span class="sc">Charles Sumner</span>, the incorruptible son of Massachusetts, from the press +of Messrs. Lee and Shepard, who have spared no expense as publishers. +</p> +<p> +People who have not yet examined these volumes, or at least have not yet +looked through the volume containing the Index, have but a faint idea of +their invaluable worth and character. It would be impossible to write +the history of the early life of this people under the constitution +without borrowing material from the papers of Hamilton and of Madison. +Equally impossible will it be for the future historian to narrate, in +just and equable proportion, the events from 1845 to 1874, without +consulting the fifteen volumes which Mr. Sumner has left behind him. +</p> +<p> +But the distinguished senator from Massachusetts was not himself an +historian; he was a close and painstaking student of history, as well as +a rigid and critical observer of current events. He kept himself +thoroughly posted in the progress of his generation, and possessed the +happy faculty of seeing things not alone as one within the circle of +events but as one standing outside and afar off. Consequently, his +orations, senatorial speeches, miscellaneous addresses, letters and +papers on current themes are not fraught with the transitory or +ephemeral character, so common to heated discussions in legislative +halls, but are singularly and as a whole among the grandest +contributions to national history and growth. +</p> +<p> +These volumes cover, as we have already remarked, the period extending +from 1845 to 1874, and they furnish a compendium of all the great +questions which occupied the attention of the nation during that time, +and which were discussed by him with an ability equalled by few and +excelled by none of the great statesmen who were his contemporaries. The +high position which Mr. Sumner so long and so honorably held as one of +the giant minds of the nation,—his intimate connection with and +leadership in the great measure of the abolition of slavery, and all the +great questions of the civil war and those involved in a just settlement +of the same, rendered it a desideratum that these volumes should be +published. +</p> +<p> +Aside from their value as contributions to political history, the works, +particularly the orations, of Mr. Sumner belong to the literature of +America. They are as far superior to the endless number of orations and +speeches which are delivered throughout the country as the works of a +polished, talented and accomplished author surpass the ephemeral +productions of a day. In one respect these orations surpass almost all +others, namely, in the elevation of sentiment, the high and lofty moral +tone and grandeur of thought which they possess. The one on the "True +Grandeur of Nations" stands forth of itself like a serene and majestic +image, cut from the purest Parian marble. There has been no orator in +our time, whose addresses approach nearer the models of antiquity, +unless it be Webster, whom Sumner greatly surpasses in moral tone and +dignity of thought. +</p> +<p> +The works of a statesman, so variously endowed, and who has treated so +<i>many</i> subjects with such a masterly command of knowledge, +reasoning, and eloquence, cannot fail to be widely circulated. These +elegantly-printed volumes,—which in their typographical appearance seem +to rival anything of similar character that have come to our +notice,—carefully edited and fully rounded by a copious analytical +index of subjects discussed, topics referred to, and facts adduced, will +prove an invaluable treasury to the scholar, the historian and the +general seeker after truth. The librarians of every city and town +library in this country should insist upon having the works of Charles +Sumner upon their shelves. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +On the 12th of this month will be celebrated the two hundred and +fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of the town of Concord, Mass. +Judge John S. Keyes, whose father performed the same service at the +bi-centennial celebration half a century ago, will preside. On the 15th +of last May the committee of twenty-five made a report, which merits the +attention of committees to be appointed in other towns in New + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[302]</span> + + England, on similar occasions. This report reads as follows: +</p> +<p> +"We have decided that it was not best to placard the town in an endeavor +to make history; that with the sum at the disposal of the town, and +those of the earliest dates, leaving to the future the memorials, if +any, of recent events and more modern times." +</p> +<p> +For this purpose, the town appropriated one thousand dollars, and in +connection with the celebration, it was suggested, and provided for, +that a large fac-simile of the act of incorporation of the town, +September 12th, 1635, should be procured and placed in the town hall in +such a position that all persons might easily read it. The work of +executing suitable memorials, to mark the most important spots in the +history of the town, has already been done in a neat manner by a citizen +of Concord, and we are informed that all the arrangements for the +pleasant events are fully completed. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The following letter was laid on the Editor's Table the other day:— +</p> +<p> +"I am a farmer, and I own my farm free and clear. I also have two sons, +both smart, capable and trustworthy. As I have been a sturdy and +uncompromising Democrat all my life, I think the party ought to do +something for at least one of my sons, who is fond of politics. Any +appointment in one of the Government offices would suit them. Now, how +shall I <i>apply</i> for a position, such as they want?" +</p> +<p> +No reasonable answer to such an inquiry as this will suit "smart, +capable and trustworthy" boys, one of whom "is fond of politics," and +whose father is disposed rather to favor than to discourage their +misguided ambition. We venture to hope, however, that their father has +lived long enough to become convinced that nothing pays so well on a +farm as common sense and hard work, and that the rule holds equally in +force in other fields of industry. Our friend seems to have forgotten +that although the Democratic party is a very grateful old party, yet it +has so much to be grateful for that, it has hardly enough gratitude to +go round. He and his two sons can best keep their reverence for the +grand old Party undisturbed, by remaining on the farm, aloof from the +few millions of others who confidently believe that patriotism will be +sooner or later rewarded by a postmastership. +</p> +<p> +We promise him that if he neglects to follow our wholesome counsel, and +instead shall go on, to Washington to seek political gifts, he will +return home mad. If he then will look about him, he will understand how +this kind of madness works. There is a great deal of it just now. +</p> +<p> +Farmer's boys should not seek political gifts. For them there is no +occupation so demoralizing as office-seeking, except office-holding. At +the best, as a rule, they could become only Government clerks, liable to +be turned out after they had served long enough to be spoiled for any +other occupation except of a routine character. +</p> +<p> +The Democratic Party shows its gratitude best when it faces the +infuriated office-seeker in his mad career and tells him that there is +not even the smallest post-office open for him. It chastens but to save. +Even though of Bourbon mould it has profited by experience; it has noted +the demoralizing effect of office-holding on the Republicans! If it now +and then gratifies the unruly demand of a Mugwump, it is because it +knows,—and secretly gloats in the knowledge—that the Mugwumps are +liable to rush to destruction during the next four years, and it +therefore chooses the lesser evil. The Mugwumps are the guests of the +Democratic Party. What a world of consolation for the farmer, always "a +sturdy and uncompromising Democrat!" +</p> +<p> +A final suggestion to our friend,—write to some of the clerks in the +Washington departments for information, and learn wisdom from what they +say in reply. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The statue of Commodore Perry will be unveiled at Newport, R.I., on +September 10th. Colonel John H. Powell will be chief marshal, and Bishop +Clark will officiate. All the local societies and military companies, as +well as the military at Fort Adams, have been invited to be present. The +Secretary of the Navy writes that all the vessels of the training +squadron will be here before that time, and that their officers and +crews will be in line upon that occasion. The monument will be presented +on behalf of the State and city by ex-United States Senator Sheffield, +who will make an elaborate address. Governor Wetmore, on behalf of the +State, and Mayor Franklin, on behalf of the city, will accept the gift. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[303]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0020" id="h2H_4_0020"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HISTORICAL RECORD. +</h2> +<p> +August 3.—Pemberton Square was chosen as the site for the new Suffolk +County Court House. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +On August 3 was celebrated at Middletown, Conn., the centenary of the +first Episcopal ordination held in this country. "The clergy met their +Bishop at Middletown on Aug. 2, 1785, and after a formal acknowledgment +of their Bishop on the part of the clergy, he held an ordination of +three candidates from Connecticut—Philo Shelton, Ashbel Baldwin and +Henry Vandyck—and one from Maryland, Colin Fergusun." There was a large +attendance of clergymen from various parts of New England. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 5.—The Washburn Library, erected by the surviving members of the +Washburn family, was dedicated at Livermore, Maine. Among the guests +present were ex-vice President Hannibal Hamlin, Senator Frye, Mr. E.B. +Haskell of the Boston <i>Herald</i>, and Hon. E.B. Washburn, of Illinois +who delivered the address. Over a thousand people attended the services. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 6.—Death of the Hon. John Batchelder, a well known citizen of +Lynn, Mass, at the age of eighty. He was a native of Topsfield, Mass., +but went to Lynn when a young man. He taught school in Ward 5 for thirty +years previous to 1855, and was elected to the Massachusetts senate that +year. He was also in the same year elected city clerk and collector of +taxes. He was re-elected to the senate in 1856 and 1857. He was the +first treasurer of the Lynn Five Cents Savings Bank. He afterward taught +the Ward 6 Grammar School, and held that position ten years, and then +became a member of the school board. The last office held by him was +that of postmaster, being appointed by President Grant in 1869. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +At a meeting of the Battle Monument Association, held at Bennington, +Vt., on the 12th of August, there were present Governor Pingree, who +presided, Senators Evarts and Morrill, Professor Perry of Yale College, +Lieutenant Governor Ormsbee of Brandon, and other gentlemen. The report +of the special committee was read, and a resolution passed accepting the +design of <span class="sc">J.P. Rinn</span>, of Boston for a Battle Monument. A committee was +then appointed to report the details to the President of the United +States and the governors of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which +action will entitle the Association to receive the appropriations made +by Congress and the Legislatures of these states for the monument. The +fund now amounts to $80,000. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +On August 12th, General <span class="sc">Henry Kemble Oliver</span> died in Salem, +Mass., at the advanced age of eighty-five years. He was born in Beverly, +Mass., Nov. 24, 1800, a son of Rev. Daniel Oliver and Elizabeth Kemble; +was educated in the Boston Latin School, and Harvard College (for two +years) and was graduated from Dartmouth College. After his graduation, +he settled in Salem, and as Principal of the High and Latin Schools, and +also of a private school, he was virtually at the head of the +educational interests of the town for a quarter of a century. In 1848, +he moved to Lawrence, Mass., to become agent of the Atlantic Mills. +While living in Lawrence, he was appointed superintendent of schools, +and in recognition of his services the "Oliver Grammar School" was +founded. +</p> +<p> +At an early day General Oliver became interested in military affairs as +an officer of the Salem Light Infantry and in 1844 he was made Adjutant +General of the Commonwealth, by Gov. Briggs, and held this office for +four years. During the war he served with great satisfaction as +Treasurer of the Commonwealth, and performed the most arduous duties in +a very faithful and acceptable manner. From 1869 to 1873 he was chief of +the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and ever after that became interested in +reducing the hours of labor in factories and in the limitation of +factory work by children. From 1876 to 1880 he was mayor of Salem, and +displayed almost the same vivacity and energy in discharging the duties +of this office, as an octogenarian, that he had shown in his youth. He +was master of the theory and history of music, a good bass singer, a +good organist, and the author of several popular + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[304]</span> + + compositions. Of these "Federal Street" seems likely to become permanent +in musical literature. In his youth he sang in the Park street church in +Boston and for many years he led the choir of the North church in Salem. +"Oliver's Collection of Church Music" is one of the results of his +labors in this direction. In conjunction with Dr. Tuckerman he published +the "National Lyre." He was a member of the old Handel and Hayden +Society and the Salem Glee Club, both famous musical organizations of +his early days. In 1825 General Oliver married Sally, daughter of +Captain Samuel Cook, by whom he had two sons and five daughters, as +follows: Colonel S.C. Oliver, Dr. H.K. Oliver, Jr., Sarah Elizabeth, who +married Mr. Bartlett of Lawrence, and who died about four years ago, +Emily Kemble, who is the wife of Colonel Andrews, U.S.A., Mary Evans +Oliver, who has been the faithful attendant of the general in his +declining years, and Ellen Wendell, who married Augustus Cheever of +North Andover. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 13.—Boxford, Mass. celebrated its bi-centennial. Among the +addresses was one by Sidney Perley, author of the "History of Boxford +from 1635 to 1880," who spoke particularly on the formative period of +the history of Boxford, alluding to the fact that Boxford was a frontier +in 1635 and was then a wilderness and the fighting ground of the Agawam +and Tarantive Indians. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 19.—Third annual meeting of the American Boynton Association +held in Worcester, Mass. The Secretary said that he had been able to +trace over three hundred families back to William and John Boynton, who +settled in Rowley, Mass., in 1638. They came from Yorkshire, England, +and the family there is traced back through thirty generations, to 1067, +when their estate was confirmed to them by William, the Conqueror. It +was reported that work is being pushed in the preparation of the family +memorial to be published. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 19.—Centennial of Heath, Franklin County, Mass, incorporated +February 14, 1785. The celebration had been postponed to August for the +sake of convenience. About 2,500 people attended the exercises. The +principal addresses were by John H. Thompson, Esq., of Chicago, and Rev. +C.E. Dickinson of Marietta, Ohio. +</p> +<p> +In describing these the Springfield <i>Republican</i> said of the +town:— +</p> +<p> +"In 1832 the population was 1300, but by the census just taken the town +shows but 568 inhabitants. This decadence is attributable to emigration +and the railroads. Its wealth has consisted chiefly in the men and women +who have here been reared and educated for lives of usefulness. Indeed +few towns of equal population have sent out so many who have honored +themselves and their native town as Heath. Its Puritan characteristics +have lingered like a sweet fragrance, and their influences are still +felt. From this little hamlet have gone out into other fields a member +of Congress, two judges, ten lawyers, thirteen ministers, twenty-nine +physicians and many teachers; twenty-three natives have been college +graduates, and thirty-eight, not natives have also been collegians. If +the women have not occupied as public position as the men, they have +been no less useful. Forty-five have graduated from various seminaries +and several have become well known missionaries and teachers. It was in +this town, too, that Dr. Holland spent his early life." +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 19.—Twelfth annual gathering of the Needham family, descendants +of John Needham, who built the Needham homestead at the cross-roads +known as Needham's Corner on the Lynnfield road at South Peabody, Mass. +John Needham was famous in his day and generation as the builder of the +solid old stone jail in Salem in 1813, the same massive structure which +has just been remodeled. Back of him in the time of the Puritans, there +were George Needham and his three brothers and a sister, who came to +Salem very early in its infancy, and whose lineal descendants scattered +all over New England, John Needham died in 1831 at the age of +seventy-three. At the family gathering six generations were represented, +and a large number of the branches of the family as well—the Needhams, +the Newhalls, the Browns, the Stones, the Nourses, the Galencias and +others. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +August 26.—Centennial celebration of Rowe, Franklin County, Mass. Like +Heath, the town was incorporated in February, 1785. The historical +address was by Hon. Silas Bullard of Menasha, Wis. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>[305]</span> +</p> +<p> +W.T. Spear has just finished a history of North Adams which he has spent +a long time in compiling. He has written the history of the town from +the time of its settlement in 1749 to the present time, and says he has +gleaned many facts from old town records which have never been +published. He will publish his work in small book form and sell it at +fifty cents a copy. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +F. Wally Perkins, a topographical engineer in the employ of the United +States coast and geographical service, is making a geographical survey +of the Connecticut river from South Deerfield to its mouth. Part of the +expense of this survey is borne by the government and the rest by the +state, the object being to locate certain topographical and geological +features in the valley. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +It has not been definitely stated where in Boston the proposed statue of +William Loyd Garrison will be placed, but it will either be in West +Chester Park or Commonwealth avenue, with a preference for the latter. +The city engineer is now engaged in making plans for the pedestal, which +is to be of hammered Quincy granite, about ten feet in height. In the +statue Mr. Garrison is represented sitting in an easy chair apparently +at peace with all the world, the great struggle in which he was a +prominent figure having been brought to an end. Beneath the chair lies a +file of the Liberator, which suggests the iron will of the man in his +conflict with slavery, and the strength of his purpose is further shown +in the following inscription on the side of the pedestal "I am in +earnest; I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retire a +single inch; I will be heard." +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The General Court has a double survival in the State Legislature and the +town meeting. And the most curious part of this survival is that the +Legislature of this State still retains some judicial functions. It is, +we believe, the only State where this is the case. The Legislature of +Massachusetts retains the name of the General Court, but contents itself +with purely legislative work while our own Legislature is still Supreme +Court in equity. This has descended to it as an inheritance from the +General Court of colonial times.—New Haven (Conn.)<i>News</i>. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +From the annual report of Major C.W. Raymond on the improvement of +rivers and harbors in Massachusetts it appears that the cost of the +improvement of Newburyport harbor during the year was $31,560, and +$9,868 remains available. The object of the improvement is to create, +at the outer bar, a permanent channel one thousand feet in width, with +a least depth of seventeen feet at low water. The amount required for +the completion of the project is $205,000, provided the entire sum is +appropriated for the next fiscal year. It is proposed to expend the +money in the rapid completion of the jetties already under construction. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The proceedings of the Bostonian Society at its annual meeting in +January, 1885, have just been published in pamphlet form. It embraces +much valuable data. The illustrations consist of a fine heliotype view +of the Old State House, from the east end, the home of the Society; +and a copy of its well-devised seal, in the heraldic coloring. The +experiment of a cheap pamphlet giving a summary historical sketch of the +Old State House has been successful, and another similar publication is +contemplated. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +Rebecca Nourse, who was the first person hanged as a witch at Salem, in +1692, notwithstanding her repeated affirmation of her innocence, has +just had a monument erected by her descendants. On one side of it is the +legend concerning her, and on the other these lines of the poet +Whittier:— +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "O Christian martyr, who for truth could die, </p> +<p class="i4"> When all about thee owned the hideous lie. </p> +<p class="i2"> The world, redeemed from superstition's sway, </p> +<p class="i4"> Is breathing freer for thy sake to-day." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p> +In his address at the unveiling of Ward's statue of "The Pilgrim," +erected in Central Park, New York, by the New England Society in the +city of New York, Mr. George William Curtis said:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Holding that the true rule of religious faith and worship was written + in the Bible, and that every man must read and judge for himself, the + Puritan conceived the church as a body of independent seekers and + interpreters of the truth, dispensing with priests and priestly orders + and functions; organizing itself and calling no man master." +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page306" name="page306"></a>[306]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0021" id="h2H_4_0021"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + AMONG THE BOOKS. +</h2> +<p> +There have been earlier biographies of John Brown, the martyr of +Virginia; but by none of them have his character and acts been told so +fully and judged so fairly as now by Mr. Sanborn.<a href="#note-6" name="noteref-6"><small>6</small></a> His later +biographer, furthermore, has had access to all the papers and letters, +that remain, bearing on Brown's life, and of these he has made the very +best possible use. In the arrangement of the materials at his command, +Mr. Sanborn has shown admirable taste and judgment, and, without seeming +to be a eulogist, has contented himself with allowing his hero to speak +for himself, or rather to plead his own case. Viewing the case as a +whole, with its back-ground of antecedent history, no fair-minded person +can longer regard John Brown as either an adventurer or as a madman. He +was by nature, however, enthusiastic; he believed that he had a mission +in this world to fulfil, and that, the freedom of the slaves. This +mission he cherished uppermost in his mind, for its accomplishment he +labored and suffered incessantly, and for it he died. He lacked one +quality,—discretion. His pioneer life in New York, his thrilling +adventures in Kansas, where he fought slavery so fiercely that he saved +that state from being branded with the curse, his unwise but +conscientiously-conceived and carefully planned attack on Harper's +Ferry, his capture, trial and death, as told in Mr. Sanborn's pages make +up the warp and woof of a story, which surpasses in interest anything of +the nature of a biography that has been published for many a day. John +Brown has been dead a full quarter of a century; the object of his +ambition has been accomplished, but by other hands and brains; the +prophetic visions of his stalwart mind have been more than fulfilled. +History will do him justice, even if the book now before us has not +already done so, as we think. +</p> +<p> +Immediately after the execution, the body of the martyr was borne to +North Elba, N.Y., and, on the 8th of November, 1859, it was laid away to +rest. Mr. Sanborn gives only the briefest account of these last +services, and omits, for some unaccountable reason, to furnish even an +extract from that pathetic and pointed address, which came from Wendell +Phillips, while standing by the open grave. If Mr. Phillips ever spoke +more beautifully than he did, on that memorable day, we have never known +it. We sincerely hope that, in a future edition, Mr. Sanborn may be led +to insert the address in the pages where they so properly belong. +</p> +<a name="note-6"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>6</u> (<a href="#noteref-6">return</a>)<br /> +The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, +and Martyr of Virginia. Edited by F.B. Sanborn, Boston: Roberts Bros. +Price, $3.00 +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The theme of Prof. Hosmer's narrative<a href="#note-7" name="noteref-7"><small>7</small></a> was born in Boston. Sept 27, +1722, and graduated at Harvard in 1740, and studied law. He was not a +lawyer and neither did he make his mark as a merchant although he +engaged with his father in the management of his malt-house. This early +life of Samuel Adams is portrayed with more than usual interest in this +biography. Then with great care we are given the salient points of his +career as a representative in the Massachusetts General Court, as a +leader of the Boston patriots in their resistance to British oppression, +as a member of the Continental Congress and in other public offices. We +are shown Samuel Adams as a man without great business or professional +talents but wonderful in counsel, a cool headed patriot, an adroit +tactician, and above all a thorough democrat. To mingle with the common +people was his delight; he was a frequenter of the Caulkers' Club, +popular with blacksmiths, ship carpenters, and mechanics. He was not a +great orator; but sometimes, rising with the greatness of the subject or +occasion was the most effective speaker to be heard. +</p> +<p> +The two features of Professor Hosmer's work which impress us most +forcibly are its fairness and its readableness. We have had one worthy +life of Adams before this in Wells's three volume biography, a work +highly valuable in its abundance of matter, but hardly so impartial as +the smaller and more recent biography. In its preparation, Professor +Hosmer has availed himself of Mr. Wells's work, of the Adams Papers in +Mr. Bancroft's possession, and of copious materials in the Boston +libraries. He has thus had every facility for his task and he has used +them to the best advantage. +</p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>[307]</span> +</p> +<p> +In general interest this book is second to no other in the series of +American Statesmen, so far published. The story opens well and does not +diminish in interest to the end. The author, although now a St. Louis +man, is himself from the old Adams stock, and has amply shown his +capacity to prepare a concise and permanently valuable life of the +sturdy American patriot and town-meeting man, Samuel Adams. +</p> +<a name="note-7"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>7</u> (<a href="#noteref-7">return</a>)<br /> +Samuel Adams. By James K. Hosmer. American Statesman +Series. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Price $1.25. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The only fault which we have to find with Mr. Drake's book<a href="#note-8" name="noteref-8"><small>8</small></a> is, that +he has not done himself justice in his title. The title which he has +chosen is expressive neither of the size nor of the contents of his +work. We read at least one hundred pages before we find a New England +legend, and the only account of the folklore that we have been able to +find is in the author's introduction covering about six pages. Properly +described, the work deals with New England history, of the most romantic +character occasionally interspersed with a great deal of very tedious +moralizing,—a blemish of style which Mr. Drake seems quite unable to +avoid. The book, despite many features which annoy, is valuable, and +ought well to repay publication. To the young especially it ought to +prove interesting, since it makes plain to them many familiar tales of +early childhood. The publishers, as usual, have done their level best to +make it a very beautiful book, and have of course succeeded. +</p> +<p> +The second volume of the <i>Life and Times of the Tylers</i><a href="#note-9" name="noteref-9"><small>9</small></a> +concludes the work. It is the volume which is the more important and +will prove the more interesting to readers in general. It comprises the +events and incidents of the public life of John Tyler,—from his +induction into the Presidency in 1841 to his death while a member of the +Confederate Congress of 1862. It must be remembered that these volumes +are edited by a member of the Tyler family; a fact, which leads us to +say that an impartial history of President Tyler's administration of the +pertinent matters which preceded it, and of the reflections upon its +policy, cannot be naturally expected from a person interested, or from +an actor in the politics of that period. +</p> +<p> +By the operation of the Constitution alone, Tyler became President. At +that time, he was not considered by his party, and, after he had +obtained the office by the death of General Harrison, he straightway +placed himself in direct opposition to the party which had nominated and +elected him Vice President. The son, who is the author or editor of +these volumes, appears to be forgetful of this fact; for on no other +ground can we account for the bias which he exhibits from the first page +to the last. His duty, he thinks, is to defend his father's +administration, and this idea leads him into trouble at the very +beginning. He says: "The Whig party of 1840 had nothing to do with bank, +tariff, or internal improvements,"—when all the world knows the +contrary! There can be no doubt,—indeed there never was any doubt—that +the Whig leaders of 1840, no matter by what pretexts they gained votes +and power, were committed to a national bank, to a protective tariff, +and to internal improvements. The measures, which the Whigs in Congress +introduced and passed,—only to be vetoed by the President—were Whig +measures, and would certainly have been approved by General Harrison, +had he been alive. +</p> +<p> +The Whig party gained a great deal in the election of 1840; but it lost +all by the contingency which made John Tyler president of the United +States. Why he was ever named on the electoral ticket is itself +inexplicable. He distinguished himself only by virtue of his mistakes, +from first to last inexcusable; and the biography, by the son, is +distinguished only by innuendoes and a current of bitterness which +destroy its value as historical authority. This is much to be regretted; +because an unprejudiced life of John Tyler has long been needed. +</p> +<p> +That portion of the volume which deals with Mr. Tyler's part of the +Peace Congress, and his share in the exciting events preceding and +during the first year of the war of the Rebellion, will arouse no +discussion. The letters which these concluding pages contain are +particularly valuable, for they show the state of public feeling in the +South at that time. Notwithstanding our adverse criticism of certain +portions of this volume,—and we have plainly stated our reason—we +still welcome the work in its completeness. It adds much to our stock of +knowledge, lets in light where light was needed, and is withal +commendable as an addition to the material data of our national history. +</p> +<a name="note-8"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>8</u> (<a href="#noteref-8">return</a>)<br /> +A book of New England Legends and Folk-Lore, in Prose and +Poetry. By Samuel Adams Drake. Illustrated. Boston: Roberts Brothers. +</p> +<a name="note-9"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>9</u> (<a href="#noteref-9">return</a>)<br /> +Life and Times of the Tylers. By L.H. Tyler, Richmond, Va.: +Whittet and Shipperson. 2 vols. $6.00. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>[308]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0022" id="h2H_4_0022"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. +</h2> +<h3> +Important Announcement. +</h3> +<p> +The October number of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> will contain, among other +articles of interest, a valuable historical and descriptive paper on the +enterprising and rapidly increasing city of +</p> +<center> +HOLYOKE, MASS., +</center> +<p><br /> +the chief paper manufacturing place in the world, and the centre, also, +of other important private and corporate industries. This paper has been +prepared by a writer "to the manor born," and will be copiously and +beautifully illustrated. +</p> +<p> +Another article of special interest and value will be the +</p> +<center> +HISTORY AND ROMANCE OF FORT SHIRLEY, +</center> +<p><br /> +built in the town of Heath, Mass., in 1744, as a defence against the +Indians. The article has been prepared by Prof. A.L. Perry, of Williams +College. +</p> +<p> +The series of papers illustrative of +</p> +<center> +NEW ENGLAND IN THE CIVIL WAR, +</center> +<p><br /> +and which will command the attention of all classes of readers, will be +initiated in the October number of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span>, by THREE +IMPORTANT CHAPTERS, namely:— +</p> +<center> +I. +</center> +<center> +PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REBELLION, +</center> +<p><br /> +by a writer who was thoroughly familiar with its current. +</p> +<center> +II. +</center> +<center> +THE MARCH OF THE 6TH REGIMENT, +</center> +<p><br /> +by one of its officers, who has gathered together anecdotes as well as +sober history. +</p> +<center> +III. +</center> +<center> +THE RESPONSE OF THE MARBLEHEADERS IN 1861, +</center> +<p><br /> +a stirring paper of patriotism and valor, written by SAMUEL RHODES, JR., +the historian of Marblehead. +</p> +<p> +The first instalment of a series of papers on the +</p> +<center> +AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE OF THE REBELLION, +</center> +<p><br /> +by <span class="sc">Dr. George L. Austin</span>, will also appear in the October number. +</p> +<p> +Besides the foregoing features, the October number will contain other +articles of permanent worth in the fields of BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY, and +STORY. A vigorous method of dealing with LEADING QUESTIONS OF THE DAY +will be maintained in the Editorial Departments. +</p> +<p> +It will thus be seen that no pains are being spared to insure for the +<span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> a character that shall prove invaluable and of the +deepest interest to +</p> +<center> +ALL CLASSES OF READERS. +</center> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_ACKN" id="h2H_ACKN"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS +</h2> +<p><br /> +of courtesies extended in the preparation of the August and September +issues of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> are here made, with thanks, to the +following parties: E.B. Crane, Esq., N. Paine, Esq., Daniel Seagrave, +Esq., Messrs. Keyes & Woodbury, Charles Hamilton, Esq., and Messrs. F.S. +Blanchard & Co., of Worcester, Mass.; also to Messrs. D. Lothrop & Co., +Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Ticknor & Co., and Roberts Brothers, of +Boston,—all of whom have most cordially coöperated with the management +of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span>. +</p> + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17724-h.htm or 17724-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17724/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-236.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-236.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..488c691 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-236.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-242.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-242.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f5ecc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-242.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-243.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-243.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..40d3ade --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-243.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-244.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-244.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a90c1c --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-244.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-245.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-245.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b626eb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-245.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-246.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-246.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a0180b --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-246.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-247.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-247.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..43c6942 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-247.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-265.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-265.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f104a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-265.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-270.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-270.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b63145e --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-270.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-276.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-276.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..248caf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-276.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-277.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-277.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7415b4a --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-277.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-278.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-278.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4ce2ea --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-278.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-285a.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-285a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3d86ff --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-285a.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-285b.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-285b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..52708bd --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-285b.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-286.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-286.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..578e22a --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-286.jpg diff --git a/17724-h/images/ill-287.jpg b/17724-h/images/ill-287.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9ab525 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724-h/images/ill-287.jpg diff --git a/17724.txt b/17724.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c7a108 --- /dev/null +++ b/17724.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5303 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17724] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + +[Illustration: John D. Long] + + + + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine._ + +VOL. III. SEPTEMBER, 1885. NO. IV. + + * * * * * + + + + +HON. JOHN D. LONG. + + +Hon. John D. Long, the thirty-second governor of the +Commonwealth of Massachusetts, under the Constitution, and whose wise, +prudent administration reflected great credit upon himself, was born in +Buckfield, Maine, October 27, 1838. + +His father was a man of some prominence in the Pine Tree State, and in +the year in which his more distinguished son first saw the light, he ran +for Congress on the Whig ticket, and although receiving a plurality of +the votes cast, he was defeated. + +The son was a studious lad, more fond of his books than of play, and +thought more of obtaining a solid education than of developing his +muscles as an athlete. At the proper age he entered the academy at +Hebron, the principal of which was at that time Mark H. Dunnell, +subsequently a member of Congress from Minnesota. + +At the age of fourteen, young Long entered the Freshman class at Harvard +College. He at once took high rank, stood fourth in his class for the +course, and second at the end of the Senior year. He was the author of +the class ode, sung on Commencement day. + +After leaving College, Mr. Long was engaged as principal of the Westford +Academy, an old institution incorporated in 1793. He remained at +Westford two years, highly esteemed by his pupils and beloved of the +whole people. As a teacher, he won marked success, and many of his +contemporaries regret that he did not always remain in the profession. +But he cherished another, if not a higher ambition. From Westford he +passed to the Harvard Law School, and to the offices of Sidney Bartlett +and Peleg W. Chandler, in Boston. In 1861, he was admitted to the bar, +and then he opened an office in his native town, to practise his new +profession. + +He soon found, however, that Buckfield was not the place for him. +People there were far too honest and peace-loving, and minded their own +business too well to assist in building up a lawyer's reputation. After +a two years' stay, therefore, he removed to Boston, and entered the +office of Stillman B. Allen, where he rapidly gained an extensive +practice. The firm, which consisted of Mr. Allen, Mr. Long, Thomas +Savage and Alfred Hemenway, had their offices on Court Street, in an old +building now on the site of the new Young's Hotel. Mr. Long remained in +the firm until his election, in November, 1879, to the governorship of +Massachusetts. + +In 1870, he was married to Miss Mary W. Glover of Hingham, +Massachusetts, to which town he had previously removed his residence. +During his executive administration, he had the great misfortune to +undergo bereavement by the loss of this most estimable lady, whose wise +counsel often lent him encouragement in the perplexed days of his +official life. + +In 1875, Mr. Long was chosen to represent the Republicans of the second +Plymouth District in the legislature. He at once took a prominent +position, and gained great popularity with his fellow members. In 1876, +he was re-elected to the House, and soon after he was chosen speaker. +This position he filled with dignity, grace, and with an ease surpassed +by no speaker before him or since. He showed himself thoroughly versed +in parliamentary practice, and his tact was indeed something remarkable. +So great was his popularity that, in 1877, he had every vote which was +cast for speaker, and in the following year every vote but six. + +In the fall of 1877, the Republican State Convention assembled at +Worcester, and it at once became apparent that many of the delegates +were desirous to vote for Mr. Speaker Long for the highest office in the +Commonwealth. At the convention he received, however, only 217 votes for +candidate; and his name was then withdrawn. At the convention of 1878, +he again found numerous supporters, and received 266 votes for Governor. +He was then nominated for Lieutenant Governor by a very large majority, +and was elected. In the convention of 1879, Governor Thomas Talbot +declining a re-nomination, Lieutenant Governor Long received 669 votes +to 505 votes for the Hon. Henry L. Pierce, and was nominated and +elected, having 122,751 votes to 109,149 for General Benjamin F. Butler, +9,989 for John Quincy Adams, and 1,635 for the Rev D.C. Eddy, D.D. + +On the fifteenth of September, 1880, Governor Long was re-nominated by +acclamation, and in November he was re-elected by a plurality of about +52,000 votes,--the largest plurality given for any candidate for the +governorship of Massachusetts since the presidential year of 1872. He +continued to hold the office, by re-election until January, 1883. + +Several important acts were passed during the administration of Governor +Long, and notably among these was an act fixing the penalties for +drunkeness,--an act providing that no person who has been served in the +United State army or navy, and has been honorably discharged from the +service, if otherwise qualified to vote, shall be debarred from voting +on account of his being a pauper, or, if a pauper, because of the +non-payment of a poll tax,--an act which obviated many of the evils of +double taxation by providing that, when any person has an interest in +taxable real estate as holders of a mortgage, given to secure the +payment of a loan, the amount of which is fixed and stated, the amount +of said person's interest as mortgagee shall be assessed as real estate +in the city or town where the land lies, and the mortgagor shall be +assessed only for the value of said real estate, less the mortgagee's +interest in it. + +The creditable manner in which Mr. Long conducted the affairs of the +State induced his constituents to send him as their representative in +Washington. He was elected a member of the Forty-eighth Congress, and is +now a member also of the Forty-ninth. His record thus far has been +altogether honorable and characterized by a sturdy watchfulness of the +interests entrusted to his care. + +As a man of letters. Governor Long has achieved a reputation. Some years +ago, he produced a scholarly translation, in blank verse, of Virgil's +_AEneid_, which was published in 1879 in Boston. It has found many +admirers among students of classical literature. Governor Long, amid +busy professional and official duties, has also written several poems +and essays which reflect credit upon his heart and brain. His inaugural +addresses were masterpieces of literary art, and the same can be said of +his speeches on the floor of Congress, all of them, polished, forceful +and to the point. + +Mr. Long is a very fluent speaker, and, without oratorical display, he +always succeeds in winning the attention of his auditors. It is what he +says, more than how he says it, that has won for him his great +popularity on the platform. When, in February last, the Washington +monument was dedicated, he it was that was chosen to read the +magnificent oration of Robert C. Winthrop. + +As a specimen of Mr. Long's happy way of expressing timely thoughts, the +following passage, selected from an address which he delivered at +Tremont Temple, Boston, on Memorial Day, 1881, deserves to be read:-- + + + "Scarce a town is there--from Boston, with its magnificent column + crowned with the statue of America at the dedication of which even the + conquered Southron came to pay honor, to the humblest stone in rural + villages--in which these monuments do not rise summer and winter, in + snow and sun, day and night, to tell how universal was the response of + Massachusetts to the call of the patriots' duty, whether it rang above + the city's din or broke the quiet of the farm. On city square and + village green stand the graceful figures of student, clerk, mechanic, + farmer, in that endeared and never-to-be-forgotten war-uniform of the + soldier or the sailor, their stern young faces to the front, still on + guard, watching the work they wrought in the flesh, and teaching in + eloquent silence the lesson of the citizen's duty to the state, How our + children will study these! How they will search and read their names! + How quaint and antique to them will seem their arms and costume! How + they will gather and store up in their minds the fine, insensibly + filtering percolation of the sentiment of valor, of loyalty, of fight + for right, of resistance against wrong, just as we inherited all this + from the Revolutionary era, so that, when some crisis shall in the + future come to them, as it came to us, they will spring to the rescue, + as sprang our youth, in the beauty and chivalry of the consciousness + of a noble descent." + + + * * * * * + + + + +CONCORD MEN AND MEMORIES. + + +By George B. Bartlett. + + +On a pleasant June morning after a long drive through shady country +lanes, the little pile of rocks was reached, which for two hundred and +fifty years has marked the western corner of the lot, six miles square, +granted to form the plantation at Musketaquid on the second of September +1635. Resting here in the shadow of the pines, listening to the busy +gossip of the squirrels, many scenes and people which have made the town +of Concord, Massachusetts, so noted, seemed to pass in review, some of +which will here be recounted. + +Perhaps on this spot Simon Willard and his associates may have stood, +and these rough rocks been laid in place by their hands. Peter Bulkeley, +the wise and reverend, may have consecrated this solemn occasion with +prayer in accordance with the good old custom of the time. To the two +gentlemen above-mentioned the chief credit of the settlement of Concord +is mainly due. Attention was early called to the broad meadows of the +Musketaquid or 'grass grown river' and a company marched from the +ancient Newtown to form a settlement there early in the fall of 1635. +Few of the thousand pilgrims who arrive every year over the Fitchburg +and Lowell railroads can imagine the discomforts of the toilsome journey +of these early settlers as they penetrated through the unbroken +wilderness and wet and dreary swamps, devoting nearly two weeks to the +journey now easily accomplished in forty minutes. Many of their cattle +died from exposure and change of climate, and great heroism and courage +were required to make them persevere. They were kindly received by the +Indians who were in possession of the lands along the rivers, and who +finally consented to part with them so peacefully, that the name of the +town was called Concord. + +Near the present site of the hotel stood an oak tree under which +tradition locates the scene of these amicable bargains. On a hill at the +junction of the Sudbury and Assabet rivers, rumor also locates the lodge +of the squaw who reigned as queen over one of the Indian tribes, and +thus introduced into the village female supremacy which has steadily +gained in power ever since. Later the Apostle Eliot preached here often, +and converted many dusky followers into "Praying Indians." Remnants of +their lodge-stones, arrow-heads and other relics were abundant half a +century ago in the great fields and other well known resorts, and a +large kitchen-miden or pile of shells, now fast becoming sand, marks the +place of one of their solemn feasts. The early explorers seem to have +built at first under the shelter of the low sand-hills which extend +through the centre of the town, and perhaps some of them were content to +winter in caves dug in the western slopes. Their first care was for +their church which was organized under the Rev. Peter Bulkeley and John +Jones as pastor and teacher, but after a few years Mr. Jones left for +Connecticut with one-third of his flock. Many other things occurred to +discourage this little band, but their indomitable leader was not one to +abandon any enterprise. Rev. Peter Bulkeley was a gentleman of learning, +wealth and culture, as was also Simon Willard who managed the temporal +affairs of the plantation. It is a curious commentary on the present +temperance question to learn from early records that to the chief men +alone was given the right to sell intoxicating liquors. In many of the +early plantations the land seems to have been divided into parcels, +which were in some cases distributed by lot, and this fact may perhaps +have originated the word _lot_ as applied to land. A large tract +near the centre of the town was long held in common by forty associates, +the entrance to which was behind the site of the former Courthouse, now +occupied by the Insurance Office. Before many years had passed this +little town lost in some degree its peaceful reputation, and became a +centre of operations during King Philip's war, many bodies of armed men +being sent out against the savages, and one to the relief of Brookfield, +under Mr. Willard. Block houses were built at several exposed points, +the sites of which, with other noted places will soon be marked with +memorial tablets. + +Trained by this Indian warfare, the inhabitants of Concord were prepared +for the events which were to follow, and when, in 1775, their town +furnished the first battle-field of the American Revolution, they were +able to offer "the first effectual resistance to British aggression." In +the old church built in 1712 was held the famous Continental Congress +where the fiery speeches of Adams and Hancock did so much to hasten the +opening of the inevitable conflict between England and her provinces. +The same frame which was used for the present building echoed with the +stirring words of the patriots as well as with the fearless utterances +of the Rev. William Emerson, who, on the Sunday before Concord fight, +preached his famous sermon on the text "Resistance to tyrants is +obedience to God." The events which preceded the Revolution need not be +recorded here, nor any facts not intimately connected with the history +of the town, which had been quietly making preparations for the grand +event. Under Colonel James Barrett and Major Buttrick, the militia and +other soldiers were drilled and organized, some of whom under the name +of Minute-men were ordered to be ready to parade at a moment's notice. +Cannon and other munitions of war were procured, which with flour and +provisions were secreted in various places. + +Tidings of these preparations was carried to the British in Boston by +the spies and tories who abounded in the town, and on the evening of the +eighteenth of April, an expedition consisting of about eight hundred men +was sent out to counteract them. Paul Revere having been stopped at +Lexington, was able to spread the news of the attack by means of Dr. +Prescott who had been sitting up late with the lady whom he afterwards +married. Love overleaps all obstacles, and with cut bridle-rein the +Doctor leaped his gallant steed over walls and fences and reached +Concord very early in the morning. At the ringing of the bell the +Minute-men flocked to their standard on the crest of Burying Hill where +they were joined by Rev. William Emerson, whose marble tomb stands near +the very spot, and also marks the place where Pitcairn and Smith +controlled the operations of the British during the forenoon. + +The Liberty-pole occupied the next eminence, a few rods farther east. +Here the little band of patriots awaited the coming of the +well-disciplined foe, ignorant that their country-men had fallen on +Lexington Common before the very muskets that now glittered in the +morning sun. Some proposed to go and meet the British, and some to die +holding their ground; but their wiser commanders led them to +Ponkawtassett Hill a mile away, where the worn and weary troops were +cheered by food and rest, and were reinforced by new arrivals from Acton +and other towns, until they numbered nearly three hundred men. After +destroying many stores in the village, and sending three companies to +Colonel Barrett's in vain search for the cannon, which were buried in +the furrows of a ploughed field, a detachment of British soldiers took +possession of the South Bridge, and three companies were left to guard +the old North Bridge under command of Captain Lawrie. + +[Illustration: Henry D. Thoreau.] + +Seeing this manoeuvre the Americans slowly advanced and took up their +position on the hill at the west of the bridge which the British now +began to destroy. Colonel Isaac Davis of Acton now offered to lead the +attack, saying, "I have not a man who is afraid to go," and he was given +the place in front of the advancing column, and fell at the first volley +from the British, who were posted on the other bank of the river. Major +Buttrick then ordered his troops to fire, and dashed on to the bridge, +driving the enemy back to the main road, down which they soon retreated +to the Common, to join the Grenadiers and Marines who there awaited +them. The Minute-men crossed over the hills and fields to Merriam's +corner when they again attacked the British, who were marching back to +Boston, and killed and wounded several of the enemy without injury to +themselves. Meanwhile the three companies had returned from Colonel +Barrett's and marched safely over the bridge which had been abandoned by +both sides, and joined the main force of the British who had waited for +them on the Common. + +After the skirmish at Merriam's corner, the fighting was continued in +true Indian fashion from behind walls and buildings with such effect +that the British would have been captured had they not been re-enforced +at Lexington by a large force with field pieces. + +In 1836, the spot on which the British stood was marked by a plain +monument, and in 1875 the place near which Captain Isaac Davis and his +companions fell was made forever memorable by the noble bronze statue of +the Minute-man by Daniel Chester French in which the artist has +carefully copied every detail of dress and implement, from the ancient +firelock, to the old plough on which he leans. + +[Illustration: THE OLD BATTLE GROUND.] + +In order to prove her claim to the peaceful name of Concord, this +village seems to have taken an active part in every warlike enterprise +which followed. Several of her men fought at Bunker Hill and one was +killed there. In Shay's Rebellion Job Shattuck of Groton attempted to +prevent the court, which assembled in Concord, from transacting its +business, by an armed force. In the war of 1812, Concord men served +well, and in the old anti-slavery days many a fierce battle of tongue +and pen was waged by the early supporters of the then unpopular cause. +John Brown spent his fifty-eighth birthday in the town the week before +he left for Harper's Ferry, and the gallows from which his "soul went +marching on." The United States officials who came to arrest Mr. Sanborn +for his knowledge of Brown's movements were advised by the women and men +of Concord to retreat down the old Boston road _a la_ British; and +when the call came for troops to put down the late Rebellion, Concord +was among the first to send her militia to the field under the gallant +young farmer-soldier, Colonel Prescott, who at Petersburg, + + + "Showed how a soldier ought to fight, + And a Christian ought to die." + + +[Illustration: R. Waldo Emerson] + +In memory of the brave who found in Concord "a birthplace, home or +grave" the plain shaft in the public square was erected on the spot +where the Minute-men were probably first drawn up on the morning of the +nineteenth of April. 1775 to listen to the inspiring words of their +young preacher, Rev. William Emerson, and ninety years after in the same +place his grandson R.W. Emerson recounted the noble deeds of the men who +had gallantly proved themselves worthy to bear the names made famous by +their ancestors at Concord fight. The Rev. William Emerson in 1775 +occupied and owned _The Old Manse_, which was built for him about +ten years before, on the occasion of his marriage to Miss. Phoebe Bliss, +the daughter of one of the early ministers of Concord. Mr. Emerson was +so patriotic and eager to attack the invaders at once, that he was +compelled by his people to remain in his house, from which he is said to +have watched the battle at the bridge from a window commanding the +field. He soon after joined the army as chaplain and died the next year +at Rutland, and his widow married some years after the Rev. Dr. Ripley +who succeeded him in his church and home, and lived until his death in +the Manse which has always remained in the possession of his +descendants. Dr. Ripley ruled the church and town with the iron sway of +an old-fashioned New England minister, and the old Manse has for years +been a literary centre. In the old dining room, the solemn conclave of +clergymen have cracked many a hard doctrine and many a merry jest, +seated in the high-backed leather chairs which have stood for one +hundred and twenty years around the old table. Here Mrs. Sarah Ripley +fitted many a noted scholar for college in the intervals of her +housekeeping labors before the open kitchen fireplace. In an attic +room, called the Saint's chamber, from the penciled names of honored +occupants, Emerson is said to have written _Nature_, and perhaps +other works, as much of his time was spent in the Manse at various +periods of his life. Here Hawthorne came on his wedding tour and lived +for two happy years and wrote the _Mosses from an Old Manse_ and +other works. In his study over the dining-room, his name is written +with a diamond on one of the little window panes, and with the same +instrument his wife has recorded on the dining-room window annals of +her daughter who was born in the house. + +[Illustration: Nathaniel Hawthorne.] + +On the hill opposite, the solitary poplar, the last of a group set +out by some school-girls eighty years ago, still stands. Each of its +companions died about the time of the decease of its lady planter, and +as the one who set out the present tree has lately died, the poplar +suffered last year from a stroke of lightning which may cause it to +follow soon. + +Nearly opposite the Manse on the road toward the village is the well +preserved house, formerly the home of Elisha Jones, which bears in the +L the mark of a bullet fired into it on the day of Concord fight. On +the same side of the way a little farther down is a house, a portion of +which was built by Humphrey Barrett as early as 1640. As the route of +the retreating British from the bridge is followed for half a mile down +this road the common is reached, which is bounded on the Northern end by +the stores, from which the British took flour and other Continental +supplies, and at the opposite end stands Wright tavern which the gallant +Pitcairn immortalized by stirring his brandy with a bloody finger, +unconscious that the rebel blood he promised to stir would cause his own +to flow at Bunker Hill. + +Opposite Wright tavern is one of the oldest burying hills in the +country, on which may be seen the stone of Joseph Merriam, who died in +1677 and those of Colonel Barrett who commanded the troops, and of Major +Buttrick who led them at the bridge, and of his son the fifer who +furnished the music to which they marched. Here also is the inscription +to John Jack famous for its alliteration, and the tablets of the old +ministers and founders of church and State. Some of these headstones +bear coats of arms and rough portraits in stone, while others more +symbolic, are content with the winged cherubim or solemn weeping willow, +and others older still preserve the antique coffin shape. About one +quarter of a mile in the rear of this historic Burying Hill is Sleepy +Hollow, the cemetery now so famous, which will be for centuries as now, +the Mecca of pious pilgrims, for here Emerson sleeps beneath the giant +pine of which he loved to write and which in grateful recognition ever +whispers its solemn dirge over the dead poet, who will live forever in +his writings. His grave is now marked by a rough rock of beautiful pink +crystal-quartz, and his son Waldo lies close beside him, with no +monument but the imperishable one of _Threnody_. Mrs. Ruth Emerson, +the mother of the poet and his brothers, nephews and grandchildren rest +near him, and close by is the grave of Miss Mary Moody Emerson, the +eccentric genius whom he well appreciated. + +[Illustration: THE STUDY IN THE TOWER OF THE WAYSIDE.] + +Ridge Path leads up the steep hill past the grave of Emerson and also to +most of the noted burial places. On ascending this path at the western +end, Hawthorne's lot is first reached, surrounded by a low hedge of +Arbor Vitae and the grave of the great writer is marked only by two low +white stones one of which bears his name. At his head lies his little +grandson, Francis Lathrop, and by his side Julian's little daughter +Gladys. Behind is the grave of Thoreau, a plain brown stone, and very +near are the graves of two of the little women, Amy and Beth, by the +side of their noble mother, Mrs. Alcott. Colonel Prescott and many noted +citizens are buried on this path which has for a chief ornament the +handsome monument of the Honorable William Whiting, nearly opposite +which is the Manse lot, with its memorials to Mrs. Ripley and her sons. +On the side of this hill is the Monument to Honorable Samuel Hoar which +bears upon its upper portion an appropriate motto from Pilgrim's +Progress, and an oft-quoted inscription which with the one in the same +lot to his daughter, is recommended to all lovers of pure English as +they are true records of the pure souls they commemorate. + +[Illustration: A. BRONSON ALCOTT.] + +Returning from the cemetery to the square, we still follow the British +down the Boston road and pass at the corner near the church another +building from which stores were taken and on the left houses of +historical fame, the house and shop of Captain Brown who led the second +company in the fight, the home of the patriot Lee and John Beatton who +left funds for church purposes. Below this house which is two hundred +years old, a guard was posted on the day of the fight and before it +stand two elms so old that they are filled with bricks inside, and +mended outside with plaster in order to preserve them. The next house on +the right is the home of Emerson, a plain wooden building with trees +near the western side, and a fine old-fashioned garden in the rear. His +study was in the front of the house at the right of the entrance. One +side is filled to the ceiling with books, and a picture of the Fates +hangs above the grate, a table occupies the centre, at the right of +which is the rocking chair in which he often sat, and his writing +implements lie near on the table. From the study two doors lead to the +long parlor with its large fire-place around which so many noted people +have gathered. + +After passing the home of Emerson the road turns toward the left and +leads past the farm and greenhouses of John B. Morse, the agricultural +author, to the School of Philosophy which has just completed its seventh +session with success, the attendance having steadily improved certainly +as far as culture is considered. It stands in the grounds of the Orchard +House now the home of Dr. Harris who has carried out the idea of Mr. +Alcott of whom he bought the place, by laying out beautiful walks over +the crest of the wooded hill. He has surrounded a tall pine on the hill +top with a strong staircase by which it can easily be climbed to a +height of 54 feet from the base and 110 feet from the road in front of +the school building or chapel. Orchard House was for years the home of +the Alcott family where Louisa wrote and May painted and their father +studied philosophy. A broken rustic fence one of the last traces of Mr. +Alcott's mechanical skill forms the slight barrier between the grounds +at the Orchard House and Wayside, which Mr. Alcott bought in 1845 and a +few years later sold to Nathaniel Hawthorne who owned it at the time of +his death. The house is a strange mixture of the old and new, as the +rear part bears evident traces of antiquity, at the right were the +Hawthorne parlors and reception rooms, at the left of the entry his +library, sometimes called the den, and in front a small room with a low +window separates the dining room from the reception room and the whole +is crowned with a tower built by Mr. Hawthorne for a study where he +found the quiet and seclusion which he loved. Much of Mr. Hawthorne's +composition seems to have been done as he wandered up and down the shady +paths which wind in every direction along the terraced hillside, and a +small crooked path is still shown as the one worn by the restless step +of genius. Mr. G.P. Lathrop who married Rose Hawthorne sold the place to +Daniel Lothrop, the Boston publisher, who has thoroughly repaired it and +greatly added to its beauty by reverently preserving every landmark in +his improvements, and now in summer his accomplished wife, known to the +public by her _nom de plume_ of Margaret Sidney, entertains many +noted people at Wayside. On the Boston road and a little farther on is +the garden of Ephraim Bull, the originator of the Concord grape and +below is Merriam's Corner to which the Minute-men crossed and attacked +the British as above mentioned. Half a mile across country lies Sandy +Pond from which the town has its water supply which can furnish daily +half a million gallons of pure water, each containing only one and +three-fourths grains of solid matter. From Sandy Pond several narrow +wood-roads lead to Walden, a mile distant where Thoreau lived for eight +months at an expense of one dollar and nine cents a month. His house +cost thirty dollars and was built by his own hands with a little help in +raising and in it he wrote Walden, considered by many his best book. Mr. +Thoreau died in May 1862, in the house occupied by the Alcott family on +Main street where many of the principal inhabitants live. At the +junction of this street with Sudbury street stands the Concord Free +Public Library, the generous gift of William Munroe, Esq. which was +dedicated October 1, 1873, and now owns nearly twenty thousand volumes +and numerous works of art, coins and relics, the germs of a gallery +which will be added in future. Behind the many fine estates which front +on Main street, Sudbury river forms another highway and many boats lie +along the green lawns ready to convey their owners up river to Fairhaven +bay, Martha's Point, the Cliffs and Baker Farm, the haunts of the +botanists, fishermen and authors of Concord, or down to Egg Rock where +the South Branch unites with the lovely Assabet to form the Concord +River which leads to the Merrimac by way of Bedford, Billerica and +Lowell. But most of the boats go up the Assabet to the beautiful bend +where the gaunt hemlocks lean over to see their reflection in the amber +stream, past the willows by which kindly hands have hidden the railroad, +to the shaded aisles of the vine-entangled maples where the rowers moor +their boats and climb Lee Hill which Mr. C.H. Hood has so beautifully +laid out. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE CONSPIRACY OF 1860-61. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +I. + + +After the October elections, in the autumn of 1860, had been carried by +the Republicans, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the +United States, in November, became a foregone conclusion. On the 5th day +of October,--the initial day of the American Rebellion,--Governor Gist, +of South Carolina, wrote a confidential circular-letter, which he +despatched by special messenger to the governors of the so-called Cotton +States. In this letter he requested an "interchange of opinions which he +might be at liberty to submit to a consultation of the leading men" of +his State. He added that South Carolina would unquestionably call a +convention as soon as it was ascertained that a majority of Lincoln +electors were chosen in the then pending presidential election. "If a +single State secedes," he wrote, "she will follow her. If no other State +takes the lead, South Carolina will secede; in my opinion, alone, if she +has any assurance that she will be soon followed by another or other +States; otherwise, it is doubtful." He asked information, and advised +concerted action. + +The governors of North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and +Georgia sent replies; but the discouraging tone of their responses +establishes, beyond controversy, that, with the exception of South +Carolina, "the Rebellion was not in any sense a popular revolution, but +was a conspiracy among the prominent local office-holders and +politicians, which the people neither expected nor desired, and which +they were made eventually to justify and uphold by the usual arts and +expedients of conspiracy." + +From the dawn of its existence the South had practically controlled the +government; she very naturally wished to perpetuate her control. The +extension of slavery and the creation of additional slave States was a +necessary step in the scheme, and became the well-defined single issue +in the presidential election, though not necessarily the primal cause of +the impending civil war. For the first time in the history of the +republic the ambition of the South met overwhelming defeat. In legal +form and by constitutional majorities Abraham Lincoln was chosen to the +presidency, and this choice meant, finally, that slavery should not be +extended. + +An election was held in South Carolina in the month of October, 1860, +under the manipulation of the conspirators. To a Legislature chosen from +the proper material, Governor Gist, on November 5th, sent a message +declaring "our institutions" in danger from the "fixed majorities" of +the North, and recommending the calling of a State Convention, and the +purchase of arms and the material of war. This was the first official +notice and proclamation of insurrection. + +The morning of November 7th decided the result of the national election. +From this time onward everything was adroitly managed to swell the +revolutionary furor. The people of South Carolina, and especially of +Charleston, indulged in a continuous holiday, amid unflagging +excitement, and, while singing the Marseillaise, prepared for war! +Everybody appeared to be satisfied,--the conspirators, because their +schemes were progressing, and the people, because, innocently duped, +they hoped for success. + +The first half of the month of December had worn away. A new governor, +Francis W. Pickens, ruled the destinies of South Carolina. A Convention, +authorized by the Legislature, met at Columbia, the capital of the +State, and, on the 20th of December, passed unanimously what it called +an ordinance of secession, in the following words:-- + + + We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, + do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that the + ordinance adopted by us in convention on the 23d day of May, in the + year of our Lord 1788, whereby the Constitution of the United States + of America was ratified, and also all Acts and parts of Acts of the + General Assembly of this State ratifying amendments of the said + Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the Union now subsisting + between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the United + States of America, is hereby dissolved. + + +The ordinance was immediately made known by huge placards, issued from +the Charleston printing-offices, and by the firing of guns, the ringing +of bells, and other jubilations. The same evening South Carolina was +proclaimed an "independent commonwealth." Said one of the chief actors: +"The secession of South Carolina is not an event of a day. It is not +anything produced by Mr. Lincoln's election, or by the non-execution of +the Fugitive-Slave Law. It is a matter which has been gathering head for +thirty years." This was a distinct affirmation, which is corroborated by +other and abundant testimony, that the revolt was not only against +right, but that it was utterly without cause. + +The events which took place in South Carolina were, in substance, +duplicated in her sister States of the South. Mississippi seceded on +January 9, 1861; Florida, on January 10; Alabama, on January 11; +Georgia, on January 18; Louisiana, on January 26; and Texas, on February +1; but not a single State, except Texas, dared to submit its ordinance +of secession to a direct vote of the people. + +One of the most striking features in the early history of the secession +is the apparent delusion in the minds of the leaders that secession +could not result in war. Even after the firing upon Sumter, the delusion +continued to exist. Misled, perhaps, by the opinion of ex-President +Pierce,[1] the South believed that the North would be divided; that it +would not fight. It is but fair to say that the tone of a portion of the +Northern press, and the speeches of some of the Northern Democrats, and +the ambiguous way of speaking on the part of some of the Northern +Republicans rather warranted than discouraged such an opinion. + +There was, however, one prominent man from Massachusetts, who had united +with the Southern leaders in the support of Breckenridge, who had wisdom +as well as wit, and who now sought to dispel this false idea. In the +month of December he was in Washington, and he asked his old associates +what it meant. + +"It means," said they, "separation, and a Southern Confederacy. We will +have our independence, and establish a Southern government, with no +discordant elements." + +"Are you prepared for war?" inquired Butler. + +"Oh! there will be no war; the North will not fight." + +"The North will fight. The North will send the last man and expend the +last dollar to maintain the government." + +"But," said his Southern friends, "the North can't fight; we have too +many allies there." + +"You have friends," said Butler, "in the North, who will stand by you so +long as you fight your battles in the Union; but the moment you fire on +the flag the Northern people will be a unit against you. And you may be +assured, if war comes, _slavery ends_." + +Butler was far too sagacious a man not to perceive that war was +inevitable, and too sturdy and patriotic not to resist it. With a +boldness and frankness which have shown themselves through his whole +political career, he went to Buchanan; he advised and begged him to +arrest the commissioners, with whom he was then parleying, and to have +them tried for treason! Such advice it was as characteristic of Benjamin +F. Butler to give as it was of President Buchanan to disregard. + + +II. + + +But the adoption of secession ordinances and the assumption of +independent authority was not enough for the Cotton Republic. Though +they hoped to evade civil war, still they never forgot for a moment that +a conflict was not only possible, but even probable. Their prudence told +them that they ought to prepare for such an emergency by at once taking +possession of all the arms and military forts within their borders. + +At this time there was a large navy-yard at Pensacola, Florida; from +twelve to fifteen harbor forts along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; +half-a-dozen arsenals, stocked with an aggregate of one hundred and +fifty thousand arms (transferred there about a year before from Northern +arsenals, by Secretary Floyd); three mints; four important +custom-houses; three revenue cutters, on duty at leading Southern +seaports, and a vast amount of valuable miscellaneous property,--all of +which had been purchased with the money of the Federal Government. + +The land on which the navy-yards, arsenals, forts, and, indeed, all the +buildings so purchased and controlled, stood, was vested in the United +States, not alone by the right of eminent domain, but also by formal +legislative deeds of cession from the States themselves, _wherein +they_ were located. The self-constituted governments of these State +now assumed either that the right of eminent domain reverted to them, or +that it had always belonged to them; and that they were perfectly +justified in taking absolute possession, "holding themselves responsible +in money damages to be settled by negotiation." The Federal Government +and the sentiment of the North regarded this hypothesis false and +absurd. + +In due season the governors of the Cotton States, by official orders to +their extemporized militia companies, took forcible possession of all +the property belonging to the Federal Government lying within the +borders of these States. This proceeding was no other than _levying +actual war against the United States_. There was as yet no bloodshed, +however, and for this reason: the regular army of the United States +amounted then to but little over seventeen thousand men, and, most of +these being on the Western frontier, there was only a small garrison at +each of the Southern forts; all that was necessary, therefore, was for a +superior armed force--as a rule, State militia--to demand the surrender +of these forts in the name of the State, and it would at once, though +under protest, be complied with. There were three notable exceptions to +this peaceable evacuation,--first, no attempt was made against Fort +Taylor, at Key West; Fort Jefferson, on Tortugas Island; and Fort +Pickens, at Pensacola, on account of the distance and danger; second, +part of the troops in Texas were eventually refused the promised +transit, and were captured; third, the forts in Charleston harbor +underwent peculiar vicissitudes, which will be recounted later on. + +The conspiracy which, for a while at least, seemed destined to overcome +all obstacles, was not confined to South Carolina or the Cotton States. +Unfortunately it had established itself in the highest official circles +of the National Government. Three members of President Buchanan's +cabinet--Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury; Floyd, of +Virginia, Secretary of War; and Thompson, of Mississippi, Secretary of +the Interior--were rank and ardent disunionists. To the artful +machinations of these three arch-traitors, who cared more for self than +they did for the South, the success of the conspiracy was largely due. +Grouped about them was a number of lesser functionaries, willing to lend +their help. Even the President did not escape the suspicion of the taint +of disloyal purpose. + +The first and chief solicitude of the disunionists of South Carolina was +to gain possession of the forts. A secret caucus was held. "We must have +the forts," was its watchword; and, ere long, from every street corner +in Charleston came the impatient echo: "The forts must be ours." + +To revert to the beginning. On the 1st of October, 1860, the Chief of +Ordnance wrote to Secretary Floyd, urging the importance of protecting +the ordnance and ammunition stored in Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, +providing it met the approval of the commanding officer of Fort +Moultrie. The Secretary had no objections; but the commanding officer of +Fort Moultrie, while giving a very hesitating approval of the +application, expressed "_grave doubts of the loyalty and reliability +of the workmen engaged on the fort_," and closed his letter (dated +November 8th) by recommending that the garrison of Fort Moultrie should +be reinforced, and that both Fort Sumter and Castle Pinckney should be +garrisoned by companies _sent at once_ from Fortress Monroe, at old +Point Comfort. A few days later he ordered the ordnance officer at the +Charleston office to turn over to him, for removal to Fort Moultrie, all +the small arms and ammunition which he had in store. The attempt to make +this transfer was successfully resisted by the Charleston mob. + +This evidence of loyalty on the part of the commanding officer of the +troops in Charleston harbor was not appreciated at Washington. His +removal was promptly ordered by the Secretary of War. The officer thus +summarily dealt with was Lieutenant-Colonel J.C. Gardner, First +Artillery, U.S.A., a native of Massachusetts, and an old veteran of the +war of 1812. Thus, so far as history reveals, was a son of the old Bay +State the _first_ to resist the encroachments of the Southern +conspiracy. It is worthy of note, also, that the removal of Col. Gardner +was in a measure due to the recommendation of Major (afterwards General) +Fitz John Porter. + +Major Robert Anderson was ordered, on November 15th, to take command of +Fort Moultrie. He was chosen probably in the belief that, being a +Southern man, he would eventually throw his fortunes with the South. On +the 21st of November Major Anderson arrived at the fort, and on the 23d +of the same month he wrote to Secretary Floyd as follows:-- + + + Fort Sumter and Castle Pinckney _must_ be garrisoned immediately + if the government determines to keep command of the harbor.[2] + + +In the same letter he also expressed the opinion that the people of +South Carolina intended to seize all the forts in Charleston harbor by +force of arms as soon as their ordinance of secession was published. + +The faith of Secretary Floyd must, indeed, have been shaken while +reading such words! He might have ordered the removal of the writer of +them had not a rather unexpected incident now occurred to divert his +attention. + +The Secretary of State, the venerable Lewis Cass of Michigan, at once +denounced submission to the conspiracy as treasonable, and insisted that +Major Anderson's demand for reinforcements should be granted. This +episode was a political bomb-shell in the camp of the enemy. The +President became a trifle alarmed, and sent for Floyd. A conference +between the President and the Secretary was held, when the latter +"pooh-poohed" the actual danger. "The South Carolinians," said he, "are +honorable gentlemen. They would scorn to take the forts. They must not +be Irritated." But the President evinced restlessness; he may have +suspected the motive of his cabinet officer. Floyd, too, grew restless; +the obstinacy of the executive alarmed him. He was only too glad to +consent to the suggestion that General Scott should be consulted. + +General Scott rose from his sick-bed in New York, and hastened to +Washington, on the 12th of December. On the 13th he had an interview +with the President, in which he urged that three hundred men be sent to +reinforce Major Anderson at Fort Moultrie. The President declined, on +the ground, first, that Major Anderson was fully instructed what to do +in case he should at any time see good reason to believe that there was +any purpose to dispossess him of any of the forts; and, secondly, that +at this time (December 13th) he--the President--believed that Anderson +was in no danger of attack. + +The President acted his own will in the matter. On the 15th General Cass +tendered his resignation, and retired from official life, for the avowed +reason that the President had refused to reinforce Anderson, and was +negotiating with open and avowed traitors. Secretary Cobb had resigned a +few days before. Black, the Attorney-General, was now made Secretary of +State; Thomas, of Maryland, Secretary of the Treasury; and Edwin M. +Stanton was appointed Attorney-General. The President believed, and +undoubtedly honestly, that, by his concession to Floyd and the other +conspirators, he had stayed the tide of disunion in the South. It now +appears how quickly and unexpectedly he was undeceived. While these +events were transpiring, a paper addressed "To our Constituents," and +urging "the organization of a Southern Confederacy," was being +circulated for signature through the two houses of Congress. It was +signed by about one-half of the Senators and Representatives of North +and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, +Texas, and Arkansas, and bore the date, "Washington, December 15, 1860." +It is to be remembered as the official beginning of the subsequent +Confederate States, just as Governor Gist's October circular was the +official beginning of South Carolina secession and rebellion. + +On the 20th of December, South Carolina, as has been previously stated, +passed its ordinance. The desire, several times already expressed, to +hold possession of the forts in Charleston harbor now took the form of +a demand. The State Convention appointed three Commissioners to proceed +to Washington to "treat for the delivery of the forts, magazines, +light-houses, and other real estate, for an apportionment of the public +debt, for a division of all other property, and generally to negotiate +about other measures and arrangements." The Commissioners arrived in +Washington on the 26th of December, and, by special appointment, were to +meet the President at one o'clock on the following day. Before that hour +arrived an unlooked-for event occurred. + + +III. + + +We must now turn back again. Major Anderson, it will be remembered, had +been sent to Charleston by order of Lieutenant-General Scott, acting, of +course, under orders of the Secretary of War. Major Anderson's first +letter, dated November 23d, was sent through the regular channels. It +appears from the records[3] that, on the 28th of November, he was +ordered by Secretary Floyd to address all future communications +_only_ to the Adjutant-General or _direct_ to the Secretary of +War. From this time forth, then, Major Anderson could communicate only +with the conspirators against his government. + +At last General Scott began to wonder why he had received no further +tidings from Major Anderson, and on the 27th of December he delivered +the following message to the President:-- + + + Since the formal order, unaccompanied by special instructions, assigning + Major Anderson to the command of Fort Moultrie, no order, intimation, + suggestion, or communication for his government and guidance, has gone + to that officer, or any of his subordinates, from the head-quarters of + the army; nor have any reports or communications been addressed to the + General-in-chief from Fort Moultrie later than a letter written by Major + Anderson, almost immediately after his arrival in Charleston harbor, + reporting the then state of the work. + + +This letter reached the President on the 27th. On the day before Major +Anderson had transferred his entire garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort +Sumter. It was a bold move, done without orders, and solely because +there was no longer hope that the President would send reinforcements. +It was a judicious move, because Sumter was the real key to Charleston +harbor. It was an act of patriotism which will forever enshrine the name +of Anderson in American history. + +The tidings reached Washington. Disappointed and chagrined, Secretary +Floyd sent the following telegram:-- + + + WAR DEPARTMENT. + + ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, December 27, 1880. + + MAJOR ANDERSON, _Fort Moultrie:_-- + + Intelligence has reached here this morning that you have abandoned Fort + Moultrie, spiked your guns, burned the carriages, and gone to Fort + Sumter. It is not believed, because there is no order for any such + movement. Explain the meaning of this report. + + J.B. FLOYD, + _Secretary of War_. + + +The answer was as follows:-- + + + CHARLESTON, December 27, 1860. + + HON. J.B. FLOYD, _Secretary of War:_-- + + The telegram is correct. I abandoned Fort Moultrie because I was certain + that, if attacked, my men must have been sacrificed, and the command of + the harbor lost. I spiked the guns, and destroyed the carriages, to keep + the guns from being used against us. + + If attacked, the garrison would never have surrendered without a fight. + + ROBERT ANDERSON, + _Major First Artillery_. + + +The event reached the President's ears; he was perplexed, and postponed +the promised interview with the Commissioners one day. He met them on +the 28th. He states, in his _Defence_, published in 1866, that he +informed them at once that he "could recognize them only as private +gentlemen, and not as commissioners from a sovereign State; that it was +to Congress, and to Congress alone, they must appeal." Nevertheless, he +expressed his willingness to communicate to that body, as the only +competent tribunal, any proposition they might have to offer; as if he +did not realize that this proposal was a quasi-recognition of South +Carolina's claim to independence, and a misdemeanor meriting +impeachment. + +The Commissioners, strange to say, were either too stupid or too timid +to perceive the advantage of this concession. Fortunately for the +country, their indifference lost to Rebellion its only possible chance +of peaceful success. + +The Commissioners evidently believed that the President was within the +control of the cabinet cabal, for they made an angry complaint against +Anderson, and imperiously demanded "explanations." For two days the +President wavered. An outside complication tended to open his eyes. On +the 31st of December Floyd resigned the portfolio of war; and, on the +same day, the President sent to the Commissioners a definite answer +that, "whatever might have been his first inclination, the Governor of +South Carolina had, since Anderson's movement, forcibly seized Fort +Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, and the Charleston arsenal, custom-house, and +post-office, and covered them with the palmetto flag; that under such +circumstances he could not, and would not, withdraw the Federal troops +from Sumter." The angry Commissioners returned home, leaving behind them +an insolent rejoinder, charging the President "with tacit consent to the +scheme of peaceable secession!" + + +IV. + +The crisis of December 31st changed the attitude of the Government +toward Rebellion. Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, was appointed Secretary of +War. General Scott was placed in military control. + +An effort was at once made to reinforce Sumter. On the 5th of January +notice was sent by Assistant Adjutant-General Thomas, from New York, to +Major Anderson that a swift steamship, "Star of the West," loaded with +two hundred and fifty recruits and all needed supplies, had sailed, that +same day, for his relief. Major Anderson failed to receive the notice. +On the morning of the 9th the steamer steamed up the channel in the +direction of Sumter, when presently she was fired upon vigorously by the +secessionists. Her captain ran up the stars and stripes, but quickly +lost heart as he caught sight of the ready guns of Fort Moultrie, then +put about, and back to sea. + +The commander at Sumter was enraged. He sat down and wrote a brief note +to the Governor of South Carolina, demanding to know "if the firing on +the vessel and the flag had been by his orders, and declaring, unless +the act were disclaimed, he would close the harbor with the guns of +Sumter." The Governor's reply was both an avowal and a justification of +the act. Anderson, in a second note, stated that he would ask his +government for instructions, and requested "safe conduct for a bearer of +despatches." The Governor, in reply, sent a formal demand for the +surrender of the fort. Anderson responded to this, that he could not +comply; but that, if the government saw fit "to refer this matter to +Washington," he would depute an officer to accompany the messenger. + +This meant a truce, which the conspirators heartily welcomed. On the +12th of January, therefore, Attorney-General I.W. Hayne, of South +Carolina, proceeded to Washington as an envoy to carry to President +Buchanan the Governor's demand for the surrender of Fort Sumter. The +matter was prolonged; but, on the 6th of February, Mr. Hayne found that +his mission was a failure. + +On the 4th of February, while the Peace Conference, so called, met in +Washington to consider propositions of compromise and concession, the +delegates of the seceding States assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, to +organize their conspiracy into an avowed and opened rebellion. On the +9th Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President, and +Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President of the new +Confederacy. On the 18th Davis was inaugurated. + +On the 1st of March General Beauregard was, by the rebel government, +placed in command of the defence of Charleston harbor, with orders to +complete preparations for the capture of Fort Sumter. The Governor had +been exceedingly anxious that the capture should be attempted before the +4th of March. "Mr. Buchanan cannot resist," he wrote to Davis, "because +he has not the power. Mr. Lincoln may not attack, because the cause of +quarrel will have been, or may be considered by him, as past." + +President Lincoln was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1861. With an +unanswerable argument against disunion, and an earnest appeal to reason +and lawful remedy, he closed his inaugural address with the following +impressive declaration of peace and good-will:-- + + + In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is + the momentous issue of civil war. + + The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without + being yourselves the aggressors; you can have no oath registered in + heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn + one,--to preserve, protect, and defend it. + + I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be + enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break, our bond + of affection. + + The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and + patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this + broad land, will yet swell the Chorus of the Union when again touched, + as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. + + +On the 15th of March President Lincoln, having been advised by General +Scott that it was now "practically impossible to relieve or reinforce +Sumter," propounded the following question to his cabinet: "Assuming it +to be possible to provision Sumter, is it wise, under all the +circumstances of the case, to attempt to do so?" Five of the seven +members of the cabinet argued _against_ the policy of relief. On +the 29th the matter came up again, and four of the seven then favored an +attempt to relieve Major Anderson. The President at once ordered the +preparation of an expedition. Three ships of war, with a transport and +three swift steam tugs, a supply of open boats, provisions far six +months, and two hundred recruits, were fitted out at New York, and, with +all possible secrecy, sailed on the 9th and 10th of April, "under sealed +orders to rendezvous before Charleston harbor at daylight on the morning +of the 11th." + +Meanwhile preparations for the capture of Sumter had been steadily going +on under the direction of General Beauregard, one of the most skilful of +engineers. On the 1st of April he telegraphed to Montgomery, the capital +of the new confederacy:-- + + + Batteries ready to open Wednesday or Thursday. What instructions? + + +On the same day orders were issued to stop all courtesies to the +garrison, to prohibit all supplies from the city, and to allow no one to +depart from the fort. On the 7th Anderson received a confidential +letter, under date of April 4th, from President Lincoln, notifying him +that a relief expedition would be sent, and requesting him to hold out, +if possible, until its arrival. + +On the morning of the 8th the following communication from the President +was, by special messenger, placed in the hands of Governor Pickens:-- + + + I am directed by the President of the United States to notify you to + expect an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions + only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in + provisions, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, + or in case of an attack upon the fort. + + +This message was at once communicated to Jefferson Davis, at Montgomery, +who entertained the opinion that the war should be begun without further +delay. On the 10th Beauregard was instructed to demand the evacuation of +Fort Sumter, and to reduce it in case of refusal. + +On the following day, at two o'clock in the afternoon, General +Beauregard sent two of his aids to make the demand; but it was refused. +Still another message was sent, with the same result. On the morning of +the 12th, at twenty minutes past three o'clock, General Beauregard sent +notice to Anderson that he would open fire upon Sumter in one hour from +that time. + +At half-past four appeared "the first flash from the mortar battery near +old Fort Jackson, on the south side of the harbor, and an instant after +a bombshell rose in a slow, high curve through the air, and fell upon +the fort." + +It was the first gun in the Rebellion. Gun after gun responded to the +signal, and through thirty-six hours, without the loss of a single life +in the besieged garrison. At noon, on Sunday, the 14th of April, Major +Anderson hauled down the flag of the United States, and evacuated Fort +Sumter. Before sunset the flag of the Confederate States floated over +the ramparts. + +The following telegrams were transmitted:-- + + + STEAMSHIP "BALTIC," OFF SANDY HOOK, + + April 18 (1861), 10.30 A.M., _via_ New York. + + Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters + were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge walls + seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door + closed from the effect of heat, four barrels and three cartridges of + powder only being available, and no provisions remaining but pork, I + accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, being the + same offered by him on the 11th inst., prior to the commencement of + hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th + inst., with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and + private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns. + + ROBERT ANDERSON, + _Major First Artillery, Commanding_. + + + HON. S. CAMERON, _Secretary of War, Washington_. + + + + WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, April 20, 1861. + + MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON, _Late Commander at Fort Sumter_:-- + + MY DEAR SIR,--I am directed by the President of the United States to + communicate to you, and through you to the officers and men of your + command at Forts Moultrie and Sumter, the approbation of the government + of your and their judicious and gallant conduct there, and to tender you + and them the thanks of the government for the same. + + SIMON CAMERON, + _Secretary of War_. + + +The conspiracy had now ceased to be such. Revolution and war had begun, +and by the firing upon Fort Sumter the political atmosphere was cleared +up as if by magic. If there were now any _doubters_ on either side +they had betaken themselves out of sight; for them, and for all the +world, the roar of Beauregard's guns had changed incredulity into fact. +Behind those guns stood seven seceded States, with the machinery of a +perfectly organized local government and with a zeal worthy of a nobler +cause. + +The news of the assault reached the Capitol on Saturday, April 13th, On +Sunday, the 14th, the President and his cabinet held their first council +of war. On the following morning the first "call for troops" was +proclaimed to the whole country, in a grand "appeal to all loyal +citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid this effort to maintain the +honor, the integrity, and existence of our National Union, and the +perpetuity of popular government." + +The North was now aroused. Within forty-eight hours from the publication +of the proclamation armed companies of volunteers were moving towards +the expected scene of conflict. For the first time in the history of +this nation parties vanished from politics, and "universal opinion +recognized but two rallying points,--the camps of the South which +gathered to assail the Union, and the armies of the North that rose to +defend it." + +The watchword of the impending conflict was sounded by Stephen A. +Douglas, one of the most powerful and energetic of public leaders, a +recent candidate for the presidency, and the life-long political +antagonist of Abraham Lincoln. On Sunday, the 14th of April, while the +ink was scarcely yet dry upon the written parchment of the proclamation, +Mr. Douglas called at the White House, and, in a long interview, assured +his old antagonist of his readiness to join him in unrelenting warfare +against Rebellion. Shortly afterwards he departed for his home in +Illinois, where, until his death, which occurred a few weeks later, he +declared, with masterly eloquence, that,-- + + + "Every man must be for the United States or against it; there can + be no neutrals in this war--only patriots and traitors." + + + + "Hurrah! the drums are beating; the fife is calling shrill; + Ten thousand starry banners flame on town, and bay, and hill; + The thunders of the rising wave drown Labor's peaceful hum; + Thank God that we have lived to see the saffron morning come! + The morning of the battle-call, to every soldier dear,-- + O joy! the cry is "Forward!" O joy! the foe is near! + For all the crafty men of peace have failed to purge the land; + Hurrah! the ranks of battle close; God takes his cause in hand!" + + +[Footnote 1: "If, through the madness of Northern abolitionists, that +dire calamity (disruption of the Union) must come, the fighting will not +be along Mason and Dixon's line merely. It will be _within our own +borders, in our own streets_, between the two classes of citizens to +whom I have referred. Those who defy law, and scout constitutional +obligation, will, if we ever reach the arbitrament of arms, find +occupation enough at home."--_Letter to Jefferson Davis, dated +January_ 6, 1860.] + +[Footnote 2: The word "must" is italicized in the original letter. +See _Official Records of the Rebellion_, Vol. I., p. 76.] + +[Footnote 3: See _Official Records of the Rebellion_, I., p. 77.] + + * * * * * + + + + +TOMMY TAFT. + +A STORY OF BOSTON-TOWN. + + +By A.L.G. + + +Tommy Taft, or T.T. as he was wont to call himself, had always regretted +two misfortunes,--first, the indisputable fact of his birth, and second, +the imprisonment of his father, not long afterwards. + +The earlier misfortune, Tommy Taft, not being at the time aware of it, +was of course quite unable to prevent. The later misfortune it was alike +beyond his power to forestall. It came to pass that young Tommy Taft +grew up to be as crude a specimen of body and soul as had ever +flourished in Boston-town. + +I have not set myself the task of following the drift of his life from +the dawn of babyhood to the twentieth anniversary of the same. But one +event ought to be here recalled, which was, that on a certain day Tommy +Taft was at work in a garden and in just that part of the garden, it +ought to be said, where the wall was so low that a person could easily +look over it into the long, narrow road. + +Tommy Taft was not particularly fond of work; in other words, he was not +a great worker. On this occasion, however, the promise of an extra +shilling being uppermost in his mind, he plied his energies with more +than wonted skill. He was disposed to be meditative as well, and so +deeply that he chanced not to perceive an aged personage who, for +perhaps five and twenty minutes, had been cautiously scrutinizing him +from across the wall. + +It was a most extraordinary fit of sneezing--nothing more nor less--that +first attracted the attention of Tommy Taft, and prompted him to look +up. And what did he see? Only a weather-beaten face, shaded by a ragged +straw hat out of which peeped locks of grizzled gray hair. The owner +leaned somewhat heavily against the wall. + +Tommy Taft was not amazed; but if he had not already become accustomed +to affronts and ill-shapen visages, he might have been awed into +silence. He merely paused, with his right foot on the shoulder of the +spade share, and peered at the stranger. To the best of his knowledge, +he had never seen him before. On a former time, however, he had chanced +to see his own face in a mirror and, odd as it may seem, he now remarked +to himself a striking resemblance between the two faces,--his own and +that of the new comer. But his thoughts were quickly turned. + +"I say, young man!" + +"What say?" replied Tommy Taft. + +"You don't happen to know a young man by the name o' Tom Taft, do you?" + +"I reckon I do." The youth plunged the spade share into the earth, and +folded his arms. + +"Have a shake, then," continued the stranger. + +"But that ain't a tellin' me who you be," said Tommy Taft, approaching +and holding out his hand. + +"I'm Jim Taft; and if so be your father was a shoemaker in this town and +got locked up--I say, I'm he!" + +There was pathos in the utterance of these words, and, somehow or other, +Tommy Taft's heart fluttered just a little and before he was aware of it +a tear was trickling down his cheek. + +"Are you happy, young man," queried the elder. He drew himself up on the +wall. + +"Well, I s'pose I am, though I ain't got nuthin'. But folks as haint got +nuthin' and enjoy it is a plagued sight richer than sich as has got +everything and don't enjoy it. Yes--I s'pose I'm happy." + +"And where's the old woman?" + +"Dead, I s'pose." + +"Dead!" + +"Or in the work-house where she might'nt have been, if you'd a stayed +round." + +Jim Taft, for it was he, began to think, and the longer he thought, the +more troubled he looked. + +"You won't say as you saw me loafin' around here, will you?" he asked at +length; "that is, if you won't give me a lift, me--your father?" + +"How a lift?" inquired his interlocutor. + +"A few shillings perhaps; or, perhaps you ain't got a pair o' boots as +has in 'em more leather 'n holes, or a pair of breeches as is good for +suthin'." + +"Wait a bit!" said Tommy Taft. He disappeared; but he soon came back, +with an old pair of boots in one hand and a pair of pantaloons in the +other. + +"There's suthin' in the nigh pocket," he remarked, as he handed the +pantaloons to his parent. "I've often s'posed you'd come back, and would +need the money what I saved for you." + +The parent, however, had not the courtesy to return thanks. He was more +anxious to know something about Tom's employer and his whereabouts. + +"He's a good one, he is," said Tommy Taft; "and no, he ain't to home. +He's in ----; and I've got to meet him to-night in the tavern there--." + +"In Hog's Lane?" + +"Yes." + +"Hylton has a heap o' money, Tommy." + +"If he have or no, I don't reckon its none o' your business, or mine +nuther." + +The parent noticed the surly tone in which his son had just spoken, and +concluded to say "good day," and to be off. + +Tommy Taft wondered what could be the cause of so sudden a departure; +and then he wondered whether, it really was his father that had so +unexpectedly accosted him. He went back to his spade, and next wondered +whether the man might not be an escaped convict. If so, how came he to +know John Hylton? + +In obedience to orders, Tommy Taft set off to meet his employer +at the tavern in Hog's Lane. He supped that evening with the keeper. +Afterwards, he lighted his pipe, drew a chair up to the open fireplace, +and smoked in silence. Still later, he betook himself through a long, +narrow entry, up a narrow flight of stairs, and into a small, square +room. After he had closed the door behind him, he observed another door, +which, he concluded, opened into the next apartment. It was locked. +Tommy Taft was to pass the night in this self-same room, and he had good +reasons for believing that his employer occupied the room adjoining and +was already sound asleep. + +The hours sped by. The tavern-keeper looked up to the clock,--it was +after midnight. He locked the big door, and had just diminished the +number of burning lamps from six to two, when he heard the sound of +voices as in dispute, and seemingly issuing from the room just above. +He hurried to the foot of the stairs, and listened. He distinctly caught +the voice of Mr. Hylton, and the words of another voice,--"You'll be +sorry for that!" The tavern-keeper heard nothing more. Presently, he too +went to bed. + +Morning came, and the servants were busy in the kitchen. At half-past +six, Tommy Taft ought, as on former occasions, to have carried a pitcher +of hot water up to his employer's bedroom. But he failed to do so, this +morning. At seven, Mr. Hylton ought to have been seated at the breakfast +table; but he did not appear. + +The tavern-keeper, when the clock had struck eight, went upstairs. He +rapped on the door of the small square room. No response. He forced open +the door. + +"Ah!" he exclaimed. "Tommy Taft gone! and the bed not slept in, +neither!" + +The window was open. It had rained during the night, and on the soft, +gravel mould beneath the window he discovered foot prints. He turned, +and went to the door which communicated between the two apartments. It +was unlocked. He turned the knob,--opened the door gently, and beheld +John Hylton lying in a pool of blood, with his throat gashed, and with +a large clasp-knife clenched in his right hand! + +It was indeed a mystery. The discovery of the tragedy was followed by +intense excitement. The coroner's jury suspected Tommy Taft as the +murderer, because the knife which was found in the hand of the victim +bore on its hilt the initials "T.T.", and because the tavern-keeper +testified that he had heard angry words in the night. + +Tommy Taft was brought to trial. It was proved that the murdered man's +money-bag was rifled of all coin, but of only one bank note,--and that, +the one which the tavern-keeper had had in his possession the afternoon +before the tragedy and which Tommy Taft got changed on the day after the +murder. These facts, together with the footprints on the gravel soil, +enabled the prosecuting attorney to make out what seemed to both judge +and jury a very strong case. Indeed, there was but one person in the +court room that believed the prisoner innocent,--that was Tommy Taft +himself. + +He admitted that he had had a dispute with his employer, but gave no +cause and that the latter had peremptorily dismissed him from further +service; that the bank-note was given to him that very same night, as +the full amount due him; that after the dispute, he could not go to bed; +that he bethought him, without disturbing anybody, to steal quietly down +stairs and to depart, unobserved, by way of the front door. He sturdily +denied that the footprints on the gravel soil were his. He firmly +declared his innocence, and that, while he felt that he could tell the +name of the murderer, he did not wish to do so, for the reason that he +had no proof to support his suspicion. + +Tommy Taft died on the gallows. After the execution, people gathered to +discuss the event. They began to think, too, as people sometimes will +when they have condemned without thinking. + +"That boy's pluckier than I'd a bin," murmured an old man, as he dragged +his weather-beaten body slowly through the crowd. "He wasn't a guilty, +Tommy Taft wasn't." + +Nobody knew the speaker, and nobody cared for what he said. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MUSE OF HISTORY. + + +By Elizabeth Porter Gould. + + + Clio with her flickering light + And book of valued lore, + Comes down the ages dark and bright, + Our interest to implore. + + She walks with glad, majestic mien, + Proud of her knowledge gained, + E'en while she mourns from having seen + Man's life so dulled and pained. + + Her face with lines of care is wrought, + From searching mystery's cause, + And dealing with the hidden thought + Of nature's subtle laws. + + Yet still she blushes with new life + In sight of actions fine, + And pales with anguish at the strife + Of evil's dread design. + + She stops to sing her grandest lays + When, in creation's heat, + She sees evolved a higher phase + Of life's fruitions sweet. + + 'Twas thus in days of Genesis + When man came forth supreme; + 'Twas thus in days of Nemesis + When Love did dare redeem. + + And thus 'twill be in future days + When out from spirit-laws, + Shall be brought forth for lasting praise + The ever-great First cause. + + Then gladly know this wondrous muse + Who walks the aisles of Time; + And dare not thoughtlessly refuse + Her book of lore sublime. + + For in it is the precious force + Of spirit-life divine, + Which even through a winding course + Leads on to Wisdom's shrine. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TWO REFORM MAYORS OF BOSTON. + +JOHN PHILLIPS. + + +By The Editor. + + +The progenitor of the Phillips family in America was the Rev. George +Phillips, son of Christopher Phillips of Rainham, St. Martin, Norfolk +County, England, _mediocris fortunae_. He entered Gonville and Caius +College, Cambridge, April, 20, 1610, then aged seventeen years, and +received his bachelor's degree in 1613. + +[Illustration: JOHN PHILLIPS, THE FIRST MAYOR OF BOSTON.] + +After his graduation he was settled in the ministry at Boxted, Essex +County, England; but his strong attachment to the principles of the +Nonconformists brought him into difficulties with some of his +parishioners, and as the storm of persecution grew more dark and +threatening, he resolved to cast his lot with the Puritans, who were +about to depart for the New World. On the 12th of April, 1630, he with +his wife and two children embarked for America in the "Arbella," as +fellow-passenger, with Gov. Winthrop, Sir Richard Saltonstall, and other +assistants of the Massachusetts Company, and arrived at Salem on the +12th of June, where, shortly afterwards, his wife died and was buried by +the side of Lady Arabella Johnson. + +Mr. Phillips was admitted "freeman," May 18, 1631; this being the +earliest date of any such admission. For fourteen years he was the +pastor of the church at Watertown, a most godly man, and an influential +member of the small council that regulated the affairs of the colony. +His share in giving form and character to the institutions of New +England is believed to have been a very large one. He died on the 1st of +July, 1644, aged about fifty-one years. + +The son of the foregoing, born in Boxted, England, in 1625, and +graduated from Harvard College in 1650, became in 1651 the Rev. Samuel +Phillips of Rowley, Mass. He continued as pastor over this parish for a +period of forty-five years. He was highly esteemed for his piety and +talents, which were of no common order; and he was eminently useful, +both at home and abroad. + +In September, 1687, an information was filed by one Philip Nelson +against the Rev. Samuel Phillips, for calling Randolph "a wicked man;" +and for this "crime" (redounding to his honor) he was committed to +prison. + +He was married in October, 1651, to Sarah Appleton, the daughter of +Samuel and Mary (Everhard) Appleton of Ipswich. He died April 22, 1696, +greatly beloved and lamented. His inventory amounted to nine hundred and +eighty-nine pounds sterling. In November, 1839, a chaste and handsome +marble monument was placed over the remains of Mr. Phillips and his +wife, in the burial-ground at Rowley, by the Hon. Jonathan Phillips of +Boston, their great-great-great-grandson. + +He left two sons, the younger of whom, George (1664-1739, Harvard 1686), +became an eminent clergyman, the Rev. George Phillips, first of Jamaica, +L.I., and afterwards of Brookhaven. The elder son, Samuel, chose the +occupation of a goldsmith, and settled in Salem. It is from this Samuel +of Salem that the two Boston branches of the Phillips family have +descended. + +A younger son of Samuel, the Hon. John Phillips, was born June 22, +1701. He became a successful merchant of Boston, was a deacon of +Brattle-street Church, a colonel of the Boston Regiment, a justice of +the peace and of the quorum, and a representative of Boston for several +years in the General Court. He married, in 1723, Mary Buttolph, a +daughter of Nicholas Buttolph of Boston. She died in 1742; and he next +married, Abigail Webb, a daughter of Rev. Mr. Webb of Fairfield, Conn. +He died April 19, 1768, and was buried with military honors. According +to the records, he was "a man much devoted to works of benevolence." + +His son, William Phillips of Boston, was born Aug. 29, 1737, and died +June 4, 1772. In 1761 he married Margaret Wendell, the eleventh and +youngest child of the Hon. Jacob Wendell, a merchant, and one of the +Governor's Council. His widow died in 1823. + +JOHN PHILLIPS, the only son of William and Margaret, was born in Boston +on the ancient Phillips place, on the 26th of November, 1770. His mother +was a woman of uncommon energy of mind as well as of ardent piety, and +early instilled into the heart of her son the principles of religion and +a love of learning and of his native land. She placed him, at the early +age of seven years, in the family of his kinsman, Lieut.-Gov. Samuel +Phillips of Andover, where he remained until he entered Harvard College +in 1784. In this excellent and pious family, and in the academy under +the charge of the learned Dr. Eliphalet Pearson, young Phillips acquired +the rudiments of a sound scholarship as well as that urbane and +conciliating manner which was so conducive to his success in subsequent +life. + +Judge Phillips and his excellent wife took a lively interest in the +studies of their ward. They examined him from time to time, not only in +his catechism, which was then regularly taught, but also in respect of +his literary efforts and acquirements. They encouraged him to make +strenuous efforts to obtain a high rank as a scholar, speaker, +gentleman, and Christian. Their labors were not lost. On leaving +Andover, the youth was prepared to take an elevated stand in college, +which he maintained to the completion of his course, when the honor of +pronouncing the salutatory oration was conferred on him by the faculty. + +Mr. Phillips chose the profession of the law, and soon gained an +extensive practice. His popularity became such, that in 1794, he was +invited to deliver the annual Fourth of July oration before the people +of Boston. "This production," says a writer, "bears the finest marks of +intellectual vigor." Some extracts from it have found their way into the +school-books as models of eloquence. + +In this same year Mr. Phillips was married to Miss Sally Walley, +daughter of Thomas Walley, Esq., a respectable merchant of Boston. On +the establishment of the Municipal Court in Boston, in 1800, he was made +public prosecutor, and in 1803 was chosen representative to the General +Court. The next year he was sent to the Senate, and such was the wisdom +of his political measures, and the dignity of his bearing towards all +parties, that he continued to hold a seat in this body every successive +year until his decease, always discharging his duties, either as a +debater or in the chair, to which he was ten times called, most +creditably to himself as well as most acceptably to his constituents and +the State. + +In 1809 Mr. Phillips was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas. +Three years later he was elected a member of the corporation of Harvard +College, and in 1820 a member of the convention for the revision of +the State Constitution. In this able and dignified body he held a +conspicuous rank. His remarks upon the various questions which arose +were learned, judicious, and sometimes rendered all the more effective +by the flashes of his wit. Speaking, for example, on the third article +of the Bill of Rights, he said he hoped they would not be like the man +whose epitaph was, "I am well, I would be better, and here I am." + +The next year the town of Boston, which then contained nearly forty-five +thousand inhabitants, began to agitate in good earnest the question of +adopting a city government. A committee of twelve, of which Mr. Phillips +was chairman, drew up and reported a city charter for the town, which +was adopted at a meeting held March 4, 1822, by a vote of 2,797 to +1,881. The result was formally announced on the 7th of the same month by +a proclamation from Gov. Brooks. + +The two prominent candidates for the office of mayor were Harrison Gray +Otis and Josiah Quincy, both men of high accomplishments and enjoying +a large share of public confidence. But after a vote had been taken, +resulting in no choice of mayor, the friends of these gentlemen suddenly +agreed on Mr. Phillips, who at the town-meeting held on the 16th of +April, 1822, received 2,500 out of 2,650 votes, and thus became the +first mayor of the city of Boston. + +The inauguration occurred at Faneuil Hall on the 1st of May following. +The ceremonies of the occasion were unusually impressive; the venerable +Dr. Thomas Baldwin invoking the favor of Heaven, and Chief Justice Isaac +Parker administering the oath. + +In discharging the duties of his office, Mr. Phillips wisely avoided +sumptuous display on one hand, and a parsimonious economy on the other, +but observing that _juste milieu_ which good sense dictated, and +the spirit of our republican institutions demanded, succeeded in +overcoming all prejudice against the new form of municipal government, +and in establishing a precedent, which, followed by succeeding mayors, +has saved the city millions of dollars of needless expense, and has +served as a worthy example to many other cities in this country. + +The result of the first year's administration under the new charter +did not meet the expectations of those who had been instrumental in +procuring it. They were eager for a more energetic system, and they +charged Mr. Phillips with pursuing a timid and hesitating course for +fear of losing his popularity. But still when he went out of office, +Mr. Josiah Quincy, his successor, could say of him:-- + + + "After examining and considering the records and proceedings of the + city authorities for the past year, it is impossible for me to refrain + from expressing the sense I entertain of the services of that high and + honorable individual who filled the chair of this city, as well as of + the wise, prudent, and faithful citizens who composed during that + period the city council." + + +Perceiving, towards the expiration of his first term of service, that +his health was beginning to fail, Mr. Phillips declined being a +candidate for re-election, and on the twenty-ninth day of May, 1823, was +suddenly stricken down by disease of the heart,--he being then in the +fifty-third year of his age. His death was universally lamented, and +public honors were paid by all parties to his memory. + +John Phillips was a good man, true as steel, and always trustworthy in +the various relations of life. He lived in the fear of God, and from his +Word received instruction for the guidance of his conduct. He lived in +stormy times; yet such was the consistency and elevation of his +character, such the suavity and dignity of his manner, such the kindness +of his heart, the clearness of his conceptions, and the beauty of his +language, that he commanded the respect and admiration of his political +opponents, wielding perhaps as great an influence as any public man of +the State at that period; and he will ever stand as a worthy model for +the incumbents of that high municipal office, which his wisdom, +prudence, virtue, integrity, and eloquence adorned. + +[Illustration] + +The following are the names of the children of John and Sally (Walley) +Phillips, all of whom are now dead:-- + +1. Thomas Walley, born Jan. 16, 1797. 2. Sarah Hurd, born April 24, +1799. 3. Samuel born Feb. 8, 1801. 4. Margaret, born Nov. 29, 1802. 5. +Miriam, born Nov. 20, 18--. 6. John Charles, born Nov. 16, 1807. 7. +George William, born Jan. 3, 1810. 8. WENDELL, born Nov. 29, 1811. 9. +Grenville Tudor, born Aug. 14, 1816.[4] + + +[Footnote 4: See the "Life and Times of Wendell Phillips," by G.L. +Austin, Boston, 1884.] + + * * * * * + + + + +HUGH O'BRIEN. + + +By Charles H. Taylor. + + +There are but few other men at the present moment in whom the citizens +of Boston are more interested, for a variety of good reasons, than the +HON. HUGH O'BRIEN. His name must be added to the roll of Bostonians, who +have distinguished themselves by the services they have rendered to the +city. Now placed at the head of this great municipality as Mayor, a +glance at his life shows that he has won his way to that position by the +exhibition of qualities, such as all self-educated men possess. His +private and public life fully illustrate that true merit is sooner or +later appreciated and rewarded. + +Born in Ireland, July 13, 1827, he was brought to America when five +years old. Boston became the home of his childhood, and has always been +his place of residence. Ever since he graduated from the old grammar +school on Fort Hill, he has been swayed by Boston ideas and influences. +The excellent ground-work of his education obtained in that school soon +became enlarged and increased through the efforts of young O'Brien to +add to his stock of information on all conceivable subjects. To +accomplish this he haunted the Public Library, and eagerly read +everything of a useful nature--history, biography and statistics having +a peculiar fascination to him. During this time he had also entered the +office of the _Boston Courier_ to learn the printer's trade, at the +age of twelve years. He made rapid progress in that important art. From +the _Courier_ he went to the book and job printing office of +Messrs. Tuttle, Dennett & Chisholm, on School street, where he became +foreman at the early age of fifteen. After several years service there, +he started the publication of the _Shipping and Commercial List_, +with which he still maintains a connection, and has always been its +principal editor. + +Any young man desiring to advance himself intellectually and socially in +life could not have had a better schooling than that afforded by the +newspaper work which Mr. O'Brien has done. Added to all this labor, +there was the ambition of this young man to succeed. He had a distinct +aim in life, which was always to be an honored and respected member of +his craft and of society. He is, therefore, found diligently at work +absorbed in business and intellectual pursuits. Various literary +societies and philanthropic projects have always found in him a sturdy +supporter. + +What would be the future of such an energetic and ambitious young man +was easily predicted by his friends and acquaintances, and the +predictions have been verified. It was believed that he would succeed in +life, become a very useful member of society, and "make his mark in the +world," as the saying goes. These things have come to pass. And why? +Because the young man equipped himself early with the weapons with which +to fight the battle of life. And he never dropped those weapons; therein +is the secret of his success. Many young men begin life aright; how sad +that they do not continue in the right path! + +Mr. O'Brien made the _Shipping and Commercial List_ a strong paper +and merchants quickly began to rely upon it for accurate information as +regards mercantile and commercial affairs. He also issued the first +annual reports of Boston's trade and commerce, and that volume has been +adopted for years by the Merchants' Exchange, The work in connection +with his newspaper naturally brought him into personal contact with the +foremost merchants of Boston. These gentlemen who have known him +intimately for forty years, have nothing but words of praise concerning +his character, honesty, and business sagacity. He has witnessed the city +grow from a population of 75,000 inhabitants to over 400,000, and all +the changes in business methods, together with the multifarious +enterprises in which Boston has engaged, are perfectly familiar to him, +and he has not been backward in helping to promote such changes and +enterprises as would benefit all classes of citizens. Prominent business +men have not only spoken well of Mr. O'Brien, but they have given a +practical illustration of their faith in him by making him the custodian +of trust funds for various purposes, and in no instance has their +confidence been misplaced. His financial abilities have always been +acknowledged to be first-class, and therefore it is not surprising to +learn that for years he has been President of the Union Institution for +Savings, Treasurer of the Franklin Typographical Union, and a director +in various benevolent and charitable institutions. + +It is very natural, in view of the business training and abilities of +Hugh O'Brien, that he should be heard from in public life. Such vigorous +and brainy men do not escape the attention of the people. In 1875 he +took a seat in the Board of Aldermen, when the _Boston Advertiser_ +referred to him as "well-known in the community and has the respect and +confidence of every one." It is well known in political circles that Mr. +O'Brien did not seek this office and has never been an applicant for any +office. He also served as Alderman in the years 1875, 1876, 1877, 1879, +1880, 1881 and 1883, and was chairman of the Board four years. + +His public career as Alderman was closely watched by the people and is +well known. During his service in that capacity he gave to municipal +affairs the same careful study that he had devoted to business matters +when in private life. He served upon important committees, and all the +great questions of vital interest to the welfare of Boston which have +come up of late years, in which he had also been interested while in +private life, received his official attention and prompt action. Notable +among these were good pay for laborers, purification and improvement of +the water supply, a useful system of parks, sanitary reforms, schools, +abolition of the poll tax, and last but not least, low taxation. He has +always been found on the right side of these and other important +questions and has labored long and diligently, in the face of +opposition, to carry out the ideas of the taxpayers in relation to them. +Bostonians well know the signal success which has crowned his efforts. + +In December, 1884, Alderman O'Brien was elected Mayor for the year 1885. +During the first half of his term, the old charter being in force, he +did many meritorious things which no other Mayor has done under that +instrument. And now under the new city charter, which makes him directly +responsible for the honest and efficient management of the city's +affairs, his actions are speaking loud enough to be heard even outside +the city, and they challenge the admiration of all readers of the daily +press of Boston. + +In appearance, Mayor O'Brien is a little over the average height, of +robust build, weighing over two hundred pounds; has a florid complexion, +with keen blue eyes. He has what physiologists would call a +well-balanced temperament, knows how to govern himself, has an +indomitable will and pluck, and is a man for emergencies. He is an +indefatigable worker, and the details of a large business do not prevent +him from despatching work promptly. Above all, he possesses that rare +virtue, tact. He is courteous and affable to all visitors, and makes new +friends constantly because of his sterling qualities. As a public +speaker, he is earnest, forcible and argumentative without being +captious. If his opponent thinks he has a man to deal with who is not +fully posted upon the subject under discussion, he quickly learns his +error. While not an orator, Mayor O'Brien carries conviction to hearers +by the force of his honest utterances and sound reasoning. At the same +time he has risen to the heights of eloquence upon the floor of the +Board of Aldermen when defending the cause of the laboring man. Himself +a workingman all his life, he never allows those who earn their bread by +the sweat of their brow to ask him twice for a favor which it is in his +power to grant. He has been their unsolicited champion when they badly +needed one, and his record will bear the minutest inspection. + +Such then is a brief sketch of a remarkable Bostonian. The poor boy who +landed in Boston a little over a half century ago has become its Chief +Magistrate. Boston has honored him. He has shown, and is still showing, +his appreciation of the high honor. Slowly, but surely, this modest +gentleman has won his way to the front in the popular estimation of his +fellow-citizens. A man who tries constantly to do right for the love of +doing right, he has become more distinguished than many so-called +brilliant men who, meteor-like, flash before people's eyes once, and are +heard of no more. There is a solidity about all his public acts which +command attention and elicit approbation. It is too early to write the +full history of Mayor O'Brien, because he is rapidly making history; but +Boston's history thus far does not record when the city has had a more +efficient or more honest Mayor than the present Chief Magistrate. + + * * * * * + + + + +HELEN HUNT JACKSON. + + +The news of the death of Mrs. Helen Jackson--better known as +"H.H."--will probably carry a pang of regret into more American homes +than similar intelligence in regard to any other woman, with the +possible exception of Mrs. H.B. Stowe, who belongs to an earlier +literary generation. + +Helen Maria (Fiske) Jackson was the daughter of Prof. Nathan W. Fiske, +of Amherst College, whose "Manual of Classical Literature," based on +that of Eschenberg, was long in use in our colleges, and who wrote +several other books. She was born in Amherst, Mass., October 18, 1831; +her mother's maiden name being Vinal. The daughter was educated in part +at Ipswich (Mass.) Female Seminary, and in part at the school of the +Rev. J.S.C. Abbott in New York city. She was married to Captain +(afterward Major) Edward B. Hunt, an eminent engineer officer of the +United States Army. Major Hunt was a man of scientific attainments quite +unusual in his profession, was a member of various learned societies, +and for some time an assistant professor at West Point. He contributed +to one of the early volumes of the _Atlantic Monthly_ (xii, 794) a +paper on "Military Bridges." His wife resided with him at various +military stations--West Point, Washington, Newport, R.I., etc.--and they +had several children, all of whom died very young except one boy, +Rennie, who lived to the age of eight or ten, showing extraordinary +promise. His death and that of Major Hunt--who was killed in 1863 by the +discharge of suffocating vapors from a submarine battery of his own +invention--left Mrs. Hunt alone in the world, and she removed her +residence a year or two after to Newport, R.I., where the second period +of her life began. + +Up to this time she had given absolutely no signs of literary talent. +She had been absorbed in her duties as wife and mother, and had been +fond of society, in which she was always welcome because of her +vivacity, wit, and ready sympathy. In Newport she found herself, from +various causes, under strong literary influences, appealing to tastes +that developed rapidly in herself. She soon began to publish poems, one +of the first of which, if not the first--a translation from Victor +Hugo--appeared in the _Nation_. Others of her poems, perhaps her +best--including the sonnets "Burnt Ships" and "Ariadne's +Farewell"--appeared also in the _Nation_. Not long after, she began +to print short papers on domestic subjects in the _Independent_ and +elsewhere, and soon found herself thoroughly embarked in a literary +career. Her first poem in the _Atlantic Monthly_ appeared in +February, 1869; and her volume of "Verses" was printed at her own +expense in 1870, being reprinted with some enlargement in 1871. and +again, almost doubled in size, in 1874. Her "Bits of Travel" (1872) was +made up of sketches of a tour in Europe in 1868-9; a portion of these, +called "Encyclicals of a Traveller," having been originally written as +circular letters to her many friends and then printed--rather against +her judgment, but at the urgent request of Mr. J.T. Fields--almost +precisely as they were written. Upon this followed "Bits of Talk About +Home Matters" (1873), "Bits of Talk for Young Folks" (1876), and "Bits of +Travel at Home" (1878). These, with a little poem called "The Story of +Boon," constituted, for some time, all her acknowledged volumes; but it +is now no secret that she wrote two of the most successful novels of the +_No Name_ series--"Mercy Philbrick's Choice" (1876) and "Hetty's +Strange History" (1877). We do not propose here to enter into the vexed +question of the authorship of the "Saxe Holme" stories, which appeared +in the early volumes of _Scribner's Monthly_, and were published in +two volumes (1873, 1878). The secret was certainly very well kept, and +in spite of her denials, they were very often attributed to her by +readers and critics. + +Her residence in Newport as a busy and successful literary woman thus +formed a distinct period of her life, quite apart from the epoch which +preceded it and from the later one which followed. A change soon came. +Her health was never very strong, and she was liable to severe attacks +of diphtheria, to relieve which she tried the climate of Colorado. She +finally took up her residence there, and was married about 1876, to +William S. Jackson, a merchant of Colorado Springs. She had always had +the greatest love for travel and exploration, and found unbounded field +for this in her new life, driving many miles a day over precipitous +roads, and thinking little of crossing the continent by rail from the +Atlantic to the Pacific. In the course of these journeys she became +profoundly interested in the wrongs of the Indians, and for the rest of +her life all literary interests and ambitions were utterly subordinated +to this. During a winter of hard work at the Astor Library in New York +she prepared her "Century of Dishonor" (1881). As one result of this +book she was appointed by the United States Government as one of two +commissioners (Abbot Kinney being the other) to examine and report upon +"the condition and needs of the Mission Indians of California." Their +report, to which Mrs. Jackson's name is first signed, is dated at +Colorado Springs, July 13, 1883, and is a thoroughly business-like +document of thirty-five pages. A new edition of "A Century of Dishonor" +containing this report is just ready by her publishers, Messrs Roberts +Brothers. + +As another fruit of this philanthropic interest, she wrote, during +another winter in this city, her novel, "Ramona," a book composed with +the greatest rapidity, and printed first in the _Christian Union_, +afterward appearing in a volume in 1884. Its sole object was further to +delineate the wrongs of the aborigines. Besides these two books, she +wrote, during this later period, some children's stories, "Nelly's +Silver Mine, a Story of Colorado Life" (1878), and three little volumes +of tales about cats. But her life-work, as she viewed it at the end, was +in her two books in behalf of the Indians. + + * * * * * + + + + +HINGHAM. + + +By Francis H. Lincoln. + + +[Illustration: THE PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDING, BURNT IN 1879.] + + +The impression left upon the mind of the traveller who has seen Hingham +only from the railroad train would be one of backyards, a mill-pond, and +woods; but to him who approaches it towards the close of a pleasant June +day by steamboat, when the tide is in, there is spread out a lovely +view. As the boat comes near the landing-place, islands and green hills, +beautiful trees and fields, form a complete circle around him. The +picture is one he will not forget. This pleasant impression will grow +stronger if he drives by almost any of the streets leading from the +harbor, for about five miles, to the southern limit of the town. Should +he take the main street he will be charmed by the wealth of stately elms +and other shade-trees, which in many places form a complete arch over +his head, and by the neat dwellings, for the most part of modest +pretensions, some old and some new, almost every one with well-kept +grounds all betokening thrift and suggesting a well-to-do community. +Nor need he confine himself to the main street. Several of the thickly +settled villages spread out into equally attractive side streets. Here +and there a church, a school-house, or a public building adds to the +general tidy look of the place. Numerous pleasant wood roads, with a few +fresh water ponds and streams, make up a variety of scenery which is +certainly equal to any New England town. + +[Illustration: THE "OLD MEETING HOUSE."] + +"Do you have any poor here?" was once asked by a visitor. "I see no +evidence of anything but plenty, and yet you do not seem to have any +specially leading industries. Whence comes this prosperity?" Whence, +indeed? The history of the settlement and growth of Hingham differs +little from many another town in eastern Massachusetts. Founded by the +Puritans, it is the same story of hardship, patient, persistent toil, +prudent economy, encouragement of education and morality, which has been +told over and over again, and which has demonstrated the sure foundation +upon which true civilization rests. + +Hingham lies on the south shore of Massachusetts Bay, on the line of the +Old Colony Railroad, 17 miles from Boston by railroad and about 13 by +water. Its area is a little less than 13,000 square acres, and its +population in 1880 was 4,485. Its valuation in 1884 was $3,245,661, and +the number of dwelling-houses was 1,044. Its original limits included +the present town of Cohasset, which was set off and incorporated April +26, 1770. Until March 26, 1793, Hingham was a part of Suffolk county, +when it was annexed to the County of Norfolk, and June 20, 1793, it +again became a part of the County of Suffolk. June 18, 1803, it was +annexed to the County of Plymouth, of which it has since formed a part. + +[Illustration: THE SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT.] + +The original name of the settlement was Bare (or Bear) Cove. The name +was changed to Hingham, and the town incorporated Sept. 3, 1635, on the +same day with Weymouth and Concord. There are but eleven towns in the +State older than these three. Settlements having dates earlier than the +incorporation were made in many towns, and there is proof that there +were inhabitants here in 1633. There was a recognition of the place as a +sort of municipality in 1634, for Bare Cove was assessed in that year. +Rev. Peter Hobart, of Hingham, England, the first minister, arrived at +Charlestown in June, 1635, and soon after settled in this town where +many of his friends from Hingham, England, had already settled, from +which fact the name of their old home was given to the new. Mr. Hobart +and twenty-nine others drew for house-lots on the 18th of September, +1635. Grants of land were made at various times during the year 1635, +and for several succeeding years. Hence it will be seen that, in this +present year, two hundred and fifty years of the town's history will +have been completed, and the anniversary will be celebrated during the +present month of September. + +The close proximity of Hingham to Hull, of which the original name was +Nantasket or Nantascot, well known during recent years as a famous +summer resort, lends an added interest to one of the earliest of +Hingham's controversies. We find a record in July, 1643:-- + + + There is chosen by the town, Joseph Peck, Bozoan Allen, Anthony Eames, + and Joshua Hubbard, to go to the next Court to make the best improvement + of the evidence the town have for the property of Nantascot, and to + answer the suit that now depends, &c. + + +But this attempt of the inhabitants of Hingham to claim a title was +summarily disposed of by the General Court, in September, 1643, as +follows:-- + + + The former grant to Nantascot was again voted and confirmed, and Hingham + was willed to forbear troubling the Court any more about Nantascot. + + +Under the lead of such a man as Rev. Peter Hobart, who appears to have +been fearless and courageous, the inhabitants could not long remain +at rest. In 1645, and through several succeeding years, there were +difficulties of a very pronounced character between the inhabitants and +the colonial magistrates, especially between Peter Hobart and Gov. +Winthrop. The story has been briefly told as follows:-- + + + The town of Hingham had chosen a certain man to be the captain of + its military company, and had sent his name to the magistrates for + approval. Before action had been taken upon the name the town + reconsidered its action, and chose another man to be captain, and + sent in his name. The magistrates were strongly inclined to confirm + and appoint the first and to reject the second. Winthrop was especially + pronounced and for his conduct in the affair Hobart impeached him before + the General Court for maladministration in office. The contest was long + and bitter. Winthrop was acquitted and exonerated; Hobart was censured, + and, with many other inhabitants of Hingham, heavily fined. The town + was thoroughly aroused, supported Hobart to the utmost, and paid his + fine.... Winthrop and Hobart were the representatives of the two parties + into which the colony was forming--the more conservative and the more + radical. The extreme radicals scented in the measures and conduct of the + magistrates, tyranny; and the conservatives deprecated the views of the + radicals as leading to unrestrained action and lawlessness. Winthrop was + a conservative; Hobart was a radical. He said he did not know for what + he was fined, unless it was for presuming to petition the General Court, + and that fine was a violation of the right of petition. + + +Mr. Hobart was characterized "as a bold man, who would speak his mind." + +The story of the contest with the authorities is long and tedious, and +it would not serve the purpose of this article to relate it fully, but +we can see in the brief statement above that, whether the minister and +his people were right or wrong, they had in them that energy, pluck, and +persistency which men who would establish strong foundations of society +and municipal prosperity must have. + +Many interesting events in the early history of the town must be passed +over. The complete history is being prepared under the authority of the +town, and he who has curiosity concerning it will, ere long, have an +opportunity to gratify it. Suffice it to say that the town suffered, in +common with all the early settlements, from the Indians, though not +extraordinarily; the usual precautions were taken to prevent assaults, +and considerable attention was paid to the maintenance of the military. +The whole civil history of the town has been one of steady prosperity, +of rather slow growth in population. + +The first church in Hingham was formed in 1635, on the settlement of the +town, with Rev. Peter Hobart as its first minister. + +The first house for public worship was erected by the first settlers of +the town, probably within a short time after its settlement in 1635. It +was surrounded by a palisado, and surmounted by a belfry with a bell, +and was undoubtedly a plain structure, so far as the scanty records give +any light upon it. It stood upon a hill, in front of the present site of +the Derby Academy, in the centre of what is now Main street. But the +chief curiosity of Hingham to-day is the second meeting-house, known as +the "Old Meeting-house." It is believed that no house for public worship +exists within the limits of the United States, which continues to be +used for the purpose for which it was erected, and remaining on the same +site where it was built, which is so old as this. It is said that +timbers from the first were used in the construction of the present +house. The brass tablet on its wall states:-- + + + "This Church was gathered in 1635. The frame of this Meeting-house was + raised on the twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, and twenty-eighth days of + July, 1681, and the house was completed and opened for public worship + on the eighth of January, 1681-2. It cost the town L430 and the old + house." + + +In 1881 there were elaborate commemorative services on the occasion of +the 200th anniversary of the building of the meeting-house. + +The history of this parish has been remarkable for the long terms of +service of its ministers. During the two hundred and fifty years of its +existence it has had but eight ministers, of whom the eighth and the +present one is the Rev. H. Price Collier. The denomination is Unitarian. +Originally a Puritan church, it was liberalized under the sixty-nine +years' ministry of Rev. Ebenezer Gay, D.D., extending from 1718 to 1787. +Of this able divine many interesting anecdotes are told. He was a +powerful leader of religious thought, who "sounded almost the first +evangel of that more liberal faith which found its highest expression in +Channing, and its fruit in the absolute religious freedom of to-day. +Well may the Commonwealth cherish this church in high and in sacred +esteem, which, through two such men as Peter Hobart and Ebenezer Gay, +has put, in the spirit of the highest independence, its mark upon the +tablets of civil liberty and of religious thought." + +The second parish (Unitarian) at South Hingham was set off March 25, +1745. Its first minister was Rev. Daniel Shute, D.D., a man of great +ability and practical sense, who was an earnest advocate of his +country's cause during the revolutionary war. He was a member of the +convention which formed the constitution of Massachusetts, and of that +which adopted the constitution of the United States. + +The Third Congregational Society (Unitarian) was organized in 1807. +There is also within the town a religious society of each of the +following denominations, viz.: Evangelical Congregational, Baptist, +Methodist Episcopal, Universalist, Protestant Episcopal, Second Advent, +and Roman Catholic. It would seem as if there need be no hungering for +the "bread of life." + +The military record of Hingham is worthy of notice. + +In Philip's war, in 1675, it appears that "souldiers were impressed into +the country service," and provision was made by the selectmen for their +expenses. + +In 1690 "Capt. Thomas Andrews and soldiers met on board ship to go to +Canada" in the expedition under command of Sir William Phips. Capt. +Andrews and most of the soldiers belonging to Hingham died in the +expedition. + +In the French and Indian wars many Hingham citizens enlisted, and Capt. +Joshua Barker was in the expedition to the West Indies in 1740, and in +the wars of later years. + +In the war of the Revolution there was no lack of patriotism in Hingham, +"The records indicate that nowhere did patriotism put forth in a greater +degree the fulness of its efforts and the energy of its whole soul and +spirit." + +The limits of this article will not permit an extended notice of all the +acts which make up the creditable and patriotic record of the town. +Descended from those, who, through hardship and toil, labored for the +common good, and bore each other's burdens, it is naturally to be +expected that the people of Hingham aided the cause of freedom and the +liberties of their country by resolutions and votes, and by liberal +supplies of money. Nor did they hesitate to take up arms and sacrifice +their lives for their country's good. From the beginning to the end of +the Revolution, in many a hard-fought battle, in the sufferings and +hardships of camp and march, from the struggle on Breed's Hill to the +brilliant affair of Yorktown, we find the names of Hingham men mentioned +with honor. And how could it be otherwise? If heredity tells for +anything the whole history of the early struggles of the infant colonies +was a guarantee that sturdy traits would be found in the descendants of +the first settlers. In the world's history we find no higher type of +patriotism than on the barren, rocky shores of Massachusetts. It is +undoubtedly true that there were some whose sympathies were not with the +principles which inspired the majority of the people of that day, who +were distrustful of the consequences which would result from failure, +and who gave but feeble encouragement. We find such in every age and +country. But it must be put down to the credit of even these few that +they paid heavy taxes without resistance, and yielded to the popular +will after independence was once declared. "Royalists as well as +republicans, tories as well as whigs, gave of their substance to +establish the liberties of their country." + +The acts and motives of the men of this town deserved to be crowned with +that success which came in due season, a priceless benefit to posterity. + +It was General Benjamin Lincoln, of Hingham, the wise counsellor, the +foremost citizen of his time, the trusted friend of Washington, who was +designated to receive the sword of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Among the +many worthy and distinguished names of the sons of Hingham, that of +General Lincoln stands in the foremost rank. His monument stands in the +cemetery near the Old Meeting-house, characteristic of the man in its +rich simplicity. + +In the war of 1812, although a majority of the citizens disapproved of +the State administration, "all manifested a disposition to defend their +houses and firesides against the common foe, and repaired with alacrity +to resist any invasion upon their neighbors." + +In the war of the Rebellion it is the same story of patriotism and a +ready response to the call of the country. Early in the field and late +to leave it, the record of the town does not differ from others in the +State. A monument bearing the names of those who gave their lives for +the country was erected in 1870, in the Hingham cemetery, near the +statue of Governor Andrew. + +The town has always made liberal provision for education, and its +schools stand to-day, as they have always stood, among the best. The +public schools have, for several years past, contained between 600 and +700 pupils, and appropriations of $13,000 to $14,000 are made annually +for their support. Besides the public schools there are a number of +small private schools, and the Derby Academy, which was established by +Mrs. Sarah Derby, who endowed it with funds for its support. She died in +1790, and the school was opened in 1791, since which time it has +continued uninterruptedly to educate many pupils in the town as well as +a number from neighboring towns. The list of graduates contains the +names of many who became distinguished in after life. It is for both +males and females, and is managed by a board of trustees. Its history is +one of credit to its founder and to the town. Mrs. Derby's first +husband, from whom she acquired her property, was Dr. Ezekiel Hersey, of +Hingham, well known as the founder of the professorship bearing his name +in Harvard College. + +Among the other benefactions to the town must be mentioned the Hingham +Public Library, opened for the use of the inhabitants, in 1869, through +the liberality of the late Hon. Albert Fearing. By liberal gifts of +money from him a building was built and books were purchased. Large and +valuable donations of books were also made by other public-spirited +citizens until several thousand volumes were collected together. The +building and its contents were totally destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1879. +A more commodious building was immediately erected, and opened to the +public April 5, 1880. Its shelves are well filled with standard +literature. The library is managed by a board of trustees under a deed +of trust from Mr. Fearing. + +The industries of Hingham are varied, and, from a business point of +view, it must be admitted that there has been a considerable decline +during the last fifty years. Although never a manufacturing town, within +the usual meaning of that term, there were formerly many small +manufactories of various articles, among which may be mentioned buckets, +furniture, hatchets, etc. The mackerel-fishery was also extensively +carried on from this port; but that has all disappeared, and Hingham is +becoming, more and more every year, a surburban town of residences. With +the increased facilities afforded by railroad and steamboat for daily +access to the city of Boston, many of its citizens, whose business is in +the city, have their residences in Hingham; and it is also the summer +home of many others. The railroad was opened in 1849, and a steamboat +has made regular trips to and from the city during the summer months for +the past fifty years. Downer Landing, the well-known summer resort, with +its pleasure-gardens, summer cottages, and hotel, the Rose Standish +House, built up through the philanthropy and liberality of the late Mr. +Samuel Downer, are within the limits of Hingham. + +There is one hotel in the settled part of the town, the Cushing House. + +The town is abundantly supplied with water of the purest quality for +domestic and fire purposes, from Accord Pond, situated on the southern +boundary line of the town, and there is an excellent fire department. + +There is a weekly paper (_The Hingham Journal_), a national bank, a +savings-bank, and a fire insurance company, which, with numerous stores +in almost every department of domestic supplies, largely make up the +business of the town. + +The Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society holds monthly +meetings and an annual exhibition in its spacious hall and grounds. + +The views from several of the hills in Hingham are very beautiful, and +its woods and fields afford a large and varied study for the botanist. + +Of a high average of intelligence, attentive to education, encouraging +morality, obedient to the laws, the people of Hingham have always stood +high in the scale of social enjoyment and prosperity. Its town meetings +are models of democratic government, and there are few places in which +this purely American institution is preserved with so much respect and +true regard for the public welfare. + +It is with justifiable pride that the native of Hingham looks back +through the two and one-half centuries of her history. + + + "Such is the patriot's boast, where'er we roam, + His first, best country ever is at home." + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HOUSE OF TICKNOR. + +WITH A GLIMPSE OF THE OLD CORNER BOOKSTORE. + + +By Barry Lyndon. + + +The great Boston fire of 1872 had a forerunner in the same city. In 1711 +a most sweeping conflagration occurred, which burned down all the houses +on both sides of Cornhill, from School street to Dock square, besides +the First Church, the Town House, all the upper part of King street, and +the greater part of Pudding Lane, between Water street and Spring Lane. +Nearly one hundred houses were destroyed, of which the _debris_ was +used to fill up Long Wharf. The fire "broke out," says an account in the +Boston _News-Letter_, "in an old tenement within a backyard in +Cornhill, near the First Meeting-house, occasioned by the carelessness +of a poor Scottish woman by using fire near a parcel of ocum, chips, and +other combustible rubbish." + +The houses which were rebuilt along Cornhill, soon after the fire, were +"of brick, three stories high, with a garret, a flat roof, and +balustrade." Several of these houses were still standing in 1825; in +1855 only a very few remained; while only one, so far as we know, has +come down to us to-day and is yet even well-preserved, namely, the Old +Corner Bookstore, on the corner of the present Washington and School +streets. + +This old house teems with historical associations, past and present. +Under its roof Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was wont to hold her Antinomian +_seances_, under the very nose of Governor John Winthrop, when +"over against the site of the Old Corner Store dwelt the notables of the +town,--the governor, the elder of the church, the captain of the +artillery company, and the most needful of the craftsmen and artificers +of the humble plantation; and at a short distance from it were the +meeting-house, the market-house, the town-house, the school-house, and +the ever-flowing spring of pure water." + +The Old Corner Store is supposed to have been built directly after the +fire of 1711. It is an example of what is known as the colonial style of +architecture, and is thought to be the oldest brick building now +standing in Boston. Upon a tablet on its western gable appears the +supposed date of its construction, 1712. + +[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF W.D. TICKNOR.] + +After passing through several ownerships the house reverted, in 1755, to +the descendants of the Hutchinson family. In 1784 it belonged to Mr. +Edward Sohier and his wife Susanna (Brimmer), and was valued at L1,600. +In 1795 it came into the possession of Mr. Herman Brimmer, and was +designated in the first Boston Directory (1789) as No. 76 Cornhill. In +1817 the front part of the building was used as an apothecary shop, by +Dr. Samuel Clarke, the father of Rev. James Freeman Clarke. In 1824 the +name of Cornhill was changed to Washington street, and the old store was +variously numbered until it took No. 135. Here Dr. Clarke remained +keeping shop until 1828, when he was succeeded by a firm of booksellers. +After he left, the building was considerably changed, inside and out, +and Messrs. Richard B. Carter and Charles J. Hendee then occupied the +front room as a bookstore, in 1828, and Mr. Isaac R. Butts moved his +printing-office from Wilson's Lane to the chambers soon afterwards. +Messrs. Carter and Hendee continued in the store until 1832, when they +removed to No. 131, upstairs, and were succeeded by John Allen and +William D. Ticknor in 1832-34. From 1834 the store was occupied by Mr. +W.D. Ticknor alone until 1845; and subsequently by himself and partners, +Mr. John Reed, Jr., and James T. Fields, until the spring of 1864, when +the senior partner died. The new firm of Ticknor (Howard M.), Fields +(James T.), and Osgood (James R.) remained at the Old Corner till 1867, +when they removed to No. 124 Tremont street. Messrs. E.P. Dutton & Co. +next moved into the Old Corner Store, and was succeeded, September 1, +1869, by Alexander Williams & Co. The store is now occupied, since 1882, +by Messrs. Cupples, Upham, & Co., well-known book publishers. + +[Illustration: THE OLD CORNER IN 1800.] + +It will be seen that the first appearance of the name of Ticknor, as in +any way associated with the publishing of books, was in 1832. In the +spring of 1864 Mr. William D. Ticknor visited Philadelphia in company +with Nathaniel Hawthorne; was taken suddenly ill and died there. Shortly +afterwards his eldest son Howard M. Ticknor, a graduate of Harvard +College in the class of 1856, was taken into the firm, which, under the +name of TICKNOR & FIELDS, held a very prominent place among American +publishers for over twenty years. During the period ending with the year +1867 the Old Corner was one of the best known spots in Boston, not alone +by reason of its antiquity, but equally by reason of its distinguished +literary history and its _habitues_. Here Charles Dickens and +Thackeray used to loiter and chat with their American publishers; +Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier, and Whipple the essayist, made +it their head-quarters. Nearly all of their best-known writings, and +those of Emerson, Hawthorne, Saxe, Winthrop, Bayard Taylor, Mrs. Stowe, +Aldrich, Howells, and a host of other well-known authors, sooner or +later bore the imprint of the house of Ticknor. After the failure of +Messrs. Phillips, Sampson,& Co., the "Atlantic Monthly," first suggested +by Mr. Francis H. Underwood, now United States Consul to Glasgow, passed +into the hands of Ticknor & Fields, and, a little later, was added "Our +Young Folks," edited by J.T. Trowbridge and Lucy Larcom, "Every +Saturday," edited by T.B. Aldrich, and the "North American Review," long +edited by James Russell Lowell. + +[Illustration: THE OLD CORNER IN 1850.] + +Still later the firm name was Fields, Osgood, & Co., then James R. +Osgood & Co., then Houghton, Osgood,& Co., and again James R. Osgood +& Co. The last-named firm published a remarkable series of books, which +their successors inherit. + +[Illustration: 124 TREMONT STREET.] + +At no time in its history, from 1832 to the present time, has the firm +been without a Ticknor in its copartnership. For a brief season, +however, the name disappeared from the firm's imprint. + +The great publishing house has just inaugurated a new tenure of life as +Ticknor & Co., the copartnership consisting of Benjamin H. and Thomas B. +Ticknor, sons of William D. Ticknor, and George F. Godfrey, of Bangor, +Me., a gentleman of marked culture and geniality, and one, too, who, all +may rest assured, will take kindly to and will find success in the book +business. With scholarly acquirements, and with minds trained to the +wants of to-day, the sons of W.D. Ticknor, both gentlemen of refined +literary taste, now step to the front with strong hands and vigorous +purposes, not alone to perpetuate but to add to the former reputation of +the time-honored publishing house. + +The new house succeeds to a rich inheritance of the books of younger +American authors,--those of Howells, James, Edgar Fawcett, Kate Field, +Mrs. Burnett, Miss Howard, Julian Hawthorne, George W. Cable, and +others. That it means to maintain the supremacy is foreshadowed by the +list of important works which it has announced as forthcoming. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE FIRST NEW ENGLAND WITCH. + + +By Willard H. Morse, M.D. + + +At the beginning of the seventeenth century, in an English country +district, two lads romped on the same lea and chased the same +butterflies. One was a little brown-eyed boy, with red cheeks, fine +round form, and fiery temper. The other was a gentle child, tall, lithe, +and blonde. The one was the son of a man of wealth and a noble lady, and +carried his captive butterflies to a mansion-house, and kept them in a +crystal case. The other ran from the fields to a farm-house, and thought +of the lea as a grain field. It might have been the year 1606, when the +two were called in from their play-ground, and sent to school, thus to +begin life. The farmer's boy went to a common school, and his brown-eyed +play-mate entered a grammar school. From that time their paths were far +apart. + +The name of the tall, blonde boy was Samuel Morse. At fifteen he left +school to help his father on the home farm. At twenty he had become +second tenant on a Wiltshire holding, and began to be a prosperous +farmer. Before he had attained the age of forty he was the father of a +large family of children, among them five sons, whose names were Samuel, +William, Robert, John, and Anthony. William, Robert, and Anthony +ultimately emigrated to America, while Samuel, Jr., and John remained in +England. Young Samuel went to London, and became a merchant and a miser. +When past his fiftieth year he married. His wife died four years later, +leaving a baby daughter and a son. Both children were sent up to +Marlboro, where they had a home with their Uncle John, who was living on +the old farm. There they grew up, and became the heirs both of John and +their father. The boy was named Morgan. He received a finished +education, embraced the law, and married. His only child and daughter, +Mary, became the heiress of her aunt's property and her great-uncle +John's estate, and was accounted a lady of wealth, station, and beauty. + +Meanwhile, the family of old Samuel Morse's playfellow had also reached +the fourth generation. The name of that playfellow was Oliver Cromwell, +who became Lord Protector of the British Commonwealth. Of course he +forgot Samuel Morse, and was sitting in Parliament when Samuel died. He +had children and grandchildren who lived as contemporaries of his old +playmate's children and grandchildren. Two or three years before +Samuel's great granddaughter, Mary, was born, a great grandson of the +Protector saw the light. This boy was named Oliver, but was called +"Rummy Noll." The ancestral estate of Theodale's became his sole +inheritance, and as soon as he came into the property he began to live a +wild, fast life, distinguishing himself as an adventurous, if not +profligate gentleman. + +He travelled much; and one day in a sunny English year came to the town +of his great-grandfather's nativity. There he chanced to meet Mary +Morse. The beautiful girl fascinated him, but would not consent to be +his wife until all of his "wild oats" were sown. Then she became Mrs. +Cromwell, and was a happy wife, as well as a lady of eminence and +wealth. Oliver and Mary Cromwell had a daughter Olivia, who married a +Mr. Russell, and whose daughters are the present sole representatives of +the Protectorate family. + +As was said above, William, Anthony, and Robert Morse, brothers of +Samuel, Jr., emigrated to America, and became the ancestors of nearly +all of their name in this country. William and Anthony settled at +Newbury, Massachusetts. The latter became a respected citizen, and among +his descendants were such men as Rev. Dr. James Morse of Newburyport, +Samuel Finley Breese Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, Rev. Sidney +Edwards Morse, and others scarcely less notable. + +Robert Morse, Anthony's brother, left England at about the time of the +beginning of the civil war, and located in Boston as a tailor. He was a +sterling old Puritan, prudent, enterprising and of strict morality. He +speculated in real estate, and after a while removed to Elizabethtown, +New Jersey, which place he helped to settle, and where he amassed much +wealth. He had nine children. Among his descendants were some men of +eminence, as Dr. Isaac Morse of Elizabethtown, Honorable Nathan Morse of +New Orleans, Isaac E. Morse, long a member of Congress from Louisiana, +Judge Morse of Ohio, and others. + +None of these sons of Samuel, the mate of Cromwell, were great men +themselves, but were notable in their descendants. Samuel's descendant +came to represent a historical family; Anthony's greatest descendant +invented the telegraph; and the descendants of Robert were noble +Southrons. William alone of the five brothers had notoriety. Samuel, +Jr., was more eminent, but William made a mark in Massachusetts' +history. Settling in the town of Newbury, William Morse led an humble +and monotonous life. When he had lived there more than forty years, and +had come to be an old and infirm man, he was made to figure unhappily +in the first legal investigation of New England witchcraft. This was +in 1679-81, or more than ten years before the Salem witchcraft, and +it constitutes a page of hitherto unpublished Massachusetts history. +Mr. and Mrs. Morse resided in a plain, wooden house that still stands +at the head of Market Street, in what is now Newburyport. William had +been a farmer, but his sons had now taken the homestead, and he was +supporting himself and wife by shoe-making. His age was almost +three-score-years-and-ten, and he was a reputably worthy man, then just +in the early years of his dotage. His wife, the "goody Elizabeth," was +a Newbury woman, and apparently some few years her husband's senior. + +I can easily imagine the worthy couple there in the old square room of +a winter's night. On one side of the fire-place sits the old man in +his hard arm-chair, his hands folded, and his spectacles awry, as he +sonorously snores away the time. Opposite him sits the old lady, a +little, toothless dame, with angular features half hidden in a stiffly +starched white cap, her fingers flying over her knitting-work, as +precisely and perseveringly she "seams," "narrows," and "widens." At the +old lady's right hand stands a cherry table, on which burns a yellow +tallow candle that occasionally the dame proceeds to snuff. There is no +carpet on the floor, and the furniture is poor and plain. A kitchen +chair sits at the other side of the table, and in, or _on_ it, sits +a half-grown boy, a ruddy, freckled, country boy who wants to whistle, +and prefers to go out and play, but who is required to stay in the +house, to sit still, and to read from out the leather-covered Bible that +lies open on the table before him. + +"But I would like to go out and slide down hill!" begs the boy. + +"Have you read yer ten chapters yit?" asks the old dame. + +"N-no!" + +"Wal; read on." + +And the lad obeys. He is reading aloud; he is not a good reader; the +chapters are in Deuteronomy; but that stint must be performed before +evening; then ten chapters after six o'clock, and at eight he must go to +bed. If he moves uneasily in his chair, or stops to breathe, he is +reprimanded. + +The boy was the grandson of the old couple, and resided with them. Under +just such restrictions he was kept. Bright, quick, and full of boy life, +he was restless under the enforced restraint. + +In the neighborhood resided a Yankee school-master, named Caleb Powell, +a fellow, who delighted in interfering with the affairs of his +neighbors, and in airing his wisdom on almost every known subject. He +noticed that the Puritan families kept their boys too closely confined; +and influenced by surreptitious gifts of cider and cheese, he interceded +in their behalf. He was regarded as an oracle, and was listened to with +respect. Gran'ther Morse was among those argued with, and being told +that the boy was losing his health by being "kept in" so much, he at +once consented to give him a rest from the Bible readings and let him +play out of doors and at the houses of the neighbors. Once released, the +lad declared that he "should not be put under again." Fertile in +imagination, he soon devised a plan. + +At that time a belief in witchcraft was universal, and afforded a +solution of everything strange and unintelligible. The old shoemaker +firmly believed in the supernatural agency of witches, and his roguish +grandson knew it. That he might not be obliged to return to the +Scripture readings, the boy practised impositions on his grandfather to +which the old man became a very easy dupe. + +No one suspected the boy's agency, except Caleb Powell. That worthy knew +the young man, and believed that there was nothing marvellous or +superstitious about the "manifestations." Desirous of being esteemed +learned, he laid claim to a knowledge of astrology, and when the +"witchcraft" was the town talk he gave out that he could develope the +whole mystery. The consequence was that he was suspected of dealing in +the black art, and was accused, tried, and narrowly escaped with his +life. + +On the court records of Salem is entered:-- + + "December 3, 1679. Caleb Powell being complained of for suspicion of + working with ye devill to the molesting of William Morse and his + family, was by warrant directed to constable, and respited till + Monday." "December 8, (Monday) Caleb Powell appeared ... and it was + determined that sd. Morse should present ye case at ye county court + at Ipswich in March." + + +This order was obeyed, and the trial came on. The following is a +specimen of the testimony presented:-- + + + "William Morse saith, together with his wife, that Thursday night being + November 27, we heard a great noyes of knocking ye boards of ye house, + whereupon myselfe and wife looks out and see nobody, but we had stones + and sticks thrown at us so that we were forced to retire. + + "Ye same night, ye doore being lockt when we went to bed, we heerd a + great hog grunt in ye house, and willing to go out. That we might not be + disturbed in our sleep, I rose to let him out, and I found a hog and the + door unlockt. + + "Ye next night I had a great awl that I kept in the window, the which + awl I saw fall down ye chimney into ye ashes. I bid ye boy put ye same + awl in ye cupboard which I saw done, and ye door shut too. When ye same + awl came down ye chimney again in our sight, and I took it up myselfe. + + "Ye next day, being Saturday, stones, sticks and pieces of bricks came + down so that we could not quietly eat our breakfast. Sticks of fire came + downe also at ye same time. + + "Ye same day in ye afternoon, my thread four times taken away and come + downe ye chimney againe; my awl and a gimlet wanting came down ye + chimney. Againe, my leather and my nailes, being in ye cover of a + firkin, taken away, and came downe ye chimney. + + "The next, being Sunday, stones, sticks and brickbats came down ye + chimney. On Monday, Mr. Richardson [the minister,] and my brother was + there. They saw ye frame of my cow-house standing firm. I sent my boy to + drive ye fowls from my hog's trough. He went to ye cow-house, and ye + frame fell on him, he crying with ye hurt. In ye afternoon ye potts + hanging over ye fire did dash so vehemently one against another that we + did sett down one that they might not dash to pieces. I saw ye andiron + leap into ye pott and dance, and leap out, and again leap in, and leap + on a table and there abide. And my wife saw ye andiron on ye table. Also + I saw ye pott turn over, and throw down all ye water. Againe we see a + tray with wool leap up and downe, and throw ye wool out, and saw nobody + meddle with it. Again a tub's hoop fly off, and nobody near it. Againe + ye woolen wheele upside downe, and stood upon its end, and a spade set + on it. This myself, my wife, and Stephen Greenleaf saw. Againe my tools + fell down on ye ground, and before my boy could take them they were sent + from him. Againe when my wife and ye boy were making ye bed, ye chest + did open and shutt, ye bed-clothes would not be made to ly on ye bed, + but flew off againe. + + "We saw a keeler of bread turn over. A chair did often bow to me. Ye + chamber door did violently fly together. Ye bed did move to and fro. Ye + barn-door was unpinned four times. We agreed to a big noise in ye other + room. My chair would not stand still, but was ready to throw me + backward. Ye catt was thrown at us five times. A great stone of six + pounds weight did remove from place to place. Being minded to write, + my ink-horne was hid from me, which I found covered by a ragg, and my + pen quite gone. I made a new penn, and while I was writing, one eare + of corne hitt me in ye face, and sticks, stones, and my old pen were + flung att me. Againe my spectickles were throwne from ye table, and + almost into ye hot fire. My paper, do what I could, I could hardly + keep it. Before I could dry my writing, a mammouth hat rubbed along it, + but I held it so fast that it did only blot some of it. My wife and I + being much afraid that I should not preserve ye writing, we did think + best to lay it in ye Bible. Againe ye next night I lay it there againe, + but in ye morning it was not to be found, till I found it in a box + alone. Againe while I was writing this morning I was forced to forbeare + writing any more, because I was so disturbed by many things constantly + thrown att me." + + +Anthony Morse testified:-- + + "Occasionally, being to my brother Morse's hous, he showed to me a pece + of brick, what had several times come down ye chimne. I sitting in ye + cornar towde that pece of brick in my hand. Within a littel spas of tiem + ye pece of brick was gone from me I know not by what meanes. Quickly + after it come down chimne. Also in ye chimne cornar I saw a hammar on ye + ground. Their bein no person nigh it, it was sodenly gone, by what + meanes I know not; but within a littell spas it fell down chimne, and + ... also a pece of woud a fute long. + + "Taken on oath Dec. the 8, 1679, before me, + + "JOHN WOODBRIDGE, COMMISSIONER." + + +Thomas Hardy testified:-- + + "I and George Hardy being at William Morse his house, affirm that ye + earth in ye chimny cornar moved and scattered on us. I was hitt with + somewhat; Hardy hitt by a iron ladle; somewhat hitt Morse a great blow, + butt itt was so swift none could tell what itt was. After, we saw itt + was a shoe." + + +Rev. Mr. Richardson testified:-- + + "Was at Bro. Morse his house on a Saturday. A board flew against my + chair. I heard a noyes in another roome, which I suppose in all reason + was diabolicall." + + +John Dole testified:-- + + "I saw, sir, a large fire-stick of candle-wood, a stone, and a + fire-brand to fall down. These I saw nott whence they come till they + fell by me." + + +Elizabeth Titcomb testified:-- + + "Powell said that he could find out ye witch by his learning if he had + another scholar with him." + + +Joseph Myrick and Sarah Hale testified:-- + + "Joseph Morse, often said in our hearing that if there are any Wizards + he was sure Caleb Powell was one." + + +William Morse being asked what he had to say as to Powell being a +wizard, testified:-- + + "He come in, and seeing our spirit very low cause by our great + affliction, he said, 'Poore old man, and poor old woman, I eye ye boy, + who is ye occasion of all your greefe; and I draw neere ye with great + compassion.' Then sayd I, 'Powell, how can ye boy do them things?' + Then sayd he, 'This boy is a young rogue, a vile rogue!' Powell, he + also sayd, that he had understanding in Astrology and Astronomie, + and knew the working of spirits. Looking on ye boy, he said, 'You + young rogue!' And to me, Goodman Morse, if you be willing to lett me + have ye boy I will undertake that you shall be freed from any trouble + of this kind the while he is with me." + + +Other evidence was received for the prosecution. The defence put in by +Powell was that "on Monday night last, till Friday after the noone, I +had ye boy with me, and they had no trouble." + + +Mary Tucker deposed:-- + + "Powell said he come to Morse's and did not see fit to go in as the old + man was att prayer. He lookt in a window, and saw ye boy fling a shoe at + the old man's head while he prayed." + + +The verdict now stands on the court record, and reads as follows:-- + + "Upon hearing the complaint brought to this court against Caleb Powell + for suspicion of working by the devill to the molesting of ye family of + William Morse of Newbury, though this court cannot find any evident + ground of proceeding farther against ye sayd Powell, yett we determine + that he hath given such ground of suspicion of his so dealing that we + cannot so acquit him but that he justly deserves to bare his own shame + and the costs of prosecution of the complaint." + + +The bad boy seems to have had a grudge against Powell, and, anxious to +see that person punched, he resumed his pranks both at his grandfather's +and among the neighbors. + +Strange things happened. Joseph Bayley's cows would stand still and not +move. Caleb Powell, having been discharged, no longer boasted of his +learning. Jonathan Haines' oxen would not work. A sheep belonging to +Caleb Moody was mysteriously dyed. Zachariah Davis' calves all died, as +did also a sheep belonging to Joshua Richardson. Mrs. John Wells said +that she saw the "imp of God in sayd Morse's hous." + +Sickness visited several families, and Goody Morse, as was her custom, +acted as village nurse. One by one her patients died. John Dee, Mrs. +William Chandler, Mrs. Goodwin's child, and an infant of Mr. Ordway's, +were among the dead. The rumor ran about that Goody Morse was a witch. +John Chase affirmed that he had seen her coming into his house through a +knot-hole at night. John Gladding saw "halfe of Marm Morse about two a +clocke in ye daytime." Jonathan Woodman, seeing a strange black cat, +struck it; and Dr. Dole was called the same day to treat a bruise on +Mrs. Morse. The natural inference was that the old lady was a witch and +the cause of all of these strange things, as well as of the +extraordinary occurrences in her home. Accusers were not wanting, and +she was arrested. In her trial all of this evidence was put in, and her +husband repeated his testimony at the Powell trial. The county court +heard it and passed the case to the General Court, from whence it was +returned. + +The records abound in reports of the testimony. We will only quote the +evidence of Zachariah Davis, who said:-- + + "I having offended Goody Morse, my three calves fell a dancing and + roaring, and were in such a condition as I never saw a calf in before + ... A calf ran a roaringe away soe that we gott him only with much adoe + and putt him in ye barne, and we heard him roar severell times in ye + night. In ye morning I went to ye barne, and there he was setting upon + his tail like a dog. I never see no calf set after that manner before; + and so he remained in these fits till he died." + + +The entry on the court record is as follows:-- + + "Boston, May ye 20, 1680:--The Grand Jury presenting Elizabeth, wife of + William Morse. She was indicted by name of Elizabeth Morse for that she + not having ye fear of God before her eyes, being instigated by the + Devil, and had familiarity with the Devil contrary to ye peace of our + sovereign lord, the King, his crown and dignity, the laws of God, and of + this jurisdiction. After the prisoner was att ye barr and pleaded not + guilty, and put herself on ye country and God for trial. Ye evidences + being produced were read and committed to ye jury." + + "Boston, May 21st, of 1680:--Ye jury brought in their verdict. They + found Elizabeth Morse guilty according to indictment. + + "May ye 27:--Then ye sentence of ye Governor, to wit:--'Elizabeth you + are to goe from hence to ye plaice from which you come, and thence to + the plaice of execution, and there to be hanged, by ye neck, till you be + dead; and ye Lord have mercy on your Soule.'" + + "June ye 1st:--Ye Governor and ye magistrates voted ye reprieving of + Eliz. Morse, as attests, + + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." + + +The unfortunate woman seems to have remained imprisoned until the +meeting of the Legislature. On the records of that body we find:-- + + "Ye Deputies in perusal of ye Acts of ye Hon. Court of Assistants + relating to ye woman condemned for witchcraft doe not understand why + execution of ye sentence given her by ye sd. court is not executed. Her + repreeval seems to us to be beyond what ye law will allow, and doe + therefore judge meete to declare ourselves against it, etc. This Nov. + 3d., 1680. + + "WM. TORREY, Clerk." + + +Then follows this entry:-- + + "Exceptions not consented to by ye magistrates. + + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." + + +Mrs. Morse continued in prison until May 1681. On the fourteenth of +that month her husband petitioned for her to "the honorable gen. court +now sitting in Boston," begging "to clere up ye truth." This petition +recites a review of the testimony of seventeen persons who had testified +against Goody Morse. On the eighteenth, he petitioned "ye hon. Governor, +deputy Governor, deputies and magistrates." In answer, a new hearing was +granted. The court record says:-- + + + "Ye Deputyes judge meet to grant ye petitioner a hearing ye next sixth + day and that warrants go forth to all persons concerned from this court, + they to appear in order to her further trial, our honored magistrates + hereto consenting. + + "WM. TORREY, Clerk." + + +Again the magistrates were refractory, for we find:-- + + + "May twenty-fourth, 1681:--Not consented to by ye magistrates. + + "EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary." + + +No further trial followed. Mr. Morse did not rest in his efforts for +the release of his wife. He called a council of the clergymen of the +neighborhood to examine her. The council met and acted. The report +of the Rev. John Hale of Beverly (probably chairman) is before me. +It reads:-- + + + "This touching Madam Elizabeth Morse:-- + + "She being reprieved, her husband desired us to discourse her, which + we did. Her discourse was very christain, and she still pleaded her + innocence of that which was laid to her dischage. We did not esteem + it prudence for us to pass any definite sentence upon on under her + circumstances, yet we inclined to ye more charitable side." + + +After this examination the court permitted her to return home, when she +never gave further occasion for slander, dying the death of a hopeful +Christian not many years after. + +And the mischievous grandson, what of him? He went to Beverly, married, +had children, died. His great-great-grandson lives to-day. He, +descendant of William, over wires that Anthony's descendant made to do +noble work, sends this message, written on paper made by a descendant of +Robert, to Miss Russell, representing Samuel Morse and Oliver +Cromwell:-- + + + "After two centuries witch-work is in electricity, and that witch-work + has made us a name." + + + * * * * * + + + + +IN EMBER DAYS. + + +By Adelaide C. Waldron. + + + Softly there sounds above the roar + Of the wide world's deafening din, + An echo of song from a far-off time, + Deeper and sweeter than poet's rhyme, + Whose tidings of joy and whose message sublime, + "Heaven's peace on earth, and good-will to mankind," + Fill me with force; I yet will find + The way to enter in! + + + * * * * * + + + + +CHRISTOPHER GAULT.--A STORY. + + +By Edward P. Guild. + + +In the summer of 1879 I went to a quiet town in north-western +Massachusetts, with the object of getting a few weeks of much needed +rest and recreation. It had been four years since the first appearance +of my name as "Attorney and Counsellor at Law," on the door of a small +Washington-street office, just below the _Herald_ Building in the +city of Boston; and, as I had worked all that time with hardly a thought +of rest, I decided to take a good, respectable vacation. + +Hopkins, who had an office on the same floor, advised me to go to H----, +in Franklin county, where I could find the purest of air, splendid +scenery, good trout fishing, and entire freedom from fashionable +boarders. As this was just the bill of fare that I wanted, and as +Hopkins was born and brought up there, and ought to know, I thankfully +accepted his advice. + +A week after my arrival I met Christopher Gault, who was boarding not +far from Deacon Thompson's, where I had my quarters. A friendship at +once began to grow between us, and our time was largely spent in each +other's company. I found my new acquaintance a very agreeable companion, +and, moreover, an unusually interesting young man. He was then about +twenty-six years old, of medium stature, dark brown hair, and +closely-cut side whiskers and moustache. His talents were brilliant and +varied. Mathematics were his delight, and he had well chosen the +profession of a civil engineer, in which, as I afterwards learned, he +was already gaining distinction in my own city of Boston. He was an +ardent admirer of nature, and was always ready for a ramble with me over +the hills or through the woods; always closely observing the formation +of the rocks, and capturing any interesting specimen of mineral, plant, +or bug that came under the notice of his sharp eyes. + +In conversation, which we often enjoyed on the broad piazza, Gault was +exceedingly entertaining, and usually took an absorbing interest in the +subject under discussion; but at times he would sit silent as though +engrossed in other thoughts, and often with a very apparent look of +melancholy in his face. One day when I had been noticing this, I said:-- + +"Gault, you are growing too serious for your age; you ought to get a +wife." + +He smiled a little quickly, and resumed his former expression, without +replying; but after a moment drew from his pocket book a photograph, and +placed it in my hand. + +It was of a most attractive looking young lady of, perhaps, twenty-two +years. + +"Ah! I see that my suggestion is not needed," I said, holding the +picture at arm's length to get a better general impression. "Is she +yours?" + +He flushed a little at so direct a question, as he answered evasively:-- + +"She is a very true friend of mine." + +"But she is more than that. Now, tell me, Gault, when is your honeymoon +to begin?" + +"That is more than I can tell," he replied, slowly returning the +photograph to his pocket book. + +"You must not wait to get rich," I observed. "It is when a man is +working for success that he most needs the sympathy and help of a good +wife." + +"I know that," replied my friend; "but I am in a peculiar position. Some +day I will tell you all." + +I saw that he was growing nervous, and changed the subject of +conversation. + +Returning from the post office that afternoon to the old farm house, I +stopped for a little chat with Deacon Thompson, my good natured host, +who was mending his orchard fence; for the well loaded boughs of apples, +just beginning to assume their various tinges of red, yellow, or russet, +offered a strong temptation to the cattle in the adjoining pasture. +Incidentally I inquired regarding an old excavation which I had noticed +on the hill near an unfrequented road. This excavation had apparently +once served for a cellar, although most of the stones had been removed, +and the sheep easily ran down its now sloping and grassy sides. In close +proximity was a deep well, over the top of which had been placed a huge, +flat stone. Overshadowing both cellar and well were three ancient elms, +storm-beaten and lightning-cleft, but still standing as if to guard the +very solitude which was unbroken save by the tinkling bell, which told +whither the farmer's flock was straying. From Mr. Thompson I learned the +history connected with this scene. + +Twenty years before he was born, his father's folks saw, one morning in +March, a smoke curling above the tops of the elms which were just +visible over the brow of the hill. Quickly going to the scene, they +found the house burned to the ground. The occupants were an old man, +named Peter Colburn, and his wife; and they, together with a traveller, +who had obtained lodging there for the night, were all burned with the +house. The stranger's horse and saddle were found in the barn, some +little distance from the house, but there was no clew to his identity. +There were only a few people then who had settled in this bleak region, +and there was no funeral other than the assembling of a half dozen +together, who dug a grave within fifty feet from the elms, and there +laid the charred remains of the unfortunate victims. I had seen a small, +rough, unlettered stone standing there, but did not before know its +meaning. + +The next day I related the bit of tragic history to Christopher Gault, +and we strolled over the hill to its scene. + +"What a magnificent view!" he exclaimed, as we came to the place. + +Certainly it could not be finer. We stood upon an elevated plateau, from +which the prospect in either direction was beautiful and grand. To the +north could be seen the graceful curves of the Green Mountain range, +gradually growing fainter and of paler blue as the eye followed them to +at least seventy miles away. + +Farther to the east rose the majestic form of Monadnock, if not the +highest, one of the very noblest peaks in the Granite State. In an +opposite direction, and nearly one hundred miles from Monadnock, stood +old Greylock, the greatest elevation in Massachusetts; while much nearer +by--in fact, seeming almost at our feet when compared with these immense +ranges--lay the charming Deerfield valley, up from which rose the +curling smoke of the locomotive as it moved steadily westward, until +hidden from view by a sudden entrance into Hoosac Tunnel. + +The view so absorbed our attention for a time that we hardly noticed our +immediate surroundings. When we did so we began to make an examination. +Gault, with characteristic curiosity, began a search in the bottom of +the old cellar. Suddenly he emerged. + +"A veritable relic!" he exclaimed. "See! an old knife; and here on its +handle is a name. Can you read it?" and he handed it to me. + +A minute's brisk scouring made it quite plain. + +"I have it now," I said. "It is Samuel Wickham." + +As I read the inscription I was startled to see the color almost +instantly leave Gault's face. + +"Samuel Wickham! You don't mean It. Let me see," and he grasped the +knife from my hand. + +"It is. You are right," he said. "You do not understand my interest +in this matter," he added, evidently a little embarrassed at his own +manner. "It was the name that struck me. Probably this knife belonged +to the unfortunate stranger," and he put it carefully in his pocket. + +"Do you know just when the house was burned,--did Mr. Thompson say?" he +inquired, trying hard to control his excitement. + +"Not exactly," I replied; "but he told me that he had a record +somewhere. You could probably ascertain from him." + +The next morning I went trouting alone, and did not return to the house +until afternoon. When I did so I found a note awaiting me. + +It proved to be from my friend, and said that for special reasons he had +decided to return to the city that day. He was sorry not to see me +again, but hoped to do so before long. I, in turn, was quite anxious to +meet him again, and learn why he had returned so unexpectedly, and to +know the cause of his singular manner upon finding the rusty knife. The +two events were naturally connected in my mind, and also our previous +conversation when he had shown me the picture of the young lady. + +Three weeks later I was in Boston, and almost at once visited Mr. +Gault's office at No.--Water street. To my disappointment, I learned +that he had just taken passage for England. + +I hoped to see him when he returned, but was not destined to do so until +two years later. + +Before relating my unexpected meeting with him in 1881, I must describe +a certain somewhat remarkable case which I was so fortunate as to have +put into my hands shortly after my return from the country. + + +II. + + +It was one day in October that a distinguished-looking gentleman of +about fifty-five entered my office, introduced himself as Mr. Crabshaw, +and asked me to take the following case. + +An old woman named Nancy Blake had recently died in Virginia, leaving a +large amount of property. This Nancy Blake had lived for over half a +century all alone, and almost entirely secluded. She had left neither +will nor near relatives, and the question was, who is her nearest of +kin? My visitor informed me that long ago he had known of the existence +of an eccentric woman in Virginia,--a great-aunt of his now deceased +wife. Nothing had been heard from her, however, for twenty-five years, +and it was supposed that she was dead; but he had just received +information that led him to believe in the identity of the old lady +Blake with the aforementioned great-aunt. If the relationship could be +established, then his daughter Cecilia would be the true heir. Her claim +had been brought to the attention of the court, and she bad been +informed that there was another claimant. Would I undertake the case? +After a long talk with Mr. Crabshaw, I decided that I would do so. I +agreed to call at his house the next day and have another talk with him, +and also meet his daughter, preparatory to my trip to Virginia. + +Mr. Crabshaw, who, as I subsequently learned, was descended from an +English family which had been represented in this country for two +generations only, lived in the famous and once aristocratic quarter of +Boston known as West End. A short residence on our republican soil had +done little to Americanize the Crabshaw family, who lived in true +English style. The household consisted only of Mr. Crabshaw and his one +daughter, Cecilia, and a small retinue of servants, although he was not +possessed of any very large wealth. My first meeting with Miss Crabshaw +was at once a pleasure and a surprise; the first because she was a most +charming young lady, and the latter because she was the original of the +picture shown me a few months before by Christopher Gault. I did not +mention the coincidence, however, but proceeded directly to the business +in hand. Miss Cecilia was an exceedingly sensible and intelligent young +lady and I could get more needed information in ten minutes from her +than in half an hour from the old gentleman. + +The last time that I met Mr. Crabshaw before going to Virginia, I +mentioned having met Mr. Gault the summer before. + +"You got acquainted with him then, did you? I am very glad to know it. +He is a fine young man--a very estimable fellow, sir. I have always +known the family, and always liked Christopher. As you are very likely +aware, he thinks a great deal of Cecilia, and she is a pretty firm +friend of his. Now that is all very well, sir, as long as they don't get +sentimental, or anything of that kind." + +"We are constituted so as to grow a little sentimental when the occasion +presents itself, Mr. Crabshaw," I remarked. + +"Yes, yes, I understand, but my daughter knows quite well that there is +no occasion for her yet. I might as well tell you," he continued, after +a pause, "that, although it is nothing against Christopher himself, +there is a streak of bad blood in the family. His great-grandfather +_turned traitor_; yes, sir, _committed treason_ against the +crown of England, and then fled. To be sure," he added, "Christopher +Gault is no more responsible for the crime of his ancestor than am I +myself; but the question of blood is an important one, and these traits +are very liable to crop out; if not in one generation, then in another." + +"You believe, then, in the law of heredity as affecting moral +character?" + +"Certainly. Physical and mental traits are inherited; why not moral?" + +A few days later I was in the city of Richmond, and from there I +proceeded directly to D---- county, where, at the November term of +the county court, I intended to present Miss Crabshaw's claim to the +property in question. Meantime I devoted myself to the preparation of +testimony relating to the case. I visited the place where old Nancy +Blake had lived, situated about twelve miles from D---- court-house. +The property left by her consisted of the old house, fallen badly into +decay, a small amount of land, and a large sum of money deposited in +the bank. Little was known about "Old Nancy," as the few people in the +thinly settled locality called her. The most information that I could +glean was from an old negro who had been her neighbor for the most of +his life. He said that he could well remember her father, who had been +dead for fifty years. He was a man of military look and an Englishman. +His name was John Blake. He could remember nothing about his wife, but +he had at least one son and a daughter besides Nancy. When he was about +to die his son came to see him. He was much older than either daughter, +Nancy being the youngest. Eleanor died not long after, and Nancy was +left alone. She was very eccentric and seldom saw any one. + +Such was the story, in brief, as I was able to obtain it from the old +negro. + +The details of the case, as it was brought out in court, do not need +special mention, and it will be sufficient to merely state the basis of +the claim. + +Although Mr. Crabshaw was very proud of his descent, and traced his +lineage back some hundreds of years, and was very particular to have the +family coat-of-arms always made conspicuous, yet he had married a lady +whose ancestry was not clearly known. Mrs. Crabshaw, who had died when +her daughter was a mere child, was a beautiful and accomplished woman, +whose grandfather, on her father's side, she had never seen, and of whom +she knew no more than that his name was Thomas Blake, and that he died +in the town of S----, Connecticut, in 1832, at the age of forty-nine +years. + +The one important thing that I wished to prove was, that Thomas Blake +was the brother of Nancy Blake, and that Cecilia Crabshaw was thus +great-grand niece of said Nancy. The court pronounced itself satisfied +as to this, and Miss Crabshaw was declared the nearest of kin, and hence +heir to the property. + +The case had required the presence of my fair client, so she had made +the journey to Washington a week previous, where she visited an uncle, +and came out to D---- county to be present at the hearing. + +It was necessary for me to remain in Virginia some little time on +account of other business, and it was arranged that I should see what +could be done towards effecting a sale of the real estate. Accordingly, +soon after the case had been decided, I went out to look over the +premises. + +The house was very old, and showed no signs of any improvement having +been made for at least half a century. The furniture was of little value +and there were but few other things. A rusty sword, a few old books, and +some odd trinkets comprised about all. As Miss Crabshaw did not care for +these they were given to a negro woman who had rendered some assistance +to Old Nancy in the last years of her life. + +The house itself contained none of those mysterious passages or hidden +closets which the imagination so readily connects with such old +habitations. There was a kind of small locker, however, opening from a +large closet near the ceiling. This little recess contained nothing but +a package of old papers and worthless letters, faded and mouldy. On +looking them over, one in particular attracted my attention on account +of an official seal which it bore. It proved to be a document +commissioning Richard Anthony Treadwell as Major in the Seventh Regiment +of Cavalry in the Royal Army of his Majesty King George III. The date +was June 12, 1793. But who was Richard Anthony Treadwell, and how +happened his commission to be here? A discovery made a few minutes later +served to throw some light on the mystery. Among the few books found in +the house was an antique volume of Shakspere's plays, which, judging +from the thick net-work of cobwebs encircling it, had not been touched +for years. + +Curiosity led me to open the book. On its fly-leaf was the inscription: +"A present to Thomas from his father, Richard A. Treadwell." A curious +fact was that this name had been crossed and recrossed with a pen, and +underneath had been written as a substitute in the same handwriting: +"John Blake." The ink used at the _first_ writing had retained its +blackness in a remarkable degree; while that used at the time of the +_erasure_ and _for the substitute name_ had so faded that the +first name was much plainer than the second. The natural inference, +then, was that the father of Nancy Blake and the great-great-grandfather +of Cecilia Crabshaw had, at some time, changed his name from that of +Richard Anthony Treadwell to that of John Blake. Why he should have done +so was an unexplained problem, and whether it was my duty to inform Miss +Crabshaw of the fact or not was not quite evident to me. What I really +did, however, was to put the old document in my pocket and forget it. + +The place was soon after sold for a few hundred dollars, and after +attending to my affairs in the locality I returned to Boston, but not +to remain. + +A leading lawyer in Washington, an old and esteemed friend of my father, +and a former adviser of mine in the matter of studying law, had offered +to admit me to partnership in a lucrative practice which had become too +large for his advancing years. I accepted, and bade good-by to dear old +Boston. + + +III. + + +It was not until May, 1881, that I returned to my former home, and then +for a short time only. + +The next day after my arrival I had a caller at my hotel, and to my +surprise and pleasure it proved to be my old acquaintance and friend, +Christopher Gault. + +"I saw your name in the list of arrivals in the morning paper, and came +up at once. I am delighted to find you here. I was in hopes to have met +you on my return from England, but learned that you had left 'The Hub' +entirely." + +"Yes, I have been gone a year and a half. But tell me, Gault, where have +you kept yourself all of this time? I had nearly lost all trace of you. +You made your departure from this continent so suddenly, nearly two +years ago, that I thought you must have been"-- + +"Fleeing from justice?" he interrupted, laughing. "Seeking it, rather. +I see you don't quite understand," he added. "Well, you shall have an +explanation; but it is quite a little story, and I will not detain you +this morning." + +"I shall see you again?" + +"I hope so, by all means; and Mrs. Gault would be most happy to meet +you." + +"Mrs. Gault!" I exclaimed, extending my hand,--"Mrs. Gault! Let me +congratulate you. And Mrs. Gault was formerly"-- + +"Miss Cecilia Crabshaw," he interposed, anticipating my guess. + +"I could have guessed it," I remarked. "In fact, I think I was rather +more sanguine than you two years ago." + +He laughed a little, with evident satisfaction. "I have been better +prospered than I anticipated then. We have now been married three +months. By the way, when do you return to Washington?" + +"Probably a week from now,--ten days at the latest." + +"Then let me make you a proposition. Besides my acquisition of which you +have just learned I have been favored in other ways, and I have just +purchased a house in the beautiful town of H----, where you and I met +for the first time. This house I have remodelled into a summer +residence; and Mrs. Gault and myself, with two or three friends, intend +going up tomorrow for a two-months' stay. Now, my proposition is this: +when you get ready to return, take a train on the Fitchburg Railroad, +and go by the way of Albany and the Hudson river. Stop off at the little +station of C----, and come up to H----, and spend a day with your old +friend. I will meet you at the station myself. Nothing would give me +greater pleasure, and I know the lady who was once your client would +unite with me in the invitation." + +"The temptation is too great to resist," I responded, after a moment's +reflection, "and I accept with pleasure." + +A week later I alighted from Christopher Gault's carriage at the door of +a beautiful summer cottage, not a mile from where my vacation had been +spent in '79. His own groom led the horse to the stable, and Mrs. Gault +met us on the veranda. She welcomed me in her charming manner, making a +pleasant allusion as she did so to our first meeting as attorney and +client. We chatted pleasantly for a half hour, when a bell announced +that dinner was ready, and we repaired to the dining-room, where a meal +was served, simply, but most tastefully. "Now," said Mr. Gault, as we +rose from the table, "perhaps you have in mind the promised explanation +of my rather precipitate departure from this attractive region some time +ago; and, if Mrs. Gault will excuse us, we will take a little walk. + +"You will remember," he began, as we walked leisurely down the +well-shaded path in the narrow country road, "that two years ago I +showed to you a picture of a lady whom we have just left. You also +remember that, while I gave you to understand that we were strongly +attached to each other, I was very far from being enthusiastic about it +as a young lover might be. You did not know the reason then, but it was +simply a question of _blood_. + +"In the year 1795 flagrant act of treason was committed against the +Government of Great Britain and His Majesty King George III. My +great-grandfather was then a large property holder, not far from London, +and he figured prominently in public affairs. + +"Although he had always been of irreproachable character, trusted and +respected, yet the circumstances were such that suspicion was turned +towards him. A certain officer in the king's army appeared and declared +himself ready to testify as a witness to treasonable acts and words on +the part of my great-grandfather. A warrant was issued for his arrest, +and the process was about to be served when it was discovered that he +had fled. Then his house was searched, and in it was found strong +corroborative evidence. This was nothing less than letters, which, if +genuine, proved without the shadow of doubt that he was guilty. There +was no one to appear in defence of the accused, and he was convicted. As +he was not to be found within the king's domains, judgment of outlawry +was pronounced against him as a fugitive from justice. Then followed +those dreadful attendant penalties; confiscation of his estate and the +terrible 'attainder and corruption of blood.' His only son was in +America at the time, and, disgraced and with prospects blighted by the +news of his father's downfall, he resolved never to return. Twelve years +ago this son's youngest daughter, my beloved mother, died, leaving me +with little else than barely means enough to finish my education, and a +good amount of ambition. + +"Although we lived in a republic where attainder is unknown in the laws +of the land, still my mother felt the disgrace keenly. She never +believed implicitly, however, that her grandfather was really guilty of +the crime for which he was convicted. In fact, after his sentence had +been pronounced, there were strong reasons for believing that he was not +in England at all at the time of the treason, and his son never ceased +in his unavailing efforts to find his whereabouts. + +"The Crabshaw family had always been warm friends of ours, and, although +they had brought from England many British ideas and counted much on +loyalty, yet they were always ready to appreciate any true worth. After +I was left alone I valued their friendship highly. I was always welcome +at Mr. Crabshaw's house. Cecilia and I were companions in study, and +almost before I knew it we were--in love. As I found this sentiment +strengthening I grew alarmed; for, although no allusion to my family +disgrace had ever been made in my presence, I was aware that Mr. +Crabshaw knew the history well, and that the thought of an alliance with +the house of Crabshaw would be folly. It was at that time that my +mother's belief in her grandfather's innocence became more strongly +impressed upon me, and I formed the purpose, almost hopeless though it +seemed, of establishing the truth of this belief. The idea grew upon me. +I found myself getting nervous, and for the sake of my health I came +here two years ago to find relaxation in trout fishing and the study of +nature." + +We had walked during the relation of my friend's narrative along the +road often travelled by me before, and which led to the three shattered +elms and the old cellar. We sat down beneath the shade of the trees once +more to rest, and as we did so Gault took from his pocket the old knife +which two years before had been discovered in the grass-grown cellar. + +"There," said he, holding it before my eyes, "there is the name on the +handle that you read for the first time,--'Samuel Wickham,'--and you can +imagine my feelings when I tell you that that was the name of my +great-grandfather. When you told me that Deacon Thompson had a record of +this long past tragedy you doubtless remember the intense eagerness with +which I hastened to find him. + +"In the diary was distinctly recorded the burning of the house, March 4, +1795. If Samuel Wickham was guilty of the crime it was utterly +impossible that he should have been out of England at that time. From +that moment my cherished belief became a settled conviction. My means +were limited, but I resolved to visit England at once, and, if possible, +substantiate the evidence found so unexpectedly under these elms; not +that I expected to obtain reversal of a sentence pronounced in a court +of law over eighty years ago, but Cecelia Crabshaw should know that my +blood was not tainted by an ancestor's crime. I can assure you that I +thought much more than I slept that night. + +"The next day, as you know, I went back to Boston, and a month later was +in England. I went directly to S----, and there found the old mansion, +once the rightful property of my great-grandfather. I found proof that +he sailed for New York, January 23, 1795. But that was not all. The old +Wickham mansion had stood for years unoccupied. I learned that after its +forfeiture to the crown the whole estate had been granted for life as a +reward to the young officer who had brought to the government the +evidence of its former owner's treason. By him it was occupied for some +thirty years; then he suddenly disappeared. After that the estate was +sold to an eccentric and wealthy bachelor, who built a superb residence +thereon, letting the old mansion remain closed. Very recently he had +died, leaving no will and no heirs, and the estate again escheated to +the crown. + +"I was very anxious to search the old mansion, and readily obtained +permission to enter. It was built in the time of Elizabeth, and was a +large building, similar in architecture to many others built in the +sixteenth century in this part of England. As I entered the deserted +building a strange feeling of desolation took possession of me. Hardly a +human being had been within its walls for fifty years. The dust lay deep +on the bare oaken floor, and almost muffled the sound of my footsteps. +On one exquisitely carved panel appeared, in defiance of attempts to +destroy it, the Wickham coat-of-arms. + +"I was searching for nothing in particular, but everything had to me a +fascinating interest, and I opened every door and examined every nook +and shelf. In one room I came across an antique oaken desk. As I pulled +open one of its drawers a half-dozen scared spiders fled before the +intruding rays of light. In the drawer there was a small wooden box. +There was nothing in this box but a sheet of paper, folded and sealed, +and addressed to the attorney-general of England. I hesitated a moment, +and then broke it open with excited curiosity. It was the most thrilling +moment of my life. Even now, as I tell you this story, I feel the same +thrill go through me as when my eyes ran over that page. It was nothing +more nor less than a written confession of,--first, treason against the +crown of England; and, second, perjury and false witness against Samuel +Wickham. It was signed by the officer who appeared against him, and was +witnessed by two parties. Strange to say, both of these parties were +still living, and able to attest the validity of their signatures and +the genuineness of the other. They had merely witnessed this signature +at the time, without being aware of the nature of the document. + +"The excitement and delight which followed this discovery were so great +that I could do nothing at all for a time. I then engaged the services +of an able barrister, and within six months the judgment of outlawry, +forfeiture, attainder, and corruption of blood, pronounced eighty-five +years ago upon Samuel Wickham by the Court of the King's Bench, was, +upon a writ of error, reversed by the Court of the King's Exchequer. I +then proved that I was the only surviving heir of the wrongfully +convicted man, and in a short time the estate became mine. After +consideration I decided best not to keep the property, and just before +my departure from England I sold it for ninety-two thousand pounds +sterling. Four months after my return Cecilia married a man whose blood +was, at least, free from the inherited taint of treason. + +"And now, my dear fellow, you have the story. To be sure there are some +things connected with it not entirely clear; as, for instance, why did +my ancestor leave England when he did, and how came he to be travelling +over these hills? And, in regard to the traitorous officer, where did he +go after he had written the letter of confession?--that is a question, +although it has been said that he fled to America and settled in +Virginia." + +"What was this officer's name?" + +"His name was Richard Anthony Treadwell, and he was major of the seventh +regiment of cavalry." + +The sudden mention of this name brought me to my feet. My surprise was +so great that for a moment I could say nothing. Then I said, coolly, "I +have Major Treadwell's commission in my pocket." Gault stared at me in +blank amazement. I drew from my pocket the old document found in the +little house in Virginia after the death of Nancy Blake, and handed it +to him. I had put it in my pocket just before I left Washington, +intending to at last give it to its owner. + +He took the paper and glanced at the name. "Where did you get this?" he +exclaimed, bewildered with astonishment. + +I briefly related the circumstances. + +"Well," said Gault, "this is a wonderful coincidence; it is the most +remarkable thing that I ever knew. The traitor, it seems, is still +in my family, but not on my side of the house. Fortunately for me, +however, I do not share my excellent father-in-law's sentiments on the +subject of 'blood,' and this singular discovery regarding my wife's +great-great-grandfather will not disturb me in the least. Now," he +continued, "this remarkable sequel of a remarkable case is known by you +and me only, and we may as well let it rest here. It would be a terrible +shock to Mr. Crabshaw, with all his proud ideas regarding everything of +this kind, to know that his own daughter was descended from one who had +been an actual traitor, and I shall never inflict the suffering which +such a revelation would cause him. This historic place has given me one +relic which led to all my success, and now I will pay it back with +another relic for which I have no further use." + +As he said this he tore into shreds the old commission and threw them +into the ancient cellar. + + * * * * * + + + + +ELIZABETH.[5] + +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. + + +By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." + + +CHAPTER XXII. + +THE ARMY SAILS. + + +Winter was over by the calendar. But neither the skies nor the +thermometer agreed with that. Spring could not bring forward evidences +of her reign while her predecessor's snowy foot was still planted upon +the earth, and showed no haste to get under it. The season had been +unusually mild, but it lingered, fighting the battle with its last +reserve forces, the breath of the icebergs that came rushing up the +harbor like the charge of ten thousand bayonets. Military comparisons +were frequent at that time, for the thoughts of New England were bent +upon war. Governor Shirley had pressed his measure well. Defeated in the +secret conclave of the General Court, he had attacked the Legislature +through a petition signed by merchants in Boston and Salem who urged +re-consideration. Before February the measure had passed by a majority +of one. No student of history can ever despair of the power of one voice +or one will. The measure had not passed until the end of January. But +public enthusiasm had mounted high, and now while March had still a week +to run, the last transports were ready to sail out of the harbor to meet +the others at Nantasket Roads, and thence proceed to Canso, where they +were to remain and receive supplies until the ice should clear from the +harbor. Then to Louisburg. + +It might be said that the troops had tiptoed through the state to the +music of muffled drums, so much stress had been laid upon secrecy, and +so much the success of the expedition depended upon it. No vessels were +permitted to sail toward Louisburg, lest they should carry the news of +the intended attack. Government and people united their efforts to give +the expedition every chance. It was well that telegraph and telephone +were not to the front then. + +But the pressure of public affairs could not keep hearts from being +heavy over private griefs. Archdale was wounded both in his affection +and his pride, for Katie had refused to marry him on the anniversary of +that frustrated wedding, or, indeed, at all, at present. She said that +it would be too sudden, that she must first have a little time to regard +Stephen as a lover. "But I've never been anything else," he said. Katie +insisted that she had been training herself to regard him as Elizabeth's +husband. And to his reply that if she were so foolish, she must not make +him pay for her folly, she asserted with spirit that no one had ever +spoken so to her before. In truth, Lord Bulchester's assiduous humility +did make the directness of Stephen Archdale seem like assertion to her; +and Katie was not one to forget while she was talking with Stephen that +if she chose to turn her head, there were the beauties of a coronet and +of Lyburg Chase offered to her on bended knee. She had not turned her +head yet. Stephen told himself that he was sure that she never meant to, +but for all that, he was not quite sure that she would not do it almost +without meaning it. He began by insisting that now Bulchester should be +dismissed. But Katie declared that he should not be sent away as if she +had lost her own freedom the moment of Stephen's return to her. She +would send him away herself at least before she became Stephen's wife. +To Archdale's representations of the cruelty of this course, she +answered that Lord Bulchester had known of her engagement before he met +her. If he could not take care of himself, why, then----. And Katie +tossed her charming head a very little, and smiled at Stephen so +winningly, and added that it would not hurt him, that he yielded, with +as good a grace as he could, a position that he found untenable. So +Archdale waited, and Bulchester kept his place, whether more securely or +less Stephen could not tell. + +One thing, however, was clear, that Stephen lost his peace of mind +without even the poor satisfaction of being sure that the state of +affairs was such as to make that necessary. Katie was a coquette, but he +felt that coquetry was fascinating only when one were sure of the right +side being turned toward himself, sure that it was another man's heart, +and not his own that was being played with. He had not come to +confessing to himself that in any case it was ignoble. So he waited +while the winter wore on, and March found him still betrothed to Katie +and still at her feet though in a mood that threatened danger. For after +asserting that she needed time to adapt herself to the altered condition +of things, she had found a new objection. She did not want to marry and +have her husband go off to the war before the honeymoon was over; she +preferred to wait until he returned. "Do you really mean to marry me at +all?" he asked. "Stephen!" she cried tearfully. "Do you realize what I +have suffered!" The tears and the appeal conquered him, and for the +moment he felt himself a brute. + +But when cool judgment came back to him, Katie's conduct looked always +more and more unsatisfactory. She certainly was not thinking of his +wishes now. He knew that no other human being could have kept him in +this position, and while he chafed at it, he made every possible excuse +for her, even to condoning a certain childishness which he told himself +this proved. Since she was loyal, what mattered a little tantalizing of +himself? Still Stephen wavered between his pride and his love. The first +told him to end this child's play, to marry Katie if she would have him, +but tell her it was now or never. Love put off this evil day, and it may +be that his love had a touch of pride in it also, that he did not fancy +being superseded by Bulchester. + +Then came the expedition. + +The streets of Boston were thronged with a crowd of serious faces. One +vessel after another had slipped quietly off to the Roads. But the last +of the fleet was here. And not only the friends of the soldiers, but +friends of the cause, and lookers-on had assembled. The whole city +seemed to be there. + +When Elizabeth with her father and Mrs. Eveleigh drove up, the +embarkation was nearly over, and some of the transports were already +standing off to sea. The largest vessel, however, was still at the pier, +and as Elizabeth looked at the troops marching steadily on board, she +saw Archdale near the gangway. He seemed to be in command. She watched +him a moment with a feeling of sadness. Who could tell that he would +ever come back, that youth and prowess might not prove too weak for the +sword of the enemy or for some stray shot? How lightly Mr. Edmonson had +spoken of such a thing! She did not know whom he had been talking of, +but his tone was mocking. He paid people in society more attention than +Archdale did, he certainly was more kind and interested in all that +concerned herself. And yet, in an emergency, if a call came for +self-denial, or devotion to honor, was it Edmonson to whom she would +appeal? + +Since her freedom the latter had not failed to press his suit eagerly, +and he had endeavored to conceal the fury that possessed him when he +became convinced that she meant her refusal. He had not succeeded very +well in this, and Elizabeth had caught another glimpse of his inner +life. She did not believe in his professions of regard for her, but she +did believe thoroughly in these glimpses of character. She had been +courteous, but he had made her shrink from him. Since the last refusal, +for he had not been content with one, she had met him only in society, +but here he was constantly near her, really because he was fascinated by +her. But to her it seemed under the circumstances like a persecution. +She thought of him none the more pleasantly because she met him at every +turn. His assiduity meant to her a desire to marry a rich wife. Since +his conduct at Colonel Archdale's house she had remembered that she was +considered an heiress. She did not believe in Edmonson's capacity for +affection for any woman. Here she was mistaken. The young man was as +much in love with her as he knew how to be, and that was passionately, +if not deeply. + +Twice Archdale had been to see her with Katie who was spending the +winter with her aunt in Boston. With those exceptions Elizabeth had seen +nothing of him, although he had been frequently in the city. He had been +very much occupied by military matters, and, apart from these, not in a +mood for general society. Until this morning of the embarkation +Elizabeth had not caught a glimpse of him for a month. She remembered it +as she looked at him and saw a certain fixedness in his face. + +A sudden consciousness of observation made her turn her eyes toward the +middle of the boat. They met Edmonson's looking at her intently. Bowing +to him, she dropped her own, and before his greeting of her was over, +she turned to speak to her father. + +But she said only a few words to him, and began again to watch the +soldiers. How many of these strong men would come back uncrippled? And a +good many would not come back at all. But as she looked at them filing +through the gangway, the sense of numbers, and of strength, swept back +the possibilities of evil, and instead of the embarkation, she seemed +to see before her the rush of the troops to the fortress, as Governor +Shirley had planned it all, the splendid attack, the defense gallant +though useless, the stormy entrance, and the English flag floating over +the battlements of Louisburg. The bloodshed and the agony were lost +sight of, it was the vision of conquest and the thought of the royal +colors floating over the stronghold of French America that flushed her +cheek and kindled her eyes. + +Archdale watching her felt like holding his breath, lest in some way he +should disturb her and lose this glimpse of character. She was looking +out to sea. He felt sure that, although she had just smiled and bowed +she had already forgotten him again. It was nothing connected with +himself that had brought such a look to her face. But here were some of +the possibilities of this noble girl, Katie's friend. Sweeping his +glance further on as he stood there, he had reason to feel that +Elizabeth was much more deeply interested in the expedition than Katie +was. The latter had given him her farewell in her uncle's house, to be +sure. But now she seemed to have quite forgotten that he might never +come back. Any public exhibition of sentiment would have been as +distasteful to him as to her, but he had expected a little gravity. He +thought as he stood there that perhaps he had been uncourteous in not +going to say farewell to Elizabeth to whom he was so much indebted. But +it was the consciousness of this that had prevented him. He could not +bear to see her until he had returned that money put into the Archdale +firm under a mistaken supposition; for not only was Elizabeth not his +wife, but Katie for whom she assured him that she had done this, might +never be. He looked at his betrothed again in the crowd, and something +like scorn came into his face, a scorn that stung himself more deeply +than its unconscious object. + +As to this money of Elizabeth's, he had not yet been able to make his +father return it. The Colonel had declared that he could pay a better +per cent. than she could get elsewhere, and would do it. He had assured +Mr. Royal of this, and the latter seemed content. But Stephen looking +back to Elizabeth again, could not keep from thinking about the money +and wishing that it were out of his hands. Yet, with this undercurrent +of thought, he at the same time was seeing in her face a beauty that +possibly did not wholly vanish with her mood, but lay half hidden behind +reserve, and waited the touch of the power that could call it forth. + +Edmonson's voice, speaking to one of the officers, reached him at the +moment. Elizabeth moved her head. Instinctively he watched to see if she +turned toward the speaker. No, it was toward himself that she was +looking with a smile of farewell. He bowed eagerly, decidedly, for by +this time the troops had all embarked, the plank was up, and he was free +for the moment. + +He bowed to Elizabeth. But the next instant she saw him looking intently +at some one behind her in the crowd, and she felt sure that Katie was +giving him her silent farewell. While she dropped her eyes as if this +parting were not for strangers to watch, the shouts of the crowd on +shore and the cheers of the soldiers marked the widening space between +ship and shore. + +When Mr. Royal's horses were turned about, Elizabeth found that Katie +Archdale had been almost directly behind. She was with her aunt and +uncle. Kenelm Waldo sat beside her, while Lord Bulchester with one foot +on the ground and the other on the step of the carriage, talked from the +opposite side. Katie turned readily from one to the other, and if she +intercepted an angry glance, her eyes grew brighter and her brilliant +smile deepened. Her laugh was not forced, it came with that musical +ripple which had always added so much to her fascination. + +Elizabeth caught it as she passed with a bow, and a grave face. After +all, she thought, Katie could not have seen Mr. Archdale the moment +before. + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + +KATIE ARCHDALE. + + +It was a beautiful morning, warmer than May mornings usually are in +Boston. But the warm sunshine that came into the drawing-room where +Katie Archdale was seated was unheeded. Katie was still at her uncle's +and that morning, as she had been very many mornings of late, was much +occupied with a visitor who sat on the sofa beside her with an +assumption of privilege which his diffident air at times failed to carry +out well. + +"Are you quite sure, Lord Bulchester?" she asked. And her voice had a +touch of tremulousness, so inspiring to lovers. + +"Sure? Am I sure?" he asked, his little figure expanding in his +earnestness, his face aglow with an emotion which gave dignity to his +plain features. "Sure that I love you?" he repeated wonderingly. "How +could anybody help it?" + +"Then its not any especial discernment in you?" Her tones had the +softness of a coquetry about to lose itself in a glad submission to a +power higher than its own. + +"No," he sighed. "And, yet, it is some special discernment. For, if not, +why should I love you better than anyone else does?" + +"Do you?" The arch glance softened to suit his mood, half bewildered him +with ecstasy. To the music of them the drawing-room seemed to heighten +and broaden before his eyes, and to lengthen out into vistas of the +halls and parks of his own beautiful home, Lyburg Chase, and through +them all, Katie moved, and gave them a new charm. And, then, he seemed +to be in different places on the Continent, among the Swiss Mountains, +beside the Italian lakes, in gay Paris, and every where Katie moved by +his side, and gave new life to the familiar scenes. + +"Give me my answer to-day," he cried; "for to-day my treasure, you are +sure of yourself, to-day you know that you love me." + +Katie's face changed, as the sky changes when a rift of blue that +promised a smiling day is swallowed up again in the midst of uncertain +weather; whatever softness lingered was veiled by doubt. "I don't know," +she said hesitatingly, "I'm not sure yet. I can't tell. Must you have +your answer to-day?" And she looked at him half defiantly. An expression +of bitter disappointment swept over Bulchester's face and seemed +actually to affect his whole personality, for he appeared to shrink into +himself until there was less of him. "You see," Katie went on, "between +you I am driven, I am tossed; I don't even know what I feel. How can I? +Poor Stephen, you know, has loved me all my life, and one does not +easily forget that, Lord Bulchester. He does have a claim, you know." + +"Only your preference has any claim," he answered in a voice of +entreaty. + +"Yes," she said, and sighed. The assent and the sigh completely puzzled +him. Were they for himself, or for Stephen Archdale? Had she already +chosen without being willing to speak, or was she still hesitating? In +either case, the decision was equally momentous, the only question was +of lengthening or shortening the suspense of waiting for it. + +"Then take your time," he answered drearily, "and I will leave you, I +will go and hide my impatience. You must not be tortured." + +"No," returned the girl with a low sigh. At that instant she turned her +face away from him toward the window, a knock at the door being the +ostensible reason. But if anyone had seen the smile with which she +received the assurance that she was not to be tortured, he would have +believed that there was no imminent danger of it. Had it been a question +of torturing,--that was another thing. When she turned a grave face +toward Lord Bulchester again he had risen. "No, No," she cried. "Don't +go, sit down, I would rather have you here, for a time at least. It's +Elizabeth,--Mistress Royal." Her tones threw the listener from +dreariness into despair. A moment since he thought he had her assurance +that his own claims were seriously considered. And, now, what could give +her manner this nervousness, but the fact that her attachment to +Archdale was still in force? For Bulchester had learned from her that +since her arrested wedding Elizabeth had always been associated in her +mind with Stephen. She was so in his own also, for this reason, and +another. The young man sat down again. It was not consistent with his +feelings, nor his knowledge of affairs, and, still less, with his +character to perceive that Katie's conscience troubled her a little. + +Elizabeth had always found likable things in Lord Bulchester: and +although she had been indignant at his taking advantage of the position +of affairs to try to win Katie, she had owned to herself that he was not +responsible for such position, and ought not to have been expected to +feel about as she did. And now that Katie and Stephen Archdale were once +more united, Elizabeth felt a deep pity for Bulchester, and believed +that he was behaving well in being manly enough to have won Katie's +respect and friendship. No shadow of doubt of her friend's loyalty to +Stephen crossed her mind. And nothing gave her warning that out of this +morning visit in which there would be said and done no single thing that +would seem at the time of any consequence, would come results that would +influence her life. + +The conversation, after ranging about a little turned upon the quiet +that had settled down upon the city, now that the excitement of fitting +out the expedition was over. Elizabeth said that it seemed to her the +hush of anxiety and expectation, for it was felt that the fate of the +country hung upon the issue. Whether New England were still English in +government or became French provinces depended more upon the fate of +Louisburg than anybody liked to confess. + +"I don't believe there's any danger of our being French provinces," said +Katie. + +"I ought to have put it that we fight the battle there or in our own +home," said Elizabeth. Then as they went on to speak of the soldiers, +she said suddenly to Bulchester: "What does your lordship do without +Mr. Edmonson?" The latter shifted his foot on the floor uneasily. + +"I suppose you think that I ought to have gone too," he said half in +apology, "but--," He looked at Katie and his face brightened: she was +not a woman to blame him because his love for her had kept him at home. +He did not linger upon the other part of the truth, that he was not fond +of war in any event. "I have helped in my small way," he said. "Don't +believe me quite without patriotism." Elizabeth looked surprised. + +"I did not mean that at all," she answered. "I was not thinking of it, +but only that you had been so much with Mr. Edmonson, that you must miss +him." + +"I don't know," answered Bulchester. After a moment's hesitation he +added, "I see you look surprised: the intimacy between us seemed to you +close?" + +"Why, yes, it did," assented Elizabeth, "very close. But I don't see why +I should say so, or how it should be any affair of mine." + +Bulchester looked uncomfortable. "All the same," he answered, "you are +judging me, and thinking me disloyal, and that it is a strange time to +forget one's friendship when the friend has gone to peril life for his +country." + +"Perhaps something like that did come to me," confessed Elizabeth. + +"You can't judge," pursued the other eagerly, speaking to Elizabeth, but +thinking of the impression that this might be making upon Katie. "There +are things I cannot explain, things that have made me draw away from +Edmonson. It is not because he has gone to the war and I have found +reason to stay at home. There are impressions that come sometimes like +dreams, you can't put them into words. But without being able to do +that, you are sure certain things are so. No, not sure." He stopped +again. It was impossible to explain. + +"Don't stop there," cried Katie. "How tantalizing. Either you should not +have begun, or you ought to go on. You must," she insisted with a +gesture of impatience, while her eyes met his with a smile that always +conquered him. + +"I've nothing to say,--that is, there is nothing I can say. One doesn't +betray one's friends. But Edmonson--" He halted again. + +"Yes, but Mr. Edmonson," she repeated, "is a delightful man when one is +on a frolic. What else about him?" + +"Oh--nothing." + +The girl frowned. "Very well," she said. "Everybody trusts Mistress +Royal. I understand it is I who am unworthy of your confidence. As you +please." + +"You!" he cried. "You unworthy of my confidence!" There was +consternation in his tones. "You?" he repeated, looking at her +helplessly. The idea was too much for him. + +"Certainly. Or you would at least tell us what you mean about Mr. +Edmonson, even if your former friendship for him--that is supposing it +gone now--prevented you from going into details." She spoke earnestly +and wondered as she did so why she had never felt any curiosity before +as to the break of the intimacy between Edmonson and his friend, for, +evidently, there had been a coolness, something more than mere +separation. As Elizabeth sat looking at his perturbed face, an old +legend crossed her mind. "Mr. Edmonson has lost his shadow," she +thought; and it seemed ominous to her. + +"There are no details," answered the earl. "Nothing has happened. If you +imagine I have quarrelled with him, you are mistaken. Nothing of the +sort. There were reasons, as I have said, to keep me at home, and he had +no claim upon me to accompany him. Besides, there's a something, that +as I said, I can't put into words, and I may be entirely wrong. But +Edmonson is a terrible fellow at times. One day he--." Then Bulchester +stopped abruptly, and began a new sentence. "I know nothing," he said. +"I have nothing to tell, only I fear, because if he wants anything, he +must have it through every obstacle. When he takes the bits between his +teeth, Heaven only knows where he will bring up, and Heaven hasn't +much to do with the direction of his running, I imagine. Sometimes one +would rather not ride behind him." As he finished, his eyes were on +Elizabeth's face, and it seemed as if he were speaking especially for +her. But in a moment as they met hers full of inquiry, he dropped them +and looked disturbed. + +"You are frightfully mysterious," cried Katie. + +"Not at all," he entreated. "There is no mystery anywhere. I never said +anything about mysteries. Please don't think I spoke of such a thing." + +"Yes, you are very mysterious," she insisted. "Nobody can help seeing +that you know evil of your friend, and don't want to tell it. I dare say +it's to your credit. But, all the same, it's tantalizing." + +Not even her commendation could keep a sharp anxiety from showing itself +on Bulchester's face. "I have said nothing," he answered, "it all might +happen and he have no concern in it--, I mean," he caught himself back +with a startled look and then went on with an assumption of coolness, "I +mean exactly what I say, Mistress Archdale, simply that Edmonson does +not please me so much as he did before I saw better people. But I assure +you that this has no connection with any special thing that he has +done." + +"Or may do?" asked Elizabeth. + +"Or that I believe he will do," he answered resolutely. But it was after +an instant's hesitation which was not lost upon one of his listeners who +sat watching him gravely, and in a moment as if uttering her thought +aloud, said, + +"That is new; he used to please you entirely." + +Bulchester fidgetted, and glanced at Katie who had turned toward the +speaker. There was no need, he thought, of bringing out his past +infatuation so plainly. In the light of a new one, it looked absurd +enough to him not to want to have it paraded before one of his present +companions at least. But Elizabeth had had no idea of parading his +absurdities; for when he said apologetically that one learned in time to +regulate his enthusiasms, she looked at him with surprise, as if roused, +and answered that the ability to be a good friend was the last thing to +need apology. Then she sat busy with her own thoughts. + +"What, the mischief, is she after?" thought the young man watching her +as Katie talked, and there must have been strong reason that could have +diverted his mind in any degree from Katie. "Is it possible she has +struck my uncanny suspicion? If she has, she's cool about it. No, it's +impossible; I've buried it fathoms deep. Nobody could find it. It's too +evil a suspicion, too satanical, ever to be brought to light. I wish to +Heaven, though, I had never run across it, it makes me horribly +uncomfortable." Then he turned to Katie, but soon his thoughts were +running upon Elizabeth again. "She's one of those people," he mused, +"that you think don't notice anything, and all at once she'll score a +hit that the best players would be proud of. I can't make her out. But I +hardly think Edmonson would have everything quite his own way. Pity he +can't try it. I'd like to see it working. And perhaps some day--." So, +he tried to put away from him a suggestion, which, dwelt upon, gave him +a sense of personal guilt, because, only supposing this thing came that +Edmonson had hinted at, it would be an advantage to himself. He shivered +at the suggestion; there was no such purpose in reality, he was sure of +it. Edmonson only talked wildly as he had a way of doing. The very +thought seemed a crime to Bulchester. If he really believed, he ought to +speak. But he did not believe, and he could hardly denounce his friend +on a vagary. Still, he was troubled by Elizabeth's evident pondering, +and was glad to have the conversation turned into any channel that would +sweep out thoughts of Edmonson from their minds. + +As this was done and he turned fully to Katie again, a new mood, the +effect of her sudden indifference, came over him. A few moments ago she +had been almost fond, now she was languidly polite. Hope faded away from +all points of his horizon. An easterly mist of doubt was creeping over +him. His egotism at its height was only a mild satisfaction in his +social impregnability and was readily overpowered by the recollection of +personal defects to which he was acutely alive. In the atmosphere of +Katie's coolness, he forgot his earldom and thought disconsolately of +his nose. He was disconcerted, and after a few embarrassed words took +his leave. It never occurred to him as a consolation that his tones and +glances were growing a little too loverlike to be safely on exhibition +before Elizabeth who had not noticed them in the moments that Bulchester +had forgotten his caution, but who, as Katie knew, might wake up to the +fact at any glance. Elizabeth bade him farewell kindly, she pitied his +disappointment, and thought that he bore it well. But as she watched his +half-timorous movements, she believed that even had her own marriage +ceremony turned out to be a reality. Lord Bulchester would have had no +chance with a girl who had been loved by Stephen Archdale whose wooing +was as full of intrepidity as his other acts. + +"Well! What are you thinking of?" asked Katie meeting her earnest gaze. + +"Do you want me to tell you?" + +"Yes." + +"I was wondering why you tortured him. Why don't you send him away at +once, and forever?" + +Katie laughed unaimiably. "He seems to like the torturing," she said. +Then she looked at Elizabeth in a teasing way. "Some girls would prefer +him to Stephen, you know," she added. + +"You mean because he has a title? You can't think of any other reason." + +"Oh, of course I don't, my Archdale champion. How strange that you trust +me so little, Elizabeth!" + +"Trust you so little, Katie? Why, if any other girl did as you are +doing, I should say she was playing false with her betrothed, and meant +to throw him over. I never imagine such a thing of you. I only feel that +you are very cruel to Lord Bulchester." + +Katie cast down her eyes for a moment. "Some things are beyond our +control," she answered. + +"Not things like these," said Elizabeth. "Since you have suffered +yourself, I don't understand why you want to make other people suffer." + +"Don't you?" returned the girl. "That's just the reason, I suppose. Why +should I be alone? But I shall be done with playing by and by, +Elizabeth." + +"Yes, I know, Katie," the girl answered. "I trust you." + +Again Katie looked down for a moment, looked up again, this time into +the face of her friend, and sighed lightly. "Don't think me better than +I am, Betsey," she implored, the dimples about her mouth effectually +counteracting the pathos of her tones. And at the words she put up her +lips with a childlike air to her companion. Elizabeth's arms folded +impulsively about her, and held her for a moment in an embrace that +seemed at once to guard, and caress, and brood over her. Then she drew +away, and sat beside her with a quietness that seemed like a wish to +make her sudden evidence of strong feeling forgotten. + +"Betsey, my dear," said Katie softly, "you're so good. I have seemed +different to you sometimes. You must not expect me to be like you." + +"I should not have done half so well," said Elizabeth hastily. + +Katie smiled. After this they sat and talked some time longer; it was +the first free interview that they had had since their estrangement was +over, and Elizabeth's voice had a happy ring in it. After a time, Katie +began to give an account of some gathering at which she had been +present. At the sound of Lord Bulchester's name, among the guests, +Elizabeth's attention wandered. She began to think of the young's man's +strange reticence respecting Edmonson, and evident uneasiness about +something connected with him. Why were they not friends still? Was it on +account of this unknown something? All at once the light of conviction +flashed over her face. She perceived at least one cause of the +separation. Bulchester's attentions to Katie were distasteful to +Edmonson, for he wanted Katie to marry Stephen Archdale, because he +feared lest Elizabeth should grow fond of him, lest Stephen should come +to find a fortune convenient. Elizabeth's unaided perceptions would +never have reached this point; but in Edmonson's anger at her second +refusal of him he had dared to intimate such a thing, so darkly, to be +sure, that she had not seen fit to understand him, but plainly enough to +throw light upon the estrangement of the two men. "Distasteful," was a +light word to use in speaking of anything that Edmonson did not like; +his feelings were so strong that he seemed always ready to be +vindictive. Her feeling toward him for this intimation had been anger +which had cooled into contempt of a nature like his, ready to find +baseness everywhere. The suggestion was no reproach to her, for she had +had no thoughts of disloyalty to Katie. As she sat there still seeming +to listen, suddenly, it seemed to her, for she could not trace its +coming, a picture rose before her with the vividness of reality. She saw +Archdale and Edmonson standing together on the deck of the same vessel +bound upon the same errand, always together; and she remembered +Edmonson' muttered words, and his face dark with passion over all its +fairness. + +She went home full of secret trouble, trouble too vague for utterance. +Besides what she knew and felt there had been something else that she +had not got at, and that disturbed Lord Bulchester. The rest of the day +she was more or less abstracted, and went to bed with her mind full of +indistinct images brooded over by that vague trouble, the very stuff of +which dreams are made. And more than this, out of which the brain in the +unconscious cerebration of sleep, sometimes, drawing all the tangled +threads into order, weaves from them a web on which is pictured the +truth. + +[Footnote 5: Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.] + + * * * * * + + + + +GROWING OLD. + + + Growing old! The pulses' measure + Keeps its even tenor still; + Eye and hand nor fail nor falter, + And the brain obeys the will; + Only by the whitening tresses, + And the deepening wrinkles told, + Youth has passed away like vapor; + Prime is gone, and I grow old. + + Laughter hushes at my presence, + Gay young voices whisper lower, + If I dare to linger by it, + All the streams or life run slower. + Though I love the mirth of children, + Though I prize youth's virgin gold, + What have I to do with either! + Time is telling--I grow old. + + Not so dread the gloomy river + That I shrank from so of yore; + All my first of love and friendship + Gather on the further shore. + Were it not the best to join them + Ere I feel the blood run cold? + Ere I hear it said too harshly, + "Stand back from us--you are old!" + + _--All the Year Round_. + + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +Many a valuable work has been produced in manuscript by students and +other persons of experience in special fields of practice which have +never yet been put into type, and perhaps never will, solely because of +the poverty of their writers or of the disinclination of publishers in +general to take hold of books which do not at the start promise a +remuneration. The late Professor Sophocles of Harvard College, left in +MS. a _Lexicon of Modern Greek and English_, which if published +would certainly prove a valuable contribution to literature as well as +be greatly appreciated by scholars. We are aware of several instances of +this sort. + +While, in such instances, the authors are to be commiserated, it would +be folly to blame the publishers, who, were they to accept for +publication every unremunerative manuscript offered to them, would soon +cease to be publishers and instead be forced into the alms-houses. It +has been suggested that wealthy men can do themselves honor and assist +creditably in building up literature by providing the means wherewith +deserving, but poor, authors may print their books. Were the suggestion +to be carefully weighed, and then, to be adopted, American literature +would be made the richer. A great many rich men of the day seem to take +great satisfaction in patronizing artists, athletes, actors, and +colleges. Why is it not possible to derive as much pleasure in +patronizing authors? + +While writing on this theme, we are remained that one of the most +unsaleable books of the present day is a Town History: and, yet, however +crude or dry it may seem to be, it is in reality an exceedingly valuable +contribution to our national annals. Such books are as a rule declined +by regular publishing houses, and, if published at all, the author is +usually out of pocket by reason of his investment. There ought to be +public spirit enough in every community to make the opposite of this the +rule. + + * * * * * + +It remains to be seen whether the Hartford _Courant_ and other +newspapers of the same proclivities, will ever again wave the "bloody +shirt" in the field of politics. This paper, viewing the events of the +past month, has repeatedly thanked God (in print) that, "now we have +neither North nor South, but one united country." Few events in +ceremonial history, we confess, have been more significant than the +presence of two Confederate generals as pall-bearers at the funeral of +GENERAL GRANT. This ought, if indeed it does not, to mark the close of +the Civil War and of all the divisions and combinations which have had +their roots and their justifications in it. The "bloody shirt" can be +waved no more, except as an insult to the memory of the late first +citizen of the Republic. On what basis, then, are political parties +henceforth to rest? What, in the future, will give a meaning to the +names Republican and Democrat, or make it national and patriotic for an +American citizen to enlist in one of the two organizations and wage +political war against the other? + +We can detect only three great questions now before the American people. +One is the Tariff, the other the reform of the Civil Service, and the +last is the problem of labor. It is noticeable that the division of +opinion regarding either of these questions does not correspond with the +lines of the established parties. There are Protectionists, as also Free +Traders, in both parties; both parties are equally puzzled by the labor +question; and though the Democratic Party has hitherto been re-actionary +on the subject of the Civil Service, a Democratic President is to-day +the champion and the hope of Reform. On the whole, it begins to look as +if each of the two great parties was in a state of incipient +disintegration. On the one hand, the Independent Republicans, whose +votes elected Grover Cleveland, although still professing allegiance to +the Republican party, will never again ally themselves with those who +supported Mr. Blaine. On the other side the Bourbon Democrats, who +helped to elect Mr. Cleveland, are now in arms against him. The +presidency of Cleveland is to say, the least the triumph of national +over party government; and should he continue to go forward bravely in +his present course, he may rest assured that the hearts of all good +citizens will go with him, and that his triumph will be complete. The +day is here when thinking men will have to brush conventionalism aside, +and confront with open minds the problem which the course of events has +now distinctly set before them for solution. + + * * * * * + +The records of our own time are being gradually embalmed in a permanent +form. MR. BLAINE has given us his first volume of what perhaps are +better classed as _impressions_ rather than as _memoirs pour +servir_; we are promised the Personal Memoirs of GENERAL GRANT; and +now at last, after many years' waiting, we have the completed works of +CHARLES SUMNER, the incorruptible son of Massachusetts, from the press +of Messrs. Lee and Shepard, who have spared no expense as publishers. + +People who have not yet examined these volumes, or at least have not yet +looked through the volume containing the Index, have but a faint idea of +their invaluable worth and character. It would be impossible to write +the history of the early life of this people under the constitution +without borrowing material from the papers of Hamilton and of Madison. +Equally impossible will it be for the future historian to narrate, in +just and equable proportion, the events from 1845 to 1874, without +consulting the fifteen volumes which Mr. Sumner has left behind him. + +But the distinguished senator from Massachusetts was not himself an +historian; he was a close and painstaking student of history, as well as +a rigid and critical observer of current events. He kept himself +thoroughly posted in the progress of his generation, and possessed the +happy faculty of seeing things not alone as one within the circle of +events but as one standing outside and afar off. Consequently, his +orations, senatorial speeches, miscellaneous addresses, letters and +papers on current themes are not fraught with the transitory or +ephemeral character, so common to heated discussions in legislative +halls, but are singularly and as a whole among the grandest +contributions to national history and growth. + +These volumes cover, as we have already remarked, the period extending +from 1845 to 1874, and they furnish a compendium of all the great +questions which occupied the attention of the nation during that time, +and which were discussed by him with an ability equalled by few and +excelled by none of the great statesmen who were his contemporaries. The +high position which Mr. Sumner so long and so honorably held as one of +the giant minds of the nation,--his intimate connection with and +leadership in the great measure of the abolition of slavery, and all the +great questions of the civil war and those involved in a just settlement +of the same, rendered it a desideratum that these volumes should be +published. + +Aside from their value as contributions to political history, the works, +particularly the orations, of Mr. Sumner belong to the literature of +America. They are as far superior to the endless number of orations and +speeches which are delivered throughout the country as the works of a +polished, talented and accomplished author surpass the ephemeral +productions of a day. In one respect these orations surpass almost all +others, namely, in the elevation of sentiment, the high and lofty moral +tone and grandeur of thought which they possess. The one on the "True +Grandeur of Nations" stands forth of itself like a serene and majestic +image, cut from the purest Parian marble. There has been no orator in +our time, whose addresses approach nearer the models of antiquity, +unless it be Webster, whom Sumner greatly surpasses in moral tone and +dignity of thought. + +The works of a statesman, so variously endowed, and who has treated so +_many_ subjects with such a masterly command of knowledge, +reasoning, and eloquence, cannot fail to be widely circulated. These +elegantly-printed volumes,--which in their typographical appearance seem +to rival anything of similar character that have come to our +notice,--carefully edited and fully rounded by a copious analytical +index of subjects discussed, topics referred to, and facts adduced, will +prove an invaluable treasury to the scholar, the historian and the +general seeker after truth. The librarians of every city and town +library in this country should insist upon having the works of Charles +Sumner upon their shelves. + + * * * * * + +On the 12th of this month will be celebrated the two hundred and +fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of the town of Concord, Mass. +Judge John S. Keyes, whose father performed the same service at the +bi-centennial celebration half a century ago, will preside. On the 15th +of last May the committee of twenty-five made a report, which merits the +attention of committees to be appointed in other towns in New England, +on similar occasions. This report reads as follows: + +"We have decided that it was not best to placard the town in an endeavor +to make history; that with the sum at the disposal of the town, and +those of the earliest dates, leaving to the future the memorials, if +any, of recent events and more modern times." + +For this purpose, the town appropriated one thousand dollars, and in +connection with the celebration, it was suggested, and provided for, +that a large fac-simile of the act of incorporation of the town, +September 12th, 1635, should be procured and placed in the town hall in +such a position that all persons might easily read it. The work of +executing suitable memorials, to mark the most important spots in the +history of the town, has already been done in a neat manner by a citizen +of Concord, and we are informed that all the arrangements for the +pleasant events are fully completed. + + * * * * * + +The following letter was laid on the Editor's Table the other day:-- + +"I am a farmer, and I own my farm free and clear. I also have two sons, +both smart, capable and trustworthy. As I have been a sturdy and +uncompromising Democrat all my life, I think the party ought to do +something for at least one of my sons, who is fond of politics. Any +appointment in one of the Government offices would suit them. Now, how +shall I _apply_ for a position, such as they want?" + +No reasonable answer to such an inquiry as this will suit "smart, +capable and trustworthy" boys, one of whom "is fond of politics," and +whose father is disposed rather to favor than to discourage their +misguided ambition. We venture to hope, however, that their father has +lived long enough to become convinced that nothing pays so well on a +farm as common sense and hard work, and that the rule holds equally in +force in other fields of industry. Our friend seems to have forgotten +that although the Democratic party is a very grateful old party, yet it +has so much to be grateful for that, it has hardly enough gratitude to +go round. He and his two sons can best keep their reverence for the +grand old Party undisturbed, by remaining on the farm, aloof from the +few millions of others who confidently believe that patriotism will be +sooner or later rewarded by a postmastership. + +We promise him that if he neglects to follow our wholesome counsel, and +instead shall go on, to Washington to seek political gifts, he will +return home mad. If he then will look about him, he will understand how +this kind of madness works. There is a great deal of it just now. + +Farmer's boys should not seek political gifts. For them there is no +occupation so demoralizing as office-seeking, except office-holding. At +the best, as a rule, they could become only Government clerks, liable to +be turned out after they had served long enough to be spoiled for any +other occupation except of a routine character. + +The Democratic Party shows its gratitude best when it faces the +infuriated office-seeker in his mad career and tells him that there is +not even the smallest post-office open for him. It chastens but to save. +Even though of Bourbon mould it has profited by experience; it has noted +the demoralizing effect of office-holding on the Republicans! If it now +and then gratifies the unruly demand of a Mugwump, it is because it +knows,--and secretly gloats in the knowledge--that the Mugwumps are +liable to rush to destruction during the next four years, and it +therefore chooses the lesser evil. The Mugwumps are the guests of the +Democratic Party. What a world of consolation for the farmer, always "a +sturdy and uncompromising Democrat!" + +A final suggestion to our friend,--write to some of the clerks in the +Washington departments for information, and learn wisdom from what they +say in reply. + + * * * * * + +The statue of Commodore Perry will be unveiled at Newport, R.I., on +September 10th. Colonel John H. Powell will be chief marshal, and Bishop +Clark will officiate. All the local societies and military companies, as +well as the military at Fort Adams, have been invited to be present. The +Secretary of the Navy writes that all the vessels of the training +squadron will be here before that time, and that their officers and +crews will be in line upon that occasion. The monument will be presented +on behalf of the State and city by ex-United States Senator Sheffield, +who will make an elaborate address. Governor Wetmore, on behalf of the +State, and Mayor Franklin, on behalf of the city, will accept the gift. + + * * * * * + + + + +HISTORICAL RECORD. + + +August 3.--Pemberton Square was chosen as the site for the new Suffolk +County Court House. + + * * * * * + +On August 3 was celebrated at Middletown, Conn., the centenary of the +first Episcopal ordination held in this country. "The clergy met their +Bishop at Middletown on Aug. 2, 1785, and after a formal acknowledgment +of their Bishop on the part of the clergy, he held an ordination of +three candidates from Connecticut--Philo Shelton, Ashbel Baldwin and +Henry Vandyck--and one from Maryland, Colin Fergusun." There was a large +attendance of clergymen from various parts of New England. + + * * * * * + +August 5.--The Washburn Library, erected by the surviving members of the +Washburn family, was dedicated at Livermore, Maine. Among the guests +present were ex-vice President Hannibal Hamlin, Senator Frye, Mr. E.B. +Haskell of the Boston _Herald_, and Hon. E.B. Washburn, of Illinois +who delivered the address. Over a thousand people attended the services. + + * * * * * + +August 6.--Death of the Hon. John Batchelder, a well known citizen of +Lynn, Mass, at the age of eighty. He was a native of Topsfield, Mass., +but went to Lynn when a young man. He taught school in Ward 5 for thirty +years previous to 1855, and was elected to the Massachusetts senate that +year. He was also in the same year elected city clerk and collector of +taxes. He was re-elected to the senate in 1856 and 1857. He was the +first treasurer of the Lynn Five Cents Savings Bank. He afterward taught +the Ward 6 Grammar School, and held that position ten years, and then +became a member of the school board. The last office held by him was +that of postmaster, being appointed by President Grant in 1869. + + * * * * * + +At a meeting of the Battle Monument Association, held at Bennington, +Vt., on the 12th of August, there were present Governor Pingree, who +presided, Senators Evarts and Morrill, Professor Perry of Yale College, +Lieutenant Governor Ormsbee of Brandon, and other gentlemen. The report +of the special committee was read, and a resolution passed accepting the +design of J.P. RINN, of Boston for a Battle Monument. A committee was +then appointed to report the details to the President of the United +States and the governors of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which +action will entitle the Association to receive the appropriations made +by Congress and the Legislatures of these states for the monument. The +fund now amounts to $80,000. + + * * * * * + +On August 12th, General HENRY KEMBLE OLIVER died in Salem, +Mass., at the advanced age of eighty-five years. He was born in Beverly, +Mass., Nov. 24, 1800, a son of Rev. Daniel Oliver and Elizabeth Kemble; +was educated in the Boston Latin School, and Harvard College (for two +years) and was graduated from Dartmouth College. After his graduation, +he settled in Salem, and as Principal of the High and Latin Schools, and +also of a private school, he was virtually at the head of the +educational interests of the town for a quarter of a century. In 1848, +he moved to Lawrence, Mass., to become agent of the Atlantic Mills. +While living in Lawrence, he was appointed superintendent of schools, +and in recognition of his services the "Oliver Grammar School" was +founded. + +At an early day General Oliver became interested in military affairs as +an officer of the Salem Light Infantry and in 1844 he was made Adjutant +General of the Commonwealth, by Gov. Briggs, and held this office for +four years. During the war he served with great satisfaction as +Treasurer of the Commonwealth, and performed the most arduous duties in +a very faithful and acceptable manner. From 1869 to 1873 he was chief of +the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and ever after that became interested in +reducing the hours of labor in factories and in the limitation of +factory work by children. From 1876 to 1880 he was mayor of Salem, and +displayed almost the same vivacity and energy in discharging the duties +of this office, as an octogenarian, that he had shown in his youth. He +was master of the theory and history of music, a good bass singer, a +good organist, and the author of several popular compositions. Of these +"Federal Street" seems likely to become permanent in musical literature. +In his youth he sang in the Park street church in Boston and for many +years he led the choir of the North church in Salem. "Oliver's +Collection of Church Music" is one of the results of his labors in this +direction. In conjunction with Dr. Tuckerman he published the "National +Lyre." He was a member of the old Handel and Hayden Society and the +Salem Glee Club, both famous musical organizations of his early days. +In 1825 General Oliver married Sally, daughter of Captain Samuel Cook, +by whom he had two sons and five daughters, as follows: Colonel S.C. +Oliver, Dr. H.K. Oliver, Jr., Sarah Elizabeth, who married Mr. Bartlett +of Lawrence, and who died about four years ago, Emily Kemble, who is the +wife of Colonel Andrews, U.S.A., Mary Evans Oliver, who has been the +faithful attendant of the general in his declining years, and Ellen +Wendell, who married Augustus Cheever of North Andover. + + * * * * * + +August 13.--Boxford, Mass. celebrated its bi-centennial. Among the +addresses was one by Sidney Perley, author of the "History of Boxford +from 1635 to 1880," who spoke particularly on the formative period of +the history of Boxford, alluding to the fact that Boxford was a frontier +in 1635 and was then a wilderness and the fighting ground of the Agawam +and Tarantive Indians. + + * * * * * + +August 19.--Third annual meeting of the American Boynton Association +held in Worcester, Mass. The Secretary said that he had been able to +trace over three hundred families back to William and John Boynton, who +settled in Rowley, Mass., in 1638. They came from Yorkshire, England, +and the family there is traced back through thirty generations, to 1067, +when their estate was confirmed to them by William, the Conqueror. It +was reported that work is being pushed in the preparation of the family +memorial to be published. + + * * * * * + +August 19.--Centennial of Heath, Franklin County, Mass, incorporated +February 14, 1785. The celebration had been postponed to August for the +sake of convenience. About 2,500 people attended the exercises. The +principal addresses were by John H. Thompson, Esq., of Chicago, and Rev. +C.E. Dickinson of Marietta, Ohio. + +In describing these the Springfield _Republican_ said of the town:-- + +"In 1832 the population was 1300, but by the census just taken the town +shows but 568 inhabitants. This decadence is attributable to emigration +and the railroads. Its wealth has consisted chiefly in the men and women +who have here been reared and educated for lives of usefulness. Indeed +few towns of equal population have sent out so many who have honored +themselves and their native town as Heath. Its Puritan characteristics +have lingered like a sweet fragrance, and their influences are still +felt. From this little hamlet have gone out into other fields a member +of Congress, two judges, ten lawyers, thirteen ministers, twenty-nine +physicians and many teachers; twenty-three natives have been college +graduates, and thirty-eight, not natives have also been collegians. If +the women have not occupied as public position as the men, they have +been no less useful. Forty-five have graduated from various seminaries +and several have become well known missionaries and teachers. It was in +this town, too, that Dr. Holland spent his early life." + + * * * * * + +August 19.--Twelfth annual gathering of the Needham family, descendants +of John Needham, who built the Needham homestead at the cross-roads +known as Needham's Corner on the Lynnfield road at South Peabody, Mass. +John Needham was famous in his day and generation as the builder of the +solid old stone jail in Salem in 1813, the same massive structure which +has just been remodeled. Back of him in the time of the Puritans, there +were George Needham and his three brothers and a sister, who came to +Salem very early in its infancy, and whose lineal descendants scattered +all over New England, John Needham died in 1831 at the age of +seventy-three. At the family gathering six generations were represented, +and a large number of the branches of the family as well--the Needhams, +the Newhalls, the Browns, the Stones, the Nourses, the Galencias and +others. + + * * * * * + +August 26.--Centennial celebration of Rowe, Franklin County, Mass. Like +Heath, the town was incorporated in February, 1785. The historical +address was by Hon. Silas Bullard of Menasha, Wis. + + * * * * * + +W.T. Spear has just finished a history of North Adams which he has spent +a long time in compiling. He has written the history of the town from +the time of its settlement in 1749 to the present time, and says he has +gleaned many facts from old town records which have never been +published. He will publish his work in small book form and sell it at +fifty cents a copy. + + * * * * * + +F. Wally Perkins, a topographical engineer in the employ of the United +States coast and geographical service, is making a geographical survey +of the Connecticut river from South Deerfield to its mouth. Part of the +expense of this survey is borne by the government and the rest by the +state, the object being to locate certain topographical and geological +features in the valley. + + * * * * * + +It has not been definitely stated where in Boston the proposed statue of +William Loyd Garrison will be placed, but it will either be in West +Chester Park or Commonwealth avenue, with a preference for the latter. +The city engineer is now engaged in making plans for the pedestal, which +is to be of hammed Quincy granite, about ten feet in height. In the +statue Mr. Garrison is represented sitting in an easy chair apparently +at peace with all the world, the great struggle in which he was a +prominent figure having been brought to an end. Beneath the chair lies a +file of the Liberator, which suggests the iron will of the man in his +conflict with slavery, and the strength of his purpose is further shown +in the following inscription on the side of the pedestal "I am in +earnest; I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retire a +single inch; I will be heard." + + * * * * * + +The General Court has a double survival in the State Legislature and the +town meeting. And the most curious part of this survival is that the +Legislature of this State still retains some judicial functions. It is, +we believe, the only State where this is the case. The Legislature of +Massachusetts retains the name of the General Court, but contents itself +with purely legislative work while our own Legislature is still Supreme +Court in equity. This has descended to it as an inheritance from the +General Court of colonial times.--New Haven (Conn.)_News_. + + * * * * * + +From the annual report of Major C.W. Raymond on the improvement of +rivers and harbors in Massachusetts it appears that the cost of the +improvement of Newburyport harbor during the year was $31,560, and +$9,868 remains available. The object of the improvement is to create, +at the outer bar, a permanent channel one thousand feet in width, with +a least depth of seventeen feet at low water. The amount required for +the completion of the project is $205,000, provided the entire sum is +appropriated for the next fiscal year. It is proposed to expend the +money in the rapid completion of the jetties already under construction. + + * * * * * + +The proceedings of the Bostonian Society at its annual meeting in +January, 1885, have just been published in pamphlet form. It embraces +much valuable data. The illustrations consist of a fine heliotype view +of the Old State House, from the east end, the home of the Society; +and a copy of its well-devised seal, in the heraldic coloring. The +experiment of a cheap pamphlet giving a summary historical sketch of the +Old State House has been successful, and another similar publication is +contemplated. + + * * * * * + +Rebecca Nourse, who was the first person hanged as a witch at Salem, in +1692, notwithstanding her repeated affirmation of her innocence, has +just had a monument erected by her descendants. On one side of it is the +legend concerning her, and on the other these lines of the poet +Whittier:-- + + + "O Christian martyr, who for truth could die, + When all about thee owned the hideous lie. + The world, redeemed from superstition's sway, + Is breathing freer for thy sake to-day." + + + * * * * * + +In his address at the unveiling of Ward's statue of "The Pilgrim," +erected in Central Park, New York, by the New England Society in the +city of New York, Mr. George William Curtis said:-- + + + "Holding that the true rule of religious faith and worship was written + in the Bible, and that every man must read and judge for himself, the + Puritan conceived the church as a body of independent seekers and + interpreters of the truth, dispensing with priests and priestly orders + and functions; organizing itself and calling no man master." + + + * * * * * + + + + +AMONG THE BOOKS. + + +There have been earlier biographies of John Brown, the martyr of +Virginia; but by none of them have his character and acts been told so +fully and judged so fairly as now by Mr. Sanborn.[6] His later +biographer, furthermore, has had access to all the papers and letters, +that remain, bearing on Brown's life, and of these he has made the very +best possible use. In the arrangement of the materials at his command, +Mr. Sanborn has shown admirable taste and judgment, and, without seeming +to be a eulogist, has contented himself with allowing his hero to speak +for himself, or rather to plead his own case. Viewing the case as a +whole, with its back-ground of antecedent history, no fair-minded person +can longer regard John Brown as either an adventurer or as a madman. He +was by nature, however, enthusiastic; he believed that he had a mission +in this world to fulfil, and that, the freedom of the slaves. This +mission he cherished uppermost in his mind, for its accomplishment he +labored and suffered incessantly, and for it he died. He lacked one +quality,--discretion. His pioneer life in New York, his thrilling +adventures in Kansas, where he fought slavery so fiercely that he saved +that state from being branded with the curse, his unwise but +conscientiously-conceived and carefully planned attack on Harper's +Ferry, his capture, trial and death, as told in Mr. Sanborn's pages make +up the warp and woof of a story, which surpasses in interest anything of +the nature of a biography that has been published for many a day. John +Brown has been dead a full quarter of a century; the object of his +ambition has been accomplished, but by other hands and brains; the +prophetic visions of his stalwart mind have been more than fulfilled. +History will do him justice, even if the book now before us has not +already done so, as we think. + +Immediately after the execution, the body of the martyr was borne to +North Elba, N.Y., and, on the 8th of November, 1859, it was laid away to +rest. Mr. Sanborn gives only the briefest account of these last +services, and omits, for some unaccountable reason, to furnish even an +extract from that pathetic and pointed address, which came from Wendell +Phillips, while standing by the open grave. If Mr. Phillips ever spoke +more beautifully than he did, on that memorable day, we have never known +it. We sincerely hope that, in a future edition, Mr. Sanborn may be led +to insert the address in the pages where they so properly belong. + +[Footnote 6: The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, +and Martyr of Virginia. Edited by F.B. Sanborn, Boston: Roberts Bros. +Price, $3.00] + + * * * * * + +The theme of Prof. Hosmer's narrative[7] was born in Boston. Sept 27, +1722, and graduated at Harvard in 1740, and studied law. He was not a +lawyer and neither did he make his mark as a merchant although he +engaged with his father in the management of his malt-house. This early +life of Samuel Adams is portrayed with more than usual interest in this +biography. Then with great care we are given the salient points of his +career as a representative in the Massachusetts General Court, as a +leader of the Boston patriots in their resistance to British oppression, +as a member of the Continental Congress and in other public offices. We +are shown Samuel Adams as a man without great business or professional +talents but wonderful in counsel, a cool headed patriot, an adroit +tactician, and above all a thorough democrat. To mingle with the common +people was his delight; he was a frequenter of the Caulkers' Club, +popular with blacksmiths, ship carpenters, and mechanics. He was not a +great orator; but sometimes, rising with the greatness of the subject or +occasion was the most effective speaker to be heard. + +The two features of Professor Hosmer's work which impress us most +forcibly are its fairness and its readableness. We have had one worthy +life of Adams before this in Wells's three volume biography, a work +highly valuable in its abundance of matter, but hardly so impartial as +the smaller and more recent biography. In its preparation, Professor +Hosmer has availed himself of Mr. Wells's work, of the Adams Papers in +Mr. Bancroft's possession, and of copious materials in the Boston +libraries. He has thus had every facility for his task and he has used +them to the best advantage. + +In general interest this book is second to no other in the series of +American Statesmen, so far published. The story opens well and does not +diminish in interest to the end. The author, although now a St. Louis +man, is himself from the old Adams stock, and has amply shown his +capacity to prepare a concise and permanently valuable life of the +sturdy American patriot and town-meeting man, Samuel Adams. + +[Footnote 7: Samuel Adams. By James K. Hosmer. American Statesman +Series. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Price $1.25.] + + * * * * * + +The only fault which we have to find with Mr. Drake's book[8] is, that +he has not done himself justice in his title. The title which he has +chosen is expressive neither of the size nor of the contents of his +work. We read at least one hundred pages before we find a New England +legend, and the only account of the folklore that we have been able to +find is in the author's introduction covering about six pages. Properly +described, the work deals with New England history, of the most romantic +character occasionally interspersed with a great deal of very tedious +moralizing,--a blemish of style which Mr. Drake seems quite unable to +avoid. The book, despite many features which annoy, is valuable, and +ought well to repay publication. To the young especially it ought to +prove interesting, since it makes plain to them many familiar tales of +early childhood. The publishers, as usual, have done their level best to +make it a very beautiful book, and have of course succeeded. + +The second volume of the _Life and Times of the Tylers_[9] +concludes the work. It is the volume which is the more important and +will prove the more interesting to readers in general. It comprises the +events and incidents of the public life of John Tyler,--from his +induction into the Presidency in 1841 to his death while a member of the +Confederate Congress of 1862. It must be remembered that these volumes +are edited by a member of the Tyler family; a fact, which leads us to +say that an impartial history of President Tyler's administration of the +pertinent matters which preceded it, and of the reflections upon its +policy, cannot be naturally expected from a person interested, or from +an actor in the politics of that period. + +By the operation of the Constitution alone, Tyler became President. At +that time, he was not considered by his party, and, after he had +obtained the office by the death of General Harrison, he straightway +placed himself in direct opposition to the party which had nominated and +elected him Vice President. The son, who is the author or editor of +these volumes, appears to be forgetful of this fact; for on no other +ground can we account for the bias which he exhibits from the first page +to the last. His duty, he thinks, is to defend his father's +administration, and this idea leads him into trouble at the very +beginning. He says: "The Whig party of 1840 had nothing to do with bank, +tariff, or internal improvements,"--when all the world knows the +contrary! There can be no doubt,--indeed there never was any doubt--that +the Whig leaders of 1840, no matter by what pretexts they gained votes +and power, were committed to a national bank, to a protective tariff, +and to internal improvements. The measures, which the Whigs in Congress +introduced and passed,--only to be vetoed by the President--were Whig +measures, and would certainly have been approved by General Harrison, +had he been alive. + +The Whig party gained a great deal in the election of 1840; but it lost +all by the contingency which made John Tyler president of the United +States. Why he was ever named on the electoral ticket is itself +inexplicable. He distinguished himself only by virtue of his mistakes, +from first to last inexcusable; and the biography, by the son, is +distinguished only by innuendos and a current of bitterness which +destroy its value as historical authority. This is much to be regretted; +because an unprejudiced life of John Tyler has long been needed. + +That portion of the volume which deals with Mr. Tyler's part of the +Peace Congress, and his share in the exciting events preceding and +during the first year of the war of the Rebellion, will arouse no +discussion. The letters which these concluding pages contain are +particularly valuable, for they show the state of public feeling in the +South at that time. Notwithstanding our adverse criticism of certain +portions of this volume,--and we have plainly stated our reason--we +still welcome the work in its completeness. It adds much to our stock of +knowledge, lets in light where light was needed, and is withal +commendable as an addition to the material data of our national history. + + +[Footnote 8: A book of New England Legends and Folk-Lore, in Prose and +Poetry. By Samuel Adams Drake. Illustrated. Boston: Roberts Brothers.] + +[Footnote 9: Life and Times of the Tylers. By L.H. Tyler, Richmond, Va.: +Whittet and Shipperson. 2 vols. $6.00.] + + * * * * * + + + + +PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. + + +Important Announcement. + +The October number of the Bay State Monthly will contain, among other +articles of interest, a valuable historical and descriptive paper on the +enterprising and rapidly increasing city of HOLYOKE, MASS., the chief +paper manufacturing place in the world, and the centre, also, of other +important private and corporate industries. This paper has been prepared +by a writer "to the manor born," and will be copiously and beautifully +illustrated. + +Another article of special interest and value will be the HISTORY AND +ROMANCE OF FORT SHIRLEY, built in the town of Heath, Mass., in 1744, as +a defence against the Indians. The article has been prepared by Prof. +A.L. Perry, of Williams College. + +The series of papers illustrative of NEW ENGLAND IN THE CIVIL WAR, and +which will command the attention of all classes of readers, will be +initiated in the October number of the Bay State Monthly, by THREE +IMPORTANT CHAPTERS, namely:-- + +I. + +PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN NEW ENGLAND AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REBELLION, by a +writer who was thoroughly familiar with its current. + +II. + +THE MARCH OF THE 6TH REGIMENT, by one of its officers, who has gathered +together anecdotes as well as sober history. + +III. + +THE RESPONSE OF THE MARBLEHEADERS IN 1861, a stirring paper of +patriotism and valor, written by SAMUEL RHODES, JR., the historian of +Marblehead. + +The first instalment of a series of papers on the AUTHORITATIVE +LITERATURE OF THE REBELLION, by DR. GEORGE L. AUSTIN, will also appear +in the October number. + +Besides the foregoing features, the October number will contain other +articles of permanent worth in the fields of BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY, and +STORY. A vigorous method of dealing with LEADING QUESTIONS OF THE DAY +will be maintained in the Editorial Departments. + +It will thus be seen that no pains are being spared to insure for the +Bay State Monthly a character that shall prove invaluable and of the +deepest interest to ALL CLASSES OF READERS. + + * * * * * + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS + +of courtesies extended in the preparation of the August and September +issues of the Bay State Monthly are here made, with thanks, to the +following parties: E.B. Crane, Esq., N. Paine, Esq., Daniel Seagrave, +Esq., Messrs. Keyes & Woodbury, Charles Hamilton, Esq., and Messrs. F.S. +Blanchard & Co., of Worcester, Mass.; also to Messrs. D. Lothrop & Co., +Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Ticknor & Co., and Roberts Brothers, of +Boston,--all of whom have most cordially cooeperated with the management +of the Bay State Monthly. + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 4, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17724.txt or 17724.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17724/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/17724.zip b/17724.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a4257f --- /dev/null +++ b/17724.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e596e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #17724 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17724) |
