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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/17725-8.txt b/17725-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b6ca97 --- /dev/null +++ b/17725-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4796 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17725] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + +[Illustration: William W. Crapo] + + + + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine._ + +VOL. III. OCTOBER, 1885. NO. V. + + * * * * * + + + + +HON. WILLIAM W. CRAPO. + + +By Edward P. Guild. + + +A citizen of Massachusetts, eminent in public and private life, and now +in the prime of manhood, is the Hon. William W. Crapo, of New +Bedford. He is the son of Henry Howland Crapo, a man of marked abilities +and with a distinguished career, whose father was a farmer in humble +circumstances in Dartmouth, the parent town of New Bedford, and able to +give but meagre opportunities for education to his son. Henry had, +however, a thirst for knowledge, and his determination in providing +himself with the means of study affords a parallel to the early life of +Lincoln. It is told of him, that having no dictionary in his father's +house, he undertook to be his own lexicographer in the task of preparing +one. He soon fitted himself as a school teacher and afterwards became a +land surveyor in New Bedford. As a man of ability and integrity, he at +once began to rise to positions of trust, and among the offices he held +were those of City Treasurer and Trustee of the Public Library. He was +interested in the whale fisheries, then the great enterprise of this +famous seaport, and was a successful business man. + +In 1857, having made extensive timber purchases in Michigan, he removed +to that state, where he took an active part in political affairs. In +1865, he was elected Governor of that State and held the office for four +years. He was a lover of books all his life, and was the author of +articles on horticulture in which subject he was an enthusiastic +amateur. + +William Wallace Crapo was born in Dartmouth, May 16, 1830, and was the +only son in a family of ten children. He inherited his father's passion +for learning and knowledge, and although his father's means were +limited, he was given all possible opportunity for study. He was first +in the New Bedford public schools, then at Phillips Academy in Andover, +where he prepared for college. He graduated at Yale--which has since +conferred upon him the Degree of Doctor of Laws,--in the class of 1852. +Deciding on the study of law, he attended the Dane law school at +Cambridge, and subsequently entered the office of Governor Clifford in +New Bedford. In February 1855, he was admitted to the Bristol bar, and +in the following April was elected City Solicitor, an office which he +continued to hold for twelve consecutive years. + +Mr. Crapo's first active part in politics was about a year after his +admission to the bar. Fremont and Dayton were in 1856 nominated as the +Republican candidates for the Presidency and Vice Presidency. Mr. Crapo +was an earnest surporter of the candidates and made very effective +speeches in their behalf in his section of the state. In the same year +he was chosen to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and the +following year, when only twenty-seven years of age, was tendered a seat +in the Massachusetts Senate, but declined the honor. His father this +year removed to Michigan, and the son who remained became a worthy +successor to the confidence and respect of his fellow-citizens. He was +actively interested in the establishment of the New Bedford Water-works, +and from 1865 to 1875 held the office of Chairman of the board of Water +Commissioners. As Bank President, as director in extensive manufacturing +corporations, and in other similar positions of trust and responsibility +he acquired the reputation of being a sound business man, and an able +financial manager. In all of these positions he has ever enjoyed the +complete confidence and respect of his associates. + +Mr. Crapo has been a diligent student of the history of the Old Colony +and especially of the early settlement of Dartmouth, and he has rendered +valuable contributions to the historical literature of the State. The +address delivered by him at the Bi-Centennial Anniversary of the town of +Dartmouth in 1864 and his address at the Centennial Celebration in New +Bedford in 1876 exhibit his accurate research and his facility of clear +and forcible expression. The closing sentences of the latter address +were as follows:--- + +"We must preserve the results of the past. But this is not our whole +duty. The work of our fathers is not completed. Our honor and safety is +in still further achievements of public justice and orderly freedom, and +to the advancement of the common welfare. Our mission is a continuous +and steady development of conscientiousness, a moral and religious +growth, keeping pace with advancing intelligence, science and liberty. +We attain to it by those common virtues which our fathers exercised: +honesty, frugality, integrity and unfaltering devotion to duty. We need +but follow the old plain paths, and, undazzled by the superficial +glitter and pretentious show of ambitious self-seekers, march steadily +forward to the attainments of a trained and vigorous virtue, to purity, +strength and solidity. Thus will we keep unsoiled our inheritance, and +transmit it, beautified and glorified, to those who come after us. + +"We have seen the forest fall before the strong arm of the pioneer; we +have seen the shores lined with masts, and the waters white with sails; +we have seen the triumphs of restless, cunning labor; but not in +physical power nor in populous cities, not in factories nor palaces, nor +richly laden fleets, are the elements of natural greatness, nor its +safety, but in the courage, integrity, self-denial and temperance of the +people, and the spirit of mental enterprise and moral freedom which +inspires them." + +But the reputation of Mr. Crapo in Massachusetts and the country at +large rests preeminently upon his services in the National House of +Representatives. He was elected to fill a vacancy in the Forty-fourth +Congress and was returned at three successive elections, enjoying to an +unusual degree the favor and approbation of his constituents. In the +Forty-fifth Congress he was a member of the committee on Foreign +Affairs. In the Forty-sixth he served on the committee on Banking and +Currency, and was chairman of this important committee in the next +Congress. He introduced the bill to extend the charters of the National +Banks, and by his skillful and persistent efforts the bill became a law +to the satisfaction of all sound business men. In his connection with +this bill, Mr. Crapo added to his reputation as an able lawyer, that of +a sound financier and a judicious statesman. + +Representing a constituency whose interests are largely identified with +the fishing industries, Mr. Crapo has naturally been considered a +champion of the fishermen. A strong speech was made by him on the +resolution recommending the abrogation of the fishing articles of the +Treaty of Washington, of which the following is an example:-- + +"For seventy years this Government, and prior to that the Colonies, paid +liberal bounties to aid the development and increase of our fishing +marine. These bounties have been abandoned, and the New England +fishermen, relying upon their energy and enterprise do not ask a renewal +of them. But they do ask that the United States shall not offer a bounty +to build up this industry in the hands of rivals. When we are confronted +with a declining merchant marine, when the carrying trade is passing +into the hands of foreigners, when we remember that our whaling fleet, +which twenty years ago numbered 600 ships with 18,000 sailors, the best +sailors on the globe, disciplined and educated in voyages of three and +four year's duration--is now reduced to 163 vessels with less than 5,000 +men, we may well inquire, where are we to look for experienced seamen to +man our navy in case of foreign war? We can build vessels of war in a +few weeks when the emergency arises. With our resources of timber, and +iron and copper, and every material entering into the construction of +our vessels, we can build ships at short notice in our private +shipyards, even if we cannot in our navy yards, but efficient and hardy +sailors come only from the training and experience of years of toil and +danger upon the sea." + +This brief extract illustrates Mr. Crapo's logical, direct method of +making an argument. When occasion presents itself, he is capable of +rising to heights of eloquence equalled by few who sit in the National +Capitol. The following passage is from a brief speech occasioned by the +presentation to the United States, April 22, 1880, of Thomas Jefferson's +writing desk on which was written the original draft of the Declaration +of Independence. Mr. Crapo offered a joint resolution of acceptance and +in closing his eloquent remarks said:-- + +What memories crowd upon us with the mention of these names. +Washington, the soldier, whose sword was drawn for the independence of +his country; Franklin, the philosopher, the benefactor of his race, who +with simple maxims pointed out the road to wealth and who disarmed the +lightning and the thunderbolt; Jefferson, the accomplished and +enthusiastic scholar, whose marvelous genius and masterly pen gave form +to that immortal paper which proclaimed liberty to all mankind. These +are names never to be forgotten. These men were the founders of the +Republic. Their name and fame are secure, and in the centuries which are +to follow will be treasured by a grateful and loving people among their +choicest possessions. Mr. Speaker, the nation gladly accepts and will +sacredly keep this invaluable relic. The article itself may be +inconsiderable, but with this simple desk we associate a grand +achievement. Upon it was written the great charter of civil liberty, +the Declaration of American Independence. We pay to the heroic hand +who signed that wager of battle the honors which are paid to the +heroes of the battlefield. It was not valor alone which secured to us +self-government. The leaders in the revolt against the tyranny and the +established institutions of the old world had courage of opinion and +were full of mature wisdom and incorruptible patriotism. The men who +signed the paper pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred +honor in support of the Declaration, and who made their fearless appeal +to God and the world in behalf of the rights of mankind, were both +lion-hearted and noble-minded. + +Upon this desk was written in words as pure and true as the word of +inspiration that document which opened up 'a new era in the history +of the civilized world.' Its fit resting place is with the nation's +choicest treasures. It is a precious memorial of Jefferson, more +eloquent and suggestive than any statue of marble or bronze which may +commemorate his deeds. In accepting it in the name of the nation we +recognize the elevated private character, the eminent virtue, the +profound knowledge, the lofty statesmanship, and the sincere patriotism +of Jefferson, and we honor him as the father of popular government and +as the great apostle of liberty. + +To the pledge of safe custody with which we accept this gift, we join +the solemn promise that with still greater fidelity we will guard the +inheritance of free institutions which has come to us through the valor +of Washington and the wisdom of Jefferson, and that we will faithfully +transmit, undimmed and unbroken, their richest legacies--"Liberty and the +Union." + +At the Republican State Convention held in Worcester, September 21, +1881, Congressman Crapo was chosen president, and made an address which +was regarded as a splendid defence of the Republican Party. In its +course he said: + +"No occupation is more honorable than the public service. The desire to +engage in it is a worthy one. The ambition to hold and properly +discharge the duties of a position under the government is creditable to +the citizen. The public offices in this country should be as freely open +to all as are places in other vocations of life. No man should be +debarred by birth, or locality, or race, or religious, or political +belief from engaging in the public service. To deserve this he should +not be required to render partisan service or personal allegiance to any +party leader, nor be compelled to purchase the favor or patronage of any +public official. The public offices are a public trust, to be held and +administered with the same exact justice and the same conscientious +regard for the responsibilities involved as are required in the +execution of private trusts. The test for appointments should be +superior qualifications, and not partisan attachment nor partisan +service; continuance in office should depend upon real merit +demonstrated in the actual performance of duties and not upon the +urgency of Congressmen or petitions of other citizens." + +Of Mr. Crapo it may justly be said that on every occasion of life in +which he has been called upon for any duty, he has always risen adequate +to the occasion, and even exceeded in his efforts the most sanguine +expectations of his friends. He has much of that reserve power which +does not manifest itself until it is wanted, and then the supply is +equal to the demand. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE OF THE CIVIL WAR. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +I. + + +At the present time, everything bearing upon the history of the American +civil war has special interest. Nearly a quarter of a century has passed +since the struggle began, and during the interval asperities have died +away and peace and harmony hover over a united people. + +During the war and in the years immediately following its cessation, a +number of soldiers and civilians wrote histories, on the Union side, +some of these being careful and exhaustive studies of limited fields of +action, and others of the entire field of operations. It necessarily +happened, however, that, owing to misconceptions arising from their +opposite points of view, their lack of personal knowledge, and the +absence of authentic documentary evidence, these writers were not always +able to penetrate the plans and purposes of the Confederate leaders, or +even to describe with entire accuracy the part borne by the Confederate +troops in particular engagements. + +As time goes on, the deficiency is being met, and the memoirs of those +Confederate soldiers and civilians who bore a prominent part in the +struggle, either in the field or the council chamber, and who had a full +knowledge of the facts, are fast coming to light, and are perused with +more than common interest by military actors and students. The true and +exhaustive history of the civil war cannot be written until all the +facts shall have been made known. Even then, the reader must always bear +in mind who states the facts, and also that the truth is oftener found +in the memoir of some gallant and straightforward soldier than in that +of a politician. + +Of the myriad of bound volumes and pamphlets called forth by the war, a +very large number have long since been consigned to oblivion. Many of +these were written to bolster up personal ambitions, interests, +rivalries and jealousies, while as many more were composed, without +regard to facts, to gain dollars and cents. Of none of these productions +need anything further be said. + +Comparatively speaking, there were but few books relating to the war and +published during the war that deserve to be recalled. After the war, +quite a number were issued, and, within the last ten years, a large +number have appeared, all destined to rank as "authorities" for the +future historian. The purpose of the present series of articles is, to +give such information in regard to these publications, as shall guide +students in mapping out a course of reading, and shall assist persons +entrusted with the selection of _standard books_ on war history for +use in city and town libraries. + +The suggestions and information herein offered are, at their best, only +random notes. No special plan, or classification, will be followed by +the writer; his sole aim being to include only what is absolutely worthy +and "authoritative." + + + THE AMERICAN CONFLICT:--A History of the Great Rebellion in the United + States of America, 1860-64: Its Causes, Incidents, and Results. Intended + to exhibit especially its Moral and Political Phases, with the Drift and + Progress of American opinion respecting Human Slavery, from 1776 to the + close of the War for the Union. By Horace Greeley. Illustrated, 2 + volumes. pp. 648, 679. Hartford: O.D. Case and Company. + + +This work was composed, with the aid of an amanuensis, in the early +hours of the morning, before the beginning of the editorial tasks of +each day. Mr. Greeley's long connection with the _Tribune_, as its +editor-in-chief, tended to make him more familiar with American politics +from 1830 to 1860 than almost any other of his contemporaries, and when +he proposed to himself to write the history of the American civil war, +he could justly claim to have full knowledge of the _causes_ which +had led to it. In the preface to his first volume (1864) he stated +frankly that "the History of the civil war will not and cannot now be +written." All that he hoped to accomplish, then, was to write a +_political_ rather than a military history of the great struggle. +He succeeded, and his work deserves to rank as one of the most valuable, +and, so far as it goes, accurate and impartial narratives of the +contest. + +The first volume treats chiefly of the causes and events which +culminated in secession, while the second volume (1866) depicts, without +embellishment, the military and political victories which ended in the +restoration of peace. The author cherished the belief that the war was +"the unavoidable result of antagonisms imbedded in the very nature of +our heterogeneous institutions: that ours was indeed an 'irrepressible +conflict,' which might have been prevented." + +In its _military_ portions the work is decidedly weak, and much of +interest and value is omitted. For facts, the author relied chiefly on +Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Victor's _History of the Southern +Rebellion_, (embracing important data not found in the _Record_) +and Pollard's _Southern History of the War_. After a later survey +of the war-literature, Mr. Greeley felt justified in the candid claim +that his work "is one of the clearest statements yet made of the long +chain of causes which led irresistibly to the war for the Union, showing +why that war was the righteous and natural consequence of the American +people's general and guilty compliance in the crime of upholding and +diffusing Human Slavery." + +This work won such popular favor that it soon reached a sale of one +hundred thousand copies. But when, in 1867, its distinguished author +signed the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis, its sale was suddenly checked. +The act was an unselfish one; its propriety, however, was questioned by +many persons. Whether, on account of it, Mr. Greeley be blamed or +applauded, his work merits commendation as a valuable authority on the +political history of the American civil war, and ought always, as such, +to be consulted. + + + THE HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA:--Comprising a full and + impartial account of the Origin and Progress of the Rebellion, of the + various Naval and Military Engagements, of the Heroic Deeds performed by + Armies and Individuals, and of Touching scenes in the Field, the Camp, + the Hospital, and the Cabin. By John S.C. Abbott. Illustrated. 2 vols. + pp. 507, 629. Norwich. Conn: The Henry Bill Publishing Company. + + +The author of the _Life of Napoleon Bonaparte_ was never too +particular in regard to his facts, but those which he made use of he +could array with such skill as to completely captivate the judgment of +the unwary. In his History of the Civil War, all the enthusiasm of the +writer, his easy flow of rhetoric, his vast fund of anecdote, and his +characteristic inability to discriminate between truth and falsity, +assert themselves. The chief importance of the work consists in its +treatment of events, as army-correspondents saw them, and, hence, it +comprises many minor features, usually omitted by more sober historians. +As a political history, it is almost worthless; as a military history, +it is even worse. Still, it possesses a marked value, for the reason +already stated, and is attractive by reason of its numerous +illustrations, all engraved on steel from original designs,--comprising +portraits, battle-scenes, diagrams and maps. The first volume was +printed in 1863; the second in 1865. + + + A HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA:--By The Comte de Paris. + Translated with the approval of the author. Edited by Henry Coppee, + LL.D. 3 volumes. 8vo, pp. 640, 820, 954. Philadelphia: Porter and + Coates. + + +The first volume of this work was published in 1875, the second in 1876, +and the third in 1883. A fourth volume is now in course of preparation, +and will conclude the series. + +The prime qualifications of a historian, dispassionateness and +thoroughness, are everywhere manifest in the splendid work of the Count +of Paris. His is the first attempt to produce a full and complete +history of the civil war, based upon official records both of the North +and of the South. The whole narrative exhibits unsparing and successful +research, calm judgment, temperance alike in praise and censure, and an +earnest endeavor to deal justly and fairly with both sides of the great +conflict and the actors in each. There are chapters in the work which +will always provoke discussion, and some of the author's conclusions in +special instances may be controverted; still, the great merits of the +work, as a whole, cannot but be generally and cordially recognized. + +The work is distinctly a _military_ history, without, however, +ignoring purely civil transactions when an account of them is needed to +throw light on the military movements. The author's theory, relative to +the origin of the war may be stated thus:--The South saw that, as the +North increased in prosperity, it was decreasing, and was losing the +balance of power which it had always held since the adoption of the +Constitution. It determined, therefore, to force slavery into the new +States and Territories; and, failing in this, it foresaw but two +alternatives,--either to give up the cause as lost, or to initiate a +conflict and a satisfactory peace from its opponents. It chose the +latter, and was thwarted. + +The first volume treats of the American army, past and present, of +Secession, and the events of the war to the Spring of 1862; the second +volume continues the narrative of events from Gen. McClellan's Peninsula +Campaign to the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation. The author, +in considering the relations of the commanding general to the +administration, praises the former and blames the latter; and, in +commending the campaign, shows himself a poor master of the art of war, +and in some respects an indifferent critic of practical military +operations. The Count of Paris wrote these chapters in 1874.--twelve +years after the events, and with ample testimony at his command. It is +strange that he could not reach the conclusion, then and now commonly +held, that McClellan's treatment of President Lincoln throughout his +entire career seems to have been highly insubordinate and apparently +based upon the idea that he regarded himself as the nation's only hope, +forgetting that to a free people no man has ever become indispensable, +however powerful his intellect or exalted his virtues. Barring certain +conclusions which are open to easy controversion, the narrative is +exceedingly careful, graphic, and in the main truthful. + +The third volume (1883) is translated and edited by Col. John S. +Nicholson of Philadelphia, and covers the eventful year 1863,--the +operations and movements on the Rapidan and the disaster to the union +arms at Chancellorsville,--the movements upon Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and +the retreat of Lee's array to Virginia. Closer attention is paid, in +this volume, to the legislation, administration, finances, resources, +temper, and condition generally of the North and the South, and valuable +accounts are given of the organization at the North of the signal corps, +the medical and hospital service, the military telegraph, the system of +railroad transportation for military purposes, the soldiers' homes, and +the sanitary and other commissions. + +As a whole, and so far as published, the work purports to give an +accurate account of what took place in all quarters of the theatre of +war, and is generally successful. It never errs on the side of +partisanship, but occasionally through ignorance or misapplication of +facts. From first to last, it is an honest and straightforward +narrative, at times eloquent and at times vivacious. The reader is bored +by no flights of rhetoric; but students will always lament a lack of +philosophical tone and _critical_ appreciation of men and events. +The maps and plans, which are numerous and are furnished from official +sources, are all that could be desired. + + + REMINISCENCES OF FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE IN 1860-61. By Abner + Doubleday, Brevet Major General, U.S.A. 1 vol. 12mo pp. 184. New York, + Harper & Brothers. + + +The author bore an honorable and responsible part in the actual outbreak +of hostilities between the national government and the revolted states, +and in this book he gives a simple and faithful recital of some of the +more important facts. Though so misrepresented by certain critics, the +book is _not_ an attack on Major Anderson's character; on the +contrary, it clearly shows, and attempts to show, that that commander +firmly subdued all considerations and devices which seemed inconsistent +with his duty as a soldier of the United States, and held himself ready +to be sacrificed to the trust given him. General (then Captain, 1st +artillery U.S.A.) Doubleday was at Fort Sumter during the bombardment, +and, as might be expected, his volume gives many incidents of the life +of the little besieged band, and of the siege itself, which appear here +for the first time, and which throw fresh light upon the conduct and +principles of both parties to the conflict. As a personal narrative, it +is one of the most charming and instructive relating to the war. The +book was published in 1876. + + * * * * * + + + + +ASSESSMENT INSURANCE. + + +By G.A. Litchfield. + + +It is the purpose of this article to fairly treat the subject under +consideration and to set forth such claims only as can be sustained to +the satisfaction of candid and unprejudiced minds. It will not be +assumed that the science of Assessment Insurance is perfected; on the +contrary, our most advanced thinkers upon the subject are those who see +most clearly its defects, and are laboring most assiduously to correct +them. Grave obstacles have been encountered in their endeavors to +perfect the system. Those who have written upon the subject in the +public press have been largely such as have given it but a cursory +study, or such as have been totally unfit to discuss it from an +impartial standpoint by reason of preconceived notions or prejudices in +favor of the level premium system of insurance, if, indeed, they have +not been retained for a consideration by that gigantic moneyed monopoly. + +So largely has prejudice controlled in the consideration of the subject, +that those who have sought judicious and stringent legislation to +correct abuses, and to bring the business under equally careful and +official supervision as that given other forms of insurance, with a view +to making it _permanently_ subserve public interests, have been +more than once defeated in their laudable endeavors, because they +insisted that no legislation could meet the necessities of the case that +did not contemplate it as a _permanent_ institution. Great advances +have been made however in the last three or four years, and much that +was objectionable has been corrected. Wise legislation has been secured +in many States. At the last session of her legislature, Massachusetts +signalized an important step in advance, by enacting a law whose +provisions indicate an intelligent comprehension of the subject on the +part of her legislators, unsurpassed by those of any other State. It has +already begun to correct existing evils, as its advocates foresaw it +would do. + +Several companies dishonestly and incompetently conducted have found it +impossible to longer prey upon a too confiding public. + +The collapse of fraudulent concerns has furnished an occasion for the +enemies of the system to cry out against the system itself, but thinking +men are not deceived thereby. As was recently remarked by a +distinguished ex-insurance Commissioner of Massachusetts, "Assessment +Insurance has come to stay." There is not, as has been claimed by its +opponents, anything inherent in the system that fore-dooms it to early +and inevitable collapse. + +Assessment insurance is natural insurance as against artificial. +In the early establishment of life insurance companies, everything was +assumption, there was little or no experience to guide in formulating +the principles upon which the business should be conducted. There was +partial information, it is true, upon certain general facts pertaining +to longevity or to mortality laws, under certain conditions, but nothing +that could give substantial data upon which to base mathematical +calculations for the establishment of a science. Under those conditions, +rates of premium were fixed for insurance at the different ages which +the experience of many years has shown to be very much higher than is +required to meet reasonable expenses, and losses occurring from policies +maturing by death. + +A rate of mortality was assumed greater than experience has shown to +prevail among well selected lives. The important element of lapses was +not considered, an element so considerable in its practical bearing upon +the requirements of the company to meet its liabilities, that of one +million of assumed liabilities upon say one thousand lives, only about +$77.000 become actual liabilities by reason of policies maturing by +death of the insured. + +Assessment insurance instructed by the experience of life companies, +adjusts its plans and methods upon the natural basis of fact, and not +the artificial one of supposition. It tabulates its rates according to +the combined experience of all American companies, requiring the insured +to pay a sum proportionate to the amount assured, and to his life +expectancy. + +It places its risks upon carefully selected lives only, requiring a +competent medical examination of the applicant, having regard to his +previous health and habits, his occupation or profession, his family +history, and such other circumstances as should properly be considered +in calculating probable longevity. + +We assert without fear, that we shall be successfully controverted, that +there is as great care and discrimination exercised in the placing of +risks by our representation assessment companies, as in any other form +of insurance. Time was when this claim could not have been supported by +facts, but that time is not now. Our conservative assessment +companies,--and there are many of them that can be fairly so styled, +ignore none of the scientific principles upon which life insurance +depends for its permanent success. They do believe however that their +methods of conducting the business will conserve the interests of a far +greater number, and relieve them of a large proportion of the burdens +imposed by the older and more cumbersome form. + +Assessment companies call upon their policy-holders for such sums as are +required to meet actual losses, together with a small amount for +expenses and for an emergency fund. Mortuary assessments are called only +when there is an amount in hand on that account, insufficient to meet +the maximum sum for which a policy is issued. They may be called at +stated periods, or as the exigencies of the case shall require. +Objection is made to this method that it is unreliable, and cannot be +depended upon when the mortality is from any cause unusual or excessive. + +It is not claimed by the best informed advocates of assessment +insurance, that direct assessments should be the sole reliance of the +company. Some other provision should be made which is referred to later +in this article, but the main dependence is upon assessments. + +If companies are honestly and capably conducted, and risks judiciously +selected, there is nothing in the experience of life companies to +indicate that mortality assessments on the _average_ will be +sufficiently burdensome to seriously threaten the permanence of the +institution. Where disaster has been visited upon assessment companies, +the cause has been easily traceable to incompetent or dishonest conduct +of the business, and utter disregard of the foundation principles of all +insurance. It has in no instance been fairly chargeable to defects in +the system. With the record before us of our best assessment companies, +faithfully and competently administered, paying their losses promptly, +at a cost to the insured for a term of years, of one third to one half +only, of that in level premium companies, what reason is there for the +insuring public withdrawing their patronage. + +But we admit that it is not sound policy to depend upon assessments +alone, and this view is held by most if not all, who have studied the +subject in its various aspects. While for many years, and perhaps +indefinitely, a company might be successfully conducted, if under a +competent management, depending solely upon assessments, yet +contingencies arc liable to arise in which it will be evident that true +conservatism and wise forethought would have held in hand some funds for +use without imposing, at that particular time, the burden of an +assessment upon the policy holders. + +The advocates of such conservatism have been met with the argument that +it is contrary to the principle of assessment insurance, and a +concession to the theory of the level premium plan. But the reply is +that the requirements of an assessment company in the form of an +emergency or reserve are in no sense comparable with those of a level +premium company, and the application of it is upon an entirely different +principle, and for an altogether different purpose. + +An assessment company may need funds in hand to relieve its members of +an assessment when otherwise they might be overburdened, because the +death rate fluctuates in different years. Or again, in case of a +depleted membership from any cause, the assessment company would need +funds in hand to supply any deficiency in the proceeds of an assessment +below the face of the maturing obligation. For either purpose a +comparatively small sum is required, while the level premium company +must pile up tens of millions of overpayments to cover the requirements +of the principle on which it conducts its business. It is susceptible of +mathematical demonstration that one or two millions of dollars of +reserve is adequate to perpetuate any well conducted assessment company +for all time, however large or small it may be, while the spectacle is +presented to us of level premium life companies holding fifty to one +hundred millions of accumulations belonging to their policy holders, +from which no possible benefit, in most cases, will ever accrue to them. +We therefore emphasize the proposition that a system of insurance that +relieves the insurer of one half the pecuniary burden he is compelled to +bear under the level premium system, is one that is worthy of fair +treatment on the part of a discriminating public, and that the people +cannot afford to have impeded in its usefulness by ignorance, prejudice, +or moneyed monopolies. We repeat the claim for assessment insurance that +it is _natural_ as against _artificial_ insurance. + +It is pure insurance as against insurance and banking combined. + +It is within the comprehension of ordinary minds. It is adapted to the +wants of the people, because they can easily avail themselves of it, and +as easily discontinue it without material or considerable loss. + +It is within the reach of a much greater proportion of the people on +account of its small comparative cost, and the ease with which payments +can be made in small amounts. More than sixteen hundred thousand of the +citizens of this country are now availing themselves of its advantages, +as against about six hundred thousand in level premium companies while +the former represent more than thirty-seven hundred millions of +insurance, as against about fifteen hundred millions represented by the +latter. + +The disbursements of assessment companies to families of deceased +members reach the munificent sum of more than twenty-two millions of +dollars annually. The national organization of Mutual Benefit Assessment +Associations of America is exerting a most healthful influence in +elevating the standard of those companies that comprise its membership. +It embraces organizations from all of the principal States of the Union, +and its influence is strongly on the side of scientific and conservative +methods and practices. + +To be eligible to membership, a company must have its rates of +assessment graded according to one, or the combined standard mortality +tables, take proper precautions in selection of risks, protect new +members at any time in its history against an excessive number of +assessments, either by increasing the rate of assessment with advancing +years or by accumulating a fund in lieu of advancing rates, will make a +full exhibit of its policy data annually to the Convention. This +standard upon its publication, compelled favorable recognition upon the +part of level premium journals. + +Thus assessment insurance has gradually placed itself upon a higher and +more scientific basis, until it has commended itself to the most +intelligent and thoughtful, and in its wonderful growth outstripped its +older and less popular rival, until its obligations to the families of +the insured exceed those of level premium insurance to the amount of +about two thousand millions of dollars. + +A Bureau of Insurance has been established under the auspices of the +National Organization whose object is to gather and compile statistics +relating to all phases of assessment insurance, such as the experience +of companies with agents and medical examiners, the comparative cost of +carrying various classes of risks and in short, everything in the +practical working of the business by the companies comprising its +membership, that may furnish data for a more scientific basis, and more +satisfactory results in the future. + +Many assessment insurance companies are not what they ought to be, but +there are those worthy of confidence and patronage, whose managers are +making the business a careful study, and bringing to its administration, +honesty of purpose and large executive ability. + +If the insuring public will learn to discriminate and place their risks +in the best assessment companies, remembering that insurance in any good +company must cost a reasonable amount, they need have no apprehension as +to the result. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HERO OF LAKE ERIE. + +ORATION DELIVERED AT THE UNVEILING OF HIS STATUE AT NEWPORT, R.I., +SEPT. 10, 1885. + + +By Hon. William P. Sheffield. + + +The battle of Lake Erie was fought seventy-two years ago to-day; and we +have convened to dedicate to the public and to posterity a statue in +memory of the Commander of the American fleet on that occasion, + +Oliver Hazard Perry needs no monument of bronze or marble to commemorate +his name, or to illustrate his glory. History has taken these into its +keeping and will preserve them for posterity, while genius in battle and +heroic valor and unfaltering energy in the performance of high duty, +receive the homage of the American people. + +Wherever the patriotism of the citizen is the only reliance for the +defence of the nation, the people owe it to themselves to show their +appreciation of the conduct of those persons who have arisen among them +that have been public benefactors, and have conferred distinction upon +their localities. They owe it to those who may come after them, that +they so manifest their gratitude that it will inspire succeeding +generations with a due sense of patriotism, and be an incentive to them +to rise above narrow and sinister purposes to the plane of exalted +virtues, and be stimulated to the performance of great actions. + +Citizens of South Kingstown, the town in which he was born,--of +Newport, where he was reared, had his home in mature life, and is +buried;--together with the State and people at large, who have +participated in his glory, have been impelled by this common sense of +obligation to undertake the erection of a memorial statue of Commodore +Perry, a task, the execution of which was committed to a native artist, +and here is the artist's finished work. + +The statue is designed to represent Perry, not as he was superintending +the cutting down of the forest for the construction of his ships; not as +he was meditating the plan of the battle of Lake Erie or the order of +its execution; not as he appeared the evening previous to the action +advising his subordinate commanders in the words of Nelson, "No captain +can do wrong if he places his ship alongside of that of an enemy;" nor +as he was opening the battle flag which bore upon its folds the dying +words of a gallant captain; not as he was leaving his wrecked ship with +the deck strewed with his dead and dying comrades, when by the received +cannons of naval warfare the Lawrence and the battle were lost; but as +he appeared in that supreme moment of his life, when he had just gained +the deck of the Niagara, before he had recovered his knocked-off cap, +and while in distinct succession he was giving orders to "Back the +main-top-sail," "Brail-up the main-try-sail," "Helm up" "Square the +yards," "Bear down on the enemy's line," "Set the top-gallant-sail," +"Hoist the signal for close action," orders which infused new enthusiasm +into all the American crews; and as pendant answered pendant, from +mast-head to mast-head indicating the reception of the order to break +the enemy's lines, hearty cheers went up from the entire American force +with a fervor that presaged the result of the impending death struggle. + +In contemplating this statue, we should consider the circumstances in +which Perry was placed, and the events impending when the artist has +undertaken to represent him, as well as in the light of Perry's conduct +thereafter and the results therefrom, reflected back upon this critical +juncture in his career. For the battle of Lake Erie did not create, but +illustrated and brought out in bold outline, the real character of the +man. + +The crews of the American fleet were of a mixed character. Perry sent +from Newport one hundred and forty-nine men and three boys in three +detachments. Half of one of these detachments was detained by Commodore +Chauncey on Lake Ontario; but shortly before the battle Perry received +from that officer a considerable accession to his force. Upon his +arrival at Lake Erie, Perry found a few men in the service of the +Government on the Lake, and the remainder of his men were made up of new +recruits, with a contingent taken from the North Western army of men, +naturally brave but without experience on ship-board. Perry had arrayed +against him skillful officers who had been taught the art of war, and +the methods of victory under Nelson. Brave and highly disciplined seamen +in whose vocabulary defeat had had no place, with recruits like Perry's +taken from the army, and an auxiliary force of Indian sharp-shooters. + +The character of a naval engagement is not to be determined alone by the +number of men, the tonnage of the ships, or the weight of the metal +involved in the conflict. These are elements to be considered, and in +the battle of Lake Erie all of these elements were against the American +fleet, but the surrounding and attending circumstances, the conduct of +the battle, and the results depending upon its issue are the +considerations which go to make the place in the minds of succeeding +generations which the event is to occupy. History has not had committed +to it for preservation the story of the organization of a fleet, and the +conduct of a battle the result of which was more dependent upon the +genius, knowledge, energy, and courage of a single individual, than was +the battle of Lake Erie. + +Other commanders have fought in ships completely equipped for service by +other hands, but Perry had to construct, equip, arm and man his ships, +and in person to take two of them in succession into action; and it may +be well questioned whether he is not entitled to as much credit for his +intelligent comprehension of the wants of the occasion, his energy, and +perseverance in collecting the materials to supply those wants, and in +making up his fleet, as for his genius and courage in action. + +Perry, in the beginning, was unfortunate in having succeeded an officer +who, in the engagement was his subordinate in command, and in +anticipating a ranking officer in bringing on the conflict; but the +surrounding circumstances and the positive orders of the Secretary of +the Navy made his meeting the enemy a necessity. + +The outcome of the attempts which had been made by the Government for +the defence of this section of the country had not been such as to +inspire sanguine hopes of the result of this action. + +The Adams, the only vessel the United States had upon the Lake before +the construction of Perry's ships, had been captured. General Hull had +ignobly surrendered his force to the enemy at the head of the Lake, +General Winchester's army had been lost to the Government, and General +Van Rensselaer had been defeated at Niagara. + +Perry was to act in conjunction with the northwestern army, under +General Harrison, then awaiting the result of the battle to be +transported across the Lake, in the event of a victory, to operate +against the enemy in his own territory. + +Perry's earnest appeal to Chauncey for men, backed by the promise that +if he got them he would acquire honor and glory both for Chauncey and +himself, or he would perish in the attempt, should be considered in +connection with his appeal to the same officer to bring the men, and +take command of the fleet. Together they show that the first appeal was +not the result of an ambitious desire for vain glory; no mere impulse of +emotion or passion; but the outcome of a high resolve wrought in the +laboratory of a noble soul, born of that deliberate purpose which +permeated his subsequent conduct in the action and which is recorded in +the bronze before us. + +The men from the army were animated for a desperate exertion; with +them the slaughter at the river Raisin was to be redressed, and its +repetition in the northwest was to be made impossible. In this +disposition for redress the seamen heartily sympathized, for the war was +a contest for Sailors' Rights. The American Flag then trailed in the +dust, but it was to be restored to its appropriate place in the esteem +of the men in that section of the country. With a crew animated by these +motives, Perry went into action with the Lawrence and fought the enemy +almost single-handed until all the guns of his ship were dismounted, and +all but eight of her gallant crew that he left on board, were either +killed or wounded, when with a boat's crew he left the Lawrence, boarded +and took command of the Niagara, and it is at this moment in the +conflict the artist has undertaken to represent him. + +Barclay said in his report to the British Admiralty, that when Perry +boarded the Niagara, that vessel was fresh in action. Up to that time +she had been beyond the effective reach of the enemy's guns, but under +her new commander there was no halting in her course as she bore down to +break and pass through the enemy's ranks. Every brace and bowline were +taut, and every man on board, apprised of what was expected of him, was +soon at his post of duty; each, as he took his position, cast a hasty +glance at Perry's battle flag then flying from the masthead of the +Niagara, and as he took in the dying words of the noble Lawrence, formed +a solemn resolve to obey their mandate and made that resolve a +sacrament. + +As she went into action, the Niagara belched forth a broadside at the +Detroit and the Queen Charlotte, then a broadside at the Chippawa, the +Lady Provost and the Hunter. These broadsides were repeated in rapid +succession with terrific effect. The other American vessels, now in +action, whose crews were inspired by the daring of their fleet +commander, imitated his example and the combined result was such as +Britons could not endure. The eagles of victory soon perched in triumph +on the mastheads of the American fleet, and Perry had won the battle +which James Madison, then President, said "had never been surpassed in +lustre, however much it may have been surpassed in magnitude." + +After the action, Perry returned to the Lawrence, changed the dress of a +common sailor for an undress uniform, that he might appropriately +receive the surrender of the enemy on board the vessel that had been in +the hardest of the fight and had suffered most from it; and that the +remnant of her gallant crew might witness the submission of the foe +which had caused their sufferings. + +That relief from apprehension for the safety of the fleet might be given +to General Harrison and the settlers on the widely extended domain about +the Lake, Perry penned and dispatched to that general a hasty note, in +words familiar, and destined to be immortal, telling him "We have met +the enemy and they are ours," and another like hasty note, to the +Secretary of the Navy, informing that officer that, "It has pleased the +Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over +their enemies on this lake. The British squadron consisting of two +ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment +surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict." There +is nothing of the valor of the pen or of the exaggeration of self from +the ink horn in this concise and expressive note. + +The enemy's surrender was gracefully received. Perry soon visited the +wounded Barclay, and tendered him every service that it was in his power +to render, and every possible attention was given to the wounded of both +fleets. Then came the roll-call to see who had answered the final +summons to duty on the field of honor, who had received marks of courage +in the fight, and who had gone through the dreadful ordeal of battle +unscathed. It was then that the tears of sorrow mingled with the +exultations of victory which soon were to be shouted along the line of +every highway and by-way, from hamlet to village, from village to town, +and from town to city, throughout the land. + +Perry wrote to Governor Brooks of Massachusetts a letter condoling with +him on the fall of his gallant son in action; for while Perry's brow was +laurelled with the wreath of victory, he did not forget that there were +mourners weeping for brave hearts which in the fight had been forever +put to rest. + +The name of Perry was now made a household word from the great Northern +Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, from the Atlantic Coast to the impenetrated +wilderness of the West, often repeated at the baptismal font; and a +nation's gratitude was soon laid at his feet. As humane in victory as he +had been brave in action, his generous kindness won the admiration of +Barclay, and his dying comrades showered upon him their blessings and +remembered him in their final prayers. + +Prayers of gratitude to that Almighty Power which had given victory to +the American arms went up from every fireside throughout the Northwest; +and mothers pressed their children more closely to their breasts as they +thought themselves to be henceforth secure from the scalping-knife of +Indian barbarity, and that the savage war-whoop would no more break the +sleep of the cradle. + +At night-fall many of the dead with all due solemnity were tenderly +committed to the deep. The wounded had all been visited and their wants +attended to; the worn and weary now sought repose, and a solemn +oppressive silence soon pervaded the fleet, save here and there a sound +of distress from the wounded. The Captain now retired for reflection, +for his mind and heart were too full for rest. He then thought of his +young devoted wife whose prayers he believed had been his shield in +battle; that his work was yet incomplete while the British had an army +on the borders of the Lake, or in Upper Canada,--how he could best aid +General Harrison's army; and then resolved on the work of the morrow; +when, soothed by reflection, his tired nature gave out, and he, too, +sank into a fitful slumber. + +The mind of Barclay, relieved of present responsibility, evolved other +less pressing but more pensive thoughts. He thought not of himself or +his bleeding wound, for he had bled before for his country, when he +earned his stars and made his fame secure at Trafalgar; but as the sun +went down that night he thought that no more in the evening twilight +would the mariners of England standing under the cross of St. George, on +that great inland water, sing their national song, "Brittania rules the +waves;" no more the echoes of that stirring air rolling over the silver +surface of the Lake to its islands and shores would arouse the sturdy +dwellers there to join in glad unison in those lofty strains which +everywhere, the world over, melt into one every true and loyal British +heart. He then was moved by the sadder thought, that on that night the +sun of British power which had hitherto dominated the great Northern +Lakes of America had gone down forever. + +Perry's available vessels were now taken to transport General Harrison's +army across the Lake, and up the Detroit river. The Lawrence, as soon as +she was put into condition took on board the wounded of both fleets, and +under the command of the gallant but wounded Yarnell carried them to +Erie. The other vessels were repaired and fitted for other duties, or +were to return to Erie. + +Perry accompanied General Harrison as a volunteer aid, and participated +and bore an honorable part in the battle of the Thames, as he had done +in the battle of Fort George, under Chauncey, before the engagement on +the Lake. + +Upon his return to Detroit, he found a letter from the Secretary of Navy +thanking and congratulating him for the eminent services he had rendered +his country; and, as he had performed the duty committed to him, +granting him leave to visit his family at Newport. + +But Perry was first to return to Erie, which he had left the 12th of +August. The news of the result of the battle had long preceded his +arrival and the people had there been watching and waiting his coming. +On the 23d of October, the Aerial, the last vessel of the fleet to leave +the head of the lake, came within sight of Erie. She had on board +General Harrison, who had then lately defeated General Procter at the +Thames, the wounded Barclay, and Commodore Perry. The people from the +surrounding country crowded into Erie to welcome the arrival of the +victors. Barclay was taken to Perry's quarters and there properly cared +for by Harrison and Perry. + +The Lawrence was anchored in Misery Bay, in the harbor of Erie, maimed +and battered and scarcely able to float, yet having on board her +precious freight brought across the lake; Perry now visited this ship, +and as he reached her blood-stained deck and beheld his surviving +comrades and thought of those who had been in the fight, that were not +then on board, he reverently raised his hands in fervent supplication to +Him who giveth the victory not always to the strong, to heal the wounds, +and bless, and raise up, the sufferers around him; and to sustain and +help the widows and orphans the battle had made; and in thanksgiving for +the preservation of those who had survived the conflict unhurt. He then +returned to the shore to meet the vast concourse of people awaiting his +arrival. The dead and the disabled men, the dismounted guns and the +broken and tattered ships, told the story of the battle and the price +of the victory with more eloquence than the most brilliant imagination +could compass. These visible evidences of the strife for the mastery +indicated the valor and the woe, incident to the ordeal which had been +passed, with an energy and pathos which overpowered the most obdurate +will; and the multitude greeted Harrison and Perry with tears and +smiles,--rain in sunshine with a heartiness that language is too poor +and barren to describe. The living had earned their title to everlasting +gratitude, and the dead had fallen as the brave desire to fall, at the +post of duty and on the field of victory. + +Perry now procured the parole and release of Barclay, and after +arranging for his absence started eastward on his journey home; but his +progress was everywhere obstructed by evidences of the gratitude of +his countymen for his great action. On Monday, the 15th of November, +attended by the faithful crew that rowed him to the Niagara, he arrived +in Newport, by way of the south-ferry. Here, he was received upon his +arrival in a manner alike worthy of his neighbors and friends and of +himself. + +August 23d, 1819, at the age of thirty-four, he died of yellow fever, +at Port Spain in the Island of Trinidad. His remains were brought to +Newport in a government ship, and were interred December 4th. 1826. They +were conducted to their final resting place by a funeral cortege such as +up to that time had never been equalled and since that time has here +never been surpassed. + +This is but a glance at the man, and the event to which we are here +to-day to rear this tribute of our gratitude. There are other names and +other figures that come up to view in the memory and gather around the +name of Perry, of men who were efficient auxiliaries in the conflict, +shared the dangers, and participated in the glory of the battle of Lake +Erie, and who are inseparably connected with that event. + +Turner, Taylor, Champlin, Almy, Breese, Brownell, and the acting fleet +surgeon Parsons were from Rhode Island; Forest, Brook, Stevens, +Hambleton, Yarnell and others not less distinguished, were from other +states; and the gallant commander of the northwest-army, and his +comrades in arms, whom Perry accompanied to the field on the 5th of +October, in the battle of the Thames, where Perry's victory was made +complete by driving the organized forces of the enemy from upper Canada, +are deserving of our remembrance to-day. + +[Illustration: THE NEW STATUE OF COMMODORE PERRY.] + +To your Excellency the Governor, representing the people of Rhode +Island; To your Honor, the Mayor, representing the people of Newport:-- + +The Committee charged with the duty of providing and erecting this +statue of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, has performed the work +committed to it, and through you dedicate it to the people of the State, +and of this city you represent, as the result of its labors. It is not +for the committee to comment upon the statue which has been formed and +erected under its direction, but with great satisfaction the artist's +finished work is submitted to the candid criticism of all who are +capable of forming an intelligent judgment upon its merits. Take the +statue for those whom you represent, let it be kept as a cherished +treasure by the people of the State at large, and especially by the +people of the city of Newport. Let no vandal hand deface the monumental +bronze. Let it stand defying the wastes of time and the power of the +elements, keeping pace with history in its march through coming ages in +recalling to each succeeding generation the man and the event which this +statue is designed to commemorate, ever inspiring ihe young to +patriotism, and solacing the aged with the reflection that a grateful +people properly appreciate and appropriately reward their benefactors. +Let the ideal Perry shadow the passer by and from its high pedestal +apparently cast a glance at each beholder, which shall penetrate and +permeate his mind and heart, and possess him completely with the noble +and generous purpose, and lofty soul which animated Perry on the +occasion which the artist has undertaken to represent him. + + * * * * * + + + + +A MODEL INDUSTRIAL CITY. + + +By Fanny M. Johnson. + + +[Illustration: CONN. RIVER RAILROAD STATION.] + + +On a sweeping curve of the Connecticut river, about twelve miles north +of the Massachusetts and Connecticut boundary line, is the modern +manufacturing city of Holyoke, with a present population of 30,000. It +is the most extensive paper making city in the world, and the +manufacture of paper is but one of many enterprises. The ceaseless +water-power of the great river turns the wheels of numerous industries +which, within the third of a century, have been located here and have +transformed a sparsely settled rural parish into a busy and populous +city. + +Holyoke is a New England growth. It does not resemble the smoky cities +of the iron regions, nor the languid towns of the South. The swift, +powerful current of water does its work without confusion, smoke or +waste. Pure breezes sweep along the valley through the mountain rifts, +and the mountains serve as barriers to ward off heavy gales and +destructive tempests. The slope of the land toward the river gives +opportunity for healthful drainage and the vicinity of mountain springs +and reservoirs supplies a great requisite for a thickly settled city. + +[Illustration: THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH.] + +The impression which Holyoke makes upon its visitors is of modern thrift +and growth. Travellers by railway who enter the city from the north, +look with interest at the great dam, crossing the river from the Holyoke +to the South Hadley Falls shore. Rounding the curve, the large brick +buildings, spires and chimneys of the city come suddenly into view, the +tall tower of the granite city hall rising high above the rest. The +buildings are modern in structure and architecture. Little is found here +that bears the moss and rime of age. + +Less than forty years ago, when the railroad was still a novelty in the +Connecticut Valley, a party of capitalists came to view the water-power +along the rocky bed of the Connecticut River at the point called the +Great Rapids, or Falls of South Hadley, which extended over a mile and +a half and had a total fall of 60 feet. The volume of water was gauged +and found to aggregate a power equal to 30,000 horse-power. This was in +1847. The next Legislature was petitioned by Thomas H. Perkins, Geo. +W. Lyman, Edmund Dwight and others for an act of incorporation as the +Hadley Falls Company, "for the purpose of constructing and maintaining +a dam across the Connecticut River, and one or more locks and canals +in connection with said dam; and of creating a water power to be used +by the said corporation for manufacturing articles from cotton, wood, +iron, wool and other materials, and to be sold to other persons and +corporations, to be used for manufacturing or mechanical purposes and +also for the purposes of navigation." The capital stock was fixed +at $4,000.000. The Hadley Falls Company purchased the property and +franchise of the South Hadley Falls Locks and Canal Company, and +extinguished the fishing rights existing above the location of the dam. + +In the year 1847, this territory embraced by the river-curve had +fourteen houses, a grist-mill and one little shop. There was also a +small cotton-mill. From the river, the land rises to the westward, +and a mile or more back, on the highway leading from Northampton to +Springfield, were two hamlets of farmhouses. Many of these are still +standing and are all that this very modern city can show as memorials +of a past generation. From the year 1786 the section had been known as +"Ireland or Third Parish of West Springfield." It had its two little +white meeting-houses, Baptist and Congregational, a modest academy of +learning, a country tavern, and its full quota of New England customs, +traditions and ideas. Nine daily stages passed over this highway. +Families moving from one river-town to another usually transported their +goods by the flat-boats on the river. + +Many of the homesteads had been in the same family name for generations. +Ely, Chapin, Day, Hall, Rand, Humeston and Street were some of the names +of early settlers handed down with the family acres from father to son, +and their graves crowd the rural cemetery beyond the Baptist Village in +the southern outskirts of Holyoke. The name of Chapin abounded most on +the East side of the river along the fair meadows of "Chicopee Street." +In the first church built there all but eleven of the forty-three +original members bore the name of Chapin. + +On the A Vest side of the river the Elys were most numerous. The oldest +house now standing in Holyoke was an Ely homestead. The farm was held in +the family for generations and was the home of Enocn Ely, a +revolutionary soldier. He fought in the war of the Colonies against +Great Britain, and afterwards took a part in the short-lived Shay's +Rebellion to resist the taxes imposed after the war. Party spirit was +hot and high, and in the rout of the insurgents Ely took to the woods +and remained in hiding while the commander of the pursuing party, +gratified his feelings by firing bullets into the front doors of Ely's +house. These old double-doors with the bullet marks showing in them were +replaced by new ones some years ago, but the original doors still exist +in a small dwelling-house on the Plains. + +[Illustration: THE DAM AS IT APPEARED IN 1843.] + +The last of the Elys to occupy this stout-built old house were four +spinster and bachelor brothers and sisters. After their death the +homestead went to a relative and eventually was bought by its present +occupant, Mr. Horace Brown. Long before this change took place, Whig, +Federal and Tory had gone to their last rest, and they sleep peacefully +together in the old burial-ground overlooking the river; their +differences ended, their feuds forgotten. + +When the Hadley Falls Company began to plan the New City, as for a few +years it was called, negotiations were opened with the farmers living +along the river-bend and occupying the lands which the new company +wished to own. Mr. Geo. C. Ewing was the company's agent, and one after +another the land-owners were persuaded to sell their acres. Samuel Ely +was an exception. He held fast to his land property, but some twenty +years later, when the sandy acres had become a valuable possession, +Samuel Ely sold his farm-lands to Messrs. Bowers and Mosher who surveyed +and sold it as building lots and it is now known as Depot Hill. Mr. Ely +retained through life the old farmhouse where he was born and reared and +where he died in 1879. + +[Illustration: THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT.] + +In the Summer of 1848, a dam was constructed across the Connecticut +river by the Hadley Falls Company. It was finished on the morning of +Nov. 16, 1848. A great crowd of ten thousand people collected on the +river-bank to witness the filling of the pond and closing of the gates. +At ten o'clock the gates were let down and the pond began to fill. The +massive foundation stones of the bulk-head at the west end began to move +under the great pressure. The water had risen to within two feet of the +top of the dam when the break began at about one hundred feet from the +east end and the structure tipped over and gave way. A massive wall of +water and moving timbers rose high in air, (a sight terrific to remember +by those who saw it), and with a mighty roar and sweep the great +structure went down the stream in ruins. + +Great as this disaster was to the Company, there was no yielding to +discouragement. The work of reconstruction was begun at once and a +second dam of improved pattern was built upon the site and so strongly +constructed that it remains a part of the present dam. Eighteen years +later it was improved and strengthened by building a front extension, in +such a manner that the dam now has a sloping front, giving it the form +of a roof, both the old and the new structure being made absolutely +solid. The original cost of the structure in 1849 was $150,000. The cost +of the extension finished in 1870, was $350,000. By that time the town +of Holyoke and its water-power were rapidly realizing the anticipations +of its projectors. + +The water of the river is distributed through a series of three canals +aggregating three and a half miles in length, the power being repeatedly +utilized, as after leaving the first level canal, the water flows from +the wheels into the canal of the second level, from the second level +into the third level, and thence to the river, which completes its +perfect curve to the south of the city. + +[Illustration: THE HOLYOKE DAM.] + +Among the first colonists of the New City were an army of laborers who +came to dig and wall the canals. These settled in shanties and cabins +near the river-bank. When the great factories were built, a corps of +operatives came to work in the mills. As in Lowell, Manchester and other +manufacturing towns, many of the factory-girls came from New England +homes, and were distinguished for their independence and thrift. A +little later, ship-loads of expert weavers were brought from England and +Scotland to work in the cotton-mills. A ship called the "North America" +brought a load of 130 young Scotch people who shipped from Broomielaw +Quay, in April, 1854. They were induced to come by the superior +inducements offered here, and some of the best weavers ever employed in +the mills came from Scotland. Later there was a large immigration from +the Canadas, and from Ireland. + +The entire population by the census of 1850 was 3,715. March 14th of +that year the town was incorporated, bearing the name of Holyoke, +Governor Briggs approving the bill. + +The name selected was historical, from Mt. Holyoke, christened some two +hundred years before, but its origin was from Elizur Holyoke, one of the +early residents of this section. + +The town of Holyoke was formerly a portion of Springfield of which +Elizur Holyoke was among the early settlers, coming from England when a +youth; and his name is identified with its early records. In 1640 he +married Mary Pynchon. the tradition of whose grace and loveliness comes +down with the musty records of the past, and lingers like a bright, +sweet touch of romance among the historical pages of the grim colonial +days. + +[Illustration: SECTION OF THE DAM.] + +A notable man of his time was Elizur Holyoke, and he was of a committee +chosen to explore and ascertain the precise extent of Springfield, which +then extended to Northampton and Hadley. A pretty legend of the valley +is Dr. J.C. Holland's story, told in most musical verse of the Mountain +Christening. + + + "On a beautiful morning in June, they say, + Two hundred and twenty years ago." + + +Captain Holyoke and Captain Thomas with a little company of stanch +followers started out on a survey of the country. + + + "Holyoke, the gentle and daring, stood + On the Eastern bank, with his trusty four, + And Rowland Thomas, the gallant and good, + Headed the band on the other shore. + + The women ran weeping to bid them good-bye, + And sweet Mary Pynchon was there (I guess) + With a sigh in her throat, and a tear in her eye + As Holyoke marched into the wilderness." + + +The melodious rhyme goes on to describe the journey up the valley and +the night camp, where: + + + "The great falls roared in their ears all night, + And the sturgeon splashed, and the wild-cat screamed, + And they did not wake till the morning light + Red through the willowy branches streamed." + + +The story of the naming of Mt. Holyoke is told as follows: + + + "The morning dawned on the double group, + Facing each other on opposite shores, + Where years ago with a mighty swoop + The waters parted the mountain doors." + + "Let us christen the mountains!" said Holyoke in glee, + "Let us christen the mountains!" said Thomas again, + "This mountain for you, and that mountain for me," + And their trusty fellows responded "Amen!" + + Then Holyoke buried his palm in the stream, + And tossed the pure spray toward the mountain brow + And said, while it shone in the sun's fierce beam, + "Fair mountain, thou art Mt. Holyoke now!" + + +How much of this rhythmic legend is true and how much imaginary is +uncertain; but it is quite probable that in the course of this survey +Holyoke's name was given to the mountain, of which Holyoke city is a +namesake. + +[Illustration: THE SECOND CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.] + +The town so originated and named grew gradually until the breaking out +of the civil war, but its most rapid growth has been since 1865. In 1857 +the water-power and property were purchased by a company which organized +as the Holyoke Water Power Company, and which has fostered and developed +the natural advantages of the place as a manufacturing centre to a +wonderful degree. + +[Illustration: THE CITY HALL.] + +In the first twenty years of its existence the town acquired a +population of about 11,000 and a valuation of nearly $10,000,000. In the +sixteen years that have succeeded, the population has almost trebled and +the valuation this year is nearly $16,000,000. + +There is not another city in the east that can show such swift and at +the same time substantial growth as Holyoke has enjoyed during the two +decades succeeding the war. In a few years it became the greatest +paper-making centre of the country. It has now twenty-four large +paper-making corporations, one having the largest paper-mill in the +world. A long established cotton mannfacturing company employs one +thousand and three hundred operatives. A company manufacturing worsted +goods employs one thousand persons, the two mammoth thread-mills have +some one thousand names on the pay-rolls. The Unquomonk silk works, +which were destroyed by the great Mill River flood of 1874 were +re-located in this city, where was found a safe, reliable water-power. +There are woolen factories, including a company for manufacturing +imitation seal-skin goods and a large blanket mill. The manufacture of +Blank books and Envelopes, Steam-pumps, Wire, Machinery, Cutlery, +Screws, Fire-hydrants and Steam-boilers, Cement works, Spindles and +Reeds, Fourdrinier wire and Rubber-goods are among the city's greatly +diversified industries. There are extensive brickyards and stone +quarries near at hand and the lumbering business is an important +industry. + +[Illustration: OPERA HOUSE.] + +The building growth of the city has kept pace with the manufacturing. +Where a few years ago were acres of woodland, swamps or brambly +pastures, are now well-graded streets lined with pleasant houses. Hills +have been leveled, ponds and ravines filled and made into valuable real +estate. From the highlands in the western part of the city, there are +river and mountain views of surpassing beauty. Gradually the building +centre is moving westward and many charming homes have been created on +the suburban streets. The old stage-road which led from Springfield to +Northampton is now a wide, well-graded highway with handsome villas +surrounded by spacious grounds. Here are the fine residences of +Treasurer R.B. Johnson of the Holyoke Savings Bank, G.W. Prentiss of the +wire-mills, Westover, the residence of E.J. Pomeroy, Lawnfield, the +house of R.M. Fairfield, "The Knolls" the fine residence of Mr. C.H. +Heywood, and on the higest point of all is Rus-in-Urbe, the lookout +point of Mr. Foster Wilson. Farther south on the same street are the +residencies of Mr. Timothy Merrick, Donald Mackintosh, Oscar Ely, John +Cleary and others. The residence streets of Ward six are pleasant with +shade trees, blooming gardens and lovely houses. From the most sightly +eminence of the ward, the house of William Skinner of the silk-mill +overlooks the city. A central and pleasant square encloses the home of +W.A. Chase, the agent of the Water Power Company, and houses with all +the appointments of elegance and luxury are owned by Messrs. Whiting, +Dillon, Farr, Metcalf, Mackintosh, W.A. Prentiss Clark, E.W. Chapin, +Ramage, Newton, Corser and many others. Fairmount Square is a new +section just opened for good residences. In the southerly part of the +city is the farm of Congressman Wm. Whiting with its herds of beautiful +Jerseys, and on the Springfield road is the model Brightside farm, the +pet life-project of W.H. Wilkinson, blanket manufacturer. This farm is +also the home of splendid specimens of the Jersey cow. A majority of +the principal streets of Holyoke bear the names that were given them +when the town was first mapped out by its prophetic founders, At first +Holyoke was chiefly a cotton manufacturing town and of the streets laid +out from east to west the names of prominent cotton manufacturing +companies of the state alternated with the names of Massachusetts +counties. There are Franklin, Hampshire, Essex, Suffolk, and Hampden +streets, alternated with Jackson, Sargeant, Cabot, Appleton, Dwight and +Lyman, named for noted cotton manufacturing firms. Main street is a long +thoroughfare extending north and south and terminating at the river. +Canal, Race, and Bridge streets were named from their location. Bowers, +Mosher and Ely from former landowners of Depot Hill. John street and +Oliver street perpetuate the name of John Oliver; High street was named +for its sightly location. West of, and parallel with, High, the streets +have the names of woods, Maple, Chestnut, Elm, Walnut, Pine, Beach, Oak, +Linden and Sycamore. Many of the streets in Ward seven were named for +persons first owning and or building upon them. Northampton street, is +the county highway from Springfield to Northampton. + +[Illustration: WINDSOR HOTEL.] + +The total area of Holyoke is about fourteen square miles. The first city +government was organized in January 1874, and the first Mayor of the +city was Hon. Wm. B.C. Pearsons, now judge of the Police court, who held +the office three years. The succeeding mayors have been Hon. William +Whiting, at present a Congressman from the 11th District, R.P. Crafts, +William Ruddy, F.P. Goodall, and James E. Delaney, the present +Executive. The city offices and the public library are located in the +city hall, a fine granite building which was completed in 1876 at a cost +of nearly $400.000. In the same year the city erected a monument on +Hampden Square in memory of the soldiers who died in the war of the +Rebellion. The handsome open house, where the best of theatrical and +musical talent appears during the entertainment season, was built by +Messrs Whiting & Brown and was completed in 1878. + +The city has four National Banks, and three Savings Banks. It has a +daily newspaper, the Transcript, which is the direct successor of the +first newspaper printed in Holyoke, in 1849. Under its present title the +Transcript has been published since the year 1863. + +The water supply for the city is derived from the Ashley and Wright +ponds, the water-works having been completed in 1873. Since then, other +mountain streams and reservoirs have been united with the water supply +of the ponds, to make it adequate for the growing city's needs. The +ponds from which the pipes are laid are located some four miles from the +City hall. + +Holyoke pays liberally to support its public schools. There are eight +brick school buildings with all the modern improvements and conveniences +for the graded schools, besides suburban school houses and a High school +with 160 pupils. The Catholic parishes in the city also support +flourishing parochial schools, St. Jerome parish having just completed a +huge brick building for a girl's school. + +The city has a wealth of new churches. The first little square white +church which the Baptists built in the beginning of the century was +removed in 1880 and a modern brick church now occupies the site. The +Second Baptist Church society in the central part of the city has just +completed a fine church edifice. The Second Congregational society, two +years ago, dedicated a splendid granite building which cost nearly +$100,000, the successor of the plain brick meeting-house which in 1853 +was erected at the corner of High and Dwight streets. The city has a +large Catholic population and three extensive Catholic parishes each +having a capacious church of fitting architecture. The Episcopal people +worship in a picturesque stone church on Maple street, and near it is +the cozy little Unitarian church. The Methodists built a church of brick +on Main street about the year 1870. The First Congregational society has +a wooden edifice on Northampton street--the oldest church building in +the city since the primitive First Baptist meeting-house was taken +down--and the church at South Holyoke where the German residents listen +to the services of their faith in the language of the fatherland. + +[Illustration: CHURCH OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD (FRENCH CATHOLIC)] + + * * * * * + + + + +THE LAST PORTRAIT OF DANIEL WEBSTER. + + +The many who cherish the memory of DANIEL WEBSTER with more than common +interest and veneration, are fortunate, in that the records of his life, +his habits and his appearance are so complete. The portraits of Webster, +now extant, represent the great statesman at numerous periods of his +life. + +[Illustration] + +In July, 1852, Mr. Webster was in Franklin, N.H., and there sat for his +picture to the local artist of the town, who finished an excellent +daguerrotype. The picture was given by Mr. Webster to the Hon. Stephen +M. Allen, who now has it in his possession at the rooms of the Webster +Historical Society, in the Old South Meeting House, and by whose +courtesy it is here reproduced. + +In October of the same year, three months after the picture was made, +Daniel Webster at his Marshfield home, breathed his last; leaving this +portrait the last ever taken of him from life. + + * * * * * + + + + +FORT SHIRLEY. + + +By Prof. A.L. Perry of Williams College. + + +The recent centennial celebration in the town of Heath, Franklin County, +Massachusetts, has freshened up an interest in the history of the old +fort that was built within its borders, at the opening of the Old French +War in 1744, by the State of Massachusetts. The present writer, however, +has made a study for many years of that and its kindred forts, has +repeatedly visited and critically examined its site, and has in his +possession the chief movable memorials of what was indeed a small, yet +in its historical connections a deeply interesting, military outpost. + +The first white men known or supposed to have ever penetrated the +original forests in the town of Heath were Richard Hazen and six others, +the surveyor and chain-men and their assistants, who ran the official +northern line of Massachusetts in the early spring of 1741. Besides the +surveyor himself, who was then a prominent citizen of Haverhill, on the +Merrimac, and his son of the same name, then nineteen years old, the +party consisted of Caleb Swan, Benjamin Smith, Zachariah Hildrith, +Ebenezer Shaw and William Richardson. Under an imperative order from the +Privy Council in England, Governor Belcher, who at that time +administered government over both Massachusetts and New Hampshire, +commissioned Hazen to run the ultimate line between the two, beginning +at a point three miles north of Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimac (now +Lowell), and extending on a due west course till it should meet His +Majesty's other Governments. This arbitrary decision of the Privy +Council in selecting the very southernmost point in the whole course of +the Merrimac, as the place meant in in the old Charter of Massachusetts +in the phrase "Merrimack River," instead of taking, as Massachusetts +claimed, the northernmost point of the river in Franklin, N.H., or as +New Hampshire had claimed, the point at the _mouth_ of the river, +robbed Massachusetts of a strip of territory fourteen miles wide the +whole length of the Colony, which New Hampshire had never before +claimed, but which her shrewd and unscrupulous Agent now extorted trom +the ignorance of English Councillors. + +Hazen began his survey March 21, 1741. The English instructions required +a course due west, and Governor Belcher and his Council ordered ten +degrees for the then variation of the needle, which was not quite +enough, so that the line actually ran slightly north of due west, and +saved to Massachusetts at the west end of the line (in Williamstown) +about 1 deg. and 50 min. After the party left the Connecticut river on +April 6, they slept on snow at a depth of two or three feet every night +till they crossed the Hoosac river in Williamstown on April 12. "It +clouded over before Night and rained sometime before day which caused us +to stretch Our blankets and lye under them on ye bare Ground, which was +the first bare ground we laid on after we left Northfield." It was on +April 9 that they measured the present north line of Heath. Let the +clear-eyed surveyor describe in his own words the general situation of +the future Fort Shirley. + + + "At the End of three miles we came to a large brook running + Southeasterly and at the End of this days measure to another large brook + running Southerly, by which we took Our lodging. Here we tract a Bear + and therefore named it Bear brook, both these brooks being branches of + Deerfield River. The land this day was some of the best of Land and for + three miles together. The last year Pigeons' nests were so thick that + 500 might have been told on the beech trees at One time, and they could + have been counted on the Hemlocks as well, I believe three thousand at + one turn Round. The snow was for ye most part three feet deep, the + weather was fair and wind Northwest." + + +Although Hazen named the last mountain on his line where he supposed the +eastern line of New York, would ultimately run "Mount Belcher," in honor +of the Governor who had commissioned him to lay it, the just +unpopularity of the line itself and Belcher's connection with it +immediately caused his recall from his government, and the appointment +of William Shirley in his stead. Belcher was Massachusetts born; while +Shirley, though British born, became one of the ablest and most +successful of all the colonial governors of Massachusetts. The building +of Fort Shirley in 1744 and the naming it after the new Governor, as +well as the building a little later of the two forts to the +westward,--Fort Pelham in Rowe and Fort Massachusetts in what is now +North Adams,--all within a couple of miles of the new boundary line, +showed a concern of the colony for its now greatly curtailed northern +limits, as well as a much greater concern for the defence of the +scattered settlements west of the Connecticut river from the French and +Indians, who had several well-trod war-paths to the English settlements +on the Connecticut and the Deerfield. + +But, after all, the route by the Hoosac River had been and continued the +main path from Canada to New England for the French and their savage +Indian allies. Whether they came down the Hudson to the mouth of the +Hoosac at Schaghticoke, or struck that river on the flank at Eagle +Bridge, there was a well-beaten trail--the old Mohawk trail--along the +north bank of that river all the way from Schaghticoke to what is now +North Adams; and, in continuation of that river trail, the "old Indian +path" over the Hoosac Mountain, directly over the line of the present +Hoosac Tunnel, led down to the upper reaches of the Deerfield river and +so down to the Connecticut at old Deerfield. It became, therefore, of +great moment to Massachusetts to defend the line of the Deerfield in the +French and Indian war of 1744-48. A few private houses were fortified in +what is now Bernardston, and two or three more further west in +Coleraine, particularly Fort Lucas and Fort Morrison, the owners being +assisted by grants of men and supplies from the General Court; and +during this war and more especially the next and last French war, the +Indians often lurked with hostile intent in the vicinity of these +extemporized forts, and not infrequently surprised and killed and +scalped men from the little garrisons, and carried women and children +into captivity to Canada. + +But the first regular fort built to protect the valley of the Deerfield +and incidentally also the line of the Connecticut, was placed by +Massachusetts in the present town of Heath. It was built wholly at the +public expense, and garrisoned by regularly enlisted or impressed +soldiers, and named Fort Shirley from the enterprising Governor of the +Province. John Stoddard of Northampton was then Colonel of the militia +of Hampshire, a designation at that time including all of Massachusetts +west of the Connecticut River; he was Shirley's right-hand man for this +end of the Province, and it was under his general direction that Forts +Shirley and Pelham and Massachusetts were erected. + +The letter is still extant in Stoddard's own hand, dated July 20, 1744, +in which Capt. William Williams is ordered by him "to erect as soon as +may be" a block-house sixty feet square "about five miles and a half +from Hugh Morrison's house in Colrain in or near the line run last week +under the direction of Col. Timo. Dwight by our order." In the same +letter, Williams is directed to employ soldiers in the construction of +the fort, carpenters to be allowed "nine shillings, others six shillings +a day old Tenor." Several other directions are given, and the main +outlines of the fort are prescribed; some bills are still extant giving +items of money paid out for many different parts of the work; six of the +original hewn timbers of the building are in good preservation today in +the barn of Orsamus Maxwell in Heath, each stick telling some tale of +the original mode of construction; so that, from all these sources of +information, a pretty accurate idea of the old fort can be made out +to-day, 141 years after it was built. + +For the outside, white pine logs were scored down, and then hewn to six +inches thick and fourteen inches high; and the scores worked 48 days +on these, receiving £14, 8s. for their work, and the hewers 24 days, +receiving £10, 16s. The walls of the fort were twelve feet high, thus +requiring nine courses of these timbers laid edgewise one above another, +each being doweled to the one below by red oak dowel-pins, two of which +were pulled out of their quiet resting places of 141 years' duration, in +a good state of preservation, by Mr. Maxwell and the writer, Sept. 5, +1885. Those ends of these timbers that came to the four corners of the +fort were dove-tailed into each other in the well known manner, so that +there were straight lines and strong locking at the corners; and it so +happens, that three of the six timbers preserved are corner timbers, and +show at one end the exact mode of locking. + +There were two mounts on two corners of the fort 12 feet square and 7 +feet high; and the houses and barracks within the fort were 11 feet wide +with shingled roofs; and the mount-timber, the insides of the houses, +and the floors, were all hewn, presumably of the same width and +thickness as the wall-timbers. Undoubtedly the whole parade in the +middle of the fort was also floored in the same way, as the site of the +fort was and is low and wet. + +The fort was built in this manner during the months of August, +September, and October, 1744; and on the 30th of the last mentioned +month, Capt. Williams commenced to billet himself and the soldiers under +his command at the fort. He remained there all the winter and spring; +about the 1st of March he enlisted 14 of his men for the Louisburg +Expedition, at Col. Stoddard's request, whom he took to Boston; but was +not himself allowed to embark, and returned to his fort; while later in +the season, under a strong call for reinforcements for Louisburg by +Gov. Shirley, Williams took 74 able bodied men to Boston, recruited by +himself in less than six days mostly in the Connecticut valley, and was +given a Lieutenant colonel's commission in the regiment destined for +Louisburg commanded by Col. John Choate. They sailed in June, 1745, but +the fortress had been taken before they arrived, and the regiment with +Williams as acting Colonel was detained there to do garrison duty. + +Fort Pelham in Rowe was built by Williams before he left for Louisburg, +that is, in the spring of 1745; and in the autumn of that year we find +Capt. Ephraim Williams, a kinsman of the other, afterwards founder of +Williams College, in command of Fort Shirley and of the line of forts. +It is fair to presume that he was appointed to the command on the +withdrawal of the other in June; but which of the two built Fort +Massachusetts along the same line, or whether either of them, can not +now be stated with absolute certainty. It is probable that Ephraim +Williams saw to its construction under the Committee of the General +Court, of which Stoddard was Chairman; and at any rate he was in command +of the whole "line of Forts, viz. Northfield, Falltown, Colrain, Fort +Shirley, Fort Pelham, Fort Massachusetts, and the soldiers posted at the +Collars, Shattucks Fort, Bridgman's, Deerfield, Rhode Town, and New +Hampton," as early as Dec. 10, 1745. Just a year from that time he sends +in his account for the entire year,--"In which time he has had three +hundred and fifty men under his particular charge and government." + +Because it was the first fort built by the Colony in that region, and +especially because Fort Massachusetts was captured and burnt by the +French and Indians in August, 1746, Shirley became very prominent in +that war, and was the headquarters of the successive commanders of the +line of forts. Massachusetts was rebuilt early in 1747, and thereafter +became the chief work; for both before and after the Peace of Aix la +Chapelle in 1748, it was perceived that the sites of Shirley and Pelham +had been ill-chosen, and that the route by the Hoosac was the one to be +kept open for hostile demonstration towards Crown Point, and the one to +be defended against hostile demonstration from all that quarter. Forts +Shirley and Pelham, accordingly, which were very differently +constructed, ceased to be of much military significance after the Peace, +though both were slightly garrisoned for several years after. In 1749 +and a part certainly of the next year, there were five men only in Fort +Shirley, namely, Lieutenant William Lyman, Gershom Hawks, John Powell, +Samuel Stebbins, and Peter Bove. From June, 1725 till the end of May, +1754, one man in each constituted the garrison of Shirley and Pelham. +Archibald Powell held watch and ward on the heights of Heath and George +Hall on the lofty meadow in Rowe. Each drew his pay from the treasury of +the colony; and each had a magnificent lookout from his solitary +sentry-box. Monadnock is in plain sight to the east, and Haystack to the +north from the site of Fort Shirley and the Hoosacs to the west and +Greylock overtopping them greeted the roving gaze of George Hall from +the picketed enclosure of Fort Pelham. + +There was but one chaplain to the line of forts, Rev. John Norton, +appointed from Falltown in 1745, who passed from one to the other as his +sense of duty to each garrison might prompt; and Mrs. Norton with one +or two children lived in Fort Shirley for more than a year while her +husband was in captivity in Canada. Scouting parties of the soldiers +were kept constantly passing from fort to fort when not employed in +garrison or other duty; their allowance on the march was for each +soldier per day one pound of bread, one pound of pork, and one gill of +rum; while in garrison each man was allowed per day one pound of bread, +and one-half pint of peas or beans, two pounds of pork for three days, +and one gallon of molasses for 42 days. It is certain, that one or more +cows were kept by the garrison of Fort Shirley, perhaps on account of +Mrs. Norton and her children, for there was a cleared field around the +fort, and an old cow-bell half eaten up by rust was found not long ago +near its site, which site, it must be remembered, was several miles from +any habitation of men at any time in the last century. + +After an existence of one hundred and forty-one years, the old well of +Fort Shirley, which was undoubtedly within the block-house and probably +in one corner of the enclosure away from the "parade," is able to tell +pretty thoroughly to this day the story of its own construction. Four +forest staddles about six inches in diameter, one for each comer of the +well, were set upright on the ground, and then ash planks rived from a +log about five feet long were pinned or spiked on the outside of these +staddles, beginning at the bottom; and this frame being placed on the +ground where the well was to be, the earth was thrown out over the +sides, and so the well was gradually sunk to the required depth, the +plank-siding being added gradually as the shaft was lowered. These rived +planks and the tops of the four corner-poles, that can now be seen and +fingered less than two feet below the surface of the ground, were not +very uniform in thickness, and of course have rotted off at the top by +time and exposure; but enough of both has been preserved till this time +by constant submergence in the water and in the unusually moist soil +above it to betray without any serious question the nature of the +materials used and the mode of their employment. One of the corner-posts +was a black birch and the bark on it is in a good state of preservation +at and below the surface of the water. + +The last incident to be mentioned at this time in connection with Fort +Shirley relates to the Rev. John Norton, his wife and daughter. Norton +was born in Berlin, Conn., in 1716; was graduated at Yale College in +1737; was ordained in Fall Town, since Bernardston, Mass., in 1741; he +was the first minister in that town, "but owing to the unsettled state +of the times," and to the fact that his people lay right in the angle +between the military line of the Connecticut and that of the Deerfield, +and had consequently as much as they could do, to maintain their +families exposed as they were, he labored there about four years, and +was appointed chaplain to the line of forts almost as soon as the men +were fairly in garrison. He was in Fort Massachusetts when it was +besieged and captured by an army of French and Indians in August, 1746; +went captive with the rest of the garrison to Quebec; returned, +exchanged, in just a year; and wrote an account of the siege, the +journey northwards, the captivity, and the return, a precious little +book, which he entitled after a memorable precedent "The Redeemed +Captive." His narrative begins as follows.--"Thursday, August 14, 1746, +I left Fort Shirley in company with Dr. Williams and about fourteen of +the soldiers; we went to Pelham Fort, and from thence to Captain Rice's, +where we lodged that night. Friday, the 15th, we went from thence to +Fort Massachusetts, where I designed to have tarried about a month. +Saturday, 16th, the Doctor with fourteen men, went off for Deerfield, +and left in the fort Sergeant John Hawks with twenty soldiers, about +half of them sick with bloody flux." + +We can not now follow the good chaplain in his deeply interesting +narrative. He makes no mention in it of his family, but it is certain +from other data that he left Mrs. Norton and his young children in +garrison at Fort Shirley, and that just about the time of his return +from captivity to Boston, which was August 16, 1747, his little girl, +Anna, died at the fort and was buried in the field a little to the west +of it. Probably some soldier in the fort chiselled upon the rude stone +the inscription as follows: + + + Hear lys ye body of An'na + D: of ye Rev: + Mr. John Norton. She died + Aug; ye ---- aged ---- 1747. + + +This stone stood there in the bleak field exposed to the suns of summer +and the storms of winter for more than one hundred and thirty years. The +day of August on which she died and the number of years she had lived +have become illegible by exposure,--impossible to be deciphered. The +stone has lately been removed to Williams College, and with its +companion relic, a stick of one of the timbers of Fort Shirley, and a +few other memorials of the well and fort, are safe in a fire-proof +building. + +The tradition is still lively in Heath, and it may well be an historical +fact for it has been handed down by an aged citizen there whose life +began with the century, that there used to come up from Connecticut on +an occasional pilgrimage to the site of Fort Shirley and particularly to +the grave of Anna Norton some of her relatives. This is very likely; for +John Norton became in 1748 a pastor in the parish of East Hampton, +Middlesex Co., Conn., where he died in 1778; and one may still read on +his tombstone there the following inscription: + + + IN MEMORY OF + THE REV. JOHN NORTON + PASTOR OF THE 3D CHURCH IN CHATHAM + WHO DIED WITH SMALL POX + MARCH 24th AD 1778 + IN THE 63D YEAR OF HIS AGE. + + +He left several children. Among them an unmarried daughter, who lived +till 1825. It is no mean touch and print of vital human sympathy that is +left upon the sod beneath the great tree in Shirley-field by the figure +of one who came and came again from a distant place to catch, it may be, +a note from the dreary Past and drop a tear upon the grave of a sister +whom she never saw. + + + To his Excellency William Shirley, Esq. Capt. Gen. and Gov'r in Chief + of this Province, the Hon'ble his Majesty's Council & House of + Representatives in Gen. Court assembled-- + + The Memorial of John Norton of Springfield in the County of Hampshire, + Clerk, humbly showeth That in the month of February, 1746, he entered + into the Service of the Province as a Chaplain for the Line of Forts on + the Western Frontier and continued in that service until the Twentieth + day of August following, when he was captivated at Fort Massachusetts + and carried to Canada by the enemy, where he was detained a prisoner for + the space of twelve months, during which time he constantly officiated + as a chaplain among his fellow-prisoners in the best manner he was able + under the great difficulties and suffering of his imprisonment, and your + Humble Petit'r begs leave further to inform your Excell'c. & Honors that + besides the great Difficulties and Hardships that your Petit'r indured + during his captivity abroad, he and his family by means thereof are + reduced to great Straight and Difficulties at home. He therefore prays + your Excell'c and Honors would take his distressed Circumstances into + your wiser Consideration and grant him such Help and Relief as your + Excell'c, and Honors in your Wisdom and Goodness shall deem meet, and + your memorialist as in duty bound shall ever pray. + + JOHN NORTON. + + Springfield, Jan. 25, 1748. + + [ENDORSED] + + In the House of Representatives, Feb, 23, 1748. Read and Ordered that + the sum of £37, 10s. be allowed the memorialist in consideration of this + officiating as Chaplain to the Prisoners whilst in captivity at Canada. + + In council read & concurred W. Hutchinson, Speaker + J. Willard + Sec'y + + Consented to + + W. SHIRLEY. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MORMON CHURCH. + + +By Victoria Reed. + + +On the 24th of July, 1847, Brigham Young and a few followers pitched +their tents at the base of the Wasatch Range--a spur of the Rocky +Mountains. This was the nucleus of what is now known as the flourishing +city of Salt Lake. These pioneers came across the vast plains, over the +desolate mountains and entered the valley of the Great Salt Lake through +Emigration Canon. Their first view of the locality was from the mouth of +the canon which is at an elevation of seven hundred feet above the city, +and from this eminence the clearness of the atmosphere enabled them to +see mountain ranges ninety miles distant. + +The wide valley, the broad expanse of the lake with its mountainous +islands, miles in extent, and the encircling ranges, formed an +amphitheatre of unexampled grandeur and rugged beauty. The valley itself +at that time was a vast desert without tree or shrub, nothing but the +wild sage-brush and the white alkali soil could be seen, if we except +the scrub-oaks and lebanon cedars that covered the mountain sides and +the emerald colored waters of the lake. Utah was then Mexican Territory, +and this fact, as much perhaps as any other, determined Brigham Young to +settle there. When the exodus from Nauvoo took place, the Mormons were +roughly estimated at four thousand souls and probably about that number +made the first settlement in Utah; but they have increased now to over +two hundred and fifty thousand in the United States with societies in +England, Wales and Scandinavia, all flourishing and sending yearly to +Salt Lake as many as they can find means to transport. The history of +this people will probably never be fully written, but they endured +hardships, privations, sufferings, torture and death. Their settlement +of Utah was one of extreme peril and anxiety, and for years it was a +question whether they would survive or perish. Had they been actuated by +conscience, by pure religious zeal, by patriotism, by any of the nobler +sentiments, they would have made an enviable reputation in history and +gone down to posterity as a society commanding the respect and +veneration of the world; but when it is known that no community or state +even would tolerate them and that they sought this uninhabitable wild, +this unknown and then foreign territory, to escape the punishment of +their crimes, and to practise an abhorrent and barbarous tenet of their +faith, their glory departs and they look and will look in the light of +history abject and pitiable. Some conception of their great undertaking +in crossing the continent may be imagined when we reflect there were no +roads, no known way across the vast arid plains, no mountain cuts, no +bridged streams, no drinking water for miles upon miles with long +tedious marches resulting in sickness and death. + +To one acquainted with the country, knowing the obstacles they overcame, +it is a matter of wonder that women and children were ever able to +perform it. It must be remembered that their destination reached, their +trials had only fairly begun. They were surrounded by savages, they were +over a thousand miles from the habitation of a white man. They had +pitched their tents on an alkali plain that had never been tilled; not a +blade of grass grew in the soil and this in a climate where not a drop +of rain or even a cloud appeared for six months in the year. Irrigation +had never been tried, and the whole scheme was an experiment, the +failure of which would have been fatal to the settlement. The first +winter was spent in their wagons and in tents, while their subsistence +was upon a scanty supply of vegetables. It is no more than common +justice to accord to this people a great undertaking in founding the +settlements of the territory, and a great triumph in their complete +success; but above and beyond this, very little can be said in their +favor. + +The legal title of the Mormon church is the Church of Jesus Christ of +Latter Day Saints, and in the church parlance, Salt Lake city is a state +of Zion and the real Zion is at Jackson, Missouri, to which place the +Mormons claim they are some day to return. The Mormon church is a very +complicated institution, but as perfect in its organization and +operations as the Catholic church. Church and State are inseparable and +the main complications are in the priesthood which extends to nearly +every male member of the church who has a family, thus making them all +more or less responsible for the proceedings of their leaders. This +priesthood is composed of a president, in whom is combined prophet, seer +or revelator of the church. There have been only three men to fill that +office, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and John Taylor who now occupies +the position. This chief with two councillors form the first presidency. +Next in order come the twelve apostles who hold equal authority in +church matters with the president, though the presidency is the last +resort in case of appeal. Next comes the order of the seventies, which +consists of seven presidents, each having control or presiding over +seventy priests or lower presidents, each of whom in turn, presides over +a quorum of seventy. Out of this order of seventies come the patriarchs +who dispense the blessings of the church, the high council which is an +ecclesiastical court, all these orders making up a priesthood after the +order of Melchisedec. Then follows the Aaronic priesthood which is +composed of a senior bishop with two councillors acting as president of +the state of Zion, and an indefinite number of bishops of lower rank +with elders, teachers and deacons. The Mormons claim that this is the +only apostolic church, the only church having the sign of miracles, the +laying on of hands, the giving of tongues, the baptism for the dead, the +consecration of marriage, the only church through whom and with whom God +is talking as of old. Many of the ordinances of the church are performed +in secret and are still more complicated. Although some of these rites +and ceremonies have been revealed by apostates, yet there are others of +such a character that even the bitterest seceder from the church would +not dare unfold them. With this complex system conceived after the +manner of the Jewish priesthood, and with the various revelations that +have been added from time to time, the church of Jesus Christ of Latter +Day Saints stands to-day as a very curious monument to the ingenuity of +men, the most prominent of whom were descended from Puritan fathers. + +The ordinance that has given so much unpleasant notoriety to this church +is that of polygamy, or plural marriage as the Mormons designate it. +There are three kinds of marriage; the marriage for this world as in +other churches, "till death do us part;" the marriage for this world and +for eternity combined; and the marriage for eternity alone, independent +and separate from this world's relationship. + +The Mormon woman has no place in the future state excepting as she +enters under the protection of her husband, so this last marriage or +sealing for eternity was instituted to enable all unmarried women, or +those who were only married for this world, to gain a foothold in the +life to come. The motto of the Mormon church is, the greater the family, +the greater the reward. Brigham Young with his nineteen families +excelled in this respect, and he will be awarded the highest seat in +Heaven. His sealed wives are said to number two hundred and fifty. + +Joseph Smith has also been very popular and has had scores sealed to +him. + +To uphold this peculiarly constituted church, various crimes have been +committed, varying in hue, but the Mountain Meadow Massacre, when one +hundred and nineteen men, women and children were butchered in cold +blood under a flag of truce, surpasses in atrocity any act of the savage +tribes by whom they are surrounded, and has stained indelibly the Mormon +church. Before the advent of the Union Pacific Railroad, to breath a +word against the church organization or any of its acts or resist one of +their tenets or accumulate more wealth than was acceptable to the +leaders, has always brought down instant and the severest punishment, +and the perpetrators could never be brought to justice as they were +emissaries of Brigham Young and his councillors. + +It is polygamy, however, more than all their other deeds and revelations +that has entailed misery, suffering and degradation. It has been the +parent of more crime, more disloyalty, more deceit and sin generally +than all the other causes combined. It is claimed that the revelation of +polygamy came to the prophet Joseph Smith in 1843 at Nauvoo, and it was +secretly practised by him and by other members of his church; but it was +not published to the world until 1852, when Brigham Young made it known +in Utah, thinking no doubt that he was beyond the pale of civilization +and the terrors of the law. It was not made obligatory, but those who +practised it were to have greater exaltation in the next world. A woman +conforming in other respects is entitled to a seat in Heaven, but it is +reserved for the polygamist to be one with the Father. Of course there +is no room for Gentiles in the Mormon Heaven, excepting as hewers of +wood and drawers of water to some Mormon saint. + +The fanatical followers of the priesthood are filled with the +superstitions of the old world, coming, as so many do from the lowest +classes of Great Britain and Scandinavia, fit subjects for all the +mummery imposed upon them in the name of religion. Brigham Young is +often quoted as saying, that he had gathered around him a set of people +that his satanic majesty himself would not have. Even after polygamy had +been openly proclaimed in Utah, their missionaries utterly repudiated +it, and in pursuance of private orders of the prophet they positively +asserted that it was not a tenet of the church. They were afraid of +bringing upon themselves the condemnation of foreign governments; but +the ignorant offshoots of European Monarchies openly commit acts here, +that they boast if perpetrated in their own land, would bring down upon +them the severest penalties of the law. The perfect indifference and +apathy of our government for so many years, however, has given the +Mormons sufficient justification for their attitude. Abroad, not only +their own security, but the large emigration which they sought and do +secure yearly, rendered necessary a great deal of deceit. Men honest and +fair-dealing in other respects have a twisted conscience in regard to +plural marriage. As a Mormon woman said, "A polygamist is the most +ingenious liar imaginable." In the earlier days on their arrival in +Zion, when securely in the toils, their money in the hands of the +elders, too far in the wilderness to make hope of return possible, these +people have awakened to the horrors of the system, and women on the day +of their arrival were hurried to the Endowment House to swell the number +of polygamic wives in the land. Perhaps of all the women in Utah those +who live in constant terror of their husbands entering polygamy are the +most to be pitied. These plural marriages are performed in private in +the Endowment House, a building in the same enclosure with the +Tabernacle and Temple. Here they take oaths of allegiance to the church +that absolve them from obedience to the laws of our country, when they +conflict with their laws. They consider their obligations to their +religion such that they perjure themselves on the witness stand in the +most unblushing manner. They thus defeat the attempts to gain evidence +of their marriages. Apostates, since the protection given to them by +United States troops and the moral support of the Gentiles, have +revealed many of the secrets of this place. This apostacy at any +previous period of their history would have cost them their lives, as +they take the most solemn oaths never to betray this most absurd and +sacrilegious performance. The Endowment House is arranged to represent +the Garden of Eden. The permanent Adam and Eve of the establishment are +a man and woman prominent in the church. A well known public functionary +who performs the ceremony represents God, while his satanic majesty +fulfils his own appropriate functions. The ordeal lasts from nine in the +morning until three in the afternoon, and one or more wives can be taken +at one ceremony. + +The Miles case which attained such notoriety in Utah a short time ago +was one not altogether uncommon, in which a young girl engaged to a +Mormon Elder in London accompanied him to this country to have the +marriage ceremony performed by the fathers of the church. On their way +thither the elder felt constrained to tell this young convert that he +had already made promises of marriage to two Danish sisters who were +awaiting him in Zion; but he assured her that though he felt obliged to +fulfil all his vows yet she should be his first and only legal wife. She +reluctantly consented to this humiliating compromise and on his arrival +in Salt Lake he took the three maidens to the Endowment House and they +were in turn married to him. Unfortunately for conjugal felicity, the +English girl was made second in order on account of priority of age of +one of the Danish sisters. Terrible scenes ensued and in her indignation +this girl denounced her husband and he was brought into court on the +charge of bigamy. Only once before in the whole history of Mormonism has +the court gained evidence of these plural marriages. Wives are bound by +such terrible oaths at the marriage ceremony that they dare not give +testimony against their husbands. Also, the jurors are two-thirds +Mormons and these law breakers would never punish one of their own +number, and no person could be convicted without destroying the rights +of trial by jury. Mr. Robinson, an Englishman who has lately written a +book laudatory of the Mormons, makes the statement that "Many Mormon +women could not be happy until their husbands took other wives." A lady +who has written thrilling stories on the subject of polygamy, writes the +following in response to Mr. Robinson of a friend of hers who was a +Methodist and embraced Mormonism because she had been as she thought +miraculously healed in answer to a prayer of a Mormon Elder. Soon after +reaching Salt Lake her husband took another wife. She was an American +and had been brought up in a Christian family, so she could not take +kindly to polygamy; she thought, however, that it was something ordered +by God and that she must be very wicked to have such bitterness in her +heart towards the woman who had won her husband's love. She said, "I +thought I would go for counsel to those who were wiser and better than +I, so I paid a visit to a model family, two wives in one house who were +said to live like sisters, and exceptionally happy. I told the first +wife my story and asked her how she attained her happiness. 'Happiness,' +she replied, 'I don't know the meaning of the word, I have never seen +a happy hour since that woman came into my house and never shall until +I drop into my grave.' The second wife said, 'for the sake of peace, +I have given up every right both as woman and wife. If it were not for +my child, I would have thrown myself into the river long ago.' Then I +went to two of Brigham's wives who were held up as examples. The first +to whom I spoke said, 'I have shed tears enough since I have been in +polygamy to drown myself twice over;' the other said, 'the plains from +the Mississippi River to Salt Lake are strewed with the bones of women +who were not strong enough to bear the burdens of polygamy, and the +cemetery here is full of them; but every one of these women will wear +a martyr's crown.'" Women who give their consent to the death knell of +happiness do it on the ground that their reward will be greater in +Heaven, and that the few years in this world is as nothing in view of +eternity. Buoyed up by these hopes, women leaving large families at home +with infants in their arms, accompany their husbands and give them in +marriage to young girls who have grown up at their very doors. + +They have often left their husbands and even their children behind them +in foreign lands or in our own, to gain the coveted privilege of passing +the remnant of their days in communion with the Latter Day Saints in the +glorious State of Zion. These deluded women get their deserved +punishment for deserting the highest and acknowledged duties of life, by +the ignominy and contempt heaped upon them by those who allured them +from their homes. Contact with this institution has in a few cases not +only deadened all finer sensibilities, but has trampled upon instinct, +when mothers coming with grown daughters to Utah not only marry Mormons +themselves, but urge their girls to become polygamic wives to their own +husbands. Very few probably are of this character, and the majority are +mere tools in the hands of a tyrannical priesthood. + +A gentleman well versed in the history of the church in Utah writes +"that after a thousand years of Christianity and civilization, Mormons +have stripped woman of all her rights, have trampled her in the dust, +have sworn her on her life to obey her jailor husband, then have given +her the ballot and boast of their liberality." + +Suffrage under a theocratic government is a farce for both man or woman +and, in the latter case, a pure mockery, as the Mormon woman has +apparently a privilege which is denied to woman elsewhere, but this +privilege is entirely out of her power to use excepting as ordered by +the church that controls her. Suffrage given to the women of Utah has +had two results; first, to increase greatly the vote for the church and +its institutions, and secondly, to make woman herself the champion of +her own degradation. Brigham Young gave the suffrage to Morman women, +and he was confident that he could manipulate this element as he had all +others in behalf of his own aggrandizement, both spiritual and temporal. +Our government and Gentile residents hoped that the franchise would be +productive of great good in opening the eyes of these women to the +knowledge of the power invested in them, to free themselves from the +superstitious obedience with which their vicegerent had enchained them; +but the folly of endowing them with our privilege so long as theocracy +exists, has been fully demonstrated. To ask for rights which are +cheerfully conceded to woman in every other section of the country, +would be utterly useless in Utah. The law of suffrage like all other +laws in Utah have been made for the sole protection of their divine +institution; so these Mormon women have only raised their voices to +uphold polygamy which they have been forced to do on all occasions when +it would benefit their church. They assembled in Mass-meeting and +petitioned Congress to propose an amendment to the constitution +sanctioning polygamy, and they have waved banners in the streets of Salt +Lake on which were inscribed "The women of Utah believe in polygamy." +The brutal teachings of Brigham Young and his councillors and all the +laws and institutions of Utah are intended to reduce woman to utter and +abject servitude, and to resist this power in the earlier days when they +were sensitive to the touch of the tyrant's will would have been a very +dangerous experiment; but now, with help stretching towards them, they +seem to be too throughly paralyzed by years of total submission to be +able to avail themselves of it. + +The numbering of the vote is a very essential element in the ballot, as +by that means the priesthood has knowledge of the failure of any man or +woman to vote as they have been ordered. The Edmunds commission reports +as follows in regard to Woman's suffrage: "We are satisfied that owing +to the peculiar state of affairs in Utah--this law is an obstruction to +the speedy solution of the vexed question." + +There are many laws on the statute books detrimental to women. No right +of dower exists in the territory, and the legislators at their last +session wholly refused to provide for it. There are no marriage laws--as +the Mormons hold the ordinance as strictly a Latter Day Church +prerogative. There are no laws forbidding immorality such as are found +in all other states and territories. + +A prominent Mormon bishop lately asserted in the eastern press "that the +Mormon women are happy," a statement entirely contrary to that of the +women themselves who declare their state to be purgatorial. + +The _Anti-polygamy Standard_ says:--"A wife lately thwarted her +husband in his attempt to enter polygamy, threatening to expose him in +court; the true spirit of Mormonism was exhibited in his reply, that the +laws of God would soon be in full force in Utah--we shall get rid of the +Gentiles, and all such Mormon women as you will be blood-atoned." This +atonement is one of the tenets of the church. Any act committed against +it has in the past been punished by death, the shedding of the guilty +persons, blood being necessary for the atonement of the sin. + +A band of men called destroying angels, has committed these murderous +deeds under the guidance of the priesthood. This doctrine is no longer +in force and could not stand in the face of federal officials and a +Gentile population. + +It was for many years the desire of the church to prevent any expanding +of the intellect on the part of their followers, and any casual observer +at the Tabernacle would be convinced that this and their divine +institution had done their thorough work in stamping ignorance and +misery upon a large number of the faces gathered there. + +Prayer has always played an important part in both secular as well as +religious assemblages, used as a means to impress and overawe these +superstitious disciples of an all absorbing faith. Every ball, every +party, all social gatherings and even the theatre in the olden time, +opened and closed with prayer. In the dedication of a building they +bless the different parts even to shingles and nails. A full hour was +consumed when the large tabernacle was dedicated, in enumerating and +blessing the different materials that made up its construction. One +other very peculiar tenet of the church is baptism for the dead. They +are women principally who enter with enthusiasm in practising this rite, +and they have been immersed as many as twenty times in one day to insure +the future of departed friends. It was the boast of one poor simple +Scotch woman that she had secured places in Heaven for Sir William +Wallace and Robert Bruce. In accordance with a purpose of the +priesthood, children bore a prominent part in public affairs. They were +called Utah's best crop--and less than ten years ago--they formed +conspicuous portions of the audiences that gathered in the tabernacle +and theatre. Their youthful voices in concert rivalled those of the +tabernacle choir, the latter no mean institution as it numbered over +300. At the theatre, too young to hold up their heads, their mothers +tended them on pillows. This custom has gradually been abolished until +now an apostle can harangue by the hour on his favorite topic of "come +up and pay your tithing without an infant's cry to interrupt the +monotonus strain." + +This theocratic government, where one man calls himself God's vicegerent +and imposes his revelations on a narrow minded fanatical class of men, +carries its own hand into all its branches, nothing being too small or +petty for its fingers to grasp, and implicit obedience is to-day, as it +always has been, the watch-word of the church. At church conferences +there is never a dissenting voice and at the polls always the same +unanimous vote. The following quotations give an idea of how the power +is placed in Utah and of what theocracy consists:--Brigham Young said +in the Tabernacle in 1869, "what is the greatest miracle that can be +wrought before God, our Saviour, the angels, the inhabitants of the +earth and the infernal regions? Is it raising the dead or healing the +sick? No--it is not--it is bringing a people to strict obedience to the +rule of the priesthood." + +Orson Pratt, the learned apostle, has always taught that "people cannot +govern themselves by laws of their own making or by officers of their +own choosing, for that would be in direct rebellion to the law of God. +Absolute power vested in one man is the best and most efficient human +government. There is one kind of government that will secure permanent +prosperity and happiness, and that is theocracy or the government of God +through his prophet, seer and revelator." + +President Kimball said in the tabernacle:--"Have not the majority of +this congregation made most solemn covenants and vows that they will +listen, obey and be subject to the priesthood? Have not the sisters made +the same solemn covenant before God, angels and men that they will be +subject to their husbands?" + +President Taylor says:--"You want to pay your tithing fairly and +squarely, or you will find yourselves outside of the pale of the church +of the living God. You must also uphold the co-operative institutions." + +Col. Hollister, a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with Mormonism, writes +thus:--"There is no rule of the people intended in the Mormon church. +There is no state government contemplated because it has every organ of +despotic state government in and of itself. It takes no account whatever +of the natural right of man to life, liberty, property, freedom of +opinion or of conscience. Its bill of rights, its constitution, its laws +are the revelations of the prophet. It has not a single idea or +institution common to free government or free men. As long as they hold +this theocratic idea, to force democratic government upon them, is a +farce. Its political party is the church and into that political party +no one can enter excepting through the church." + +Polygamy disgraces us in the eyes of the world, and fills the home where +it enters with untold misery; but a theocratic government, thoroughly +equipped, unanimously responsive in all its branches, far-reaching in +its designs and expanding as rapidly as that of the Mormon church, +presents a great political enigma to the American people even when shorn +of its most obnoxious feature. Congress and the country at large have +their attention fixed upon the question of polygamy, and the proposed +legislative commission, if endorsed by Congress, would bring the Mormon +Church itself face to face with it. It is so embedded in the very roots +of their organization that many Mormons insist that it would be utterly +impossible for the church to dispense with it; and the _Deseret +News_, the church organ in the issue following the President's +Message, declares that "neither commissions, edicts or armies, or any +earthly power can affect plural marriages of the Mormons for they are +'ecclesiastical, perpetual and eternal.'" No doubt there will be a +convulsive effort made to retain the government of the Territory in +their own hands, and they might be forced to abandon polygamy to save +such a catastrophe, but would they do it in good faith? + +What would their fanatical followers say if the "absolute command of +God" to Joseph Smith is no longer to be regarded. If polygamy can, +however, be happily abolished, there still remains a solid phalanx of +determined men and women manipulated by the hand of wily priests and +bishops, who do not believe in our institutions, who deny the right of +individual feeling or action, who teach the doctrine that the Latter Day +Saints will rule eventually the whole country and the world. Such +compact power, so guarded, so absolute, is certainly an unparalleled +achievement when the few years of its conception and execution in a +barren desolate waste is considered. A similar case has never been +witnessed before in the heart of any country on the globe, and it is +safe to say that no other civilized nation would have tolerated such an +anomaly in its midst. Germany even has forbidden Mormon missionaries to +come within her borders. England is profuse in condemnation of our +Government for permitting such an institution as polygamy, which she +fosters however by sending one-half the recruits that come yearly to our +shores to practise it. Scandinavia and our own land contribute the +balance, and it is confidently asserted that Massachusetts alone gives +more converts to Mormonism than are converted from it in Utah, Worthy +mechanics and skilled laborers in our manufacturing towns are joining +this standard which holds out temptations of temporal prosperity that +are difficult to resist. + +The Mormon church is fast peopling the immediate surrounding +territories. Idaho is dangerously invaded and the balance of power +threatened, while Colorado and Arizona have large, growing settlements. + +The first train that passed over the new narrow guage road that runs +through Colorado, carried a load of foreign emigrants to Utah. Railroads +intersect Utah in all directions, and the church is also laying her own +peculiar rails throughout the whole region of the Rocky Mountains, and +they will give promising dividends in strength and security to the +church institutions. + +The Edmunds bill is a step towards the abolishment of polygamy. It has +disfranchised the law-breakers but has not had the effect of +discouraging plural marriages. Some Gentiles maintain that there are as +many solemnized now as before the passage of the bill, and the +Commission itself acknowledges that the practice still exists, though +they think there is a decrease. + +However this may be, it is certainly true that strenuous efforts were +made immediately upon its adoption to force young people into polygamy; +and at the late conferences addresses were delivered enjoining upon the +people the fact that, the Kingdom of God could not progress unless they +obeyed the revelation given to Joseph Smith at Nauvoo, and God would +never forgive his people if they did not obey his commands. While these +sentiments were freely expressed in the Tabernacle, a statement is sent +to the eastern papers by a prominent member of the church that "the +Edmunds Bill has practically abolished polygamy." + +To overthrow this theocratic government and to parry the subtle wiles of +the priesthood, more than ordinary attention and wisdom will be +required, and it will be a great triumph to our legislators if they can +succeed in bringing about a peaceable solution of the greatest problem +now before the American people. + + * * * * * + + + + +ELIZABETH.[1] + +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. + + +By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + +A CASE OF CONSCIENCE. + + +The stars had not begun to pale in the morning twilight when Elizabeth +awakened. The dim outlines of houses and trees could be seen through the +window as she looked out against the sky. Within the room the furniture, +large and heavy, looked still larger in the darkness. She fixed her eyes +upon some point, and followed back the lines that flowed from it until +they were lost in the dimness, and this assured her that she was awake. +Her writing-table was in part sharply outlined against the window, and +part of it was lost in the shadow of the draperies. The bureau seemed +only a dark mass among the shadows in force in the corners of the room. + +These and the tops of the heavy chairs, as she looked at one and another +of them, helped to calm her and give her a sense of reality. But they in +no way accounted for the startling suggestion, that whether dream or +waking thought had first filled her with fear and then set her heart +beating hard as she lay wide awake breathing unevenly and striving to +learn if she were still under the influence of a dream, or if the +unconscious conviction which had come upon her was the result of +dwelling upon what she knew. She could not recall her dreams, but they +seemed to her to have had no connection with the sudden sense of danger +that had startled her awake. She tried to throw it off, but it was like +the objects in the room that had seemed almost invisible at first, but +that grew every moment more distinct to her as she watched them. She +felt more and more sure that the danger was real, however the knowledge +of it had come; a terrible danger, but not to herself. It seemed strange +now that she had been blind so long, and yet, how could she have +suspected such a horror? Lord Bulchester felt it, too, only that he +would not allow himself to believe it. But it was he who had brought +conviction home; it would never have come, she thought, if she had not +seen him yesterday. But it had come, and it remained. It held her like a +vise, drawing her back toward it whenever she tried to escape, driving +off sleep forcibly when more than once that seemed about to seize her. +What was she to do with it? Plainly, something. It and rest could never +dwell together. But what? And how could she do it? A conviction which +pressed upon herself with the force of a certainty, and yet had no +proofs by which to establish itself, was not an easy thing to make felt +by another mind. And when it was a conviction of danger, and that other +had by nature and training a contempt of danger, the difficulties were +increased. Added to this were other difficulties which Elizabeth felt +keenly; but the fear was stronger than them all. The longer she studied +the matter the more she saw that the only thing for her to do was the +one thing that she shrank from most. All the freedom left her was to +find out the best way of doing it. + +When the dimness of starlight began to grow into the dawn, she arose. +But she delayed at her toilet, standing so long in thought with her +brush in her hand, and her dark hair sweeping over her shoulders, that +it was six o'clock before she crossed the hall and knocked at her +father's door. + +There was no answer. She knocked again, with the same result, and then +opening the door, found the room empty. Mr. Royal had gone down stairs. +But it was too early for Mrs. Eveleigh, and Elizabeth might still have +her talk with him without interruption. With a mixture of relief and +dread she went down the broad, low stairs and crossed the hall into the +library. + +It had always been her favorite room. She had spent so many happy hours +here with the books, that the room with its handsome old furniture and +sunny windows was full of the memories and day dreams that her reading +had conjured up. But not only this; it was here that she had seen most +of her father; they had spent hours together here, while Mrs. Eveleigh +attended to her household duties, or amused herself with her friends, +or retired for her nap. And whether father and daughter talked, or +sat, he with his paper or his writing, she with her book, each felt a +companionship in the other. Elizabeth often spoke her thoughts freely to +any one who happened to be within hearing when the mood for speech came +over her; but as to her feelings, her father understood those best. This +was partly on account of his quickness of comprehension, which supplied +much that she did not utter, and partly because there came to her times +when her father seemed like a second self, and silence grew unnatural. + +But that morning speech, evidently, was not easy to her. For, although +she had gone to him as a matter of course, her perplexity seemed to grow +greater as she sat down by the desk at which he was making up some +accounts. It seemed to her that her life was no longer free and simple; +a dreadful force had come into contact with it and, as she felt, made it +more unworthy. Had a mere jest ever before brought such a train of +miseries? Her fingers laid restless folds in a piece of paper she took +up, and her father after his greeting went on with the accounts. It was +his habit to give people time, and he had found that doing it gave him +the best opportunity to take his own bearings. His judgments were +usually so accurate, and his decisions so wise that a good many people +would have been thankful to find the scales by which he weighed the +anxiety or the satisfaction that came under his observation. On that +morning the rapid pen travelled several times up and down columns of +figures and noted down the results before Elizabeth began: + +"Father." It was a small beginning, and followed by silence. But the +tone made Mr. Royal push his work aside, and look full into his +daughter's face. "Father," she repeated, "I want you to advise me." + +"Am I not always ready for that?" returned Mr. Royal, his smile fading +before the gravity of her expression. + +"There is something so hard to be done," she answered. + +"Then, must it be done?" + +"Oh, yes, that's the only thing about it I am quite sure of. It must be +done, and directly, too. It may be too late now, but we must try. What +troubles me is how it can be done so that we may be certain." + +"Certain of what?" + +"Certain that it reaches him," answered Elizabeth. Then she looked at +her father, and remembered that he could not understand her. "I must +tell you," she said. "It is like a nightmare. It oppresses me to think +of it. I feel guilty to believe it, and yet I don't dare to deny it to +myself, for fear of the consequences. It's about Mr. Edmonson, father." + +"Oh!" said her listener in a tone far from pleased. + +"And Mr. Archdale, added Elizabeth. Not that who the people are makes +any difference. Our duties would be just the same knowing the,--knowing +what I do." Her father sat watching her in silence with his keenest +gaze. "There is no love lost between the two men, as you know," she went +on. "Mr. Archdale is lofty, and wouldn't condescend to anything more +than a dislike that he hasn't tried to conceal, since Mr. Edmonson +ceased being his guest. But with Mr. Edmonson it's different; when he +feels, he acts; and once in a while there is an unrestraint about him +which is frightful; it makes me think of lava breaking through the crust +of a volcano. I believe there is something volcanic in his nature; you +can't go deep into it without danger. And there is danger now. Father, +there is danger now." As Elizabeth repeated her statement she leaned +forward a little and looked at her father, her eyes full of earnestness +and dread. + +"In what way, and to whom?" asked Mr. Royal. + +"To Mr. Archdale," she answered. + +It was not Mr. Royal's way to protest or deny; he liked to get in his +evidence first of all. "What makes you think so?" he asked. + +"A good many little things that have come back to me in confirmation, +but especially a speech of Mr. Edmonson's that I overheard one day at +Seascape. Stray shots," he said, "have taken off more superfluous kings +and men than the world has any idea of. I did not know at the time whom +he had been speaking about, and I forgot the speech; it seemed to me to +have no object. But now it does, and now I remember a word or two +besides that showed me that he had turned the conversation upon Mr. +Archdale." + +"When was this?" + +"One morning when I was coming up from the beach, I didn't feel like +talking to anyone, and when I heard voices the other side of the great +boulder--you remember it?--I waited a moment, to see if they would pass +on, so that I need not go back to the house by the longest way; and it +was then that he said it. He was with Lord Bulchester. He was speaking +of other things first, and then I missed a few words, and then he said +this." + +"So far as he was concerned," answered Mr. Royal, "that might be as +innocent a speech as ever was uttered. Indeed, don't you see that a man +who meditated mischief wouldn't make such a speech at all?" + +"If the man were Mr. Edmonson he might, and to Lord Bulchester who, he +knows, never would do anything against him. But Lord Bulchester is +uncomfortable. I saw it yesterday; and perhaps wondering over that was +what made me put everything together. I don't know how it was, but I +awoke in the night and saw it all. And now they have gone where the will +and the opportunity are sure to meet. Mr. Archdale must be warned." + +"But, Elizabeth," said her father, "why should he want to do it? He +succeeded in his designs upon the Archdale property. What malice can he +have?" As he spoke, he looked earnestly at his daughter. He had not been +blind to things going on about him, and especially things concerning his +daughter, but in a case like this no suppositions of his own were to +take the place of evidence. + +Elizabeth met his eyes for a moment, then her own drooped and she grew +pale. It was not that her father's eyes told her his thoughts, it was at +the humiliation of her own position in being the object of mercenary +scheming. "He has not enough money," she said at last distinctly, "and +he wants more. That's what it means. And he dares to think--." She +stopped short, and for a moment it seemed as if it would be impossible +for her to go on; a hot flush came to her face and an angry light into +her eyes. Then her courage returned, and although she uttered the words +with visible effort she went resolutely on. "I know it," she said, "he +dares to think someone else,--Mr. Archdale,--is somewhat like himself, +and that he will come to want more money too. He cares for nobody, he +would stop at nothing, and he thinks that I refused him because,--he +does not understand how I feel towards him. Oh, don't you know that +sometimes you know all about a thing, know it perfectly, and cannot make +it seem so to another? Don't let it be so with you, father. Only listen +to me." Mr. Royal did listen attentively as she went over the points of +her story again. Had she been talking of some matter of business, her +inexperience and a something about her that people were apt to call +unpracticalness, might have decided him against giving any unusual +weight to a speech like Edmonson's. But here the weight of her +character, and of impressions stronger than she could put into words +told. He saw, too, that she was looking at the matter with the accuracy +and judgment that it usually takes years of training to learn. This, +added to her own intensity, gave a convincing force to her words. He +admitted to himself that the affair had an ugly look. + +At last Elizabeth paused. She drew a little nearer her father, and laid +her hand upon the table beside him. "I want you to advise me;" she said; +then, "What must I do?" + +In the impossibility of any answer he felt a sudden rebound from the +force of her words. "I don't see that there is anything for you to do, +or for anybody," he said. "How can you act upon a thing that is purely +an assumption, and not only that, but a thing so wicked that it is a +cruelty to a man to imagine it about him? I can't believe that it's +necessary to do anything, for I can't bring myself to feel as you do. +Are you very sure that you have not fancied a part of this?" + +"Father!" cried Elizabeth, "I wish I had, But look at it." And she went +again over the grounds of her suspicions, giving with a clearness that +he was proud of, the indications that she had seen of the bent of +Edmonson's will and the evidences of his headstrong character, linking +one trifling act or word to another, until she had welded a chain so +strong that Mr. Royal felt a thrill run through him as he listened, for +she awoke in him her own belief and something of her own anxiety to be +doing. So that when she had finished, instead of repeating that it was +not necessary to do anything, he asked whom she had thought of as the +person to give the warning to Archdale. + +She was about to speak, then checked herself, hesitated, and at last +said, "I want you to advise me." + +"Um!" said Mr. Royal, and was silent. He was somewhat disappointed that +she, so powerful in statement, should have no suggestion to offer in a +matter that puzzled him the more, the more he thought of it. Such a +warning would not be easy to give under the most favorable +circumstances. It would not be a pleasant task to tell a man that +another man had designs upon his life, and when such assertion had only +the proof of strong conviction and of evidence, trivial in its details, +strong only as a whole, it would be even hazardous to whisper a warning +to the person himself, liable to lead to complications and sure to be +met by incredulity and either ridicule or resentment. But here, where no +personal communication was to be had, the difficulties were a hundred +times greater. Circumstances made it especially awkward for either +Elizabeth or himself to put these suspicions into words. But to put them +upon paper with all the cumulative evidence needed to carry +conviction,--if conviction could indeed be conveyed without the +reiteration of words and the persuasiveness of the voice,--to do this +and send the paper adrift, to fall into Archdale's hands or not as the +fortunes of war should determine, perhaps to fall into other hands,--it +was impossible, for Elizabeth's sake it was impossible. "I don't see how +we can reach him," he said at last. "A letter wouldn't answer." + +"No," she said, "he might never get it." Mr. Royal looked at her more +closely as she fixed her eyes upon him, flushing a little as she spoke +with the earnestness of her purpose. + +"Well," he said musingly, "we certainly can't get at him in any other +way, and that one is uncertain and dangerous. Even the dispatches are +subject to the fortunes of war. I don't see what we can do, Elizabeth. +Do you?" + +But even as he spoke, he refrained from what he was about to add, +turning his assertion into a question. For a change was coming over his +daughter; the power within her to rise to great occasions was in force +now. The conventionalities that were holding him in check were unfelt by +her; she had risen above them to that high ground where the intricacies +of life are resolved into absolute questions of right and wrong, and +where perfect simplicity of intention becomes a divine guide. + +"Father, do you remember," she cried, "what I have cost him and Katie? +I must not be silent, and let them be separated more, a great deal, than +my foolish speech once seemed to do. He has gone where stray shots are +of everyday occurence, and nobody ever inquires into them. Apart from +this obligation, if we do nothing we shall be murderers." She locked her +fingers together as she spoke, not in nervous indecision, for her look +was full of resolution, but as if the necessity that she was facing +disturbed her. Mr. Royal suddenly perceived that his daughter had not +finished, that behind that expression there was, not a suggestion, +indeed, but a decision. She had come to him, not for advice, but for +approval; she knew what to do. Her plan would scarcely be one to meet +the approval of people like Mrs. Eveleigh. But he recognized that the +soul that was looking out from Elizabeth's fearless eyes had a high law +of its own. And when his daughter spoke in this mood, Mr. Royal was +reverent enough to listen. + + +CHAPTER XXV. + +DUTY. + + +"How strange it seems here," said Nancy Foster leaning forward toward +Elizabeth, as they sat in the sunshine on the deck of the schooner; and +as she spoke she glanced along the horizon. + +Elizabeth before answering turned her head in the direction in which the +land, had it been in sight, would have appeared; but no vision of shore +broke the wide circuit of ocean and sky. Then her eyes came back to the +little vessel as if to assure herself that she was not alone in this +waste of water. Her father sat on the opposite side reading. With a word +of reply to Nancy, she fell into silence again. Only, instead of the +vague wonder how she should meet the future, her thoughts now turned to +the past. It was nine mornings since that consultation with her father +in the library, and they had been only one night at sea. It had taken a +week to get off. From the first she had counted upon Mrs. Eveleigh's +remonstrances and vehement reproaches of Mr. Royal's wrong-doing in +taking his daughter into such danger. They were only a little more +vehement than she had expected. But Mrs. Eveleigh did not know the +errand; if she had, that would have made a difference, or, as Elizabeth +reflected, she thought that this would have been treated as the +strangest part of the affair. But she had kept her own counsel, saying +only that her father and she thought it right. Mrs. Eveleigh had been so +exasperated by being kept in the dark that she had retained her anger to +the very last day. Then she had drowned her resentment in a flood of +tears, and declared between her sobs that, frightful as it all was, for +she dreaded the very sight of a gun, she would rather go with Elizabeth +than have the dear girl set off without any companion. Elizabeth's +reminder that her father and Nancy were to accompany her only called +forth the assertion that a maid was no companion, and a man was nothing +at such a time. Elizabeth thought that at the time of sieges and battles +a man might be considered of some little consequence. But she never +argued with Mrs. Eveleigh, and she had quitted her thankful for the good +lady's affection, and glad that Mrs. Eveleigh was to be left behind on +such an expedition. + +"You'll never come back," Mrs. Eveleigh sobbed. "The French ships of war +will be sure to gobble up you and your father, too. I know just how it +will be. You are a crazy girl, and I don't know what is the matter with +you," she had added irrelevantly; "and as to your father, you must have +bewitched him; he used to have plenty of common sense." + +The matter with Mr. Royal was, that he knew his daughter well enough to +be sure that if Archdale was killed during the siege she would feel +always that her silence might have given the opportunity for his death. +And he knew that to bring upon Elizabeth the miseries of an uneasy +conscience would be to kill her by slow torture. Besides, he himself +believed in the danger, his own conscience was aroused, and that was not +easily put to sleep. But if he had heard the verdict of Mrs. Eveleigh, +who knew nothing of the matter, he would not have blamed her so much. + +He had hired this little schooner in which they now were at a ruinous +rate, and had not been able to do even that until he had pledged himself +to pay all damages in case of loss. Governor Shirley had seized the +opportunity to send dispatches several days earlier than he had +intended. Mr. Royal went with a picked crew, men both honest and +skilful. He knew the dangers of French vessels as well as Mrs. Eveleigh +did, but his daughter's persistent assertion: "We shall be murderers," +had overborne every objection. + +Elizabeth sitting on deck that morning, was thinking of these things, +and tracing in this danger which she was trying to avert, one of the +consequences of her frolic on the river that summer evening. Then she +remembered that but for that she would perhaps have been Edmonson's +wife, and she said to herself that the Lord had been very merciful to +her, and that she would try not to shrink from her duty. + +"How fast we are going," said Nancy again. It was true that the little +vessel before a fair wind was flying over the water at a rate that, if +kept up, and in the same direction, would soon bring its passengers to +their destination. Elizabeth was glad of speed, already it might be too +late. And besides, the sooner her errand was done, the sooner she should +return with a mind at rest. She began to reckon how long before she +should be at home again. In a week, in less time if they were fortunate, +they should reach Louisburg. She should not want more than five minutes' +talk with Mr. Archdale. Then it would be home again immediately. Her +father had hired the schooner for the very reason that it should not be +detailed for any other service, but should bring them back at once. +How strange it was, she thought, to spend fourteen days for only five +minutes' conversation, and that, too, with one who was no especial +friend except through his engagement to Katie. But for all the weariness +she was thankful to do it, and grateful to her father. She hoped that +she should not catch even a glimpse of Edmonson, and it seemed +improbable that she would. After the siege was over he would probably go +to England again. How she wished he were there now, and she quietly at +home, where in that case she might have been now. + +The next day there was a head wind, and the day following no wind at +all. As time went on, it grew evident that it would be more than a week +from their starting before they could drop anchor in Cabanus Bay. Dread +lest they should be too late began to harass Elizabeth. But she showed +no impatience. Her silence was what Nancy noticed most. But, then, Nancy +liked talking, and did not enjoy the books which her Mistress had +brought with her and read most persistently, or sometimes tried to read, +unsuccessfully. Even then they served as a protection against the maid's +talk when she was in too anxious a mood to endure it. + +On the morning of the seventeenth they caught sight of the "Little +Gibraltar," but the wind was against them, and it was the afternoon of +the next day before the Captain of the schooner could run into the Bay, +and go ashore with his dispatches and Mistress Royal's message to the +General. + +Elizabeth looked about her with breathless interest, realizing that here +she was to find war. It happened that on her arrival there was a lull in +the cannonading. Both sides had paused to draw breath, but the lull was +far from perfect silence, and to her inexperience this occasional +thunder of bursting shells seemed sharp conflict. She said so to the +Captain as they drew toward shore. + +"Bless yer!" he answered with a laugh. "This ain' t no thin' at all, +this is nothin' but child's play. Wait till yer see it hot and heavy. I +s'pose we shall go back to-morrow, though. I'd like to have yer see some +good stout work first." + +"Ain't we in danger here?" inquired Nancy. + +The skipper rolled his quid of tobacco in his cheek reflectively a +moment. "Well, no," he said, "I guess nothin' to speak of. They're too +busy answering the batteries; it's only the stray shot that comes our +way. There's a thousand chances to one agin' its hitting us, and I guess +we can stand the one." He looked at Nancy closely to guage the amount of +her courage. + +"I guess we can," she answered coolly. This reply seemed to please him. +He had before considered Nancy "a nice lookin' girl;" and now, as he put +down "grit" in his mental catalogue of her fascinations, he smiled to +himself, and thought of a neat little home on the Salem shore where his +mother now presided, and where it was not impossible that some day Nancy +might be persuaded to reign. But the demands of the hour recalled him +from this dream to his usual brisk attention to realities, and as soon +as he had cast anchor, he left the ship in charge of the mate, and went +in search of the General. + +General Pepperell was in his tent, resting after a hard day's work. Not +only had he been through the camp cheering the soldiers, by imparting +to them something of his own indomitable resolution and by seeing +personally that everything possible was done for the sufferers in the +hospital, but he had also been for hours superintending the arrangements +on the new battery that was to do such execution upon the granite walls +of Louisburg. Now everything was in readiness and he had ordered two +hours of rest before the firing from it should begin. Nearly an hour of +that had gone by before he entered his tent for the rest he needed, when +almost immediately the messenger reached him. + +"Mr. Royal and his daughter here!" he cried. "And Mr. Royal requests +to see Captain Archdale? I don't understand. But I shall hear why +from them." He dispatched an orderly for Stephen who was still at the +battery, and then went with the skipper to the little vessel that had +brought the unexpected guests. Elizabeth never forgot the kindness of +his greeting. In the midst of the strange scene and of preparations for +work in which women had no part, the friendliness of his face and tones, +and his cordial grasp of her hand made her feel almost at home. She had +been sure of courtesy, but she had not dared to look for this, and her +eyes grew dim for an instant. + +"I suppose that we shall return this evening," she said after the +greetings and inquiries were over and Mr. Royal had explained that in +a few minutes all that he had come for could be said to Mr. Archdale. +Although after thinking the matter over carefully he had decided that it +was Elizabeth, filled with the spirit of her warning, who should herself +give her message to Archdale yet he spoke to Pepperell as if she had +accompanied him. And when the General said that he had already sent for +the young man, Mr. Royal told him that his daughter had that in her +pocket for him which, if he knew, it would lend wings to his feet. + +"A letter from our charming Mistress Katie," pronounced Pepperell, +smiling at Elizabeth. + +"Yes," she said, and after a little repeated her question of their +returning that evening. + +"Yes, I know," said the General. He waited a moment, and then added. +"But if you come among soldiers, you will feel the exactions of war. +There are those dispatches, you remember, not even read yet" and he +touched the breast of his coat, "because I was in such haste to pay my +respects to you. Now, I should like to send an answer to these, and I am +afraid I shall not have it ready before to-morrow morning; the Commodore +will probably write me to-night and I want to include whatever news he +may have. Will to-morrow do?" + +"Oh, yes, I shall be glad to help the cause, even so little as that," +she answered. Pepperell thanked her for her words, and ignored the look +of disappointment that he had seen flit across her face before she +spoke. + +"We have been putting up a fascine battery within two hundred and +fifteen yards of the west gate," he said, "It will open fire in an hour, +and then you will see a cannonade! We have two forty-two pounders there, +it will be no child's play." Nothing had then hinted at the Titanic +scale of modern war engines. Elizabeth's eyes dilated, but she said +nothing. The General sat beside her, and asked how things were going on +in Boston, asked about his friends, and many trifling details that +neither dispatches nor letters would give him, and that she wondered +that he had heart for in the scenes going on about him. Then he told +them many particulars of the siege and especially of the terrible labor +of dragging the heavy guns from the shore into position, interspersing +all this narrative of the life-and-death struggles with amusing +anecdotes and bright comments, until she was amazed, and in listening +found that she had gained a better knowledge of him than in years of +ordinary acquaintance. For she could not have realized by that how +many-sided the man was, how full of resources, and how indomitable. +She noticed how sympathetically he spoke of the brave fellows he was +leading. When he said that the hardships of the campaign and the cold +of a severer climate than they had been accustomed to had prostrated +numbers of them. Elizabeth saw that it was not only soldiers that he +felt he was losing when they died, but men from his own home and +neighborhood and in whom he had a personal interest. Then as he sat +there, she begged him not to think of her if others needed him but +to go. + +"This time is at my own disposal," he answered, adding with a smile. "If +the struggle had come, Mistress Royal, I should think of you, no doubt, +but I should not give you a moment's attention. The pointing of the +smallest cannon would at the moment be of more importance than all your +affairs. A besieging army can have no cry of '_Place aux dames_;' +therefore I shall not invite you to stay after to-morrow. I shall even +send you home. Or, lest I should hurt your feelings too much, I will put +it this way; I shall send your father home, and he will take you with +him." + +Elizabeth laughed; and the conversation went on with its interest +increasing, when all at once Pepperell rose, and held out his hand to +her in farewell. "I may not see you again until we meet in Boston." he +said, "but if I can, I will come for a moment in the morning." + +She was surprised at his going away so soon after his assurance of being +at leisure but as after speaking to her father he stepped over the side +of the vessel, she perceived the reason for his sudden departure. His +trained eye had caught what the distance had hidden from her, the figure +of a man coming rapidly toward the shore. + +When the General landed, the keel of the little boat he was in grated on +the beach at Stephen Archdale's feet. With a salute to his commander, +the latter sprang into it, and before Elizabeth had recovered her +breath, was coming over the ship's side. + +The General walked on without turning his head toward the schooner. +Nevertheless, it is true that once he said to himself distinctly. "The +Yankee in me does clamor to know what they want of that fellow." + +[Footnote 1: Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.] + + * * * * * + + + + +ROOM AT THE TOP. + + + Never you mind the crowd, lad, + Or fancy your life won't tell; + The work is the work for a' that + To him that doeth it well. + Fancy the world a hill, lad; + Look where the millions stop; + You'll find the crowd at the base, lad; + There's always room at the top. + + Courage and faith and patience, + There's space in the old world, yet; + The better the chance you stand, lad, + The further along you get. + Keep your eye on the goal, lad, + Never despair or drop; + Be sure that your path leads upward; + There's always room at the top. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TWO DAYS WITH THE A.M.C. + + +By Helen M. Winslow. + + +It is a divine up-reaching instinct in man that forces him to climb the +hills of science, unlock the mysteries of ages, and wrest from the +natural forces of earth and air, their well-guarded secrets. Is it the +subtle workings of this desire for the mastery over mechanical agencies, +this prying into Nature's secrets, that leads us out into the forest +primeval and gives zest to mountain climbing? + +Fortune is said to favor the brave. It certainly favored the writer of +this article when an opportunity was offered for a two days' trip with +the Appalachian Mountain Club up Mounts Kearsarge South and Cardigan in +New Hampshire. A few words in regard to this club. Well known as it has +come to be, the objects of its existence are scarcely understood by the +majority, even, of Bostonians. + +"Oh," said one, referring to this very trip. "They go off somewhere, +climb a mountain, have a jolly time and then come home. It's about the +same thing over and over." + +Very true. But they do more. According to the by-laws, "the objects of +the club are to explore the mountains of New England and adjacent +regions, both for scientific and artistic purposes, and in general to +cultivate an interest in geographical studies." + +In addition they do much to open up new mountain resorts to the public +and render the old ones more attractive. They construct new and accurate +maps. They not only collect scattered scientific information of all +kinds but study to make it available. All this they do by combining +effort, comparing notes and interchanging ideas. They hold monthly +meetings in Boston, publish a magazine, own quite a library, and have +established a reputation second to no similar organization in the +country. The club was established in 1876, and the membership to-day of +over six hundred is ample proof of its popularity. That their researches +are really valuable is demonstrated by the fact that Professor Hitchcock +in his geological works quotes them frequently in support of his own +theories. + +On the seventeenth of June some twenty members of the Appalachian +Mountain Club gathered at an early hour in the Lowell station at Boston. +The party was unusually small for one of their popular excursions. The +majority were young and strong and looked amply fitted for mountain +climbing. Yet grave men were there whose silver hair told that they had +already climbed life's rounded hill and saw its westering sun; but +elderly people are never old, so long as they remain young in heart and +spirits, and pleasant anticipation beamed from the faces of all as the +train steamed away toward the north, and the two days' outing was fairly +begun. + +The morning was cloudy and a possible rain storm threatened the plans +of the Appalachians. But the clerk of the weather-bureau evidently +understood the necessity for favorable conditions and issued them +accordingly. Before we had reached Canaan, N.H., the clouds had broken +away and the afternoon promised to be perfect. We had with us a Harvard +professor, a topographical surveyor, an amateur photographer, a Concord +philosopher and the champion walker of the club. Apropos of some of the +feats of the latter a story was told of the man who walked forty miles +in two hours. This was putting the Appalachians entirely in the shade, +and the story called forth incredulous remarks. Investigation proved, +however, that the Appalachian was not outdone, for the hero of the +canard accomplished his feat only by taking a Champlain steamer at +Burlington, Vt., and walking deck the entire distance to Rouse's Point! + +After passing Concord we advanced through wilder regions where the +swiftly changing views of clustering villages and quiet farm-houses +alternated with wooded slopes and glimpses of pond or river forming a +series of charming pictures. Nature was at her best and the picturesque +hills of New Hampshire were beautiful in all their June finery. + +At Penacook the granite monument on Dustin Island was pointed out. In +1697 Hannah Dustin, with her six weeks' old babe and its nurse, were +captured by Indians at Haverhill and brought to the wigwam camp on this +island. The babe was killed before her eyes but the mother planned an +escape. Awaking the nurse and a white lad who had been taken prisoner +also, she took the Indians' own tomahawks and dispatched the men and one +woman. The brave white women then spiked all the cannon save one and +taking the scalps of their victims with them, they embarked on the +Merrimack, then high with the spring floods, and soon reached Haverhill. +Afterwards she was called to Boston, publicly thanked by the General +Court and received a grant of fifty pounds. Fifty years later the +Indians attacked and massacred the settlers in this valley. Today their +descendants, the "Kanucks," cross the country daily in the modern +express trains and find employment in our manufacturing cities. + +As we go northward Kearsarge may be seen from the back of the train, now +sinking behind the green hills, now rising abruptly from the horizon and +looming grandly above the surrounding country. Cardigan does not come +into view until we have nearly reached Canaan, whose fair and happy land +was our destination. On alighting from the train, amid the crowd of +assembled villagers, a three seated carriage and two immense Shaker +wagons awaited us. The ride of six miles was a welcome change from the +preceding railway travel. Coming from a city where the mercury had +reached 96 deg. in the shade but the day before, the fresh invigorating +mountain air was like a breath from the open doors of Paradise. The +stout horses scrambled up the steep hills altogether unmindful of the +wagon-loads of people behind. Perhaps the light hearts and buoyant +spirits of the party lessened their avoirdupois and the tonnage was +actually less than it seemed! + +Billowy mountains, charming valleys, winding streams and picturesque +bypaths varied our course over the rural highways. The blackberry bushes +were white with bloom and the gardens of the farm-houses gay with +peonies and flower-de-luce. After passing a small mica quarry, we came +suddenly upon a bend of the road where was revealed a grand sweep of the +hazy Green Mountains, and a bewildering view of the New Hampshire +hill-country. Shortly afterward we passed the little box-like white +building, which serves as both church and town house, where the sixty +votes of Dorchester are counted. This building constitutes the entire +town of Dorchester. Surely, in view of the stony soil, the inhabitants +of the place may be said to show great wisdom by not living there! + +By three o'clock we found ourselves at the Mountain House, twelve +hundred feet below the summit of Mount Cardigan. This house is nothing +more or less than a barn, in one end of which an attempt has been made +to make a comfortable shelter for the human family. Here the real work +of the day began, although we had already come one hundred and four +miles by train and six by teams. No enterprising railroad man has set +his seal upon this region and we were forced to pursue the journey by +means of the conveyances which nature long ago--(how long, thank +fortune, we are not obliged to tell)--at our disposal. But faint heart +ne'er climbed a high mountain and with the aid of stout walking-sticks +we easily climbed the path which led up under sighing spruces and +stunted birch, filled with a fine exhilaration. + +On each side and under foot was a profusion of wild flowers. Not June +flowers, but those found with us in May, so backward was the season at +that altitude. The red and white trillium, the sarsaparilla, Solomon's +seal, "moose-missy" and black-berry bushes, and, farther up, the +blue-berry bushes, all hung full of blossoms, a small Alpine flower of +seven white petals excited much curious comment, for in spite of its +resemblance to the wind-flower, no one seemed able to classify it. + +Suddenly some six hundred feet below the summit of Cardigan we came out +from the stunted under-growth and found ourselves traversing the smooth +granite mass which constitutes the entire mountain top. The rock is full +of minute particles of mica, which glitter and flash in the sun like +"gems of purest ray serene." A brisk wind was blowing and the rarefied +air infused us with new strength to make the remaining ascent. + +Some distance from each other, half way up the rounded cone, lie several +huge boulders poised in the bed of what was once a glacial drift. They +are of entirely different character from the rock on Cardigan and +without doubt came from much farther north. Whence, and when? The course +of the drift is also very plainly marked from northeast to southwest. +From the character of the rock there is reason to believe that when God +said, "Let the dry land appear," Mount Cardigan was the first to show +his head and came from the very bowels of the earth. Hitchcock's +"Geology of New Hampshire" states that these White Mountains appeared +above the face of the waters as islands at a very early period of the +world's history. "It would not be surprising," he says, "if this +archipelago covered as much area as New Hampshire and Vermont combined." +If these hoary old mountains could tell us their history since creation, +how short-lived and insignificant our own little lives would appear! + +Professor Hitchcock has also traced the course of glacial drift among +the mountains in a most interesting manner. Glacial action, and marks of +scarification are numerous on the north and west sides of them while +they are entirely wanting on the southeastern slopes. In some instances +the general course of the drift from the northwest was changed by the +position of the mountains. For instance, Ragged Mountain and Kearsarge, +South, rise abruptly from comparatively level regions and from their +proximity to each other gave rise to a different motion of the ice, the +marks of which still show its course. + +The view from this, the oldest of the mountains is scarcely surpassed by +any in the state. To the north, Moosilauke, Chocorua, Lafayette, Mount +Washington and the main peaks of the principal White Mountain group lie +sharply outlined. The Ossipee Mountain toward the east, the Uncanoonacs +in the distance, Ragged and Sunapee and Kearsarge, near neighbors, +claimed attention. In the far western horizon Ascutney, Camel's Hump, +Mount Mansfield, and Jay Peak showed hazy and indistinct. Below us the +broken ranges of green hills surged like immense billows of some Titanic +sea. The fresh verdure of every field and tree made up a landscape +seldom equalled in tone of color, and one which amply repaid the +climber. But while some were content with looking, other true +Appalachians remembered the objects of the club. While one took +photographs of the surrounding scenery, far and near, another made +profile sketches of the distant peaks; while one attempted a bit of +topographical work, another took measurements by means of a powerful +telescope; and the results of all were put on record for future +reference. + +A member of the A.M.C. just returned from Florida had been carrying +about some strange looking fruit all day, resembling partly an orange +but more nearly a small yellow winter squash. Now, he made himself +popular by dispensing great pieces of grape-fruit among the thirsty +crowd. It is a necessity of perverse humanity to be thirsty wherever +there is no water; and but for the Florida fruit and the canteens which +had been filled at the spring on the mountain side, we should have +suffered. + +Mount Cardigan is but 3,156 feet above the sea-level; but as it stands +alone the view on all sides is unobstructed and clear. It did not take +us an hour to decide that three thousand feet above the sea, under +favorable conditions is quite a sightly place. And we took the homeward +path, feeling that the view was worth a dozen times its cost. Forty +minutes afterward we arrived at the bottom in the condition of the +weak-kneed and trembling saints whom the hymn-book denounces. + +An hour of rattling down the hills brought us to Canaan depot again +where our special train awaited us. After a refreshing draught of milk +at the Cardigan House, from the piazzas of which a fine view of the +mountain may be had, we were rapidly whirled away toward Patler Place in +Andover. + +This village was named for the once famous sleight of hand performer +Patler. His house is a cozy, pretty affair, freshly painted and nestled +under great embowering trees. Close by is his grave. + +Here, too, barges were in waiting to take us to the Winslow House, four +miles distant on Mount Kearsarge. Before we had left the train the soft +rays of the setting sun had changed the hill-sides to amethyst and +deepened the purple gloom of the valleys. Now, as we rode in merry +groups of six or eight, over the country by-ways, the new moon slowly +touched every tree and shrub with her magical wand until the land with +its long, weird shadows and silver radiance seemed to belong to another +world than that of day-light. + +It was nine o'clock when the Winslow House suddenly revealed itself. +An open wood fire burned brightly in the brick fireplace, and in that +altitude was a comfort indeed. The ample walls seemed to fairly glow +with welcome as we entered. Some of us acknowledged that we were tired; +others confessed to sleepiness; but one and all openly declared their +hunger. We had only to look at each other to madly accept the theory +that mankind was created of dust; but we were not long in disposing of +a large amount of surplus material. And then the supper bell,--welcome +sound! In view of a cherished reputation for veracity, it would not be +wise to state the exact amount of sirloin steak and broiled salmon that +disappeared from mortal vision that night at ten o'clock, or to tell +how the strawberries and boiled lobster were stored safely away by the +A.M.C. We are sworn to secrecy, and although the supper hour was not +passed over in silence then--far from it! it must be now. + +No one need suppose that after the experiences of the day the +representative A.M.C's. were fatigued sufficiently to make them willing +to retire at half-past ten. Besides, nightmare has its horrors, and +there was that supper! + +It is popularly supposed throughout the country, that Bostonians make an +annual pilgrimage on the seventeenth of June to Bunker Hill, and +devoutly ascend the monument on their hands and knees. Although +circumstances had prevented the A.M.C. party from discharging their debt +of gratitude to their ancestors in the prescribed method, they could not +forget that it was Bunker Hill Day. One of our gallant and patriotic +brethren had been carrying a mysterious bundle about and guarding it +with jealous care all day. Now, he produced and displayed--sky-rockets! +They went off, soon after, with great success, surprising alike the +stately mountain behind us and the little country girl who had come up +from the valley below, to see the "Boston folks." + +The powerful telescopes were also set up and observations of the heavens +occupied the astronomically inclined for an hour or two. Thus the moons +of Jupiter were made to contribute to the evening's entertainment. The +piano, too, was not the instrument of torture usually found masquerading +in hotel-parlors, and we finally gravitated towards it and made night +hideous with our music and college songs until, to pharaphrase the poet, +in to-day already walked to-morrow and it was twelve o'clock, + +"My friends," spoke up one of the gentlemen, "I am very sorry to say +that we shall not be able to ascend Mount Kearsarge to-morrow." + +"Why?" exclaimed a dozen anxious voices. + +"Because," was the impressive answer, "it is to-day!" + +In the laugh which followed the party said good night and retired. + +The Winslow House was named for Admiral Winslow, of the war-ship +Keasarge, who was present at the opening of the hotel, and gave the +owner a stand of colors. On the parlor table lay a Bible presented by +him, as stated by a gilt inscription on the cover. When the gallant +commander died, a boulder was taken from the side of Mount Kearsarge +for his monument, but the controversy in regard to which of the two +Kearsarges the ship had been named for arose about that time and the +family of the officer finally decided not to use the boulder. It has +been pretty well settled, at last, that the mountain in Merrimack +County, designated by Superintendent Patterson as Kearsarge South, is +the one which gave the famous ship its name. Under the shadow of it, +too, was laid the body of the soldier of the Sixth Massachusetts +Regiment who fell at Baltimore, exclaiming with his dying breath: "All +hail to the Stars and Stripes;" although afterward he was removed to lie +near the soldiers' monument at Lowell. The ancient spelling of this +monument was Carasage, and later, Kyar Sarga; but as early as 1804 the +laws of New Hampshire give it as Kearsage. The local spelling of +Kearsarge North, until a comparatively recent period, was Kiarsarge. +It is still called Pequaket. + +Early the next morning, two bold Appalachians rose early and took a run +up the mountain, getting back to breakfast and making the descent of +nearly 1,200 feet in eighteen minutes! The climb was represented as more +difficult than that of the day before. We did not find it so, however, +as we proceeded with the reinforcements furnished by a hearty breakfast; +the clear bracing air of the morning was delightful. The song-sparrows, +perched at a safe distance, poured forth floods of melody, the Peabody +bird added his high weird note, while other wild birds occasionally +chimed in. The path led up through forests of black spruce whose sighing +branches whispered softly over our heads. Every one was in excellent +humor and had a capital story or a bit of geological scientific or +botanical wisdom. The wild-flowers were scarcer than on Cardigan but +there was greater variety of ferns. Half way up, a tiny spring welled +up in the pathway. Our grave philosopher, as well-versed in mystical +wood-craft as metaphysics, cut a strip of birch-bark from one of the +over-hanging trees and deftly fashioned an Indian drinking-cup. Working +from the idea of a birch-bark canoe somebody offered the cup-full, as a +"schooner of water." On being asked to explain her nautical terms, the +joker protested ignorance and entirely disowned her far-fetched joke. + +** + +As we advanced, here and there, under the white birches or between the +dense growth of spruce, broad glimpses were visible of the townships +below. Suddenly, vegetation ceased and we were again on the bare rock +with several hundred feet between us and the rude structure called, by +courtesy, the Summit House. Beside the latter, we already descried our +companions, not lost but gone before; and we find ourselves in the +awkward predicament of the man with three hands--a right, a left and a +little behind-hand. + +The top of Kearsarge is composed of andalusite schist. The marks of +glacial action are even more distinct than on Cardigan, while the +stratification is very curious. When we reached the top, the +first-comers were already busy with surveys, profile sketches and +photographs. As we looked at Cardigan looming up grandly in the +northwest, we were proud of our work of the day before. The view from +the two mountains, only twenty miles apart, is of course much the same. +Kearsarge is in exact line with Wauchusct, the Pack Monadnocks and +Moosilauke. These, except the first, could be plainly seen. Mount +Washington, seventy miles distant, Lafayette, Chocorua, Tridyranid, +the Twin Mountains, and Franconia Notch formed a sharp, clear picture +against the northern sky, and were flanked by scores of smaller +mountains. The green rolling country, flecked by numerous ponds and +rivers, stretched away for miles at our feet, to a line of blue, hazy +mountains. The Black-water hills, Sunapee and dozens of other well-known +mountains seemed from our standpoint hardly more than good-sized +haystacks. So, perhaps, will our greatest earthly achievements look, +when viewed from the heights of eternity. + +By noon a blue haze had crept over the horizon and was spreading over +the whole landscape. But we had scored a victory over it by coming +early. + + + "To have the great poetic heart, + Is more than all the climber's art." + + +In some sense, we each felt the meaning of the lines, as we turned from +Kearsarge top and made the gradual descent. There is a precipitous +bridle-path which shortens the distance in proportion as it increases +fatigue. The majority of us were unwilling to tempt fate by adopting it, +and took the easier way. As we stopped occasionally in a shady nook to +rest, we severally confessed that scraps of Lowell's matchless poem had +been floating nebulously in the brain ever since the clouds had +disappeared the day before. Two such days as we had been blessed with +are rare, even in June. Up there in the forest primeval, in the happy +shining weather, we were constantly proving that there was + + + "Not a leaf or a blade too mean + To be some happy creature's palace." + + +If we waxed sentimental, something must be forgiven the lavish summer. + +At the hotel, the bountiful dinner was garnished with the best of all +sauces. Then, reluctantly indeed after our two days' tramping, we +started for Boston, arriving there a little past seven the same evening. +We had had unprecedented weather, and a well-planned and perfectly +executed trip. Never was there a pleasanter excursion or a more +successful outing. If the path up the hill of life were no more +difficult than that up Cardigan! If all earthly troubles could be as +easily surmounted as Kearsarge! Possibly they might be if we went forth +to meet them with the same stout heart and determined spirit. + + + "Daily with souls that cringe and plot, + We Sinais climb and know it not" + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MARCH OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT. + + +By Rev. Charles Babbidge, Chaplain. + + +Should a motto ever be needed for some prospective medal commemorative +of the "Old Sixth Reg." none would seem to be more appropriate than a +quotation from Virgil,--"Primus tentare viam." Though but little honor +attaches to being first, where all were equally ready to be foremost, +still, the "chances of war" gave some little advantage to this fortunate +military body. Its ready re-response to the call "To Arms," served to +awaken a similar enthusiasm in all the other military organizations of +the Commonwealth. The admirable state of discipline to which the +regiment had been brought by its accomplished and efficient commander, +Col. Edward F. Jones, and his subordinate officers, was fully competent +to secure the respect and confidence of the multitudes of patriotic +citizens with whom it came in contact after leaving Massachusetts; and +it is only doing justice to the soldiers of this regiment to say, that +amid all the excitement of the commencement of a campaign, and all the +flattering attentions and entertainments which they received from every +quarter, and on all occasions, they maintained the solid, steady +deportment of soldiers well trained, of citizens accustomed to good +society, and of patriots ready and willing to do whatever these +qualities imply and require. + +It can hardly be said that "the order to march" came unlooked for, +though it most certainly was sudden. The tender of the services of the +regiment had long since been in the hands of Gov. Andrew; meetings of +the field and staff officers had been held; there was a free and +thorough interchange of opinions and sentiments among the line officers; +and not a single soldier could be found who had not fully digested all +the particulars of a possible future. + +The ready response of our citizen-soldiers to the call of the governor +furnishes an apt illustration of the peculiar character of our people. +Under a government that requires the constant maintenance of a strong +military force, "General Orders" would have been issued to the various +camps and garrisons scattered throughout the country. When danger +threatened us it became manifest at once, that every peaceful village +was a garrison, and every city a fortified camp. It was often a subject +of merriment while we, like Christopher North were "under canvas," to +relate the particular circumstances of time, place, and occupation at +the moment when each of us found himself suddenly transformed into a +soldier. Each had his story to tell of his numerous "hair's breadth +escapes," as through mud, snow and darkness he made his way to the +appointed rendezvous, on the morning of April 16th. + +In Lowell the regiment paraded in Huntington Hall, and there received a +cordial welcome from the people of that city. Taking the cars we arrived +in Boston about noon, and were assigned quarters in one of the armories +in Faneuil Hall. With a view to better accomodations, the regiment in +the afternoon marched to Boylston Hall, and there prepared for as +comfortable a bivouac as circumstances permitted. + +Up to this time the weather had been as gloomy as war and dripping +clouds could make it. Having (figuratively) pitched our tents in +Boylston Hall, the discipline of camp-life was at once established, and +communication with the world outside, was largely cut off. This however +did not interfere with the free admission of many tokens of regard from +friends outside, in the form of refreshments of various kinds. + +Two memorable incidents of the evening will long be remembered. The +pretty and graceful daughter of Col. Jones was adopted, with all the +honors, as "Daughter of the Regiment"; and secondly the comfortable and +becoming overcoats prepared with wise forethought for the regiment were +issued. The motley outer-garments, in which, up to this moment, we had +found shelter from the storm, were at once discarded. In our new +garments we not only found great comfort;--we also felt that the inner +as well as the outer man could boast a resemblance to "regular" troops. + +On the morning of the 17th we were marched to the State House, then and +there to receive the salutations of the Governor, and also to receive, +what at the moment struck some of us as a pretty forcible reminder that +we were now occupying positions that were entirely new to us. + +Drawn up in military array in Doric Hall we were each of us "donated" +two blue flannel shirts and some corresponding under garments. This +gratuitous equipment implied _service_. To those of us who within a +twelvemonth had figured in the hall over our heads, as representatives +of the sovereign people, it indicated a very marked change of +circumstances. + +Among other tokens of the confidence reposed in our patriotism and +prowess, a heavy cavalry revolver was bestowed upon each of the field +and staff officers. As these could not be conveniently carried, on the +return march, by those who had been made the happy recipients of these +bulky favors, they were bundled together and consigned for safe-keeping +to the Chaplain, to be borne on the line of march back to Boylston Hall. +Why that functionary should have been chosen to carry a whole armory of +weapons, in the sight of the admiring crowds that lined the streets of +Boston remains a question. Opinions are equally divided as to whether, +_as chaplain_ he would be most likely to prevent a hasty and rash +use of fire-arms; or whether, he was _de facto_ a "common carrier," +on the ground that ministers were made and designed for "bearing +burdens." + +Early in the afternoon, the regiments entered the cars of the Worcester +Railroad, and the march to Washington was fairly begun. So long as +daylight permitted, tokens of the uprising of the people of the +commonwealth were everywhere visible; and when darkness had settled down +around us, we caught glimpses of excited multitudes as the cars dashed +on without stopping, by the brilliantly illuminated depots and +settlements along the route. Our reception at Springfield was of a truly +jubilant character. Refreshments in great profusion, and of the most +appetizing kind were furnished and received a most cordial welcome +within our hungry ranks. The streets were illuminated, and cannon +thundered in every direction. Our stay was a short one; and we rattled +on and on until the morning revealed the fact that we were in +Connecticut and not far from New York. + +It will require a more gifted pen than the one that traces these lines +to picture the march of the "Old Sixth" through the city of New York. +Never before had so _deep_ because so _peculiar_ an enthusiasm +pervaded the people of that vast metropolis. Patriotism, under its +normal and customary forms, had, on many previous occasions, been +wrought up to an intense height; but now it was not to celebrate their +national independence, but to secure their national existence, or +rather, to settle the question whether the American people were, or were +not a Nation. + +At the St. Nicholas and other places, the wants of the regiment were +sumptuously provided for. At the Astor House, the field and staff +officers were entertained in a manner that left nothing to be desired. + +Once more on the march, the regiment passed through the crowded streets, +everywhere receiving welcome plaudits until they reached the ferry that +conducted them to Hoboken, and the places en route to Baltimore and +Washington. As we passed into the ferry boats to cross the river, a +voice was heard above the tumult of the place and hour, "Good luck to +you, boys, but some of you will never return by this route;" a +prediction speedily fulfilled. Within about twenty-four hours, three of +our number had been transferred to a higher department. + +The passage through Delaware to Philadelphia was not marked by any +incidents worthy of notice. Their long and weary pilgrimage had begun to +change a brisk, wide-awake regiment into a common-place body of weary +pilgrims, glad to find a shelter, without much questioning as to what it +might be. Quarters were assigned us in the Gerard House which happened +at that time to be unoccupied. For a brief period quiet ruled the hour, +and the weary soldier had begun his dreams of home and happiness long +before he was ready to stretch his limbs upon the mattresses that +covered the floors of the spacious hotel. + +Suddenly the "Long-roll" was heard echoing along the streets and through +the halls of the Gerard House. The accoutrements and garments that had +been doffed in readiness for sleep were hastely resumed; and at the word +"Fall in," every man was in his place. + +The "weight of affliction" in this crisis fell upon the field and staff +officers. They had but just assembled in the drawing-room of the +Continental Hotel, and gone through with those preliminary forms that +are quite as indicative of a good appetite as of good manners, and were +quiet taking their places at the table, amid the sumptuous surroundings +of a dining hall at that time scarcely equalled on the continent, when +Col. Jones entered the apartment, with the abrupt salutation, +"Gentlemen, to your posts; we start for Baltimore immediately, the +regiment awaits the order to march." "_Væ mihi_!" the writer of +this paper felt that _he_ might, under the circumstances of the +moment, appropriate a few minutes of time's rapid flight to contemplate +in sorrow and silence the scene of disappointment and woe. The little he +still retained of classic lore brought back images of the Harpies, as he +had read of them in Virgil. And even Sancho Panza thrust in his bullet +head, with an asinine smile, as the writer recalled poor Sancho's +distress at not sharing the feast so tantalizingly spread before him. + +But, "hurry up" became the word when the drums and fifes gave notice +that the regiment was on the move, and that somebody would "get left" if +they did not practise the "_Pas redouble_." + + * * * * * + + + + +BY THE SEA. + + +By Teresa Herrick. + + + I watch the mighty breakers rear, and dash + Against the shore, + I hear the sad complaining of the sea; + Forevermore + There rises in my soul a ceaseless song, + A lonely wail; + A yearning for the golden days to come, + A craving to be deluged in that Sea + Whose waves are loves + Unutterable. + + And now I see the gray mist creeping down + Upon the sea. + The bright blue waves are hidden from my sight; + Ah me, ah me, + Thou too, O Sea of God's Immensity + From me art screened; + But till the mists be lifted up I wait, + Wait patiently and long, then will I plunge + Beneath Thy waves + O wondrous Sea! + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE RESPONSE OF MARBLEHEAD IN 1861. + + +By Samuel Roads, Jr. + +AUTHOR OF "HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF MARBLEHEAD." + + +The news of the fall of Fort Sumter aroused the entire North to action. +The great civil war which had so long been threatened could no longer be +averted, and in every town and hamlet, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, +the people rose as one man to defend the integrity of the Union. + +On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued his first proclamation +calling for seventy-five thousand militia for a three months' service. +The news was received in Marblehead, Mass., late in the afternoon of +that day, and the three militia companies were at once notified by their +respective commanders to be in readiness to take the early morning train +for Boston. These companies were: The Marblehead Sutton Light Infantry, +Company C, Eighth Regiment, commanded by Capt. Knott V. Martin; The +Lafayette Guards, Company B, Eighth Regiment, commanded by Capt. Richard +Phillips; and the Glover Light Guards, Company H, Eighth Regiment, +commanded by Capt. Francis Boardman. + +The morning of Tuesday, the 16th of April, broke cold and stormy. +Notwithstanding the rain and sleet which rendered the cold weather +uncomfortable in the extreme, the streets of Marblehead were filled with +an excited throng of people. Wives and mothers and fathers and children +were represented there in the dense crowd, all anxious to speak a +farewell word to the soldiers on their departure. The first companies to +leave town were those commanded by Captains Martin and Boardman, which +marched to the depot and took the half-past seven o'clock train for +Boston. Captain Phillips' company took the train which left Marblehead +about an hour and a half later. + +As the trains slowly left the depot, the cheers of the assembled +multitude were re-echoed by the soldiers in the cars. "God bless you!" +"Good-by!" resounded on all sides; and it was not until the last car had +disappeared in the distance, that the great crowd began to disperse. + +Of the arrival of the Marblehead companies in Boston there is little +need for me to write. The testimony of such eminent witnesses as +Adjutant-general Schouler and General E.W. Hinks cannot be disputed, +and we quote it _verbatim_. + +"There has been some controversy in military circles," wrote General +Schouler, "as to which company can claim the honor of first reaching +Boston. I can answer, that the first were the three companies of the +Eighth Regiment belonging to Marblehead, commanded by Captains Martin, +Phillips and Boardman. I had been at the State House all night; and +early in the morning, rode to the arsenal at Cambridge, to ascertain +whether the orders from headquarters to send in arms, ammunition, +overcoats and equipments had been properly attended to. Messengers +had also been stationed at the different depots, with orders for the +companies, on their arrival, to proceed at once to Faneuil Hall, as a +northeasterly storm of sleet and rain had set in during the night, +and had not abated in the morning. On my return from Cambridge, I +stopped at the Eastern Railroad depot. A large crowd of men and women, +notwithstanding the storm, had gathered there, expecting the arrival +of troops. Shortly after eight o'clock, the train arrived with the +Marblehead companies. They were received with deafening shouts from the +excited throng. The companies immediately formed in line, and marched by +the flank directly to Faneuil Hall, the fifes and drums playing "Yankee +Doodle," the people following and shouting like madmen, and the rain +and sleet falling piteously, as if to abate the ardor of the popular +welcome. And thus it was that the Marblehead men entered Faneuil Hall +on the morning of the 16th of April." + +The testimony of General Hinks, who at the breaking out of the war was +Lieutenant-colonel of the Eighth Regiment, is interesting as an +important historical statement, and is as follows: + +"On Monday, April 15, 1861, at quarter-past two o'clock, in reply to an +offer of my services made in the morning of that day, I received from +Governor Andrew a verbal command to summon the companies of the Eighth +Regiment, by his authority, to rendezvous at Faneuil Hall at the +earliest possible hour. Leaving Boston on the half-past two o'clock +train, I proceeded to Lynn, and personally notified the commanding +officers of the two companies in that city, and from thence telegraphed +to Captain Bartlett at Newburyport, and Captain Centre of Gloucester, +and then drove to Beverly and summoned the company there; and from +thence hastened to Marblehead, where I personally notified the +commanding officers of the three Marblehead companies. I found Captain +Martin in his slaughter-house, with the carcass of a hog, just killed, +and in readiness for the "scald." On communicating to the captain my +orders, I advised him to immediately cause the bells of the town to be +rung, and to get all the recruits he could. Taking his coat from a peg, +he seemed for a moment to hesitate about leaving his business +unfinished, and then turned to me, and with words of emphatic +indifference in regard to it, put the garment on, with his arms yet +stained with blood and his shirt-sleeves but half rolled down, and with +me left the premises to rally his company. + +"On Tuesday, April 16, I was directed to remain on duty at Faneuil Hall, +and during the forenoon the following named companies arrived there and +reported for duty, to wit;-- + +"1. Companies C, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Knott V. Martin, +and H, Eighth Regiment, Capt. Francis Boardman, both of Marblehead, +which place they left at half-past seven o'clock A.M. and arrived in +Boston at about nine o'clock. + +"2. Company D, Fourth Regiment, thirty-two muskets, Sergt. H.F. Wales, +left home about nine o'clock, and arrived at about ten A.M. + +"3. Company B, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Richard Phillips, +of Marblehead, left home at nine o'clock, and arrived in Faneuil Hall +about eleven A.M. + +"The above is substantially a true record, as will appear by reference +to the files of the "Journal" of that date, and is prompted only by a +desire to do justice to Captain Martin and the patriotic men of +Marblehead, who, on the outbreak of the Rebellion, were the first to +leave home, the first to arrive in Boston, and subsequently, under my +command, the first to leave the yard of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, +to repair and relay the track in the march through Maryland to relieve +the beleaguered capitol of the Nation." + +On the morning after the departure of the companies, thirty more men +left Marblehead to join them. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed +throughout the town, and men everywhere were ready and anxious to +enlist. Of the patriotic spirit of the people, no better evidence can be +given than that contained in the reply of Governor Andrew to a gentleman +who asked him if any more men would be needed. "For heaven's sake," +replied the governor, "don't send any more men from Marblehead, for it +is imposing on your goodness to take so many as have already come!" + +The citizens were not less prompt to act than those who had rallied for +the defence of the nation. On the 20th of April, a town meeting was held +to provide for the families of the soldiers, and the old town hall was +crowded to repletion. Mr. Adoniram C. Orne was chosen moderator. The +venerable town clerk, Capt. Glover Broughton, a veteran of the War of +1812, was there beside the moderator, his hands tremulous with emotion, +awaiting the action of his fellow-citizens. "It was voted that the town +treasurer be authorized to hire the sum of five thousand dollars, to be +distributed for the relief of the families of those who have gone or +are going to fight the battles of their country." A committee of five +persons was chosen to repair to the assessors' room and report the +names of ten persons to act as distributors of the fund. The town was +divided into districts, and the following gentlemen were chosen as a +distributing committee, namely: Messrs, Thomas Main, John J. Lyon, +Frederick Robinson, William Courtis, William Litchman, Stephen Hathaway, +Jr., James J.H. Gregory, John C. Hamson, Jr., Richard Tutt, Joshua O. +Bowden. + +No resolutions were adopted. The times called for action, and "_Factis +non verbis_." was the motto of the hour. But human nature must find +some vent for enthusiasm, and we are informed in the records, by the +faithful clerk, that "three cheers were then given." They probably shook +the building for genuine Marble-headers are blessed with strong lungs, +and can never cheer by rule. + +The patriotism of the ladies of Marblehead at this time and throughout +the entire period of the war cannot be overestimated. With loving hearts +and willing hands, they contributed their time, their labor, and their +money for the benefit of those who had gone forth to battle. The work of +some was of a public nature, and the deeds of these are recorded; but +the only record of hundreds who worked quietly in their own homes was +written on the grateful hearts of the soldiers for whom they labored. + +On the 22d of April a meeting of the ladies was held at the town hall, +and a Soldiers' Aid Society was organized. The object was to perform +such work as was necessary for the comfort of the soldiers, and to +furnish articles of clothing, medicines, and delicacies for use in the +hospitals. Mrs. Maria L. Williams was elected president. That lady +subsequently resigned, and Mrs. Margaret Newhall became president, and +Mrs. Mary M. Oliver, secretary. + +On the following day, eighteen ladies met at the Sewall Grammar +School-house, on Spring Street, and organized a committee to solicit +money for the benefit of the soldiers. The following are the names of +the ladies who composed this committee:--Miss Mary E. Graves, +_President_; Miss Mary A. Alley, _Secretary_; Miss Mary L. +Pitman, _Treasurer_; Mrs. Mary Glover, Mrs. Hannah Hidden, Miss +Harriet Newhall, Miss Tabitha Trefry, Mrs. Hannah J. Hathaway, Mrs. John +F. Harris, Miss Amy K. Prentiss, Miss Sarah E. Sparhawk, Miss Hannah J. +Woodfin, Miss Lizzie Cross, Miss Mary A. Cross, Mrs. Hannah Doak, Miss +Alicia H. Gilley, Miss Carrie Paine, Miss Mary E. Homan. + +In less than one week from the time of their organization the ladies of +this committee had collected the sum of $508.17. The teachers of the +public schools generously contributed six per cent of their salaries for +the year in aid of the object; and there was a disposition manifested by +the people generally, to give _something_, however small the +amount. + +Stirring reports were now received from the companies at the seat of +war. The blockading of the railroad to Baltimore by the Secessionists; +the seizure of the steamer Maryland; and the saving of the old frigate +Constitution, in which their fathers fought so valiantly, caused the +hearts of the people to swell with pride, as they related the story one +to another. The men of Captain Boardman's company were the first to +board "Old Ironsides," and a delegation of them helped to man her on +the voyage to New York. The sufferings of their soldier boys, who were +obliged to eat pilot bread baked in the year "1848," brought tears to +the eyes of many an anxious mother. But the tears were momentary only, +and the sufferings of the boys were forgotten in the joy that Marblehead +soldiers had been permitted to lead the advance on the memorable march +to Annapolis Junction and to relay the track which had been torn up to +prevent the passage of the troops. The arrival of the troops in +Washington; the new uniforms furnished in place of those worn out in +eight days; and the quartering of soldiers in the United States Capitol +Building, was all related in the letters that came home. + +Some of these letters were so full of patriotic sentiment that they +should be preserved to testify of the spirit of the men of Marblehead +who participated in the struggle for national life. I have space only +for one of these, which is quoted in full because it is so +characteristic of the heroic old veteran who wrote it. + + + "HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, + WASHINGTON CITY, April 27, 1861. + + "_Dear Sir_: We arrived in Washington yesterday after a great deal + of hardship and privation, living for thirty-six hours at a time on one + small loaf to a man; water a great part of the time very scarce, and not + of a very good quality. But the men bore it almost without a murmur. + The Eighth Regiment had the honor of taking the noble old frigate + Constitution out of the dock at Annapolis, and placing her out of reach + of the Secessionists. The Eighth came from Annapolis to Washington, in + company with the New York Seventh,--God bless them. They shared with us + their last morsel; and the two regiments together have laid railroad + tracks, built bridges, run steam-engines, and contracted an eternal + friendship, which has been cemented by deeds of daring for each other. + We have encamped in corn-fields, on railroad embankments, with one + eye open while sleeping; and have opened R.R. communication between + Annapolis and Washington, for all troops which may hereafter want to + pass that way. + + "Give my love to all friends of the Stars and Stripes, and my eternal + hatred to its enemies. + + "Yours Respectfully, + + "KNOTT V. MARTIN. To WM. B. BROWN, Esq." + + +During the latter part of April, active measures were taken to recruit +another company to join those already in the field. In a few davs the +"Mugford Guards," a full company of fifty-seven men, was organized, and +Captain Benjamin Day was commissioned as commander. Every effort was +made to get the new company in readiness for departure as soon as +possible. The men were without uniforms, and the school teachers at once +voted to furnish the materials for making them, at their own expense. +Mr. John Marr, the local tailor, offered his services as cutter, and +they were gratefully accepted. On Sunday, May 5, the ladies of the +Soldiers Aid Society, with a large number of others, assembled at +Academy Hall, and industriously worked throughout the entire day and +evening to make up the uniforms. + +On the following day, the town voted to appropriate the sum of $400 to +furnish the company with comfortable and necessary clothing. + +On the 7th of June another meeting was held, and the town voted to +borrow a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars, to be applied by the +selectmen in aid of the families of volunteers. + +On the morning of Monday, June 24, the new company took its departure +for the "seat of war." The soldiers were escorted to the entrance of the +town by the Mugford Fire Association and a large concourse of citizens. +Almost the entire community assembled in the streets to say "farewell," +and to bid them "God speed." On arriving at the locality known as the +"Work-house Rocks," the procession halted, and the soldiers were +addressed by William B. Brown, Esq., in behalf of the citizens. + +The soldiers embarked for Boston in wagons which were in waiting, and +departed amid the deafening cheers of the citizens. + +On Thursday, August 1, the three Marblehead companies arrived home. +Arrangements had been made to give them an enthusiastic welcome. At +three o'clock in the afternoon a procession was formed, consisting of +the Marblehead Band, the "Home Guards," the boards of town officers, +the entire fire department, and the scholars of the public schools. +An interesting feature of the procession was thirteen young ladies, +representing the original States, wearing white dresses, and red, white, +and blue veils. The arrival of the train bringing the soldiers was +announced by the ringing of bells, the firing of guns, and the joyful +acclamations of the people. They were received at the depot at about six +o'clock P.M., and escorted to the "Town House" where an address of +welcome was delivered by Jonathan H. Orne, Esq., a member of the board +of selectmen. + +On the afternoon of the following day, the veterans were given a grand +reception. The procession was again formed, and they were escorted about +town to Fort Sewall, where a dinner was served. + +Shortly after the return of the companies, Capt. Knott V. Martin +resigned as commander of the Sutton Light Infantry, and recruited a +company for the Twenty-third Regiment. More than half the members of +this company were enlisted in Marblehead. They left for the seat of war +during the month of November. + +It does not fall within the province of this article to trace the +fortunes of the sons of Marblehead through the long and cruel war. Their +experience, however, was not unlike that of thousands who suffered and +died for the nation. With patient endurance and the fortitude of +martyrs, they drank to the dregs the bitter cup of war. Through the long +and fatiguing marches, in the many hard fought battles, and in the +hopeless agony of life in the prison-pens, they were manly and true. It +is unnecessary to say more. By the self-sacrificing devotion of heroes +like these, the nation was saved. + + * * * * * + + + + +EQUINOCTIAL. + + +By Sidney Maxwell. + + + The autumn day is almost spent. And yet + No length' ning shadows mark the sun's decline, + For all is shadowed by the cold, gray mist + Which long has driven with the fitful wind, + And still it is not gone. How chill the air! + It seems but yesterday that summer's breath, + Sultry and dry, distressed the thirsty fields-- + And now the skies, repentant of their fault, + Will more than make amends. It rains again, + Beating a doleful measure on the pane, + Sobbing in sad, wild cadence through the street + While ever 'mid the rising, falling strains + The eaves drop notes as those of muffled drum, + Alone in rhythm, save, perchance, the beat + Of some tired horse's hoofs, as, homeward bound, + He treads the flooded pavement stones. And now + The sun, weary of contest for the day, + Forsakes the scene and sinks away to rest, + Leaving the world to darkness and to rain. + + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +The Democrats of Massachusetts are perplexed in regard to the choice of +a candidate for gubernatorial honors. In their dilemma they seem +indisposed to heed the counsel of the venerable Dutchman who, on a +certain critical occasion, asserted that it was not wise to "swap horses +while crossing a stream." + +It so happens that in this present year the Democratic party throughout +the country is crossing a stream, a deep and muddy one which divides its +former prestige from its future hopes and prospects. The wise and +foolish members of the party are at loggerheads. Both have taken into +their confidence an anomalous contingent which is neither in sympathy, +nor even in alliance with them as regards principles. The Mugwumps, so +called, whose only recommendation in politics is, that they have a +well-filled purse and know how to use it to bolster up what they are +pleased to designate as _their_ "independence," after having +bitterly opposed the Democratic party, in season and out of season, now +join hands with their deluded brethren for a grand all hands round. By +their help a President of the United States has been elected, by their +dictation his policy has been mapped out, and by their threatening +attitude the entire administration is controlled. A similar condition of +affairs was never before known in the history of American politics. + +Now, the Independent Republican will always be a Republican in +principles. The same honest motives which impelled him to oppose the +chosen candidates of a majority of the Republican party, at the last +national canvass, will again and always prompt him to oppose a +Simon-pure Democrat of the Democrats. So long as he can have his own +way, he will deny an equal right to his political neighbor. One thing is +very evident, and that is, in Massachusetts the Independents are bound +to rule so long as the Democratic party will continue to let them; and +that the administration encourages this state of affairs is alike +evident to all careful observers. It would be easy to make some very +interesting disclosures on this theme, and it is not improbable that +they will be made very shortly. + +But we began by asserting that the party in the old Bay State is in a +quandary. It has reached a point when one of two alternatives must be +chosen,--either to force an issue with its allies, as well as with its +Republican opponents, by nominating a downright, old-fashioned Democrat +for the governorship; or, acquiescing with the wishes of its allies, to +attempt a quasi victory over its opponents. In the former case defeat +would be honorable, though defeat is by no means a foregone conclusion; +in the latter case a victory is probable which would be worse than a +defeat for the Democrats. We may not presume to give any advice in this +matter; and yet it would seem that some well-intentioned and honest +advice is needed. If there is to-day a true-blue, a frank and out-spoken +Democratic newspaper in the city of Boston, we do not know its name. Our +esteemed contemporaries of so-called Democratic persuasion, in this +cultured city, are either bridled by the administration or are timid in +expressing their convictions. Why has it never occurred to any one of +them to urge the selection of a candidate that has _not_ allied +himself with the new gods in Israel,--a stanch, dyed-in-the-wool, +old-fashioned Jackson Democrat, such for example as the HONORABLE +CHARLES LEVI WOODBURY? He has always been an ornament to his party, wise +and prudent in his counsels, broad in his scholarship and still broader +in his views, untrammelled in his profession of honest principles, and +true to the faith. He was never known to wander after strange gods: he +has never paraded before the eyes of the public, clad in a Joseph's coat +of many colors; he has never sought the emolument or the honor of public +office, and yet, if we are not greatly mistaken, his scrupulous fidelity +to party principles, his unswerving integrity, and the confidence which +men of all parties repose in him, have merited for him as high an honor +as lies within the gift of the people. There are but few such men in +Massachusetts, and their worth is only comprehended when they are +compared with that of the aristocratic dudes whom President Cleveland +has thus far smiled upon in this state. + +The Massachusetts Democrats have this year a grand opportunity to assert +their independence, and to set a wholesome example to the party in other +states. They can do no safer, wiser, or more honorable thing than to +nominate Judge Woodbury, a Democrat of Democrats, as their +standard bearer. + +The Boston _Evening Record_ is a sample of daily journalism that is +getting to be rather common nowadays. Like many other of its +contemporaries, it seems to be impressed with the idea that the province +of a newspaper is to _coin_ facts rather than to chronicle them; +and that editorial ability consists in getting away from the truth as +far as possible. + +In a recent issue, it comments on General Butler's article in +the _North American Review,_ and more particularly upon the reason +why the General did not desire the Republican nomination for the Vice +Presidency in 1864, expressed by him as follows:-- + +Being made to sit as presiding officer over the senate, to listen for +four years to debates more or less stupid, in which I can take no part +or say a word, nor even be allowed a vote upon any subject which +concerns the welfare of the country, except when my enemies might think +my vote would injure me in the estimation of the people, and therefore, +by some parliamentary trick, make a tie on such question, so I should be +compelled to vote; and then, at the end of four years (as nowadays no +Vice President is ever elected President), and because of the dignity of +the position I had held, not to be permitted to go on with my +profession, and therefore with nothing left for me to do save to +ornament my lot in the cemetery tastefully, and get into it gracefully +and respectably, as a Vice President should do. + +The _Record_ asserts that, "this is about as near the truth as +Butler ever gets," and then goes on to make some additional statements +which, to say the least, are exceedingly interesting, and _proofs_ +of which the Editor's Table respectfully requests. + +The _Record_ says; "It is true that his (Butler's) name was +proposed for the nomination for Vice President in 1864." + +Upon whose authority does this assertion rest, and _by whom_ was +General Butler's name thus proposed? + +The _Record_ says:--"It is also true that he (Butler) heard of it, +and objected to the plan not for the reasons he now gives, but because +he '_didn't want to run on the ticket with Abe Lincoln.'"_ + +Intensely interesting this, an important fact it would seem for the +future historian. But,--will the _Record_ please quote its +authority? + +The _Record_ says:--"That this was the ground for his (Butler's) +refusal to take the nomination, in case it should be offered to him, was +well known to those who were informed of the exact state of affairs at +the time." + +The historian is still incredulous. All this "was well known to those +who were informed," etc.,--undoubtedly, but _who_ were these +persons? Will the _Record_ cite the name of one _living_ man +thus informed? Did General George A. Gordon know anything about it: and +if not, why not? + +The _Record_ says:--"Butler, in the last days of the war, uttered +an insult to the President who was shortly to be made a martyr." + +Well, this is really a serious charge, and the public certainly will be +interested in knowing what the "insult" was. Will the _Record_ +kindly explain? For the present, the subject may rest here. In the name +of truth and justice, however, the Editor's Table humbly requests that +the _Evening Record_ will enlighten its contemporaries. + + * * * * * + +The Republican newspapers have all been pleased to remark that +President Cleveland has done a very decent thing by refusing to +appoint as post-master at Mr. Blaine's home, in Augusta, the +Democratic editor, who "was virulently active in publishing particularly +unclean falsehoods concerning the Republican candidate last fall." Mr. +Blaine had a perfect right to object, and he exercised the right, to the +appointment of Morton; and likewise, the President had a perfect right +not to heed the objection,--a right, however, which he did not exercise. +The action of the President therefore commends itself to the +right-thinking men of all parties. + +So far as the Editor's Table can remember, this is the first opportunity +that the Republican newspapers have improved to say anything good of +President Cleveland, who, it is not forgotten, was a target for +as virulent and uncalled for abuse as was ever heaped upon any known +American citizen. Magnanimity is always in order even in politics. + + * * * * * + +Civil Service Reform seems to-day to be the mare of the Mugwumps and the +nightmare of everybody else. The eloquence or, if you please, the waste +of words which the minority employ in advocating its deceptive +principles, is only to be contrasted with the almost ludicrous +indifference with which both Republican and Democratic majorities regard +it. Thoughtful people are, at this time, more concerned with the +prospective treatment of the tariff problem. + +Now, it is neither our purpose nor desire to add to the literature of +discussion, on this important theme; but one thought which occurs to us +may here be submitted in the form of a question. People who talk much on +tariff topics are supposed to be interested in the same, and to have +some reason, good, bad, or indifferent, for advancing their diverse +arguments. + +To all such, the inquiry may be addressed:--Are you sure that you +believe in a "protective" tariff because you think it is a _public_ +benefit, or because you think it is a private benefit? + +And again:--Does "protective" tariff protect? If it does,--whom? + +Last autumn, the cry arose throughout the land that free trade meant the +destruction of home labor, and the "introduction of the pauper labor of +Europe," or at least a competition at home with the pauper labor of +Europe. Well, some very dismal pictures have been drawn of the condition +of the pauper labor of Europe, and when thinking of them, it must be +confessed that one does not like to run any risks. + +But suppose that we widen the thought a little. At this very moment, the +iron monopoly of this country is raising a fund to head off a tariff +revision, or to bring about an increased duty. What can be said of the +Iron Monopoly? This, as one fact; that in Pennsylvania, it employs +miners at _fourteen_ dollars a month, charges them _five_ +dollars a month each for a tenement in which to live, and charges them +exorbitant prices for the food and provisions which, in spite of a law +prohibiting the system, _must_ be purchased at the Monopoly's +stores. At the end of the month, many of these miners have not only +consumed every dollar of their wages but are actually in debt. It is +stated, further, as an incontestable fact that, "a miner who objects to +the amount of work or wages given to him gets no more of either, for he +is at once dropped from the rolls, and his name is sent to the +neighboring mines as that of a man unlit for employment." These people +subsist--miraculously--on scanty and unwholesome food, and frequently +are subjected to the greatest hardships. + +We assert that this is no fanciful picture. It is the absolute truth, +with the worst untold. Monopoly is fond of calling these pitiable men +"Molly Maguires,"--"a dangerous class that must be carefully watched!" +These men are _protected_, and their industry and their entire +living afford a charming picture of the results of the "protective" +system, so far as the Iron Monopoly is concerned. With such facts as +these to ponder over, and with the additional knowledge that there is +not a single person today employed in a cotton or woolen mill in the +United States who is not taxed _in the name of protection_, to +enrich the corporation for whom he labors, it seems almost inexplicable +that _honest_ men should neglect one of the greatest and, as God +knows, one of the most threatening problems of this age and country, and +waste words and precious moments over that most arrant humbug--Civil +Service Reform. The People are more important than the Government: for +to-day the Government is the politicians. + + * * * * * + + + + +HISTORICAL RECORD. + + +September 10.--The seventy-second anniversary of our first great Naval +victory was celebrated at Newport, R.I. The most important incident was +the unveiling of the statue erected to the honor of its hero. Commodore +Oliver Hazard Perry. The order of exercises included a brilliant oration +by the Hon. William P. Sheffield, chairman of the Perry statue +committee, this oration by courtesy of its author being printed in full +in this number of the Bay State Monthly; other addresses at the +unveiling were made by Governor George Peabody Wetmore and Mayor Robert +S. Franklin. At the banquet among the speakers were the Governor, Hon. +George Bancroft, the historian, Mayor Franklin, Judge Blatchford, Chief +Justice Durfee, Admiral Rodgers, and Admiral Almy. The occasion was an +exceedingly notable one. + +September 12.--The two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the +incorporation of the town of Concord, Mass., was celebrated with +appropriate military and civic exercises. There was first, a procession, +reviewed by the Governor and invited guests. At the town hall an oration +was delivered by Senator George F. Hoar, and other interesting literary +exercises took place, at the conclusion of which the line was reformed +and the march was taken up to the Hall where the dinner was served. +Judge John S. Keyes presided, and the principal after dinner speeches +were made by William M. Evarts, George William Curtis, George F. Hoar, +E. Rockwood Hoar, James Russell Lowell, and others. + +September 15.--The town of Hingham, Mass., celebrated the quarter +millenial of its incorporation as a town. Business was generally +suspended, and all the prominent residences and public buildings were +elaborately decorated. There was a procession at 11 A.M. to the "old +meeting house." The order of exercises at this place included an oration +by Hon. Solomon Lincoln. A banquet was spread in Agricultural Hail, +attended by ex-governor Long and many other notables. The bells on all +the churches were rung at sunset and as darkness settled over the town, +bonfires were lighted upon Baker's, Otis, Planter's, Turkey, Liberty +Pole and Prospect Hills. The Hingham band gave an open air concert, and +in the evening the citizens and invited guests held a social reunion at +the hall. + +September 16--The annual Salisbury beach gathering opened and continued +through the 17th. About five thousand persons attended. The exercises +consisted of band concerts, base ball, illuminations, etc. + +September 16.--The great race in New York harbor between the Yankee +yacht "Puritan" and the English yacht "Genesta,"--the second in the +contest was won by the former, thus deciding that the America's cup +shall remain in America. The sailing tune was: Puritan, 5.03. 14: +Genesta, 5.04. 52. + + * * * * * + + + + +OBITUARY. + + +September 1.--In Cohasset, Mass., Charles Faulkner of the Boston and New +York firm of Faulkner, Page & Co. + +September 6.--In New Bedford, Mass., William A. Wall, a well known +artist. + +September 8.--In Hanover, N.H., Edward A. Rollins of Philadelphia, +ex-commissioner of internal revenue. + +September 8.--In Haverhill, Mass., Rev. Raymond H. Seeley, D.D. a +prominent Congregational clergyman. + +September 12.--Jonathan Cartland of Lee, Mass, died, aged seventy-six. +He was one of the leading old guard of abolitionists, an uncompromising +prohibitory advocate, and a bosom friend and co-worker of Wendell +Phillips. He held many important town and county offices. He was a warm +friend of the fleeing negroes from the South to Canada, his home being +the refuge for many, and often piloting them from there by night to the +Canadian border. + +September 14.--The death of Hon. Oliver Warner occurred at Lynn, Mass. +He was the son of Oliver Warner of Northampton, where he was born on +April 17, 1818. He was graduated at Williams College in 1842, and +subsequently at Gilmanton Theological Seminary. He officiated as a +Congregational clergyman at Chesterfield from 1844 to 1846. In 1552 and +1853 he was a tutor at Williston Seminary, Easthampton. In 1854 and 1855 +he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and in 1856 and +1857 in the Senate. He occupied the position of secretary of state for +eighteen years, retiring in 1876. His majority in 1872 was greater than +any other on the Republican ticket. In 1875 considerable opposition was +made to his election, the effect of which was to lose him the Republican +nomination and the office. From 1876 to 1879 he filled the position of +librarian of the State Library. In September, 1882, he married Miss +Newhall of Lynn, and departed on a six months' tour in Europe. + +September 16.--Rev. Benjamin F. Tefft, D.D., LL.D., a widely known +Methodist divine, died, aged seventy two years, from a shock of +paralysis received on Friday. He was one of the ablest pulpit orators in +the denomination, has been a president of the Genesee College, editor of +the Methodist Book concern and author of several works. He was a member +of the New York Geographical and Statistical Society, the Society of +Arts of London, etc. He was United States consul to Stockholm in 1862, +and acting minister to Sweden, and commissioner of emigration from +Europe to the state of Maine in 1864. He has been in poor health the +past two years. Dr. Tefft was the author of "Evolution and +Christianity," published last Spring, a veritable encyclopaedia of +Evolution-lore. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMONG THE BOOKS. + + +A very notable contribution to the annals of our times is the +publication of the _Writings and Speeches of Samuel L. Tilden_[2] +This contribution is comprised in two volumes, and is so complete in +itself as to ensure a welcome from not only a large body of political +sympathizers and admirers but also from all students of American +political history. Mr. Tilden has the honor of being unquestionably the +greatest Democratic leader of recent years, and, in more ways than one, +of being a unique figure among the statesmen whom his country has +produced. + +He was born in New Lebanon, N.Y. 1814, and before he reached his +majority he began to discuss political questions in print and on the +rostrum. In these early, as well as in later years, he was in his +instincts a conservative; as time moved on, he grew more and more fond +of the democracy of Jefferson and of Jackson, and their democracy, it +may be said, has had, during the past quarter of a century, no more +devoted or worthier expounder and representative than Mr. Tilden. +No question of paramount interest has arisen that has not, from the +Democratic standpoint, received his attention. When the nullifiers +assaulted the Union he stood by it; whenever anybody has undertaken to +advocate the American "protection" system, he has invariably denounced +it as unconstitutional, in this respect differing from another leading +Democrat, General Butler. Mr. Tilden also stood by the removal of the +deposits from the United States Banks, advocated the establishment of +the Sub Treasury, and was the first to contend for free banking. He +asserted the supervision of legislatures over charters of their own +creation. He protested against the nationalization of slavery in 1848. + +These few specifications of a general character, to say nothing of those +of special interest, indicate something of the wealth of thought and +expression contained within the covers of these volumes. Of the minor +themes, one was exceedingly important in its day, and important also as +a lesson for future municipalities,--namely, the Tweed charter for New +York city and the story of the destruction of the Tweed ring. It is +herein presented with the fullest details. + +Mr. Bigelow, the editor of the collection, has happily taken the time +for publication when Mr. Tilden has retired from active political +service; and thus the volumes may now be read with a less prejudiced +mind than in a former period of years. + +It is impossible not to derive information and suggestions from a +careful perusal of these discussions, and inspiration from the +_dignity_ with which they are conducted; at the same time the +reader is somehow impressed in the perusal that Mr. Tilden is neither a +_great_ statesman _per se_, nor always a safe one to follow. +At this hour, it would be difficult to estimate the influence which he +has exerted upon the politics of his time. The accident of a political +defeat, rather than any extraordinary ability of his own, won for him +the remarkable and enthusiastic loyalty of his party, and perhaps also +a political immortality. As is still remembered, he bore his defeat +manfully and with a dignified grace unexampled in history, when all the +circumstances are considered, and this will be to his everlasting honor. +During his active participation in politics, Mr. Tilden was a partisan, +in the best sense of that word, as every man must be who lives and +_thinks_ under our system of government. He cherished principles +directly opposed to those of a host of his contemporaries, and this, +too, was a prerogative of his citizenship. Nevertheless, the integrity +of his character was never questioned, his motives were always +honorable, his opinions were generally carefully conceded and candidly +asserted, his acts never savored of trickery. We wish as much could be +said of many who have professed admiration of the man, as well as of +many who have not scrupled to malign him to a merciless degree. + +[Footnote 2: The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by +John Bigelow In two volumes. New York: Harper & Brothers. Price $6.00.] + + * * * * * + +We have been particularly pleased with the four volumes which are +comprised in the "Garnet Series."[3]--They are, to speak first of their +mechanical attractions, handsomely made, as regards paper, press-work +and binding, and at once tempt the reader to look within. The object of +their publication is to furnish in neat but low priced books choice +reading to so called Chautauqua circles; and thus far there is a promise +of brilliant success. + +The character of the contents of these volumes demands neither +explanation nor criticism at this time. _Readings from Ruskin_ is +edited with a suitable introduction, by Prof. H.A. Beers of Yale +College, and the selections are made mostly from the great writer's +chapters pertaining to Italy. The _Readings from Macaulay_ also +pertains to Italy, including the remarkable essays on Dante, Petrarch +and Machiavelli, and the Lays of Ancient Rome, and is pleasantly +"introduced" by Donald G. Mitchell. An exceedingly timely volume is that +entitled _Art and the Formation of Taste_, by Lucy Crane, with +illustrations drawn by Thomas and Walter Crane. It is one of the most +inspiring and practical books on the subject that have been written in +our generation. Charles C. Black's _Michael Angelo_ contains within +275 pages the principal facts of the great sculptor's life and labors, +faithfully and appreciatively recounted. It is, so far as it goes, +declared to be a very valuable work. We cannot too highly commend these +publications. Every one of them is an incentive to further reading and +reflection. + +[Footnote 3: THE GARNET SERIES;--Readings from Ruskin--Readings from +Macauley--Art and the Formation of Taste--Life and Works of Michel +Angelo. 5 vols. Boston; The Chautauqua Press.] + + * * * * * + +Dr. George H. Moore is the superintendent of the Lenox Library and a man +who is not afraid to dip into old parchments and musty records. We wish +that there were more of his kind. Students of our local annals are +indebted to him for the preparation and publication of two important and +interesting brochures, which have recently appeared. His _Notes on the +History of the old State House_,[4] formerly known as "The Town House +in Boston," "The Court House in Boston," "The Province Court House," +"The State House," and "The City Hall" was first read before the +Bostonian Society, last May, and was listened to with the closest +attention. The second brochure, embracing 120 pages, bears the title: +_Final notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts_[5] and is a +vindication of the laws and liberties concerning attainders with +corruptions of Blood, Escheats, forfeitures for crime and pardon of +offenders, etc. This is the fifth pamphlet which Dr. Moore has issued on +the subject of Witchcraft in Massachusetts, and it concludes the series. +We hope, at a future time, to be able to refer to them again, for they +shed much light on our colonial history, and to our historical +literature constitute very valuable additions. + +[Footnote 4: Notes on the History of the Old State House. By George H. +Moore, LL. D. Boston: Cupples, Upham & Co. Paper. 50 cents.] + +[Footnote 5: Final notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts. By same author. +New York: Printed for the author. Sold in Boston, by Cupples, Upham & +Co. Paper, $1.00.] + + * * * * * + +Mr. Smith's recent work on _The Science of Business_[6] should be +read, and its facts and arguments carefully weighed, by all men of +business. It professes to be a study of the principles controlling the +laws of exchange. Reasoning from analogies existing in the natural +world, the author logically deduces his law that civilization moves +along lines of least resistance, and contends that this law holds true +throughout the phenomena of mind also. The law of the survival of the +fittest is but another expression of the subject under discussion. "Do +we not see civilization," asks the author, "advancing along those lines +where the tractive forces are the greatest, where the least labor will +produce the largest crops, and where the obstacles to complete living +are the fewest? Do not people invest their money where it will safely +bring the largest returns? Do we not buy in the cheapest, and sell in +the dearest market? Does not the tide of immigration set from least +favored nations to the most favored?" There is still one other +law,--that motion is always rhythmical. These two principles or laws Mr. +Smith applies to his theories regarding general business, the iron +industry, the building of railroads, immigration, stocks, exchange, +foreign trade, etc. Indeed his theories are based on these laws, and are +worthy of consideration if not always of acceptance. We quote one +reflection:--"If we admit that business motions are in the line of least +resistance, and rhythmic, and that these rhythms show a tendency to +become balanced, we may conclude that panics and periods of depression +will always continue at intervals, with this qualification, the next +period of depression will not be as severe as the present, and the next +less severe, and so on, until, to all outward signs, they will at last +cease." + +By reason of a lack of space, we cannot say all that we had wished to +say in regard to this work. It is, on the whole, a most ingenious +argument, well conceived and brilliantly sustained. We are not sure that +Mr. Smith has not explained satisfactorily some of the nuggets of +mystery which have so long puzzled the brains of business men. + +[Footnote 6: The Science of Business. By Roderick H. Smith, New York: +G.P. Putnam's Sons. Price $1.25.] + + * * * * * + + + + +PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. + + +An early forthcoming issue of the Bay State Monthly will contain an +elaborate article of great value upon the manufactures and various +important industries of "A Model Industrial City," for which fine +illustrations are being prepared. + +Special invitation is extended to all Public and private Libraries, +Historical, Intellectual and Literary Societies, as well as to every +lover of New England, to join their efforts with ours to the end that +the Bay State Monthly shall be a competent medium of preserving the +great and rapidly increasing amount of history pertaining to New +England, and no less a worthy representative of its literature and +material progress. + +We tender our thanks to the Holyoke _Transcript_ for the very +courteous aid rendered our management. + +We desire to heartily thank the press of the entire country for the +cordial and appreciative welcome extended to the Bay State Monthly since +it has been published under its new management. On an advertising page +in this number are to be found a few comments, selected from hundreds of +similar notices given by representative newspapers in nearly every state +in the Union. + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17725-8.txt or 17725-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17725/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17725] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<a name="image-0001"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" > +<a href="images/ill-328.jpg"><img src="images/ill-328.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="William W. Crapo" /></a> +<br /> +William W. Crapo +</div> +<hr /> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> + THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. +</h1> +<h2> + <i>A Massachusetts Magazine.</i> +</h2> +<h3> +VOL. III. OCTOBER, 1885. NO. V. +</h3> +<hr /> + +<h3>Contents</h3> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0002">HON. WILLIAM W. CRAPO.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0003">THE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE OF THE CIVIL WAR.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0004">ASSESSMENT INSURANCE.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0005">THE HERO OF LAKE ERIE.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0006">A MODEL INDUSTRIAL CITY.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0007">THE LAST PORTRAIT OF DANIEL WEBSTER.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0008">FORT SHIRLEY.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0009">THE MORMON CHURCH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0010">ELIZABETH.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0013">ROOM AT THE TOP.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0014">TWO DAYS WITH THE A.M.C.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0015">THE MARCH OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0016">BY THE SEA.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0017">THE RESPONSE OF MARBLEHEAD IN 1861.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0018">EQUINOCTIAL.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0019">EDITOR'S TABLE.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0020">HISTORICAL RECORD.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0021">OBITUARY.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0022">AMONG THE BOOKS.</a></p> +<p class="toc"><a href="#h2H_4_0023">PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT.</a></p> +<hr /> + +<a name="h2H_4_0002" id="h2H_4_0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HON. WILLIAM W. CRAPO. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Edward P. Guild.</span> +</h3> +<p> +A citizen of Massachusetts, eminent in public and private life, and now +in the prime of manhood, is the <span class="sc">Hon. William W. Crapo</span>, of New +Bedford. He is the son of Henry Howland Crapo, a man of marked abilities +and with a distinguished career, whose father was a farmer in humble +circumstances in Dartmouth, the parent town of New Bedford, and able to +give but meagre opportunities for education to his son. Henry had, +however, a thirst for knowledge, and his determination in providing +himself with the means of study affords a parallel to the early life of +Lincoln. It is told of him, that having no dictionary in his father's +house, he undertook to be his own lexicographer in the task of preparing +one. He soon fitted himself as a school teacher and afterwards became a +land surveyor in New Bedford. As a man of ability and integrity, he at +once began to rise to positions of trust, and among the offices he held +were those of City Treasurer and Trustee of the Public Library. He was +interested in the whale fisheries, then the great enterprise of this +famous seaport, and was a successful business man. +</p> +<p> +In 1857, having made extensive timber purchases in Michigan, he removed +to that state, where he took an active part in political affairs. In +1865, he was elected Governor of that State and held the office for four +years. He was a lover of books all his life, and was the author of +articles on horticulture in which subject he was an enthusiastic +amateur. +</p> +<p> +William Wallace Crapo was born in Dartmouth, May 16, 1830, and was the +only son in a family of ten children. He inherited his father's passion +for learning and knowledge, and although his father's means were +limited, he was given all possible opportunity for study. He was first +in the New Bedford public + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>[310]</span> + + schools, then at Phillips Academy in Andover, where he prepared for +college. He graduated at Yale—which has since conferred upon him the +Degree of Doctor of Laws,—in the class of 1852. Deciding on the study +of law, he attended the Dane law school at Cambridge, and subsequently +entered the office of Governor Clifford in New Bedford. In February +1855, he was admitted to the Bristol bar, and in the following April was +elected City Solicitor, an office which he continued to hold for twelve +consecutive years. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Crapo's first active part in politics was about a year after his +admission to the bar. Fremont and Dayton were in 1856 nominated as the +Republican candidates for the Presidency and Vice Presidency. Mr. Crapo +was an earnest surporter of the candidates and made very effective +speeches in their behalf in his section of the state. In the same year +he was chosen to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and the +following year, when only twenty-seven years of age, was tendered a seat +in the Massachusetts Senate, but declined the honor. His father this +year removed to Michigan, and the son who remained became a worthy +successor to the confidence and respect of his fellow-citizens. He was +actively interested in the establishment of the New Bedford Water-works, +and from 1865 to 1875 held the office of Chairman of the board of Water +Commissioners. As Bank President, as director in extensive manufacturing +corporations, and in other similar positions of trust and responsibility +he acquired the reputation of being a sound business man, and an able +financial manager. In all of these positions he has ever enjoyed the +complete confidence and respect of his associates. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Crapo has been a diligent student of the history of the Old Colony +and especially of the early settlement of Dartmouth, and he has rendered +valuable contributions to the historical literature of the State. The +address delivered by him at the Bi-Centennial Anniversary of the town of +Dartmouth in 1864 and his address at the Centennial Celebration in New +Bedford in 1876 exhibit his accurate research and his facility of clear +and forcible expression. The closing sentences of the latter address +were as follows:—- +</p> +<p> +"We must preserve the results of the past. But this is not our whole +duty. The work of our fathers is not completed. Our honor and safety is +in still further achievements of public justice and orderly freedom, and +to the advancement of the common welfare. Our mission is a continuous +and steady development of conscientiousness, a moral and religious +growth, keeping pace with advancing intelligence, science and liberty. +We attain to it by those common virtues which our fathers exercised: +honesty, frugality, integrity and unfaltering devotion to duty. We need +but follow the old plain paths, and, undazzled by the superficial +glitter and pretentious show of ambitious self-seekers, march steadily +forward to the attainments of a trained and vigorous virtue, to purity, +strength and solidity. Thus will we keep unsoiled our inheritance, and +transmit it, beautified and glorified, to those who come after us. +</p> +<p> +"We have seen the forest fall before the strong arm of the pioneer; we +have seen the shores lined with masts, and the waters white with sails; +we have seen the triumphs of restless, cunning labor; but not in +physical power nor in populous cities, not in factories nor palaces, nor +richly laden fleets, are the elements of natural greatness, nor its +safety, but in the courage, integrity, self-denial and temperance of the +people, and the spirit of mental enterprise and moral freedom which +inspires them." +</p> +<p> +But the reputation of Mr. Crapo in Massachusetts and the country at +large + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>[311]</span> + + rests preeminently upon his services in the National House of +Representatives. He was elected to fill a vacancy in the Forty-fourth +Congress and was returned at three successive elections, enjoying to an +unusual degree the favor and approbation of his constituents. In the +Forty-fifth Congress he was a member of the committee on Foreign +Affairs. In the Forty-sixth he served on the committee on Banking and +Currency, and was chairman of this important committee in the next +Congress. He introduced the bill to extend the charters of the National +Banks, and by his skillful and persistent efforts the bill became a law +to the satisfaction of all sound business men. In his connection with +this bill, Mr. Crapo added to his reputation as an able lawyer, that of +a sound financier and a judicious statesman. +</p> +<p> +Representing a constituency whose interests are largely identified with +the fishing industries, Mr. Crapo has naturally been considered a +champion of the fishermen. A strong speech was made by him on the +resolution recommending the abrogation of the fishing articles of the +Treaty of Washington, of which the following is an example:— +</p> +<p> +"For seventy years this Government, and prior to that the Colonies, paid +liberal bounties to aid the development and increase of our fishing +marine. These bounties have been abandoned, and the New England +fishermen, relying upon their energy and enterprise do not ask a renewal +of them. But they do ask that the United States shall not offer a bounty +to build up this industry in the hands of rivals. When we are confronted +with a declining merchant marine, when the carrying trade is passing +into the hands of foreigners, when we remember that our whaling fleet, +which twenty years ago numbered 600 ships with 18,000 sailors, the best +sailors on the globe, disciplined and educated in voyages of three and +four year's duration—is now reduced to 163 vessels with less than 5,000 +men, we may well inquire, where are we to look for experienced seamen to +man our navy in case of foreign war? We can build vessels of war in a +few weeks when the emergency arises. With our resources of timber, and +iron and copper, and every material entering into the construction of +our vessels, we can build ships at short notice in our private +shipyards, even if we cannot in our navy yards, but efficient and hardy +sailors come only from the training and experience of years of toil and +danger upon the sea." +</p> +<p> +This brief extract illustrates Mr. Crapo's logical, direct method of +making an argument. When occasion presents itself, he is capable of +rising to heights of eloquence equalled by few who sit in the National +Capitol. The following passage is from a brief speech occasioned by the +presentation to the United States, April 22, 1880, of Thomas Jefferson's +writing desk on which was written the original draft of the Declaration +of Independence. Mr. Crapo offered a joint resolution of acceptance and +in closing his eloquent remarks said:— +</p> +<p> +What memories crowd upon us with the mention of these names. +Washington, the soldier, whose sword was drawn for the independence of +his country; Franklin, the philosopher, the benefactor of his race, who +with simple maxims pointed out the road to wealth and who disarmed the +lightning and the thunderbolt; Jefferson, the accomplished and +enthusiastic scholar, whose marvelous genius and masterly pen gave form +to that immortal paper which proclaimed liberty to all mankind. These +are names never to be forgotten. These men were the founders of the +Republic. Their name and fame are secure, and in the centuries which are +to follow will be treasured by a grateful and loving people among their +choicest possessions. Mr. Speaker, the nation gladly accepts and will +sacredly keep this invaluable relic. The article itself may be +inconsiderable, but with this simple desk we associate a grand +achievement. Upon it was written the great charter of civil liberty, the +Declaration of American Independence. We pay to the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>[312]</span> + + heroic hand who signed that wager of battle the honors which are paid to +the heroes of the battlefield. It was not valor alone which secured to +us self-government. The leaders in the revolt against the tyranny and +the established institutions of the old world had courage of opinion and +were full of mature wisdom and incorruptible patriotism. The men who +signed the paper pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred +honor in support of the Declaration, and who made their fearless appeal +to God and the world in behalf of the rights of mankind, were both +lion-hearted and noble-minded. +</p> +<p> +Upon this desk was written in words as pure and true as the word of +inspiration that document which opened up 'a new era in the history +of the civilized world.' Its fit resting place is with the nation's +choicest treasures. It is a precious memorial of Jefferson, more +eloquent and suggestive than any statue of marble or bronze which may +commemorate his deeds. In accepting it in the name of the nation we +recognize the elevated private character, the eminent virtue, the +profound knowledge, the lofty statesmanship, and the sincere patriotism +of Jefferson, and we honor him as the father of popular government and +as the great apostle of liberty. +</p> +<p> +To the pledge of safe custody with which we accept this gift, we join +the solemn promise that with still greater fidelity we will guard the +inheritance of free institutions which has come to us through the valor +of Washington and the wisdom of Jefferson, and that we will faithfully +transmit, undimmed and unbroken, their richest legacies—"Liberty and the +Union." +</p> +<p> +At the Republican State Convention held in Worcester, September 21, +1881, Congressman Crapo was chosen president, and made an address which +was regarded as a splendid defence of the Republican Party. In its +course he said: +</p> +<p> +"No occupation is more honorable than the public service. The desire to +engage in it is a worthy one. The ambition to hold and properly +discharge the duties of a position under the government is creditable to +the citizen. The public offices in this country should be as freely open +to all as are places in other vocations of life. No man should be +debarred by birth, or locality, or race, or religious, or political +belief from engaging in the public service. To deserve this he should +not be required to render partisan service or personal allegiance to any +party leader, nor be compelled to purchase the favor or patronage of any +public official. The public offices are a public trust, to be held and +administered with the same exact justice and the same conscientious +regard for the responsibilities involved as are required in the +execution of private trusts. The test for appointments should be +superior qualifications, and not partisan attachment nor partisan +service; continuance in office should depend upon real merit +demonstrated in the actual performance of duties and not upon the +urgency of Congressmen or petitions of other citizens." +</p> +<p> +Of Mr. Crapo it may justly be said that on every occasion of life in +which he has been called upon for any duty, he has always risen adequate +to the occasion, and even exceeded in his efforts the most sanguine +expectations of his friends. He has much of that reserve power which +does not manifest itself until it is wanted, and then the supply is +equal to the demand. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page313" name="page313"></a>[313]</span> +</p> +<a name="h2H_4_0003" id="h2H_4_0003"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE OF THE CIVIL WAR. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By George Lowell Austin.</span> +</h3> +<center> +I. +</center> +<p> +At the present time, everything bearing upon the history of the American +civil war has special interest. Nearly a quarter of a century has passed +since the struggle began, and during the interval asperities have died +away and peace and harmony hover over a united people. +</p> +<p> +During the war and in the years immediately following its cessation, a +number of soldiers and civilians wrote histories, on the Union side, +some of these being careful and exhaustive studies of limited fields of +action, and others of the entire field of operations. It necessarily +happened, however, that, owing to misconceptions arising from their +opposite points of view, their lack of personal knowledge, and the +absence of authentic documentary evidence, these writers were not always +able to penetrate the plans and purposes of the Confederate leaders, or +even to describe with entire accuracy the part borne by the Confederate +troops in particular engagements. +</p> +<p> +As time goes on, the deficiency is being met, and the memoirs of those +Confederate soldiers and civilians who bore a prominent part in the +struggle, either in the field or the council chamber, and who had a full +knowledge of the facts, are fast coming to light, and are perused with +more than common interest by military actors and students. The true and +exhaustive history of the civil war cannot be written until all the +facts shall have been made known. Even then, the reader must always bear +in mind who states the facts, and also that the truth is oftener found +in the memoir of some gallant and straightforward soldier than in that +of a politician. +</p> +<p> +Of the myriad of bound volumes and pamphlets called forth by the war, a +very large number have long since been consigned to oblivion. Many of +these were written to bolster up personal ambitions, interests, +rivalries and jealousies, while as many more were composed, without +regard to facts, to gain dollars and cents. Of none of these productions +need anything further be said. +</p> +<p> +Comparatively speaking, there were but few books relating to the war and +published during the war that deserve to be recalled. After the war, +quite a number were issued, and, within the last ten years, a large +number have appeared, all destined to rank as "authorities" for the +future historian. The purpose of the present series of articles is, to +give such information in regard to these publications, as shall guide +students in mapping out a course of reading, and shall assist persons +entrusted with the selection of <i>standard books</i> on war history for +use in city and town libraries. +</p> +<p> +The suggestions and information herein offered are, at their best, only +random notes. No special plan, or classification, will be followed by +the writer; + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page314" name="page314"></a>[314]</span> + + his sole aim being to include only what is absolutely worthy and +"authoritative." +</p> +<p class="quote"> + THE AMERICAN CONFLICT:—A History of the Great Rebellion in the United + States of America, 1860-64: Its Causes, Incidents, and Results. Intended + to exhibit especially its Moral and Political Phases, with the Drift and + Progress of American opinion respecting Human Slavery, from 1776 to the + close of the War for the Union. By Horace Greeley. Illustrated, 2 + volumes. pp. 648, 679. Hartford: O.D. Case and Company. +</p> +<p> +This work was composed, with the aid of an amanuensis, in the early +hours of the morning, before the beginning of the editorial tasks of +each day. Mr. Greeley's long connection with the <i>Tribune</i>, as its +editor-in-chief, tended to make him more familiar with American politics +from 1830 to 1860 than almost any other of his contemporaries, and when +he proposed to himself to write the history of the American civil war, +he could justly claim to have full knowledge of the <i>causes</i> which +had led to it. In the preface to his first volume (1864) he stated +frankly that "the History of the civil war will not and cannot now be +written." All that he hoped to accomplish, then, was to write a +<i>political</i> rather than a military history of the great struggle. +He succeeded, and his work deserves to rank as one of the most valuable, +and, so far as it goes, accurate and impartial narratives of the +contest. +</p> +<p> +The first volume treats chiefly of the causes and events which +culminated in secession, while the second volume (1866) depicts, without +embellishment, the military and political victories which ended in the +restoration of peace. The author cherished the belief that the war was +"the unavoidable result of antagonisms imbedded in the very nature of +our heterogeneous institutions: that ours was indeed an 'irrepressible +conflict,' which might have been prevented." +</p> +<p> +In its <i>military</i> portions the work is decidedly weak, and much of +interest and value is omitted. For facts, the author relied chiefly on +Moore's <i>Rebellion Record</i>, Victor's <i>History of the Southern +Rebellion</i>, (embracing important data not found in the <i>Record</i>) +and Pollard's <i>Southern History of the War</i>. After a later survey +of the war-literature, Mr. Greeley felt justified in the candid claim +that his work "is one of the clearest statements yet made of the long +chain of causes which led irresistibly to the war for the Union, showing +why that war was the righteous and natural consequence of the American +people's general and guilty compliance in the crime of upholding and +diffusing Human Slavery." +</p> +<p> +This work won such popular favor that it soon reached a sale of one +hundred thousand copies. But when, in 1867, its distinguished author +signed the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis, its sale was suddenly checked. +The act was an unselfish one; its propriety, however, was questioned by +many persons. Whether, on account of it, Mr. Greeley be blamed or +applauded, his work merits commendation as a valuable authority on the +political history of the American civil war, and ought always, as such, +to be consulted. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + THE HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA:—Comprising a full and + impartial account of the Origin and Progress of the Rebellion, of the + various Naval and Military Engagements, of the Heroic Deeds performed by + Armies and Individuals, and of Touching scenes in the Field, the Camp, + the Hospital, and the Cabin. By John S.C. Abbott. Illustrated. 2 vols. + pp. 507, 629. Norwich. Conn: The Henry Bill Publishing Company. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page315" name="page315"></a>[315]</span> + +<p> +The author of the <i>Life of Napoleon Bonaparte</i> was never too +particular in regard to his facts, but those which he made use of he +could array with such skill as to completely captivate the judgment of +the unwary. In his History of the Civil War, all the enthusiasm of the +writer, his easy flow of rhetoric, his vast fund of anecdote, and his +characteristic inability to discriminate between truth and falsity, +assert themselves. The chief importance of the work consists in its +treatment of events, as army-correspondents saw them, and, hence, it +comprises many minor features, usually omitted by more sober historians. +As a political history, it is almost worthless; as a military history, +it is even worse. Still, it possesses a marked value, for the reason +already stated, and is attractive by reason of its numerous +illustrations, all engraved on steel from original designs,—comprising +portraits, battle-scenes, diagrams and maps. The first volume was +printed in 1863; the second in 1865. +</p> +<p class="quote">A HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA:—By The Comte de Paris. +Translated with the approval of the author. Edited by Henry Coppee, +LL.D. 3 volumes. 8vo, pp. 640, 820, 954. Philadelphia: Porter and +Coates. +</p> +<p> +The first volume of this work was published in 1875, the second in 1876, +and the third in 1883. A fourth volume is now in course of preparation, +and will conclude the series. +</p> +<p> +The prime qualifications of a historian, dispassionateness and +thoroughness, are everywhere manifest in the splendid work of the Count +of Paris. His is the first attempt to produce a full and complete +history of the civil war, based upon official records both of the North +and of the South. The whole narrative exhibits unsparing and successful +research, calm judgment, temperance alike in praise and censure, and an +earnest endeavor to deal justly and fairly with both sides of the great +conflict and the actors in each. There are chapters in the work which +will always provoke discussion, and some of the author's conclusions in +special instances may be controverted; still, the great merits of the +work, as a whole, cannot but be generally and cordially recognized. +</p> +<p> +The work is distinctly a <i>military</i> history, without, however, +ignoring purely civil transactions when an account of them is needed to +throw light on the military movements. The author's theory, relative to +the origin of the war may be stated thus:—The South saw that, as the +North increased in prosperity, it was decreasing, and was losing the +balance of power which it had always held since the adoption of the +Constitution. It determined, therefore, to force slavery into the new +States and Territories; and, failing in this, it foresaw but two +alternatives,—either to give up the cause as lost, or to initiate a +conflict and a satisfactory peace from its opponents. It chose the +latter, and was thwarted. +</p> +<p> +The first volume treats of the American army, past and present, of +Secession, and the events of the war to the Spring of 1862; the second +volume continues the narrative of events from Gen. McClellan's Peninsula +Campaign to the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation. The author, in +considering the relations of the commanding general to the +administration, praises the former and blames the latter; and, in +commending the campaign, shows himself a poor master of the art of war, +and in some respects an indifferent critic of practical military operations. + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page316" name="page316"></a>[316]</span> + + The Count of Paris wrote these chapters in 1874.—twelve years after the +events, and with ample testimony at his command. It is strange that he +could not reach the conclusion, then and now commonly held, that +McClellan's treatment of President Lincoln throughout his entire career +seems to have been highly insubordinate and apparently based upon the +idea that he regarded himself as the nation's only hope, forgetting that +to a free people no man has ever become indispensable, however powerful +his intellect or exalted his virtues. Barring certain conclusions which +are open to easy controversion, the narrative is exceedingly careful, +graphic, and in the main truthful. +</p> +<p> +The third volume (1883) is translated and edited by Col. John S. +Nicholson of Philadelphia, and covers the eventful year 1863,—the +operations and movements on the Rapidan and the disaster to the union +arms at Chancellorsville,—the movements upon Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and +the retreat of Lee's array to Virginia. Closer attention is paid, in +this volume, to the legislation, administration, finances, resources, +temper, and condition generally of the North and the South, and valuable +accounts are given of the organization at the North of the signal corps, +the medical and hospital service, the military telegraph, the system of +railroad transportation for military purposes, the soldiers' homes, and +the sanitary and other commissions. +</p> +<p> +As a whole, and so far as published, the work purports to give an +accurate account of what took place in all quarters of the theatre of +war, and is generally successful. It never errs on the side of +partisanship, but occasionally through ignorance or misapplication of +facts. From first to last, it is an honest and straightforward +narrative, at times eloquent and at times vivacious. The reader is bored +by no flights of rhetoric; but students will always lament a lack of +philosophical tone and <i>critical</i> appreciation of men and events. +The maps and plans, which are numerous and are furnished from official +sources, are all that could be desired. +</p> +<p class="quote"> +REMINISCENCES OF FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE IN 1860-61. By Abner +Doubleday, Brevet Major General, U.S.A. 1 vol. 12mo pp. 184. New York, +Harper & Brothers. +</p> +<p> +The author bore an honorable and responsible part in the actual outbreak +of hostilities between the national government and the revolted states, +and in this book he gives a simple and faithful recital of some of the +more important facts. Though so misrepresented by certain critics, the +book is <i>not</i> an attack on Major Anderson's character; on the +contrary, it clearly shows, and attempts to show, that that commander +firmly subdued all considerations and devices which seemed inconsistent +with his duty as a soldier of the United States, and held himself ready +to be sacrificed to the trust given him. General (then Captain, 1st +artillery U.S.A.) Doubleday was at Fort Sumter during the bombardment, +and, as might be expected, his volume gives many incidents of the life +of the little besieged band, and of the siege itself, which appear here +for the first time, and which throw fresh light upon the conduct and +principles of both parties to the conflict. As a personal narrative, it +is one of the most charming and instructive relating to the war. The +book was published in 1876. +</p> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page317" name="page317"></a>[317]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0004" id="h2H_4_0004"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ASSESSMENT INSURANCE. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By G.A. Litchfield.</span> +</h3> +<p> +It is the purpose of this article to fairly treat the subject under +consideration and to set forth such claims only as can be sustained to +the satisfaction of candid and unprejudiced minds. It will not be +assumed that the science of Assessment Insurance is perfected; on the +contrary, our most advanced thinkers upon the subject are those who see +most clearly its defects, and are laboring most assiduously to correct +them. Grave obstacles have been encountered in their endeavors to +perfect the system. Those who have written upon the subject in the +public press have been largely such as have given it but a cursory +study, or such as have been totally unfit to discuss it from an +impartial standpoint by reason of preconceived notions or prejudices in +favor of the level premium system of insurance, if, indeed, they have +not been retained for a consideration by that gigantic moneyed monopoly. +</p> +<p> +So largely has prejudice controlled in the consideration of the subject, +that those who have sought judicious and stringent legislation to +correct abuses, and to bring the business under equally careful and +official supervision as that given other forms of insurance, with a view +to making it <i>permanently</i> subserve public interests, have been +more than once defeated in their laudable endeavors, because they +insisted that no legislation could meet the necessities of the case that +did not contemplate it as a <i>permanent</i> institution. Great advances +have been made however in the last three or four years, and much that +was objectionable has been corrected. Wise legislation has been secured +in many States. At the last session of her legislature, Massachusetts +signalized an important step in advance, by enacting a law whose +provisions indicate an intelligent comprehension of the subject on the +part of her legislators, unsurpassed by those of any other State. It has +already begun to correct existing evils, as its advocates foresaw it +would do. +</p> +<p> +Several companies dishonestly and incompetently conducted have found it +impossible to longer prey upon a too confiding public. +</p> +<p> +The collapse of fraudulent concerns has furnished an occasion for the +enemies of the system to cry out against the system itself, but thinking +men are not deceived thereby. As was recently remarked by a +distinguished ex-insurance Commissioner of Massachusetts, "Assessment +Insurance has come to stay." There is not, as has been claimed by its +opponents, anything inherent in the system that fore-dooms it to early +and inevitable collapse. +</p> +<p> +Assessment insurance is natural insurance as against artificial. In the +early establishment of life insurance companies, everything was +assumption, there was little or no experience to guide in formulating +the principles upon which the business should be conducted. There was +partial information, it is true, upon certain general facts pertaining +to longevity or to mortality laws, under certain conditions, but nothing +that could give substantial data upon which to base + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page318" name="page318"></a>[318]</span> + + mathematical calculations for the establishment of a science. Under +those conditions, rates of premium were fixed for insurance at the +different ages which the experience of many years has shown to be very +much higher than is required to meet reasonable expenses, and losses +occurring from policies maturing by death. +</p> +<p> +A rate of mortality was assumed greater than experience has shown to +prevail among well selected lives. The important element of lapses was +not considered, an element so considerable in its practical bearing upon +the requirements of the company to meet its liabilities, that of one +million of assumed liabilities upon say one thousand lives, only about +$77.000 become actual liabilities by reason of policies maturing by +death of the insured. +</p> +<p> +Assessment insurance instructed by the experience of life companies, +adjusts its plans and methods upon the natural basis of fact, and not +the artificial one of supposition. It tabulates its rates according to +the combined experience of all American companies, requiring the insured +to pay a sum proportionate to the amount assured, and to his life +expectancy. +</p> +<p> +It places its risks upon carefully selected lives only, requiring a +competent medical examination of the applicant, having regard to his +previous health and habits, his occupation or profession, his family +history, and such other circumstances as should properly be considered +in calculating probable longevity. +</p> +<p> +We assert without fear, that we shall be successfully controverted, that +there is as great care and discrimination exercised in the placing of +risks by our representation assessment companies, as in any other form +of insurance. Time was when this claim could not have been supported by +facts, but that time is not now. Our conservative assessment +companies,—and there are many of them that can be fairly so styled, +ignore none of the scientific principles upon which life insurance +depends for its permanent success. They do believe however that their +methods of conducting the business will conserve the interests of a far +greater number, and relieve them of a large proportion of the burdens +imposed by the older and more cumbersome form. +</p> +<p> +Assessment companies call upon their policy-holders for such sums as are +required to meet actual losses, together with a small amount for +expenses and for an emergency fund. Mortuary assessments are called only +when there is an amount in hand on that account, insufficient to meet +the maximum sum for which a policy is issued. They may be called at +stated periods, or as the exigencies of the case shall require. +Objection is made to this method that it is unreliable, and cannot be +depended upon when the mortality is from any cause unusual or excessive. +</p> +<p> +It is not claimed by the best informed advocates of assessment +insurance, that direct assessments should be the sole reliance of the +company. Some other provision should be made which is referred to later +in this article, but the main dependence is upon assessments. +</p> +<p> +If companies are honestly and capably conducted, and risks judiciously +selected, there is nothing in the experience of life companies to +indicate that mortality assessments on the <i>average</i> will be +sufficiently burdensome to seriously threaten the permanence of the +institution. Where disaster has been visited upon assessment + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page319" name="page319"></a>[319]</span> + + companies, the cause has been easily traceable to incompetent or +dishonest conduct of the business, and utter disregard of the foundation +principles of all insurance. It has in no instance been fairly +chargeable to defects in the system. With the record before us of our +best assessment companies, faithfully and competently administered, +paying their losses promptly, at a cost to the insured for a term of +years, of one third to one half only, of that in level premium +companies, what reason is there for the insuring public withdrawing +their patronage. +</p> +<p> +But we admit that it is not sound policy to depend upon assessments +alone, and this view is held by most if not all, who have studied the +subject in its various aspects. While for many years, and perhaps +indefinitely, a company might be successfully conducted, if under a +competent management, depending solely upon assessments, yet +contingencies arc liable to arise in which it will be evident that true +conservatism and wise forethought would have held in hand some funds for +use without imposing, at that particular time, the burden of an +assessment upon the policy holders. +</p> +<p> +The advocates of such conservatism have been met with the argument that +it is contrary to the principle of assessment insurance, and a +concession to the theory of the level premium plan. But the reply is +that the requirements of an assessment company in the form of an +emergency or reserve are in no sense comparable with those of a level +premium company, and the application of it is upon an entirely different +principle, and for an altogether different purpose. +</p> +<p> +An assessment company may need funds in hand to relieve its members of +an assessment when otherwise they might be overburdened, because the +death rate fluctuates in different years. Or again, in case of a +depleted membership from any cause, the assessment company would need +funds in hand to supply any deficiency in the proceeds of an assessment +below the face of the maturing obligation. For either purpose a +comparatively small sum is required, while the level premium company +must pile up tens of millions of overpayments to cover the requirements +of the principle on which it conducts its business. It is susceptible of +mathematical demonstration that one or two millions of dollars of +reserve is adequate to perpetuate any well conducted assessment company +for all time, however large or small it may be, while the spectacle is +presented to us of level premium life companies holding fifty to one +hundred millions of accumulations belonging to their policy holders, +from which no possible benefit, in most cases, will ever accrue to them. +We therefore emphasize the proposition that a system of insurance that +relieves the insurer of one half the pecuniary burden he is compelled to +bear under the level premium system, is one that is worthy of fair +treatment on the part of a discriminating public, and that the people +cannot afford to have impeded in its usefulness by ignorance, prejudice, +or moneyed monopolies. We repeat the claim for assessment insurance that +it is <i>natural</i> as against <i>artificial</i> insurance. +</p> +<p> +It is pure insurance as against insurance and banking combined. +</p> +<p> +It is within the comprehension of ordinary minds. It is adapted to the +wants of the people, because they can easily avail themselves of it, and +as easily discontinue it without material or considerable loss. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page320" name="page320"></a>[320]</span> + +<p> +It is within the reach of a much greater proportion of the people on +account of its small comparative cost, and the ease with which payments +can be made in small amounts. More than sixteen hundred thousand of the +citizens of this country are now availing themselves of its advantages, +as against about six hundred thousand in level premium companies while +the former represent more than thirty-seven hundred millions of +insurance, as against about fifteen hundred millions represented by the +latter. +</p> +<p> +The disbursements of assessment companies to families of deceased +members reach the munificent sum of more than twenty-two millions of +dollars annually. The national organization of Mutual Benefit Assessment +Associations of America is exerting a most healthful influence in +elevating the standard of those companies that comprise its membership. +It embraces organizations from all of the principal States of the Union, +and its influence is strongly on the side of scientific and conservative +methods and practices. +</p> +<p> +To be eligible to membership, a company must have its rates of +assessment graded according to one, or the combined standard mortality +tables, take proper precautions in selection of risks, protect new +members at any time in its history against an excessive number of +assessments, either by increasing the rate of assessment with advancing +years or by accumulating a fund in lieu of advancing rates, will make a +full exhibit of its policy data annually to the Convention. This +standard upon its publication, compelled favorable recognition upon the +part of level premium journals. +</p> +<p> +Thus assessment insurance has gradually placed itself upon a higher and +more scientific basis, until it has commended itself to the most +intelligent and thoughtful, and in its wonderful growth outstripped its +older and less popular rival, until its obligations to the families of +the insured exceed those of level premium insurance to the amount of +about two thousand millions of dollars. +</p> +<p> +A Bureau of Insurance has been established under the auspices of the +National Organization whose object is to gather and compile statistics +relating to all phases of assessment insurance, such as the experience +of companies with agents and medical examiners, the comparative cost of +carrying various classes of risks and in short, everything in the +practical working of the business by the companies comprising its +membership, that may furnish data for a more scientific basis, and more +satisfactory results in the future. +</p> +<p> +Many assessment insurance companies are not what they ought to be, but +there are those worthy of confidence and patronage, whose managers are +making the business a careful study, and bringing to its administration, +honesty of purpose and large executive ability. +</p> +<p> +If the insuring public will learn to discriminate and place their risks +in the best assessment companies, remembering that insurance in any good +company must cost a reasonable amount, they need have no apprehension as +to the result. +</p> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page321" name="page321"></a>[321]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0005" id="h2H_4_0005"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE HERO OF LAKE ERIE. +</h2> +<h4> +ORATION DELIVERED AT THE UNVEILING OF HIS STATUE AT NEWPORT, R.I., +SEPT. 10, 1885. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Hon. William P. Sheffield.</span> +</h3> +<p> +The battle of Lake Erie was fought seventy-two years ago to-day; and we +have convened to dedicate to the public and to posterity a statue in +memory of the Commander of the American fleet on that occasion, +</p> +<p> +Oliver Hazard Perry needs no monument of bronze or marble to commemorate +his name, or to illustrate his glory. History has taken these into its +keeping and will preserve them for posterity, while genius in battle and +heroic valor and unfaltering energy in the performance of high duty, +receive the homage of the American people. +</p> +<p> +Wherever the patriotism of the citizen is the only reliance for the +defence of the nation, the people owe it to themselves to show their +appreciation of the conduct of those persons who have arisen among them +that have been public benefactors, and have conferred distinction upon +their localities. They owe it to those who may come after them, that +they so manifest their gratitude that it will inspire succeeding +generations with a due sense of patriotism, and be an incentive to them +to rise above narrow and sinister purposes to the plane of exalted +virtues, and be stimulated to the performance of great actions. +</p> +<p> +Citizens of South Kingstown, the town in which he was born,—of +Newport, where he was reared, had his home in mature life, and is +buried;—together with the State and people at large, who have +participated in his glory, have been impelled by this common sense of +obligation to undertake the erection of a memorial statue of Commodore +Perry, a task, the execution of which was committed to a native artist, +and here is the artist's finished work. +</p> +<p> +The statue is designed to represent Perry, not as he was superintending +the cutting down of the forest for the construction of his ships; not as +he was meditating the plan of the battle of Lake Erie or the order of +its execution; not as he appeared the evening previous to the action +advising his subordinate commanders in the words of Nelson, "No captain +can do wrong if he places his ship alongside of that of an enemy;" nor +as he was opening the battle flag which bore upon its folds the dying +words of a gallant captain; not as he was leaving his wrecked ship with +the deck strewed with his dead and dying comrades, when by the received +cannons of naval warfare the Lawrence and the battle were lost; but as +he appeared in that supreme moment of his life, when he had just gained +the deck of the Niagara, before he had recovered his knocked-off cap, +and while in distinct succession he was giving orders to "Back the +main-top-sail," "Brail-up the main-try-sail," "Helm up" "Square the +yards," "Bear down on the enemy's line," "Set the top-gallant-sail," +"Hoist the signal for close action," orders which infused new enthusiasm +into all the American crews; and as pendant answered pendant, from +mast-head to mast-head indicating + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page322" name="page322"></a>[322]</span> + + the reception of the order to break the enemy's lines, hearty cheers +went up from the entire American force with a fervor that presaged the +result of the impending death struggle. +</p> +<p> +In contemplating this statue, we should consider the circumstances in +which Perry was placed, and the events impending when the artist has +undertaken to represent him, as well as in the light of Perry's conduct +thereafter and the results therefrom, reflected back upon this critical +juncture in his career. For the battle of Lake Erie did not create, but +illustrated and brought out in bold outline, the real character of the +man. +</p> +<p> +The crews of the American fleet were of a mixed character. Perry sent +from Newport one hundred and forty-nine men and three boys in three +detachments. Half of one of these detachments was detained by Commodore +Chauncey on Lake Ontario; but shortly before the battle Perry received +from that officer a considerable accession to his force. Upon his +arrival at Lake Erie, Perry found a few men in the service of the +Government on the Lake, and the remainder of his men were made up of new +recruits, with a contingent taken from the North Western army of men, +naturally brave but without experience on ship-board. Perry had arrayed +against him skillful officers who had been taught the art of war, and +the methods of victory under Nelson. Brave and highly disciplined seamen +in whose vocabulary defeat had had no place, with recruits like Perry's +taken from the army, and an auxiliary force of Indian sharp-shooters. +</p> +<p> +The character of a naval engagement is not to be determined alone by the +number of men, the tonnage of the ships, or the weight of the metal +involved in the conflict. These are elements to be considered, and in +the battle of Lake Erie all of these elements were against the American +fleet, but the surrounding and attending circumstances, the conduct of +the battle, and the results depending upon its issue are the +considerations which go to make the place in the minds of succeeding +generations which the event is to occupy. History has not had committed +to it for preservation the story of the organization of a fleet, and the +conduct of a battle the result of which was more dependent upon the +genius, knowledge, energy, and courage of a single individual, than was +the battle of Lake Erie. +</p> +<p> +Other commanders have fought in ships completely equipped for service by +other hands, but Perry had to construct, equip, arm and man his ships, +and in person to take two of them in succession into action; and it may +be well questioned whether he is not entitled to as much credit for his +intelligent comprehension of the wants of the occasion, his energy, and +perseverance in collecting the materials to supply those wants, and in +making up his fleet, as for his genius and courage in action. +</p> +<p> +Perry, in the beginning, was unfortunate in having succeeded an officer +who, in the engagement was his subordinate in command, and in +anticipating a ranking officer in bringing on the conflict; but the +surrounding circumstances and the positive orders of the Secretary of +the Navy made his meeting the enemy a necessity. +</p> +<p> +The outcome of the attempts which had been made by the Government for + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page323" name="page323"></a>[323]</span> + + the defence of this section of the country had not been such as to +inspire sanguine hopes of the result of this action. +</p> +<p> +The Adams, the only vessel the United States had upon the Lake before +the construction of Perry's ships, had been captured. General Hull had +ignobly surrendered his force to the enemy at the head of the Lake, +General Winchester's army had been lost to the Government, and General +Van Rensselaer had been defeated at Niagara. +</p> +<p> +Perry was to act in conjunction with the northwestern army, under +General Harrison, then awaiting the result of the battle to be +transported across the Lake, in the event of a victory, to operate +against the enemy in his own territory. +</p> +<p> +Perry's earnest appeal to Chauncey for men, backed by the promise that +if he got them he would acquire honor and glory both for Chauncey and +himself, or he would perish in the attempt, should be considered in +connection with his appeal to the same officer to bring the men, and +take command of the fleet. Together they show that the first appeal was +not the result of an ambitious desire for vain glory; no mere impulse of +emotion or passion; but the outcome of a high resolve wrought in the +laboratory of a noble soul, born of that deliberate purpose which +permeated his subsequent conduct in the action and which is recorded in +the bronze before us. +</p> +<p> +The men from the army were animated for a desperate exertion; with +them the slaughter at the river Raisin was to be redressed, and its +repetition in the northwest was to be made impossible. In this +disposition for redress the seamen heartily sympathized, for the war was +a contest for Sailors' Rights. The American Flag then trailed in the +dust, but it was to be restored to its appropriate place in the esteem +of the men in that section of the country. With a crew animated by these +motives, Perry went into action with the Lawrence and fought the enemy +almost single-handed until all the guns of his ship were dismounted, and +all but eight of her gallant crew that he left on board, were either +killed or wounded, when with a boat's crew he left the Lawrence, boarded +and took command of the Niagara, and it is at this moment in the +conflict the artist has undertaken to represent him. +</p> +<p> +Barclay said in his report to the British Admiralty, that when Perry +boarded the Niagara, that vessel was fresh in action. Up to that time +she had been beyond the effective reach of the enemy's guns, but under +her new commander there was no halting in her course as she bore down to +break and pass through the enemy's ranks. Every brace and bowline were +taut, and every man on board, apprised of what was expected of him, was +soon at his post of duty; each, as he took his position, cast a hasty +glance at Perry's battle flag then flying from the masthead of the +Niagara, and as he took in the dying words of the noble Lawrence, formed +a solemn resolve to obey their mandate and made that resolve a +sacrament. +</p> +<p> +As she went into action, the Niagara belched forth a broadside at the +Detroit and the Queen Charlotte, then a broadside at the Chippawa, the +Lady Provost and the Hunter. These broadsides were repeated in rapid +succession with terrific effect. The other American vessels, now in +action, whose crews + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page324" name="page324"></a>[324]</span> + + were inspired by the daring of their fleet commander, imitated his +example and the combined result was such as Britons could not endure. +The eagles of victory soon perched in triumph on the mastheads of the +American fleet, and Perry had won the battle which James Madison, then +President, said "had never been surpassed in lustre, however much it may +have been surpassed in magnitude." +</p> +<p> +After the action, Perry returned to the Lawrence, changed the dress of a +common sailor for an undress uniform, that he might appropriately +receive the surrender of the enemy on board the vessel that had been in +the hardest of the fight and had suffered most from it; and that the +remnant of her gallant crew might witness the submission of the foe +which had caused their sufferings. +</p> +<p> +That relief from apprehension for the safety of the fleet might be given +to General Harrison and the settlers on the widely extended domain about +the Lake, Perry penned and dispatched to that general a hasty note, in +words familiar, and destined to be immortal, telling him "We have met +the enemy and they are ours," and another like hasty note, to the +Secretary of the Navy, informing that officer that, "It has pleased the +Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over +their enemies on this lake. The British squadron consisting of two +ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment +surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict." There +is nothing of the valor of the pen or of the exaggeration of self from +the ink horn in this concise and expressive note. +</p> +<p> +The enemy's surrender was gracefully received. Perry soon visited the +wounded Barclay, and tendered him every service that it was in his power +to render, and every possible attention was given to the wounded of both +fleets. Then came the roll-call to see who had answered the final +summons to duty on the field of honor, who had received marks of courage +in the fight, and who had gone through the dreadful ordeal of battle +unscathed. It was then that the tears of sorrow mingled with the +exultations of victory which soon were to be shouted along the line of +every highway and by-way, from hamlet to village, from village to town, +and from town to city, throughout the land. +</p> +<p> +Perry wrote to Governor Brooks of Massachusetts a letter condoling with +him on the fall of his gallant son in action; for while Perry's brow was +laurelled with the wreath of victory, he did not forget that there were +mourners weeping for brave hearts which in the fight had been forever +put to rest. +</p> +<p> +The name of Perry was now made a household word from the great Northern +Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, from the Atlantic Coast to the impenetrated +wilderness of the West, often repeated at the baptismal font; and a +nation's gratitude was soon laid at his feet. As humane in victory as he +had been brave in action, his generous kindness won the admiration of +Barclay, and his dying comrades showered upon him their blessings and +remembered him in their final prayers. +</p> +<p> +Prayers of gratitude to that Almighty Power which had given victory to +the American arms went up from every fireside throughout the Northwest; +and mothers pressed their children more closely to their breasts as they +thought themselves to be henceforth secure from the scalping-knife of +Indian barbarity, and that the savage war-whoop would no more break the +sleep of the cradle. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page325" name="page325"></a>[325]</span> + +<p> +At night-fall many of the dead with all due solemnity were tenderly +committed to the deep. The wounded had all been visited and their wants +attended to; the worn and weary now sought repose, and a solemn +oppressive silence soon pervaded the fleet, save here and there a sound +of distress from the wounded. The Captain now retired for reflection, +for his mind and heart were too full for rest. He then thought of his +young devoted wife whose prayers he believed had been his shield in +battle; that his work was yet incomplete while the British had an army +on the borders of the Lake, or in Upper Canada,—how he could best aid +General Harrison's army; and then resolved on the work of the morrow; +when, soothed by reflection, his tired nature gave out, and he, too, +sank into a fitful slumber. +</p> +<p> +The mind of Barclay, relieved of present responsibility, evolved other +less pressing but more pensive thoughts. He thought not of himself or +his bleeding wound, for he had bled before for his country, when he +earned his stars and made his fame secure at Trafalgar; but as the sun +went down that night he thought that no more in the evening twilight +would the mariners of England standing under the cross of St. George, on +that great inland water, sing their national song, "Brittania rules the +waves;" no more the echoes of that stirring air rolling over the silver +surface of the Lake to its islands and shores would arouse the sturdy +dwellers there to join in glad unison in those lofty strains which +everywhere, the world over, melt into one every true and loyal British +heart. He then was moved by the sadder thought, that on that night the +sun of British power which had hitherto dominated the great Northern +Lakes of America had gone down forever. +</p> +<p> +Perry's available vessels were now taken to transport General Harrison's +army across the Lake, and up the Detroit river. The Lawrence, as soon as +she was put into condition took on board the wounded of both fleets, and +under the command of the gallant but wounded Yarnell carried them to +Erie. The other vessels were repaired and fitted for other duties, or +were to return to Erie. +</p> +<p> +Perry accompanied General Harrison as a volunteer aid, and participated +and bore an honorable part in the battle of the Thames, as he had done +in the battle of Fort George, under Chauncey, before the engagement on +the Lake. +</p> +<p> +Upon his return to Detroit, he found a letter from the Secretary of Navy +thanking and congratulating him for the eminent services he had rendered +his country; and, as he had performed the duty committed to him, +granting him leave to visit his family at Newport. +</p> +<p> +But Perry was first to return to Erie, which he had left the 12th of +August. The news of the result of the battle had long preceded his +arrival and the people had there been watching and waiting his coming. +On the 23d of October, the Aerial, the last vessel of the fleet to leave +the head of the lake, came within sight of Erie. She had on board +General Harrison, who had then lately defeated General Procter at the +Thames, the wounded Barclay, and Commodore Perry. The people from the +surrounding country crowded into Erie to welcome the arrival of the +victors. Barclay was taken to Perry's quarters and there properly cared +for by Harrison and Perry. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page326" name="page326"></a>[326]</span> + +<p> +The Lawrence was anchored in Misery Bay, in the harbor of Erie, maimed +and battered and scarcely able to float, yet having on board her +precious freight brought across the lake; Perry now visited this ship, +and as he reached her blood-stained deck and beheld his surviving +comrades and thought of those who had been in the fight, that were not +then on board, he reverently raised his hands in fervent supplication to +Him who giveth the victory not always to the strong, to heal the wounds, +and bless, and raise up, the sufferers around him; and to sustain and +help the widows and orphans the battle had made; and in thanksgiving for +the preservation of those who had survived the conflict unhurt. He then +returned to the shore to meet the vast concourse of people awaiting his +arrival. The dead and the disabled men, the dismounted guns and the +broken and tattered ships, told the story of the battle and the price +of the victory with more eloquence than the most brilliant imagination +could compass. These visible evidences of the strife for the mastery +indicated the valor and the woe, incident to the ordeal which had been +passed, with an energy and pathos which overpowered the most obdurate +will; and the multitude greeted Harrison and Perry with tears and +smiles,—rain in sunshine with a heartiness that language is too poor +and barren to describe. The living had earned their title to everlasting +gratitude, and the dead had fallen as the brave desire to fall, at the +post of duty and on the field of victory. +</p> +<p> +Perry now procured the parole and release of Barclay, and after +arranging for his absence started eastward on his journey home; but his +progress was everywhere obstructed by evidences of the gratitude of +his countymen for his great action. On Monday, the 15th of November, +attended by the faithful crew that rowed him to the Niagara, he arrived +in Newport, by way of the south-ferry. Here, he was received upon his +arrival in a manner alike worthy of his neighbors and friends and of +himself. +</p> +<p> +August 23d, 1819, at the age of thirty-four, he died of yellow fever, +at Port Spain in the Island of Trinidad. His remains were brought to +Newport in a government ship, and were interred December 4th. 1826. They +were conducted to their final resting place by a funeral cortege such as +up to that time had never been equalled and since that time has here +never been surpassed. +</p> +<p> +This is but a glance at the man, and the event to which we are here +to-day to rear this tribute of our gratitude. There are other names and +other figures that come up to view in the memory and gather around the +name of Perry, of men who were efficient auxiliaries in the conflict, +shared the dangers, and participated in the glory of the battle of Lake +Erie, and who are inseparably connected with that event. +</p> +<p> +Turner, Taylor, Champlin, Almy, Breese, Brownell, and the acting fleet +surgeon Parsons were from Rhode Island; Forest, Brook, Stevens, +Hambleton, Yarnell and others not less distinguished, were from other +states; and the gallant commander of the northwest-army, and his +comrades in arms, whom Perry accompanied to the field on the 5th of +October, in the battle of the Thames, where Perry's victory was made +complete by driving the organized forces of the enemy from upper Canada, +are deserving of our remembrance to-day. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page327" name="page327"></a>[327]</span> + +<a name="image-0002"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-347.jpg"><img src="images/ill-347.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE NEW STATUE OF COMMODORE PERRY." /></a> +<br /> +THE NEW STATUE OF COMMODORE PERRY. +</div> +<p> +To your Excellency the Governor, representing the people of Rhode +Island; To your Honor, the Mayor, representing the people of Newport:— +</p> +<p> +The Committee charged with the duty of providing and erecting this +statue of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, has performed the work +committed to it, and through you dedicate it to the people of the State, +and of this city you represent, as the result of its labors. It is not +for the committee to comment upon the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page328" name="page328"></a>[328]</span> + + statue which has been formed and erected under its direction, but with +great satisfaction the artist's finished work is submitted to the candid +criticism of all who are capable of forming an intelligent judgment upon +its merits. Take the statue for those whom you represent, let it be kept +as a cherished treasure by the people of the State at large, and +especially by the people of the city of Newport. Let no vandal hand +deface the monumental bronze. Let it stand defying the wastes of time +and the power of the elements, keeping pace with history in its march +through coming ages in recalling to each succeeding generation the man +and the event which this statue is designed to commemorate, ever +inspiring ihe young to patriotism, and solacing the aged with the +reflection that a grateful people properly appreciate and appropriately +reward their benefactors. Let the ideal Perry shadow the passer by and +from its high pedestal apparently cast a glance at each beholder, which +shall penetrate and permeate his mind and heart, and possess him +completely with the noble and generous purpose, and lofty soul which +animated Perry on the occasion which the artist has undertaken to +represent him. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0006" id="h2H_4_0006"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + A MODEL INDUSTRIAL CITY. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Fanny M. Johnson.</span> +</h3> +<a name="image-0003"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-348.jpg"><img src="images/ill-348.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="CONN. RIVER RAILROAD STATION." /></a> +<br /> +CONN. RIVER RAILROAD STATION. +</div> +<p> +On a sweeping curve of the Connecticut river, about twelve miles north +of the Massachusetts and Connecticut boundary line, is the modern +manufacturing city of Holyoke, with a present population of 30,000. It +is the most extensive paper making city in the world, and the +manufacture of paper is but one of many enterprises. The ceaseless +water-power of the great river turns the wheels of numerous industries +which, within the third of a century, have been located here + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page329" name="page329"></a>[329]</span> + + and have transformed a sparsely settled rural parish into a busy and +populous city. +</p> +<p> +Holyoke is a New England growth. It does not resemble the smoky cities +of the iron regions, nor the languid towns of the South. The swift, +powerful current of water does its work without confusion, smoke or +waste. Pure breezes sweep along the valley through the mountain rifts, +and the mountains serve as barriers to ward off heavy gales and +destructive tempests. The slope of the land toward the river gives +opportunity for healthful drainage and the vicinity of mountain springs +and reservoirs supplies a great requisite for a thickly settled city. +</p> +<a name="image-0004"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="width: 200px; float:right; margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-349.jpg"><img src="images/ill-349.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH." /></a> +<br /> +THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. +</div> +<p> +The impression which Holyoke makes upon its visitors is of modern thrift +and growth. Travellers by railway who enter the city from the north, +look with interest at the great dam, crossing the river from the Holyoke +to the South Hadley Falls shore. Rounding the curve, the large brick +buildings, spires and chimneys of the city come suddenly into view, the +tall tower of the granite city hall rising high above the rest. The +buildings are modern in structure and architecture. Little is found here +that bears the moss and rime of age. +</p> +<p> +Less than forty years ago, when the railroad was still a novelty in the +Connecticut Valley, a party of capitalists came to view the water-power +along the rocky bed of the Connecticut River at the point called the +Great Rapids, or Falls of South Hadley, which extended over a mile and +a half and had a total fall of 60 feet. The volume of water was gauged +and found to aggregate a power equal to 30,000 horse-power. This was in +1847. The next Legislature was petitioned by Thomas H. Perkins, Geo. +W. Lyman, Edmund Dwight and others for an act of incorporation as the +Hadley Falls Company, "for the purpose of constructing and maintaining +a dam across the Connecticut River, and one or more locks and canals +in connection with said dam; and of creating a water power to be used +by the said corporation for manufacturing articles from cotton, wood, +iron, wool and other materials, and to be sold to other persons and +corporations, to be used for manufacturing or mechanical purposes and +also for the purposes of navigation." The capital stock was fixed +at $4,000.000. The Hadley Falls Company purchased the property and +franchise of the South Hadley Falls Locks and Canal Company, and +extinguished the fishing rights existing above the location of the dam. +</p> +<p> +In the year 1847, this territory embraced by the river-curve had +fourteen houses, a grist-mill and one little shop. There was also a +small cotton-mill. From the river, the land rises to the westward, and a +mile or more back, on the highway leading from Northampton to +Springfield, were two hamlets of farmhouses. Many of these are still +standing and are all that this very modern city can show as memorials of +a past generation. From the year 1786 the section had + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page330" name="page330"></a>[330]</span> + + been known as "Ireland or Third Parish of West Springfield." It had its +two little white meeting-houses, Baptist and Congregational, a modest +academy of learning, a country tavern, and its full quota of New England +customs, traditions and ideas. Nine daily stages passed over this +highway. Families moving from one river-town to another usually +transported their goods by the flat-boats on the river. +</p> +<p> +Many of the homesteads had been in the same family name for generations. +Ely, Chapin, Day, Hall, Rand, Humeston and Street were some of the names +of early settlers handed down with the family acres from father to son, +and their graves crowd the rural cemetery beyond the Baptist Village in +the southern outskirts of Holyoke. The name of Chapin abounded most on +the East side of the river along the fair meadows of "Chicopee Street." +In the first church built there all but eleven of the forty-three +original members bore the name of Chapin. +</p> +<p> +On the A Vest side of the river the Elys were most numerous. The oldest +house now standing in Holyoke was an Ely homestead. The farm was held in +the family for generations and was the home of Enocn Ely, a +revolutionary soldier. He fought in the war of the Colonies against +Great Britain, and afterwards took a part in the short-lived Shay's +Rebellion to resist the taxes imposed after the war. Party spirit was +hot and high, and in the rout of the insurgents Ely took to the woods +and remained in hiding while the commander of the pursuing party, +gratified his feelings by firing bullets into the front doors of Ely's +house. These old double-doors with the bullet marks showing in them were +replaced by new ones some years ago, but the original doors still exist +in a small dwelling-house on the Plains. +</p> +<a name="image-0005"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-350.jpg"><img src="images/ill-350.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE DAM AS IT APPEARED IN 1843." /></a> +<br /> +THE DAM AS IT APPEARED IN 1843. +</div> +<p> +The last of the Elys to occupy this stout-built old house were four +spinster and bachelor brothers and sisters. After their death the +homestead went to a relative and eventually was bought by its present +occupant, Mr. Horace Brown. Long before this change took place, Whig, +Federal and Tory had gone to their last rest, and they sleep peacefully +together in the old burial-ground overlooking the river; their +differences ended, their feuds forgotten. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page331" name="page331"></a>[331]</span> + +<p> +When the Hadley Falls Company began to plan the New City, as for a few +years it was called, negotiations were opened with the farmers living +along the river-bend and occupying the lands which the new company +wished to own. Mr. Geo. C. Ewing was the company's agent, and one after +another the land-owners were persuaded to sell their acres. Samuel Ely +was an exception. He held fast to his land property, but some twenty +years later, when the sandy acres had become a valuable possession, +Samuel Ely sold his farm-lands to Messrs. Bowers and Mosher who surveyed +and sold it as building lots and it is now known as Depot Hill. Mr. Ely +retained through life the old farmhouse where he was born and reared and +where he died in 1879. +</p> +<a name="image-0006"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:right; width:200px; margin-right:0;padding-right:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-351.jpg"><img src="images/ill-351.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT." /></a> +<br /> +THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. +</div> +<p> +In the Summer of 1848, a dam was constructed across the Connecticut +river by the Hadley Falls Company. It was finished on the morning of +Nov. 16, 1848. A great crowd of ten thousand people collected on the +river-bank to witness the filling of the pond and closing of the gates. +At ten o'clock the gates were let down and the pond began to fill. The +massive foundation stones of the bulk-head at the west end began to move +under the great pressure. The water had risen to within two feet of the +top of the dam when the break began at about one hundred feet from the +east end and the structure tipped over and gave way. A massive wall of +water and moving timbers rose high in air, (a sight terrific to remember +by those who saw it), and with a mighty roar and sweep the great +structure went down the stream in ruins. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page332" name="page332"></a>[332]</span> + +<p> +Great as this disaster was to the Company, there was no yielding to +discouragement. The work of reconstruction was begun at once and a +second dam of improved pattern was built upon the site and so strongly +constructed that it remains a part of the present dam. Eighteen years +later it was improved and strengthened by building a front extension, in +such a manner that the dam now has a sloping front, giving it the form +of a roof, both the old and the new structure being made absolutely +solid. The original cost of the structure in 1849 was $150,000. The cost +of the extension finished in 1870, was $350,000. By that time the town +of Holyoke and its water-power were rapidly realizing the anticipations +of its projectors. +</p> +<p> +The water of the river is distributed through a series of three canals +aggregating three and a half miles in length, the power being repeatedly +utilized, as after leaving the first level canal, the water flows from +the wheels into the canal of the second level, from the second level +into the third level, and thence to the river, which completes its +perfect curve to the south of the city. +</p> +<a name="image-0007"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-352.jpg"><img src="images/ill-352.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE HOLYOKE DAM." /></a> +<br /> +THE HOLYOKE DAM. +</div> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page333" name="page333"></a>[333]</span> + +<p> +Among the first colonists of the New City were an army of laborers who +came to dig and wall the canals. These settled in shanties and cabins +near the river-bank. When the great factories were built, a corps of +operatives came to work in the mills. As in Lowell, Manchester and other +manufacturing towns, many of the factory-girls came from New England +homes, and were distinguished for their independence and thrift. A +little later, ship-loads of expert weavers were brought from England and +Scotland to work in the cotton-mills. A ship called the "North America" +brought a load of 130 young Scotch people who shipped from Broomielaw +Quay, in April, 1854. They were induced to come by the superior +inducements offered here, and some of the best weavers ever employed in +the mills came from Scotland. Later there was a large immigration from +the Canadas, and from Ireland. +</p> +<p> +The entire population by the census of 1850 was 3,715. March 14th of +that year the town was incorporated, bearing the name of Holyoke, +Governor Briggs approving the bill. +</p> +<p> +The name selected was historical, from Mt. Holyoke, christened some two +hundred years before, but its origin was from Elizur Holyoke, one of the +early residents of this section. +</p> +<p> +The town of Holyoke was formerly a portion of Springfield of which +Elizur Holyoke was among the early settlers, coming from England when a +youth; and his name is identified with its early records. In 1640 he +married Mary Pynchon. the tradition of whose grace and loveliness comes +down with the musty records of the past, and lingers like a bright, +sweet touch of romance among the historical pages of the grim colonial +days. +</p> +<a name="image-0008"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-353.jpg"><img src="images/ill-353.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="SECTION OF THE DAM." /></a> +<br /> +SECTION OF THE DAM. +</div> +<p> +A notable man of his time was Elizur Holyoke, and he was of a committee +chosen to explore and ascertain the precise extent of Springfield, which +then extended to Northampton and Hadley. A pretty legend of the valley +is Dr. J.C. Holland's story, told in most musical verse of the Mountain +Christening. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "On a beautiful morning in June, they say,</p> +<p class="i2"> Two hundred and twenty years ago."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p> +Captain Holyoke and Captain Thomas with a little company of stanch +followers started out on a survey of the country. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page334" name="page334"></a>[334]</span> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Holyoke, the gentle and daring, stood </p> +<p class="i4"> On the Eastern bank, with his trusty four, </p> +<p class="i2"> And Rowland Thomas, the gallant and good, </p> +<p class="i4"> Headed the band on the other shore. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> The women ran weeping to bid them good-bye, </p> +<p class="i4"> And sweet Mary Pynchon was there (I guess) </p> +<p class="i2"> With a sigh in her throat, and a tear in her eye </p> +<p class="i4"> As Holyoke marched into the wilderness." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +The melodious rhyme goes on to describe the journey up the valley and +the night camp, where: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "The great falls roared in their ears all night, </p> +<p class="i4"> And the sturgeon splashed, and the wild-cat screamed, </p> +<p class="i2"> And they did not wake till the morning light </p> +<p class="i4"> Red through the willowy branches streamed." </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +The story of the naming of Mt. Holyoke is told as follows: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "The morning dawned on the double group,</p> +<p class="i4"> Facing each other on opposite shores,</p> +<p class="i2"> Where years ago with a mighty swoop</p> +<p class="i4"> The waters parted the mountain doors."</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Let us christen the mountains!" said Holyoke in glee,</p> +<p class="i4"> "Let us christen the mountains!" said Thomas again,</p> +<p class="i2"> "This mountain for you, and that mountain for me,"</p> +<p class="i4"> And their trusty fellows responded "Amen!"</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Then Holyoke buried his palm in the stream,</p> +<p class="i4"> And tossed the pure spray toward the mountain brow</p> +<p class="i2"> And said, while it shone in the sun's fierce beam,</p> +<p class="i4"> "Fair mountain, thou art Mt. Holyoke now!"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p> +How much of this rhythmic legend is true and how much imaginary is +uncertain; but it is quite probable that in the course of this survey +Holyoke's name was given to the mountain, of which Holyoke city is a +namesake. +</p> +<a name="image-0009"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-354.jpg"><img src="images/ill-354.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="THE SECOND CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH." /></a> +<br /> +THE SECOND CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. +</div> +<p> +The town so originated and named grew gradually until the breaking out +of the civil war, but its most rapid growth has been since 1865. In 1857 +the water-power and property were purchased by a company which organized +as the Holyoke Water Power Company, and which has fostered and developed +the natural advantages of the place as a manufacturing centre to a +wonderful degree. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page335" name="page335"></a>[335]</span> + +<a name="image-0010"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-355.jpg"><img src="images/ill-355.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="THE CITY HALL." /></a> +<br /> +THE CITY HALL. +</div> +<p> +In the first twenty years of its existence the town acquired a +population of about 11,000 and a valuation of nearly $10,000,000. In the +sixteen years that + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page336" name="page336"></a>[336]</span> + + have succeeded, the population has almost trebled and the valuation this +year is nearly $16,000,000. +</p> +<p> +There is not another city in the east that can show such swift and at +the same time substantial growth as Holyoke has enjoyed during the two +decades succeeding the war. In a few years it became the greatest +paper-making centre of the country. It has now twenty-four large +paper-making corporations, one having the largest paper-mill in the +world. A long established cotton mannfacturing company employs one +thousand and three hundred operatives. A company manufacturing worsted +goods employs one thousand persons, the two mammoth thread-mills have +some one thousand names on the pay-rolls. The Unquomonk silk works, +which were destroyed by the great Mill River flood of 1874 were +re-located in this city, where was found a safe, reliable water-power. +There are woolen factories, including a company for manufacturing +imitation seal-skin goods and a large blanket mill. The manufacture of +Blank books and Envelopes, Steam-pumps, Wire, Machinery, Cutlery, +Screws, Fire-hydrants and Steam-boilers, Cement works, Spindles and +Reeds, Fourdrinier wire and Rubber-goods are among the city's greatly +diversified industries. There are extensive brickyards and stone +quarries near at hand and the lumbering business is an important +industry. +</p> + +<a name="image-0011"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-357.jpg"><img src="images/ill-357.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="OPERA HOUSE." /></a> +<br /> +OPERA HOUSE. +</div> + +<p> +The building growth of the city has kept pace with the manufacturing. +Where a few years ago were acres of woodland, swamps or brambly +pastures, are now well-graded streets lined with pleasant houses. Hills +have been leveled, ponds and ravines filled and made into valuable real +estate. From the highlands in the western part of the city, there are +river and mountain views of surpassing beauty. Gradually the building +centre is moving westward and many charming homes have been created on +the suburban streets. The old stage-road which led from Springfield to +Northampton is now a wide, well-graded highway with handsome villas +surrounded by spacious grounds. Here are the fine residences of +Treasurer R.B. Johnson of the Holyoke Savings Bank, G.W. Prentiss of the +wire-mills, Westover, the residence of E.J. Pomeroy, Lawnfield, the +house of R.M. Fairfield, "The Knolls" the fine residence of Mr. C.H. +Heywood, and on the higest point of all is Rus-in-Urbe, the lookout +point of Mr. Foster Wilson. Farther south on the same street are the +residencies of Mr. Timothy Merrick, Donald Mackintosh, Oscar Ely, John +Cleary and others. The residence streets of Ward six are pleasant with +shade trees, blooming gardens and lovely houses. From the most sightly +eminence of the ward, the house of William Skinner of the silk-mill +overlooks the city. A central and pleasant square encloses the home of +W.A. Chase, the agent of the Water Power Company, and houses with all +the appointments of elegance and luxury are owned by Messrs. Whiting, +Dillon, Farr, Metcalf, Mackintosh, W.A. Prentiss Clark, E.W. Chapin, +Ramage, Newton, Corser and many others. Fairmount Square is a new +section just opened for good residences. In the southerly part of the +city is the farm of Congressman Wm. Whiting with its herds of beautiful +Jerseys, and on the Springfield road is the model Brightside farm, the +pet life-project of W.H. Wilkinson, blanket manufacturer. This farm is +also the home of splendid specimens of the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>[337]</span> + + Jersey cow. A majority of the principal streets of Holyoke bear the +names that were given them when the town was first mapped out by its +prophetic founders, At first Holyoke was chiefly a cotton manufacturing +town and of the streets laid + out from east to west the names of prominent cotton manufacturing +companies of the state alternated with the names of Massachusetts +counties. There are Franklin, Hampshire, Essex, Suffolk, and Hampden +streets, alternated with Jackson, Sargeant, Cabot, Appleton, Dwight and +Lyman, named for noted cotton manufacturing firms. Main street is a long +thoroughfare extending north and south and terminating at the river. +Canal, Race, and Bridge streets were named from + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>[338]</span> + + their location. Bowers, Mosher and Ely from former landowners of Depot +Hill. John street and Oliver street perpetuate the name of John Oliver; +High street was named for its sightly location. West of, and parallel +with, High, the streets have the names of woods, Maple, Chestnut, Elm, +Walnut, Pine, Beach, Oak, Linden and Sycamore. Many of the streets in +Ward seven were named for persons first owning and or building upon +them. Northampton street, is the county highway from Springfield to +Northampton. +</p> +<a name="image-0012"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="float:left;width:200px;margin-left:0;padding-left:0;"> +<a href="images/ill-358.jpg"><img src="images/ill-358.jpg" style="width:200px;" +alt="WINDSOR HOTEL." /></a> +<br /> +WINDSOR HOTEL. +</div> +<p> +The total area of Holyoke is about fourteen square miles. The first city +government was organized in January 1874, and the first Mayor of the +city was Hon. Wm. B.C. Pearsons, now judge of the Police court, who held +the office three years. The succeeding mayors have been Hon. William +Whiting, at present a Congressman from the 11th District, R.P. Crafts, +William Ruddy, F.P. Goodall, and James E. Delaney, the present +Executive. The city offices and the public library are located in the +city hall, a fine granite building which was completed in 1876 at a cost +of nearly $400.000. In the same year the city erected a monument on +Hampden Square in memory of the soldiers who died in the war of the +Rebellion. The handsome open house, where the best of theatrical and +musical talent appears during the entertainment season, was built by +Messrs Whiting & Brown and was completed in 1878. +</p> +<p> +The city has four National Banks, and three Savings Banks. It has a +daily newspaper, the Transcript, which is the direct successor of the +first newspaper printed in Holyoke, in 1849. Under its present title the +Transcript has been published since the year 1863. +</p> +<p> +The water supply for the city is derived from the Ashley and Wright +ponds, the water-works having been completed in 1873. Since then, other +mountain streams and reservoirs have been united with the water supply +of the ponds, to make it adequate for the growing city's needs. The +ponds from which the pipes are laid are located some four miles from the +City hall. +</p> +<p> +Holyoke pays liberally to support its public schools. There are eight +brick school buildings with all the modern improvements and conveniences +for the graded schools, besides suburban school houses and a High school +with 160 pupils. The Catholic parishes in the city also support +flourishing parochial schools, St. Jerome parish having just completed a +huge brick building for a girl's school. +</p> +<p> +The city has a wealth of new churches. The first little square white +church which the Baptists built in the beginning of the century was +removed in 1880 and a modern brick church now occupies the site. The +Second Baptist Church + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name="page339"></a>[339]</span> + + society in the central part of the city has just completed a fine church +edifice. The Second Congregational society, two years ago, dedicated a +splendid granite building which cost nearly $100,000, the successor of +the plain brick meeting-house which in 1853 was erected at the corner of +High and Dwight streets. The city has a large Catholic population and +three extensive Catholic parishes each having a capacious church of +fitting architecture. The Episcopal people worship in a picturesque +stone church on Maple street, and near it is the cozy little Unitarian +church. The Methodists built a church of brick on Main street about the +year 1870. The First Congregational society has a wooden edifice on +Northampton street—the oldest church building in the city since the +primitive First Baptist meeting-house was taken down—and the church at +South Holyoke where the German residents listen to the services of their +faith in the language of the fatherland. +</p> +<a name="image-0013"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-359.jpg"><img src="images/ill-359.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="CHURCH OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD (FRENCH CATHOLIC)" /></a> +<br /> +CHURCH OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD (FRENCH CATHOLIC) +</div> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page340" name="page340"></a>[340]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0007" id="h2H_4_0007"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE LAST PORTRAIT OF DANIEL WEBSTER. +</h2> +<p> +The many who cherish the memory of <span class="sc">Daniel Webster</span> with more than common +interest and veneration, are fortunate, in that the records of his life, +his habits and his appearance are so complete. The portraits of Webster, +now extant, represent the great statesman at numerous periods of his +life. +</p> +<a name="image-0014"><!--IMG--></a> +<div class="figure" style="clear:both;"> +<a href="images/ill-360.jpg"><img src="images/ill-360.jpg" style="width:400px;" +alt="Portrait of Daniel Webster" /></a> +<br /> +</div> +<p> +In July, 1852, Mr. Webster was in Franklin, N.H., and there sat for his +picture to the local artist of the town, who finished an excellent +daguerrotype. The picture was given by Mr. Webster to the Hon. Stephen +M. Allen, who now has it in his possession at the rooms of the Webster +Historical Society, in the Old South Meeting House, and by whose +courtesy it is here reproduced. +</p> +<p> +In October of the same year, three months after the picture was made, +Daniel Webster at his Marshfield home, breathed his last; leaving this +portrait the last ever taken of him from life. +</p> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>[341]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0008" id="h2H_4_0008"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + FORT SHIRLEY. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Prof. A.L. Perry of Williams College.</span> +</h3> +<p> +The recent centennial celebration in the town of Heath, Franklin County, +Massachusetts, has freshened up an interest in the history of the old +fort that was built within its borders, at the opening of the Old French +War in 1744, by the State of Massachusetts. The present writer, however, +has made a study for many years of that and its kindred forts, has +repeatedly visited and critically examined its site, and has in his +possession the chief movable memorials of what was indeed a small, yet +in its historical connections a deeply interesting, military outpost. +</p> +<p> +The first white men known or supposed to have ever penetrated the +original forests in the town of Heath were Richard Hazen and six others, +the surveyor and chain-men and their assistants, who ran the official +northern line of Massachusetts in the early spring of 1741. Besides the +surveyor himself, who was then a prominent citizen of Haverhill, on the +Merrimac, and his son of the same name, then nineteen years old, the +party consisted of Caleb Swan, Benjamin Smith, Zachariah Hildrith, +Ebenezer Shaw and William Richardson. Under an imperative order from the +Privy Council in England, Governor Belcher, who at that time +administered government over both Massachusetts and New Hampshire, +commissioned Hazen to run the ultimate line between the two, beginning +at a point three miles north of Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimac (now +Lowell), and extending on a due west course till it should meet His +Majesty's other Governments. This arbitrary decision of the Privy +Council in selecting the very southernmost point in the whole course of +the Merrimac, as the place meant in in the old Charter of Massachusetts +in the phrase "Merrimack River," instead of taking, as Massachusetts +claimed, the northernmost point of the river in Franklin, N.H., or as +New Hampshire had claimed, the point at the <i>mouth</i> of the river, +robbed Massachusetts of a strip of territory fourteen miles wide the +whole length of the Colony, which New Hampshire had never before +claimed, but which her shrewd and unscrupulous Agent now extorted trom +the ignorance of English Councillors. +</p> +<p> +Hazen began his survey March 21, 1741. The English instructions required +a course due west, and Governor Belcher and his Council ordered ten +degrees for the then variation of the needle, which was not quite +enough, so that the line actually ran slightly north of due west, and +saved to Massachusetts at the west end of the line (in Williamstown) +about 1 deg. and 50 min. After the party left the Connecticut river on +April 6, they slept on snow at a depth of two or three feet every night +till they crossed the Hoosac river in Williamstown on April 12. "It +clouded over before Night and rained sometime before day which caused us +to stretch Our blankets and lye under them on ye bare Ground, which was +the first bare ground we laid on after we left Northfield." It was on +April 9 that + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>[342]</span> + + they measured the present north line of Heath. Let the clear-eyed +surveyor describe in his own words the general situation of the future +Fort Shirley. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "At the End of three miles we came to a large brook running + Southeasterly and at the End of this days measure to another large brook + running Southerly, by which we took Our lodging. Here we tract a Bear + and therefore named it Bear brook, both these brooks being branches of + Deerfield River. The land this day was some of the best of Land and for + three miles together. The last year Pigeons' nests were so thick that + 500 might have been told on the beech trees at One time, and they could + have been counted on the Hemlocks as well, I believe three thousand at + one turn Round. The snow was for ye most part three feet deep, the + weather was fair and wind Northwest." +</p> +<p> +Although Hazen named the last mountain on his line where he supposed the +eastern line of New York, would ultimately run "Mount Belcher," in honor +of the Governor who had commissioned him to lay it, the just +unpopularity of the line itself and Belcher's connection with it +immediately caused his recall from his government, and the appointment +of William Shirley in his stead. Belcher was Massachusetts born; while +Shirley, though British born, became one of the ablest and most +successful of all the colonial governors of Massachusetts. The building +of Fort Shirley in 1744 and the naming it after the new Governor, as +well as the building a little later of the two forts to the +westward,—Fort Pelham in Rowe and Fort Massachusetts in what is now +North Adams,—all within a couple of miles of the new boundary line, +showed a concern of the colony for its now greatly curtailed northern +limits, as well as a much greater concern for the defence of the +scattered settlements west of the Connecticut river from the French and +Indians, who had several well-trod war-paths to the English settlements +on the Connecticut and the Deerfield. +</p> +<p> +But, after all, the route by the Hoosac River had been and continued the +main path from Canada to New England for the French and their savage +Indian allies. Whether they came down the Hudson to the mouth of the +Hoosac at Schaghticoke, or struck that river on the flank at Eagle +Bridge, there was a well-beaten trail—the old Mohawk trail—along the +north bank of that river all the way from Schaghticoke to what is now +North Adams; and, in continuation of that river trail, the "old Indian +path" over the Hoosac Mountain, directly over the line of the present +Hoosac Tunnel, led down to the upper reaches of the Deerfield river and +so down to the Connecticut at old Deerfield. It became, therefore, of +great moment to Massachusetts to defend the line of the Deerfield in the +French and Indian war of 1744-48. A few private houses were fortified in +what is now Bernardston, and two or three more further west in +Coleraine, particularly Fort Lucas and Fort Morrison, the owners being +assisted by grants of men and supplies from the General Court; and +during this war and more especially the next and last French war, the +Indians often lurked with hostile intent in the vicinity of these +extemporized forts, and not infrequently surprised and killed and +scalped men from the little garrisons, and carried women and children +into captivity to Canada. +</p> +<p> +But the first regular fort built to protect the valley of the Deerfield +and incidentally also the line of the Connecticut, was placed by +Massachusetts in the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>[343]</span> + + present town of Heath. It was built wholly at the public expense, and +garrisoned by regularly enlisted or impressed soldiers, and named Fort +Shirley from the enterprising Governor of the Province. John Stoddard of +Northampton was then Colonel of the militia of Hampshire, a designation +at that time including all of Massachusetts west of the Connecticut +River; he was Shirley's right-hand man for this end of the Province, and +it was under his general direction that Forts Shirley and Pelham and +Massachusetts were erected. +</p> +<p> +The letter is still extant in Stoddard's own hand, dated July 20, 1744, +in which Capt. William Williams is ordered by him "to erect as soon as +may be" a block-house sixty feet square "about five miles and a half +from Hugh Morrison's house in Colrain in or near the line run last week +under the direction of Col. Timo. Dwight by our order." In the same +letter, Williams is directed to employ soldiers in the construction of +the fort, carpenters to be allowed "nine shillings, others six shillings +a day old Tenor." Several other directions are given, and the main +outlines of the fort are prescribed; some bills are still extant giving +items of money paid out for many different parts of the work; six of the +original hewn timbers of the building are in good preservation today in +the barn of Orsamus Maxwell in Heath, each stick telling some tale of +the original mode of construction; so that, from all these sources of +information, a pretty accurate idea of the old fort can be made out +to-day, 141 years after it was built. +</p> +<p> +For the outside, white pine logs were scored down, and then hewn to six +inches thick and fourteen inches high; and the scores worked 48 days +on these, receiving £14, 8s. for their work, and the hewers 24 days, +receiving £10, 16s. The walls of the fort were twelve feet high, thus +requiring nine courses of these timbers laid edgewise one above another, +each being doweled to the one below by red oak dowel-pins, two of which +were pulled out of their quiet resting places of 141 years' duration, in +a good state of preservation, by Mr. Maxwell and the writer, Sept. 5, +1885. Those ends of these timbers that came to the four corners of the +fort were dove-tailed into each other in the well known manner, so that +there were straight lines and strong locking at the corners; and it so +happens, that three of the six timbers preserved are corner timbers, and +show at one end the exact mode of locking. +</p> +<p> +There were two mounts on two corners of the fort 12 feet square and 7 +feet high; and the houses and barracks within the fort were 11 feet wide +with shingled roofs; and the mount-timber, the insides of the houses, +and the floors, were all hewn, presumably of the same width and +thickness as the wall-timbers. Undoubtedly the whole parade in the +middle of the fort was also floored in the same way, as the site of the +fort was and is low and wet. +</p> +<p> +The fort was built in this manner during the months of August, +September, and October, 1744; and on the 30th of the last mentioned +month, Capt. Williams commenced to billet himself and the soldiers under +his command at the fort. He remained there all the winter and spring; +about the 1st of March he enlisted 14 of his men for the Louisburg +Expedition, at Col. Stoddard's request, whom he took to Boston; but was +not himself allowed to embark, and returned to his fort; while later in +the season, under a strong call for reinforcements for Louisburg by + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>[344]</span> + + Gov. Shirley, Williams took 74 able bodied men to Boston, recruited by +himself in less than six days mostly in the Connecticut valley, and was +given a Lieutenant colonel's commission in the regiment destined for +Louisburg commanded by Col. John Choate. They sailed in June, 1745, but +the fortress had been taken before they arrived, and the regiment with +Williams as acting Colonel was detained there to do garrison duty. +</p> +<p> +Fort Pelham in Rowe was built by Williams before he left for Louisburg, +that is, in the spring of 1745; and in the autumn of that year we find +Capt. Ephraim Williams, a kinsman of the other, afterwards founder of +Williams College, in command of Fort Shirley and of the line of forts. +It is fair to presume that he was appointed to the command on the +withdrawal of the other in June; but which of the two built Fort +Massachusetts along the same line, or whether either of them, can not +now be stated with absolute certainty. It is probable that Ephraim +Williams saw to its construction under the Committee of the General +Court, of which Stoddard was Chairman; and at any rate he was in command +of the whole "line of Forts, viz. Northfield, Falltown, Colrain, Fort +Shirley, Fort Pelham, Fort Massachusetts, and the soldiers posted at the +Collars, Shattucks Fort, Bridgman's, Deerfield, Rhode Town, and New +Hampton," as early as Dec. 10, 1745. Just a year from that time he sends +in his account for the entire year,—"In which time he has had three +hundred and fifty men under his particular charge and government." +</p> +<p> +Because it was the first fort built by the Colony in that region, and +especially because Fort Massachusetts was captured and burnt by the +French and Indians in August, 1746, Shirley became very prominent in +that war, and was the headquarters of the successive commanders of the +line of forts. Massachusetts was rebuilt early in 1747, and thereafter +became the chief work; for both before and after the Peace of Aix la +Chapelle in 1748, it was perceived that the sites of Shirley and Pelham +had been ill-chosen, and that the route by the Hoosac was the one to be +kept open for hostile demonstration towards Crown Point, and the one to +be defended against hostile demonstration from all that quarter. Forts +Shirley and Pelham, accordingly, which were very differently +constructed, ceased to be of much military significance after the Peace, +though both were slightly garrisoned for several years after. In 1749 +and a part certainly of the next year, there were five men only in Fort +Shirley, namely, Lieutenant William Lyman, Gershom Hawks, John Powell, +Samuel Stebbins, and Peter Bove. From June, 1725 till the end of May, +1754, one man in each constituted the garrison of Shirley and Pelham. +Archibald Powell held watch and ward on the heights of Heath and George +Hall on the lofty meadow in Rowe. Each drew his pay from the treasury of +the colony; and each had a magnificent lookout from his solitary +sentry-box. Monadnock is in plain sight to the east, and Haystack to the +north from the site of Fort Shirley and the Hoosacs to the west and +Greylock overtopping them greeted the roving gaze of George Hall from +the picketed enclosure of Fort Pelham. +</p> +<p> +There was but one chaplain to the line of forts, Rev. John Norton, +appointed from Falltown in 1745, who passed from one to the other as his +sense of duty to + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>[345]</span> + + each garrison might prompt; and Mrs. Norton with one or two children +lived in Fort Shirley for more than a year while her husband was in +captivity in Canada. Scouting parties of the soldiers were kept +constantly passing from fort to fort when not employed in garrison or +other duty; their allowance on the march was for each soldier per day +one pound of bread, one pound of pork, and one gill of rum; while in +garrison each man was allowed per day one pound of bread, and one-half +pint of peas or beans, two pounds of pork for three days, and one gallon +of molasses for 42 days. It is certain, that one or more cows were kept +by the garrison of Fort Shirley, perhaps on account of Mrs. Norton and +her children, for there was a cleared field around the fort, and an old +cow-bell half eaten up by rust was found not long ago near its site, +which site, it must be remembered, was several miles from any habitation +of men at any time in the last century. +</p> +<p> +After an existence of one hundred and forty-one years, the old well of +Fort Shirley, which was undoubtedly within the block-house and probably +in one corner of the enclosure away from the "parade," is able to tell +pretty thoroughly to this day the story of its own construction. Four +forest staddles about six inches in diameter, one for each comer of the +well, were set upright on the ground, and then ash planks rived from a +log about five feet long were pinned or spiked on the outside of these +staddles, beginning at the bottom; and this frame being placed on the +ground where the well was to be, the earth was thrown out over the +sides, and so the well was gradually sunk to the required depth, the +plank-siding being added gradually as the shaft was lowered. These rived +planks and the tops of the four corner-poles, that can now be seen and +fingered less than two feet below the surface of the ground, were not +very uniform in thickness, and of course have rotted off at the top by +time and exposure; but enough of both has been preserved till this time +by constant submergence in the water and in the unusually moist soil +above it to betray without any serious question the nature of the +materials used and the mode of their employment. One of the corner-posts +was a black birch and the bark on it is in a good state of preservation +at and below the surface of the water. +</p> +<p> +The last incident to be mentioned at this time in connection with Fort +Shirley relates to the Rev. John Norton, his wife and daughter. Norton +was born in Berlin, Conn., in 1716; was graduated at Yale College in +1737; was ordained in Fall Town, since Bernardston, Mass., in 1741; he +was the first minister in that town, "but owing to the unsettled state +of the times," and to the fact that his people lay right in the angle +between the military line of the Connecticut and that of the Deerfield, +and had consequently as much as they could do, to maintain their +families exposed as they were, he labored there about four years, and +was appointed chaplain to the line of forts almost as soon as the men +were fairly in garrison. He was in Fort Massachusetts when it was +besieged and captured by an army of French and Indians in August, 1746; +went captive with the rest of the garrison to Quebec; returned, +exchanged, in just a year; and wrote an account of the siege, the +journey northwards, the captivity, and the return, a precious little +book, which he entitled after a memorable precedent "The + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>[346]</span> + + Redeemed Captive." His narrative begins as follows.—"Thursday, August +14, 1746, I left Fort Shirley in company with Dr. Williams and about +fourteen of the soldiers; we went to Pelham Fort, and from thence to +Captain Rice's, where we lodged that night. Friday, the 15th, we went +from thence to Fort Massachusetts, where I designed to have tarried +about a month. Saturday, 16th, the Doctor with fourteen men, went off +for Deerfield, and left in the fort Sergeant John Hawks with twenty +soldiers, about half of them sick with bloody flux." +</p> +<p> +We can not now follow the good chaplain in his deeply interesting +narrative. He makes no mention in it of his family, but it is certain +from other data that he left Mrs. Norton and his young children in +garrison at Fort Shirley, and that just about the time of his return +from captivity to Boston, which was August 16, 1747, his little girl, +Anna, died at the fort and was buried in the field a little to the west +of it. Probably some soldier in the fort chiselled upon the rude stone +the inscription as follows: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Hear lys ye body of An'na </p> +<p class="i2"> D: of ye Rev: </p> +<p class="i2"> Mr. John Norton. She died </p> +<p class="i2"> Aug; ye —— aged —— 1747. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +This stone stood there in the bleak field exposed to the suns of summer +and the storms of winter for more than one hundred and thirty years. The +day of August on which she died and the number of years she had lived +have become illegible by exposure,—impossible to be deciphered. The +stone has lately been removed to Williams College, and with its +companion relic, a stick of one of the timbers of Fort Shirley, and a +few other memorials of the well and fort, are safe in a fire-proof +building. +</p> +<p> +The tradition is still lively in Heath, and it may well be an historical +fact for it has been handed down by an aged citizen there whose life +began with the century, that there used to come up from Connecticut on +an occasional pilgrimage to the site of Fort Shirley and particularly to +the grave of Anna Norton some of her relatives. This is very likely; for +John Norton became in 1748 a pastor in the parish of East Hampton, +Middlesex Co., Conn., where he died in 1778; and one may still read on +his tombstone there the following inscription: +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> IN MEMORY OF </p> +<p class="i2"> THE REV. JOHN NORTON </p> +<p class="i2"> PASTOR OF THE 3D CHURCH IN CHATHAM </p> +<p class="i2"> WHO DIED WITH SMALL POX </p> +<p class="i2"> MARCH 24th AD 1778 </p> +<p class="i2"> IN THE 63D YEAR OF HIS AGE. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +He left several children. Among them an unmarried daughter, who lived +till 1825. It is no mean touch and print of vital human sympathy that is +left upon the sod beneath the great tree in Shirley-field by the figure +of one who came and + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>[347]</span> + + came again from a distant place to catch, it may be, a note from the +dreary Past and drop a tear upon the grave of a sister whom she never +saw. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + To his Excellency William Shirley, Esq. Capt. Gen. and Gov'r in Chief + of this Province, the Hon'ble his Majesty's Council & House of + Representatives in Gen. Court assembled— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + The Memorial of John Norton of Springfield in the County of Hampshire, + Clerk, humbly showeth That in the month of February, 1746, he entered + into the Service of the Province as a Chaplain for the Line of Forts on + the Western Frontier and continued in that service until the Twentieth + day of August following, when he was captivated at Fort Massachusetts + and carried to Canada by the enemy, where he was detained a prisoner for + the space of twelve months, during which time he constantly officiated + as a chaplain among his fellow-prisoners in the best manner he was able + under the great difficulties and suffering of his imprisonment, and your + Humble Petit'r begs leave further to inform your Excell'c. & Honors that + besides the great Difficulties and Hardships that your Petit'r indured + during his captivity abroad, he and his family by means thereof are + reduced to great Straight and Difficulties at home. He therefore prays + your Excell'c and Honors would take his distressed Circumstances into + your wiser Consideration and grant him such Help and Relief as your + Excell'c, and Honors in your Wisdom and Goodness shall deem meet, and + your memorialist as in duty bound shall ever pray. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + JOHN NORTON. +<br /> + Springfield, Jan. 25, 1748. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + [ENDORSED] +</p> +<p class="quote"> + In the House of Representatives, Feb, 23, 1748. Read and Ordered that + the sum of £37, 10s. be allowed the memorialist in consideration of this + officiating as Chaplain to the Prisoners whilst in captivity at Canada. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + In council read & concurred W. Hutchinson, Speaker<br /> + J. Willard <br /> + Sec'y +</p> +<p class="quote"> + Consented to +<br /> + W. SHIRLEY. +</p> + +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>[348]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0009" id="h2H_4_0009"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE MORMON CHURCH. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Victoria Reed.</span> +</h3> +<p> +On the 24th of July, 1847, Brigham Young and a few followers pitched +their tents at the base of the Wasatch Range—a spur of the Rocky +Mountains. This was the nucleus of what is now known as the flourishing +city of Salt Lake. These pioneers came across the vast plains, over the +desolate mountains and entered the valley of the Great Salt Lake through +Emigration Canon. Their first view of the locality was from the mouth of +the canon which is at an elevation of seven hundred feet above the city, +and from this eminence the clearness of the atmosphere enabled them to +see mountain ranges ninety miles distant. +</p> +<p> +The wide valley, the broad expanse of the lake with its mountainous +islands, miles in extent, and the encircling ranges, formed an +amphitheatre of unexampled grandeur and rugged beauty. The valley itself +at that time was a vast desert without tree or shrub, nothing but the +wild sage-brush and the white alkali soil could be seen, if we except +the scrub-oaks and lebanon cedars that covered the mountain sides and +the emerald colored waters of the lake. Utah was then Mexican Territory, +and this fact, as much perhaps as any other, determined Brigham Young to +settle there. When the exodus from Nauvoo took place, the Mormons were +roughly estimated at four thousand souls and probably about that number +made the first settlement in Utah; but they have increased now to over +two hundred and fifty thousand in the United States with societies in +England, Wales and Scandinavia, all flourishing and sending yearly to +Salt Lake as many as they can find means to transport. The history of +this people will probably never be fully written, but they endured +hardships, privations, sufferings, torture and death. Their settlement +of Utah was one of extreme peril and anxiety, and for years it was a +question whether they would survive or perish. Had they been actuated by +conscience, by pure religious zeal, by patriotism, by any of the nobler +sentiments, they would have made an enviable reputation in history and +gone down to posterity as a society commanding the respect and +veneration of the world; but when it is known that no community or state +even would tolerate them and that they sought this uninhabitable wild, +this unknown and then foreign territory, to escape the punishment of +their crimes, and to practise an abhorrent and barbarous tenet of their +faith, their glory departs and they look and will look in the light of +history abject and pitiable. Some conception of their great undertaking +in crossing the continent may be imagined when we reflect there were no +roads, no known way across the vast arid plains, no mountain cuts, no +bridged streams, no drinking water for miles upon miles with long +tedious marches resulting in sickness and death. +</p> +<p> +To one acquainted with the country, knowing the obstacles they overcame, +it is a matter of wonder that women and children were ever able to +perform it. It must be remembered that their destination reached, their +trials had only fairly + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>[349]</span> + + begun. They were surrounded by savages, they were over a thousand miles +from the habitation of a white man. They had pitched their tents on an +alkali plain that had never been tilled; not a blade of grass grew in +the soil and this in a climate where not a drop of rain or even a cloud +appeared for six months in the year. Irrigation had never been tried, +and the whole scheme was an experiment, the failure of which would have +been fatal to the settlement. The first winter was spent in their wagons +and in tents, while their subsistence was upon a scanty supply of +vegetables. It is no more than common justice to accord to this people a +great undertaking in founding the settlements of the territory, and a +great triumph in their complete success; but above and beyond this, very +little can be said in their favor. +</p> +<p> +The legal title of the Mormon church is the Church of Jesus Christ of +Latter Day Saints, and in the church parlance, Salt Lake city is a state +of Zion and the real Zion is at Jackson, Missouri, to which place the +Mormons claim they are some day to return. The Mormon church is a very +complicated institution, but as perfect in its organization and +operations as the Catholic church. Church and State are inseparable and +the main complications are in the priesthood which extends to nearly +every male member of the church who has a family, thus making them all +more or less responsible for the proceedings of their leaders. This +priesthood is composed of a president, in whom is combined prophet, seer +or revelator of the church. There have been only three men to fill that +office, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and John Taylor who now occupies +the position. This chief with two councillors form the first presidency. +Next in order come the twelve apostles who hold equal authority in +church matters with the president, though the presidency is the last +resort in case of appeal. Next comes the order of the seventies, which +consists of seven presidents, each having control or presiding over +seventy priests or lower presidents, each of whom in turn, presides over +a quorum of seventy. Out of this order of seventies come the patriarchs +who dispense the blessings of the church, the high council which is an +ecclesiastical court, all these orders making up a priesthood after the +order of Melchisedec. Then follows the Aaronic priesthood which is +composed of a senior bishop with two councillors acting as president of +the state of Zion, and an indefinite number of bishops of lower rank +with elders, teachers and deacons. The Mormons claim that this is the +only apostolic church, the only church having the sign of miracles, the +laying on of hands, the giving of tongues, the baptism for the dead, the +consecration of marriage, the only church through whom and with whom God +is talking as of old. Many of the ordinances of the church are performed +in secret and are still more complicated. Although some of these rites +and ceremonies have been revealed by apostates, yet there are others of +such a character that even the bitterest seceder from the church would +not dare unfold them. With this complex system conceived after the +manner of the Jewish priesthood, and with the various revelations that +have been added from time to time, the church of Jesus Christ of Latter +Day Saints stands to-day as a very curious monument to the ingenuity of +men, the most prominent of whom were descended from Puritan fathers. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>[350]</span> + +<p> +The ordinance that has given so much unpleasant notoriety to this church +is that of polygamy, or plural marriage as the Mormons designate it. +There are three kinds of marriage; the marriage for this world as in +other churches, "till death do us part;" the marriage for this world and +for eternity combined; and the marriage for eternity alone, independent +and separate from this world's relationship. +</p> +<p> +The Mormon woman has no place in the future state excepting as she +enters under the protection of her husband, so this last marriage or +sealing for eternity was instituted to enable all unmarried women, or +those who were only married for this world, to gain a foothold in the +life to come. The motto of the Mormon church is, the greater the family, +the greater the reward. Brigham Young with his nineteen families +excelled in this respect, and he will be awarded the highest seat in +Heaven. His sealed wives are said to number two hundred and fifty. +</p> +<p> +Joseph Smith has also been very popular and has had scores sealed to +him. +</p> +<p> +To uphold this peculiarly constituted church, various crimes have been +committed, varying in hue, but the Mountain Meadow Massacre, when one +hundred and nineteen men, women and children were butchered in cold +blood under a flag of truce, surpasses in atrocity any act of the savage +tribes by whom they are surrounded, and has stained indelibly the Mormon +church. Before the advent of the Union Pacific Railroad, to breath a +word against the church organization or any of its acts or resist one of +their tenets or accumulate more wealth than was acceptable to the +leaders, has always brought down instant and the severest punishment, +and the perpetrators could never be brought to justice as they were +emissaries of Brigham Young and his councillors. +</p> +<p> +It is polygamy, however, more than all their other deeds and revelations +that has entailed misery, suffering and degradation. It has been the +parent of more crime, more disloyalty, more deceit and sin generally +than all the other causes combined. It is claimed that the revelation of +polygamy came to the prophet Joseph Smith in 1843 at Nauvoo, and it was +secretly practised by him and by other members of his church; but it was +not published to the world until 1852, when Brigham Young made it known +in Utah, thinking no doubt that he was beyond the pale of civilization +and the terrors of the law. It was not made obligatory, but those who +practised it were to have greater exaltation in the next world. A woman +conforming in other respects is entitled to a seat in Heaven, but it is +reserved for the polygamist to be one with the Father. Of course there +is no room for Gentiles in the Mormon Heaven, excepting as hewers of +wood and drawers of water to some Mormon saint. +</p> +<p> +The fanatical followers of the priesthood are filled with the +superstitions of the old world, coming, as so many do from the lowest +classes of Great Britain and Scandinavia, fit subjects for all the +mummery imposed upon them in the name of religion. Brigham Young is +often quoted as saying, that he had gathered around him a set of people +that his satanic majesty himself would not have. Even after polygamy had +been openly proclaimed in Utah, their missionaries utterly repudiated +it, and in pursuance of private orders of the prophet they positively +asserted that it was not a tenet of the church. They were afraid of +bringing upon themselves + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>[351]</span> + + the condemnation of foreign governments; but the ignorant offshoots of +European Monarchies openly commit acts here, that they boast if +perpetrated in their own land, would bring down upon them the severest +penalties of the law. The perfect indifference and apathy of our +government for so many years, however, has given the Mormons sufficient +justification for their attitude. Abroad, not only their own security, +but the large emigration which they sought and do secure yearly, +rendered necessary a great deal of deceit. Men honest and fair-dealing +in other respects have a twisted conscience in regard to plural +marriage. As a Mormon woman said, "A polygamist is the most ingenious +liar imaginable." In the earlier days on their arrival in Zion, when +securely in the toils, their money in the hands of the elders, too far +in the wilderness to make hope of return possible, these people have +awakened to the horrors of the system, and women on the day of their +arrival were hurried to the Endowment House to swell the number of +polygamic wives in the land. Perhaps of all the women in Utah those who +live in constant terror of their husbands entering polygamy are the most +to be pitied. These plural marriages are performed in private in the +Endowment House, a building in the same enclosure with the Tabernacle +and Temple. Here they take oaths of allegiance to the church that +absolve them from obedience to the laws of our country, when they +conflict with their laws. They consider their obligations to their +religion such that they perjure themselves on the witness stand in the +most unblushing manner. They thus defeat the attempts to gain evidence +of their marriages. Apostates, since the protection given to them by +United States troops and the moral support of the Gentiles, have +revealed many of the secrets of this place. This apostacy at any +previous period of their history would have cost them their lives, as +they take the most solemn oaths never to betray this most absurd and +sacrilegious performance. The Endowment House is arranged to represent +the Garden of Eden. The permanent Adam and Eve of the establishment are +a man and woman prominent in the church. A well known public functionary +who performs the ceremony represents God, while his satanic majesty +fulfils his own appropriate functions. The ordeal lasts from nine in the +morning until three in the afternoon, and one or more wives can be taken +at one ceremony. +</p> +<p> +The Miles case which attained such notoriety in Utah a short time ago +was one not altogether uncommon, in which a young girl engaged to a +Mormon Elder in London accompanied him to this country to have the +marriage ceremony performed by the fathers of the church. On their way +thither the elder felt constrained to tell this young convert that he +had already made promises of marriage to two Danish sisters who were +awaiting him in Zion; but he assured her that though he felt obliged to +fulfil all his vows yet she should be his first and only legal wife. She +reluctantly consented to this humiliating compromise and on his arrival +in Salt Lake he took the three maidens to the Endowment House and they +were in turn married to him. Unfortunately for conjugal felicity, the +English girl was made second in order on account of priority of age of +one of the Danish sisters. Terrible scenes ensued and in her indignation +this girl denounced her husband and he was brought into court on the +charge of bigamy. Only once before in the whole history of Mormonism has +the court gained evidence of these + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name="page352"></a>[352]</span> + + plural marriages. Wives are bound by such terrible oaths at the marriage +ceremony that they dare not give testimony against their husbands. Also, +the jurors are two-thirds Mormons and these law breakers would never +punish one of their own number, and no person could be convicted without +destroying the rights of trial by jury. Mr. Robinson, an Englishman who +has lately written a book laudatory of the Mormons, makes the statement +that "Many Mormon women could not be happy until their husbands took +other wives." A lady who has written thrilling stories on the subject of +polygamy, writes the following in response to Mr. Robinson of a friend +of hers who was a Methodist and embraced Mormonism because she had been +as she thought miraculously healed in answer to a prayer of a Mormon +Elder. Soon after reaching Salt Lake her husband took another wife. She +was an American and had been brought up in a Christian family, so she +could not take kindly to polygamy; she thought, however, that it was +something ordered by God and that she must be very wicked to have such +bitterness in her heart towards the woman who had won her husband's +love. She said, "I thought I would go for counsel to those who were +wiser and better than I, so I paid a visit to a model family, two wives +in one house who were said to live like sisters, and exceptionally +happy. I told the first wife my story and asked her how she attained her +happiness. 'Happiness,' she replied, 'I don't know the meaning of the +word, I have never seen a happy hour since that woman came into my house +and never shall until I drop into my grave.' The second wife said, 'for +the sake of peace, I have given up every right both as woman and wife. +If it were not for my child, I would have thrown myself into the river +long ago.' Then I went to two of Brigham's wives who were held up as +examples. The first to whom I spoke said, 'I have shed tears enough +since I have been in polygamy to drown myself twice over;' the other +said, 'the plains from the Mississippi River to Salt Lake are strewed +with the bones of women who were not strong enough to bear the burdens +of polygamy, and the cemetery here is full of them; but every one of +these women will wear a martyr's crown.'" Women who give their consent +to the death knell of happiness do it on the ground that their reward +will be greater in Heaven, and that the few years in this world is as +nothing in view of eternity. Buoyed up by these hopes, women leaving +large families at home with infants in their arms, accompany their +husbands and give them in marriage to young girls who have grown up at +their very doors. +</p> +<p> +They have often left their husbands and even their children behind them +in foreign lands or in our own, to gain the coveted privilege of passing +the remnant of their days in communion with the Latter Day Saints in the +glorious State of Zion. These deluded women get their deserved +punishment for deserting the highest and acknowledged duties of life, by +the ignominy and contempt heaped upon them by those who allured them +from their homes. Contact with this institution has in a few cases not +only deadened all finer sensibilities, but has trampled upon instinct, +when mothers coming with grown daughters to Utah not only marry Mormons +themselves, but urge their girls to become polygamic wives to their own +husbands. Very few probably are of this character, and the majority are +mere tools in the hands of a tyrannical priesthood. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>[353]</span> + +<p> +A gentleman well versed in the history of the church in Utah writes +"that after a thousand years of Christianity and civilization, Mormons +have stripped woman of all her rights, have trampled her in the dust, +have sworn her on her life to obey her jailor husband, then have given +her the ballot and boast of their liberality." +</p> +<p> +Suffrage under a theocratic government is a farce for both man or woman +and, in the latter case, a pure mockery, as the Mormon woman has +apparently a privilege which is denied to woman elsewhere, but this +privilege is entirely out of her power to use excepting as ordered by +the church that controls her. Suffrage given to the women of Utah has +had two results; first, to increase greatly the vote for the church and +its institutions, and secondly, to make woman herself the champion of +her own degradation. Brigham Young gave the suffrage to Morman women, +and he was confident that he could manipulate this element as he had all +others in behalf of his own aggrandizement, both spiritual and temporal. +Our government and Gentile residents hoped that the franchise would be +productive of great good in opening the eyes of these women to the +knowledge of the power invested in them, to free themselves from the +superstitious obedience with which their vicegerent had enchained them; +but the folly of endowing them with our privilege so long as theocracy +exists, has been fully demonstrated. To ask for rights which are +cheerfully conceded to woman in every other section of the country, +would be utterly useless in Utah. The law of suffrage like all other +laws in Utah have been made for the sole protection of their divine +institution; so these Mormon women have only raised their voices to +uphold polygamy which they have been forced to do on all occasions when +it would benefit their church. They assembled in Mass-meeting and +petitioned Congress to propose an amendment to the constitution +sanctioning polygamy, and they have waved banners in the streets of Salt +Lake on which were inscribed "The women of Utah believe in polygamy." +The brutal teachings of Brigham Young and his councillors and all the +laws and institutions of Utah are intended to reduce woman to utter and +abject servitude, and to resist this power in the earlier days when they +were sensitive to the touch of the tyrant's will would have been a very +dangerous experiment; but now, with help stretching towards them, they +seem to be too throughly paralyzed by years of total submission to be +able to avail themselves of it. +</p> +<p> +The numbering of the vote is a very essential element in the ballot, as +by that means the priesthood has knowledge of the failure of any man or +woman to vote as they have been ordered. The Edmunds commission reports +as follows in regard to Woman's suffrage: "We are satisfied that owing +to the peculiar state of affairs in Utah—this law is an obstruction to +the speedy solution of the vexed question." +</p> +<p> +There are many laws on the statute books detrimental to women. No right +of dower exists in the territory, and the legislators at their last +session wholly refused to provide for it. There are no marriage laws—as +the Mormons hold the ordinance as strictly a Latter Day Church +prerogative. There are no laws forbidding immorality such as are found +in all other states and territories. +</p> +<p> +A prominent Mormon bishop lately asserted in the eastern press "that the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>[354]</span> + + Mormon women are happy," a statement entirely contrary to that of the +women themselves who declare their state to be purgatorial. +</p> +<p> +The <i>Anti-polygamy Standard</i> says:—"A wife lately thwarted her +husband in his attempt to enter polygamy, threatening to expose him in +court; the true spirit of Mormonism was exhibited in his reply, that the +laws of God would soon be in full force in Utah—we shall get rid of the +Gentiles, and all such Mormon women as you will be blood-atoned." This +atonement is one of the tenets of the church. Any act committed against +it has in the past been punished by death, the shedding of the guilty +persons, blood being necessary for the atonement of the sin. +</p> +<p> +A band of men called destroying angels, has committed these murderous +deeds under the guidance of the priesthood. This doctrine is no longer +in force and could not stand in the face of federal officials and a +Gentile population. +</p> +<p> +It was for many years the desire of the church to prevent any expanding +of the intellect on the part of their followers, and any casual observer +at the Tabernacle would be convinced that this and their divine +institution had done their thorough work in stamping ignorance and +misery upon a large number of the faces gathered there. +</p> +<p> +Prayer has always played an important part in both secular as well as +religious assemblages, used as a means to impress and overawe these +superstitious disciples of an all absorbing faith. Every ball, every +party, all social gatherings and even the theatre in the olden time, +opened and closed with prayer. In the dedication of a building they +bless the different parts even to shingles and nails. A full hour was +consumed when the large tabernacle was dedicated, in enumerating and +blessing the different materials that made up its construction. One +other very peculiar tenet of the church is baptism for the dead. They +are women principally who enter with enthusiasm in practising this rite, +and they have been immersed as many as twenty times in one day to insure +the future of departed friends. It was the boast of one poor simple +Scotch woman that she had secured places in Heaven for Sir William +Wallace and Robert Bruce. In accordance with a purpose of the +priesthood, children bore a prominent part in public affairs. They were +called Utah's best crop—and less than ten years ago—they formed +conspicuous portions of the audiences that gathered in the tabernacle +and theatre. Their youthful voices in concert rivalled those of the +tabernacle choir, the latter no mean institution as it numbered over +300. At the theatre, too young to hold up their heads, their mothers +tended them on pillows. This custom has gradually been abolished until +now an apostle can harangue by the hour on his favorite topic of "come +up and pay your tithing without an infant's cry to interrupt the +monotonus strain." +</p> +<p> +This theocratic government, where one man calls himself God's vicegerent +and imposes his revelations on a narrow minded fanatical class of men, +carries its own hand into all its branches, nothing being too small or +petty for its fingers to grasp, and implicit obedience is to-day, as it +always has been, the watch-word of the church. At church conferences +there is never a dissenting voice and at the polls always the same +unanimous vote. The following quotations give an idea + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page355" name="page355"></a>[355]</span> + + of how the power is placed in Utah and of what theocracy +consists:—Brigham Young said in the Tabernacle in 1869, "what is the +greatest miracle that can be wrought before God, our Saviour, the +angels, the inhabitants of the earth and the infernal regions? Is it +raising the dead or healing the sick? No—it is not—it is bringing a +people to strict obedience to the rule of the priesthood." +</p> +<p> +Orson Pratt, the learned apostle, has always taught that "people cannot +govern themselves by laws of their own making or by officers of their +own choosing, for that would be in direct rebellion to the law of God. +Absolute power vested in one man is the best and most efficient human +government. There is one kind of government that will secure permanent +prosperity and happiness, and that is theocracy or the government of God +through his prophet, seer and revelator." +</p> +<p> +President Kimball said in the tabernacle:—"Have not the majority of +this congregation made most solemn covenants and vows that they will +listen, obey and be subject to the priesthood? Have not the sisters made +the same solemn covenant before God, angels and men that they will be +subject to their husbands?" +</p> +<p> +President Taylor says:—"You want to pay your tithing fairly and +squarely, or you will find yourselves outside of the pale of the church +of the living God. You must also uphold the co-operative institutions." +</p> +<p> +Col. Hollister, a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with Mormonism, writes +thus:—"There is no rule of the people intended in the Mormon church. +There is no state government contemplated because it has every organ of +despotic state government in and of itself. It takes no account whatever +of the natural right of man to life, liberty, property, freedom of +opinion or of conscience. Its bill of rights, its constitution, its laws +are the revelations of the prophet. It has not a single idea or +institution common to free government or free men. As long as they hold +this theocratic idea, to force democratic government upon them, is a +farce. Its political party is the church and into that political party +no one can enter excepting through the church." +</p> +<p> +Polygamy disgraces us in the eyes of the world, and fills the home where +it enters with untold misery; but a theocratic government, thoroughly +equipped, unanimously responsive in all its branches, far-reaching in +its designs and expanding as rapidly as that of the Mormon church, +presents a great political enigma to the American people even when shorn +of its most obnoxious feature. Congress and the country at large have +their attention fixed upon the question of polygamy, and the proposed +legislative commission, if endorsed by Congress, would bring the Mormon +Church itself face to face with it. It is so embedded in the very roots +of their organization that many Mormons insist that it would be utterly +impossible for the church to dispense with it; and the <i>Deseret +News</i>, the church organ in the issue following the President's +Message, declares that "neither commissions, edicts or armies, or any +earthly power can affect plural marriages of the Mormons for they are +'ecclesiastical, perpetual and eternal.'" No doubt there will be a +convulsive effort made to retain the government of the Territory in +their own hands, and they might be forced to abandon polygamy to save +such a catastrophe, but would they do it in good faith? +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>[356]</span> + +<p> +What would their fanatical followers say if the "absolute command of +God" to Joseph Smith is no longer to be regarded. If polygamy can, +however, be happily abolished, there still remains a solid phalanx of +determined men and women manipulated by the hand of wily priests and +bishops, who do not believe in our institutions, who deny the right of +individual feeling or action, who teach the doctrine that the Latter Day +Saints will rule eventually the whole country and the world. Such +compact power, so guarded, so absolute, is certainly an unparalleled +achievement when the few years of its conception and execution in a +barren desolate waste is considered. A similar case has never been +witnessed before in the heart of any country on the globe, and it is +safe to say that no other civilized nation would have tolerated such an +anomaly in its midst. Germany even has forbidden Mormon missionaries to +come within her borders. England is profuse in condemnation of our +Government for permitting such an institution as polygamy, which she +fosters however by sending one-half the recruits that come yearly to our +shores to practise it. Scandinavia and our own land contribute the +balance, and it is confidently asserted that Massachusetts alone gives +more converts to Mormonism than are converted from it in Utah, Worthy +mechanics and skilled laborers in our manufacturing towns are joining +this standard which holds out temptations of temporal prosperity that +are difficult to resist. +</p> +<p> +The Mormon church is fast peopling the immediate surrounding +territories. Idaho is dangerously invaded and the balance of power +threatened, while Colorado and Arizona have large, growing settlements. +</p> +<p> +The first train that passed over the new narrow guage road that runs +through Colorado, carried a load of foreign emigrants to Utah. Railroads +intersect Utah in all directions, and the church is also laying her own +peculiar rails throughout the whole region of the Rocky Mountains, and +they will give promising dividends in strength and security to the +church institutions. +</p> +<p> +The Edmunds bill is a step towards the abolishment of polygamy. It has +disfranchised the law-breakers but has not had the effect of +discouraging plural marriages. Some Gentiles maintain that there are as +many solemnized now as before the passage of the bill, and the +Commission itself acknowledges that the practice still exists, though +they think there is a decrease. +</p> +<p> +However this may be, it is certainly true that strenuous efforts were +made immediately upon its adoption to force young people into polygamy; +and at the late conferences addresses were delivered enjoining upon the +people the fact that, the Kingdom of God could not progress unless they +obeyed the revelation given to Joseph Smith at Nauvoo, and God would +never forgive his people if they did not obey his commands. While these +sentiments were freely expressed in the Tabernacle, a statement is sent +to the eastern papers by a prominent member of the church that "the +Edmunds Bill has practically abolished polygamy." +</p> +<p> +To overthrow this theocratic government and to parry the subtle wiles of +the priesthood, more than ordinary attention and wisdom will be +required, and it will be a great triumph to our legislators if they can +succeed in bringing about a peaceable solution of the greatest problem +now before the American people. +</p> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>[357]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0010" id="h2H_4_0010"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ELIZABETH.<a href="#note-1" name="noteref-1"><small>1</small></a> +</h2> +<h4> + A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. +</h4> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Frances C. Sparhawk</span>, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." +</h3> +<a name="h2HCH0001" id="h2HCH0001"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XXIV. +</h2> +<h3> + A CASE OF CONSCIENCE. +</h3> +<p> +The stars had not begun to pale in the morning twilight when Elizabeth +awakened. The dim outlines of houses and trees could be seen through the +window as she looked out against the sky. Within the room the furniture, +large and heavy, looked still larger in the darkness. She fixed her eyes +upon some point, and followed back the lines that flowed from it until +they were lost in the dimness, and this assured her that she was awake. +Her writing-table was in part sharply outlined against the window, and +part of it was lost in the shadow of the draperies. The bureau seemed +only a dark mass among the shadows in force in the corners of the room. +</p> +<p> +These and the tops of the heavy chairs, as she looked at one and another +of them, helped to calm her and give her a sense of reality. But they in +no way accounted for the startling suggestion, that whether dream or +waking thought had first filled her with fear and then set her heart +beating hard as she lay wide awake breathing unevenly and striving to +learn if she were still under the influence of a dream, or if the +unconscious conviction which had come upon her was the result of +dwelling upon what she knew. She could not recall her dreams, but they +seemed to her to have had no connection with the sudden sense of danger +that had startled her awake. She tried to throw it off, but it was like +the objects in the room that had seemed almost invisible at first, but +that grew every moment more distinct to her as she watched them. She +felt more and more sure that the danger was real, however the knowledge +of it had come; a terrible danger, but not to herself. It seemed strange +now that she had been blind so long, and yet, how could she have +suspected such a horror? Lord Bulchester felt it, too, only that he +would not allow himself to believe it. But it was he who had brought +conviction home; it would never have come, she thought, if she had not +seen him yesterday. But it had come, and it remained. It held her like a +vise, drawing her back toward it whenever she tried to escape, driving +off sleep forcibly when more than once that seemed about to seize her. +What was she to do with it? Plainly, something. It and rest could never +dwell together. But what? And how could she do it? A conviction which +pressed upon herself with the force of a certainty, and yet had no +proofs by which to establish itself, was not an easy thing to make felt +by another mind. And when it was a conviction of danger, and that other +had by nature and training a contempt of danger, the difficulties were + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>[358]</span> + + increased. Added to this were other difficulties which Elizabeth felt +keenly; but the fear was stronger than them all. The longer she studied +the matter the more she saw that the only thing for her to do was the +one thing that she shrank from most. All the freedom left her was to +find out the best way of doing it. +</p> +<p> +When the dimness of starlight began to grow into the dawn, she arose. +But she delayed at her toilet, standing so long in thought with her +brush in her hand, and her dark hair sweeping over her shoulders, that +it was six o'clock before she crossed the hall and knocked at her +father's door. +</p> +<p> +There was no answer. She knocked again, with the same result, and then +opening the door, found the room empty. Mr. Royal had gone down stairs. +But it was too early for Mrs. Eveleigh, and Elizabeth might still have +her talk with him without interruption. With a mixture of relief and +dread she went down the broad, low stairs and crossed the hall into the +library. +</p> +<p> +It had always been her favorite room. She had spent so many happy hours +here with the books, that the room with its handsome old furniture and +sunny windows was full of the memories and day dreams that her reading +had conjured up. But not only this; it was here that she had seen most +of her father; they had spent hours together here, while Mrs. Eveleigh +attended to her household duties, or amused herself with her friends, +or retired for her nap. And whether father and daughter talked, or +sat, he with his paper or his writing, she with her book, each felt a +companionship in the other. Elizabeth often spoke her thoughts freely to +any one who happened to be within hearing when the mood for speech came +over her; but as to her feelings, her father understood those best. This +was partly on account of his quickness of comprehension, which supplied +much that she did not utter, and partly because there came to her times +when her father seemed like a second self, and silence grew unnatural. +</p> +<p> +But that morning speech, evidently, was not easy to her. For, although +she had gone to him as a matter of course, her perplexity seemed to grow +greater as she sat down by the desk at which he was making up some +accounts. It seemed to her that her life was no longer free and simple; +a dreadful force had come into contact with it and, as she felt, made it +more unworthy. Had a mere jest ever before brought such a train of +miseries? Her fingers laid restless folds in a piece of paper she took +up, and her father after his greeting went on with the accounts. It was +his habit to give people time, and he had found that doing it gave him +the best opportunity to take his own bearings. His judgments were +usually so accurate, and his decisions so wise that a good many people +would have been thankful to find the scales by which he weighed the +anxiety or the satisfaction that came under his observation. On that +morning the rapid pen travelled several times up and down columns of +figures and noted down the results before Elizabeth began: +</p> +<p> +"Father." It was a small beginning, and followed by silence. But the +tone made Mr. Royal push his work aside, and look full into his +daughter's face. "Father," she repeated, "I want you to advise me." +</p> +<p> +"Am I not always ready for that?" returned Mr. Royal, his smile fading +before the gravity of her expression. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>[359]</span> + +<p> +"There is something so hard to be done," she answered. +</p> +<p> +"Then, must it be done?" +</p> +<p> +"Oh, yes, that's the only thing about it I am quite sure of. It must be +done, and directly, too. It may be too late now, but we must try. What +troubles me is how it can be done so that we may be certain." +</p> +<p> +"Certain of what?" +</p> +<p> +"Certain that it reaches him," answered Elizabeth. Then she looked at +her father, and remembered that he could not understand her. "I must +tell you," she said. "It is like a nightmare. It oppresses me to think +of it. I feel guilty to believe it, and yet I don't dare to deny it to +myself, for fear of the consequences. It's about Mr. Edmonson, father." +</p> +<p> +"Oh!" said her listener in a tone far from pleased. +</p> +<p> +"And Mr. Archdale, added Elizabeth. Not that who the people are makes +any difference. Our duties would be just the same knowing the,—knowing +what I do." Her father sat watching her in silence with his keenest +gaze. "There is no love lost between the two men, as you know," she went +on. "Mr. Archdale is lofty, and wouldn't condescend to anything more +than a dislike that he hasn't tried to conceal, since Mr. Edmonson +ceased being his guest. But with Mr. Edmonson it's different; when he +feels, he acts; and once in a while there is an unrestraint about him +which is frightful; it makes me think of lava breaking through the crust +of a volcano. I believe there is something volcanic in his nature; you +can't go deep into it without danger. And there is danger now. Father, +there is danger now." As Elizabeth repeated her statement she leaned +forward a little and looked at her father, her eyes full of earnestness +and dread. +</p> +<p> +"In what way, and to whom?" asked Mr. Royal. +</p> +<p> +"To Mr. Archdale," she answered. +</p> +<p> +It was not Mr. Royal's way to protest or deny; he liked to get in his +evidence first of all. "What makes you think so?" he asked. +</p> +<p> +"A good many little things that have come back to me in confirmation, +but especially a speech of Mr. Edmonson's that I overheard one day at +Seascape. Stray shots," he said, "have taken off more superfluous kings +and men than the world has any idea of. I did not know at the time whom +he had been speaking about, and I forgot the speech; it seemed to me to +have no object. But now it does, and now I remember a word or two +besides that showed me that he had turned the conversation upon Mr. +Archdale." +</p> +<p> +"When was this?" +</p> +<p> +"One morning when I was coming up from the beach, I didn't feel like +talking to anyone, and when I heard voices the other side of the great +boulder—you remember it?—I waited a moment, to see if they would pass +on, so that I need not go back to the house by the longest way; and it +was then that he said it. He was with Lord Bulchester. He was speaking +of other things first, and then I missed a few words, and then he said +this." +</p> +<p> +"So far as he was concerned," answered Mr. Royal, "that might be as +innocent a speech as ever was uttered. Indeed, don't you see that a man +who meditated mischief wouldn't make such a speech at all?" +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page360" name="page360"></a>[360]</span> + +<p> +"If the man were Mr. Edmonson he might, and to Lord Bulchester who, he +knows, never would do anything against him. But Lord Bulchester is +uncomfortable. I saw it yesterday; and perhaps wondering over that was +what made me put everything together. I don't know how it was, but I +awoke in the night and saw it all. And now they have gone where the will +and the opportunity are sure to meet. Mr. Archdale must be warned." +</p> +<p> +"But, Elizabeth," said her father, "why should he want to do it? He +succeeded in his designs upon the Archdale property. What malice can he +have?" As he spoke, he looked earnestly at his daughter. He had not been +blind to things going on about him, and especially things concerning his +daughter, but in a case like this no suppositions of his own were to +take the place of evidence. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth met his eyes for a moment, then her own drooped and she grew +pale. It was not that her father's eyes told her his thoughts, it was at +the humiliation of her own position in being the object of mercenary +scheming. "He has not enough money," she said at last distinctly, "and +he wants more. That's what it means. And he dares to think—." She +stopped short, and for a moment it seemed as if it would be impossible +for her to go on; a hot flush came to her face and an angry light into +her eyes. Then her courage returned, and although she uttered the words +with visible effort she went resolutely on. "I know it," she said, "he +dares to think someone else,—Mr. Archdale,—is somewhat like himself, +and that he will come to want more money too. He cares for nobody, he +would stop at nothing, and he thinks that I refused him because,—he +does not understand how I feel towards him. Oh, don't you know that +sometimes you know all about a thing, know it perfectly, and cannot make +it seem so to another? Don't let it be so with you, father. Only listen +to me." Mr. Royal did listen attentively as she went over the points of +her story again. Had she been talking of some matter of business, her +inexperience and a something about her that people were apt to call +unpracticalness, might have decided him against giving any unusual +weight to a speech like Edmonson's. But here the weight of her +character, and of impressions stronger than she could put into words +told. He saw, too, that she was looking at the matter with the accuracy +and judgment that it usually takes years of training to learn. This, +added to her own intensity, gave a convincing force to her words. He +admitted to himself that the affair had an ugly look. +</p> +<p> +At last Elizabeth paused. She drew a little nearer her father, and laid +her hand upon the table beside him. "I want you to advise me;" she said; +then, "What must I do?" +</p> +<p> +In the impossibility of any answer he felt a sudden rebound from the +force of her words. "I don't see that there is anything for you to do, +or for anybody," he said. "How can you act upon a thing that is purely +an assumption, and not only that, but a thing so wicked that it is a +cruelty to a man to imagine it about him? I can't believe that it's +necessary to do anything, for I can't bring myself to feel as you do. +Are you very sure that you have not fancied a part of this?" +</p> +<p> +"Father!" cried Elizabeth, "I wish I had, But look at it." And she went +again over the grounds of her suspicions, giving with a clearness that +he was + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page361" name="page361"></a>[361]</span> + + proud of, the indications that she had seen of the bent of Edmonson's +will and the evidences of his headstrong character, linking one trifling +act or word to another, until she had welded a chain so strong that Mr. +Royal felt a thrill run through him as he listened, for she awoke in him +her own belief and something of her own anxiety to be doing. So that +when she had finished, instead of repeating that it was not necessary to +do anything, he asked whom she had thought of as the person to give the +warning to Archdale. +</p> +<p> +She was about to speak, then checked herself, hesitated, and at last +said, "I want you to advise me." +</p> +<p> +"Um!" said Mr. Royal, and was silent. He was somewhat disappointed that +she, so powerful in statement, should have no suggestion to offer in a +matter that puzzled him the more, the more he thought of it. Such a +warning would not be easy to give under the most favorable +circumstances. It would not be a pleasant task to tell a man that +another man had designs upon his life, and when such assertion had only +the proof of strong conviction and of evidence, trivial in its details, +strong only as a whole, it would be even hazardous to whisper a warning +to the person himself, liable to lead to complications and sure to be +met by incredulity and either ridicule or resentment. But here, where no +personal communication was to be had, the difficulties were a hundred +times greater. Circumstances made it especially awkward for either +Elizabeth or himself to put these suspicions into words. But to put them +upon paper with all the cumulative evidence needed to carry +conviction,—if conviction could indeed be conveyed without the +reiteration of words and the persuasiveness of the voice,—to do this +and send the paper adrift, to fall into Archdale's hands or not as the +fortunes of war should determine, perhaps to fall into other hands,—it +was impossible, for Elizabeth's sake it was impossible. "I don't see how +we can reach him," he said at last. "A letter wouldn't answer." +</p> +<p> +"No," she said, "he might never get it." Mr. Royal looked at her more +closely as she fixed her eyes upon him, flushing a little as she spoke +with the earnestness of her purpose. +</p> +<p> +"Well," he said musingly, "we certainly can't get at him in any other +way, and that one is uncertain and dangerous. Even the dispatches are +subject to the fortunes of war. I don't see what we can do, Elizabeth. +Do you?" +</p> +<p> +But even as he spoke, he refrained from what he was about to add, +turning his assertion into a question. For a change was coming over his +daughter; the power within her to rise to great occasions was in force +now. The conventionalities that were holding him in check were unfelt by +her; she had risen above them to that high ground where the intricacies +of life are resolved into absolute questions of right and wrong, and +where perfect simplicity of intention becomes a divine guide. +</p> +<p> +"Father, do you remember," she cried, "what I have cost him and Katie? I +must not be silent, and let them be separated more, a great deal, than +my foolish speech once seemed to do. He has gone where stray shots are +of everyday occurence, and nobody ever inquires into them. Apart from +this obligation, if we do nothing we shall be murderers." She locked her +fingers together as she + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>[362]</span> + + spoke, not in nervous indecision, for her look was full of resolution, +but as if the necessity that she was facing disturbed her. Mr. Royal +suddenly perceived that his daughter had not finished, that behind that +expression there was, not a suggestion, indeed, but a decision. She had +come to him, not for advice, but for approval; she knew what to do. Her +plan would scarcely be one to meet the approval of people like Mrs. +Eveleigh. But he recognized that the soul that was looking out from +Elizabeth's fearless eyes had a high law of its own. And when his +daughter spoke in this mood, Mr. Royal was reverent enough to listen. +</p> +<a name="h2HCH0002" id="h2HCH0002"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER XXV. +</h2> +<h3> + DUTY. +</h3> +<p> +"How strange it seems here," said Nancy Foster leaning forward toward +Elizabeth, as they sat in the sunshine on the deck of the schooner; and +as she spoke she glanced along the horizon. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth before answering turned her head in the direction in which the +land, had it been in sight, would have appeared; but no vision of shore +broke the wide circuit of ocean and sky. Then her eyes came back to the +little vessel as if to assure herself that she was not alone in this +waste of water. Her father sat on the opposite side reading. With a word +of reply to Nancy, she fell into silence again. Only, instead of the +vague wonder how she should meet the future, her thoughts now turned to +the past. It was nine mornings since that consultation with her father +in the library, and they had been only one night at sea. It had taken a +week to get off. From the first she had counted upon Mrs. Eveleigh's +remonstrances and vehement reproaches of Mr. Royal's wrong-doing in +taking his daughter into such danger. They were only a little more +vehement than she had expected. But Mrs. Eveleigh did not know the +errand; if she had, that would have made a difference, or, as Elizabeth +reflected, she thought that this would have been treated as the +strangest part of the affair. But she had kept her own counsel, saying +only that her father and she thought it right. Mrs. Eveleigh had been so +exasperated by being kept in the dark that she had retained her anger to +the very last day. Then she had drowned her resentment in a flood of +tears, and declared between her sobs that, frightful as it all was, for +she dreaded the very sight of a gun, she would rather go with Elizabeth +than have the dear girl set off without any companion. Elizabeth's +reminder that her father and Nancy were to accompany her only called +forth the assertion that a maid was no companion, and a man was nothing +at such a time. Elizabeth thought that at the time of sieges and battles +a man might be considered of some little consequence. But she never +argued with Mrs. Eveleigh, and she had quitted her thankful for the good +lady's affection, and glad that Mrs. Eveleigh was to be left behind on +such an expedition. +</p> +<p> +"You'll never come back," Mrs. Eveleigh sobbed. "The French ships of war +will be sure to gobble up you and your father, too. I know just how it +will be. You are a crazy girl, and I don't know what is the matter with +you," she had + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page363" name="page363"></a>[363]</span> + + added irrelevantly; "and as to your father, you must have bewitched him; +he used to have plenty of common sense." +</p> +<p> +The matter with Mr. Royal was, that he knew his daughter well enough to +be sure that if Archdale was killed during the siege she would feel +always that her silence might have given the opportunity for his death. +And he knew that to bring upon Elizabeth the miseries of an uneasy +conscience would be to kill her by slow torture. Besides, he himself +believed in the danger, his own conscience was aroused, and that was not +easily put to sleep. But if he had heard the verdict of Mrs. Eveleigh, +who knew nothing of the matter, he would not have blamed her so much. +</p> +<p> +He had hired this little schooner in which they now were at a ruinous +rate, and had not been able to do even that until he had pledged himself +to pay all damages in case of loss. Governor Shirley had seized the +opportunity to send dispatches several days earlier than he had +intended. Mr. Royal went with a picked crew, men both honest and +skilful. He knew the dangers of French vessels as well as Mrs. Eveleigh +did, but his daughter's persistent assertion: "We shall be murderers," +had overborne every objection. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth sitting on deck that morning, was thinking of these things, +and tracing in this danger which she was trying to avert, one of the +consequences of her frolic on the river that summer evening. Then she +remembered that but for that she would perhaps have been Edmonson's +wife, and she said to herself that the Lord had been very merciful to +her, and that she would try not to shrink from her duty. +</p> +<p> +"How fast we are going," said Nancy again. It was true that the little +vessel before a fair wind was flying over the water at a rate that, if +kept up, and in the same direction, would soon bring its passengers to +their destination. Elizabeth was glad of speed, already it might be too +late. And besides, the sooner her errand was done, the sooner she should +return with a mind at rest. She began to reckon how long before she +should be at home again. In a week, in less time if they were fortunate, +they should reach Louisburg. She should not want more than five minutes' +talk with Mr. Archdale. Then it would be home again immediately. Her +father had hired the schooner for the very reason that it should not be +detailed for any other service, but should bring them back at once. +How strange it was, she thought, to spend fourteen days for only five +minutes' conversation, and that, too, with one who was no especial +friend except through his engagement to Katie. But for all the weariness +she was thankful to do it, and grateful to her father. She hoped that +she should not catch even a glimpse of Edmonson, and it seemed +improbable that she would. After the siege was over he would probably go +to England again. How she wished he were there now, and she quietly at +home, where in that case she might have been now. +</p> +<p> +The next day there was a head wind, and the day following no wind at +all. As time went on, it grew evident that it would be more than a week +from their starting before they could drop anchor in Cabanus Bay. Dread +lest they should be too late began to harass Elizabeth. But she showed +no impatience. Her silence was what Nancy noticed most. But, then, Nancy +liked talking, and did + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>[364]</span> + + not enjoy the books which her Mistress had brought with her and read +most persistently, or sometimes tried to read, unsuccessfully. Even then +they served as a protection against the maid's talk when she was in too +anxious a mood to endure it. +</p> +<p> +On the morning of the seventeenth they caught sight of the "Little +Gibraltar," but the wind was against them, and it was the afternoon of +the next day before the Captain of the schooner could run into the Bay, +and go ashore with his dispatches and Mistress Royal's message to the +General. +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth looked about her with breathless interest, realizing that here +she was to find war. It happened that on her arrival there was a lull in +the cannonading. Both sides had paused to draw breath, but the lull was +far from perfect silence, and to her inexperience this occasional +thunder of bursting shells seemed sharp conflict. She said so to the +Captain as they drew toward shore. +</p> +<p> +"Bless yer!" he answered with a laugh. "This ain' t no thin' at all, +this is nothin' but child's play. Wait till yer see it hot and heavy. I +s'pose we shall go back to-morrow, though. I'd like to have yer see some +good stout work first." +</p> +<p> +"Ain't we in danger here?" inquired Nancy. +</p> +<p> +The skipper rolled his quid of tobacco in his cheek reflectively a +moment. "Well, no," he said, "I guess nothin' to speak of. They're too +busy answering the batteries; it's only the stray shot that comes our +way. There's a thousand chances to one agin' its hitting us, and I guess +we can stand the one." He looked at Nancy closely to guage the amount of +her courage. +</p> +<p> +"I guess we can," she answered coolly. This reply seemed to please him. +He had before considered Nancy "a nice lookin' girl;" and now, as he put +down "grit" in his mental catalogue of her fascinations, he smiled to +himself, and thought of a neat little home on the Salem shore where his +mother now presided, and where it was not impossible that some day Nancy +might be persuaded to reign. But the demands of the hour recalled him +from this dream to his usual brisk attention to realities, and as soon +as he had cast anchor, he left the ship in charge of the mate, and went +in search of the General. +</p> +<p> +General Pepperell was in his tent, resting after a hard day's work. Not +only had he been through the camp cheering the soldiers, by imparting +to them something of his own indomitable resolution and by seeing +personally that everything possible was done for the sufferers in the +hospital, but he had also been for hours superintending the arrangements +on the new battery that was to do such execution upon the granite walls +of Louisburg. Now everything was in readiness and he had ordered two +hours of rest before the firing from it should begin. Nearly an hour of +that had gone by before he entered his tent for the rest he needed, when +almost immediately the messenger reached him. +</p> +<p> +"Mr. Royal and his daughter here!" he cried. "And Mr. Royal requests to +see Captain Archdale? I don't understand. But I shall hear why from +them." He dispatched an orderly for Stephen who was still at the +battery, and then went with the skipper to the little vessel that had +brought the unexpected guests. Elizabeth never forgot the kindness of +his greeting. In the midst of the strange scene and of preparations for +work in which women had no + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page365" name="page365"></a>[365]</span> + + part, the friendliness of his face and tones, and his cordial grasp of +her hand made her feel almost at home. She had been sure of courtesy, +but she had not dared to look for this, and her eyes grew dim for an +instant. +</p> +<p> +"I suppose that we shall return this evening," she said after the +greetings and inquiries were over and Mr. Royal had explained that in +a few minutes all that he had come for could be said to Mr. Archdale. +Although after thinking the matter over carefully he had decided that it +was Elizabeth, filled with the spirit of her warning, who should herself +give her message to Archdale yet he spoke to Pepperell as if she had +accompanied him. And when the General said that he had already sent for +the young man, Mr. Royal told him that his daughter had that in her +pocket for him which, if he knew, it would lend wings to his feet. +</p> +<p> +"A letter from our charming Mistress Katie," pronounced Pepperell, +smiling at Elizabeth. +</p> +<p> +"Yes," she said, and after a little repeated her question of their +returning that evening. +</p> +<p> +"Yes, I know," said the General. He waited a moment, and then added. +"But if you come among soldiers, you will feel the exactions of war. +There are those dispatches, you remember, not even read yet" and he +touched the breast of his coat, "because I was in such haste to pay my +respects to you. Now, I should like to send an answer to these, and I am +afraid I shall not have it ready before to-morrow morning; the Commodore +will probably write me to-night and I want to include whatever news he +may have. Will to-morrow do?" +</p> +<p> +"Oh, yes, I shall be glad to help the cause, even so little as that," +she answered. Pepperell thanked her for her words, and ignored the look +of disappointment that he had seen flit across her face before she +spoke. +</p> +<p> +"We have been putting up a fascine battery within two hundred and +fifteen yards of the west gate," he said, "It will open fire in an hour, +and then you will see a cannonade! We have two forty-two pounders there, +it will be no child's play." Nothing had then hinted at the Titanic +scale of modern war engines. Elizabeth's eyes dilated, but she said +nothing. The General sat beside her, and asked how things were going on +in Boston, asked about his friends, and many trifling details that +neither dispatches nor letters would give him, and that she wondered +that he had heart for in the scenes going on about him. Then he told +them many particulars of the siege and especially of the terrible labor +of dragging the heavy guns from the shore into position, interspersing +all this narrative of the life-and-death struggles with amusing +anecdotes and bright comments, until she was amazed, and in listening +found that she had gained a better knowledge of him than in years of +ordinary acquaintance. For she could not have realized by that how +many-sided the man was, how full of resources, and how indomitable. She +noticed how sympathetically he spoke of the brave fellows he was +leading. When he said that the hardships of the campaign and the cold of +a severer climate than they had been accustomed to had prostrated +numbers of them. Elizabeth saw that it was not only soldiers that he +felt he was losing when they died, but men from his own home and +neighborhood and in whom he had a + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>[366]</span> + + personal interest. Then as he sat there, she begged him not to think of +her if others needed him but to go. +</p> +<p> +"This time is at my own disposal," he answered, adding with a smile. "If +the struggle had come, Mistress Royal, I should think of you, no doubt, +but I should not give you a moment's attention. The pointing of the +smallest cannon would at the moment be of more importance than all your +affairs. A besieging army can have no cry of '<i>Place aux dames</i>;' +therefore I shall not invite you to stay after to-morrow. I shall even +send you home. Or, lest I should hurt your feelings too much, I will put +it this way; I shall send your father home, and he will take you with +him." +</p> +<p> +Elizabeth laughed; and the conversation went on with its interest +increasing, when all at once Pepperell rose, and held out his hand to +her in farewell. "I may not see you again until we meet in Boston." he +said, "but if I can, I will come for a moment in the morning." +</p> +<p> +She was surprised at his going away so soon after his assurance of being +at leisure but as after speaking to her father he stepped over the side +of the vessel, she perceived the reason for his sudden departure. His +trained eye had caught what the distance had hidden from her, the figure +of a man coming rapidly toward the shore. +</p> +<p> +When the General landed, the keel of the little boat he was in grated on +the beach at Stephen Archdale's feet. With a salute to his commander, +the latter sprang into it, and before Elizabeth had recovered her +breath, was coming over the ship's side. +</p> +<p> +The General walked on without turning his head toward the schooner. +Nevertheless, it is true that once he said to himself distinctly. "The +Yankee in me does clamor to know what they want of that fellow." +</p> +<a name="note-1"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>1</u> (<a href="#noteref-1">return</a>)<br /> +Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0013" id="h2H_4_0013"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + ROOM AT THE TOP. +</h2> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Never you mind the crowd, lad, </p> +<p class="i4"> Or fancy your life won't tell; </p> +<p class="i2"> The work is the work for a' that </p> +<p class="i4"> To him that doeth it well. </p> +<p class="i2"> Fancy the world a hill, lad; </p> +<p class="i4"> Look where the millions stop; </p> +<p class="i2"> You'll find the crowd at the base, lad; </p> +<p class="i4"> There's always room at the top. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Courage and faith and patience, </p> +<p class="i4"> There's space in the old world, yet; </p> +<p class="i2"> The better the chance you stand, lad, </p> +<p class="i4"> The further along you get. </p> +<p class="i2"> Keep your eye on the goal, lad, </p> +<p class="i4"> Never despair or drop; </p> +<p class="i2"> Be sure that your path leads upward; </p> +<p class="i4"> There's always room at the top. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>[367]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0014" id="h2H_4_0014"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + TWO DAYS WITH THE A.M.C. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Helen M. Winslow.</span> +</h3> +<p> +It is a divine up-reaching instinct in man that forces him to climb the +hills of science, unlock the mysteries of ages, and wrest from the +natural forces of earth and air, their well-guarded secrets. Is it the +subtle workings of this desire for the mastery over mechanical agencies, +this prying into Nature's secrets, that leads us out into the forest +primeval and gives zest to mountain climbing? +</p> +<p> +Fortune is said to favor the brave. It certainly favored the writer of +this article when an opportunity was offered for a two days' trip with +the Appalachian Mountain Club up Mounts Kearsarge South and Cardigan in +New Hampshire. A few words in regard to this club. Well known as it has +come to be, the objects of its existence are scarcely understood by the +majority, even, of Bostonians. +</p> +<p> +"Oh," said one, referring to this very trip. "They go off somewhere, +climb a mountain, have a jolly time and then come home. It's about the +same thing over and over." +</p> +<p> +Very true. But they do more. According to the by-laws, "the objects of +the club are to explore the mountains of New England and adjacent +regions, both for scientific and artistic purposes, and in general to +cultivate an interest in geographical studies." +</p> +<p> +In addition they do much to open up new mountain resorts to the public +and render the old ones more attractive. They construct new and accurate +maps. They not only collect scattered scientific information of all +kinds but study to make it available. All this they do by combining +effort, comparing notes and interchanging ideas. They hold monthly +meetings in Boston, publish a magazine, own quite a library, and have +established a reputation second to no similar organization in the +country. The club was established in 1876, and the membership to-day of +over six hundred is ample proof of its popularity. That their researches +are really valuable is demonstrated by the fact that Professor Hitchcock +in his geological works quotes them frequently in support of his own +theories. +</p> +<p> +On the seventeenth of June some twenty members of the Appalachian +Mountain Club gathered at an early hour in the Lowell station at Boston. +The party was unusually small for one of their popular excursions. The +majority were young and strong and looked amply fitted for mountain +climbing. Yet grave men were there whose silver hair told that they had +already climbed life's rounded hill and saw its westering sun; but +elderly people are never old, so long as they remain young in heart and +spirits, and pleasant anticipation beamed from the faces of all as the +train steamed away toward the north, and the two days' outing was fairly +begun. +</p> +<p> +The morning was cloudy and a possible rain storm threatened the plans of +the Appalachians. But the clerk of the weather-bureau evidently +understood the necessity for favorable conditions and issued them +accordingly. Before we had + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name="page368"></a>[368]</span> + + reached Canaan, N.H., the clouds had broken away and the afternoon +promised to be perfect. We had with us a Harvard professor, a +topographical surveyor, an amateur photographer, a Concord philosopher +and the champion walker of the club. Apropos of some of the feats of the +latter a story was told of the man who walked forty miles in two hours. +This was putting the Appalachians entirely in the shade, and the story +called forth incredulous remarks. Investigation proved, however, that +the Appalachian was not outdone, for the hero of the canard accomplished +his feat only by taking a Champlain steamer at Burlington, Vt., and +walking deck the entire distance to Rouse's Point! +</p> +<p> +After passing Concord we advanced through wilder regions where the +swiftly changing views of clustering villages and quiet farm-houses +alternated with wooded slopes and glimpses of pond or river forming a +series of charming pictures. Nature was at her best and the picturesque +hills of New Hampshire were beautiful in all their June finery. +</p> +<p> +At Penacook the granite monument on Dustin Island was pointed out. In +1697 Hannah Dustin, with her six weeks' old babe and its nurse, were +captured by Indians at Haverhill and brought to the wigwam camp on this +island. The babe was killed before her eyes but the mother planned an +escape. Awaking the nurse and a white lad who had been taken prisoner +also, she took the Indians' own tomahawks and dispatched the men and one +woman. The brave white women then spiked all the cannon save one and +taking the scalps of their victims with them, they embarked on the +Merrimack, then high with the spring floods, and soon reached Haverhill. +Afterwards she was called to Boston, publicly thanked by the General +Court and received a grant of fifty pounds. Fifty years later the +Indians attacked and massacred the settlers in this valley. Today their +descendants, the "Kanucks," cross the country daily in the modern +express trains and find employment in our manufacturing cities. +</p> +<p> +As we go northward Kearsarge may be seen from the back of the train, now +sinking behind the green hills, now rising abruptly from the horizon and +looming grandly above the surrounding country. Cardigan does not come +into view until we have nearly reached Canaan, whose fair and happy land +was our destination. On alighting from the train, amid the crowd of +assembled villagers, a three seated carriage and two immense Shaker +wagons awaited us. The ride of six miles was a welcome change from the +preceding railway travel. Coming from a city where the mercury had +reached 96 deg. in the shade but the day before, the fresh invigorating +mountain air was like a breath from the open doors of Paradise. The +stout horses scrambled up the steep hills altogether unmindful of the +wagon-loads of people behind. Perhaps the light hearts and buoyant +spirits of the party lessened their avoirdupois and the tonnage was +actually less than it seemed! +</p> +<p> +Billowy mountains, charming valleys, winding streams and picturesque +bypaths varied our course over the rural highways. The blackberry bushes +were white with bloom and the gardens of the farm-houses gay with +peonies and flower-de-luce. After passing a small mica quarry, we came +suddenly upon a bend of the road where was revealed a grand sweep of the +hazy Green Mountains, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page369" name="page369"></a>[369]</span> + + and a bewildering view of the New Hampshire hill-country. Shortly +afterward we passed the little box-like white building, which serves as +both church and town house, where the sixty votes of Dorchester are +counted. This building constitutes the entire town of Dorchester. +Surely, in view of the stony soil, the inhabitants of the place may be +said to show great wisdom by not living there! +</p> +<p> +By three o'clock we found ourselves at the Mountain House, twelve +hundred feet below the summit of Mount Cardigan. This house is nothing +more or less than a barn, in one end of which an attempt has been made +to make a comfortable shelter for the human family. Here the real work +of the day began, although we had already come one hundred and four +miles by train and six by teams. No enterprising railroad man has set +his seal upon this region and we were forced to pursue the journey by +means of the conveyances which nature long ago—(how long, thank +fortune, we are not obliged to tell)—at our disposal. But faint heart +ne'er climbed a high mountain and with the aid of stout walking-sticks +we easily climbed the path which led up under sighing spruces and +stunted birch, filled with a fine exhilaration. +</p> +<p> +On each side and under foot was a profusion of wild flowers. Not June +flowers, but those found with us in May, so backward was the season at +that altitude. The red and white trillium, the sarsaparilla, Solomon's +seal, "moose-missy" and black-berry bushes, and, farther up, the +blue-berry bushes, all hung full of blossoms, a small Alpine flower of +seven white petals excited much curious comment, for in spite of its +resemblance to the wind-flower, no one seemed able to classify it. +</p> +<p> +Suddenly some six hundred feet below the summit of Cardigan we came out +from the stunted under-growth and found ourselves traversing the smooth +granite mass which constitutes the entire mountain top. The rock is full +of minute particles of mica, which glitter and flash in the sun like +"gems of purest ray serene." A brisk wind was blowing and the rarefied +air infused us with new strength to make the remaining ascent. +</p> +<p> +Some distance from each other, half way up the rounded cone, lie several +huge boulders poised in the bed of what was once a glacial drift. They +are of entirely different character from the rock on Cardigan and +without doubt came from much farther north. Whence, and when? The course +of the drift is also very plainly marked from northeast to southwest. +From the character of the rock there is reason to believe that when God +said, "Let the dry land appear," Mount Cardigan was the first to show +his head and came from the very bowels of the earth. Hitchcock's +"Geology of New Hampshire" states that these White Mountains appeared +above the face of the waters as islands at a very early period of the +world's history. "It would not be surprising," he says, "if this +archipelago covered as much area as New Hampshire and Vermont combined." +If these hoary old mountains could tell us their history since creation, +how short-lived and insignificant our own little lives would appear! +</p> +<p> +Professor Hitchcock has also traced the course of glacial drift among +the mountains in a most interesting manner. Glacial action, and marks of +scarification are numerous on the north and west sides of them while +they are entirely + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page370" name="page370"></a>[370]</span> + + wanting on the southeastern slopes. In some instances the general course +of the drift from the northwest was changed by the position of the +mountains. For instance, Ragged Mountain and Kearsarge, South, rise +abruptly from comparatively level regions and from their proximity to +each other gave rise to a different motion of the ice, the marks of +which still show its course. +</p> +<p> +The view from this, the oldest of the mountains is scarcely surpassed by +any in the state. To the north, Moosilauke, Chocorua, Lafayette, Mount +Washington and the main peaks of the principal White Mountain group lie +sharply outlined. The Ossipee Mountain toward the east, the Uncanoonacs +in the distance, Ragged and Sunapee and Kearsarge, near neighbors, +claimed attention. In the far western horizon Ascutney, Camel's Hump, +Mount Mansfield, and Jay Peak showed hazy and indistinct. Below us the +broken ranges of green hills surged like immense billows of some Titanic +sea. The fresh verdure of every field and tree made up a landscape +seldom equalled in tone of color, and one which amply repaid the +climber. But while some were content with looking, other true +Appalachians remembered the objects of the club. While one took +photographs of the surrounding scenery, far and near, another made +profile sketches of the distant peaks; while one attempted a bit of +topographical work, another took measurements by means of a powerful +telescope; and the results of all were put on record for future +reference. +</p> +<p> +A member of the A.M.C. just returned from Florida had been carrying +about some strange looking fruit all day, resembling partly an orange +but more nearly a small yellow winter squash. Now, he made himself +popular by dispensing great pieces of grape-fruit among the thirsty +crowd. It is a necessity of perverse humanity to be thirsty wherever +there is no water; and but for the Florida fruit and the canteens which +had been filled at the spring on the mountain side, we should have +suffered. +</p> +<p> +Mount Cardigan is but 3,156 feet above the sea-level; but as it stands +alone the view on all sides is unobstructed and clear. It did not take +us an hour to decide that three thousand feet above the sea, under +favorable conditions is quite a sightly place. And we took the homeward +path, feeling that the view was worth a dozen times its cost. Forty +minutes afterward we arrived at the bottom in the condition of the +weak-kneed and trembling saints whom the hymn-book denounces. +</p> +<p> +An hour of rattling down the hills brought us to Canaan depot again +where our special train awaited us. After a refreshing draught of milk +at the Cardigan House, from the piazzas of which a fine view of the +mountain may be had, we were rapidly whirled away toward Patler Place in +Andover. +</p> +<p> +This village was named for the once famous sleight of hand performer +Patler. His house is a cozy, pretty affair, freshly painted and nestled +under great embowering trees. Close by is his grave. +</p> +<p> +Here, too, barges were in waiting to take us to the Winslow House, four +miles distant on Mount Kearsarge. Before we had left the train the soft +rays of the setting sun had changed the hill-sides to amethyst and +deepened the purple gloom of the valleys. Now, as we rode in merry +groups of six or eight, over the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page371" name="page371"></a>[371]</span> + + country by-ways, the new moon slowly touched every tree and shrub with +her magical wand until the land with its long, weird shadows and silver +radiance seemed to belong to another world than that of day-light. +</p> +<p> +It was nine o'clock when the Winslow House suddenly revealed itself. +An open wood fire burned brightly in the brick fireplace, and in that +altitude was a comfort indeed. The ample walls seemed to fairly glow +with welcome as we entered. Some of us acknowledged that we were tired; +others confessed to sleepiness; but one and all openly declared their +hunger. We had only to look at each other to madly accept the theory +that mankind was created of dust; but we were not long in disposing of +a large amount of surplus material. And then the supper bell,—welcome +sound! In view of a cherished reputation for veracity, it would not be +wise to state the exact amount of sirloin steak and broiled salmon that +disappeared from mortal vision that night at ten o'clock, or to tell +how the strawberries and boiled lobster were stored safely away by the +A.M.C. We are sworn to secrecy, and although the supper hour was not +passed over in silence then—far from it! it must be now. +</p> +<p> +No one need suppose that after the experiences of the day the +representative A.M.C's. were fatigued sufficiently to make them willing +to retire at half-past ten. Besides, nightmare has its horrors, and +there was that supper! +</p> +<p> +It is popularly supposed throughout the country, that Bostonians make an +annual pilgrimage on the seventeenth of June to Bunker Hill, and +devoutly ascend the monument on their hands and knees. Although +circumstances had prevented the A.M.C. party from discharging their debt +of gratitude to their ancestors in the prescribed method, they could not +forget that it was Bunker Hill Day. One of our gallant and patriotic +brethren had been carrying a mysterious bundle about and guarding it +with jealous care all day. Now, he produced and displayed—sky-rockets! +They went off, soon after, with great success, surprising alike the +stately mountain behind us and the little country girl who had come up +from the valley below, to see the "Boston folks." +</p> +<p> +The powerful telescopes were also set up and observations of the heavens +occupied the astronomically inclined for an hour or two. Thus the moons +of Jupiter were made to contribute to the evening's entertainment. The +piano, too, was not the instrument of torture usually found masquerading +in hotel-parlors, and we finally gravitated towards it and made night +hideous with our music and college songs until, to pharaphrase the poet, +in to-day already walked to-morrow and it was twelve o'clock, +</p> +<p> +"My friends," spoke up one of the gentlemen, "I am very sorry to say +that we shall not be able to ascend Mount Kearsarge to-morrow." +</p> +<p> +"Why?" exclaimed a dozen anxious voices. +</p> +<p> +"Because," was the impressive answer, "it is to-day!" +</p> +<p> +In the laugh which followed the party said good night and retired. +</p> +<p> +The Winslow House was named for Admiral Winslow, of the war-ship +Keasarge, who was present at the opening of the hotel, and gave the +owner a stand of colors. On the parlor table lay a Bible presented by +him, as stated by a gilt inscription on the cover. When the gallant +commander died, a boulder was taken + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page372" name="page372"></a>[372]</span> + + from the side of Mount Kearsarge for his monument, but the controversy +in regard to which of the two Kearsarges the ship had been named for +arose about that time and the family of the officer finally decided not +to use the boulder. It has been pretty well settled, at last, that the +mountain in Merrimack County, designated by Superintendent Patterson as +Kearsarge South, is the one which gave the famous ship its name. Under +the shadow of it, too, was laid the body of the soldier of the Sixth +Massachusetts Regiment who fell at Baltimore, exclaiming with his dying +breath: "All hail to the Stars and Stripes;" although afterward he was +removed to lie near the soldiers' monument at Lowell. The ancient +spelling of this monument was Carasage, and later, Kyar Sarga; but as +early as 1804 the laws of New Hampshire give it as Kearsage. The local +spelling of Kearsarge North, until a comparatively recent period, was +Kiarsarge. It is still called Pequaket. +</p> +<p> +Early the next morning, two bold Appalachians rose early and took a run +up the mountain, getting back to breakfast and making the descent of +nearly 1,200 feet in eighteen minutes! The climb was represented as more +difficult than that of the day before. We did not find it so, however, +as we proceeded with the reinforcements furnished by a hearty breakfast; +the clear bracing air of the morning was delightful. The song-sparrows, +perched at a safe distance, poured forth floods of melody, the Peabody +bird added his high weird note, while other wild birds occasionally +chimed in. The path led up through forests of black spruce whose sighing +branches whispered softly over our heads. Every one was in excellent +humor and had a capital story or a bit of geological scientific or +botanical wisdom. The wild-flowers were scarcer than on Cardigan but +there was greater variety of ferns. Half way up, a tiny spring welled +up in the pathway. Our grave philosopher, as well-versed in mystical +wood-craft as metaphysics, cut a strip of birch-bark from one of the +over-hanging trees and deftly fashioned an Indian drinking-cup. Working +from the idea of a birch-bark canoe somebody offered the cup-full, as a +"schooner of water." On being asked to explain her nautical terms, the +joker protested ignorance and entirely disowned her far-fetched joke. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +As we advanced, here and there, under the white birches or between the +dense growth of spruce, broad glimpses were visible of the townships +below. Suddenly, vegetation ceased and we were again on the bare rock +with several hundred feet between us and the rude structure called, by +courtesy, the Summit House. Beside the latter, we already descried our +companions, not lost but gone before; and we find ourselves in the +awkward predicament of the man with three hands—a right, a left and a +little behind-hand. +</p> +<p> +The top of Kearsarge is composed of andalusite schist. The marks of +glacial action are even more distinct than on Cardigan, while the +stratification is very curious. When we reached the top, the +first-comers were already busy with surveys, profile sketches and +photographs. As we looked at Cardigan looming up grandly in the +northwest, we were proud of our work of the day before. The view from +the two mountains, only twenty miles apart, is of course much the same. +Kearsarge is in exact line with Wauchusct, the Pack Monadnocks and +Moosilauke. These, except the first, could be plainly seen. Mount +Washington, seventy miles + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page373" name="page373"></a>[373]</span> + + distant, Lafayette, Chocorua, Tridyranid, the Twin Mountains, and +Franconia Notch formed a sharp, clear picture against the northern sky, +and were flanked by scores of smaller mountains. The green rolling +country, flecked by numerous ponds and rivers, stretched away for miles +at our feet, to a line of blue, hazy mountains. The Black-water hills, +Sunapee and dozens of other well-known mountains seemed from our +standpoint hardly more than good-sized haystacks. So, perhaps, will our +greatest earthly achievements look, when viewed from the heights of +eternity. +</p> +<p> +By noon a blue haze had crept over the horizon and was spreading over +the whole landscape. But we had scored a victory over it by coming +early. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "To have the great poetic heart,</p> +<p class="i2"> Is more than all the climber's art."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p> +In some sense, we each felt the meaning of the lines, as we turned from +Kearsarge top and made the gradual descent. There is a precipitous +bridle-path which shortens the distance in proportion as it increases +fatigue. The majority of us were unwilling to tempt fate by adopting it, +and took the easier way. As we stopped occasionally in a shady nook to +rest, we severally confessed that scraps of Lowell's matchless poem had +been floating nebulously in the brain ever since the clouds had +disappeared the day before. Two such days as we had been blessed with +are rare, even in June. Up there in the forest primeval, in the happy +shining weather, we were constantly proving that there was +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Not a leaf or a blade too mean</p> +<p class="i2"> To be some happy creature's palace."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p> +If we waxed sentimental, something must be forgiven the lavish summer. +</p> +<p> +At the hotel, the bountiful dinner was garnished with the best of all +sauces. Then, reluctantly indeed after our two days' tramping, we +started for Boston, arriving there a little past seven the same evening. +We had had unprecedented weather, and a well-planned and perfectly +executed trip. Never was there a pleasanter excursion or a more +successful outing. If the path up the hill of life were no more +difficult than that up Cardigan! If all earthly troubles could be as +easily surmounted as Kearsarge! Possibly they might be if we went forth +to meet them with the same stout heart and determined spirit. +</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> "Daily with souls that cringe and plot,</p> +<p class="i2"> We Sinais climb and know it not." </p> +</div> +</div> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page374" name="page374"></a>[374]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0015" id="h2H_4_0015"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE MARCH OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Rev. Charles Babbidge, Chaplain.</span> +</h3> +<p> +Should a motto ever be needed for some prospective medal commemorative +of the "Old Sixth Reg." none would seem to be more appropriate than a +quotation from Virgil,—"Primus tentare viam." Though but little honor +attaches to being first, where all were equally ready to be foremost, +still, the "chances of war" gave some little advantage to this fortunate +military body. Its ready re-response to the call "To Arms," served to +awaken a similar enthusiasm in all the other military organizations of +the Commonwealth. The admirable state of discipline to which the +regiment had been brought by its accomplished and efficient commander, +Col. Edward F. Jones, and his subordinate officers, was fully competent +to secure the respect and confidence of the multitudes of patriotic +citizens with whom it came in contact after leaving Massachusetts; and +it is only doing justice to the soldiers of this regiment to say, that +amid all the excitement of the commencement of a campaign, and all the +flattering attentions and entertainments which they received from every +quarter, and on all occasions, they maintained the solid, steady +deportment of soldiers well trained, of citizens accustomed to good +society, and of patriots ready and willing to do whatever these +qualities imply and require. +</p> +<p> +It can hardly be said that "the order to march" came unlooked for, +though it most certainly was sudden. The tender of the services of the +regiment had long since been in the hands of Gov. Andrew; meetings of +the field and staff officers had been held; there was a free and +thorough interchange of opinions and sentiments among the line officers; +and not a single soldier could be found who had not fully digested all +the particulars of a possible future. +</p> +<p> +The ready response of our citizen-soldiers to the call of the governor +furnishes an apt illustration of the peculiar character of our people. +Under a government that requires the constant maintenance of a strong +military force, "General Orders" would have been issued to the various +camps and garrisons scattered throughout the country. When danger +threatened us it became manifest at once, that every peaceful village +was a garrison, and every city a fortified camp. It was often a subject +of merriment while we, like Christopher North were "under canvas," to +relate the particular circumstances of time, place, and occupation at +the moment when each of us found himself suddenly transformed into a +soldier. Each had his story to tell of his numerous "hair's breadth +escapes," as through mud, snow and darkness he made his way to the +appointed rendezvous, on the morning of April 16th. +</p> +<p> +In Lowell the regiment paraded in Huntington Hall, and there received a +cordial welcome from the people of that city. Taking the cars we arrived +in Boston about noon, and were assigned quarters in one of the armories +in Faneuil Hall. With a view to better accomodations, the regiment in +the afternoon + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page375" name="page375"></a>[375]</span> + + marched to Boylston Hall, and there prepared for as comfortable a +bivouac as circumstances permitted. +</p> +<p> +Up to this time the weather had been as gloomy as war and dripping +clouds could make it. Having (figuratively) pitched our tents in +Boylston Hall, the discipline of camp-life was at once established, and +communication with the world outside, was largely cut off. This however +did not interfere with the free admission of many tokens of regard from +friends outside, in the form of refreshments of various kinds. +</p> +<p> +Two memorable incidents of the evening will long be remembered. The +pretty and graceful daughter of Col. Jones was adopted, with all the +honors, as "Daughter of the Regiment"; and secondly the comfortable and +becoming overcoats prepared with wise forethought for the regiment were +issued. The motley outer-garments, in which, up to this moment, we had +found shelter from the storm, were at once discarded. In our new +garments we not only found great comfort;—we also felt that the inner +as well as the outer man could boast a resemblance to "regular" troops. +</p> +<p> +On the morning of the 17th we were marched to the State House, then and +there to receive the salutations of the Governor, and also to receive, +what at the moment struck some of us as a pretty forcible reminder that +we were now occupying positions that were entirely new to us. +</p> +<p> +Drawn up in military array in Doric Hall we were each of us "donated" +two blue flannel shirts and some corresponding under garments. This +gratuitous equipment implied <i>service</i>. To those of us who within a +twelvemonth had figured in the hall over our heads, as representatives +of the sovereign people, it indicated a very marked change of +circumstances. +</p> +<p> +Among other tokens of the confidence reposed in our patriotism and +prowess, a heavy cavalry revolver was bestowed upon each of the field +and staff officers. As these could not be conveniently carried, on the +return march, by those who had been made the happy recipients of these +bulky favors, they were bundled together and consigned for safe-keeping +to the Chaplain, to be borne on the line of march back to Boylston Hall. +Why that functionary should have been chosen to carry a whole armory of +weapons, in the sight of the admiring crowds that lined the streets of +Boston remains a question. Opinions are equally divided as to whether, +<i>as chaplain</i> he would be most likely to prevent a hasty and rash +use of fire-arms; or whether, he was <i>de facto</i> a "common carrier," +on the ground that ministers were made and designed for "bearing +burdens." +</p> +<p> +Early in the afternoon, the regiments entered the cars of the Worcester +Railroad, and the march to Washington was fairly begun. So long as +daylight permitted, tokens of the uprising of the people of the +commonwealth were everywhere visible; and when darkness had settled down +around us, we caught glimpses of excited multitudes as the cars dashed +on without stopping, by the brilliantly illuminated depots and +settlements along the route. Our reception at Springfield was of a truly +jubilant character. Refreshments in great profusion, and of the most +appetizing kind were furnished and received a most cordial welcome +within our hungry ranks. The streets were illuminated, and cannon + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page376" name="page376"></a>[376]</span> + + thundered in every direction. Our stay was a short one; and we rattled +on and on until the morning revealed the fact that we were in +Connecticut and not far from New York. +</p> +<p> +It will require a more gifted pen than the one that traces these lines +to picture the march of the "Old Sixth" through the city of New York. +Never before had so <i>deep</i> because so <i>peculiar</i> an enthusiasm +pervaded the people of that vast metropolis. Patriotism, under its +normal and customary forms, had, on many previous occasions, been +wrought up to an intense height; but now it was not to celebrate their +national independence, but to secure their national existence, or +rather, to settle the question whether the American people were, or were +not a Nation. +</p> +<p> +At the St. Nicholas and other places, the wants of the regiment were +sumptuously provided for. At the Astor House, the field and staff +officers were entertained in a manner that left nothing to be desired. +</p> +<p> +Once more on the march, the regiment passed through the crowded streets, +everywhere receiving welcome plaudits until they reached the ferry that +conducted them to Hoboken, and the places en route to Baltimore and +Washington. As we passed into the ferry boats to cross the river, a +voice was heard above the tumult of the place and hour, "Good luck to +you, boys, but some of you will never return by this route;" a +prediction speedily fulfilled. Within about twenty-four hours, three of +our number had been transferred to a higher department. +</p> +<p> +The passage through Delaware to Philadelphia was not marked by any +incidents worthy of notice. Their long and weary pilgrimage had begun to +change a brisk, wide-awake regiment into a common-place body of weary +pilgrims, glad to find a shelter, without much questioning as to what it +might be. Quarters were assigned us in the Gerard House which happened +at that time to be unoccupied. For a brief period quiet ruled the hour, +and the weary soldier had begun his dreams of home and happiness long +before he was ready to stretch his limbs upon the mattresses that +covered the floors of the spacious hotel. +</p> +<p> +Suddenly the "Long-roll" was heard echoing along the streets and through +the halls of the Gerard House. The accoutrements and garments that had +been doffed in readiness for sleep were hastely resumed; and at the word +"Fall in," every man was in his place. +</p> +<p> +The "weight of affliction" in this crisis fell upon the field and staff +officers. They had but just assembled in the drawing-room of the +Continental Hotel, and gone through with those preliminary forms that +are quite as indicative of a good appetite as of good manners, and were +quiet taking their places at the table, amid the sumptuous surroundings +of a dining hall at that time scarcely equalled on the continent, when +Col. Jones entered the apartment, with the abrupt salutation, +"Gentlemen, to your posts; we start for Baltimore immediately, the +regiment awaits the order to march." "<i>Væ mihi</i>!" the writer of +this paper felt that <i>he</i> might, under the circumstances of the +moment, appropriate a few minutes of time's rapid flight to contemplate +in sorrow and silence the scene of disappointment and woe. The little he +still retained of classic lore brought back images of the Harpies, as he +had read of them in Virgil. And even Sancho Panza + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page377" name="page377"></a>[377]</span> + + thrust in his bullet head, with an asinine smile, as the writer recalled +poor Sancho's distress at not sharing the feast so tantalizingly spread +before him. +</p> +<p> +But, "hurry up" became the word when the drums and fifes gave notice +that the regiment was on the move, and that somebody would "get left" if +they did not practise the "<i>Pas redouble</i>." +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0016" id="h2H_4_0016"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + BY THE SEA. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Teresa Herrick.</span> +</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> I watch the mighty breakers rear, and dash </p> +<p class="i4"> Against the shore, </p> +<p class="i2"> I hear the sad complaining of the sea; </p> +<p class="i4"> Forevermore </p> +<p class="i2"> There rises in my soul a ceaseless song, </p> +<p class="i4"> A lonely wail; </p> +<p class="i2"> A yearning for the golden days to come, </p> +<p class="i2"> A craving to be deluged in that Sea </p> +<p class="i4"> Whose waves are loves </p> +<p class="i6"> Unutterable. </p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> And now I see the gray mist creeping down </p> +<p class="i4"> Upon the sea. </p> +<p class="i2"> The bright blue waves are hidden from my sight; </p> +<p class="i4"> Ah me, ah me, </p> +<p class="i2"> Thou too, O Sea of God's Immensity </p> +<p class="i4"> From me art screened; </p> +<p class="i2"> But till the mists be lifted up I wait, </p> +<p class="i2"> Wait patiently and long, then will I plunge </p> +<p class="i4"> Beneath Thy waves </p> +<p class="i4"> O wondrous Sea! </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page378" name="page378"></a>[378]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0017" id="h2H_4_0017"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + THE RESPONSE OF MARBLEHEAD IN 1861. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Samuel Roads, Jr.</span> +</h3> +<center> +AUTHOR OF "HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF MARBLEHEAD." +</center> +<p> +The news of the fall of Fort Sumter aroused the entire North to action. +The great civil war which had so long been threatened could no longer be +averted, and in every town and hamlet, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, +the people rose as one man to defend the integrity of the Union. +</p> +<p> +On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued his first proclamation +calling for seventy-five thousand militia for a three months' service. +The news was received in Marblehead, Mass., late in the afternoon of +that day, and the three militia companies were at once notified by their +respective commanders to be in readiness to take the early morning train +for Boston. These companies were: The Marblehead Sutton Light Infantry, +Company C, Eighth Regiment, commanded by Capt. Knott V. Martin; The +Lafayette Guards, Company B, Eighth Regiment, commanded by Capt. Richard +Phillips; and the Glover Light Guards, Company H, Eighth Regiment, +commanded by Capt. Francis Boardman. +</p> +<p> +The morning of Tuesday, the 16th of April, broke cold and stormy. +Notwithstanding the rain and sleet which rendered the cold weather +uncomfortable in the extreme, the streets of Marblehead were filled with +an excited throng of people. Wives and mothers and fathers and children +were represented there in the dense crowd, all anxious to speak a +farewell word to the soldiers on their departure. The first companies to +leave town were those commanded by Captains Martin and Boardman, which +marched to the depot and took the half-past seven o'clock train for +Boston. Captain Phillips' company took the train which left Marblehead +about an hour and a half later. +</p> +<p> +As the trains slowly left the depot, the cheers of the assembled +multitude were re-echoed by the soldiers in the cars. "God bless you!" +"Good-by!" resounded on all sides; and it was not until the last car had +disappeared in the distance, that the great crowd began to disperse. +</p> +<p> +Of the arrival of the Marblehead companies in Boston there is little +need for me to write. The testimony of such eminent witnesses as +Adjutant-general Schouler and General E.W. Hinks cannot be disputed, +and we quote it <i>verbatim</i>. +</p> +<p> +"There has been some controversy in military circles," wrote General +Schouler, "as to which company can claim the honor of first reaching +Boston. I can answer, that the first were the three companies of the +Eighth Regiment belonging to Marblehead, commanded by Captains Martin, +Phillips and Boardman. I had been at the State House all night; and +early in the morning, rode to the arsenal at Cambridge, to ascertain +whether the orders from headquarters to send in arms, ammunition, +overcoats and equipments had been properly attended to. Messengers had +also been stationed at the different depots, with orders for the +companies, on their arrival, to proceed at once to Faneuil Hall, as a +northeasterly + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page379" name="page379"></a>[379]</span> + + storm of sleet and rain had set in during the night, and had not abated +in the morning. On my return from Cambridge, I stopped at the Eastern +Railroad depot. A large crowd of men and women, notwithstanding the +storm, had gathered there, expecting the arrival of troops. Shortly +after eight o'clock, the train arrived with the Marblehead companies. +They were received with deafening shouts from the excited throng. The +companies immediately formed in line, and marched by the flank directly +to Faneuil Hall, the fifes and drums playing "Yankee Doodle," the people +following and shouting like madmen, and the rain and sleet falling +piteously, as if to abate the ardor of the popular welcome. And thus it +was that the Marblehead men entered Faneuil Hall on the morning of the +16th of April." +</p> +<p> +The testimony of General Hinks, who at the breaking out of the war was +Lieutenant-colonel of the Eighth Regiment, is interesting as an +important historical statement, and is as follows: +</p> +<p> +"On Monday, April 15, 1861, at quarter-past two o'clock, in reply to an +offer of my services made in the morning of that day, I received from +Governor Andrew a verbal command to summon the companies of the Eighth +Regiment, by his authority, to rendezvous at Faneuil Hall at the +earliest possible hour. Leaving Boston on the half-past two o'clock +train, I proceeded to Lynn, and personally notified the commanding +officers of the two companies in that city, and from thence telegraphed +to Captain Bartlett at Newburyport, and Captain Centre of Gloucester, +and then drove to Beverly and summoned the company there; and from +thence hastened to Marblehead, where I personally notified the +commanding officers of the three Marblehead companies. I found Captain +Martin in his slaughter-house, with the carcass of a hog, just killed, +and in readiness for the "scald." On communicating to the captain my +orders, I advised him to immediately cause the bells of the town to be +rung, and to get all the recruits he could. Taking his coat from a peg, +he seemed for a moment to hesitate about leaving his business +unfinished, and then turned to me, and with words of emphatic +indifference in regard to it, put the garment on, with his arms yet +stained with blood and his shirt-sleeves but half rolled down, and with +me left the premises to rally his company. +</p> +<p> +"On Tuesday, April 16, I was directed to remain on duty at Faneuil Hall, +and during the forenoon the following named companies arrived there and +reported for duty, to wit;— +</p> +<p> +"1. Companies C, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Knott V. Martin, +and H, Eighth Regiment, Capt. Francis Boardman, both of Marblehead, +which place they left at half-past seven o'clock A.M. and arrived in +Boston at about nine o'clock. +</p> +<p> +"2. Company D, Fourth Regiment, thirty-two muskets, Sergt. H.F. Wales, +left home about nine o'clock, and arrived at about ten A.M. +</p> +<p> +"3. Company B, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Richard Phillips, +of Marblehead, left home at nine o'clock, and arrived in Faneuil Hall +about eleven A.M. +</p> +<p> +"The above is substantially a true record, as will appear by reference +to the + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page380" name="page380"></a>[380]</span> + + files of the "Journal" of that date, and is prompted only by a desire to +do justice to Captain Martin and the patriotic men of Marblehead, who, +on the outbreak of the Rebellion, were the first to leave home, the +first to arrive in Boston, and subsequently, under my command, the first +to leave the yard of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, to repair and relay +the track in the march through Maryland to relieve the beleaguered +capitol of the Nation." +</p> +<p> +On the morning after the departure of the companies, thirty more men +left Marblehead to join them. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed +throughout the town, and men everywhere were ready and anxious to +enlist. Of the patriotic spirit of the people, no better evidence can be +given than that contained in the reply of Governor Andrew to a gentleman +who asked him if any more men would be needed. "For heaven's sake," +replied the governor, "don't send any more men from Marblehead, for it +is imposing on your goodness to take so many as have already come!" +</p> +<p> +The citizens were not less prompt to act than those who had rallied for +the defence of the nation. On the 20th of April, a town meeting was held +to provide for the families of the soldiers, and the old town hall was +crowded to repletion. Mr. Adoniram C. Orne was chosen moderator. The +venerable town clerk, Capt. Glover Broughton, a veteran of the War of +1812, was there beside the moderator, his hands tremulous with emotion, +awaiting the action of his fellow-citizens. "It was voted that the town +treasurer be authorized to hire the sum of five thousand dollars, to be +distributed for the relief of the families of those who have gone or +are going to fight the battles of their country." A committee of five +persons was chosen to repair to the assessors' room and report the +names of ten persons to act as distributors of the fund. The town was +divided into districts, and the following gentlemen were chosen as a +distributing committee, namely: Messrs, Thomas Main, John J. Lyon, +Frederick Robinson, William Courtis, William Litchman, Stephen Hathaway, +Jr., James J.H. Gregory, John C. Hamson, Jr., Richard Tutt, Joshua O. +Bowden. +</p> +<p> +No resolutions were adopted. The times called for action, and "<i>Factis +non verbis</i>." was the motto of the hour. But human nature must find +some vent for enthusiasm, and we are informed in the records, by the +faithful clerk, that "three cheers were then given." They probably shook +the building for genuine Marble-headers are blessed with strong lungs, +and can never cheer by rule. +</p> +<p> +The patriotism of the ladies of Marblehead at this time and throughout +the entire period of the war cannot be overestimated. With loving hearts +and willing hands, they contributed their time, their labor, and their +money for the benefit of those who had gone forth to battle. The work of +some was of a public nature, and the deeds of these are recorded; but +the only record of hundreds who worked quietly in their own homes was +written on the grateful hearts of the soldiers for whom they labored. +</p> +<p> +On the 22d of April a meeting of the ladies was held at the town hall, +and a Soldiers' Aid Society was organized. The object was to perform +such work as was necessary for the comfort of the soldiers, and to +furnish articles of clothing, medicines, and delicacies for use in the +hospitals. Mrs. Maria L. Williams was + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page381" name="page381"></a>[381]</span> + + elected president. That lady subsequently resigned, and Mrs. Margaret +Newhall became president, and Mrs. Mary M. Oliver, secretary. +</p> +<p> +On the following day, eighteen ladies met at the Sewall Grammar +School-house, on Spring Street, and organized a committee to solicit +money for the benefit of the soldiers. The following are the names of +the ladies who composed this committee:—Miss Mary E. Graves, +<i>President</i>; Miss Mary A. Alley, <i>Secretary</i>; Miss Mary L. +Pitman, <i>Treasurer</i>; Mrs. Mary Glover, Mrs. Hannah Hidden, Miss +Harriet Newhall, Miss Tabitha Trefry, Mrs. Hannah J. Hathaway, Mrs. John +F. Harris, Miss Amy K. Prentiss, Miss Sarah E. Sparhawk, Miss Hannah J. +Woodfin, Miss Lizzie Cross, Miss Mary A. Cross, Mrs. Hannah Doak, Miss +Alicia H. Gilley, Miss Carrie Paine, Miss Mary E. Homan. +</p> +<p> +In less than one week from the time of their organization the ladies of +this committee had collected the sum of $508.17. The teachers of the +public schools generously contributed six per cent of their salaries for +the year in aid of the object; and there was a disposition manifested by +the people generally, to give <i>something</i>, however small the +amount. +</p> +<p> +Stirring reports were now received from the companies at the seat of +war. The blockading of the railroad to Baltimore by the Secessionists; +the seizure of the steamer Maryland; and the saving of the old frigate +Constitution, in which their fathers fought so valiantly, caused the +hearts of the people to swell with pride, as they related the story one +to another. The men of Captain Boardman's company were the first to +board "Old Ironsides," and a delegation of them helped to man her on +the voyage to New York. The sufferings of their soldier boys, who were +obliged to eat pilot bread baked in the year "1848," brought tears to +the eyes of many an anxious mother. But the tears were momentary only, +and the sufferings of the boys were forgotten in the joy that Marblehead +soldiers had been permitted to lead the advance on the memorable march +to Annapolis Junction and to relay the track which had been torn up to +prevent the passage of the troops. The arrival of the troops in +Washington; the new uniforms furnished in place of those worn out in +eight days; and the quartering of soldiers in the United States Capitol +Building, was all related in the letters that came home. +</p> +<p> +Some of these letters were so full of patriotic sentiment that they +should be preserved to testify of the spirit of the men of Marblehead +who participated in the struggle for national life. I have space only +for one of these, which is quoted in full because it is so +characteristic of the heroic old veteran who wrote it. +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + "HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + WASHINGTON CITY, April 27, 1861. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "<i>Dear Sir</i>: We arrived in Washington yesterday after a great deal + of hardship and privation, living for thirty-six hours at a time on one + small loaf to a man; water a great part of the time very scarce, and not + of a very good quality. But the men bore it almost without a murmur. The + Eighth Regiment had the honor of taking the noble old frigate + Constitution out of the dock at Annapolis, and placing her out of reach + of the Secessionists. The Eighth came from Annapolis to Washington, in + company with the New York Seventh,—God bless them. They shared with us + their last morsel; and the two regiments together have laid railroad + tracks, built bridges, + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page382" name="page382"></a>[382]</span> + + run steam-engines, and contracted an eternal friendship, which has been + cemented by deeds of daring for each other. We have encamped in + corn-fields, on railroad embankments, with one eye open while sleeping; + and have opened R.R. communication between Annapolis and Washington, for + all troops which may hereafter want to pass that way. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Give my love to all friends of the Stars and Stripes, and my eternal + hatred to its enemies. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "Yours Respectfully, +</p> +<p class="quote" style="text-align:right;"> + "KNOTT V. MARTIN. To WM. B. BROWN, Esq." +</p> +<p> +During the latter part of April, active measures were taken to recruit +another company to join those already in the field. In a few davs the +"Mugford Guards," a full company of fifty-seven men, was organized, and +Captain Benjamin Day was commissioned as commander. Every effort was +made to get the new company in readiness for departure as soon as +possible. The men were without uniforms, and the school teachers at once +voted to furnish the materials for making them, at their own expense. +Mr. John Marr, the local tailor, offered his services as cutter, and +they were gratefully accepted. On Sunday, May 5, the ladies of the +Soldiers Aid Society, with a large number of others, assembled at +Academy Hall, and industriously worked throughout the entire day and +evening to make up the uniforms. +</p> +<p> +On the following day, the town voted to appropriate the sum of $400 to +furnish the company with comfortable and necessary clothing. +</p> +<p> +On the 7th of June another meeting was held, and the town voted to +borrow a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars, to be applied by the +selectmen in aid of the families of volunteers. +</p> +<p> +On the morning of Monday, June 24, the new company took its departure +for the "seat of war." The soldiers were escorted to the entrance of the +town by the Mugford Fire Association and a large concourse of citizens. +Almost the entire community assembled in the streets to say "farewell," +and to bid them "God speed." On arriving at the locality known as the +"Work-house Rocks," the procession halted, and the soldiers were +addressed by William B. Brown, Esq., in behalf of the citizens. +</p> +<p> +The soldiers embarked for Boston in wagons which were in waiting, and +departed amid the deafening cheers of the citizens. +</p> +<p> +On Thursday, August 1, the three Marblehead companies arrived home. +Arrangements had been made to give them an enthusiastic welcome. At +three o'clock in the afternoon a procession was formed, consisting of +the Marblehead Band, the "Home Guards," the boards of town officers, +the entire fire department, and the scholars of the public schools. +An interesting feature of the procession was thirteen young ladies, +representing the original States, wearing white dresses, and red, white, +and blue veils. The arrival of the train bringing the soldiers was +announced by the ringing of bells, the firing of guns, and the joyful +acclamations of the people. They were received at the depot at about six +o'clock P.M., and escorted to the "Town House" where an address of +welcome was delivered by Jonathan H. Orne, Esq., a member of the board +of selectmen. +</p> +<p> +On the afternoon of the following day, the veterans were given a grand + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page383" name="page383"></a>[383]</span> + + reception. The procession was again formed, and they were escorted about +town to Fort Sewall, where a dinner was served. +</p> +<p> +Shortly after the return of the companies, Capt. Knott V. Martin +resigned as commander of the Sutton Light Infantry, and recruited a +company for the Twenty-third Regiment. More than half the members of +this company were enlisted in Marblehead. They left for the seat of war +during the month of November. +</p> +<p> +It does not fall within the province of this article to trace the +fortunes of the sons of Marblehead through the long and cruel war. Their +experience, however, was not unlike that of thousands who suffered and +died for the nation. With patient endurance and the fortitude of +martyrs, they drank to the dregs the bitter cup of war. Through the long +and fatiguing marches, in the many hard fought battles, and in the +hopeless agony of life in the prison-pens, they were manly and true. It +is unnecessary to say more. By the self-sacrificing devotion of heroes +like these, the nation was saved. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0018" id="h2H_4_0018"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + EQUINOCTIAL. +</h2> +<h3> +<span class="sc">By Sidney Maxwell.</span> +</h3> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> The autumn day is almost spent. And yet </p> +<p class="i2"> No length' ning shadows mark the sun's decline, </p> +<p class="i2"> For all is shadowed by the cold, gray mist </p> +<p class="i2"> Which long has driven with the fitful wind, </p> +<p class="i2"> And still it is not gone. How chill the air! </p> +<p class="i2"> It seems but yesterday that summer's breath, </p> +<p class="i2"> Sultry and dry, distressed the thirsty fields— </p> +<p class="i2"> And now the skies, repentant of their fault, </p> +<p class="i2"> Will more than make amends. It rains again, </p> +<p class="i2"> Beating a doleful measure on the pane, </p> +<p class="i2"> Sobbing in sad, wild cadence through the street </p> +<p class="i2"> While ever 'mid the rising, falling strains </p> +<p class="i2"> The eaves drop notes as those of muffled drum, </p> +<p class="i2"> Alone in rhythm, save, perchance, the beat </p> +<p class="i2"> Of some tired horse's hoofs, as, homeward bound, </p> +<p class="i2"> He treads the flooded pavement stones. And now </p> +<p class="i2"> The sun, weary of contest for the day, </p> +<p class="i2"> Forsakes the scene and sinks away to rest, </p> +<p class="i2"> Leaving the world to darkness and to rain. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page384" name="page384"></a>[384]</span> + +<a name="h2H_4_0019" id="h2H_4_0019"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + EDITOR'S TABLE. +</h2> +<p> +The Democrats of Massachusetts are perplexed in regard to the choice of +a candidate for gubernatorial honors. In their dilemma they seem +indisposed to heed the counsel of the venerable Dutchman who, on a +certain critical occasion, asserted that it was not wise to "swap horses +while crossing a stream." +</p> +<p> +It so happens that in this present year the Democratic party throughout +the country is crossing a stream, a deep and muddy one which divides its +former prestige from its future hopes and prospects. The wise and +foolish members of the party are at loggerheads. Both have taken into +their confidence an anomalous contingent which is neither in sympathy, +nor even in alliance with them as regards principles. The Mugwumps, so +called, whose only recommendation in politics is, that they have a +well-filled purse and know how to use it to bolster up what they are +pleased to designate as <i>their</i> "independence," after having +bitterly opposed the Democratic party, in season and out of season, now +join hands with their deluded brethren for a grand all hands round. By +their help a President of the United States has been elected, by their +dictation his policy has been mapped out, and by their threatening +attitude the entire administration is controlled. A similar condition of +affairs was never before known in the history of American politics. +</p> +<p> +Now, the Independent Republican will always be a Republican in +principles. The same honest motives which impelled him to oppose the +chosen candidates of a majority of the Republican party, at the last +national canvass, will again and always prompt him to oppose a +Simon-pure Democrat of the Democrats. So long as he can have his own +way, he will deny an equal right to his political neighbor. One thing is +very evident, and that is, in Massachusetts the Independents are bound +to rule so long as the Democratic party will continue to let them; and +that the administration encourages this state of affairs is alike +evident to all careful observers. It would be easy to make some very +interesting disclosures on this theme, and it is not improbable that +they will be made very shortly. +</p> +<p> +But we began by asserting that the party in the old Bay State is in a +quandary. It has reached a point when one of two alternatives must be +chosen,—either to force an issue with its allies, as well as with its +Republican opponents, by nominating a downright, old-fashioned Democrat +for the governorship; or, acquiescing with the wishes of its allies, to +attempt a quasi victory over its opponents. In the former case defeat +would be honorable, though defeat is by no means a foregone conclusion; +in the latter case a victory is probable which would be worse than a +defeat for the Democrats. We may not presume to give any advice in this +matter; and yet it would seem that some well-intentioned and honest +advice is needed. If there is to-day a true-blue, a frank and out-spoken +Democratic newspaper in the city of Boston, we do not know its name. Our +esteemed contemporaries of so-called Democratic persuasion, in this +cultured city, are either bridled by the administration or are timid in +expressing their convictions. Why has it never occurred to any one of +them to urge the selection of a candidate that has <i>not</i> allied +himself with the new gods in Israel,—a stanch, dyed-in-the-wool, +old-fashioned Jackson Democrat, such for example as the <span class="sc">Honorable +Charles Levi Woodbury</span>? He has always been an ornament to his party, wise +and prudent in his counsels, broad in his scholarship and still broader +in his views, untrammelled in his profession of honest principles, and +true to the faith. He was never known to wander after strange gods: he +has never paraded before the eyes of the public, clad in a Joseph's coat +of many colors; he has never sought the emolument or the honor of public +office, and yet, if we are not greatly mistaken, his scrupulous fidelity +to party principles, his unswerving integrity, and the confidence which +men of all parties repose in him, have merited for him as high an honor +as lies within the gift of the people. There are but few such men in +Massachusetts, and their worth is only comprehended when they are +compared with that of the aristocratic dudes whom President Cleveland +has thus far smiled upon in this state. +</p> +<p> +The Massachusetts Democrats have this year + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page385" name="page385"></a>[385]</span> + + a grand opportunity to assert their independence, and to set a wholesome +example to the party in other states. They can do no safer, wiser, or +more honorable thing than to nominate <span class="sc">Judge Woodbury</span>, a Democrat of +Democrats, as their standard bearer. +</p> +<p> +The Boston <i>Evening Record</i> is a sample of daily journalism that is +getting to be rather common nowadays. Like many other of its +contemporaries, it seems to be impressed with the idea that the province +of a newspaper is to <i>coin</i> facts rather than to chronicle them; +and that editorial ability consists in getting away from the truth as +far as possible. +</p> +<p> +In a recent issue, it comments on <span class="sc">General Butler's</span> article in +the <i>North American Review,</i> and more particularly upon the reason +why the General did not desire the Republican nomination for the Vice +Presidency in 1864, expressed by him as follows:— +</p> +<p> +Being made to sit as presiding officer over the senate, to listen for +four years to debates more or less stupid, in which I can take no part +or say a word, nor even be allowed a vote upon any subject which +concerns the welfare of the country, except when my enemies might think +my vote would injure me in the estimation of the people, and therefore, +by some parliamentary trick, make a tie on such question, so I should be +compelled to vote; and then, at the end of four years (as nowadays no +Vice President is ever elected President), and because of the dignity of +the position I had held, not to be permitted to go on with my +profession, and therefore with nothing left for me to do save to +ornament my lot in the cemetery tastefully, and get into it gracefully +and respectably, as a Vice President should do. +</p> +<p> +The <i>Record</i> asserts that, "this is about as near the truth as +Butler ever gets," and then goes on to make some additional statements +which, to say the least, are exceedingly interesting, and <i>proofs</i> +of which the <span class="sc">Editor's Table</span> respectfully requests. +</p> +<p> +The <i>Record</i> says; "It is true that his (Butler's) name was +proposed for the nomination for Vice President in 1864." +</p> +<p> +Upon whose authority does this assertion rest, and <i>by whom</i> was +General Butler's name thus proposed? +</p> +<p> +The <i>Record</i> says:—"It is also true that he (Butler) heard of it, +and objected to the plan not for the reasons he now gives, but because +he '<i>didn't want to run on the ticket with Abe Lincoln.'"</i> +</p> +<p> +Intensely interesting this, an important fact it would seem for the +future historian. But,—will the <i>Record</i> please quote its +authority? +</p> +<p> +The <i>Record</i> says:—"That this was the ground for his (Butler's) +refusal to take the nomination, in case it should be offered to him, was +well known to those who were informed of the exact state of affairs at +the time." +</p> +<p> +The historian is still incredulous. All this "was well known to those +who were informed," etc.,—undoubtedly, but <i>who</i> were these +persons? Will the <i>Record</i> cite the name of one <i>living</i> man +thus informed? Did General <span class="sc">George A. Gordon</span> know anything about it: and +if not, why not? +</p> +<p> +The <i>Record</i> says:—"Butler, in the last days of the war, uttered +an insult to the President who was shortly to be made a martyr." +</p> +<p> +Well, this is really a serious charge, and the public certainly will be +interested in knowing what the "insult" was. Will the <i>Record</i> +kindly explain? For the present, the subject may rest here. In the name +of truth and justice, however, the <span class="sc">Editor's Table</span> humbly requests that +the <i>Evening Record</i> will enlighten its contemporaries. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +The Republican newspapers have all been pleased to remark that +<span class="sc">President Cleveland</span> has done a very decent thing by refusing to +appoint as post-master at <span class="sc">Mr. Blaine's</span> home, in Augusta, the +Democratic editor, who "was virulently active in publishing particularly +unclean falsehoods concerning the Republican candidate last fall." Mr. +Blaine had a perfect right to object, and he exercised the right, to the +appointment of Morton; and likewise, the President had a perfect right +not to heed the objection,—a right, however, which he did not exercise. +The action of the President therefore commends itself to the +right-thinking men of all parties. +</p> +<p> +So far as the <span class="sc">Editor's Table</span> can remember, this is the first opportunity +that the Republican newspapers have improved to say anything good of +<span class="sc">President Cleveland</span>, who, it is not forgotten, was a target for +as virulent and uncalled for abuse as was ever heaped upon any known +American citizen. Magnanimity is always in order even in politics. +</p> +<hr /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page386" name="page386"></a>[386]</span> + +<p> +Civil Service Reform seems to-day to be the mare of the Mugwumps and the +nightmare of everybody else. The eloquence or, if you please, the waste +of words which the minority employ in advocating its deceptive +principles, is only to be contrasted with the almost ludicrous +indifference with which both Republican and Democratic majorities regard +it. Thoughtful people are, at this time, more concerned with the +prospective treatment of the tariff problem. +</p> +<p> +Now, it is neither our purpose nor desire to add to the literature of +discussion, on this important theme; but one thought which occurs to us +may here be submitted in the form of a question. People who talk much on +tariff topics are supposed to be interested in the same, and to have +some reason, good, bad, or indifferent, for advancing their diverse +arguments. +</p> +<p> +To all such, the inquiry may be addressed:—Are you sure that you +believe in a "protective" tariff because you think it is a <i>public</i> +benefit, or because you think it is a private benefit? +</p> +<p> +And again:—Does "protective" tariff protect? If it does,—whom? +</p> +<p> +Last autumn, the cry arose throughout the land that free trade meant the +destruction of home labor, and the "introduction of the pauper labor of +Europe," or at least a competition at home with the pauper labor of +Europe. Well, some very dismal pictures have been drawn of the condition +of the pauper labor of Europe, and when thinking of them, it must be +confessed that one does not like to run any risks. +</p> +<p> +But suppose that we widen the thought a little. At this very moment, the +iron monopoly of this country is raising a fund to head off a tariff +revision, or to bring about an increased duty. What can be said of the +Iron Monopoly? This, as one fact; that in Pennsylvania, it employs +miners at <i>fourteen</i> dollars a month, charges them <i>five</i> +dollars a month each for a tenement in which to live, and charges them +exorbitant prices for the food and provisions which, in spite of a law +prohibiting the system, <i>must</i> be purchased at the Monopoly's +stores. At the end of the month, many of these miners have not only +consumed every dollar of their wages but are actually in debt. It is +stated, further, as an incontestable fact that, "a miner who objects to +the amount of work or wages given to him gets no more of either, for he +is at once dropped from the rolls, and his name is sent to the +neighboring mines as that of a man unlit for employment." These people +subsist—miraculously—on scanty and unwholesome food, and frequently +are subjected to the greatest hardships. +</p> +<p> +We assert that this is no fanciful picture. It is the absolute truth, +with the worst untold. Monopoly is fond of calling these pitiable men +"Molly Maguires,"—"a dangerous class that must be carefully watched!" +These men are <i>protected</i>, and their industry and their entire +living afford a charming picture of the results of the "protective" +system, so far as the Iron Monopoly is concerned. With such facts as +these to ponder over, and with the additional knowledge that there is +not a single person today employed in a cotton or woolen mill in the +United States who is not taxed <i>in the name of protection</i>, to +enrich the corporation for whom he labors, it seems almost inexplicable +that <i>honest</i> men should neglect one of the greatest and, as God +knows, one of the most threatening problems of this age and country, and +waste words and precious moments over that most arrant humbug—Civil +Service Reform. The People are more important than the Government: for +to-day the Government is the politicians. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0020" id="h2H_4_0020"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + HISTORICAL RECORD. +</h2> +<p> +September 10.—The seventy-second anniversary of our first great Naval +victory was celebrated at Newport, R.I. The most important incident was +the unveiling of the statue erected to the honor of its hero. Commodore +Oliver Hazard Perry. The order of exercises included a brilliant oration +by the <span class="sc">Hon. William P. Sheffield</span>, chairman of the Perry statue +committee, this oration by courtesy of its author being printed in full +in this number of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span>; other addresses at the +unveiling were made by Governor George Peabody Wetmore and Mayor Robert +S. Franklin. At the banquet among the speakers were the Governor, Hon. +George Bancroft, the historian, Mayor Franklin, Judge Blatchford, Chief +Justice Durfee, Admiral Rodgers, and Admiral Almy. The occasion was an +exceedingly notable one. +</p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page387" name="page387"></a>[387]</span> + +<p> +September 12.—The two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the +incorporation of the town of Concord, Mass., was celebrated with +appropriate military and civic exercises. There was first, a procession, +reviewed by the Governor and invited guests. At the town hall an oration +was delivered by Senator George F. Hoar, and other interesting literary +exercises took place, at the conclusion of which the line was reformed +and the march was taken up to the Hall where the dinner was served. +Judge John S. Keyes presided, and the principal after dinner speeches +were made by William M. Evarts, George William Curtis, George F. Hoar, +E. Rockwood Hoar, James Russell Lowell, and others. +</p> +<p> +September 15.—The town of Hingham, Mass., celebrated the quarter +millenial of its incorporation as a town. Business was generally +suspended, and all the prominent residences and public buildings were +elaborately decorated. There was a procession at 11 A.M. to the "old +meeting house." The order of exercises at this place included an oration +by Hon. Solomon Lincoln. A banquet was spread in Agricultural Hail, +attended by ex-governor Long and many other notables. The bells on all +the churches were rung at sunset and as darkness settled over the town, +bonfires were lighted upon Baker's, Otis, Planter's, Turkey, Liberty +Pole and Prospect Hills. The Hingham band gave an open air concert, and +in the evening the citizens and invited guests held a social reunion at +the hall. +</p> +<p> +September 16—The annual Salisbury beach gathering opened and continued +through the 17th. About five thousand persons attended. The exercises +consisted of band concerts, base ball, illuminations, etc. +</p> +<p> +September 16.—The great race in New York harbor between the Yankee +yacht "Puritan" and the English yacht "Genesta,"—the second in the +contest was won by the former, thus deciding that the America's cup +shall remain in America. The sailing tune was: Puritan, 5.03. 14: +Genesta, 5.04. 52. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0021" id="h2H_4_0021"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + OBITUARY. +</h2> +<p> +September 1.—In Cohasset, Mass., Charles Faulkner of the Boston and New +York firm of Faulkner, Page & Co. +</p> +<p> +September 6.—In New Bedford, Mass., William A. Wall, a well known +artist. +</p> +<p> +September 8.—In Hanover, N.H., Edward A. Rollins of Philadelphia, +ex-commissioner of internal revenue. +</p> +<p> +September 8.—In Haverhill, Mass., Rev. Raymond H. Seeley, D.D. a +prominent Congregational clergyman. +</p> +<p> +September 12.—Jonathan Cartland of Lee, Mass, died, aged seventy-six. +He was one of the leading old guard of abolitionists, an uncompromising +prohibitory advocate, and a bosom friend and co-worker of Wendell +Phillips. He held many important town and county offices. He was a warm +friend of the fleeing negroes from the South to Canada, his home being +the refuge for many, and often piloting them from there by night to the +Canadian border. +</p> +<p> +September 14.—The death of Hon. Oliver Warner occurred at Lynn, Mass. +He was the son of Oliver Warner of Northampton, where he was born on +April 17, 1818. He was graduated at Williams College in 1842, and +subsequently at Gilmanton Theological Seminary. He officiated as a +Congregational clergyman at Chesterfield from 1844 to 1846. In 1552 and +1853 he was a tutor at Williston Seminary, Easthampton. In 1854 and 1855 +he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and in 1856 and +1857 in the Senate. He occupied the position of secretary of state for +eighteen years, retiring in 1876. His majority + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page388" name="page388"></a>[388]</span> + + in 1872 was greater than any other on the Republican ticket. In 1875 +considerable opposition was made to his election, the effect of which +was to lose him the Republican nomination and the office. From 1876 to +1879 he filled the position of librarian of the State Library. In +September, 1882, he married Miss Newhall of Lynn, and departed on a six +months' tour in Europe. +</p> +<p> +September 16.—Rev. Benjamin F. Tefft, D.D., LL.D., a widely known +Methodist divine, died, aged seventy two years, from a shock of +paralysis received on Friday. He was one of the ablest pulpit orators in +the denomination, has been a president of the Genesee College, editor of +the Methodist Book concern and author of several works. He was a member +of the New York Geographical and Statistical Society, the Society of +Arts of London, etc. He was United States consul to Stockholm in 1862, +and acting minister to Sweden, and commissioner of emigration from +Europe to the state of Maine in 1864. He has been in poor health the +past two years. Dr. Tefft was the author of "Evolution and +Christianity," published last Spring, a veritable encyclopaedia of +Evolution-lore. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0022" id="h2H_4_0022"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + AMONG THE BOOKS. +</h2> +<p> +A very notable contribution to the annals of our times is the +publication of the <i>Writings and Speeches of Samuel L. Tilden</i><a href="#note-2" name="noteref-2"><small>2</small></a> +This contribution is comprised in two volumes, and is so complete in +itself as to ensure a welcome from not only a large body of political +sympathizers and admirers but also from all students of American +political history. Mr. Tilden has the honor of being unquestionably the +greatest Democratic leader of recent years, and, in more ways than one, +of being a unique figure among the statesmen whom his country has +produced. +</p> +<p> +He was born in New Lebanon, N.Y. 1814, and before he reached his +majority he began to discuss political questions in print and on the +rostrum. In these early, as well as in later years, he was in his +instincts a conservative; as time moved on, he grew more and more fond +of the democracy of Jefferson and of Jackson, and their democracy, it +may be said, has had, during the past quarter of a century, no more +devoted or worthier expounder and representative than Mr. Tilden. +No question of paramount interest has arisen that has not, from the +Democratic standpoint, received his attention. When the nullifiers +assaulted the Union he stood by it; whenever anybody has undertaken to +advocate the American "protection" system, he has invariably denounced +it as unconstitutional, in this respect differing from another leading +Democrat, General Butler. Mr. Tilden also stood by the removal of the +deposits from the United States Banks, advocated the establishment of +the Sub Treasury, and was the first to contend for free banking. He +asserted the supervision of legislatures over charters of their own +creation. He protested against the nationalization of slavery in 1848. +</p> +<p> +These few specifications of a general character, to say nothing of those +of special interest, indicate something of the wealth of thought and +expression contained within the covers of these volumes. Of the minor +themes, one was exceedingly important in its day, and important also as +a lesson for future municipalities,—namely, the Tweed charter for New +York city and the story of the destruction of the Tweed ring. It is +herein presented with the fullest details. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Bigelow, the editor of the collection, has happily taken the time +for publication when Mr. Tilden has retired from active political +service; and thus the volumes may now be read with a less prejudiced +mind than in a former period of years. +</p> +<p> +It is impossible not to derive information and suggestions from a +careful perusal of these discussions, and inspiration from the +<i>dignity</i> with which they are conducted; at the same time the +reader is somehow impressed in the perusal that Mr. Tilden is neither a +<i>great</i> statesman <i>per se</i>, nor always a safe one to follow. +At this hour, it would be difficult to estimate the influence which he +has exerted upon the politics of his time. The accident of a + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page389" name="page389"></a>[389]</span> + + political defeat, rather than any extraordinary ability of his own, won +for him the remarkable and enthusiastic loyalty of his party, and +perhaps also a political immortality. As is still remembered, he bore +his defeat manfully and with a dignified grace unexampled in history, +when all the circumstances are considered, and this will be to his +everlasting honor. During his active participation in politics, Mr. +Tilden was a partisan, in the best sense of that word, as every man must +be who lives and <i>thinks</i> under our system of government. He +cherished principles directly opposed to those of a host of his +contemporaries, and this, too, was a prerogative of his citizenship. +Nevertheless, the integrity of his character was never questioned, his +motives were always honorable, his opinions were generally carefully +conceded and candidly asserted, his acts never savored of trickery. We +wish as much could be said of many who have professed admiration of the +man, as well as of many who have not scrupled to malign him to a +merciless degree. +</p> + +<a name="note-2"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>2</u> (<a href="#noteref-2">return</a>)<br /> +The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by +John Bigelow In two volumes. New York: Harper & Brothers. Price $6.00. +</p> + +<hr /> +<p> +We have been particularly pleased with the four volumes which are +comprised in the "Garnet Series."<a href="#note-3" name="noteref-3"><small>3</small></a>—They are, to speak first of their +mechanical attractions, handsomely made, as regards paper, press-work +and binding, and at once tempt the reader to look within. The object of +their publication is to furnish in neat but low priced books choice +reading to so called Chautauqua circles; and thus far there is a promise +of brilliant success. +</p> +<p> +The character of the contents of these volumes demands neither +explanation nor criticism at this time. <i>Readings from Ruskin</i> is +edited with a suitable introduction, by Prof. H.A. Beers of Yale +College, and the selections are made mostly from the great writer's +chapters pertaining to Italy. The <i>Readings from Macaulay</i> also +pertains to Italy, including the remarkable essays on Dante, Petrarch +and Machiavelli, and the Lays of Ancient Rome, and is pleasantly +"introduced" by Donald G. Mitchell. An exceedingly timely volume is that +entitled <i>Art and the Formation of Taste</i>, by Lucy Crane, with +illustrations drawn by Thomas and Walter Crane. It is one of the most +inspiring and practical books on the subject that have been written in +our generation. Charles C. Black's <i>Michael Angelo</i> contains within +275 pages the principal facts of the great sculptor's life and labors, +faithfully and appreciatively recounted. It is, so far as it goes, +declared to be a very valuable work. We cannot too highly commend these +publications. Every one of them is an incentive to further reading and +reflection. +</p> +<a name="note-3"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>3</u> (<a href="#noteref-3">return</a>)<br /> +THE GARNET SERIES;—Readings from Ruskin—Readings from +Macauley—Art and the Formation of Taste—Life and Works of Michel +Angelo. 5 vols. Boston; The Chautauqua Press. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +Dr. George H. Moore is the superintendent of the Lenox Library and a man +who is not afraid to dip into old parchments and musty records. We wish +that there were more of his kind. Students of our local annals are +indebted to him for the preparation and publication of two important and +interesting brochures, which have recently appeared. His <i>Notes on the +History of the old State House</i>,<a href="#note-4" name="noteref-4"><small>4</small></a> formerly known as "The Town House +in Boston," "The Court House in Boston," "The Province Court House," +"The State House," and "The City Hall" was first read before the +Bostonian Society, last May, and was listened to with the closest +attention. The second brochure, embracing 120 pages, bears the title: +<i>Final notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts</i><a href="#note-5" name="noteref-5"><small>5</small></a> and is a +vindication of the laws and liberties concerning attainders with +corruptions of Blood, Escheats, forfeitures for crime and pardon of +offenders, etc. This is the fifth pamphlet which Dr. Moore has issued on +the subject of Witchcraft in Massachusetts, and it concludes the series. +We hope, at a future time, to be able to refer to them again, for they +shed much light on our colonial history, and to our historical +literature constitute very valuable additions. +</p> +<a name="note-4"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>4</u> (<a href="#noteref-4">return</a>)<br /> +Notes on the History of the Old State House. By George H. +Moore, LL. D. Boston: Cupples, Upham & Co. Paper. 50 cents. +</p> +<a name="note-5"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>5</u> (<a href="#noteref-5">return</a>)<br /> +Final notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts. By same author. +New York: Printed for the author. Sold in Boston, by Cupples, Upham & +Co. Paper, $1.00. +</p> +<hr /> +<p> +Mr. Smith's recent work on <i>The Science of Business</i><a href="#note-6" name="noteref-6"><small>6</small></a> should be +read, and its facts and arguments carefully weighed, by all men of +business. It professes to be a study of the principles controlling the +laws of exchange. Reasoning from analogies existing in the natural + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page390" name="page390"></a>[390]</span> + + world, the author logically deduces his law that civilization moves +along lines of least resistance, and contends that this law holds true +throughout the phenomena of mind also. The law of the survival of the +fittest is but another expression of the subject under discussion. "Do +we not see civilization," asks the author, "advancing along those lines +where the tractive forces are the greatest, where the least labor will +produce the largest crops, and where the obstacles to complete living +are the fewest? Do not people invest their money where it will safely +bring the largest returns? Do we not buy in the cheapest, and sell in +the dearest market? Does not the tide of immigration set from least +favored nations to the most favored?" There is still one other +law,—that motion is always rhythmical. These two principles or laws Mr. +Smith applies to his theories regarding general business, the iron +industry, the building of railroads, immigration, stocks, exchange, +foreign trade, etc. Indeed his theories are based on these laws, and are +worthy of consideration if not always of acceptance. We quote one +reflection:—"If we admit that business motions are in the line of least +resistance, and rhythmic, and that these rhythms show a tendency to +become balanced, we may conclude that panics and periods of depression +will always continue at intervals, with this qualification, the next +period of depression will not be as severe as the present, and the next +less severe, and so on, until, to all outward signs, they will at last +cease." +</p> +<p> +By reason of a lack of space, we cannot say all that we had wished to +say in regard to this work. It is, on the whole, a most ingenious +argument, well conceived and brilliantly sustained. We are not sure that +Mr. Smith has not explained satisfactorily some of the nuggets of +mystery which have so long puzzled the brains of business men. +</p> +<a name="note-6"><!--Note--></a> +<p class="foot"> +<u>6</u> (<a href="#noteref-6">return</a>)<br /> +The Science of Business. By Roderick H. Smith, New York: +G.P. Putnam's Sons. Price $1.25. +</p> +<hr /> +<a name="h2H_4_0023" id="h2H_4_0023"><!-- H2 anchor --></a> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. +</h2> +<p> +An early forthcoming issue of the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> will contain an +elaborate article of great value upon the manufactures and various +important industries of "A Model Industrial City," for which fine +illustrations are being prepared. +</p> +<p> +Special invitation is extended to all Public and private Libraries, +Historical, Intellectual and Literary Societies, as well as to every +lover of New England, to join their efforts with ours to the end that +the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> shall be a competent medium of preserving the +great and rapidly increasing amount of history pertaining to New +England, and no less a worthy representative of its literature and +material progress. +</p> +<p> +We tender our thanks to the Holyoke <i>Transcript</i> for the very +courteous aid rendered our management. +</p> +<p> +We desire to heartily thank the press of the entire country for the +cordial and appreciative welcome extended to the <span class="sc">Bay State Monthly</span> since +it has been published under its new management. On an advertising page +in this number are to be found a few comments, selected from hundreds of +similar notices given by representative newspapers in nearly every state +in the Union. +</p> +<hr /> + + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17725-h.htm or 17725-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17725/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17725] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + + + + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + +[Illustration: William W. Crapo] + + + + +THE BAY STATE MONTHLY. + +_A Massachusetts Magazine._ + +VOL. III. OCTOBER, 1885. NO. V. + + * * * * * + + + + +HON. WILLIAM W. CRAPO. + + +By Edward P. Guild. + + +A citizen of Massachusetts, eminent in public and private life, and now +in the prime of manhood, is the Hon. William W. Crapo, of New +Bedford. He is the son of Henry Howland Crapo, a man of marked abilities +and with a distinguished career, whose father was a farmer in humble +circumstances in Dartmouth, the parent town of New Bedford, and able to +give but meagre opportunities for education to his son. Henry had, +however, a thirst for knowledge, and his determination in providing +himself with the means of study affords a parallel to the early life of +Lincoln. It is told of him, that having no dictionary in his father's +house, he undertook to be his own lexicographer in the task of preparing +one. He soon fitted himself as a school teacher and afterwards became a +land surveyor in New Bedford. As a man of ability and integrity, he at +once began to rise to positions of trust, and among the offices he held +were those of City Treasurer and Trustee of the Public Library. He was +interested in the whale fisheries, then the great enterprise of this +famous seaport, and was a successful business man. + +In 1857, having made extensive timber purchases in Michigan, he removed +to that state, where he took an active part in political affairs. In +1865, he was elected Governor of that State and held the office for four +years. He was a lover of books all his life, and was the author of +articles on horticulture in which subject he was an enthusiastic +amateur. + +William Wallace Crapo was born in Dartmouth, May 16, 1830, and was the +only son in a family of ten children. He inherited his father's passion +for learning and knowledge, and although his father's means were +limited, he was given all possible opportunity for study. He was first +in the New Bedford public schools, then at Phillips Academy in Andover, +where he prepared for college. He graduated at Yale--which has since +conferred upon him the Degree of Doctor of Laws,--in the class of 1852. +Deciding on the study of law, he attended the Dane law school at +Cambridge, and subsequently entered the office of Governor Clifford in +New Bedford. In February 1855, he was admitted to the Bristol bar, and +in the following April was elected City Solicitor, an office which he +continued to hold for twelve consecutive years. + +Mr. Crapo's first active part in politics was about a year after his +admission to the bar. Fremont and Dayton were in 1856 nominated as the +Republican candidates for the Presidency and Vice Presidency. Mr. Crapo +was an earnest surporter of the candidates and made very effective +speeches in their behalf in his section of the state. In the same year +he was chosen to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and the +following year, when only twenty-seven years of age, was tendered a seat +in the Massachusetts Senate, but declined the honor. His father this +year removed to Michigan, and the son who remained became a worthy +successor to the confidence and respect of his fellow-citizens. He was +actively interested in the establishment of the New Bedford Water-works, +and from 1865 to 1875 held the office of Chairman of the board of Water +Commissioners. As Bank President, as director in extensive manufacturing +corporations, and in other similar positions of trust and responsibility +he acquired the reputation of being a sound business man, and an able +financial manager. In all of these positions he has ever enjoyed the +complete confidence and respect of his associates. + +Mr. Crapo has been a diligent student of the history of the Old Colony +and especially of the early settlement of Dartmouth, and he has rendered +valuable contributions to the historical literature of the State. The +address delivered by him at the Bi-Centennial Anniversary of the town of +Dartmouth in 1864 and his address at the Centennial Celebration in New +Bedford in 1876 exhibit his accurate research and his facility of clear +and forcible expression. The closing sentences of the latter address +were as follows:--- + +"We must preserve the results of the past. But this is not our whole +duty. The work of our fathers is not completed. Our honor and safety is +in still further achievements of public justice and orderly freedom, and +to the advancement of the common welfare. Our mission is a continuous +and steady development of conscientiousness, a moral and religious +growth, keeping pace with advancing intelligence, science and liberty. +We attain to it by those common virtues which our fathers exercised: +honesty, frugality, integrity and unfaltering devotion to duty. We need +but follow the old plain paths, and, undazzled by the superficial +glitter and pretentious show of ambitious self-seekers, march steadily +forward to the attainments of a trained and vigorous virtue, to purity, +strength and solidity. Thus will we keep unsoiled our inheritance, and +transmit it, beautified and glorified, to those who come after us. + +"We have seen the forest fall before the strong arm of the pioneer; we +have seen the shores lined with masts, and the waters white with sails; +we have seen the triumphs of restless, cunning labor; but not in +physical power nor in populous cities, not in factories nor palaces, nor +richly laden fleets, are the elements of natural greatness, nor its +safety, but in the courage, integrity, self-denial and temperance of the +people, and the spirit of mental enterprise and moral freedom which +inspires them." + +But the reputation of Mr. Crapo in Massachusetts and the country at +large rests preeminently upon his services in the National House of +Representatives. He was elected to fill a vacancy in the Forty-fourth +Congress and was returned at three successive elections, enjoying to an +unusual degree the favor and approbation of his constituents. In the +Forty-fifth Congress he was a member of the committee on Foreign +Affairs. In the Forty-sixth he served on the committee on Banking and +Currency, and was chairman of this important committee in the next +Congress. He introduced the bill to extend the charters of the National +Banks, and by his skillful and persistent efforts the bill became a law +to the satisfaction of all sound business men. In his connection with +this bill, Mr. Crapo added to his reputation as an able lawyer, that of +a sound financier and a judicious statesman. + +Representing a constituency whose interests are largely identified with +the fishing industries, Mr. Crapo has naturally been considered a +champion of the fishermen. A strong speech was made by him on the +resolution recommending the abrogation of the fishing articles of the +Treaty of Washington, of which the following is an example:-- + +"For seventy years this Government, and prior to that the Colonies, paid +liberal bounties to aid the development and increase of our fishing +marine. These bounties have been abandoned, and the New England +fishermen, relying upon their energy and enterprise do not ask a renewal +of them. But they do ask that the United States shall not offer a bounty +to build up this industry in the hands of rivals. When we are confronted +with a declining merchant marine, when the carrying trade is passing +into the hands of foreigners, when we remember that our whaling fleet, +which twenty years ago numbered 600 ships with 18,000 sailors, the best +sailors on the globe, disciplined and educated in voyages of three and +four year's duration--is now reduced to 163 vessels with less than 5,000 +men, we may well inquire, where are we to look for experienced seamen to +man our navy in case of foreign war? We can build vessels of war in a +few weeks when the emergency arises. With our resources of timber, and +iron and copper, and every material entering into the construction of +our vessels, we can build ships at short notice in our private +shipyards, even if we cannot in our navy yards, but efficient and hardy +sailors come only from the training and experience of years of toil and +danger upon the sea." + +This brief extract illustrates Mr. Crapo's logical, direct method of +making an argument. When occasion presents itself, he is capable of +rising to heights of eloquence equalled by few who sit in the National +Capitol. The following passage is from a brief speech occasioned by the +presentation to the United States, April 22, 1880, of Thomas Jefferson's +writing desk on which was written the original draft of the Declaration +of Independence. Mr. Crapo offered a joint resolution of acceptance and +in closing his eloquent remarks said:-- + +What memories crowd upon us with the mention of these names. +Washington, the soldier, whose sword was drawn for the independence of +his country; Franklin, the philosopher, the benefactor of his race, who +with simple maxims pointed out the road to wealth and who disarmed the +lightning and the thunderbolt; Jefferson, the accomplished and +enthusiastic scholar, whose marvelous genius and masterly pen gave form +to that immortal paper which proclaimed liberty to all mankind. These +are names never to be forgotten. These men were the founders of the +Republic. Their name and fame are secure, and in the centuries which are +to follow will be treasured by a grateful and loving people among their +choicest possessions. Mr. Speaker, the nation gladly accepts and will +sacredly keep this invaluable relic. The article itself may be +inconsiderable, but with this simple desk we associate a grand +achievement. Upon it was written the great charter of civil liberty, +the Declaration of American Independence. We pay to the heroic hand +who signed that wager of battle the honors which are paid to the +heroes of the battlefield. It was not valor alone which secured to us +self-government. The leaders in the revolt against the tyranny and the +established institutions of the old world had courage of opinion and +were full of mature wisdom and incorruptible patriotism. The men who +signed the paper pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred +honor in support of the Declaration, and who made their fearless appeal +to God and the world in behalf of the rights of mankind, were both +lion-hearted and noble-minded. + +Upon this desk was written in words as pure and true as the word of +inspiration that document which opened up 'a new era in the history +of the civilized world.' Its fit resting place is with the nation's +choicest treasures. It is a precious memorial of Jefferson, more +eloquent and suggestive than any statue of marble or bronze which may +commemorate his deeds. In accepting it in the name of the nation we +recognize the elevated private character, the eminent virtue, the +profound knowledge, the lofty statesmanship, and the sincere patriotism +of Jefferson, and we honor him as the father of popular government and +as the great apostle of liberty. + +To the pledge of safe custody with which we accept this gift, we join +the solemn promise that with still greater fidelity we will guard the +inheritance of free institutions which has come to us through the valor +of Washington and the wisdom of Jefferson, and that we will faithfully +transmit, undimmed and unbroken, their richest legacies--"Liberty and the +Union." + +At the Republican State Convention held in Worcester, September 21, +1881, Congressman Crapo was chosen president, and made an address which +was regarded as a splendid defence of the Republican Party. In its +course he said: + +"No occupation is more honorable than the public service. The desire to +engage in it is a worthy one. The ambition to hold and properly +discharge the duties of a position under the government is creditable to +the citizen. The public offices in this country should be as freely open +to all as are places in other vocations of life. No man should be +debarred by birth, or locality, or race, or religious, or political +belief from engaging in the public service. To deserve this he should +not be required to render partisan service or personal allegiance to any +party leader, nor be compelled to purchase the favor or patronage of any +public official. The public offices are a public trust, to be held and +administered with the same exact justice and the same conscientious +regard for the responsibilities involved as are required in the +execution of private trusts. The test for appointments should be +superior qualifications, and not partisan attachment nor partisan +service; continuance in office should depend upon real merit +demonstrated in the actual performance of duties and not upon the +urgency of Congressmen or petitions of other citizens." + +Of Mr. Crapo it may justly be said that on every occasion of life in +which he has been called upon for any duty, he has always risen adequate +to the occasion, and even exceeded in his efforts the most sanguine +expectations of his friends. He has much of that reserve power which +does not manifest itself until it is wanted, and then the supply is +equal to the demand. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE OF THE CIVIL WAR. + + +By George Lowell Austin. + + +I. + + +At the present time, everything bearing upon the history of the American +civil war has special interest. Nearly a quarter of a century has passed +since the struggle began, and during the interval asperities have died +away and peace and harmony hover over a united people. + +During the war and in the years immediately following its cessation, a +number of soldiers and civilians wrote histories, on the Union side, +some of these being careful and exhaustive studies of limited fields of +action, and others of the entire field of operations. It necessarily +happened, however, that, owing to misconceptions arising from their +opposite points of view, their lack of personal knowledge, and the +absence of authentic documentary evidence, these writers were not always +able to penetrate the plans and purposes of the Confederate leaders, or +even to describe with entire accuracy the part borne by the Confederate +troops in particular engagements. + +As time goes on, the deficiency is being met, and the memoirs of those +Confederate soldiers and civilians who bore a prominent part in the +struggle, either in the field or the council chamber, and who had a full +knowledge of the facts, are fast coming to light, and are perused with +more than common interest by military actors and students. The true and +exhaustive history of the civil war cannot be written until all the +facts shall have been made known. Even then, the reader must always bear +in mind who states the facts, and also that the truth is oftener found +in the memoir of some gallant and straightforward soldier than in that +of a politician. + +Of the myriad of bound volumes and pamphlets called forth by the war, a +very large number have long since been consigned to oblivion. Many of +these were written to bolster up personal ambitions, interests, +rivalries and jealousies, while as many more were composed, without +regard to facts, to gain dollars and cents. Of none of these productions +need anything further be said. + +Comparatively speaking, there were but few books relating to the war and +published during the war that deserve to be recalled. After the war, +quite a number were issued, and, within the last ten years, a large +number have appeared, all destined to rank as "authorities" for the +future historian. The purpose of the present series of articles is, to +give such information in regard to these publications, as shall guide +students in mapping out a course of reading, and shall assist persons +entrusted with the selection of _standard books_ on war history for +use in city and town libraries. + +The suggestions and information herein offered are, at their best, only +random notes. No special plan, or classification, will be followed by +the writer; his sole aim being to include only what is absolutely worthy +and "authoritative." + + + THE AMERICAN CONFLICT:--A History of the Great Rebellion in the United + States of America, 1860-64: Its Causes, Incidents, and Results. Intended + to exhibit especially its Moral and Political Phases, with the Drift and + Progress of American opinion respecting Human Slavery, from 1776 to the + close of the War for the Union. By Horace Greeley. Illustrated, 2 + volumes. pp. 648, 679. Hartford: O.D. Case and Company. + + +This work was composed, with the aid of an amanuensis, in the early +hours of the morning, before the beginning of the editorial tasks of +each day. Mr. Greeley's long connection with the _Tribune_, as its +editor-in-chief, tended to make him more familiar with American politics +from 1830 to 1860 than almost any other of his contemporaries, and when +he proposed to himself to write the history of the American civil war, +he could justly claim to have full knowledge of the _causes_ which +had led to it. In the preface to his first volume (1864) he stated +frankly that "the History of the civil war will not and cannot now be +written." All that he hoped to accomplish, then, was to write a +_political_ rather than a military history of the great struggle. +He succeeded, and his work deserves to rank as one of the most valuable, +and, so far as it goes, accurate and impartial narratives of the +contest. + +The first volume treats chiefly of the causes and events which +culminated in secession, while the second volume (1866) depicts, without +embellishment, the military and political victories which ended in the +restoration of peace. The author cherished the belief that the war was +"the unavoidable result of antagonisms imbedded in the very nature of +our heterogeneous institutions: that ours was indeed an 'irrepressible +conflict,' which might have been prevented." + +In its _military_ portions the work is decidedly weak, and much of +interest and value is omitted. For facts, the author relied chiefly on +Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Victor's _History of the Southern +Rebellion_, (embracing important data not found in the _Record_) +and Pollard's _Southern History of the War_. After a later survey +of the war-literature, Mr. Greeley felt justified in the candid claim +that his work "is one of the clearest statements yet made of the long +chain of causes which led irresistibly to the war for the Union, showing +why that war was the righteous and natural consequence of the American +people's general and guilty compliance in the crime of upholding and +diffusing Human Slavery." + +This work won such popular favor that it soon reached a sale of one +hundred thousand copies. But when, in 1867, its distinguished author +signed the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis, its sale was suddenly checked. +The act was an unselfish one; its propriety, however, was questioned by +many persons. Whether, on account of it, Mr. Greeley be blamed or +applauded, his work merits commendation as a valuable authority on the +political history of the American civil war, and ought always, as such, +to be consulted. + + + THE HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA:--Comprising a full and + impartial account of the Origin and Progress of the Rebellion, of the + various Naval and Military Engagements, of the Heroic Deeds performed by + Armies and Individuals, and of Touching scenes in the Field, the Camp, + the Hospital, and the Cabin. By John S.C. Abbott. Illustrated. 2 vols. + pp. 507, 629. Norwich. Conn: The Henry Bill Publishing Company. + + +The author of the _Life of Napoleon Bonaparte_ was never too +particular in regard to his facts, but those which he made use of he +could array with such skill as to completely captivate the judgment of +the unwary. In his History of the Civil War, all the enthusiasm of the +writer, his easy flow of rhetoric, his vast fund of anecdote, and his +characteristic inability to discriminate between truth and falsity, +assert themselves. The chief importance of the work consists in its +treatment of events, as army-correspondents saw them, and, hence, it +comprises many minor features, usually omitted by more sober historians. +As a political history, it is almost worthless; as a military history, +it is even worse. Still, it possesses a marked value, for the reason +already stated, and is attractive by reason of its numerous +illustrations, all engraved on steel from original designs,--comprising +portraits, battle-scenes, diagrams and maps. The first volume was +printed in 1863; the second in 1865. + + + A HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA:--By The Comte de Paris. + Translated with the approval of the author. Edited by Henry Coppee, + LL.D. 3 volumes. 8vo, pp. 640, 820, 954. Philadelphia: Porter and + Coates. + + +The first volume of this work was published in 1875, the second in 1876, +and the third in 1883. A fourth volume is now in course of preparation, +and will conclude the series. + +The prime qualifications of a historian, dispassionateness and +thoroughness, are everywhere manifest in the splendid work of the Count +of Paris. His is the first attempt to produce a full and complete +history of the civil war, based upon official records both of the North +and of the South. The whole narrative exhibits unsparing and successful +research, calm judgment, temperance alike in praise and censure, and an +earnest endeavor to deal justly and fairly with both sides of the great +conflict and the actors in each. There are chapters in the work which +will always provoke discussion, and some of the author's conclusions in +special instances may be controverted; still, the great merits of the +work, as a whole, cannot but be generally and cordially recognized. + +The work is distinctly a _military_ history, without, however, +ignoring purely civil transactions when an account of them is needed to +throw light on the military movements. The author's theory, relative to +the origin of the war may be stated thus:--The South saw that, as the +North increased in prosperity, it was decreasing, and was losing the +balance of power which it had always held since the adoption of the +Constitution. It determined, therefore, to force slavery into the new +States and Territories; and, failing in this, it foresaw but two +alternatives,--either to give up the cause as lost, or to initiate a +conflict and a satisfactory peace from its opponents. It chose the +latter, and was thwarted. + +The first volume treats of the American army, past and present, of +Secession, and the events of the war to the Spring of 1862; the second +volume continues the narrative of events from Gen. McClellan's Peninsula +Campaign to the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation. The author, +in considering the relations of the commanding general to the +administration, praises the former and blames the latter; and, in +commending the campaign, shows himself a poor master of the art of war, +and in some respects an indifferent critic of practical military +operations. The Count of Paris wrote these chapters in 1874.--twelve +years after the events, and with ample testimony at his command. It is +strange that he could not reach the conclusion, then and now commonly +held, that McClellan's treatment of President Lincoln throughout his +entire career seems to have been highly insubordinate and apparently +based upon the idea that he regarded himself as the nation's only hope, +forgetting that to a free people no man has ever become indispensable, +however powerful his intellect or exalted his virtues. Barring certain +conclusions which are open to easy controversion, the narrative is +exceedingly careful, graphic, and in the main truthful. + +The third volume (1883) is translated and edited by Col. John S. +Nicholson of Philadelphia, and covers the eventful year 1863,--the +operations and movements on the Rapidan and the disaster to the union +arms at Chancellorsville,--the movements upon Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and +the retreat of Lee's array to Virginia. Closer attention is paid, in +this volume, to the legislation, administration, finances, resources, +temper, and condition generally of the North and the South, and valuable +accounts are given of the organization at the North of the signal corps, +the medical and hospital service, the military telegraph, the system of +railroad transportation for military purposes, the soldiers' homes, and +the sanitary and other commissions. + +As a whole, and so far as published, the work purports to give an +accurate account of what took place in all quarters of the theatre of +war, and is generally successful. It never errs on the side of +partisanship, but occasionally through ignorance or misapplication of +facts. From first to last, it is an honest and straightforward +narrative, at times eloquent and at times vivacious. The reader is bored +by no flights of rhetoric; but students will always lament a lack of +philosophical tone and _critical_ appreciation of men and events. +The maps and plans, which are numerous and are furnished from official +sources, are all that could be desired. + + + REMINISCENCES OF FORTS SUMTER AND MOULTRIE IN 1860-61. By Abner + Doubleday, Brevet Major General, U.S.A. 1 vol. 12mo pp. 184. New York, + Harper & Brothers. + + +The author bore an honorable and responsible part in the actual outbreak +of hostilities between the national government and the revolted states, +and in this book he gives a simple and faithful recital of some of the +more important facts. Though so misrepresented by certain critics, the +book is _not_ an attack on Major Anderson's character; on the +contrary, it clearly shows, and attempts to show, that that commander +firmly subdued all considerations and devices which seemed inconsistent +with his duty as a soldier of the United States, and held himself ready +to be sacrificed to the trust given him. General (then Captain, 1st +artillery U.S.A.) Doubleday was at Fort Sumter during the bombardment, +and, as might be expected, his volume gives many incidents of the life +of the little besieged band, and of the siege itself, which appear here +for the first time, and which throw fresh light upon the conduct and +principles of both parties to the conflict. As a personal narrative, it +is one of the most charming and instructive relating to the war. The +book was published in 1876. + + * * * * * + + + + +ASSESSMENT INSURANCE. + + +By G.A. Litchfield. + + +It is the purpose of this article to fairly treat the subject under +consideration and to set forth such claims only as can be sustained to +the satisfaction of candid and unprejudiced minds. It will not be +assumed that the science of Assessment Insurance is perfected; on the +contrary, our most advanced thinkers upon the subject are those who see +most clearly its defects, and are laboring most assiduously to correct +them. Grave obstacles have been encountered in their endeavors to +perfect the system. Those who have written upon the subject in the +public press have been largely such as have given it but a cursory +study, or such as have been totally unfit to discuss it from an +impartial standpoint by reason of preconceived notions or prejudices in +favor of the level premium system of insurance, if, indeed, they have +not been retained for a consideration by that gigantic moneyed monopoly. + +So largely has prejudice controlled in the consideration of the subject, +that those who have sought judicious and stringent legislation to +correct abuses, and to bring the business under equally careful and +official supervision as that given other forms of insurance, with a view +to making it _permanently_ subserve public interests, have been +more than once defeated in their laudable endeavors, because they +insisted that no legislation could meet the necessities of the case that +did not contemplate it as a _permanent_ institution. Great advances +have been made however in the last three or four years, and much that +was objectionable has been corrected. Wise legislation has been secured +in many States. At the last session of her legislature, Massachusetts +signalized an important step in advance, by enacting a law whose +provisions indicate an intelligent comprehension of the subject on the +part of her legislators, unsurpassed by those of any other State. It has +already begun to correct existing evils, as its advocates foresaw it +would do. + +Several companies dishonestly and incompetently conducted have found it +impossible to longer prey upon a too confiding public. + +The collapse of fraudulent concerns has furnished an occasion for the +enemies of the system to cry out against the system itself, but thinking +men are not deceived thereby. As was recently remarked by a +distinguished ex-insurance Commissioner of Massachusetts, "Assessment +Insurance has come to stay." There is not, as has been claimed by its +opponents, anything inherent in the system that fore-dooms it to early +and inevitable collapse. + +Assessment insurance is natural insurance as against artificial. +In the early establishment of life insurance companies, everything was +assumption, there was little or no experience to guide in formulating +the principles upon which the business should be conducted. There was +partial information, it is true, upon certain general facts pertaining +to longevity or to mortality laws, under certain conditions, but nothing +that could give substantial data upon which to base mathematical +calculations for the establishment of a science. Under those conditions, +rates of premium were fixed for insurance at the different ages which +the experience of many years has shown to be very much higher than is +required to meet reasonable expenses, and losses occurring from policies +maturing by death. + +A rate of mortality was assumed greater than experience has shown to +prevail among well selected lives. The important element of lapses was +not considered, an element so considerable in its practical bearing upon +the requirements of the company to meet its liabilities, that of one +million of assumed liabilities upon say one thousand lives, only about +$77.000 become actual liabilities by reason of policies maturing by +death of the insured. + +Assessment insurance instructed by the experience of life companies, +adjusts its plans and methods upon the natural basis of fact, and not +the artificial one of supposition. It tabulates its rates according to +the combined experience of all American companies, requiring the insured +to pay a sum proportionate to the amount assured, and to his life +expectancy. + +It places its risks upon carefully selected lives only, requiring a +competent medical examination of the applicant, having regard to his +previous health and habits, his occupation or profession, his family +history, and such other circumstances as should properly be considered +in calculating probable longevity. + +We assert without fear, that we shall be successfully controverted, that +there is as great care and discrimination exercised in the placing of +risks by our representation assessment companies, as in any other form +of insurance. Time was when this claim could not have been supported by +facts, but that time is not now. Our conservative assessment +companies,--and there are many of them that can be fairly so styled, +ignore none of the scientific principles upon which life insurance +depends for its permanent success. They do believe however that their +methods of conducting the business will conserve the interests of a far +greater number, and relieve them of a large proportion of the burdens +imposed by the older and more cumbersome form. + +Assessment companies call upon their policy-holders for such sums as are +required to meet actual losses, together with a small amount for +expenses and for an emergency fund. Mortuary assessments are called only +when there is an amount in hand on that account, insufficient to meet +the maximum sum for which a policy is issued. They may be called at +stated periods, or as the exigencies of the case shall require. +Objection is made to this method that it is unreliable, and cannot be +depended upon when the mortality is from any cause unusual or excessive. + +It is not claimed by the best informed advocates of assessment +insurance, that direct assessments should be the sole reliance of the +company. Some other provision should be made which is referred to later +in this article, but the main dependence is upon assessments. + +If companies are honestly and capably conducted, and risks judiciously +selected, there is nothing in the experience of life companies to +indicate that mortality assessments on the _average_ will be +sufficiently burdensome to seriously threaten the permanence of the +institution. Where disaster has been visited upon assessment companies, +the cause has been easily traceable to incompetent or dishonest conduct +of the business, and utter disregard of the foundation principles of all +insurance. It has in no instance been fairly chargeable to defects in +the system. With the record before us of our best assessment companies, +faithfully and competently administered, paying their losses promptly, +at a cost to the insured for a term of years, of one third to one half +only, of that in level premium companies, what reason is there for the +insuring public withdrawing their patronage. + +But we admit that it is not sound policy to depend upon assessments +alone, and this view is held by most if not all, who have studied the +subject in its various aspects. While for many years, and perhaps +indefinitely, a company might be successfully conducted, if under a +competent management, depending solely upon assessments, yet +contingencies arc liable to arise in which it will be evident that true +conservatism and wise forethought would have held in hand some funds for +use without imposing, at that particular time, the burden of an +assessment upon the policy holders. + +The advocates of such conservatism have been met with the argument that +it is contrary to the principle of assessment insurance, and a +concession to the theory of the level premium plan. But the reply is +that the requirements of an assessment company in the form of an +emergency or reserve are in no sense comparable with those of a level +premium company, and the application of it is upon an entirely different +principle, and for an altogether different purpose. + +An assessment company may need funds in hand to relieve its members of +an assessment when otherwise they might be overburdened, because the +death rate fluctuates in different years. Or again, in case of a +depleted membership from any cause, the assessment company would need +funds in hand to supply any deficiency in the proceeds of an assessment +below the face of the maturing obligation. For either purpose a +comparatively small sum is required, while the level premium company +must pile up tens of millions of overpayments to cover the requirements +of the principle on which it conducts its business. It is susceptible of +mathematical demonstration that one or two millions of dollars of +reserve is adequate to perpetuate any well conducted assessment company +for all time, however large or small it may be, while the spectacle is +presented to us of level premium life companies holding fifty to one +hundred millions of accumulations belonging to their policy holders, +from which no possible benefit, in most cases, will ever accrue to them. +We therefore emphasize the proposition that a system of insurance that +relieves the insurer of one half the pecuniary burden he is compelled to +bear under the level premium system, is one that is worthy of fair +treatment on the part of a discriminating public, and that the people +cannot afford to have impeded in its usefulness by ignorance, prejudice, +or moneyed monopolies. We repeat the claim for assessment insurance that +it is _natural_ as against _artificial_ insurance. + +It is pure insurance as against insurance and banking combined. + +It is within the comprehension of ordinary minds. It is adapted to the +wants of the people, because they can easily avail themselves of it, and +as easily discontinue it without material or considerable loss. + +It is within the reach of a much greater proportion of the people on +account of its small comparative cost, and the ease with which payments +can be made in small amounts. More than sixteen hundred thousand of the +citizens of this country are now availing themselves of its advantages, +as against about six hundred thousand in level premium companies while +the former represent more than thirty-seven hundred millions of +insurance, as against about fifteen hundred millions represented by the +latter. + +The disbursements of assessment companies to families of deceased +members reach the munificent sum of more than twenty-two millions of +dollars annually. The national organization of Mutual Benefit Assessment +Associations of America is exerting a most healthful influence in +elevating the standard of those companies that comprise its membership. +It embraces organizations from all of the principal States of the Union, +and its influence is strongly on the side of scientific and conservative +methods and practices. + +To be eligible to membership, a company must have its rates of +assessment graded according to one, or the combined standard mortality +tables, take proper precautions in selection of risks, protect new +members at any time in its history against an excessive number of +assessments, either by increasing the rate of assessment with advancing +years or by accumulating a fund in lieu of advancing rates, will make a +full exhibit of its policy data annually to the Convention. This +standard upon its publication, compelled favorable recognition upon the +part of level premium journals. + +Thus assessment insurance has gradually placed itself upon a higher and +more scientific basis, until it has commended itself to the most +intelligent and thoughtful, and in its wonderful growth outstripped its +older and less popular rival, until its obligations to the families of +the insured exceed those of level premium insurance to the amount of +about two thousand millions of dollars. + +A Bureau of Insurance has been established under the auspices of the +National Organization whose object is to gather and compile statistics +relating to all phases of assessment insurance, such as the experience +of companies with agents and medical examiners, the comparative cost of +carrying various classes of risks and in short, everything in the +practical working of the business by the companies comprising its +membership, that may furnish data for a more scientific basis, and more +satisfactory results in the future. + +Many assessment insurance companies are not what they ought to be, but +there are those worthy of confidence and patronage, whose managers are +making the business a careful study, and bringing to its administration, +honesty of purpose and large executive ability. + +If the insuring public will learn to discriminate and place their risks +in the best assessment companies, remembering that insurance in any good +company must cost a reasonable amount, they need have no apprehension as +to the result. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE HERO OF LAKE ERIE. + +ORATION DELIVERED AT THE UNVEILING OF HIS STATUE AT NEWPORT, R.I., +SEPT. 10, 1885. + + +By Hon. William P. Sheffield. + + +The battle of Lake Erie was fought seventy-two years ago to-day; and we +have convened to dedicate to the public and to posterity a statue in +memory of the Commander of the American fleet on that occasion, + +Oliver Hazard Perry needs no monument of bronze or marble to commemorate +his name, or to illustrate his glory. History has taken these into its +keeping and will preserve them for posterity, while genius in battle and +heroic valor and unfaltering energy in the performance of high duty, +receive the homage of the American people. + +Wherever the patriotism of the citizen is the only reliance for the +defence of the nation, the people owe it to themselves to show their +appreciation of the conduct of those persons who have arisen among them +that have been public benefactors, and have conferred distinction upon +their localities. They owe it to those who may come after them, that +they so manifest their gratitude that it will inspire succeeding +generations with a due sense of patriotism, and be an incentive to them +to rise above narrow and sinister purposes to the plane of exalted +virtues, and be stimulated to the performance of great actions. + +Citizens of South Kingstown, the town in which he was born,--of +Newport, where he was reared, had his home in mature life, and is +buried;--together with the State and people at large, who have +participated in his glory, have been impelled by this common sense of +obligation to undertake the erection of a memorial statue of Commodore +Perry, a task, the execution of which was committed to a native artist, +and here is the artist's finished work. + +The statue is designed to represent Perry, not as he was superintending +the cutting down of the forest for the construction of his ships; not as +he was meditating the plan of the battle of Lake Erie or the order of +its execution; not as he appeared the evening previous to the action +advising his subordinate commanders in the words of Nelson, "No captain +can do wrong if he places his ship alongside of that of an enemy;" nor +as he was opening the battle flag which bore upon its folds the dying +words of a gallant captain; not as he was leaving his wrecked ship with +the deck strewed with his dead and dying comrades, when by the received +cannons of naval warfare the Lawrence and the battle were lost; but as +he appeared in that supreme moment of his life, when he had just gained +the deck of the Niagara, before he had recovered his knocked-off cap, +and while in distinct succession he was giving orders to "Back the +main-top-sail," "Brail-up the main-try-sail," "Helm up" "Square the +yards," "Bear down on the enemy's line," "Set the top-gallant-sail," +"Hoist the signal for close action," orders which infused new enthusiasm +into all the American crews; and as pendant answered pendant, from +mast-head to mast-head indicating the reception of the order to break +the enemy's lines, hearty cheers went up from the entire American force +with a fervor that presaged the result of the impending death struggle. + +In contemplating this statue, we should consider the circumstances in +which Perry was placed, and the events impending when the artist has +undertaken to represent him, as well as in the light of Perry's conduct +thereafter and the results therefrom, reflected back upon this critical +juncture in his career. For the battle of Lake Erie did not create, but +illustrated and brought out in bold outline, the real character of the +man. + +The crews of the American fleet were of a mixed character. Perry sent +from Newport one hundred and forty-nine men and three boys in three +detachments. Half of one of these detachments was detained by Commodore +Chauncey on Lake Ontario; but shortly before the battle Perry received +from that officer a considerable accession to his force. Upon his +arrival at Lake Erie, Perry found a few men in the service of the +Government on the Lake, and the remainder of his men were made up of new +recruits, with a contingent taken from the North Western army of men, +naturally brave but without experience on ship-board. Perry had arrayed +against him skillful officers who had been taught the art of war, and +the methods of victory under Nelson. Brave and highly disciplined seamen +in whose vocabulary defeat had had no place, with recruits like Perry's +taken from the army, and an auxiliary force of Indian sharp-shooters. + +The character of a naval engagement is not to be determined alone by the +number of men, the tonnage of the ships, or the weight of the metal +involved in the conflict. These are elements to be considered, and in +the battle of Lake Erie all of these elements were against the American +fleet, but the surrounding and attending circumstances, the conduct of +the battle, and the results depending upon its issue are the +considerations which go to make the place in the minds of succeeding +generations which the event is to occupy. History has not had committed +to it for preservation the story of the organization of a fleet, and the +conduct of a battle the result of which was more dependent upon the +genius, knowledge, energy, and courage of a single individual, than was +the battle of Lake Erie. + +Other commanders have fought in ships completely equipped for service by +other hands, but Perry had to construct, equip, arm and man his ships, +and in person to take two of them in succession into action; and it may +be well questioned whether he is not entitled to as much credit for his +intelligent comprehension of the wants of the occasion, his energy, and +perseverance in collecting the materials to supply those wants, and in +making up his fleet, as for his genius and courage in action. + +Perry, in the beginning, was unfortunate in having succeeded an officer +who, in the engagement was his subordinate in command, and in +anticipating a ranking officer in bringing on the conflict; but the +surrounding circumstances and the positive orders of the Secretary of +the Navy made his meeting the enemy a necessity. + +The outcome of the attempts which had been made by the Government for +the defence of this section of the country had not been such as to +inspire sanguine hopes of the result of this action. + +The Adams, the only vessel the United States had upon the Lake before +the construction of Perry's ships, had been captured. General Hull had +ignobly surrendered his force to the enemy at the head of the Lake, +General Winchester's army had been lost to the Government, and General +Van Rensselaer had been defeated at Niagara. + +Perry was to act in conjunction with the northwestern army, under +General Harrison, then awaiting the result of the battle to be +transported across the Lake, in the event of a victory, to operate +against the enemy in his own territory. + +Perry's earnest appeal to Chauncey for men, backed by the promise that +if he got them he would acquire honor and glory both for Chauncey and +himself, or he would perish in the attempt, should be considered in +connection with his appeal to the same officer to bring the men, and +take command of the fleet. Together they show that the first appeal was +not the result of an ambitious desire for vain glory; no mere impulse of +emotion or passion; but the outcome of a high resolve wrought in the +laboratory of a noble soul, born of that deliberate purpose which +permeated his subsequent conduct in the action and which is recorded in +the bronze before us. + +The men from the army were animated for a desperate exertion; with +them the slaughter at the river Raisin was to be redressed, and its +repetition in the northwest was to be made impossible. In this +disposition for redress the seamen heartily sympathized, for the war was +a contest for Sailors' Rights. The American Flag then trailed in the +dust, but it was to be restored to its appropriate place in the esteem +of the men in that section of the country. With a crew animated by these +motives, Perry went into action with the Lawrence and fought the enemy +almost single-handed until all the guns of his ship were dismounted, and +all but eight of her gallant crew that he left on board, were either +killed or wounded, when with a boat's crew he left the Lawrence, boarded +and took command of the Niagara, and it is at this moment in the +conflict the artist has undertaken to represent him. + +Barclay said in his report to the British Admiralty, that when Perry +boarded the Niagara, that vessel was fresh in action. Up to that time +she had been beyond the effective reach of the enemy's guns, but under +her new commander there was no halting in her course as she bore down to +break and pass through the enemy's ranks. Every brace and bowline were +taut, and every man on board, apprised of what was expected of him, was +soon at his post of duty; each, as he took his position, cast a hasty +glance at Perry's battle flag then flying from the masthead of the +Niagara, and as he took in the dying words of the noble Lawrence, formed +a solemn resolve to obey their mandate and made that resolve a +sacrament. + +As she went into action, the Niagara belched forth a broadside at the +Detroit and the Queen Charlotte, then a broadside at the Chippawa, the +Lady Provost and the Hunter. These broadsides were repeated in rapid +succession with terrific effect. The other American vessels, now in +action, whose crews were inspired by the daring of their fleet +commander, imitated his example and the combined result was such as +Britons could not endure. The eagles of victory soon perched in triumph +on the mastheads of the American fleet, and Perry had won the battle +which James Madison, then President, said "had never been surpassed in +lustre, however much it may have been surpassed in magnitude." + +After the action, Perry returned to the Lawrence, changed the dress of a +common sailor for an undress uniform, that he might appropriately +receive the surrender of the enemy on board the vessel that had been in +the hardest of the fight and had suffered most from it; and that the +remnant of her gallant crew might witness the submission of the foe +which had caused their sufferings. + +That relief from apprehension for the safety of the fleet might be given +to General Harrison and the settlers on the widely extended domain about +the Lake, Perry penned and dispatched to that general a hasty note, in +words familiar, and destined to be immortal, telling him "We have met +the enemy and they are ours," and another like hasty note, to the +Secretary of the Navy, informing that officer that, "It has pleased the +Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over +their enemies on this lake. The British squadron consisting of two +ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment +surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict." There +is nothing of the valor of the pen or of the exaggeration of self from +the ink horn in this concise and expressive note. + +The enemy's surrender was gracefully received. Perry soon visited the +wounded Barclay, and tendered him every service that it was in his power +to render, and every possible attention was given to the wounded of both +fleets. Then came the roll-call to see who had answered the final +summons to duty on the field of honor, who had received marks of courage +in the fight, and who had gone through the dreadful ordeal of battle +unscathed. It was then that the tears of sorrow mingled with the +exultations of victory which soon were to be shouted along the line of +every highway and by-way, from hamlet to village, from village to town, +and from town to city, throughout the land. + +Perry wrote to Governor Brooks of Massachusetts a letter condoling with +him on the fall of his gallant son in action; for while Perry's brow was +laurelled with the wreath of victory, he did not forget that there were +mourners weeping for brave hearts which in the fight had been forever +put to rest. + +The name of Perry was now made a household word from the great Northern +Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, from the Atlantic Coast to the impenetrated +wilderness of the West, often repeated at the baptismal font; and a +nation's gratitude was soon laid at his feet. As humane in victory as he +had been brave in action, his generous kindness won the admiration of +Barclay, and his dying comrades showered upon him their blessings and +remembered him in their final prayers. + +Prayers of gratitude to that Almighty Power which had given victory to +the American arms went up from every fireside throughout the Northwest; +and mothers pressed their children more closely to their breasts as they +thought themselves to be henceforth secure from the scalping-knife of +Indian barbarity, and that the savage war-whoop would no more break the +sleep of the cradle. + +At night-fall many of the dead with all due solemnity were tenderly +committed to the deep. The wounded had all been visited and their wants +attended to; the worn and weary now sought repose, and a solemn +oppressive silence soon pervaded the fleet, save here and there a sound +of distress from the wounded. The Captain now retired for reflection, +for his mind and heart were too full for rest. He then thought of his +young devoted wife whose prayers he believed had been his shield in +battle; that his work was yet incomplete while the British had an army +on the borders of the Lake, or in Upper Canada,--how he could best aid +General Harrison's army; and then resolved on the work of the morrow; +when, soothed by reflection, his tired nature gave out, and he, too, +sank into a fitful slumber. + +The mind of Barclay, relieved of present responsibility, evolved other +less pressing but more pensive thoughts. He thought not of himself or +his bleeding wound, for he had bled before for his country, when he +earned his stars and made his fame secure at Trafalgar; but as the sun +went down that night he thought that no more in the evening twilight +would the mariners of England standing under the cross of St. George, on +that great inland water, sing their national song, "Brittania rules the +waves;" no more the echoes of that stirring air rolling over the silver +surface of the Lake to its islands and shores would arouse the sturdy +dwellers there to join in glad unison in those lofty strains which +everywhere, the world over, melt into one every true and loyal British +heart. He then was moved by the sadder thought, that on that night the +sun of British power which had hitherto dominated the great Northern +Lakes of America had gone down forever. + +Perry's available vessels were now taken to transport General Harrison's +army across the Lake, and up the Detroit river. The Lawrence, as soon as +she was put into condition took on board the wounded of both fleets, and +under the command of the gallant but wounded Yarnell carried them to +Erie. The other vessels were repaired and fitted for other duties, or +were to return to Erie. + +Perry accompanied General Harrison as a volunteer aid, and participated +and bore an honorable part in the battle of the Thames, as he had done +in the battle of Fort George, under Chauncey, before the engagement on +the Lake. + +Upon his return to Detroit, he found a letter from the Secretary of Navy +thanking and congratulating him for the eminent services he had rendered +his country; and, as he had performed the duty committed to him, +granting him leave to visit his family at Newport. + +But Perry was first to return to Erie, which he had left the 12th of +August. The news of the result of the battle had long preceded his +arrival and the people had there been watching and waiting his coming. +On the 23d of October, the Aerial, the last vessel of the fleet to leave +the head of the lake, came within sight of Erie. She had on board +General Harrison, who had then lately defeated General Procter at the +Thames, the wounded Barclay, and Commodore Perry. The people from the +surrounding country crowded into Erie to welcome the arrival of the +victors. Barclay was taken to Perry's quarters and there properly cared +for by Harrison and Perry. + +The Lawrence was anchored in Misery Bay, in the harbor of Erie, maimed +and battered and scarcely able to float, yet having on board her +precious freight brought across the lake; Perry now visited this ship, +and as he reached her blood-stained deck and beheld his surviving +comrades and thought of those who had been in the fight, that were not +then on board, he reverently raised his hands in fervent supplication to +Him who giveth the victory not always to the strong, to heal the wounds, +and bless, and raise up, the sufferers around him; and to sustain and +help the widows and orphans the battle had made; and in thanksgiving for +the preservation of those who had survived the conflict unhurt. He then +returned to the shore to meet the vast concourse of people awaiting his +arrival. The dead and the disabled men, the dismounted guns and the +broken and tattered ships, told the story of the battle and the price +of the victory with more eloquence than the most brilliant imagination +could compass. These visible evidences of the strife for the mastery +indicated the valor and the woe, incident to the ordeal which had been +passed, with an energy and pathos which overpowered the most obdurate +will; and the multitude greeted Harrison and Perry with tears and +smiles,--rain in sunshine with a heartiness that language is too poor +and barren to describe. The living had earned their title to everlasting +gratitude, and the dead had fallen as the brave desire to fall, at the +post of duty and on the field of victory. + +Perry now procured the parole and release of Barclay, and after +arranging for his absence started eastward on his journey home; but his +progress was everywhere obstructed by evidences of the gratitude of +his countymen for his great action. On Monday, the 15th of November, +attended by the faithful crew that rowed him to the Niagara, he arrived +in Newport, by way of the south-ferry. Here, he was received upon his +arrival in a manner alike worthy of his neighbors and friends and of +himself. + +August 23d, 1819, at the age of thirty-four, he died of yellow fever, +at Port Spain in the Island of Trinidad. His remains were brought to +Newport in a government ship, and were interred December 4th. 1826. They +were conducted to their final resting place by a funeral cortege such as +up to that time had never been equalled and since that time has here +never been surpassed. + +This is but a glance at the man, and the event to which we are here +to-day to rear this tribute of our gratitude. There are other names and +other figures that come up to view in the memory and gather around the +name of Perry, of men who were efficient auxiliaries in the conflict, +shared the dangers, and participated in the glory of the battle of Lake +Erie, and who are inseparably connected with that event. + +Turner, Taylor, Champlin, Almy, Breese, Brownell, and the acting fleet +surgeon Parsons were from Rhode Island; Forest, Brook, Stevens, +Hambleton, Yarnell and others not less distinguished, were from other +states; and the gallant commander of the northwest-army, and his +comrades in arms, whom Perry accompanied to the field on the 5th of +October, in the battle of the Thames, where Perry's victory was made +complete by driving the organized forces of the enemy from upper Canada, +are deserving of our remembrance to-day. + +[Illustration: THE NEW STATUE OF COMMODORE PERRY.] + +To your Excellency the Governor, representing the people of Rhode +Island; To your Honor, the Mayor, representing the people of Newport:-- + +The Committee charged with the duty of providing and erecting this +statue of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, has performed the work +committed to it, and through you dedicate it to the people of the State, +and of this city you represent, as the result of its labors. It is not +for the committee to comment upon the statue which has been formed and +erected under its direction, but with great satisfaction the artist's +finished work is submitted to the candid criticism of all who are +capable of forming an intelligent judgment upon its merits. Take the +statue for those whom you represent, let it be kept as a cherished +treasure by the people of the State at large, and especially by the +people of the city of Newport. Let no vandal hand deface the monumental +bronze. Let it stand defying the wastes of time and the power of the +elements, keeping pace with history in its march through coming ages in +recalling to each succeeding generation the man and the event which this +statue is designed to commemorate, ever inspiring ihe young to +patriotism, and solacing the aged with the reflection that a grateful +people properly appreciate and appropriately reward their benefactors. +Let the ideal Perry shadow the passer by and from its high pedestal +apparently cast a glance at each beholder, which shall penetrate and +permeate his mind and heart, and possess him completely with the noble +and generous purpose, and lofty soul which animated Perry on the +occasion which the artist has undertaken to represent him. + + * * * * * + + + + +A MODEL INDUSTRIAL CITY. + + +By Fanny M. Johnson. + + +[Illustration: CONN. RIVER RAILROAD STATION.] + + +On a sweeping curve of the Connecticut river, about twelve miles north +of the Massachusetts and Connecticut boundary line, is the modern +manufacturing city of Holyoke, with a present population of 30,000. It +is the most extensive paper making city in the world, and the +manufacture of paper is but one of many enterprises. The ceaseless +water-power of the great river turns the wheels of numerous industries +which, within the third of a century, have been located here and have +transformed a sparsely settled rural parish into a busy and populous +city. + +Holyoke is a New England growth. It does not resemble the smoky cities +of the iron regions, nor the languid towns of the South. The swift, +powerful current of water does its work without confusion, smoke or +waste. Pure breezes sweep along the valley through the mountain rifts, +and the mountains serve as barriers to ward off heavy gales and +destructive tempests. The slope of the land toward the river gives +opportunity for healthful drainage and the vicinity of mountain springs +and reservoirs supplies a great requisite for a thickly settled city. + +[Illustration: THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH.] + +The impression which Holyoke makes upon its visitors is of modern thrift +and growth. Travellers by railway who enter the city from the north, +look with interest at the great dam, crossing the river from the Holyoke +to the South Hadley Falls shore. Rounding the curve, the large brick +buildings, spires and chimneys of the city come suddenly into view, the +tall tower of the granite city hall rising high above the rest. The +buildings are modern in structure and architecture. Little is found here +that bears the moss and rime of age. + +Less than forty years ago, when the railroad was still a novelty in the +Connecticut Valley, a party of capitalists came to view the water-power +along the rocky bed of the Connecticut River at the point called the +Great Rapids, or Falls of South Hadley, which extended over a mile and +a half and had a total fall of 60 feet. The volume of water was gauged +and found to aggregate a power equal to 30,000 horse-power. This was in +1847. The next Legislature was petitioned by Thomas H. Perkins, Geo. +W. Lyman, Edmund Dwight and others for an act of incorporation as the +Hadley Falls Company, "for the purpose of constructing and maintaining +a dam across the Connecticut River, and one or more locks and canals +in connection with said dam; and of creating a water power to be used +by the said corporation for manufacturing articles from cotton, wood, +iron, wool and other materials, and to be sold to other persons and +corporations, to be used for manufacturing or mechanical purposes and +also for the purposes of navigation." The capital stock was fixed +at $4,000.000. The Hadley Falls Company purchased the property and +franchise of the South Hadley Falls Locks and Canal Company, and +extinguished the fishing rights existing above the location of the dam. + +In the year 1847, this territory embraced by the river-curve had +fourteen houses, a grist-mill and one little shop. There was also a +small cotton-mill. From the river, the land rises to the westward, +and a mile or more back, on the highway leading from Northampton to +Springfield, were two hamlets of farmhouses. Many of these are still +standing and are all that this very modern city can show as memorials +of a past generation. From the year 1786 the section had been known as +"Ireland or Third Parish of West Springfield." It had its two little +white meeting-houses, Baptist and Congregational, a modest academy of +learning, a country tavern, and its full quota of New England customs, +traditions and ideas. Nine daily stages passed over this highway. +Families moving from one river-town to another usually transported their +goods by the flat-boats on the river. + +Many of the homesteads had been in the same family name for generations. +Ely, Chapin, Day, Hall, Rand, Humeston and Street were some of the names +of early settlers handed down with the family acres from father to son, +and their graves crowd the rural cemetery beyond the Baptist Village in +the southern outskirts of Holyoke. The name of Chapin abounded most on +the East side of the river along the fair meadows of "Chicopee Street." +In the first church built there all but eleven of the forty-three +original members bore the name of Chapin. + +On the A Vest side of the river the Elys were most numerous. The oldest +house now standing in Holyoke was an Ely homestead. The farm was held in +the family for generations and was the home of Enocn Ely, a +revolutionary soldier. He fought in the war of the Colonies against +Great Britain, and afterwards took a part in the short-lived Shay's +Rebellion to resist the taxes imposed after the war. Party spirit was +hot and high, and in the rout of the insurgents Ely took to the woods +and remained in hiding while the commander of the pursuing party, +gratified his feelings by firing bullets into the front doors of Ely's +house. These old double-doors with the bullet marks showing in them were +replaced by new ones some years ago, but the original doors still exist +in a small dwelling-house on the Plains. + +[Illustration: THE DAM AS IT APPEARED IN 1843.] + +The last of the Elys to occupy this stout-built old house were four +spinster and bachelor brothers and sisters. After their death the +homestead went to a relative and eventually was bought by its present +occupant, Mr. Horace Brown. Long before this change took place, Whig, +Federal and Tory had gone to their last rest, and they sleep peacefully +together in the old burial-ground overlooking the river; their +differences ended, their feuds forgotten. + +When the Hadley Falls Company began to plan the New City, as for a few +years it was called, negotiations were opened with the farmers living +along the river-bend and occupying the lands which the new company +wished to own. Mr. Geo. C. Ewing was the company's agent, and one after +another the land-owners were persuaded to sell their acres. Samuel Ely +was an exception. He held fast to his land property, but some twenty +years later, when the sandy acres had become a valuable possession, +Samuel Ely sold his farm-lands to Messrs. Bowers and Mosher who surveyed +and sold it as building lots and it is now known as Depot Hill. Mr. Ely +retained through life the old farmhouse where he was born and reared and +where he died in 1879. + +[Illustration: THE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT.] + +In the Summer of 1848, a dam was constructed across the Connecticut +river by the Hadley Falls Company. It was finished on the morning of +Nov. 16, 1848. A great crowd of ten thousand people collected on the +river-bank to witness the filling of the pond and closing of the gates. +At ten o'clock the gates were let down and the pond began to fill. The +massive foundation stones of the bulk-head at the west end began to move +under the great pressure. The water had risen to within two feet of the +top of the dam when the break began at about one hundred feet from the +east end and the structure tipped over and gave way. A massive wall of +water and moving timbers rose high in air, (a sight terrific to remember +by those who saw it), and with a mighty roar and sweep the great +structure went down the stream in ruins. + +Great as this disaster was to the Company, there was no yielding to +discouragement. The work of reconstruction was begun at once and a +second dam of improved pattern was built upon the site and so strongly +constructed that it remains a part of the present dam. Eighteen years +later it was improved and strengthened by building a front extension, in +such a manner that the dam now has a sloping front, giving it the form +of a roof, both the old and the new structure being made absolutely +solid. The original cost of the structure in 1849 was $150,000. The cost +of the extension finished in 1870, was $350,000. By that time the town +of Holyoke and its water-power were rapidly realizing the anticipations +of its projectors. + +The water of the river is distributed through a series of three canals +aggregating three and a half miles in length, the power being repeatedly +utilized, as after leaving the first level canal, the water flows from +the wheels into the canal of the second level, from the second level +into the third level, and thence to the river, which completes its +perfect curve to the south of the city. + +[Illustration: THE HOLYOKE DAM.] + +Among the first colonists of the New City were an army of laborers who +came to dig and wall the canals. These settled in shanties and cabins +near the river-bank. When the great factories were built, a corps of +operatives came to work in the mills. As in Lowell, Manchester and other +manufacturing towns, many of the factory-girls came from New England +homes, and were distinguished for their independence and thrift. A +little later, ship-loads of expert weavers were brought from England and +Scotland to work in the cotton-mills. A ship called the "North America" +brought a load of 130 young Scotch people who shipped from Broomielaw +Quay, in April, 1854. They were induced to come by the superior +inducements offered here, and some of the best weavers ever employed in +the mills came from Scotland. Later there was a large immigration from +the Canadas, and from Ireland. + +The entire population by the census of 1850 was 3,715. March 14th of +that year the town was incorporated, bearing the name of Holyoke, +Governor Briggs approving the bill. + +The name selected was historical, from Mt. Holyoke, christened some two +hundred years before, but its origin was from Elizur Holyoke, one of the +early residents of this section. + +The town of Holyoke was formerly a portion of Springfield of which +Elizur Holyoke was among the early settlers, coming from England when a +youth; and his name is identified with its early records. In 1640 he +married Mary Pynchon. the tradition of whose grace and loveliness comes +down with the musty records of the past, and lingers like a bright, +sweet touch of romance among the historical pages of the grim colonial +days. + +[Illustration: SECTION OF THE DAM.] + +A notable man of his time was Elizur Holyoke, and he was of a committee +chosen to explore and ascertain the precise extent of Springfield, which +then extended to Northampton and Hadley. A pretty legend of the valley +is Dr. J.C. Holland's story, told in most musical verse of the Mountain +Christening. + + + "On a beautiful morning in June, they say, + Two hundred and twenty years ago." + + +Captain Holyoke and Captain Thomas with a little company of stanch +followers started out on a survey of the country. + + + "Holyoke, the gentle and daring, stood + On the Eastern bank, with his trusty four, + And Rowland Thomas, the gallant and good, + Headed the band on the other shore. + + The women ran weeping to bid them good-bye, + And sweet Mary Pynchon was there (I guess) + With a sigh in her throat, and a tear in her eye + As Holyoke marched into the wilderness." + + +The melodious rhyme goes on to describe the journey up the valley and +the night camp, where: + + + "The great falls roared in their ears all night, + And the sturgeon splashed, and the wild-cat screamed, + And they did not wake till the morning light + Red through the willowy branches streamed." + + +The story of the naming of Mt. Holyoke is told as follows: + + + "The morning dawned on the double group, + Facing each other on opposite shores, + Where years ago with a mighty swoop + The waters parted the mountain doors." + + "Let us christen the mountains!" said Holyoke in glee, + "Let us christen the mountains!" said Thomas again, + "This mountain for you, and that mountain for me," + And their trusty fellows responded "Amen!" + + Then Holyoke buried his palm in the stream, + And tossed the pure spray toward the mountain brow + And said, while it shone in the sun's fierce beam, + "Fair mountain, thou art Mt. Holyoke now!" + + +How much of this rhythmic legend is true and how much imaginary is +uncertain; but it is quite probable that in the course of this survey +Holyoke's name was given to the mountain, of which Holyoke city is a +namesake. + +[Illustration: THE SECOND CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.] + +The town so originated and named grew gradually until the breaking out +of the civil war, but its most rapid growth has been since 1865. In 1857 +the water-power and property were purchased by a company which organized +as the Holyoke Water Power Company, and which has fostered and developed +the natural advantages of the place as a manufacturing centre to a +wonderful degree. + +[Illustration: THE CITY HALL.] + +In the first twenty years of its existence the town acquired a +population of about 11,000 and a valuation of nearly $10,000,000. In the +sixteen years that have succeeded, the population has almost trebled and +the valuation this year is nearly $16,000,000. + +There is not another city in the east that can show such swift and at +the same time substantial growth as Holyoke has enjoyed during the two +decades succeeding the war. In a few years it became the greatest +paper-making centre of the country. It has now twenty-four large +paper-making corporations, one having the largest paper-mill in the +world. A long established cotton mannfacturing company employs one +thousand and three hundred operatives. A company manufacturing worsted +goods employs one thousand persons, the two mammoth thread-mills have +some one thousand names on the pay-rolls. The Unquomonk silk works, +which were destroyed by the great Mill River flood of 1874 were +re-located in this city, where was found a safe, reliable water-power. +There are woolen factories, including a company for manufacturing +imitation seal-skin goods and a large blanket mill. The manufacture of +Blank books and Envelopes, Steam-pumps, Wire, Machinery, Cutlery, +Screws, Fire-hydrants and Steam-boilers, Cement works, Spindles and +Reeds, Fourdrinier wire and Rubber-goods are among the city's greatly +diversified industries. There are extensive brickyards and stone +quarries near at hand and the lumbering business is an important +industry. + +[Illustration: OPERA HOUSE.] + +The building growth of the city has kept pace with the manufacturing. +Where a few years ago were acres of woodland, swamps or brambly +pastures, are now well-graded streets lined with pleasant houses. Hills +have been leveled, ponds and ravines filled and made into valuable real +estate. From the highlands in the western part of the city, there are +river and mountain views of surpassing beauty. Gradually the building +centre is moving westward and many charming homes have been created on +the suburban streets. The old stage-road which led from Springfield to +Northampton is now a wide, well-graded highway with handsome villas +surrounded by spacious grounds. Here are the fine residences of +Treasurer R.B. Johnson of the Holyoke Savings Bank, G.W. Prentiss of the +wire-mills, Westover, the residence of E.J. Pomeroy, Lawnfield, the +house of R.M. Fairfield, "The Knolls" the fine residence of Mr. C.H. +Heywood, and on the higest point of all is Rus-in-Urbe, the lookout +point of Mr. Foster Wilson. Farther south on the same street are the +residencies of Mr. Timothy Merrick, Donald Mackintosh, Oscar Ely, John +Cleary and others. The residence streets of Ward six are pleasant with +shade trees, blooming gardens and lovely houses. From the most sightly +eminence of the ward, the house of William Skinner of the silk-mill +overlooks the city. A central and pleasant square encloses the home of +W.A. Chase, the agent of the Water Power Company, and houses with all +the appointments of elegance and luxury are owned by Messrs. Whiting, +Dillon, Farr, Metcalf, Mackintosh, W.A. Prentiss Clark, E.W. Chapin, +Ramage, Newton, Corser and many others. Fairmount Square is a new +section just opened for good residences. In the southerly part of the +city is the farm of Congressman Wm. Whiting with its herds of beautiful +Jerseys, and on the Springfield road is the model Brightside farm, the +pet life-project of W.H. Wilkinson, blanket manufacturer. This farm is +also the home of splendid specimens of the Jersey cow. A majority of +the principal streets of Holyoke bear the names that were given them +when the town was first mapped out by its prophetic founders, At first +Holyoke was chiefly a cotton manufacturing town and of the streets laid +out from east to west the names of prominent cotton manufacturing +companies of the state alternated with the names of Massachusetts +counties. There are Franklin, Hampshire, Essex, Suffolk, and Hampden +streets, alternated with Jackson, Sargeant, Cabot, Appleton, Dwight and +Lyman, named for noted cotton manufacturing firms. Main street is a long +thoroughfare extending north and south and terminating at the river. +Canal, Race, and Bridge streets were named from their location. Bowers, +Mosher and Ely from former landowners of Depot Hill. John street and +Oliver street perpetuate the name of John Oliver; High street was named +for its sightly location. West of, and parallel with, High, the streets +have the names of woods, Maple, Chestnut, Elm, Walnut, Pine, Beach, Oak, +Linden and Sycamore. Many of the streets in Ward seven were named for +persons first owning and or building upon them. Northampton street, is +the county highway from Springfield to Northampton. + +[Illustration: WINDSOR HOTEL.] + +The total area of Holyoke is about fourteen square miles. The first city +government was organized in January 1874, and the first Mayor of the +city was Hon. Wm. B.C. Pearsons, now judge of the Police court, who held +the office three years. The succeeding mayors have been Hon. William +Whiting, at present a Congressman from the 11th District, R.P. Crafts, +William Ruddy, F.P. Goodall, and James E. Delaney, the present +Executive. The city offices and the public library are located in the +city hall, a fine granite building which was completed in 1876 at a cost +of nearly $400.000. In the same year the city erected a monument on +Hampden Square in memory of the soldiers who died in the war of the +Rebellion. The handsome open house, where the best of theatrical and +musical talent appears during the entertainment season, was built by +Messrs Whiting & Brown and was completed in 1878. + +The city has four National Banks, and three Savings Banks. It has a +daily newspaper, the Transcript, which is the direct successor of the +first newspaper printed in Holyoke, in 1849. Under its present title the +Transcript has been published since the year 1863. + +The water supply for the city is derived from the Ashley and Wright +ponds, the water-works having been completed in 1873. Since then, other +mountain streams and reservoirs have been united with the water supply +of the ponds, to make it adequate for the growing city's needs. The +ponds from which the pipes are laid are located some four miles from the +City hall. + +Holyoke pays liberally to support its public schools. There are eight +brick school buildings with all the modern improvements and conveniences +for the graded schools, besides suburban school houses and a High school +with 160 pupils. The Catholic parishes in the city also support +flourishing parochial schools, St. Jerome parish having just completed a +huge brick building for a girl's school. + +The city has a wealth of new churches. The first little square white +church which the Baptists built in the beginning of the century was +removed in 1880 and a modern brick church now occupies the site. The +Second Baptist Church society in the central part of the city has just +completed a fine church edifice. The Second Congregational society, two +years ago, dedicated a splendid granite building which cost nearly +$100,000, the successor of the plain brick meeting-house which in 1853 +was erected at the corner of High and Dwight streets. The city has a +large Catholic population and three extensive Catholic parishes each +having a capacious church of fitting architecture. The Episcopal people +worship in a picturesque stone church on Maple street, and near it is +the cozy little Unitarian church. The Methodists built a church of brick +on Main street about the year 1870. The First Congregational society has +a wooden edifice on Northampton street--the oldest church building in +the city since the primitive First Baptist meeting-house was taken +down--and the church at South Holyoke where the German residents listen +to the services of their faith in the language of the fatherland. + +[Illustration: CHURCH OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD (FRENCH CATHOLIC)] + + * * * * * + + + + +THE LAST PORTRAIT OF DANIEL WEBSTER. + + +The many who cherish the memory of DANIEL WEBSTER with more than common +interest and veneration, are fortunate, in that the records of his life, +his habits and his appearance are so complete. The portraits of Webster, +now extant, represent the great statesman at numerous periods of his +life. + +[Illustration] + +In July, 1852, Mr. Webster was in Franklin, N.H., and there sat for his +picture to the local artist of the town, who finished an excellent +daguerrotype. The picture was given by Mr. Webster to the Hon. Stephen +M. Allen, who now has it in his possession at the rooms of the Webster +Historical Society, in the Old South Meeting House, and by whose +courtesy it is here reproduced. + +In October of the same year, three months after the picture was made, +Daniel Webster at his Marshfield home, breathed his last; leaving this +portrait the last ever taken of him from life. + + * * * * * + + + + +FORT SHIRLEY. + + +By Prof. A.L. Perry of Williams College. + + +The recent centennial celebration in the town of Heath, Franklin County, +Massachusetts, has freshened up an interest in the history of the old +fort that was built within its borders, at the opening of the Old French +War in 1744, by the State of Massachusetts. The present writer, however, +has made a study for many years of that and its kindred forts, has +repeatedly visited and critically examined its site, and has in his +possession the chief movable memorials of what was indeed a small, yet +in its historical connections a deeply interesting, military outpost. + +The first white men known or supposed to have ever penetrated the +original forests in the town of Heath were Richard Hazen and six others, +the surveyor and chain-men and their assistants, who ran the official +northern line of Massachusetts in the early spring of 1741. Besides the +surveyor himself, who was then a prominent citizen of Haverhill, on the +Merrimac, and his son of the same name, then nineteen years old, the +party consisted of Caleb Swan, Benjamin Smith, Zachariah Hildrith, +Ebenezer Shaw and William Richardson. Under an imperative order from the +Privy Council in England, Governor Belcher, who at that time +administered government over both Massachusetts and New Hampshire, +commissioned Hazen to run the ultimate line between the two, beginning +at a point three miles north of Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimac (now +Lowell), and extending on a due west course till it should meet His +Majesty's other Governments. This arbitrary decision of the Privy +Council in selecting the very southernmost point in the whole course of +the Merrimac, as the place meant in in the old Charter of Massachusetts +in the phrase "Merrimack River," instead of taking, as Massachusetts +claimed, the northernmost point of the river in Franklin, N.H., or as +New Hampshire had claimed, the point at the _mouth_ of the river, +robbed Massachusetts of a strip of territory fourteen miles wide the +whole length of the Colony, which New Hampshire had never before +claimed, but which her shrewd and unscrupulous Agent now extorted trom +the ignorance of English Councillors. + +Hazen began his survey March 21, 1741. The English instructions required +a course due west, and Governor Belcher and his Council ordered ten +degrees for the then variation of the needle, which was not quite +enough, so that the line actually ran slightly north of due west, and +saved to Massachusetts at the west end of the line (in Williamstown) +about 1 deg. and 50 min. After the party left the Connecticut river on +April 6, they slept on snow at a depth of two or three feet every night +till they crossed the Hoosac river in Williamstown on April 12. "It +clouded over before Night and rained sometime before day which caused us +to stretch Our blankets and lye under them on ye bare Ground, which was +the first bare ground we laid on after we left Northfield." It was on +April 9 that they measured the present north line of Heath. Let the +clear-eyed surveyor describe in his own words the general situation of +the future Fort Shirley. + + + "At the End of three miles we came to a large brook running + Southeasterly and at the End of this days measure to another large brook + running Southerly, by which we took Our lodging. Here we tract a Bear + and therefore named it Bear brook, both these brooks being branches of + Deerfield River. The land this day was some of the best of Land and for + three miles together. The last year Pigeons' nests were so thick that + 500 might have been told on the beech trees at One time, and they could + have been counted on the Hemlocks as well, I believe three thousand at + one turn Round. The snow was for ye most part three feet deep, the + weather was fair and wind Northwest." + + +Although Hazen named the last mountain on his line where he supposed the +eastern line of New York, would ultimately run "Mount Belcher," in honor +of the Governor who had commissioned him to lay it, the just +unpopularity of the line itself and Belcher's connection with it +immediately caused his recall from his government, and the appointment +of William Shirley in his stead. Belcher was Massachusetts born; while +Shirley, though British born, became one of the ablest and most +successful of all the colonial governors of Massachusetts. The building +of Fort Shirley in 1744 and the naming it after the new Governor, as +well as the building a little later of the two forts to the +westward,--Fort Pelham in Rowe and Fort Massachusetts in what is now +North Adams,--all within a couple of miles of the new boundary line, +showed a concern of the colony for its now greatly curtailed northern +limits, as well as a much greater concern for the defence of the +scattered settlements west of the Connecticut river from the French and +Indians, who had several well-trod war-paths to the English settlements +on the Connecticut and the Deerfield. + +But, after all, the route by the Hoosac River had been and continued the +main path from Canada to New England for the French and their savage +Indian allies. Whether they came down the Hudson to the mouth of the +Hoosac at Schaghticoke, or struck that river on the flank at Eagle +Bridge, there was a well-beaten trail--the old Mohawk trail--along the +north bank of that river all the way from Schaghticoke to what is now +North Adams; and, in continuation of that river trail, the "old Indian +path" over the Hoosac Mountain, directly over the line of the present +Hoosac Tunnel, led down to the upper reaches of the Deerfield river and +so down to the Connecticut at old Deerfield. It became, therefore, of +great moment to Massachusetts to defend the line of the Deerfield in the +French and Indian war of 1744-48. A few private houses were fortified in +what is now Bernardston, and two or three more further west in +Coleraine, particularly Fort Lucas and Fort Morrison, the owners being +assisted by grants of men and supplies from the General Court; and +during this war and more especially the next and last French war, the +Indians often lurked with hostile intent in the vicinity of these +extemporized forts, and not infrequently surprised and killed and +scalped men from the little garrisons, and carried women and children +into captivity to Canada. + +But the first regular fort built to protect the valley of the Deerfield +and incidentally also the line of the Connecticut, was placed by +Massachusetts in the present town of Heath. It was built wholly at the +public expense, and garrisoned by regularly enlisted or impressed +soldiers, and named Fort Shirley from the enterprising Governor of the +Province. John Stoddard of Northampton was then Colonel of the militia +of Hampshire, a designation at that time including all of Massachusetts +west of the Connecticut River; he was Shirley's right-hand man for this +end of the Province, and it was under his general direction that Forts +Shirley and Pelham and Massachusetts were erected. + +The letter is still extant in Stoddard's own hand, dated July 20, 1744, +in which Capt. William Williams is ordered by him "to erect as soon as +may be" a block-house sixty feet square "about five miles and a half +from Hugh Morrison's house in Colrain in or near the line run last week +under the direction of Col. Timo. Dwight by our order." In the same +letter, Williams is directed to employ soldiers in the construction of +the fort, carpenters to be allowed "nine shillings, others six shillings +a day old Tenor." Several other directions are given, and the main +outlines of the fort are prescribed; some bills are still extant giving +items of money paid out for many different parts of the work; six of the +original hewn timbers of the building are in good preservation today in +the barn of Orsamus Maxwell in Heath, each stick telling some tale of +the original mode of construction; so that, from all these sources of +information, a pretty accurate idea of the old fort can be made out +to-day, 141 years after it was built. + +For the outside, white pine logs were scored down, and then hewn to six +inches thick and fourteen inches high; and the scores worked 48 days +on these, receiving L14, 8s. for their work, and the hewers 24 days, +receiving L10, 16s. The walls of the fort were twelve feet high, thus +requiring nine courses of these timbers laid edgewise one above another, +each being doweled to the one below by red oak dowel-pins, two of which +were pulled out of their quiet resting places of 141 years' duration, in +a good state of preservation, by Mr. Maxwell and the writer, Sept. 5, +1885. Those ends of these timbers that came to the four corners of the +fort were dove-tailed into each other in the well known manner, so that +there were straight lines and strong locking at the corners; and it so +happens, that three of the six timbers preserved are corner timbers, and +show at one end the exact mode of locking. + +There were two mounts on two corners of the fort 12 feet square and 7 +feet high; and the houses and barracks within the fort were 11 feet wide +with shingled roofs; and the mount-timber, the insides of the houses, +and the floors, were all hewn, presumably of the same width and +thickness as the wall-timbers. Undoubtedly the whole parade in the +middle of the fort was also floored in the same way, as the site of the +fort was and is low and wet. + +The fort was built in this manner during the months of August, +September, and October, 1744; and on the 30th of the last mentioned +month, Capt. Williams commenced to billet himself and the soldiers under +his command at the fort. He remained there all the winter and spring; +about the 1st of March he enlisted 14 of his men for the Louisburg +Expedition, at Col. Stoddard's request, whom he took to Boston; but was +not himself allowed to embark, and returned to his fort; while later in +the season, under a strong call for reinforcements for Louisburg by +Gov. Shirley, Williams took 74 able bodied men to Boston, recruited by +himself in less than six days mostly in the Connecticut valley, and was +given a Lieutenant colonel's commission in the regiment destined for +Louisburg commanded by Col. John Choate. They sailed in June, 1745, but +the fortress had been taken before they arrived, and the regiment with +Williams as acting Colonel was detained there to do garrison duty. + +Fort Pelham in Rowe was built by Williams before he left for Louisburg, +that is, in the spring of 1745; and in the autumn of that year we find +Capt. Ephraim Williams, a kinsman of the other, afterwards founder of +Williams College, in command of Fort Shirley and of the line of forts. +It is fair to presume that he was appointed to the command on the +withdrawal of the other in June; but which of the two built Fort +Massachusetts along the same line, or whether either of them, can not +now be stated with absolute certainty. It is probable that Ephraim +Williams saw to its construction under the Committee of the General +Court, of which Stoddard was Chairman; and at any rate he was in command +of the whole "line of Forts, viz. Northfield, Falltown, Colrain, Fort +Shirley, Fort Pelham, Fort Massachusetts, and the soldiers posted at the +Collars, Shattucks Fort, Bridgman's, Deerfield, Rhode Town, and New +Hampton," as early as Dec. 10, 1745. Just a year from that time he sends +in his account for the entire year,--"In which time he has had three +hundred and fifty men under his particular charge and government." + +Because it was the first fort built by the Colony in that region, and +especially because Fort Massachusetts was captured and burnt by the +French and Indians in August, 1746, Shirley became very prominent in +that war, and was the headquarters of the successive commanders of the +line of forts. Massachusetts was rebuilt early in 1747, and thereafter +became the chief work; for both before and after the Peace of Aix la +Chapelle in 1748, it was perceived that the sites of Shirley and Pelham +had been ill-chosen, and that the route by the Hoosac was the one to be +kept open for hostile demonstration towards Crown Point, and the one to +be defended against hostile demonstration from all that quarter. Forts +Shirley and Pelham, accordingly, which were very differently +constructed, ceased to be of much military significance after the Peace, +though both were slightly garrisoned for several years after. In 1749 +and a part certainly of the next year, there were five men only in Fort +Shirley, namely, Lieutenant William Lyman, Gershom Hawks, John Powell, +Samuel Stebbins, and Peter Bove. From June, 1725 till the end of May, +1754, one man in each constituted the garrison of Shirley and Pelham. +Archibald Powell held watch and ward on the heights of Heath and George +Hall on the lofty meadow in Rowe. Each drew his pay from the treasury of +the colony; and each had a magnificent lookout from his solitary +sentry-box. Monadnock is in plain sight to the east, and Haystack to the +north from the site of Fort Shirley and the Hoosacs to the west and +Greylock overtopping them greeted the roving gaze of George Hall from +the picketed enclosure of Fort Pelham. + +There was but one chaplain to the line of forts, Rev. John Norton, +appointed from Falltown in 1745, who passed from one to the other as his +sense of duty to each garrison might prompt; and Mrs. Norton with one +or two children lived in Fort Shirley for more than a year while her +husband was in captivity in Canada. Scouting parties of the soldiers +were kept constantly passing from fort to fort when not employed in +garrison or other duty; their allowance on the march was for each +soldier per day one pound of bread, one pound of pork, and one gill of +rum; while in garrison each man was allowed per day one pound of bread, +and one-half pint of peas or beans, two pounds of pork for three days, +and one gallon of molasses for 42 days. It is certain, that one or more +cows were kept by the garrison of Fort Shirley, perhaps on account of +Mrs. Norton and her children, for there was a cleared field around the +fort, and an old cow-bell half eaten up by rust was found not long ago +near its site, which site, it must be remembered, was several miles from +any habitation of men at any time in the last century. + +After an existence of one hundred and forty-one years, the old well of +Fort Shirley, which was undoubtedly within the block-house and probably +in one corner of the enclosure away from the "parade," is able to tell +pretty thoroughly to this day the story of its own construction. Four +forest staddles about six inches in diameter, one for each comer of the +well, were set upright on the ground, and then ash planks rived from a +log about five feet long were pinned or spiked on the outside of these +staddles, beginning at the bottom; and this frame being placed on the +ground where the well was to be, the earth was thrown out over the +sides, and so the well was gradually sunk to the required depth, the +plank-siding being added gradually as the shaft was lowered. These rived +planks and the tops of the four corner-poles, that can now be seen and +fingered less than two feet below the surface of the ground, were not +very uniform in thickness, and of course have rotted off at the top by +time and exposure; but enough of both has been preserved till this time +by constant submergence in the water and in the unusually moist soil +above it to betray without any serious question the nature of the +materials used and the mode of their employment. One of the corner-posts +was a black birch and the bark on it is in a good state of preservation +at and below the surface of the water. + +The last incident to be mentioned at this time in connection with Fort +Shirley relates to the Rev. John Norton, his wife and daughter. Norton +was born in Berlin, Conn., in 1716; was graduated at Yale College in +1737; was ordained in Fall Town, since Bernardston, Mass., in 1741; he +was the first minister in that town, "but owing to the unsettled state +of the times," and to the fact that his people lay right in the angle +between the military line of the Connecticut and that of the Deerfield, +and had consequently as much as they could do, to maintain their +families exposed as they were, he labored there about four years, and +was appointed chaplain to the line of forts almost as soon as the men +were fairly in garrison. He was in Fort Massachusetts when it was +besieged and captured by an army of French and Indians in August, 1746; +went captive with the rest of the garrison to Quebec; returned, +exchanged, in just a year; and wrote an account of the siege, the +journey northwards, the captivity, and the return, a precious little +book, which he entitled after a memorable precedent "The Redeemed +Captive." His narrative begins as follows.--"Thursday, August 14, 1746, +I left Fort Shirley in company with Dr. Williams and about fourteen of +the soldiers; we went to Pelham Fort, and from thence to Captain Rice's, +where we lodged that night. Friday, the 15th, we went from thence to +Fort Massachusetts, where I designed to have tarried about a month. +Saturday, 16th, the Doctor with fourteen men, went off for Deerfield, +and left in the fort Sergeant John Hawks with twenty soldiers, about +half of them sick with bloody flux." + +We can not now follow the good chaplain in his deeply interesting +narrative. He makes no mention in it of his family, but it is certain +from other data that he left Mrs. Norton and his young children in +garrison at Fort Shirley, and that just about the time of his return +from captivity to Boston, which was August 16, 1747, his little girl, +Anna, died at the fort and was buried in the field a little to the west +of it. Probably some soldier in the fort chiselled upon the rude stone +the inscription as follows: + + + Hear lys ye body of An'na + D: of ye Rev: + Mr. John Norton. She died + Aug; ye ---- aged ---- 1747. + + +This stone stood there in the bleak field exposed to the suns of summer +and the storms of winter for more than one hundred and thirty years. The +day of August on which she died and the number of years she had lived +have become illegible by exposure,--impossible to be deciphered. The +stone has lately been removed to Williams College, and with its +companion relic, a stick of one of the timbers of Fort Shirley, and a +few other memorials of the well and fort, are safe in a fire-proof +building. + +The tradition is still lively in Heath, and it may well be an historical +fact for it has been handed down by an aged citizen there whose life +began with the century, that there used to come up from Connecticut on +an occasional pilgrimage to the site of Fort Shirley and particularly to +the grave of Anna Norton some of her relatives. This is very likely; for +John Norton became in 1748 a pastor in the parish of East Hampton, +Middlesex Co., Conn., where he died in 1778; and one may still read on +his tombstone there the following inscription: + + + IN MEMORY OF + THE REV. JOHN NORTON + PASTOR OF THE 3D CHURCH IN CHATHAM + WHO DIED WITH SMALL POX + MARCH 24th AD 1778 + IN THE 63D YEAR OF HIS AGE. + + +He left several children. Among them an unmarried daughter, who lived +till 1825. It is no mean touch and print of vital human sympathy that is +left upon the sod beneath the great tree in Shirley-field by the figure +of one who came and came again from a distant place to catch, it may be, +a note from the dreary Past and drop a tear upon the grave of a sister +whom she never saw. + + + To his Excellency William Shirley, Esq. Capt. Gen. and Gov'r in Chief + of this Province, the Hon'ble his Majesty's Council & House of + Representatives in Gen. Court assembled-- + + The Memorial of John Norton of Springfield in the County of Hampshire, + Clerk, humbly showeth That in the month of February, 1746, he entered + into the Service of the Province as a Chaplain for the Line of Forts on + the Western Frontier and continued in that service until the Twentieth + day of August following, when he was captivated at Fort Massachusetts + and carried to Canada by the enemy, where he was detained a prisoner for + the space of twelve months, during which time he constantly officiated + as a chaplain among his fellow-prisoners in the best manner he was able + under the great difficulties and suffering of his imprisonment, and your + Humble Petit'r begs leave further to inform your Excell'c. & Honors that + besides the great Difficulties and Hardships that your Petit'r indured + during his captivity abroad, he and his family by means thereof are + reduced to great Straight and Difficulties at home. He therefore prays + your Excell'c and Honors would take his distressed Circumstances into + your wiser Consideration and grant him such Help and Relief as your + Excell'c, and Honors in your Wisdom and Goodness shall deem meet, and + your memorialist as in duty bound shall ever pray. + + JOHN NORTON. + + Springfield, Jan. 25, 1748. + + [ENDORSED] + + In the House of Representatives, Feb, 23, 1748. Read and Ordered that + the sum of L37, 10s. be allowed the memorialist in consideration of this + officiating as Chaplain to the Prisoners whilst in captivity at Canada. + + In council read & concurred W. Hutchinson, Speaker + J. Willard + Sec'y + + Consented to + + W. SHIRLEY. + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MORMON CHURCH. + + +By Victoria Reed. + + +On the 24th of July, 1847, Brigham Young and a few followers pitched +their tents at the base of the Wasatch Range--a spur of the Rocky +Mountains. This was the nucleus of what is now known as the flourishing +city of Salt Lake. These pioneers came across the vast plains, over the +desolate mountains and entered the valley of the Great Salt Lake through +Emigration Canon. Their first view of the locality was from the mouth of +the canon which is at an elevation of seven hundred feet above the city, +and from this eminence the clearness of the atmosphere enabled them to +see mountain ranges ninety miles distant. + +The wide valley, the broad expanse of the lake with its mountainous +islands, miles in extent, and the encircling ranges, formed an +amphitheatre of unexampled grandeur and rugged beauty. The valley itself +at that time was a vast desert without tree or shrub, nothing but the +wild sage-brush and the white alkali soil could be seen, if we except +the scrub-oaks and lebanon cedars that covered the mountain sides and +the emerald colored waters of the lake. Utah was then Mexican Territory, +and this fact, as much perhaps as any other, determined Brigham Young to +settle there. When the exodus from Nauvoo took place, the Mormons were +roughly estimated at four thousand souls and probably about that number +made the first settlement in Utah; but they have increased now to over +two hundred and fifty thousand in the United States with societies in +England, Wales and Scandinavia, all flourishing and sending yearly to +Salt Lake as many as they can find means to transport. The history of +this people will probably never be fully written, but they endured +hardships, privations, sufferings, torture and death. Their settlement +of Utah was one of extreme peril and anxiety, and for years it was a +question whether they would survive or perish. Had they been actuated by +conscience, by pure religious zeal, by patriotism, by any of the nobler +sentiments, they would have made an enviable reputation in history and +gone down to posterity as a society commanding the respect and +veneration of the world; but when it is known that no community or state +even would tolerate them and that they sought this uninhabitable wild, +this unknown and then foreign territory, to escape the punishment of +their crimes, and to practise an abhorrent and barbarous tenet of their +faith, their glory departs and they look and will look in the light of +history abject and pitiable. Some conception of their great undertaking +in crossing the continent may be imagined when we reflect there were no +roads, no known way across the vast arid plains, no mountain cuts, no +bridged streams, no drinking water for miles upon miles with long +tedious marches resulting in sickness and death. + +To one acquainted with the country, knowing the obstacles they overcame, +it is a matter of wonder that women and children were ever able to +perform it. It must be remembered that their destination reached, their +trials had only fairly begun. They were surrounded by savages, they were +over a thousand miles from the habitation of a white man. They had +pitched their tents on an alkali plain that had never been tilled; not a +blade of grass grew in the soil and this in a climate where not a drop +of rain or even a cloud appeared for six months in the year. Irrigation +had never been tried, and the whole scheme was an experiment, the +failure of which would have been fatal to the settlement. The first +winter was spent in their wagons and in tents, while their subsistence +was upon a scanty supply of vegetables. It is no more than common +justice to accord to this people a great undertaking in founding the +settlements of the territory, and a great triumph in their complete +success; but above and beyond this, very little can be said in their +favor. + +The legal title of the Mormon church is the Church of Jesus Christ of +Latter Day Saints, and in the church parlance, Salt Lake city is a state +of Zion and the real Zion is at Jackson, Missouri, to which place the +Mormons claim they are some day to return. The Mormon church is a very +complicated institution, but as perfect in its organization and +operations as the Catholic church. Church and State are inseparable and +the main complications are in the priesthood which extends to nearly +every male member of the church who has a family, thus making them all +more or less responsible for the proceedings of their leaders. This +priesthood is composed of a president, in whom is combined prophet, seer +or revelator of the church. There have been only three men to fill that +office, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and John Taylor who now occupies +the position. This chief with two councillors form the first presidency. +Next in order come the twelve apostles who hold equal authority in +church matters with the president, though the presidency is the last +resort in case of appeal. Next comes the order of the seventies, which +consists of seven presidents, each having control or presiding over +seventy priests or lower presidents, each of whom in turn, presides over +a quorum of seventy. Out of this order of seventies come the patriarchs +who dispense the blessings of the church, the high council which is an +ecclesiastical court, all these orders making up a priesthood after the +order of Melchisedec. Then follows the Aaronic priesthood which is +composed of a senior bishop with two councillors acting as president of +the state of Zion, and an indefinite number of bishops of lower rank +with elders, teachers and deacons. The Mormons claim that this is the +only apostolic church, the only church having the sign of miracles, the +laying on of hands, the giving of tongues, the baptism for the dead, the +consecration of marriage, the only church through whom and with whom God +is talking as of old. Many of the ordinances of the church are performed +in secret and are still more complicated. Although some of these rites +and ceremonies have been revealed by apostates, yet there are others of +such a character that even the bitterest seceder from the church would +not dare unfold them. With this complex system conceived after the +manner of the Jewish priesthood, and with the various revelations that +have been added from time to time, the church of Jesus Christ of Latter +Day Saints stands to-day as a very curious monument to the ingenuity of +men, the most prominent of whom were descended from Puritan fathers. + +The ordinance that has given so much unpleasant notoriety to this church +is that of polygamy, or plural marriage as the Mormons designate it. +There are three kinds of marriage; the marriage for this world as in +other churches, "till death do us part;" the marriage for this world and +for eternity combined; and the marriage for eternity alone, independent +and separate from this world's relationship. + +The Mormon woman has no place in the future state excepting as she +enters under the protection of her husband, so this last marriage or +sealing for eternity was instituted to enable all unmarried women, or +those who were only married for this world, to gain a foothold in the +life to come. The motto of the Mormon church is, the greater the family, +the greater the reward. Brigham Young with his nineteen families +excelled in this respect, and he will be awarded the highest seat in +Heaven. His sealed wives are said to number two hundred and fifty. + +Joseph Smith has also been very popular and has had scores sealed to +him. + +To uphold this peculiarly constituted church, various crimes have been +committed, varying in hue, but the Mountain Meadow Massacre, when one +hundred and nineteen men, women and children were butchered in cold +blood under a flag of truce, surpasses in atrocity any act of the savage +tribes by whom they are surrounded, and has stained indelibly the Mormon +church. Before the advent of the Union Pacific Railroad, to breath a +word against the church organization or any of its acts or resist one of +their tenets or accumulate more wealth than was acceptable to the +leaders, has always brought down instant and the severest punishment, +and the perpetrators could never be brought to justice as they were +emissaries of Brigham Young and his councillors. + +It is polygamy, however, more than all their other deeds and revelations +that has entailed misery, suffering and degradation. It has been the +parent of more crime, more disloyalty, more deceit and sin generally +than all the other causes combined. It is claimed that the revelation of +polygamy came to the prophet Joseph Smith in 1843 at Nauvoo, and it was +secretly practised by him and by other members of his church; but it was +not published to the world until 1852, when Brigham Young made it known +in Utah, thinking no doubt that he was beyond the pale of civilization +and the terrors of the law. It was not made obligatory, but those who +practised it were to have greater exaltation in the next world. A woman +conforming in other respects is entitled to a seat in Heaven, but it is +reserved for the polygamist to be one with the Father. Of course there +is no room for Gentiles in the Mormon Heaven, excepting as hewers of +wood and drawers of water to some Mormon saint. + +The fanatical followers of the priesthood are filled with the +superstitions of the old world, coming, as so many do from the lowest +classes of Great Britain and Scandinavia, fit subjects for all the +mummery imposed upon them in the name of religion. Brigham Young is +often quoted as saying, that he had gathered around him a set of people +that his satanic majesty himself would not have. Even after polygamy had +been openly proclaimed in Utah, their missionaries utterly repudiated +it, and in pursuance of private orders of the prophet they positively +asserted that it was not a tenet of the church. They were afraid of +bringing upon themselves the condemnation of foreign governments; but +the ignorant offshoots of European Monarchies openly commit acts here, +that they boast if perpetrated in their own land, would bring down upon +them the severest penalties of the law. The perfect indifference and +apathy of our government for so many years, however, has given the +Mormons sufficient justification for their attitude. Abroad, not only +their own security, but the large emigration which they sought and do +secure yearly, rendered necessary a great deal of deceit. Men honest and +fair-dealing in other respects have a twisted conscience in regard to +plural marriage. As a Mormon woman said, "A polygamist is the most +ingenious liar imaginable." In the earlier days on their arrival in +Zion, when securely in the toils, their money in the hands of the +elders, too far in the wilderness to make hope of return possible, these +people have awakened to the horrors of the system, and women on the day +of their arrival were hurried to the Endowment House to swell the number +of polygamic wives in the land. Perhaps of all the women in Utah those +who live in constant terror of their husbands entering polygamy are the +most to be pitied. These plural marriages are performed in private in +the Endowment House, a building in the same enclosure with the +Tabernacle and Temple. Here they take oaths of allegiance to the church +that absolve them from obedience to the laws of our country, when they +conflict with their laws. They consider their obligations to their +religion such that they perjure themselves on the witness stand in the +most unblushing manner. They thus defeat the attempts to gain evidence +of their marriages. Apostates, since the protection given to them by +United States troops and the moral support of the Gentiles, have +revealed many of the secrets of this place. This apostacy at any +previous period of their history would have cost them their lives, as +they take the most solemn oaths never to betray this most absurd and +sacrilegious performance. The Endowment House is arranged to represent +the Garden of Eden. The permanent Adam and Eve of the establishment are +a man and woman prominent in the church. A well known public functionary +who performs the ceremony represents God, while his satanic majesty +fulfils his own appropriate functions. The ordeal lasts from nine in the +morning until three in the afternoon, and one or more wives can be taken +at one ceremony. + +The Miles case which attained such notoriety in Utah a short time ago +was one not altogether uncommon, in which a young girl engaged to a +Mormon Elder in London accompanied him to this country to have the +marriage ceremony performed by the fathers of the church. On their way +thither the elder felt constrained to tell this young convert that he +had already made promises of marriage to two Danish sisters who were +awaiting him in Zion; but he assured her that though he felt obliged to +fulfil all his vows yet she should be his first and only legal wife. She +reluctantly consented to this humiliating compromise and on his arrival +in Salt Lake he took the three maidens to the Endowment House and they +were in turn married to him. Unfortunately for conjugal felicity, the +English girl was made second in order on account of priority of age of +one of the Danish sisters. Terrible scenes ensued and in her indignation +this girl denounced her husband and he was brought into court on the +charge of bigamy. Only once before in the whole history of Mormonism has +the court gained evidence of these plural marriages. Wives are bound by +such terrible oaths at the marriage ceremony that they dare not give +testimony against their husbands. Also, the jurors are two-thirds +Mormons and these law breakers would never punish one of their own +number, and no person could be convicted without destroying the rights +of trial by jury. Mr. Robinson, an Englishman who has lately written a +book laudatory of the Mormons, makes the statement that "Many Mormon +women could not be happy until their husbands took other wives." A lady +who has written thrilling stories on the subject of polygamy, writes the +following in response to Mr. Robinson of a friend of hers who was a +Methodist and embraced Mormonism because she had been as she thought +miraculously healed in answer to a prayer of a Mormon Elder. Soon after +reaching Salt Lake her husband took another wife. She was an American +and had been brought up in a Christian family, so she could not take +kindly to polygamy; she thought, however, that it was something ordered +by God and that she must be very wicked to have such bitterness in her +heart towards the woman who had won her husband's love. She said, "I +thought I would go for counsel to those who were wiser and better than +I, so I paid a visit to a model family, two wives in one house who were +said to live like sisters, and exceptionally happy. I told the first +wife my story and asked her how she attained her happiness. 'Happiness,' +she replied, 'I don't know the meaning of the word, I have never seen +a happy hour since that woman came into my house and never shall until +I drop into my grave.' The second wife said, 'for the sake of peace, +I have given up every right both as woman and wife. If it were not for +my child, I would have thrown myself into the river long ago.' Then I +went to two of Brigham's wives who were held up as examples. The first +to whom I spoke said, 'I have shed tears enough since I have been in +polygamy to drown myself twice over;' the other said, 'the plains from +the Mississippi River to Salt Lake are strewed with the bones of women +who were not strong enough to bear the burdens of polygamy, and the +cemetery here is full of them; but every one of these women will wear +a martyr's crown.'" Women who give their consent to the death knell of +happiness do it on the ground that their reward will be greater in +Heaven, and that the few years in this world is as nothing in view of +eternity. Buoyed up by these hopes, women leaving large families at home +with infants in their arms, accompany their husbands and give them in +marriage to young girls who have grown up at their very doors. + +They have often left their husbands and even their children behind them +in foreign lands or in our own, to gain the coveted privilege of passing +the remnant of their days in communion with the Latter Day Saints in the +glorious State of Zion. These deluded women get their deserved +punishment for deserting the highest and acknowledged duties of life, by +the ignominy and contempt heaped upon them by those who allured them +from their homes. Contact with this institution has in a few cases not +only deadened all finer sensibilities, but has trampled upon instinct, +when mothers coming with grown daughters to Utah not only marry Mormons +themselves, but urge their girls to become polygamic wives to their own +husbands. Very few probably are of this character, and the majority are +mere tools in the hands of a tyrannical priesthood. + +A gentleman well versed in the history of the church in Utah writes +"that after a thousand years of Christianity and civilization, Mormons +have stripped woman of all her rights, have trampled her in the dust, +have sworn her on her life to obey her jailor husband, then have given +her the ballot and boast of their liberality." + +Suffrage under a theocratic government is a farce for both man or woman +and, in the latter case, a pure mockery, as the Mormon woman has +apparently a privilege which is denied to woman elsewhere, but this +privilege is entirely out of her power to use excepting as ordered by +the church that controls her. Suffrage given to the women of Utah has +had two results; first, to increase greatly the vote for the church and +its institutions, and secondly, to make woman herself the champion of +her own degradation. Brigham Young gave the suffrage to Morman women, +and he was confident that he could manipulate this element as he had all +others in behalf of his own aggrandizement, both spiritual and temporal. +Our government and Gentile residents hoped that the franchise would be +productive of great good in opening the eyes of these women to the +knowledge of the power invested in them, to free themselves from the +superstitious obedience with which their vicegerent had enchained them; +but the folly of endowing them with our privilege so long as theocracy +exists, has been fully demonstrated. To ask for rights which are +cheerfully conceded to woman in every other section of the country, +would be utterly useless in Utah. The law of suffrage like all other +laws in Utah have been made for the sole protection of their divine +institution; so these Mormon women have only raised their voices to +uphold polygamy which they have been forced to do on all occasions when +it would benefit their church. They assembled in Mass-meeting and +petitioned Congress to propose an amendment to the constitution +sanctioning polygamy, and they have waved banners in the streets of Salt +Lake on which were inscribed "The women of Utah believe in polygamy." +The brutal teachings of Brigham Young and his councillors and all the +laws and institutions of Utah are intended to reduce woman to utter and +abject servitude, and to resist this power in the earlier days when they +were sensitive to the touch of the tyrant's will would have been a very +dangerous experiment; but now, with help stretching towards them, they +seem to be too throughly paralyzed by years of total submission to be +able to avail themselves of it. + +The numbering of the vote is a very essential element in the ballot, as +by that means the priesthood has knowledge of the failure of any man or +woman to vote as they have been ordered. The Edmunds commission reports +as follows in regard to Woman's suffrage: "We are satisfied that owing +to the peculiar state of affairs in Utah--this law is an obstruction to +the speedy solution of the vexed question." + +There are many laws on the statute books detrimental to women. No right +of dower exists in the territory, and the legislators at their last +session wholly refused to provide for it. There are no marriage laws--as +the Mormons hold the ordinance as strictly a Latter Day Church +prerogative. There are no laws forbidding immorality such as are found +in all other states and territories. + +A prominent Mormon bishop lately asserted in the eastern press "that the +Mormon women are happy," a statement entirely contrary to that of the +women themselves who declare their state to be purgatorial. + +The _Anti-polygamy Standard_ says:--"A wife lately thwarted her +husband in his attempt to enter polygamy, threatening to expose him in +court; the true spirit of Mormonism was exhibited in his reply, that the +laws of God would soon be in full force in Utah--we shall get rid of the +Gentiles, and all such Mormon women as you will be blood-atoned." This +atonement is one of the tenets of the church. Any act committed against +it has in the past been punished by death, the shedding of the guilty +persons, blood being necessary for the atonement of the sin. + +A band of men called destroying angels, has committed these murderous +deeds under the guidance of the priesthood. This doctrine is no longer +in force and could not stand in the face of federal officials and a +Gentile population. + +It was for many years the desire of the church to prevent any expanding +of the intellect on the part of their followers, and any casual observer +at the Tabernacle would be convinced that this and their divine +institution had done their thorough work in stamping ignorance and +misery upon a large number of the faces gathered there. + +Prayer has always played an important part in both secular as well as +religious assemblages, used as a means to impress and overawe these +superstitious disciples of an all absorbing faith. Every ball, every +party, all social gatherings and even the theatre in the olden time, +opened and closed with prayer. In the dedication of a building they +bless the different parts even to shingles and nails. A full hour was +consumed when the large tabernacle was dedicated, in enumerating and +blessing the different materials that made up its construction. One +other very peculiar tenet of the church is baptism for the dead. They +are women principally who enter with enthusiasm in practising this rite, +and they have been immersed as many as twenty times in one day to insure +the future of departed friends. It was the boast of one poor simple +Scotch woman that she had secured places in Heaven for Sir William +Wallace and Robert Bruce. In accordance with a purpose of the +priesthood, children bore a prominent part in public affairs. They were +called Utah's best crop--and less than ten years ago--they formed +conspicuous portions of the audiences that gathered in the tabernacle +and theatre. Their youthful voices in concert rivalled those of the +tabernacle choir, the latter no mean institution as it numbered over +300. At the theatre, too young to hold up their heads, their mothers +tended them on pillows. This custom has gradually been abolished until +now an apostle can harangue by the hour on his favorite topic of "come +up and pay your tithing without an infant's cry to interrupt the +monotonus strain." + +This theocratic government, where one man calls himself God's vicegerent +and imposes his revelations on a narrow minded fanatical class of men, +carries its own hand into all its branches, nothing being too small or +petty for its fingers to grasp, and implicit obedience is to-day, as it +always has been, the watch-word of the church. At church conferences +there is never a dissenting voice and at the polls always the same +unanimous vote. The following quotations give an idea of how the power +is placed in Utah and of what theocracy consists:--Brigham Young said +in the Tabernacle in 1869, "what is the greatest miracle that can be +wrought before God, our Saviour, the angels, the inhabitants of the +earth and the infernal regions? Is it raising the dead or healing the +sick? No--it is not--it is bringing a people to strict obedience to the +rule of the priesthood." + +Orson Pratt, the learned apostle, has always taught that "people cannot +govern themselves by laws of their own making or by officers of their +own choosing, for that would be in direct rebellion to the law of God. +Absolute power vested in one man is the best and most efficient human +government. There is one kind of government that will secure permanent +prosperity and happiness, and that is theocracy or the government of God +through his prophet, seer and revelator." + +President Kimball said in the tabernacle:--"Have not the majority of +this congregation made most solemn covenants and vows that they will +listen, obey and be subject to the priesthood? Have not the sisters made +the same solemn covenant before God, angels and men that they will be +subject to their husbands?" + +President Taylor says:--"You want to pay your tithing fairly and +squarely, or you will find yourselves outside of the pale of the church +of the living God. You must also uphold the co-operative institutions." + +Col. Hollister, a gentleman thoroughly acquainted with Mormonism, writes +thus:--"There is no rule of the people intended in the Mormon church. +There is no state government contemplated because it has every organ of +despotic state government in and of itself. It takes no account whatever +of the natural right of man to life, liberty, property, freedom of +opinion or of conscience. Its bill of rights, its constitution, its laws +are the revelations of the prophet. It has not a single idea or +institution common to free government or free men. As long as they hold +this theocratic idea, to force democratic government upon them, is a +farce. Its political party is the church and into that political party +no one can enter excepting through the church." + +Polygamy disgraces us in the eyes of the world, and fills the home where +it enters with untold misery; but a theocratic government, thoroughly +equipped, unanimously responsive in all its branches, far-reaching in +its designs and expanding as rapidly as that of the Mormon church, +presents a great political enigma to the American people even when shorn +of its most obnoxious feature. Congress and the country at large have +their attention fixed upon the question of polygamy, and the proposed +legislative commission, if endorsed by Congress, would bring the Mormon +Church itself face to face with it. It is so embedded in the very roots +of their organization that many Mormons insist that it would be utterly +impossible for the church to dispense with it; and the _Deseret +News_, the church organ in the issue following the President's +Message, declares that "neither commissions, edicts or armies, or any +earthly power can affect plural marriages of the Mormons for they are +'ecclesiastical, perpetual and eternal.'" No doubt there will be a +convulsive effort made to retain the government of the Territory in +their own hands, and they might be forced to abandon polygamy to save +such a catastrophe, but would they do it in good faith? + +What would their fanatical followers say if the "absolute command of +God" to Joseph Smith is no longer to be regarded. If polygamy can, +however, be happily abolished, there still remains a solid phalanx of +determined men and women manipulated by the hand of wily priests and +bishops, who do not believe in our institutions, who deny the right of +individual feeling or action, who teach the doctrine that the Latter Day +Saints will rule eventually the whole country and the world. Such +compact power, so guarded, so absolute, is certainly an unparalleled +achievement when the few years of its conception and execution in a +barren desolate waste is considered. A similar case has never been +witnessed before in the heart of any country on the globe, and it is +safe to say that no other civilized nation would have tolerated such an +anomaly in its midst. Germany even has forbidden Mormon missionaries to +come within her borders. England is profuse in condemnation of our +Government for permitting such an institution as polygamy, which she +fosters however by sending one-half the recruits that come yearly to our +shores to practise it. Scandinavia and our own land contribute the +balance, and it is confidently asserted that Massachusetts alone gives +more converts to Mormonism than are converted from it in Utah, Worthy +mechanics and skilled laborers in our manufacturing towns are joining +this standard which holds out temptations of temporal prosperity that +are difficult to resist. + +The Mormon church is fast peopling the immediate surrounding +territories. Idaho is dangerously invaded and the balance of power +threatened, while Colorado and Arizona have large, growing settlements. + +The first train that passed over the new narrow guage road that runs +through Colorado, carried a load of foreign emigrants to Utah. Railroads +intersect Utah in all directions, and the church is also laying her own +peculiar rails throughout the whole region of the Rocky Mountains, and +they will give promising dividends in strength and security to the +church institutions. + +The Edmunds bill is a step towards the abolishment of polygamy. It has +disfranchised the law-breakers but has not had the effect of +discouraging plural marriages. Some Gentiles maintain that there are as +many solemnized now as before the passage of the bill, and the +Commission itself acknowledges that the practice still exists, though +they think there is a decrease. + +However this may be, it is certainly true that strenuous efforts were +made immediately upon its adoption to force young people into polygamy; +and at the late conferences addresses were delivered enjoining upon the +people the fact that, the Kingdom of God could not progress unless they +obeyed the revelation given to Joseph Smith at Nauvoo, and God would +never forgive his people if they did not obey his commands. While these +sentiments were freely expressed in the Tabernacle, a statement is sent +to the eastern papers by a prominent member of the church that "the +Edmunds Bill has practically abolished polygamy." + +To overthrow this theocratic government and to parry the subtle wiles of +the priesthood, more than ordinary attention and wisdom will be +required, and it will be a great triumph to our legislators if they can +succeed in bringing about a peaceable solution of the greatest problem +now before the American people. + + * * * * * + + + + +ELIZABETH.[1] + +A ROMANCE OF COLONIAL DAYS. + + +By Frances C. Sparhawk, Author of "A Lazy Man's Work." + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + +A CASE OF CONSCIENCE. + + +The stars had not begun to pale in the morning twilight when Elizabeth +awakened. The dim outlines of houses and trees could be seen through the +window as she looked out against the sky. Within the room the furniture, +large and heavy, looked still larger in the darkness. She fixed her eyes +upon some point, and followed back the lines that flowed from it until +they were lost in the dimness, and this assured her that she was awake. +Her writing-table was in part sharply outlined against the window, and +part of it was lost in the shadow of the draperies. The bureau seemed +only a dark mass among the shadows in force in the corners of the room. + +These and the tops of the heavy chairs, as she looked at one and another +of them, helped to calm her and give her a sense of reality. But they in +no way accounted for the startling suggestion, that whether dream or +waking thought had first filled her with fear and then set her heart +beating hard as she lay wide awake breathing unevenly and striving to +learn if she were still under the influence of a dream, or if the +unconscious conviction which had come upon her was the result of +dwelling upon what she knew. She could not recall her dreams, but they +seemed to her to have had no connection with the sudden sense of danger +that had startled her awake. She tried to throw it off, but it was like +the objects in the room that had seemed almost invisible at first, but +that grew every moment more distinct to her as she watched them. She +felt more and more sure that the danger was real, however the knowledge +of it had come; a terrible danger, but not to herself. It seemed strange +now that she had been blind so long, and yet, how could she have +suspected such a horror? Lord Bulchester felt it, too, only that he +would not allow himself to believe it. But it was he who had brought +conviction home; it would never have come, she thought, if she had not +seen him yesterday. But it had come, and it remained. It held her like a +vise, drawing her back toward it whenever she tried to escape, driving +off sleep forcibly when more than once that seemed about to seize her. +What was she to do with it? Plainly, something. It and rest could never +dwell together. But what? And how could she do it? A conviction which +pressed upon herself with the force of a certainty, and yet had no +proofs by which to establish itself, was not an easy thing to make felt +by another mind. And when it was a conviction of danger, and that other +had by nature and training a contempt of danger, the difficulties were +increased. Added to this were other difficulties which Elizabeth felt +keenly; but the fear was stronger than them all. The longer she studied +the matter the more she saw that the only thing for her to do was the +one thing that she shrank from most. All the freedom left her was to +find out the best way of doing it. + +When the dimness of starlight began to grow into the dawn, she arose. +But she delayed at her toilet, standing so long in thought with her +brush in her hand, and her dark hair sweeping over her shoulders, that +it was six o'clock before she crossed the hall and knocked at her +father's door. + +There was no answer. She knocked again, with the same result, and then +opening the door, found the room empty. Mr. Royal had gone down stairs. +But it was too early for Mrs. Eveleigh, and Elizabeth might still have +her talk with him without interruption. With a mixture of relief and +dread she went down the broad, low stairs and crossed the hall into the +library. + +It had always been her favorite room. She had spent so many happy hours +here with the books, that the room with its handsome old furniture and +sunny windows was full of the memories and day dreams that her reading +had conjured up. But not only this; it was here that she had seen most +of her father; they had spent hours together here, while Mrs. Eveleigh +attended to her household duties, or amused herself with her friends, +or retired for her nap. And whether father and daughter talked, or +sat, he with his paper or his writing, she with her book, each felt a +companionship in the other. Elizabeth often spoke her thoughts freely to +any one who happened to be within hearing when the mood for speech came +over her; but as to her feelings, her father understood those best. This +was partly on account of his quickness of comprehension, which supplied +much that she did not utter, and partly because there came to her times +when her father seemed like a second self, and silence grew unnatural. + +But that morning speech, evidently, was not easy to her. For, although +she had gone to him as a matter of course, her perplexity seemed to grow +greater as she sat down by the desk at which he was making up some +accounts. It seemed to her that her life was no longer free and simple; +a dreadful force had come into contact with it and, as she felt, made it +more unworthy. Had a mere jest ever before brought such a train of +miseries? Her fingers laid restless folds in a piece of paper she took +up, and her father after his greeting went on with the accounts. It was +his habit to give people time, and he had found that doing it gave him +the best opportunity to take his own bearings. His judgments were +usually so accurate, and his decisions so wise that a good many people +would have been thankful to find the scales by which he weighed the +anxiety or the satisfaction that came under his observation. On that +morning the rapid pen travelled several times up and down columns of +figures and noted down the results before Elizabeth began: + +"Father." It was a small beginning, and followed by silence. But the +tone made Mr. Royal push his work aside, and look full into his +daughter's face. "Father," she repeated, "I want you to advise me." + +"Am I not always ready for that?" returned Mr. Royal, his smile fading +before the gravity of her expression. + +"There is something so hard to be done," she answered. + +"Then, must it be done?" + +"Oh, yes, that's the only thing about it I am quite sure of. It must be +done, and directly, too. It may be too late now, but we must try. What +troubles me is how it can be done so that we may be certain." + +"Certain of what?" + +"Certain that it reaches him," answered Elizabeth. Then she looked at +her father, and remembered that he could not understand her. "I must +tell you," she said. "It is like a nightmare. It oppresses me to think +of it. I feel guilty to believe it, and yet I don't dare to deny it to +myself, for fear of the consequences. It's about Mr. Edmonson, father." + +"Oh!" said her listener in a tone far from pleased. + +"And Mr. Archdale, added Elizabeth. Not that who the people are makes +any difference. Our duties would be just the same knowing the,--knowing +what I do." Her father sat watching her in silence with his keenest +gaze. "There is no love lost between the two men, as you know," she went +on. "Mr. Archdale is lofty, and wouldn't condescend to anything more +than a dislike that he hasn't tried to conceal, since Mr. Edmonson +ceased being his guest. But with Mr. Edmonson it's different; when he +feels, he acts; and once in a while there is an unrestraint about him +which is frightful; it makes me think of lava breaking through the crust +of a volcano. I believe there is something volcanic in his nature; you +can't go deep into it without danger. And there is danger now. Father, +there is danger now." As Elizabeth repeated her statement she leaned +forward a little and looked at her father, her eyes full of earnestness +and dread. + +"In what way, and to whom?" asked Mr. Royal. + +"To Mr. Archdale," she answered. + +It was not Mr. Royal's way to protest or deny; he liked to get in his +evidence first of all. "What makes you think so?" he asked. + +"A good many little things that have come back to me in confirmation, +but especially a speech of Mr. Edmonson's that I overheard one day at +Seascape. Stray shots," he said, "have taken off more superfluous kings +and men than the world has any idea of. I did not know at the time whom +he had been speaking about, and I forgot the speech; it seemed to me to +have no object. But now it does, and now I remember a word or two +besides that showed me that he had turned the conversation upon Mr. +Archdale." + +"When was this?" + +"One morning when I was coming up from the beach, I didn't feel like +talking to anyone, and when I heard voices the other side of the great +boulder--you remember it?--I waited a moment, to see if they would pass +on, so that I need not go back to the house by the longest way; and it +was then that he said it. He was with Lord Bulchester. He was speaking +of other things first, and then I missed a few words, and then he said +this." + +"So far as he was concerned," answered Mr. Royal, "that might be as +innocent a speech as ever was uttered. Indeed, don't you see that a man +who meditated mischief wouldn't make such a speech at all?" + +"If the man were Mr. Edmonson he might, and to Lord Bulchester who, he +knows, never would do anything against him. But Lord Bulchester is +uncomfortable. I saw it yesterday; and perhaps wondering over that was +what made me put everything together. I don't know how it was, but I +awoke in the night and saw it all. And now they have gone where the will +and the opportunity are sure to meet. Mr. Archdale must be warned." + +"But, Elizabeth," said her father, "why should he want to do it? He +succeeded in his designs upon the Archdale property. What malice can he +have?" As he spoke, he looked earnestly at his daughter. He had not been +blind to things going on about him, and especially things concerning his +daughter, but in a case like this no suppositions of his own were to +take the place of evidence. + +Elizabeth met his eyes for a moment, then her own drooped and she grew +pale. It was not that her father's eyes told her his thoughts, it was at +the humiliation of her own position in being the object of mercenary +scheming. "He has not enough money," she said at last distinctly, "and +he wants more. That's what it means. And he dares to think--." She +stopped short, and for a moment it seemed as if it would be impossible +for her to go on; a hot flush came to her face and an angry light into +her eyes. Then her courage returned, and although she uttered the words +with visible effort she went resolutely on. "I know it," she said, "he +dares to think someone else,--Mr. Archdale,--is somewhat like himself, +and that he will come to want more money too. He cares for nobody, he +would stop at nothing, and he thinks that I refused him because,--he +does not understand how I feel towards him. Oh, don't you know that +sometimes you know all about a thing, know it perfectly, and cannot make +it seem so to another? Don't let it be so with you, father. Only listen +to me." Mr. Royal did listen attentively as she went over the points of +her story again. Had she been talking of some matter of business, her +inexperience and a something about her that people were apt to call +unpracticalness, might have decided him against giving any unusual +weight to a speech like Edmonson's. But here the weight of her +character, and of impressions stronger than she could put into words +told. He saw, too, that she was looking at the matter with the accuracy +and judgment that it usually takes years of training to learn. This, +added to her own intensity, gave a convincing force to her words. He +admitted to himself that the affair had an ugly look. + +At last Elizabeth paused. She drew a little nearer her father, and laid +her hand upon the table beside him. "I want you to advise me;" she said; +then, "What must I do?" + +In the impossibility of any answer he felt a sudden rebound from the +force of her words. "I don't see that there is anything for you to do, +or for anybody," he said. "How can you act upon a thing that is purely +an assumption, and not only that, but a thing so wicked that it is a +cruelty to a man to imagine it about him? I can't believe that it's +necessary to do anything, for I can't bring myself to feel as you do. +Are you very sure that you have not fancied a part of this?" + +"Father!" cried Elizabeth, "I wish I had, But look at it." And she went +again over the grounds of her suspicions, giving with a clearness that +he was proud of, the indications that she had seen of the bent of +Edmonson's will and the evidences of his headstrong character, linking +one trifling act or word to another, until she had welded a chain so +strong that Mr. Royal felt a thrill run through him as he listened, for +she awoke in him her own belief and something of her own anxiety to be +doing. So that when she had finished, instead of repeating that it was +not necessary to do anything, he asked whom she had thought of as the +person to give the warning to Archdale. + +She was about to speak, then checked herself, hesitated, and at last +said, "I want you to advise me." + +"Um!" said Mr. Royal, and was silent. He was somewhat disappointed that +she, so powerful in statement, should have no suggestion to offer in a +matter that puzzled him the more, the more he thought of it. Such a +warning would not be easy to give under the most favorable +circumstances. It would not be a pleasant task to tell a man that +another man had designs upon his life, and when such assertion had only +the proof of strong conviction and of evidence, trivial in its details, +strong only as a whole, it would be even hazardous to whisper a warning +to the person himself, liable to lead to complications and sure to be +met by incredulity and either ridicule or resentment. But here, where no +personal communication was to be had, the difficulties were a hundred +times greater. Circumstances made it especially awkward for either +Elizabeth or himself to put these suspicions into words. But to put them +upon paper with all the cumulative evidence needed to carry +conviction,--if conviction could indeed be conveyed without the +reiteration of words and the persuasiveness of the voice,--to do this +and send the paper adrift, to fall into Archdale's hands or not as the +fortunes of war should determine, perhaps to fall into other hands,--it +was impossible, for Elizabeth's sake it was impossible. "I don't see how +we can reach him," he said at last. "A letter wouldn't answer." + +"No," she said, "he might never get it." Mr. Royal looked at her more +closely as she fixed her eyes upon him, flushing a little as she spoke +with the earnestness of her purpose. + +"Well," he said musingly, "we certainly can't get at him in any other +way, and that one is uncertain and dangerous. Even the dispatches are +subject to the fortunes of war. I don't see what we can do, Elizabeth. +Do you?" + +But even as he spoke, he refrained from what he was about to add, +turning his assertion into a question. For a change was coming over his +daughter; the power within her to rise to great occasions was in force +now. The conventionalities that were holding him in check were unfelt by +her; she had risen above them to that high ground where the intricacies +of life are resolved into absolute questions of right and wrong, and +where perfect simplicity of intention becomes a divine guide. + +"Father, do you remember," she cried, "what I have cost him and Katie? +I must not be silent, and let them be separated more, a great deal, than +my foolish speech once seemed to do. He has gone where stray shots are +of everyday occurence, and nobody ever inquires into them. Apart from +this obligation, if we do nothing we shall be murderers." She locked her +fingers together as she spoke, not in nervous indecision, for her look +was full of resolution, but as if the necessity that she was facing +disturbed her. Mr. Royal suddenly perceived that his daughter had not +finished, that behind that expression there was, not a suggestion, +indeed, but a decision. She had come to him, not for advice, but for +approval; she knew what to do. Her plan would scarcely be one to meet +the approval of people like Mrs. Eveleigh. But he recognized that the +soul that was looking out from Elizabeth's fearless eyes had a high law +of its own. And when his daughter spoke in this mood, Mr. Royal was +reverent enough to listen. + + +CHAPTER XXV. + +DUTY. + + +"How strange it seems here," said Nancy Foster leaning forward toward +Elizabeth, as they sat in the sunshine on the deck of the schooner; and +as she spoke she glanced along the horizon. + +Elizabeth before answering turned her head in the direction in which the +land, had it been in sight, would have appeared; but no vision of shore +broke the wide circuit of ocean and sky. Then her eyes came back to the +little vessel as if to assure herself that she was not alone in this +waste of water. Her father sat on the opposite side reading. With a word +of reply to Nancy, she fell into silence again. Only, instead of the +vague wonder how she should meet the future, her thoughts now turned to +the past. It was nine mornings since that consultation with her father +in the library, and they had been only one night at sea. It had taken a +week to get off. From the first she had counted upon Mrs. Eveleigh's +remonstrances and vehement reproaches of Mr. Royal's wrong-doing in +taking his daughter into such danger. They were only a little more +vehement than she had expected. But Mrs. Eveleigh did not know the +errand; if she had, that would have made a difference, or, as Elizabeth +reflected, she thought that this would have been treated as the +strangest part of the affair. But she had kept her own counsel, saying +only that her father and she thought it right. Mrs. Eveleigh had been so +exasperated by being kept in the dark that she had retained her anger to +the very last day. Then she had drowned her resentment in a flood of +tears, and declared between her sobs that, frightful as it all was, for +she dreaded the very sight of a gun, she would rather go with Elizabeth +than have the dear girl set off without any companion. Elizabeth's +reminder that her father and Nancy were to accompany her only called +forth the assertion that a maid was no companion, and a man was nothing +at such a time. Elizabeth thought that at the time of sieges and battles +a man might be considered of some little consequence. But she never +argued with Mrs. Eveleigh, and she had quitted her thankful for the good +lady's affection, and glad that Mrs. Eveleigh was to be left behind on +such an expedition. + +"You'll never come back," Mrs. Eveleigh sobbed. "The French ships of war +will be sure to gobble up you and your father, too. I know just how it +will be. You are a crazy girl, and I don't know what is the matter with +you," she had added irrelevantly; "and as to your father, you must have +bewitched him; he used to have plenty of common sense." + +The matter with Mr. Royal was, that he knew his daughter well enough to +be sure that if Archdale was killed during the siege she would feel +always that her silence might have given the opportunity for his death. +And he knew that to bring upon Elizabeth the miseries of an uneasy +conscience would be to kill her by slow torture. Besides, he himself +believed in the danger, his own conscience was aroused, and that was not +easily put to sleep. But if he had heard the verdict of Mrs. Eveleigh, +who knew nothing of the matter, he would not have blamed her so much. + +He had hired this little schooner in which they now were at a ruinous +rate, and had not been able to do even that until he had pledged himself +to pay all damages in case of loss. Governor Shirley had seized the +opportunity to send dispatches several days earlier than he had +intended. Mr. Royal went with a picked crew, men both honest and +skilful. He knew the dangers of French vessels as well as Mrs. Eveleigh +did, but his daughter's persistent assertion: "We shall be murderers," +had overborne every objection. + +Elizabeth sitting on deck that morning, was thinking of these things, +and tracing in this danger which she was trying to avert, one of the +consequences of her frolic on the river that summer evening. Then she +remembered that but for that she would perhaps have been Edmonson's +wife, and she said to herself that the Lord had been very merciful to +her, and that she would try not to shrink from her duty. + +"How fast we are going," said Nancy again. It was true that the little +vessel before a fair wind was flying over the water at a rate that, if +kept up, and in the same direction, would soon bring its passengers to +their destination. Elizabeth was glad of speed, already it might be too +late. And besides, the sooner her errand was done, the sooner she should +return with a mind at rest. She began to reckon how long before she +should be at home again. In a week, in less time if they were fortunate, +they should reach Louisburg. She should not want more than five minutes' +talk with Mr. Archdale. Then it would be home again immediately. Her +father had hired the schooner for the very reason that it should not be +detailed for any other service, but should bring them back at once. +How strange it was, she thought, to spend fourteen days for only five +minutes' conversation, and that, too, with one who was no especial +friend except through his engagement to Katie. But for all the weariness +she was thankful to do it, and grateful to her father. She hoped that +she should not catch even a glimpse of Edmonson, and it seemed +improbable that she would. After the siege was over he would probably go +to England again. How she wished he were there now, and she quietly at +home, where in that case she might have been now. + +The next day there was a head wind, and the day following no wind at +all. As time went on, it grew evident that it would be more than a week +from their starting before they could drop anchor in Cabanus Bay. Dread +lest they should be too late began to harass Elizabeth. But she showed +no impatience. Her silence was what Nancy noticed most. But, then, Nancy +liked talking, and did not enjoy the books which her Mistress had +brought with her and read most persistently, or sometimes tried to read, +unsuccessfully. Even then they served as a protection against the maid's +talk when she was in too anxious a mood to endure it. + +On the morning of the seventeenth they caught sight of the "Little +Gibraltar," but the wind was against them, and it was the afternoon of +the next day before the Captain of the schooner could run into the Bay, +and go ashore with his dispatches and Mistress Royal's message to the +General. + +Elizabeth looked about her with breathless interest, realizing that here +she was to find war. It happened that on her arrival there was a lull in +the cannonading. Both sides had paused to draw breath, but the lull was +far from perfect silence, and to her inexperience this occasional +thunder of bursting shells seemed sharp conflict. She said so to the +Captain as they drew toward shore. + +"Bless yer!" he answered with a laugh. "This ain' t no thin' at all, +this is nothin' but child's play. Wait till yer see it hot and heavy. I +s'pose we shall go back to-morrow, though. I'd like to have yer see some +good stout work first." + +"Ain't we in danger here?" inquired Nancy. + +The skipper rolled his quid of tobacco in his cheek reflectively a +moment. "Well, no," he said, "I guess nothin' to speak of. They're too +busy answering the batteries; it's only the stray shot that comes our +way. There's a thousand chances to one agin' its hitting us, and I guess +we can stand the one." He looked at Nancy closely to guage the amount of +her courage. + +"I guess we can," she answered coolly. This reply seemed to please him. +He had before considered Nancy "a nice lookin' girl;" and now, as he put +down "grit" in his mental catalogue of her fascinations, he smiled to +himself, and thought of a neat little home on the Salem shore where his +mother now presided, and where it was not impossible that some day Nancy +might be persuaded to reign. But the demands of the hour recalled him +from this dream to his usual brisk attention to realities, and as soon +as he had cast anchor, he left the ship in charge of the mate, and went +in search of the General. + +General Pepperell was in his tent, resting after a hard day's work. Not +only had he been through the camp cheering the soldiers, by imparting +to them something of his own indomitable resolution and by seeing +personally that everything possible was done for the sufferers in the +hospital, but he had also been for hours superintending the arrangements +on the new battery that was to do such execution upon the granite walls +of Louisburg. Now everything was in readiness and he had ordered two +hours of rest before the firing from it should begin. Nearly an hour of +that had gone by before he entered his tent for the rest he needed, when +almost immediately the messenger reached him. + +"Mr. Royal and his daughter here!" he cried. "And Mr. Royal requests +to see Captain Archdale? I don't understand. But I shall hear why +from them." He dispatched an orderly for Stephen who was still at the +battery, and then went with the skipper to the little vessel that had +brought the unexpected guests. Elizabeth never forgot the kindness of +his greeting. In the midst of the strange scene and of preparations for +work in which women had no part, the friendliness of his face and tones, +and his cordial grasp of her hand made her feel almost at home. She had +been sure of courtesy, but she had not dared to look for this, and her +eyes grew dim for an instant. + +"I suppose that we shall return this evening," she said after the +greetings and inquiries were over and Mr. Royal had explained that in +a few minutes all that he had come for could be said to Mr. Archdale. +Although after thinking the matter over carefully he had decided that it +was Elizabeth, filled with the spirit of her warning, who should herself +give her message to Archdale yet he spoke to Pepperell as if she had +accompanied him. And when the General said that he had already sent for +the young man, Mr. Royal told him that his daughter had that in her +pocket for him which, if he knew, it would lend wings to his feet. + +"A letter from our charming Mistress Katie," pronounced Pepperell, +smiling at Elizabeth. + +"Yes," she said, and after a little repeated her question of their +returning that evening. + +"Yes, I know," said the General. He waited a moment, and then added. +"But if you come among soldiers, you will feel the exactions of war. +There are those dispatches, you remember, not even read yet" and he +touched the breast of his coat, "because I was in such haste to pay my +respects to you. Now, I should like to send an answer to these, and I am +afraid I shall not have it ready before to-morrow morning; the Commodore +will probably write me to-night and I want to include whatever news he +may have. Will to-morrow do?" + +"Oh, yes, I shall be glad to help the cause, even so little as that," +she answered. Pepperell thanked her for her words, and ignored the look +of disappointment that he had seen flit across her face before she +spoke. + +"We have been putting up a fascine battery within two hundred and +fifteen yards of the west gate," he said, "It will open fire in an hour, +and then you will see a cannonade! We have two forty-two pounders there, +it will be no child's play." Nothing had then hinted at the Titanic +scale of modern war engines. Elizabeth's eyes dilated, but she said +nothing. The General sat beside her, and asked how things were going on +in Boston, asked about his friends, and many trifling details that +neither dispatches nor letters would give him, and that she wondered +that he had heart for in the scenes going on about him. Then he told +them many particulars of the siege and especially of the terrible labor +of dragging the heavy guns from the shore into position, interspersing +all this narrative of the life-and-death struggles with amusing +anecdotes and bright comments, until she was amazed, and in listening +found that she had gained a better knowledge of him than in years of +ordinary acquaintance. For she could not have realized by that how +many-sided the man was, how full of resources, and how indomitable. +She noticed how sympathetically he spoke of the brave fellows he was +leading. When he said that the hardships of the campaign and the cold +of a severer climate than they had been accustomed to had prostrated +numbers of them. Elizabeth saw that it was not only soldiers that he +felt he was losing when they died, but men from his own home and +neighborhood and in whom he had a personal interest. Then as he sat +there, she begged him not to think of her if others needed him but +to go. + +"This time is at my own disposal," he answered, adding with a smile. "If +the struggle had come, Mistress Royal, I should think of you, no doubt, +but I should not give you a moment's attention. The pointing of the +smallest cannon would at the moment be of more importance than all your +affairs. A besieging army can have no cry of '_Place aux dames_;' +therefore I shall not invite you to stay after to-morrow. I shall even +send you home. Or, lest I should hurt your feelings too much, I will put +it this way; I shall send your father home, and he will take you with +him." + +Elizabeth laughed; and the conversation went on with its interest +increasing, when all at once Pepperell rose, and held out his hand to +her in farewell. "I may not see you again until we meet in Boston." he +said, "but if I can, I will come for a moment in the morning." + +She was surprised at his going away so soon after his assurance of being +at leisure but as after speaking to her father he stepped over the side +of the vessel, she perceived the reason for his sudden departure. His +trained eye had caught what the distance had hidden from her, the figure +of a man coming rapidly toward the shore. + +When the General landed, the keel of the little boat he was in grated on +the beach at Stephen Archdale's feet. With a salute to his commander, +the latter sprang into it, and before Elizabeth had recovered her +breath, was coming over the ship's side. + +The General walked on without turning his head toward the schooner. +Nevertheless, it is true that once he said to himself distinctly. "The +Yankee in me does clamor to know what they want of that fellow." + +[Footnote 1: Copyright, 1884, by Frances C. Sparhawk.] + + * * * * * + + + + +ROOM AT THE TOP. + + + Never you mind the crowd, lad, + Or fancy your life won't tell; + The work is the work for a' that + To him that doeth it well. + Fancy the world a hill, lad; + Look where the millions stop; + You'll find the crowd at the base, lad; + There's always room at the top. + + Courage and faith and patience, + There's space in the old world, yet; + The better the chance you stand, lad, + The further along you get. + Keep your eye on the goal, lad, + Never despair or drop; + Be sure that your path leads upward; + There's always room at the top. + + + * * * * * + + + + +TWO DAYS WITH THE A.M.C. + + +By Helen M. Winslow. + + +It is a divine up-reaching instinct in man that forces him to climb the +hills of science, unlock the mysteries of ages, and wrest from the +natural forces of earth and air, their well-guarded secrets. Is it the +subtle workings of this desire for the mastery over mechanical agencies, +this prying into Nature's secrets, that leads us out into the forest +primeval and gives zest to mountain climbing? + +Fortune is said to favor the brave. It certainly favored the writer of +this article when an opportunity was offered for a two days' trip with +the Appalachian Mountain Club up Mounts Kearsarge South and Cardigan in +New Hampshire. A few words in regard to this club. Well known as it has +come to be, the objects of its existence are scarcely understood by the +majority, even, of Bostonians. + +"Oh," said one, referring to this very trip. "They go off somewhere, +climb a mountain, have a jolly time and then come home. It's about the +same thing over and over." + +Very true. But they do more. According to the by-laws, "the objects of +the club are to explore the mountains of New England and adjacent +regions, both for scientific and artistic purposes, and in general to +cultivate an interest in geographical studies." + +In addition they do much to open up new mountain resorts to the public +and render the old ones more attractive. They construct new and accurate +maps. They not only collect scattered scientific information of all +kinds but study to make it available. All this they do by combining +effort, comparing notes and interchanging ideas. They hold monthly +meetings in Boston, publish a magazine, own quite a library, and have +established a reputation second to no similar organization in the +country. The club was established in 1876, and the membership to-day of +over six hundred is ample proof of its popularity. That their researches +are really valuable is demonstrated by the fact that Professor Hitchcock +in his geological works quotes them frequently in support of his own +theories. + +On the seventeenth of June some twenty members of the Appalachian +Mountain Club gathered at an early hour in the Lowell station at Boston. +The party was unusually small for one of their popular excursions. The +majority were young and strong and looked amply fitted for mountain +climbing. Yet grave men were there whose silver hair told that they had +already climbed life's rounded hill and saw its westering sun; but +elderly people are never old, so long as they remain young in heart and +spirits, and pleasant anticipation beamed from the faces of all as the +train steamed away toward the north, and the two days' outing was fairly +begun. + +The morning was cloudy and a possible rain storm threatened the plans +of the Appalachians. But the clerk of the weather-bureau evidently +understood the necessity for favorable conditions and issued them +accordingly. Before we had reached Canaan, N.H., the clouds had broken +away and the afternoon promised to be perfect. We had with us a Harvard +professor, a topographical surveyor, an amateur photographer, a Concord +philosopher and the champion walker of the club. Apropos of some of the +feats of the latter a story was told of the man who walked forty miles +in two hours. This was putting the Appalachians entirely in the shade, +and the story called forth incredulous remarks. Investigation proved, +however, that the Appalachian was not outdone, for the hero of the +canard accomplished his feat only by taking a Champlain steamer at +Burlington, Vt., and walking deck the entire distance to Rouse's Point! + +After passing Concord we advanced through wilder regions where the +swiftly changing views of clustering villages and quiet farm-houses +alternated with wooded slopes and glimpses of pond or river forming a +series of charming pictures. Nature was at her best and the picturesque +hills of New Hampshire were beautiful in all their June finery. + +At Penacook the granite monument on Dustin Island was pointed out. In +1697 Hannah Dustin, with her six weeks' old babe and its nurse, were +captured by Indians at Haverhill and brought to the wigwam camp on this +island. The babe was killed before her eyes but the mother planned an +escape. Awaking the nurse and a white lad who had been taken prisoner +also, she took the Indians' own tomahawks and dispatched the men and one +woman. The brave white women then spiked all the cannon save one and +taking the scalps of their victims with them, they embarked on the +Merrimack, then high with the spring floods, and soon reached Haverhill. +Afterwards she was called to Boston, publicly thanked by the General +Court and received a grant of fifty pounds. Fifty years later the +Indians attacked and massacred the settlers in this valley. Today their +descendants, the "Kanucks," cross the country daily in the modern +express trains and find employment in our manufacturing cities. + +As we go northward Kearsarge may be seen from the back of the train, now +sinking behind the green hills, now rising abruptly from the horizon and +looming grandly above the surrounding country. Cardigan does not come +into view until we have nearly reached Canaan, whose fair and happy land +was our destination. On alighting from the train, amid the crowd of +assembled villagers, a three seated carriage and two immense Shaker +wagons awaited us. The ride of six miles was a welcome change from the +preceding railway travel. Coming from a city where the mercury had +reached 96 deg. in the shade but the day before, the fresh invigorating +mountain air was like a breath from the open doors of Paradise. The +stout horses scrambled up the steep hills altogether unmindful of the +wagon-loads of people behind. Perhaps the light hearts and buoyant +spirits of the party lessened their avoirdupois and the tonnage was +actually less than it seemed! + +Billowy mountains, charming valleys, winding streams and picturesque +bypaths varied our course over the rural highways. The blackberry bushes +were white with bloom and the gardens of the farm-houses gay with +peonies and flower-de-luce. After passing a small mica quarry, we came +suddenly upon a bend of the road where was revealed a grand sweep of the +hazy Green Mountains, and a bewildering view of the New Hampshire +hill-country. Shortly afterward we passed the little box-like white +building, which serves as both church and town house, where the sixty +votes of Dorchester are counted. This building constitutes the entire +town of Dorchester. Surely, in view of the stony soil, the inhabitants +of the place may be said to show great wisdom by not living there! + +By three o'clock we found ourselves at the Mountain House, twelve +hundred feet below the summit of Mount Cardigan. This house is nothing +more or less than a barn, in one end of which an attempt has been made +to make a comfortable shelter for the human family. Here the real work +of the day began, although we had already come one hundred and four +miles by train and six by teams. No enterprising railroad man has set +his seal upon this region and we were forced to pursue the journey by +means of the conveyances which nature long ago--(how long, thank +fortune, we are not obliged to tell)--at our disposal. But faint heart +ne'er climbed a high mountain and with the aid of stout walking-sticks +we easily climbed the path which led up under sighing spruces and +stunted birch, filled with a fine exhilaration. + +On each side and under foot was a profusion of wild flowers. Not June +flowers, but those found with us in May, so backward was the season at +that altitude. The red and white trillium, the sarsaparilla, Solomon's +seal, "moose-missy" and black-berry bushes, and, farther up, the +blue-berry bushes, all hung full of blossoms, a small Alpine flower of +seven white petals excited much curious comment, for in spite of its +resemblance to the wind-flower, no one seemed able to classify it. + +Suddenly some six hundred feet below the summit of Cardigan we came out +from the stunted under-growth and found ourselves traversing the smooth +granite mass which constitutes the entire mountain top. The rock is full +of minute particles of mica, which glitter and flash in the sun like +"gems of purest ray serene." A brisk wind was blowing and the rarefied +air infused us with new strength to make the remaining ascent. + +Some distance from each other, half way up the rounded cone, lie several +huge boulders poised in the bed of what was once a glacial drift. They +are of entirely different character from the rock on Cardigan and +without doubt came from much farther north. Whence, and when? The course +of the drift is also very plainly marked from northeast to southwest. +From the character of the rock there is reason to believe that when God +said, "Let the dry land appear," Mount Cardigan was the first to show +his head and came from the very bowels of the earth. Hitchcock's +"Geology of New Hampshire" states that these White Mountains appeared +above the face of the waters as islands at a very early period of the +world's history. "It would not be surprising," he says, "if this +archipelago covered as much area as New Hampshire and Vermont combined." +If these hoary old mountains could tell us their history since creation, +how short-lived and insignificant our own little lives would appear! + +Professor Hitchcock has also traced the course of glacial drift among +the mountains in a most interesting manner. Glacial action, and marks of +scarification are numerous on the north and west sides of them while +they are entirely wanting on the southeastern slopes. In some instances +the general course of the drift from the northwest was changed by the +position of the mountains. For instance, Ragged Mountain and Kearsarge, +South, rise abruptly from comparatively level regions and from their +proximity to each other gave rise to a different motion of the ice, the +marks of which still show its course. + +The view from this, the oldest of the mountains is scarcely surpassed by +any in the state. To the north, Moosilauke, Chocorua, Lafayette, Mount +Washington and the main peaks of the principal White Mountain group lie +sharply outlined. The Ossipee Mountain toward the east, the Uncanoonacs +in the distance, Ragged and Sunapee and Kearsarge, near neighbors, +claimed attention. In the far western horizon Ascutney, Camel's Hump, +Mount Mansfield, and Jay Peak showed hazy and indistinct. Below us the +broken ranges of green hills surged like immense billows of some Titanic +sea. The fresh verdure of every field and tree made up a landscape +seldom equalled in tone of color, and one which amply repaid the +climber. But while some were content with looking, other true +Appalachians remembered the objects of the club. While one took +photographs of the surrounding scenery, far and near, another made +profile sketches of the distant peaks; while one attempted a bit of +topographical work, another took measurements by means of a powerful +telescope; and the results of all were put on record for future +reference. + +A member of the A.M.C. just returned from Florida had been carrying +about some strange looking fruit all day, resembling partly an orange +but more nearly a small yellow winter squash. Now, he made himself +popular by dispensing great pieces of grape-fruit among the thirsty +crowd. It is a necessity of perverse humanity to be thirsty wherever +there is no water; and but for the Florida fruit and the canteens which +had been filled at the spring on the mountain side, we should have +suffered. + +Mount Cardigan is but 3,156 feet above the sea-level; but as it stands +alone the view on all sides is unobstructed and clear. It did not take +us an hour to decide that three thousand feet above the sea, under +favorable conditions is quite a sightly place. And we took the homeward +path, feeling that the view was worth a dozen times its cost. Forty +minutes afterward we arrived at the bottom in the condition of the +weak-kneed and trembling saints whom the hymn-book denounces. + +An hour of rattling down the hills brought us to Canaan depot again +where our special train awaited us. After a refreshing draught of milk +at the Cardigan House, from the piazzas of which a fine view of the +mountain may be had, we were rapidly whirled away toward Patler Place in +Andover. + +This village was named for the once famous sleight of hand performer +Patler. His house is a cozy, pretty affair, freshly painted and nestled +under great embowering trees. Close by is his grave. + +Here, too, barges were in waiting to take us to the Winslow House, four +miles distant on Mount Kearsarge. Before we had left the train the soft +rays of the setting sun had changed the hill-sides to amethyst and +deepened the purple gloom of the valleys. Now, as we rode in merry +groups of six or eight, over the country by-ways, the new moon slowly +touched every tree and shrub with her magical wand until the land with +its long, weird shadows and silver radiance seemed to belong to another +world than that of day-light. + +It was nine o'clock when the Winslow House suddenly revealed itself. +An open wood fire burned brightly in the brick fireplace, and in that +altitude was a comfort indeed. The ample walls seemed to fairly glow +with welcome as we entered. Some of us acknowledged that we were tired; +others confessed to sleepiness; but one and all openly declared their +hunger. We had only to look at each other to madly accept the theory +that mankind was created of dust; but we were not long in disposing of +a large amount of surplus material. And then the supper bell,--welcome +sound! In view of a cherished reputation for veracity, it would not be +wise to state the exact amount of sirloin steak and broiled salmon that +disappeared from mortal vision that night at ten o'clock, or to tell +how the strawberries and boiled lobster were stored safely away by the +A.M.C. We are sworn to secrecy, and although the supper hour was not +passed over in silence then--far from it! it must be now. + +No one need suppose that after the experiences of the day the +representative A.M.C's. were fatigued sufficiently to make them willing +to retire at half-past ten. Besides, nightmare has its horrors, and +there was that supper! + +It is popularly supposed throughout the country, that Bostonians make an +annual pilgrimage on the seventeenth of June to Bunker Hill, and +devoutly ascend the monument on their hands and knees. Although +circumstances had prevented the A.M.C. party from discharging their debt +of gratitude to their ancestors in the prescribed method, they could not +forget that it was Bunker Hill Day. One of our gallant and patriotic +brethren had been carrying a mysterious bundle about and guarding it +with jealous care all day. Now, he produced and displayed--sky-rockets! +They went off, soon after, with great success, surprising alike the +stately mountain behind us and the little country girl who had come up +from the valley below, to see the "Boston folks." + +The powerful telescopes were also set up and observations of the heavens +occupied the astronomically inclined for an hour or two. Thus the moons +of Jupiter were made to contribute to the evening's entertainment. The +piano, too, was not the instrument of torture usually found masquerading +in hotel-parlors, and we finally gravitated towards it and made night +hideous with our music and college songs until, to pharaphrase the poet, +in to-day already walked to-morrow and it was twelve o'clock, + +"My friends," spoke up one of the gentlemen, "I am very sorry to say +that we shall not be able to ascend Mount Kearsarge to-morrow." + +"Why?" exclaimed a dozen anxious voices. + +"Because," was the impressive answer, "it is to-day!" + +In the laugh which followed the party said good night and retired. + +The Winslow House was named for Admiral Winslow, of the war-ship +Keasarge, who was present at the opening of the hotel, and gave the +owner a stand of colors. On the parlor table lay a Bible presented by +him, as stated by a gilt inscription on the cover. When the gallant +commander died, a boulder was taken from the side of Mount Kearsarge +for his monument, but the controversy in regard to which of the two +Kearsarges the ship had been named for arose about that time and the +family of the officer finally decided not to use the boulder. It has +been pretty well settled, at last, that the mountain in Merrimack +County, designated by Superintendent Patterson as Kearsarge South, is +the one which gave the famous ship its name. Under the shadow of it, +too, was laid the body of the soldier of the Sixth Massachusetts +Regiment who fell at Baltimore, exclaiming with his dying breath: "All +hail to the Stars and Stripes;" although afterward he was removed to lie +near the soldiers' monument at Lowell. The ancient spelling of this +monument was Carasage, and later, Kyar Sarga; but as early as 1804 the +laws of New Hampshire give it as Kearsage. The local spelling of +Kearsarge North, until a comparatively recent period, was Kiarsarge. +It is still called Pequaket. + +Early the next morning, two bold Appalachians rose early and took a run +up the mountain, getting back to breakfast and making the descent of +nearly 1,200 feet in eighteen minutes! The climb was represented as more +difficult than that of the day before. We did not find it so, however, +as we proceeded with the reinforcements furnished by a hearty breakfast; +the clear bracing air of the morning was delightful. The song-sparrows, +perched at a safe distance, poured forth floods of melody, the Peabody +bird added his high weird note, while other wild birds occasionally +chimed in. The path led up through forests of black spruce whose sighing +branches whispered softly over our heads. Every one was in excellent +humor and had a capital story or a bit of geological scientific or +botanical wisdom. The wild-flowers were scarcer than on Cardigan but +there was greater variety of ferns. Half way up, a tiny spring welled +up in the pathway. Our grave philosopher, as well-versed in mystical +wood-craft as metaphysics, cut a strip of birch-bark from one of the +over-hanging trees and deftly fashioned an Indian drinking-cup. Working +from the idea of a birch-bark canoe somebody offered the cup-full, as a +"schooner of water." On being asked to explain her nautical terms, the +joker protested ignorance and entirely disowned her far-fetched joke. + +** + +As we advanced, here and there, under the white birches or between the +dense growth of spruce, broad glimpses were visible of the townships +below. Suddenly, vegetation ceased and we were again on the bare rock +with several hundred feet between us and the rude structure called, by +courtesy, the Summit House. Beside the latter, we already descried our +companions, not lost but gone before; and we find ourselves in the +awkward predicament of the man with three hands--a right, a left and a +little behind-hand. + +The top of Kearsarge is composed of andalusite schist. The marks of +glacial action are even more distinct than on Cardigan, while the +stratification is very curious. When we reached the top, the +first-comers were already busy with surveys, profile sketches and +photographs. As we looked at Cardigan looming up grandly in the +northwest, we were proud of our work of the day before. The view from +the two mountains, only twenty miles apart, is of course much the same. +Kearsarge is in exact line with Wauchusct, the Pack Monadnocks and +Moosilauke. These, except the first, could be plainly seen. Mount +Washington, seventy miles distant, Lafayette, Chocorua, Tridyranid, +the Twin Mountains, and Franconia Notch formed a sharp, clear picture +against the northern sky, and were flanked by scores of smaller +mountains. The green rolling country, flecked by numerous ponds and +rivers, stretched away for miles at our feet, to a line of blue, hazy +mountains. The Black-water hills, Sunapee and dozens of other well-known +mountains seemed from our standpoint hardly more than good-sized +haystacks. So, perhaps, will our greatest earthly achievements look, +when viewed from the heights of eternity. + +By noon a blue haze had crept over the horizon and was spreading over +the whole landscape. But we had scored a victory over it by coming +early. + + + "To have the great poetic heart, + Is more than all the climber's art." + + +In some sense, we each felt the meaning of the lines, as we turned from +Kearsarge top and made the gradual descent. There is a precipitous +bridle-path which shortens the distance in proportion as it increases +fatigue. The majority of us were unwilling to tempt fate by adopting it, +and took the easier way. As we stopped occasionally in a shady nook to +rest, we severally confessed that scraps of Lowell's matchless poem had +been floating nebulously in the brain ever since the clouds had +disappeared the day before. Two such days as we had been blessed with +are rare, even in June. Up there in the forest primeval, in the happy +shining weather, we were constantly proving that there was + + + "Not a leaf or a blade too mean + To be some happy creature's palace." + + +If we waxed sentimental, something must be forgiven the lavish summer. + +At the hotel, the bountiful dinner was garnished with the best of all +sauces. Then, reluctantly indeed after our two days' tramping, we +started for Boston, arriving there a little past seven the same evening. +We had had unprecedented weather, and a well-planned and perfectly +executed trip. Never was there a pleasanter excursion or a more +successful outing. If the path up the hill of life were no more +difficult than that up Cardigan! If all earthly troubles could be as +easily surmounted as Kearsarge! Possibly they might be if we went forth +to meet them with the same stout heart and determined spirit. + + + "Daily with souls that cringe and plot, + We Sinais climb and know it not" + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MARCH OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT. + + +By Rev. Charles Babbidge, Chaplain. + + +Should a motto ever be needed for some prospective medal commemorative +of the "Old Sixth Reg." none would seem to be more appropriate than a +quotation from Virgil,--"Primus tentare viam." Though but little honor +attaches to being first, where all were equally ready to be foremost, +still, the "chances of war" gave some little advantage to this fortunate +military body. Its ready re-response to the call "To Arms," served to +awaken a similar enthusiasm in all the other military organizations of +the Commonwealth. The admirable state of discipline to which the +regiment had been brought by its accomplished and efficient commander, +Col. Edward F. Jones, and his subordinate officers, was fully competent +to secure the respect and confidence of the multitudes of patriotic +citizens with whom it came in contact after leaving Massachusetts; and +it is only doing justice to the soldiers of this regiment to say, that +amid all the excitement of the commencement of a campaign, and all the +flattering attentions and entertainments which they received from every +quarter, and on all occasions, they maintained the solid, steady +deportment of soldiers well trained, of citizens accustomed to good +society, and of patriots ready and willing to do whatever these +qualities imply and require. + +It can hardly be said that "the order to march" came unlooked for, +though it most certainly was sudden. The tender of the services of the +regiment had long since been in the hands of Gov. Andrew; meetings of +the field and staff officers had been held; there was a free and +thorough interchange of opinions and sentiments among the line officers; +and not a single soldier could be found who had not fully digested all +the particulars of a possible future. + +The ready response of our citizen-soldiers to the call of the governor +furnishes an apt illustration of the peculiar character of our people. +Under a government that requires the constant maintenance of a strong +military force, "General Orders" would have been issued to the various +camps and garrisons scattered throughout the country. When danger +threatened us it became manifest at once, that every peaceful village +was a garrison, and every city a fortified camp. It was often a subject +of merriment while we, like Christopher North were "under canvas," to +relate the particular circumstances of time, place, and occupation at +the moment when each of us found himself suddenly transformed into a +soldier. Each had his story to tell of his numerous "hair's breadth +escapes," as through mud, snow and darkness he made his way to the +appointed rendezvous, on the morning of April 16th. + +In Lowell the regiment paraded in Huntington Hall, and there received a +cordial welcome from the people of that city. Taking the cars we arrived +in Boston about noon, and were assigned quarters in one of the armories +in Faneuil Hall. With a view to better accomodations, the regiment in +the afternoon marched to Boylston Hall, and there prepared for as +comfortable a bivouac as circumstances permitted. + +Up to this time the weather had been as gloomy as war and dripping +clouds could make it. Having (figuratively) pitched our tents in +Boylston Hall, the discipline of camp-life was at once established, and +communication with the world outside, was largely cut off. This however +did not interfere with the free admission of many tokens of regard from +friends outside, in the form of refreshments of various kinds. + +Two memorable incidents of the evening will long be remembered. The +pretty and graceful daughter of Col. Jones was adopted, with all the +honors, as "Daughter of the Regiment"; and secondly the comfortable and +becoming overcoats prepared with wise forethought for the regiment were +issued. The motley outer-garments, in which, up to this moment, we had +found shelter from the storm, were at once discarded. In our new +garments we not only found great comfort;--we also felt that the inner +as well as the outer man could boast a resemblance to "regular" troops. + +On the morning of the 17th we were marched to the State House, then and +there to receive the salutations of the Governor, and also to receive, +what at the moment struck some of us as a pretty forcible reminder that +we were now occupying positions that were entirely new to us. + +Drawn up in military array in Doric Hall we were each of us "donated" +two blue flannel shirts and some corresponding under garments. This +gratuitous equipment implied _service_. To those of us who within a +twelvemonth had figured in the hall over our heads, as representatives +of the sovereign people, it indicated a very marked change of +circumstances. + +Among other tokens of the confidence reposed in our patriotism and +prowess, a heavy cavalry revolver was bestowed upon each of the field +and staff officers. As these could not be conveniently carried, on the +return march, by those who had been made the happy recipients of these +bulky favors, they were bundled together and consigned for safe-keeping +to the Chaplain, to be borne on the line of march back to Boylston Hall. +Why that functionary should have been chosen to carry a whole armory of +weapons, in the sight of the admiring crowds that lined the streets of +Boston remains a question. Opinions are equally divided as to whether, +_as chaplain_ he would be most likely to prevent a hasty and rash +use of fire-arms; or whether, he was _de facto_ a "common carrier," +on the ground that ministers were made and designed for "bearing +burdens." + +Early in the afternoon, the regiments entered the cars of the Worcester +Railroad, and the march to Washington was fairly begun. So long as +daylight permitted, tokens of the uprising of the people of the +commonwealth were everywhere visible; and when darkness had settled down +around us, we caught glimpses of excited multitudes as the cars dashed +on without stopping, by the brilliantly illuminated depots and +settlements along the route. Our reception at Springfield was of a truly +jubilant character. Refreshments in great profusion, and of the most +appetizing kind were furnished and received a most cordial welcome +within our hungry ranks. The streets were illuminated, and cannon +thundered in every direction. Our stay was a short one; and we rattled +on and on until the morning revealed the fact that we were in +Connecticut and not far from New York. + +It will require a more gifted pen than the one that traces these lines +to picture the march of the "Old Sixth" through the city of New York. +Never before had so _deep_ because so _peculiar_ an enthusiasm +pervaded the people of that vast metropolis. Patriotism, under its +normal and customary forms, had, on many previous occasions, been +wrought up to an intense height; but now it was not to celebrate their +national independence, but to secure their national existence, or +rather, to settle the question whether the American people were, or were +not a Nation. + +At the St. Nicholas and other places, the wants of the regiment were +sumptuously provided for. At the Astor House, the field and staff +officers were entertained in a manner that left nothing to be desired. + +Once more on the march, the regiment passed through the crowded streets, +everywhere receiving welcome plaudits until they reached the ferry that +conducted them to Hoboken, and the places en route to Baltimore and +Washington. As we passed into the ferry boats to cross the river, a +voice was heard above the tumult of the place and hour, "Good luck to +you, boys, but some of you will never return by this route;" a +prediction speedily fulfilled. Within about twenty-four hours, three of +our number had been transferred to a higher department. + +The passage through Delaware to Philadelphia was not marked by any +incidents worthy of notice. Their long and weary pilgrimage had begun to +change a brisk, wide-awake regiment into a common-place body of weary +pilgrims, glad to find a shelter, without much questioning as to what it +might be. Quarters were assigned us in the Gerard House which happened +at that time to be unoccupied. For a brief period quiet ruled the hour, +and the weary soldier had begun his dreams of home and happiness long +before he was ready to stretch his limbs upon the mattresses that +covered the floors of the spacious hotel. + +Suddenly the "Long-roll" was heard echoing along the streets and through +the halls of the Gerard House. The accoutrements and garments that had +been doffed in readiness for sleep were hastely resumed; and at the word +"Fall in," every man was in his place. + +The "weight of affliction" in this crisis fell upon the field and staff +officers. They had but just assembled in the drawing-room of the +Continental Hotel, and gone through with those preliminary forms that +are quite as indicative of a good appetite as of good manners, and were +quiet taking their places at the table, amid the sumptuous surroundings +of a dining hall at that time scarcely equalled on the continent, when +Col. Jones entered the apartment, with the abrupt salutation, +"Gentlemen, to your posts; we start for Baltimore immediately, the +regiment awaits the order to march." "_Vae mihi_!" the writer of +this paper felt that _he_ might, under the circumstances of the +moment, appropriate a few minutes of time's rapid flight to contemplate +in sorrow and silence the scene of disappointment and woe. The little he +still retained of classic lore brought back images of the Harpies, as he +had read of them in Virgil. And even Sancho Panza thrust in his bullet +head, with an asinine smile, as the writer recalled poor Sancho's +distress at not sharing the feast so tantalizingly spread before him. + +But, "hurry up" became the word when the drums and fifes gave notice +that the regiment was on the move, and that somebody would "get left" if +they did not practise the "_Pas redouble_." + + * * * * * + + + + +BY THE SEA. + + +By Teresa Herrick. + + + I watch the mighty breakers rear, and dash + Against the shore, + I hear the sad complaining of the sea; + Forevermore + There rises in my soul a ceaseless song, + A lonely wail; + A yearning for the golden days to come, + A craving to be deluged in that Sea + Whose waves are loves + Unutterable. + + And now I see the gray mist creeping down + Upon the sea. + The bright blue waves are hidden from my sight; + Ah me, ah me, + Thou too, O Sea of God's Immensity + From me art screened; + But till the mists be lifted up I wait, + Wait patiently and long, then will I plunge + Beneath Thy waves + O wondrous Sea! + + + * * * * * + + + + +THE RESPONSE OF MARBLEHEAD IN 1861. + + +By Samuel Roads, Jr. + +AUTHOR OF "HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF MARBLEHEAD." + + +The news of the fall of Fort Sumter aroused the entire North to action. +The great civil war which had so long been threatened could no longer be +averted, and in every town and hamlet, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, +the people rose as one man to defend the integrity of the Union. + +On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued his first proclamation +calling for seventy-five thousand militia for a three months' service. +The news was received in Marblehead, Mass., late in the afternoon of +that day, and the three militia companies were at once notified by their +respective commanders to be in readiness to take the early morning train +for Boston. These companies were: The Marblehead Sutton Light Infantry, +Company C, Eighth Regiment, commanded by Capt. Knott V. Martin; The +Lafayette Guards, Company B, Eighth Regiment, commanded by Capt. Richard +Phillips; and the Glover Light Guards, Company H, Eighth Regiment, +commanded by Capt. Francis Boardman. + +The morning of Tuesday, the 16th of April, broke cold and stormy. +Notwithstanding the rain and sleet which rendered the cold weather +uncomfortable in the extreme, the streets of Marblehead were filled with +an excited throng of people. Wives and mothers and fathers and children +were represented there in the dense crowd, all anxious to speak a +farewell word to the soldiers on their departure. The first companies to +leave town were those commanded by Captains Martin and Boardman, which +marched to the depot and took the half-past seven o'clock train for +Boston. Captain Phillips' company took the train which left Marblehead +about an hour and a half later. + +As the trains slowly left the depot, the cheers of the assembled +multitude were re-echoed by the soldiers in the cars. "God bless you!" +"Good-by!" resounded on all sides; and it was not until the last car had +disappeared in the distance, that the great crowd began to disperse. + +Of the arrival of the Marblehead companies in Boston there is little +need for me to write. The testimony of such eminent witnesses as +Adjutant-general Schouler and General E.W. Hinks cannot be disputed, +and we quote it _verbatim_. + +"There has been some controversy in military circles," wrote General +Schouler, "as to which company can claim the honor of first reaching +Boston. I can answer, that the first were the three companies of the +Eighth Regiment belonging to Marblehead, commanded by Captains Martin, +Phillips and Boardman. I had been at the State House all night; and +early in the morning, rode to the arsenal at Cambridge, to ascertain +whether the orders from headquarters to send in arms, ammunition, +overcoats and equipments had been properly attended to. Messengers +had also been stationed at the different depots, with orders for the +companies, on their arrival, to proceed at once to Faneuil Hall, as a +northeasterly storm of sleet and rain had set in during the night, +and had not abated in the morning. On my return from Cambridge, I +stopped at the Eastern Railroad depot. A large crowd of men and women, +notwithstanding the storm, had gathered there, expecting the arrival +of troops. Shortly after eight o'clock, the train arrived with the +Marblehead companies. They were received with deafening shouts from the +excited throng. The companies immediately formed in line, and marched by +the flank directly to Faneuil Hall, the fifes and drums playing "Yankee +Doodle," the people following and shouting like madmen, and the rain +and sleet falling piteously, as if to abate the ardor of the popular +welcome. And thus it was that the Marblehead men entered Faneuil Hall +on the morning of the 16th of April." + +The testimony of General Hinks, who at the breaking out of the war was +Lieutenant-colonel of the Eighth Regiment, is interesting as an +important historical statement, and is as follows: + +"On Monday, April 15, 1861, at quarter-past two o'clock, in reply to an +offer of my services made in the morning of that day, I received from +Governor Andrew a verbal command to summon the companies of the Eighth +Regiment, by his authority, to rendezvous at Faneuil Hall at the +earliest possible hour. Leaving Boston on the half-past two o'clock +train, I proceeded to Lynn, and personally notified the commanding +officers of the two companies in that city, and from thence telegraphed +to Captain Bartlett at Newburyport, and Captain Centre of Gloucester, +and then drove to Beverly and summoned the company there; and from +thence hastened to Marblehead, where I personally notified the +commanding officers of the three Marblehead companies. I found Captain +Martin in his slaughter-house, with the carcass of a hog, just killed, +and in readiness for the "scald." On communicating to the captain my +orders, I advised him to immediately cause the bells of the town to be +rung, and to get all the recruits he could. Taking his coat from a peg, +he seemed for a moment to hesitate about leaving his business +unfinished, and then turned to me, and with words of emphatic +indifference in regard to it, put the garment on, with his arms yet +stained with blood and his shirt-sleeves but half rolled down, and with +me left the premises to rally his company. + +"On Tuesday, April 16, I was directed to remain on duty at Faneuil Hall, +and during the forenoon the following named companies arrived there and +reported for duty, to wit;-- + +"1. Companies C, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Knott V. Martin, +and H, Eighth Regiment, Capt. Francis Boardman, both of Marblehead, +which place they left at half-past seven o'clock A.M. and arrived in +Boston at about nine o'clock. + +"2. Company D, Fourth Regiment, thirty-two muskets, Sergt. H.F. Wales, +left home about nine o'clock, and arrived at about ten A.M. + +"3. Company B, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Richard Phillips, +of Marblehead, left home at nine o'clock, and arrived in Faneuil Hall +about eleven A.M. + +"The above is substantially a true record, as will appear by reference +to the files of the "Journal" of that date, and is prompted only by a +desire to do justice to Captain Martin and the patriotic men of +Marblehead, who, on the outbreak of the Rebellion, were the first to +leave home, the first to arrive in Boston, and subsequently, under my +command, the first to leave the yard of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, +to repair and relay the track in the march through Maryland to relieve +the beleaguered capitol of the Nation." + +On the morning after the departure of the companies, thirty more men +left Marblehead to join them. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed +throughout the town, and men everywhere were ready and anxious to +enlist. Of the patriotic spirit of the people, no better evidence can be +given than that contained in the reply of Governor Andrew to a gentleman +who asked him if any more men would be needed. "For heaven's sake," +replied the governor, "don't send any more men from Marblehead, for it +is imposing on your goodness to take so many as have already come!" + +The citizens were not less prompt to act than those who had rallied for +the defence of the nation. On the 20th of April, a town meeting was held +to provide for the families of the soldiers, and the old town hall was +crowded to repletion. Mr. Adoniram C. Orne was chosen moderator. The +venerable town clerk, Capt. Glover Broughton, a veteran of the War of +1812, was there beside the moderator, his hands tremulous with emotion, +awaiting the action of his fellow-citizens. "It was voted that the town +treasurer be authorized to hire the sum of five thousand dollars, to be +distributed for the relief of the families of those who have gone or +are going to fight the battles of their country." A committee of five +persons was chosen to repair to the assessors' room and report the +names of ten persons to act as distributors of the fund. The town was +divided into districts, and the following gentlemen were chosen as a +distributing committee, namely: Messrs, Thomas Main, John J. Lyon, +Frederick Robinson, William Courtis, William Litchman, Stephen Hathaway, +Jr., James J.H. Gregory, John C. Hamson, Jr., Richard Tutt, Joshua O. +Bowden. + +No resolutions were adopted. The times called for action, and "_Factis +non verbis_." was the motto of the hour. But human nature must find +some vent for enthusiasm, and we are informed in the records, by the +faithful clerk, that "three cheers were then given." They probably shook +the building for genuine Marble-headers are blessed with strong lungs, +and can never cheer by rule. + +The patriotism of the ladies of Marblehead at this time and throughout +the entire period of the war cannot be overestimated. With loving hearts +and willing hands, they contributed their time, their labor, and their +money for the benefit of those who had gone forth to battle. The work of +some was of a public nature, and the deeds of these are recorded; but +the only record of hundreds who worked quietly in their own homes was +written on the grateful hearts of the soldiers for whom they labored. + +On the 22d of April a meeting of the ladies was held at the town hall, +and a Soldiers' Aid Society was organized. The object was to perform +such work as was necessary for the comfort of the soldiers, and to +furnish articles of clothing, medicines, and delicacies for use in the +hospitals. Mrs. Maria L. Williams was elected president. That lady +subsequently resigned, and Mrs. Margaret Newhall became president, and +Mrs. Mary M. Oliver, secretary. + +On the following day, eighteen ladies met at the Sewall Grammar +School-house, on Spring Street, and organized a committee to solicit +money for the benefit of the soldiers. The following are the names of +the ladies who composed this committee:--Miss Mary E. Graves, +_President_; Miss Mary A. Alley, _Secretary_; Miss Mary L. +Pitman, _Treasurer_; Mrs. Mary Glover, Mrs. Hannah Hidden, Miss +Harriet Newhall, Miss Tabitha Trefry, Mrs. Hannah J. Hathaway, Mrs. John +F. Harris, Miss Amy K. Prentiss, Miss Sarah E. Sparhawk, Miss Hannah J. +Woodfin, Miss Lizzie Cross, Miss Mary A. Cross, Mrs. Hannah Doak, Miss +Alicia H. Gilley, Miss Carrie Paine, Miss Mary E. Homan. + +In less than one week from the time of their organization the ladies of +this committee had collected the sum of $508.17. The teachers of the +public schools generously contributed six per cent of their salaries for +the year in aid of the object; and there was a disposition manifested by +the people generally, to give _something_, however small the +amount. + +Stirring reports were now received from the companies at the seat of +war. The blockading of the railroad to Baltimore by the Secessionists; +the seizure of the steamer Maryland; and the saving of the old frigate +Constitution, in which their fathers fought so valiantly, caused the +hearts of the people to swell with pride, as they related the story one +to another. The men of Captain Boardman's company were the first to +board "Old Ironsides," and a delegation of them helped to man her on +the voyage to New York. The sufferings of their soldier boys, who were +obliged to eat pilot bread baked in the year "1848," brought tears to +the eyes of many an anxious mother. But the tears were momentary only, +and the sufferings of the boys were forgotten in the joy that Marblehead +soldiers had been permitted to lead the advance on the memorable march +to Annapolis Junction and to relay the track which had been torn up to +prevent the passage of the troops. The arrival of the troops in +Washington; the new uniforms furnished in place of those worn out in +eight days; and the quartering of soldiers in the United States Capitol +Building, was all related in the letters that came home. + +Some of these letters were so full of patriotic sentiment that they +should be preserved to testify of the spirit of the men of Marblehead +who participated in the struggle for national life. I have space only +for one of these, which is quoted in full because it is so +characteristic of the heroic old veteran who wrote it. + + + "HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, + WASHINGTON CITY, April 27, 1861. + + "_Dear Sir_: We arrived in Washington yesterday after a great deal + of hardship and privation, living for thirty-six hours at a time on one + small loaf to a man; water a great part of the time very scarce, and not + of a very good quality. But the men bore it almost without a murmur. + The Eighth Regiment had the honor of taking the noble old frigate + Constitution out of the dock at Annapolis, and placing her out of reach + of the Secessionists. The Eighth came from Annapolis to Washington, in + company with the New York Seventh,--God bless them. They shared with us + their last morsel; and the two regiments together have laid railroad + tracks, built bridges, run steam-engines, and contracted an eternal + friendship, which has been cemented by deeds of daring for each other. + We have encamped in corn-fields, on railroad embankments, with one + eye open while sleeping; and have opened R.R. communication between + Annapolis and Washington, for all troops which may hereafter want to + pass that way. + + "Give my love to all friends of the Stars and Stripes, and my eternal + hatred to its enemies. + + "Yours Respectfully, + + "KNOTT V. MARTIN. To WM. B. BROWN, Esq." + + +During the latter part of April, active measures were taken to recruit +another company to join those already in the field. In a few davs the +"Mugford Guards," a full company of fifty-seven men, was organized, and +Captain Benjamin Day was commissioned as commander. Every effort was +made to get the new company in readiness for departure as soon as +possible. The men were without uniforms, and the school teachers at once +voted to furnish the materials for making them, at their own expense. +Mr. John Marr, the local tailor, offered his services as cutter, and +they were gratefully accepted. On Sunday, May 5, the ladies of the +Soldiers Aid Society, with a large number of others, assembled at +Academy Hall, and industriously worked throughout the entire day and +evening to make up the uniforms. + +On the following day, the town voted to appropriate the sum of $400 to +furnish the company with comfortable and necessary clothing. + +On the 7th of June another meeting was held, and the town voted to +borrow a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars, to be applied by the +selectmen in aid of the families of volunteers. + +On the morning of Monday, June 24, the new company took its departure +for the "seat of war." The soldiers were escorted to the entrance of the +town by the Mugford Fire Association and a large concourse of citizens. +Almost the entire community assembled in the streets to say "farewell," +and to bid them "God speed." On arriving at the locality known as the +"Work-house Rocks," the procession halted, and the soldiers were +addressed by William B. Brown, Esq., in behalf of the citizens. + +The soldiers embarked for Boston in wagons which were in waiting, and +departed amid the deafening cheers of the citizens. + +On Thursday, August 1, the three Marblehead companies arrived home. +Arrangements had been made to give them an enthusiastic welcome. At +three o'clock in the afternoon a procession was formed, consisting of +the Marblehead Band, the "Home Guards," the boards of town officers, +the entire fire department, and the scholars of the public schools. +An interesting feature of the procession was thirteen young ladies, +representing the original States, wearing white dresses, and red, white, +and blue veils. The arrival of the train bringing the soldiers was +announced by the ringing of bells, the firing of guns, and the joyful +acclamations of the people. They were received at the depot at about six +o'clock P.M., and escorted to the "Town House" where an address of +welcome was delivered by Jonathan H. Orne, Esq., a member of the board +of selectmen. + +On the afternoon of the following day, the veterans were given a grand +reception. The procession was again formed, and they were escorted about +town to Fort Sewall, where a dinner was served. + +Shortly after the return of the companies, Capt. Knott V. Martin +resigned as commander of the Sutton Light Infantry, and recruited a +company for the Twenty-third Regiment. More than half the members of +this company were enlisted in Marblehead. They left for the seat of war +during the month of November. + +It does not fall within the province of this article to trace the +fortunes of the sons of Marblehead through the long and cruel war. Their +experience, however, was not unlike that of thousands who suffered and +died for the nation. With patient endurance and the fortitude of +martyrs, they drank to the dregs the bitter cup of war. Through the long +and fatiguing marches, in the many hard fought battles, and in the +hopeless agony of life in the prison-pens, they were manly and true. It +is unnecessary to say more. By the self-sacrificing devotion of heroes +like these, the nation was saved. + + * * * * * + + + + +EQUINOCTIAL. + + +By Sidney Maxwell. + + + The autumn day is almost spent. And yet + No length' ning shadows mark the sun's decline, + For all is shadowed by the cold, gray mist + Which long has driven with the fitful wind, + And still it is not gone. How chill the air! + It seems but yesterday that summer's breath, + Sultry and dry, distressed the thirsty fields-- + And now the skies, repentant of their fault, + Will more than make amends. It rains again, + Beating a doleful measure on the pane, + Sobbing in sad, wild cadence through the street + While ever 'mid the rising, falling strains + The eaves drop notes as those of muffled drum, + Alone in rhythm, save, perchance, the beat + Of some tired horse's hoofs, as, homeward bound, + He treads the flooded pavement stones. And now + The sun, weary of contest for the day, + Forsakes the scene and sinks away to rest, + Leaving the world to darkness and to rain. + + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITOR'S TABLE. + + +The Democrats of Massachusetts are perplexed in regard to the choice of +a candidate for gubernatorial honors. In their dilemma they seem +indisposed to heed the counsel of the venerable Dutchman who, on a +certain critical occasion, asserted that it was not wise to "swap horses +while crossing a stream." + +It so happens that in this present year the Democratic party throughout +the country is crossing a stream, a deep and muddy one which divides its +former prestige from its future hopes and prospects. The wise and +foolish members of the party are at loggerheads. Both have taken into +their confidence an anomalous contingent which is neither in sympathy, +nor even in alliance with them as regards principles. The Mugwumps, so +called, whose only recommendation in politics is, that they have a +well-filled purse and know how to use it to bolster up what they are +pleased to designate as _their_ "independence," after having +bitterly opposed the Democratic party, in season and out of season, now +join hands with their deluded brethren for a grand all hands round. By +their help a President of the United States has been elected, by their +dictation his policy has been mapped out, and by their threatening +attitude the entire administration is controlled. A similar condition of +affairs was never before known in the history of American politics. + +Now, the Independent Republican will always be a Republican in +principles. The same honest motives which impelled him to oppose the +chosen candidates of a majority of the Republican party, at the last +national canvass, will again and always prompt him to oppose a +Simon-pure Democrat of the Democrats. So long as he can have his own +way, he will deny an equal right to his political neighbor. One thing is +very evident, and that is, in Massachusetts the Independents are bound +to rule so long as the Democratic party will continue to let them; and +that the administration encourages this state of affairs is alike +evident to all careful observers. It would be easy to make some very +interesting disclosures on this theme, and it is not improbable that +they will be made very shortly. + +But we began by asserting that the party in the old Bay State is in a +quandary. It has reached a point when one of two alternatives must be +chosen,--either to force an issue with its allies, as well as with its +Republican opponents, by nominating a downright, old-fashioned Democrat +for the governorship; or, acquiescing with the wishes of its allies, to +attempt a quasi victory over its opponents. In the former case defeat +would be honorable, though defeat is by no means a foregone conclusion; +in the latter case a victory is probable which would be worse than a +defeat for the Democrats. We may not presume to give any advice in this +matter; and yet it would seem that some well-intentioned and honest +advice is needed. If there is to-day a true-blue, a frank and out-spoken +Democratic newspaper in the city of Boston, we do not know its name. Our +esteemed contemporaries of so-called Democratic persuasion, in this +cultured city, are either bridled by the administration or are timid in +expressing their convictions. Why has it never occurred to any one of +them to urge the selection of a candidate that has _not_ allied +himself with the new gods in Israel,--a stanch, dyed-in-the-wool, +old-fashioned Jackson Democrat, such for example as the HONORABLE +CHARLES LEVI WOODBURY? He has always been an ornament to his party, wise +and prudent in his counsels, broad in his scholarship and still broader +in his views, untrammelled in his profession of honest principles, and +true to the faith. He was never known to wander after strange gods: he +has never paraded before the eyes of the public, clad in a Joseph's coat +of many colors; he has never sought the emolument or the honor of public +office, and yet, if we are not greatly mistaken, his scrupulous fidelity +to party principles, his unswerving integrity, and the confidence which +men of all parties repose in him, have merited for him as high an honor +as lies within the gift of the people. There are but few such men in +Massachusetts, and their worth is only comprehended when they are +compared with that of the aristocratic dudes whom President Cleveland +has thus far smiled upon in this state. + +The Massachusetts Democrats have this year a grand opportunity to assert +their independence, and to set a wholesome example to the party in other +states. They can do no safer, wiser, or more honorable thing than to +nominate Judge Woodbury, a Democrat of Democrats, as their +standard bearer. + +The Boston _Evening Record_ is a sample of daily journalism that is +getting to be rather common nowadays. Like many other of its +contemporaries, it seems to be impressed with the idea that the province +of a newspaper is to _coin_ facts rather than to chronicle them; +and that editorial ability consists in getting away from the truth as +far as possible. + +In a recent issue, it comments on General Butler's article in +the _North American Review,_ and more particularly upon the reason +why the General did not desire the Republican nomination for the Vice +Presidency in 1864, expressed by him as follows:-- + +Being made to sit as presiding officer over the senate, to listen for +four years to debates more or less stupid, in which I can take no part +or say a word, nor even be allowed a vote upon any subject which +concerns the welfare of the country, except when my enemies might think +my vote would injure me in the estimation of the people, and therefore, +by some parliamentary trick, make a tie on such question, so I should be +compelled to vote; and then, at the end of four years (as nowadays no +Vice President is ever elected President), and because of the dignity of +the position I had held, not to be permitted to go on with my +profession, and therefore with nothing left for me to do save to +ornament my lot in the cemetery tastefully, and get into it gracefully +and respectably, as a Vice President should do. + +The _Record_ asserts that, "this is about as near the truth as +Butler ever gets," and then goes on to make some additional statements +which, to say the least, are exceedingly interesting, and _proofs_ +of which the Editor's Table respectfully requests. + +The _Record_ says; "It is true that his (Butler's) name was +proposed for the nomination for Vice President in 1864." + +Upon whose authority does this assertion rest, and _by whom_ was +General Butler's name thus proposed? + +The _Record_ says:--"It is also true that he (Butler) heard of it, +and objected to the plan not for the reasons he now gives, but because +he '_didn't want to run on the ticket with Abe Lincoln.'"_ + +Intensely interesting this, an important fact it would seem for the +future historian. But,--will the _Record_ please quote its +authority? + +The _Record_ says:--"That this was the ground for his (Butler's) +refusal to take the nomination, in case it should be offered to him, was +well known to those who were informed of the exact state of affairs at +the time." + +The historian is still incredulous. All this "was well known to those +who were informed," etc.,--undoubtedly, but _who_ were these +persons? Will the _Record_ cite the name of one _living_ man +thus informed? Did General George A. Gordon know anything about it: and +if not, why not? + +The _Record_ says:--"Butler, in the last days of the war, uttered +an insult to the President who was shortly to be made a martyr." + +Well, this is really a serious charge, and the public certainly will be +interested in knowing what the "insult" was. Will the _Record_ +kindly explain? For the present, the subject may rest here. In the name +of truth and justice, however, the Editor's Table humbly requests that +the _Evening Record_ will enlighten its contemporaries. + + * * * * * + +The Republican newspapers have all been pleased to remark that +President Cleveland has done a very decent thing by refusing to +appoint as post-master at Mr. Blaine's home, in Augusta, the +Democratic editor, who "was virulently active in publishing particularly +unclean falsehoods concerning the Republican candidate last fall." Mr. +Blaine had a perfect right to object, and he exercised the right, to the +appointment of Morton; and likewise, the President had a perfect right +not to heed the objection,--a right, however, which he did not exercise. +The action of the President therefore commends itself to the +right-thinking men of all parties. + +So far as the Editor's Table can remember, this is the first opportunity +that the Republican newspapers have improved to say anything good of +President Cleveland, who, it is not forgotten, was a target for +as virulent and uncalled for abuse as was ever heaped upon any known +American citizen. Magnanimity is always in order even in politics. + + * * * * * + +Civil Service Reform seems to-day to be the mare of the Mugwumps and the +nightmare of everybody else. The eloquence or, if you please, the waste +of words which the minority employ in advocating its deceptive +principles, is only to be contrasted with the almost ludicrous +indifference with which both Republican and Democratic majorities regard +it. Thoughtful people are, at this time, more concerned with the +prospective treatment of the tariff problem. + +Now, it is neither our purpose nor desire to add to the literature of +discussion, on this important theme; but one thought which occurs to us +may here be submitted in the form of a question. People who talk much on +tariff topics are supposed to be interested in the same, and to have +some reason, good, bad, or indifferent, for advancing their diverse +arguments. + +To all such, the inquiry may be addressed:--Are you sure that you +believe in a "protective" tariff because you think it is a _public_ +benefit, or because you think it is a private benefit? + +And again:--Does "protective" tariff protect? If it does,--whom? + +Last autumn, the cry arose throughout the land that free trade meant the +destruction of home labor, and the "introduction of the pauper labor of +Europe," or at least a competition at home with the pauper labor of +Europe. Well, some very dismal pictures have been drawn of the condition +of the pauper labor of Europe, and when thinking of them, it must be +confessed that one does not like to run any risks. + +But suppose that we widen the thought a little. At this very moment, the +iron monopoly of this country is raising a fund to head off a tariff +revision, or to bring about an increased duty. What can be said of the +Iron Monopoly? This, as one fact; that in Pennsylvania, it employs +miners at _fourteen_ dollars a month, charges them _five_ +dollars a month each for a tenement in which to live, and charges them +exorbitant prices for the food and provisions which, in spite of a law +prohibiting the system, _must_ be purchased at the Monopoly's +stores. At the end of the month, many of these miners have not only +consumed every dollar of their wages but are actually in debt. It is +stated, further, as an incontestable fact that, "a miner who objects to +the amount of work or wages given to him gets no more of either, for he +is at once dropped from the rolls, and his name is sent to the +neighboring mines as that of a man unlit for employment." These people +subsist--miraculously--on scanty and unwholesome food, and frequently +are subjected to the greatest hardships. + +We assert that this is no fanciful picture. It is the absolute truth, +with the worst untold. Monopoly is fond of calling these pitiable men +"Molly Maguires,"--"a dangerous class that must be carefully watched!" +These men are _protected_, and their industry and their entire +living afford a charming picture of the results of the "protective" +system, so far as the Iron Monopoly is concerned. With such facts as +these to ponder over, and with the additional knowledge that there is +not a single person today employed in a cotton or woolen mill in the +United States who is not taxed _in the name of protection_, to +enrich the corporation for whom he labors, it seems almost inexplicable +that _honest_ men should neglect one of the greatest and, as God +knows, one of the most threatening problems of this age and country, and +waste words and precious moments over that most arrant humbug--Civil +Service Reform. The People are more important than the Government: for +to-day the Government is the politicians. + + * * * * * + + + + +HISTORICAL RECORD. + + +September 10.--The seventy-second anniversary of our first great Naval +victory was celebrated at Newport, R.I. The most important incident was +the unveiling of the statue erected to the honor of its hero. Commodore +Oliver Hazard Perry. The order of exercises included a brilliant oration +by the Hon. William P. Sheffield, chairman of the Perry statue +committee, this oration by courtesy of its author being printed in full +in this number of the Bay State Monthly; other addresses at the +unveiling were made by Governor George Peabody Wetmore and Mayor Robert +S. Franklin. At the banquet among the speakers were the Governor, Hon. +George Bancroft, the historian, Mayor Franklin, Judge Blatchford, Chief +Justice Durfee, Admiral Rodgers, and Admiral Almy. The occasion was an +exceedingly notable one. + +September 12.--The two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the +incorporation of the town of Concord, Mass., was celebrated with +appropriate military and civic exercises. There was first, a procession, +reviewed by the Governor and invited guests. At the town hall an oration +was delivered by Senator George F. Hoar, and other interesting literary +exercises took place, at the conclusion of which the line was reformed +and the march was taken up to the Hall where the dinner was served. +Judge John S. Keyes presided, and the principal after dinner speeches +were made by William M. Evarts, George William Curtis, George F. Hoar, +E. Rockwood Hoar, James Russell Lowell, and others. + +September 15.--The town of Hingham, Mass., celebrated the quarter +millenial of its incorporation as a town. Business was generally +suspended, and all the prominent residences and public buildings were +elaborately decorated. There was a procession at 11 A.M. to the "old +meeting house." The order of exercises at this place included an oration +by Hon. Solomon Lincoln. A banquet was spread in Agricultural Hail, +attended by ex-governor Long and many other notables. The bells on all +the churches were rung at sunset and as darkness settled over the town, +bonfires were lighted upon Baker's, Otis, Planter's, Turkey, Liberty +Pole and Prospect Hills. The Hingham band gave an open air concert, and +in the evening the citizens and invited guests held a social reunion at +the hall. + +September 16--The annual Salisbury beach gathering opened and continued +through the 17th. About five thousand persons attended. The exercises +consisted of band concerts, base ball, illuminations, etc. + +September 16.--The great race in New York harbor between the Yankee +yacht "Puritan" and the English yacht "Genesta,"--the second in the +contest was won by the former, thus deciding that the America's cup +shall remain in America. The sailing tune was: Puritan, 5.03. 14: +Genesta, 5.04. 52. + + * * * * * + + + + +OBITUARY. + + +September 1.--In Cohasset, Mass., Charles Faulkner of the Boston and New +York firm of Faulkner, Page & Co. + +September 6.--In New Bedford, Mass., William A. Wall, a well known +artist. + +September 8.--In Hanover, N.H., Edward A. Rollins of Philadelphia, +ex-commissioner of internal revenue. + +September 8.--In Haverhill, Mass., Rev. Raymond H. Seeley, D.D. a +prominent Congregational clergyman. + +September 12.--Jonathan Cartland of Lee, Mass, died, aged seventy-six. +He was one of the leading old guard of abolitionists, an uncompromising +prohibitory advocate, and a bosom friend and co-worker of Wendell +Phillips. He held many important town and county offices. He was a warm +friend of the fleeing negroes from the South to Canada, his home being +the refuge for many, and often piloting them from there by night to the +Canadian border. + +September 14.--The death of Hon. Oliver Warner occurred at Lynn, Mass. +He was the son of Oliver Warner of Northampton, where he was born on +April 17, 1818. He was graduated at Williams College in 1842, and +subsequently at Gilmanton Theological Seminary. He officiated as a +Congregational clergyman at Chesterfield from 1844 to 1846. In 1552 and +1853 he was a tutor at Williston Seminary, Easthampton. In 1854 and 1855 +he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and in 1856 and +1857 in the Senate. He occupied the position of secretary of state for +eighteen years, retiring in 1876. His majority in 1872 was greater than +any other on the Republican ticket. In 1875 considerable opposition was +made to his election, the effect of which was to lose him the Republican +nomination and the office. From 1876 to 1879 he filled the position of +librarian of the State Library. In September, 1882, he married Miss +Newhall of Lynn, and departed on a six months' tour in Europe. + +September 16.--Rev. Benjamin F. Tefft, D.D., LL.D., a widely known +Methodist divine, died, aged seventy two years, from a shock of +paralysis received on Friday. He was one of the ablest pulpit orators in +the denomination, has been a president of the Genesee College, editor of +the Methodist Book concern and author of several works. He was a member +of the New York Geographical and Statistical Society, the Society of +Arts of London, etc. He was United States consul to Stockholm in 1862, +and acting minister to Sweden, and commissioner of emigration from +Europe to the state of Maine in 1864. He has been in poor health the +past two years. Dr. Tefft was the author of "Evolution and +Christianity," published last Spring, a veritable encyclopaedia of +Evolution-lore. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMONG THE BOOKS. + + +A very notable contribution to the annals of our times is the +publication of the _Writings and Speeches of Samuel L. Tilden_[2] +This contribution is comprised in two volumes, and is so complete in +itself as to ensure a welcome from not only a large body of political +sympathizers and admirers but also from all students of American +political history. Mr. Tilden has the honor of being unquestionably the +greatest Democratic leader of recent years, and, in more ways than one, +of being a unique figure among the statesmen whom his country has +produced. + +He was born in New Lebanon, N.Y. 1814, and before he reached his +majority he began to discuss political questions in print and on the +rostrum. In these early, as well as in later years, he was in his +instincts a conservative; as time moved on, he grew more and more fond +of the democracy of Jefferson and of Jackson, and their democracy, it +may be said, has had, during the past quarter of a century, no more +devoted or worthier expounder and representative than Mr. Tilden. +No question of paramount interest has arisen that has not, from the +Democratic standpoint, received his attention. When the nullifiers +assaulted the Union he stood by it; whenever anybody has undertaken to +advocate the American "protection" system, he has invariably denounced +it as unconstitutional, in this respect differing from another leading +Democrat, General Butler. Mr. Tilden also stood by the removal of the +deposits from the United States Banks, advocated the establishment of +the Sub Treasury, and was the first to contend for free banking. He +asserted the supervision of legislatures over charters of their own +creation. He protested against the nationalization of slavery in 1848. + +These few specifications of a general character, to say nothing of those +of special interest, indicate something of the wealth of thought and +expression contained within the covers of these volumes. Of the minor +themes, one was exceedingly important in its day, and important also as +a lesson for future municipalities,--namely, the Tweed charter for New +York city and the story of the destruction of the Tweed ring. It is +herein presented with the fullest details. + +Mr. Bigelow, the editor of the collection, has happily taken the time +for publication when Mr. Tilden has retired from active political +service; and thus the volumes may now be read with a less prejudiced +mind than in a former period of years. + +It is impossible not to derive information and suggestions from a +careful perusal of these discussions, and inspiration from the +_dignity_ with which they are conducted; at the same time the +reader is somehow impressed in the perusal that Mr. Tilden is neither a +_great_ statesman _per se_, nor always a safe one to follow. +At this hour, it would be difficult to estimate the influence which he +has exerted upon the politics of his time. The accident of a political +defeat, rather than any extraordinary ability of his own, won for him +the remarkable and enthusiastic loyalty of his party, and perhaps also +a political immortality. As is still remembered, he bore his defeat +manfully and with a dignified grace unexampled in history, when all the +circumstances are considered, and this will be to his everlasting honor. +During his active participation in politics, Mr. Tilden was a partisan, +in the best sense of that word, as every man must be who lives and +_thinks_ under our system of government. He cherished principles +directly opposed to those of a host of his contemporaries, and this, +too, was a prerogative of his citizenship. Nevertheless, the integrity +of his character was never questioned, his motives were always +honorable, his opinions were generally carefully conceded and candidly +asserted, his acts never savored of trickery. We wish as much could be +said of many who have professed admiration of the man, as well as of +many who have not scrupled to malign him to a merciless degree. + +[Footnote 2: The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by +John Bigelow In two volumes. New York: Harper & Brothers. Price $6.00.] + + * * * * * + +We have been particularly pleased with the four volumes which are +comprised in the "Garnet Series."[3]--They are, to speak first of their +mechanical attractions, handsomely made, as regards paper, press-work +and binding, and at once tempt the reader to look within. The object of +their publication is to furnish in neat but low priced books choice +reading to so called Chautauqua circles; and thus far there is a promise +of brilliant success. + +The character of the contents of these volumes demands neither +explanation nor criticism at this time. _Readings from Ruskin_ is +edited with a suitable introduction, by Prof. H.A. Beers of Yale +College, and the selections are made mostly from the great writer's +chapters pertaining to Italy. The _Readings from Macaulay_ also +pertains to Italy, including the remarkable essays on Dante, Petrarch +and Machiavelli, and the Lays of Ancient Rome, and is pleasantly +"introduced" by Donald G. Mitchell. An exceedingly timely volume is that +entitled _Art and the Formation of Taste_, by Lucy Crane, with +illustrations drawn by Thomas and Walter Crane. It is one of the most +inspiring and practical books on the subject that have been written in +our generation. Charles C. Black's _Michael Angelo_ contains within +275 pages the principal facts of the great sculptor's life and labors, +faithfully and appreciatively recounted. It is, so far as it goes, +declared to be a very valuable work. We cannot too highly commend these +publications. Every one of them is an incentive to further reading and +reflection. + +[Footnote 3: THE GARNET SERIES;--Readings from Ruskin--Readings from +Macauley--Art and the Formation of Taste--Life and Works of Michel +Angelo. 5 vols. Boston; The Chautauqua Press.] + + * * * * * + +Dr. George H. Moore is the superintendent of the Lenox Library and a man +who is not afraid to dip into old parchments and musty records. We wish +that there were more of his kind. Students of our local annals are +indebted to him for the preparation and publication of two important and +interesting brochures, which have recently appeared. His _Notes on the +History of the old State House_,[4] formerly known as "The Town House +in Boston," "The Court House in Boston," "The Province Court House," +"The State House," and "The City Hall" was first read before the +Bostonian Society, last May, and was listened to with the closest +attention. The second brochure, embracing 120 pages, bears the title: +_Final notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts_[5] and is a +vindication of the laws and liberties concerning attainders with +corruptions of Blood, Escheats, forfeitures for crime and pardon of +offenders, etc. This is the fifth pamphlet which Dr. Moore has issued on +the subject of Witchcraft in Massachusetts, and it concludes the series. +We hope, at a future time, to be able to refer to them again, for they +shed much light on our colonial history, and to our historical +literature constitute very valuable additions. + +[Footnote 4: Notes on the History of the Old State House. By George H. +Moore, LL. D. Boston: Cupples, Upham & Co. Paper. 50 cents.] + +[Footnote 5: Final notes on Witchcraft in Massachusetts. By same author. +New York: Printed for the author. Sold in Boston, by Cupples, Upham & +Co. Paper, $1.00.] + + * * * * * + +Mr. Smith's recent work on _The Science of Business_[6] should be +read, and its facts and arguments carefully weighed, by all men of +business. It professes to be a study of the principles controlling the +laws of exchange. Reasoning from analogies existing in the natural +world, the author logically deduces his law that civilization moves +along lines of least resistance, and contends that this law holds true +throughout the phenomena of mind also. The law of the survival of the +fittest is but another expression of the subject under discussion. "Do +we not see civilization," asks the author, "advancing along those lines +where the tractive forces are the greatest, where the least labor will +produce the largest crops, and where the obstacles to complete living +are the fewest? Do not people invest their money where it will safely +bring the largest returns? Do we not buy in the cheapest, and sell in +the dearest market? Does not the tide of immigration set from least +favored nations to the most favored?" There is still one other +law,--that motion is always rhythmical. These two principles or laws Mr. +Smith applies to his theories regarding general business, the iron +industry, the building of railroads, immigration, stocks, exchange, +foreign trade, etc. Indeed his theories are based on these laws, and are +worthy of consideration if not always of acceptance. We quote one +reflection:--"If we admit that business motions are in the line of least +resistance, and rhythmic, and that these rhythms show a tendency to +become balanced, we may conclude that panics and periods of depression +will always continue at intervals, with this qualification, the next +period of depression will not be as severe as the present, and the next +less severe, and so on, until, to all outward signs, they will at last +cease." + +By reason of a lack of space, we cannot say all that we had wished to +say in regard to this work. It is, on the whole, a most ingenious +argument, well conceived and brilliantly sustained. We are not sure that +Mr. Smith has not explained satisfactorily some of the nuggets of +mystery which have so long puzzled the brains of business men. + +[Footnote 6: The Science of Business. By Roderick H. Smith, New York: +G.P. Putnam's Sons. Price $1.25.] + + * * * * * + + + + +PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. + + +An early forthcoming issue of the Bay State Monthly will contain an +elaborate article of great value upon the manufactures and various +important industries of "A Model Industrial City," for which fine +illustrations are being prepared. + +Special invitation is extended to all Public and private Libraries, +Historical, Intellectual and Literary Societies, as well as to every +lover of New England, to join their efforts with ours to the end that +the Bay State Monthly shall be a competent medium of preserving the +great and rapidly increasing amount of history pertaining to New +England, and no less a worthy representative of its literature and +material progress. + +We tender our thanks to the Holyoke _Transcript_ for the very +courteous aid rendered our management. + +We desire to heartily thank the press of the entire country for the +cordial and appreciative welcome extended to the Bay State Monthly since +it has been published under its new management. On an advertising page +in this number are to be found a few comments, selected from hundreds of +similar notices given by representative newspapers in nearly every state +in the Union. + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 5, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAY STATE MONTHLY *** + +***** This file should be named 17725.txt or 17725.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/7/2/17725/ + +Produced by Joshua Hutchinson, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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