initial commit of ebook 18483HEADmain

9 files changed, 18195 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/18483-8.txt b/18483-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..965adee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18483-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5600 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fighting France
+
+Author: Stephane Lauzanne
+
+Contributor: James M. Beck
+
+Translator: John L. B. Williams
+
+Release Date: June 1, 2006 [EBook #18483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGHTING FRANCE
+
+BY
+
+STEPHANE LAUZANNE
+LIEUTENANT IN THE FRENCH ARMY, CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR
+EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE "MATIN,"
+MEMBER OF THE FRENCH MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES
+
+WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES M. BECK, LL.D.
+LATE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+TRANSLATED BY
+JOHN L. B. WILLIAMS, A.M.
+SOMETIME FELLOW OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+NEW YORK
+LONDON
+
+1918
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1918, by
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+MY CHIEFS
+MY COMRADES
+MY MEN
+WHO ARE FIGHTING FOR THE GREAT CAUSE
+OF LIBERTY AND CIVILIZATION
+
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+To be Editor-in-Chief of one of the greatest newspapers in the world
+at twenty-seven years of age is a distinction, which has been enjoyed
+by few other men, if any, in the whole history of journalism. There
+may have been exceptional instances, where young men by virtue of
+proprietary and inherited rights, have nominally, or even actually,
+succeeded to the editorial control of a great metropolitan newspaper.
+But in the case of M. Stéphane Lauzanne, his assumption of duty in
+1901 as Editor-in-Chief of the Paris _Matin_ was wholly the result of
+exceptional achievement in journalism. Merit and ability, and not
+merely friendly influences, gave him this position of unique power,
+for the _Matin_ has a circulation in France of nearly two million
+copies a day, and its Editor-in-Chief thereby exerts a power which it
+would be difficult to over-estimate.
+
+M. Lauzanne was born in 1874 and is a graduate of the Faculty of Law
+of Paris. Believing that journalism opened to him a wider avenue of
+usefulness than the legal profession, he preferred--as the event
+showed most wisely--to follow a journalistic career. In this choice he
+may have been guided by the fact that he was the nephew of the most
+famous foreign correspondent in the history of journalism. I refer to
+M. de Blowitz, who was for many years the Paris correspondent of the
+London _Times_, and as such a very notable representative of the
+Fourth Estate. No one ever more fully illustrated the truth of the
+words which Thackeray, in Pendennis, puts into the mouth of his George
+Warrington, when he and Arthur Pendennis stand in Fleet Street and
+hear the rumble of the engines in the press-room. He likened the
+foreign correspondents of these newspapers to the ambassadors of a
+great State; and no one more fully justifies the analogy than M. de
+Blowitz, for it is profitable to recall that when in 1875 the military
+party of Germany secretly planned to strike down France, when the
+stricken gladiator was slowly but courageously struggling to its
+feet, it was de Blowitz, who in an article in the London _Times_ let
+the light of day into the brutal and iniquitous scheme, and by mere
+publicity defeated for the time being this conspiracy against the
+honor of France and the peace of the world. Unfortunately the _coup_
+of the Prussian military clique was only postponed. Our generation was
+destined to sustain the unprecedented horrors of a base attempt to
+destroy France, that very glorious asset of all civilization.
+
+De Blowitz took great interest in his brilliant nephew and at his
+suggestion Lauzanne became the London correspondent of the _Matin_ in
+1898, when he was only twenty-four years of age. This brought him into
+direct communication with the London _Times_ which then as now
+exchanged cable news with the _Matin_, and it was the duty of the
+young journalist to take the cable news of the "Thunderer" and
+transmit such portions as would particularly interest France to the
+_Matin_, with such special comment as suggested itself. How well he
+did this work, requiring as it did the most accurate judgment and the
+nicest discrimination, was shown when he was made Editor-in-Chief of
+the _Matin_ in 1901.
+
+His tenure of office was destined to be short for, when the world war
+broke out, M. Lauzanne, as a First Lieutenant of the French Army,
+joined the colors in the first days of mobilization and surrendered
+the pen for the sword. His career as editor had been long enough,
+however, for him to impress upon the minds of the French public the
+imminency of the Prussian Peril. As to this he had no illusions and
+his powerful editorials had done much to combat the spirit of
+pacificism, which at that time was weakening the preparations of
+France for the inevitable conflict.
+
+The obligation of universal service required him to exchange his
+position of great power and usefulness for a lesser position, but this
+spirit of common service in the ranks means much for France or for any
+nation. The democracy of the French Army could not be questioned, when
+the powerful Editor of the _Matin_ became merely a lieutenant in the
+Territorial Infantry. As such, he served in the battle of the Marne
+and later before Verdun, and thus could say of the two most heroic
+chapters in French history, as Æneas said of the Siege of Troy, "Much
+of which I saw, and part of which I was."
+
+Having fulfilled the obligation of universal service in the ranks, it
+is not strange that in 1916 he was recalled to serve the French
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For a time he rendered great service in
+Switzerland, where from the beginning of the war an acute but
+ever-lessening controversy has raged between the pro-German and the
+pro-Ally interests.
+
+He was then chosen for a much more important mission. In October,
+1916, he came to the United States as head of the "Official Bureau of
+French Information," and here he has remained until the present hour.
+As such, he has been an unofficial ambassador of France. His position
+has been not unlike that of Franklin at Passy in the period that
+preceded the formal recognition by France of the United States and the
+Treaty of Alliance of 1778. As with Franklin, his weapon has been the
+pen and the printing press, and the unfailing tact with which he has
+carried on his mission is not unworthy of comparison with that of
+Franklin. No one who has been privileged to meet and know M. Lauzanne
+can fail to be impressed with his fine urbanity, his _savoir faire_
+and his perfect tact. Without any attempt at propaganda, he has
+greatly impressed American public opinion by his contributions to our
+press and his many public addresses. In none of them has he ever made
+a false step or uttered a tactless note. His words have always been
+those of a sane moderation and the influence that he has wielded has
+been that of truth. Apart from the vigor and calm persuasiveness of
+his utterances, his winning personality has made a deep impression
+upon all Americans who have been privileged to come in contact with
+him. The highest praise that can be accorded to him is that he has
+been a true representative of his own noble, generous and chivalrous
+nation. Its sweetness and power have been exemplified by his charming
+personality.
+
+Although he has taken a forceful part in possibly the greatest
+intellectual controversy that has ever raged among men, he has from
+first to last been the gentleman and it has been his quiet dignity and
+gentleness that has added force to all that he has written and
+uttered, especially at the time when America was the greatest neutral
+forum of public opinion.
+
+If "good wine needs no bush and a good play needs no epilogue," then a
+good book needs no prologue. Therefore I shall not refer to the
+simplicity and charm, with which M. Lauzanne has told the story with
+which this book deals. The reader will judge that for himself; and
+unless the writer of this foreword is much mistaken, that judgment
+will be wholly favorable. There have been many war books--a very
+deluge of literature in which thinking men have been hopelessly
+submerged--but most books of wartime reminiscences do not ring true.
+There is too obvious an attempt to be dramatic and sensational. This
+book avoids this error and its author has contented himself with
+telling in a simple and convincing manner something of the part which
+he was called upon to play.
+
+I venture to predict that all good Americans who read this book will
+become the friends, through the printed pages, of this gifted and
+brilliant writer, and if it were possible for such Americans to
+increase their love and admiration for France, then this book would
+deepen the profound regard in which America holds its ancient ally.
+
+                                        JAMES M. BECK.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+I
+
+WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+The declaration of war and the French mobilization--The
+invasion and the tragic days of Paris in August and
+September, 1914: personal reminiscences--The premeditated
+cruelties of Germany: new documents--The German organized
+spying system in France                                             1
+
+II
+
+HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+France fighting with her men, her women and her children--The
+men show that they know how to suffer: episodes of the Marne
+and of Verdun--The women encourage the men to fight and to
+suffer: some illustrations--Sacred Union of all Frenchmen
+against the enemy--all, without any distinction of class or
+religion, die smiling--Letters of soldiers--The organization
+in the rear: the work in the factories                             51
+
+III
+
+FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE
+
+Despite her sufferings, France is able to pay 20 billions of
+dollars, for the war, in three years--French commerce and
+French work during the war--France is helping her allies from
+a military standpoint and financially--The saving of Serbia        94
+
+IV
+
+THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE
+
+Restitution: Alsace-Lorraine--Restoration: The devastated and
+looted territories. Guarantees: The Society of Nations            138
+
+APPENDICES
+
+APPENDIX I.--HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE                     179
+
+APPENDIX II.--HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR                     183
+
+APPENDIX III.--HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR                         196
+
+APPENDIX IV.--HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY        200
+
+APPENDIX V.--HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE                    206
+
+APPENDIX VI.--HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE                 229
+
+
+
+
+FIGHTING FRANCE
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+
+Had you been in Paris late in the afternoon of Monday, August third,
+nineteen fourteen, you might have seen a slight man, whose reddish
+face was adorned with a thick white mustache, walk out of the German
+Embassy, which was situated on the Rue de Lille near the Boulevard St.
+Germain. Along the boulevard and across the Pont de la Concorde he
+walked in a manner calculated to attract attention. He approached the
+animated and peevish groups of citizens that had formed a little
+before for the purpose of discussing the imminent war as if he wanted
+them to notice him. You would have said that he was trying to be
+recognized and to take part in the discussions.
+
+But no one paid any attention to him.
+
+Finally he came to the Quai d'Orsay, opened the Gate of the Ministry
+of Foreign Affairs, and said to the attendant who hastened to open the
+door for him:
+
+"Announce the German Ambassador to the Prime Minister."
+
+He was Baron de Schoen, Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary of his Germanic Majesty, William the Second. For two
+days he had wandered through the most crowded streets and avenues in
+Paris, hoping for some injury, some insult, some overt act which would
+have permitted him to say that Germany in his person had been
+provoked, insulted by France. But there had been no violence, the
+insult had not been offered, the overt act had not occurred. Then,
+tired of this method, de Schoen took the initiative and presented a
+declaration of war from his government.
+
+The declaration, as history will record, was expressed in these terms:
+
+     The German administrative and military authorities have
+     established a certain number of flagrantly hostile acts
+     committed on German territory by French military aviators.
+     Several of these have openly violated the neutrality of
+     Belgium by flying over the territory of that country; one
+     has attempted to destroy buildings near Wesel; others have
+     been seen in the district of the Eifel, one has thrown bombs
+     on the railway near Carlsruhe and Nuremberg.
+
+     I am instructed and I have the honor to inform your
+     Excellency, that in the presence of these acts of aggression
+     the German Empire considers itself in a state of war with
+     France in consequence of the acts of the latter Power.
+
+     At the same time I have the honor to bring to the knowledge
+     of your Excellency that the German authorities will detain
+     French mercantile vessels in German ports, but they will
+     release them if, within forty-eight hours, they are assured
+     of complete reciprocity.
+
+     My diplomatic mission having thus come to an end, it only
+     remains for me to request your Excellency to be good enough
+     to furnish me with my passports, and to take the steps you
+     consider suitable to assure my return to Germany, with the
+     staff of the Embassy, as well as with the staff of the
+     Bavarian Legation and of the French Consulate General in
+     Paris.
+
+     Be good enough, M. le President, to receive the assurances
+     of my deepest respect.
+
+                                        (Signed) DE SCHOEN.
+
+Immediately M. René Viviani, the French Premier and Minister of
+Foreign Affairs, protested against the statements of this
+extraordinary declaration. No French aviator had flown over Belgium;
+no French aviator had come near Wesel; no French aviator had flown in
+the direction of Eifel; nor had hurled bombs on the railroad near
+Carlsruhe or Nuremberg. And less than two years later a German, Dr.
+Schwalbe, the Burgomaster of Nuremberg, confirmed M. Viviani's
+indignant denial of the German accusations:
+
+"It is false," wrote Dr. Schwalbe in the _Deutsche Medizinische
+Wochenschrift_, "that French aviators dropped bombs on the railway at
+Nuremberg. The general of the third Bavarian army corps, which was
+stationed in the vicinity, assured me that he knew nothing of the
+attempt except from the newspapers...."
+
+But a blow had just been struck that announced the rising of the
+curtain on the most frightful tragedy the universe has ever known.
+This announcement was contained in the brief, plain words of the
+declaration of war.
+
+De Schoen left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he had been
+courteously received for many years, and made his way out. He was
+escorted by M. Philippe Berthelot, who was at the time _directeur
+politique_ at the Quai d'Orsay. As he was going out of the door, de
+Schoen pointed to the city, which, with its trees, its houses, and its
+monuments, could be seen clearly on the other side of the Seine.
+
+"Poor Paris," he exclaimed, "what will happen to her?"
+
+At the same time he offered his hand to M. Berthelot, but the latter
+contented himself with a silent bow, as if he had neither seen the
+proffered hand nor heard the question.
+
+It was a quarter before seven o'clock in the evening. From that time
+on France has been at war with Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.
+
+How many times the French people had thought of that mobilization
+during the last twenty years, in proportion as Germany grew more
+aggressive, more brutal and more insulting! Personally I had often
+looked at the little red ticket fastened to my military card, on which
+were written these brief words:
+
+     In time of mobilization, Lieutenant Lauzanne (Stéphane) will
+     report on the second day of mobilization to the railroad
+     station nearest his home and there entrain immediately for
+     Alençon.
+
+And each time I looked at the little red card, I felt a bit
+anxious.... Mobilization! The railroad station! The first train! What
+a mob of people, what an overturning of everything, what a lot of
+disorder there would be! Well, there had been neither disorder nor
+disturbance nor a mob, for everything had taken place in a manner that
+was marvelously simple and calm.
+
+Monday, August third, at sunrise I had gone to the Gare des Invalides.
+There was no mob, there was no crowd. Some policemen were walking in
+solitary state along the sidewalk, which was deserted. The station
+master, to whom I presented my card, told me, in the most
+extraordinarily calm voice in the world, as if he had been doing the
+same thing every morning:
+
+"Track number 5. Your train leaves at 6.27."
+
+And the train left at 6.27, like any good little train that is on
+time. It had left quietly; it was almost empty. It had followed the
+Seine, and I had seen Paris lighted up by the peaceable morning glow,
+Paris which was still asleep. And I had rubbed my eyes, asking myself
+if I wasn't dreaming, if I wasn't asleep. Were we really at war? My
+eyes were seeing nothing of it, but my memory kept recalling the fact.
+It recalled the unforgettable scenes of those last days--that scene
+especially, at four o'clock in the evening on the first of August,
+when the crowd along the boulevard had suddenly seen the mobilization
+orders posted in the window of a newspaper office. A shout burst
+forth, a shout I shall hear until my last moment, which made me
+tremble from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet. It was a
+shout that seemed to come from the very bowels of the earth, the shout
+of a people who, for years, had waited for that moment.
+
+Then the "Marseillaise"! Then a short, imperious demand:
+
+"The flags! We want the flags!"
+
+And flags burst forth from all quarters of Paris, decorated in the
+twinkling of an eye as if it were a fête day. Yes, all that had really
+happened. All that had taken place. We were really at war.
+
+Little by little the train filled up. It stopped at every station, and
+at every station men got aboard. They came in gayly and confidently,
+bidding farewell to the women who had accompanied them and who stayed
+behind the gate to do their weeping. Everybody was mixed in together
+in the compartments without any distinctions of rank, station, class
+or anything else. At Argentan I saw some rough Norman farmers enter
+the coaches, talking with the same good natured calmness as if they
+were going away on a business trip. One expression was repeated again
+and again:
+
+"If we've got to go, we've got to go."
+
+One farmer said:
+
+"They are looking after our good. I shall fight until I fall."
+
+The spirit of the whole French people spoke from these mouths. You
+felt the firm purpose of the nation come out of the very earth.
+
+The country side presented an unwonted appearance. I remember vividly
+the view the broad plains of Beauce offered. They looked as if they
+were dead or fallen into a lethargy. Their life had come to an abrupt
+end on Saturday, the first of August, at four o'clock in the
+afternoon. We saw mounds of grain that had been cut and was still
+scattered on the ground, with the scythe glistening nearby. We saw
+pitchforks resting alongside the hay they had just finished tossing.
+We saw sheaves lying on the ground with no one to take them away. The
+very villages were deserted; not a human being appeared in them. You
+would have said that this train that was passing through in the wake
+of hundreds of other trains had blotted out all the inhabitants of the
+region.
+
+We detrained at Alençon, arriving there about mid-day. Alençon is a
+tiny Norman village that is habitually calm and peaceful, but on that
+day it was crowded with people. An enormous wave, the wave of the men
+who were mobilizing, rushed through the main street of the little town
+in the direction of the two barracks. I went with the current. My
+captain, whom I found in the middle of a part of the barracks, had not
+even had time to put on his uniform. He explained the situation to me
+with military brevity:
+
+"It's very simple.... It's now three o'clock in the afternoon. The day
+after tomorrow, at six o'clock in the morning, we entrain for Paris.
+We have one day to clothe, equip and arm our company."
+
+It is no small matter to clothe, equip and arm two hundred and fifty
+men in twenty-four hours. You have to find in the enormous pile, which
+is in a corner of a shed, two hundred and fifty coats, pairs of
+trousers and hats which will fit two hundred and fifty entirely
+separate and distinct chests, legs and heads. You have to find five
+hundred pairs of shoes for two hundred and fifty pairs of feet. You
+have to arrange the men in rank according to their heights, form the
+sections and the squads. You have to have soup prepared and transport
+provisions. You have to go and get rifles and cartridges. You have to
+get funds advanced for the company accounts from the very beginning of
+the campaign. You have to get your duties organized, make up accounts
+and prepare statements. You have to breathe the breath of life into
+the little machine which is going to take its place in the big
+machine.
+
+And there was not a person there to help us to do this--not a line
+officer, not a second lieutenant. The captain had to act on his own,
+to think on his own, to decide everything on his own. He had to do
+all by himself the work that yesterday twenty-five department store
+heads, twenty-five shoe makers and twenty-five certified public
+accountants would have had a hard time doing.
+
+He did it! Every captain in the French Army did it. And the next
+morning at six o'clock our little machine was ready to go and take its
+place in the operations of the big machine. The following day, at six
+o'clock, we entrained again; but no longer was it the confused and
+disorganized crowd that it had been the evening before. It was a
+company with arms and leaders; a company which had already made the
+acquaintance of discipline. That was proved by the silence reigning
+everywhere. At the moment of departure the Colonel had commanded:
+
+"Silence!"
+
+There was not a sound. The long train, crowded with soldiers, was a
+silent train which passed through the open country, the towns and the
+villages all the way to Paris without a sound except the puffing of
+the engine. In the evening, silent always, we detrained at Paris and
+marched to a barracks situated to the north of the capital. We were
+to stay there a month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story of Paris during the month of August, 1914, is an
+extraordinary one that would deserve an entire volume to itself. That
+feverish city has never lived through hours that were more calm and
+peaceful. During the first two weeks Paris seemed to be in a sweet,
+peaceful dream, in which the citizens listened eagerly for sounds of
+victory coming from the far distant horizon. On the twenty-fifth of
+August Paris, which had heard only vague echoes of the Battle of
+Charleroi, awakened with a jolt when it read the famous communiqué
+beginning with the words: "_De la Somme aux Vosges_...."
+
+So the enemy was already at the Somme, a few days' march from the
+capital! But the awakening was as free from disturbance as the dream
+had been. Paris felt absolute confidence in the army, in Joffre; and
+the Parisian reasoning was expressed in one phrase, "The army has
+retreated, but it is neither destroyed nor beaten; as long as the
+army is there, Paris has nothing to fear...." And when Sunday the
+thirtieth of August came, Paris was as calm and confident as it was
+on the first day of the war.
+
+I shall remember the thirtieth of August for a long time.
+
+They had posted on all the walls two notices. One of them was large,
+the other small. The large one was a proclamation of the Government
+announcing the departure of its officials for Bordeaux:
+
+     FRENCHMEN!
+
+     For several weeks our troops and the enemy's army have been
+     engaged in a series of bloody battles. The bravery of our
+     soldiers has gained them marked advantages at several
+     points. But in the north the pressure of the German forces
+     has compelled us to withdraw.
+
+     This retirement imposes a regrettably necessary decision on
+     the President of the Republic and the Government. To protect
+     national safety the government officials have to leave Paris
+     at once.
+
+     Under the command of an eminent leader, a French army, full
+     of bravery and resource, will defend the capital and its
+     people against the invader. But at the same time war will
+     be carried on over the rest of the territory.
+
+The small notice was from General Gallieni, the new Governor of Paris.
+It had, in its brevity, the beauty of an ancient inscription:
+
+     "I have been ordered to defend Paris. I shall obey this
+     command until the end."
+
+That same Sunday, the thirtieth of August, was the first day the
+Taubes came over Paris. By chance I was guarding one of the city's
+gates. I saw the airplane coming from a distance. I had not the least
+doubt about it for it had the silhouette of a bird of prey that
+rendered the German planes so easily recognizable at that time. For
+that matter, no one was deceived by it, and from all the batteries,
+forts and other positions a violent fusillade greeted it. There was
+firing from the streets, windows, courts and roofs. I followed it
+through my field glass, and for a moment I thought it had been hit,
+for it paused in its flight. But this was an optical illusion.... The
+plane simply flew higher, having without doubt heard the sound of the
+fusillade and the bullets having perhaps whistled too close to the
+pilot's ears. When he was almost over my post, a light white cloud
+appeared under its wings and, in the ten ensuing seconds, there
+followed a terrible series of sounds, for a bomb had just fallen and
+exploded very near at hand. But so entrancing was it to observe the
+flight of this pirate who, in spite of everything, continued in his
+audacious course, that I gazed at the heavens, trying to determine
+whether or not I saw once more the little white cloud, the precursor
+of the machine of death.
+
+And everyone who was near me--workmen, passers-by, women,
+children--stayed there too, their feet firmly on the ground, their
+glances lost in the limitless sky. No one ran away; no one hid; no one
+sought refuge behind a door or in a cellar. It's a characteristic of
+airplane bombs that they frighten no one, even when they kill. The
+machine you see does not frighten you; only the machine you can't see
+upsets your nerves.
+
+However that may be, the curiosity of Paris was insatiable. Even in
+the tragic hours we were living through at that time, this curiosity
+remained as eager, ardent and amused as ever. Every afternoon, at the
+stroke of four, crowds collected in the squares and avenues. The
+motive was to see the Taubes! Since one Taube had flown over the city,
+no one doubted that a second one would come the next day. A girl's
+boarding school obtained a free afternoon to enjoy the spectacle. The
+midinettes were allowed to leave their work. At Montmartre, where the
+steps of the Butte gave a better chance of scanning the horizon,
+places were in great demand.
+
+There was a crowd along the fortifications to see the works for the
+defense on which, by General Gallieni's order, men were working.
+Thousands of spectators of both sexes, but especially of women, were
+examining the bases that were being put in for the guns, the openings
+they were making to serve as loopholes, the joists they were putting
+across the gates, and the paving stones with which the entrances were
+being barricaded. This crowd did not want to believe in the proximity
+of the enemy. Or, if it believed it, it didn't want to admit that
+there was danger. Or, if it admitted that there was danger, it wanted
+to share in it. Above everything it wanted to see; it wanted to see!
+
+The last night in August I had a hard time freeing the approaches of
+the gate I was guarding. There were only women, but there were
+thousands of them and neither prayer nor argument could persuade them
+to make up their minds to go home.
+
+"Nothing will happen," I told them. "Look here now, be reasonable and
+go home to bed."
+
+"But we want to see...."
+
+"What do you want to see?"
+
+"Want to see what kind of a reception the Prussians will get if they
+come."
+
+Aside from this the mob was remarkably easy to get on with. A strict
+order had forbidden that anyone be permitted to enter or leave Paris
+until sunrise. As a result the capital found itself cut off from the
+suburbs, and lots of little working girls, who came in for the day
+from Clichy or Levallois-Perret, couldn't get back to their homes in
+the evening. They had to camp out under the stars.
+
+"It's very amusing," they said, "here we are just like soldiers."
+
+I even heard one of them say:
+
+"What a pity there isn't always war."
+
+That same night, about eleven o'clock, a heavy sound was heard coming
+from the direction of the city. Some urchins shouted:
+
+"It's the soldiers. It's the soldiers."
+
+An entire Algerian division was, as a matter of fact, detraining and
+hurrying to fight before Paris. Behind it followed a long line of
+taxi-cabs, the famous line of taxi-cabs requisitioned by General
+Gallieni to carry munitions to the battle field of the Ourcq. They
+made an incomparable spectacle, that magnificent summer night, in the
+bright moonlight, the long column of Algerian cavalry, with their
+shining burnouses, on fiery little horses. Applause burst forth from
+the mob and reached the soldiers. The women threw kisses at them, but
+they overwhelmed my men and me with reproaches:
+
+"See," they shrieked at us, "if we had minded you and gone home, we
+wouldn't have seen them."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paris, which didn't know about the Battle of Charleroi, knew about the
+Battle of the Marne. Paris knew about the Battle of the Marne not only
+on account of the troops who marched through its streets, but because
+it heard the big guns roar for three days, without stopping, towards
+the north.
+
+What has not already been written and said about the Battle of the
+Marne, a conflict which will remain legendary in history? What will
+not be said and written on that subject in the future?... Some writers
+will see in it a miracle, others a strategic action engineered by a
+genius, others a chance stroke of destiny. The truth of the matter is
+more simple and appealing than any of these explanations and, although
+the whole truth is not yet known about the fight at the Marne, enough
+is known to make clear the two or three chief reasons why victory came
+to France and defeat to Germany, safety to civilization and a repulse
+to barbarism.
+
+To be sure there was a great deal of strategy in it; and the stroke
+that was conceived in the master brain of Joffre and carried out by
+Generals Gallieni and Maunoury--a stroke which consisted in forming a
+new army on the extreme right of the German hordes to come and hurl
+itself sharply against these hordes--was a brave and bold maneuver
+which prepared the way for victory.
+
+But this maneuver would not in itself have sufficed to win the victory
+if Maunoury had not attacked with an irresistible élan on the extreme
+left, upsetting the German plan of battle; if Franchet d'Esperey had
+not supported Maunoury's attack vigorously and succeeded in breaking
+the German left; if, especially, Foch, at the center, had not
+performed unheard of miracles in breaking down the enemy's resistance
+and not allowing his own lines to be broken; if, farther on, de Langle
+de Cary and Sarrail had not held off the Princes of Bavaria and
+Prussia before Vitry; if, on the right, de Castelnau had not held
+until the end the Grand Couronné at Nancy. The first truth is that
+they were all--Joffre, Gallieni, Maunoury, Franchet d'Esperey, Foch,
+de Langle de Cary, Sarrail, Castelnau, Dubail, to mention them in the
+order of the battle line from left to right--absolutely incomparable.
+As an eye-witness said, "each man was on his own," each man gave the
+very best there was in his brain, his skill, his mind, his soul, his
+heart. The battle would have been lost if a single one of them had
+failed once during the entire seven days it raged. Opposed to the Huns
+was a chain forged of the finest steel, every link in which met the
+test for equal and unparalleled resistance. Therein lay the miracle of
+the Marne!
+
+And the second great truth is that behind these generals, who all
+showed themselves without equal, were armies which, without exception,
+had kept intact their fighting spirit, that is, their faith in
+themselves, in their leaders, in the destiny of their country, in the
+beauty of the cause for which they fought.... Enough can never be said
+of the elemental importance that lies in the morale of the fighting
+men on the battle field. It is lamentable to hear far distant
+strategists reduce the conflict of two peoples to a problem in tactics
+or a list of ordnance statistics. It is enough to make angels weep
+when spectators, at a safe distance, speak of succoring a beaten
+people by sending them food stuffs, shells and men. Above all, beyond
+all, is that immaterial, incalculable, invaluable force which is the
+sole true mistress of warfare--moral force--fighting spirit!
+
+The Frenchmen in the Battle of the Marne kept their fighting spirit
+intact. I remember asking many of the officers attached to the forces
+which, after the Battle of Charleroi, retreated under a broiling sun,
+along roads burning with heat, through a suffocating dust, how they
+felt at this disheartening time. All of them answered, "We did not
+know where we were going or what we were doing, but we did know one
+thing--that we would beat them!" One writer, Pierre Laserre, described
+this retreat in the words, "Their bodies were retreating, but not
+their souls!" This is proven by the arrival on the fifth of September
+of Joffre's immortal order, "The hour has come to hold our positions
+at any cost, and to fight rather than retreat.... No longer must we
+look at the enemy over our shoulders; the time has come to employ all
+our efforts in attacking and defeating him."... That evening, when
+they heard their leader's appeal, the hearts of the men bounded in
+response. The next morning, at dawn, their bodies leaped up and hurled
+themselves on the enemy. Therein lay the miracle of the Marne!
+
+Finally, at the very hour when the fighting spirit of the French Army
+had never been higher, the fighting spirit of the German Army had
+never been lower. It was low because the physical strength of the
+Germans was low, worn out, and broken by the shameful orgies, the
+disgraceful drinking which had reduced these men to the level of
+swine. It was low because the German fighting men had been led to
+believe that they would have to fight no longer, that the great effort
+was ended, that there was no French Army to put a stop to their
+pillaging and burning. "Tomorrow we enter Paris, we are going to the
+Moulin Rouge," von Kluck's soldiers said in their jargon to the
+inhabitants of Compiègne. "Tomorrow we will burn Bar-le-Duc,
+Poincaré's home town," the Crown Prince's soldiers said. What sort of
+resistance could such men oppose to Joffre's soldiers? Their spirit,
+granting that they had ever had any, was broken beforehand. And that
+is another thing that will explain the outcome of the Battle of the
+Marne.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What Paris knew very quickly, very completely and very surely were the
+details of frightful looting and of the first atrocities perpetrated
+by the Germans, who demonstrated a premeditated intention to destroy,
+defile and wipe out everything in their path. And Paris was doubtless
+the first city in France to comprehend the significance of this war,
+which is a war of civilization against barbarism, a sacred war in
+which the forces of humanity raise a rampart of human breasts against
+the violent reappearance of primitive savagery.
+
+Those of us who had a hand in some part of the Battle of the Marne
+were not slow to comprehend who the enemy was we were fighting and why
+we had to fight him to the death.
+
+Among the many things that will be always engraved on the tablets of
+my memory, the deepest is of the time when I was on guard at the field
+of battle on the Ourcq, north of Meaux, on the extremity of the battle
+line of the Marne. Field of battle I have just written. No, it was not
+a field of battle but a field of carnage. I have forgotten the corpses
+I met in the roads or in the fields with their grinning faces and
+their distorted attitudes. But I shall never forget the ruin that was
+everywhere, the abominable manner in which the fields had been laid
+waste, the sacrilegious pillage of homes. That bore the trade mark of
+German "Kultur." That trade mark will be enough to dishonor a nation
+for centuries.
+
+I see again those humble villages situated along the road to Meaux,
+Penchard, Marcilly, Chambry, Etrepilly, where a barbarian horde had
+passed. Since there were no inhabitants remaining--men whose throats
+could be cut, women who could be violated, or babies to shoot
+down--the horde had vented its rage on the furniture and the poor
+little familiar objects in which each one of us puts a bit of his
+soul.
+
+I arrived in Etrepilly at the same time as a detachment of Zouaves.
+While they piously buried their companions who had fallen in forcing
+their way into the village, I wandered alone among the ruins. There
+had been a hundred houses there, and not a single one was untouched.
+Some had been hit by shells, and the shell which burst in the interior
+of the house had destroyed everything. That, of course, was war, and
+there was nothing to say about it.
+
+But other houses, which had been spared by shell fire, had not been
+spared by the Kaiser's soldiery. The Barbarians had placed their claws
+on them. Everything had been taken out of the houses and scattered to
+the four winds of heaven. Here is a portrait that has been wrenched
+from its frame and trampled on. A baby's bathtub has been carried into
+the garden, and the soldiers have deposited their excrement in it.
+There are chairs that have been smashed by the kicks of heavy boots
+and wardrobes that have been disemboweled. Here is a fine old mahogany
+table that has been carried into the fields for five hundred meters
+and then broken in two. An old red damask armchair, with wings at the
+sides, one of those old armchairs in which the grandmothers of France
+sit by the fire in the evening has been torn in shreds by knife
+thrusts. Linen is mixed with mud; the white veil some girl wore at her
+first communion is defiled with excrement.... An old man is wandering
+among the ruins. He has just come back to the devastated village. He
+says to me simply:
+
+"I saw them in 1870. They came here, but they didn't do this. They are
+savages."
+
+A woman was there, too. She had come an hour or so ago with the old
+man, and she stood on the step of her defiled, despoiled home where
+the curtains hung in tatters at the windows. She saw me pass by. She
+wanted to speak to me, but her voice stuck in her throat. There she
+stood, her arms extended like a great cross. She could only sob:
+
+"Look! Look!"
+
+And she was like a symbol of the whole wretched business.
+
+The men who do such deeds are the men France is fighting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Vincy-Manoeuvre was another one of the villages. It is situated near
+the border of the Department of the Oise. It was still in flames when
+I entered it. On the outskirts of the hamlet there used to be a large
+factory. Only the iron framework of this factory remained; the ashes
+had commenced to smoke, giving forth flames from time to time. Here
+also every house had been destroyed and pillaged. Only the church
+remained standing, and on the belfry which was silhouetted against the
+sky, the weather cock seemed to shudder with horror.
+
+Bottles covered the ground everywhere at Vincy-Manoeuvre. There were
+bottles in the streets, along the highways, in the fields. They
+marked the road by which the vanquished hordes had retreated. I
+counted almost two hundred in one trench, where a German battery had
+been placed. They lay pell-mell, mixed in with unexploded shells.
+Panic had apparently swept the gunners away. They had not had time to
+carry off their shells, so they had left them behind. But they had had
+time to empty the bottles. Absinthe, brandy, rum, champagne, beer, and
+wine had all been consumed, and the labels lay alongside of each
+other. Drunken, bloodthirsty brutes, thieving, sickening, nauseous
+beasts were what had descended upon France and passed through her
+country. Ruins, ashes and filth were the traces left behind by the
+German mob.
+
+Some hundreds of yards from the village I noticed a woman lost in the
+immense beet fields. Apparently she was unharmed. I walked in her
+direction, thrusting aside with my legs corpses of men and horses,
+scaling the trenches, making a circuit around the craters made by
+shells. Suddenly what was my surprise at seeing two German soldiers,
+accompanied by a farmer, coming along a footpath! They stopped at six
+paces, gave me a military salute, and pointed to the white brassard of
+the Red Cross they wore on their arms.
+
+"Where do you come from?" I asked. "What are you doing here?"
+
+"We come from that farm, where we have been for two days caring for
+two of our wounded. We didn't see any French soldier or officer. We
+don't know what to do. We want to go to the village down there," they
+pointed out a hamlet two or three kilometers off, "where we left a
+doctor and one hundred and fifty-three wounded."
+
+"Very good," I said, "follow me."
+
+Obediently the two orderlies marched behind me to the village they had
+pointed out. It was situated on the national highway to Soissons. In
+this place were a hundred and fifty or two hundred Germans, quartered
+in four or five houses under the guard of a company of Zouaves who had
+just arrived a half hour previously. The German major, informed of my
+arrival, stood in front of the main building. He wore gold-rimmed
+spectacles, his face was the type the Alsatian Hansi loves to show in
+his books. He spoke very good French and even pretended that he did
+not want to answer the questions I asked him in his own language.
+
+"Show me your wounded," I ordered.
+
+He immediately conducted me everywhere, explaining the nature of each
+wound. Some were suffering and groaning; others, seeing the uniform of
+a French officer, tried to raise themselves up and salute.
+
+The German major asked:
+
+"When they come to evacuate the wounded to Meaux or some other place,
+do you suppose I shall be allowed to accompany them and continue my
+treatment?"
+
+"I don't know," I replied, "but there is one thing you can be sure of.
+My superiors will act in accordance with the demands of humanity. Now
+you follow me."
+
+I led him outside to the doorstep. I pointed out the poor homes of the
+village, ruined, reduced to dust. Everywhere were the dwellings of the
+entire region, with their furniture lying in the mud and ashes.
+
+"Look at that," I said to him. "That is what your men have done."
+
+The German officer turned very pale, then very red. He answered:
+
+"It's sad, but it is war."
+
+"No," I replied, "it isn't war. It's pure barbarism and it's
+abominable."
+
+Some few paces away from us French Zouaves were sitting beside some
+wounded Germans. In their own glasses they poured out a little cordial
+for their prisoners; they gave them their last cigarettes. One of them
+had even taken, as if he were his brother, the head of a wounded
+German in his left hand to support it. With his right hand, very
+carefully, he was giving him a drink. I pointed that out to the German
+major, saying:
+
+"There! That is war--at least it's war as we understand it."
+
+This time he made no answer.
+
+But all the German prisoners repeated what he had said to me as a set
+phrase. On the whole, when you have seen ten German prisoners you
+have seen a thousand; when you have questioned one German officer you
+have questioned fifty. The characteristic of the race is that they
+have abolished all individuality. You find yourself in an amorphous
+mass, cast in a uniform mold, not in the presence of human beings who
+think their own thoughts.
+
+I often saw trains stop in what is called a _gare regulatrice_, where
+the prisoners are questioned and distributed. These trains bring in
+prisoners and their officers. The commandant of the station, in
+accordance with his duty, has the officers appear before him so that
+he can question them:
+
+"Your name? Your rank?"
+
+The German states his name and rank, offering of necessity his
+identification card.
+
+"Your regiment?"
+
+"Such and such a regiment."
+
+"Your army corps?"
+
+"Such and such an army corps."
+
+"Who is the general in command?"
+
+Like an automaton the officer replies:
+
+"_Das sage ich nicht._" ("I can not answer that.")
+
+And you know that it would be an easier matter to make the stone
+beneath your feet talk than one of these prisoners.
+
+However, the commandant frowns slightly, glances over his notes, and
+says coldly:
+
+"I know who your general is. If you belong to such and such an army
+corps, the general in command must be General von Bissing."...
+
+"I have nothing to say."
+
+As a general thing one of the staff had something to say. The
+interpreter, the convoy officer or the station master would get a lot
+of fun out of reciting to the German passages from von Bissing's
+famous and ferocious proclamation ordering that no quarter be given
+and that the troops should not encumber themselves with prisoners.
+Then he would ask:
+
+"What would you say if we were to put such a principle into practice?"
+
+The German often became very pale. He would content himself with a
+shrug of the shoulders--the shrug of the brute who knows that he is
+safe among civilized men.
+
+The men I questioned were often doctors who ranked as majors or held
+some commission in the German medical corps. They were less stiff and
+automaton-like than the officers and sergeants of the line service.
+Their attitude varied in accordance with the number of stars they had
+on their epaulette. If their rank were inferior to mine, they were
+exaggeratedly obsequious, holding their hands along the crease in the
+seam of their trousers with their fingers close together--at strict
+attention. If their rank were superior to mine, they were defiant and
+insolent. Nevertheless, they showed themselves more communicative than
+their comrades of the line service. Most of them spoke French--well
+enough, though not perfectly. All of them had been in Paris, and one
+and all repeated this phrase:
+
+"We know your beautiful country well. We have been in your beautiful
+capital often...."
+
+For my part, I invariably spoke to them of the atrocities their men
+had perpetrated in that beautiful country, or of those they had
+perpetrated in the country of our beautiful neighbor.... Rheims,
+Ypres, Louvain, Andenne, were the names that always returned to my
+lips. I hoped each time that I would get from those men who, in spite
+of everything, were men of science, members of humanity's most
+generous profession, if not a word of contrition at least a banal word
+of regret. Since they had not ordered the sacrileges or the massacres,
+they need not keep silent. But it was all in vain. They also excused,
+justified and explained....
+
+The explanation was simple and stereotyped. For the battered Cathedral
+of Rheims, for the total destruction of Clermont, for the systematic
+laying-waste of Louvain, for the frightful company of old men, women
+and children who were dragged off into captivity, three words were the
+justification--the three words of the German major at Vincy:
+
+"_Das ist Krieg._" ("It is war.")
+
+For the blackened ruins of Senlis, for that charming city of Louvain,
+razed to the ground in one night as completely as if the scourge of
+God had passed through it; for Andenne, assassinated in cold blood
+with not one of its houses being granted mercy by the assassins; for
+Termonde, where General Sommerfeld, seated in a chair in the midst of
+the Grande Place, gave the order that it be burned and replied to the
+entreaties of the mayor:
+
+"No. Burn it to the ground!"
+
+Five other words sufficed to explain everything:
+
+"Civilians fired on our troops."
+
+Not one village in flames, not one desecrated monument, not one
+organized killing, not one tortured city that does not fall under the
+scope of one or the other of those justifications, "War is war," or
+"Civilians fired on our troops."
+
+Doctors, savants, officers, Bavarians, Saxons, and Prussians have
+adopted the double excuse with a marvelous unity: they advance it in a
+certain tone of voice. It is firmly embedded in what is left of their
+consciences as firmly as the iron cross is riveted on their necks.
+
+Besides, it was all planned, wished for, arranged in advance. German
+frightfulness formed a part of the plan of campaign. It is enough to
+read the manual called "Kriegesgebrauch in Landkriege" (Military
+Usage in Landwarfare) to be very much edified. Every German officer
+has had this manual in his hands since the days of peace. It comprised
+his rules of warfare. It was a part of his war equipment, the same as
+his field glasses and his staff-officer's card. And here is what he
+reads on the very first page:
+
+     War carried on energetically can not be directed against the
+     inhabitants and fortified places of the hostile state alone;
+     it will endeavor, it ought to endeavor to _destroy equally
+     all the enemy's intellectual and material resources_.
+     Humanitarian considerations, that is, consideration for the
+     persons of individuals and for the sake of propriety, can
+     have no recognition unless the end and nature of the war
+     allow it.
+
+And, a little farther on, he reads there:
+
+     Profound study of the history of war will make the officer
+     guard against exaggerated humanitarian concessions, will
+     teach him that war can not take place without certain
+     harshness, _that true humanity consists in proceeding
+     without tenderness_.
+
+Farther along in that book, he reads:
+
+     All the methods invented by the technic of modern warfare,
+     the most perfected as well as the most dangerous, _those
+     which kill the greatest number at once, are permitted_.
+     These last are conducive to the quickest end of the war;
+     they are, if you consider matters carefully, the most humane
+     methods.... Prisoners may be killed in case of necessity if
+     there is no other means of guarding them properly.... The
+     presence of women, children, old men, the sick and the
+     wounded in a beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in
+     consequence it would be very foolish of the beseiger to
+     renounce this advantage.... They will force the inhabitants
+     to furnish information concerning their army, military
+     resources and secrets of their country. The majority of
+     writers in all nations condemn this usage. _It will be used
+     none the less_--very regretfully--for military reasons.
+
+Finally, on the volume's last page, is found this extraordinary maxim:
+
+     "Any wrong that the war demands, however great it may be, is
+     allowed."
+
+Therefore the horrors which the Germans performed from the war's very
+beginning, which provoked an expression of great indignation from all
+the civilized world, were not perpetrated in a moment of orgy or
+madness. They have been perpetrated coldly, deliberately,
+intentionally.
+
+Besides, not only the officers and the common soldiers have been
+taught to make war in this barbarous fashion. It has been taught to
+the entire German people. This precept proves the case. It emanates
+not from a soldier but from a poet, who is not addressing the military
+class but the civilians, the women, the children, and all Germany. It
+is the "Hymn of Hate" by the poet Heinrich Vierordt, which, before the
+war, was recited in even the German kindergartens:
+
+     Hate, Germany! Slit the throats of your millions of enemies.
+     Raise a monument of their smoking corpses that will rise to
+     the heavens!
+
+     Germany, arm yourself with brazen armor and pierce with your
+     bayonet the heart of every enemy. Take no prisoners! Strike
+     them dumb. Transform into deserts the lands that lie near
+     you!
+
+     Hate, Germany! Victory will come from your anger. Shatter
+     their skulls with blows from your ax and the butt of your
+     musket. These brigands are timid beasts.... They are not
+     men.... May your fist perform the judgment of God!
+
+It is useless to say what this spirit has brought about. Germany has
+carried on the war with vigor, has armed herself with brazen armor!
+She has transformed neighboring lands into deserts! She has slit
+throats, laid waste fields, shattered skulls, she has destroyed all
+that lay in her path! She has tried to impress the terror she holds
+salutary upon the souls of inoffensive old men and women and children!
+
+This is the first of all the reasons why it is necessary now to fight,
+and to fight to the death; because these men will understand the
+abominable nature of "frightfulness" only when they see that
+"frightfulness" does not pay; only when they see the uselessness of
+unchaining horror and of beginning another war. Let an assassin go at
+liberty and he will commence his killing all over again; send him to
+the electric chair and he will regret his crime.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just as France and Paris were not long in understanding what war meant
+in Germany's mind, France and Paris were not long in accounting for
+the danger they had passed through on account of the German spy
+system, on account of the formidable web of espionage the German
+agents had woven around all France.
+
+People felt that this German spy system was there, speculated about it
+and talked about it for years and years, but it was only in the first
+days of the war that they really appreciated how diabolical it was and
+how far it had penetrated into the heart of France.
+
+What happened at Amiens at the beginning of September, 1914, is
+especially characteristic of this.
+
+Amiens was occupied twice by the enemy. To use the expression of a
+military historian, it seemed as if "the French and the Germans were
+playing hide-and-seek around the town." As soon as the blue caps of
+the French appeared over the horizon, the yellow pointed helmets of
+the Germans disappeared, rapidly. German occupation meant the same
+thing it did everywhere else--exactions, brutalities, rape.
+Immediately after he had entered the Prefecture, the German governor
+levied a war contribution of one million francs. He also demanded that
+the citizens furnish his troops with wine, cigars, and tobacco; drew
+up a list of hostages; and arrested all the men between the ages of
+seventeen and twenty years. Within twenty-four hours they were led
+away under guard.
+
+Nothing of all this surprised the brave Picard city. Proudly she
+submitted to her fate. But one thing moved her, or rather angered her,
+and that was the surety and speed with which the German authorities
+went directly to all the places they should occupy. They did not
+hesitate an instant about the street to follow or the door at which to
+knock. The arrest of the fifteen hundred young hostages occurred with
+an unheard-of rapidity. It seemed as if an invisible but exceedingly
+clever hand guided each step, regulated each movement of the invaders.
+Who could it be who directed, advised and commanded the Germans from
+behind a veil?
+
+Doubtless the mystery would never have been solved if, during the
+second occupation, the citizens had not been warned that the next day
+they would have to keep their shades down and close all shutters
+because His Imperial Highness, Prince Eitel Friedrich, the Kaiser's
+son, would then make a formal entry into the capital of Picardy. The
+shutters were closed; automatically the streets were emptied.
+
+Into a deserted city, to the sound of trumpet and drum, preceded by a
+staff gleaming with gold braid and mounted on spirited steeds, the
+German army entered in state. All the shades were drawn in the city.
+However, behind some of them drawn faces peered forth in sorrow or in
+anger. In a house on the principal street was a lady whose husband was
+at the front. Her father, an aged general who had fought bravely in
+the war of 1870, was with her. Through the drawn shades of her home
+she was watching the hated scene. And her glorious old father,
+however indignant he felt, was watching by her side.
+
+When the parade was passing by, he made a sudden gesture and said:
+
+"Look at that man on the horse, there, now!"
+
+The man in question seemed to have a horse that pranced a little more
+than the others. He rolled around in his saddle a little more than the
+others. And the two onlookers had no trouble in recognizing this
+aide-de-camp of Prince Eitel's as one of the former directors of a
+language school that had had a branch at Amiens!
+
+There is a sequel to the story ... for on the afternoon of that
+unhappy day Madame X and ten other society ladies of Amiens at
+different times heard a ring at their doors and saw that same
+individual, in full regalia, booted and spurred, enter their drawing
+rooms. He came to call on them, to pay his respects, as if it were the
+most natural thing in the world that he should be there in that
+costume. They all had to restrain the feeling of disgust and anger
+this spy aroused in their breasts. It was for the sake of the safety
+of their homes, for the lives that were dear to them, that they did
+this. And he, entirely unconscious in his vileness, was suave and
+polite, played the man about town, recalled one thing or another,
+mentioned dances and parties....
+
+So we once more find justification for the famous definition of German
+contained in Schopenhauer's famous phrase: "The German is remarkable
+for the absolute lack of that feeling which the Latins call
+'verecundia'--sense of shame."
+
+The essence of this feeling which is found among the most savage
+peoples is entirely lacking in the Teutonic race. And once more we
+find an abominable ambush placed for French culture, good faith and
+generosity.
+
+This is not an isolated incident. When the whole truth is known, there
+will be even more surprised indignation felt than there is at present.
+Inquiries will have to be made. It will be necessary to know why the
+enemy, in certain places, has rushed in as if he came out of a trap
+door. It will be necessary to know why, in certain ravaged districts,
+some houses have been entirely destroyed and others carefully spared.
+It will be necessary to know why tennis courts have been put in
+certain places and why certain masses of rhododendrons have been
+planted in certain parks....
+
+For we know that the tennis courts have helped the Germans carry out
+their schemes, and that the flower beds have had a place in the
+machinery of war they were developing, which they kept alive until
+they were at our gates. A tennis match seems a mere nothing--something
+very innocent in the way of pleasure, far from being war-like. And
+then, one fine day the discovery is made that the tennis court has a
+foundation of reinforced concrete twenty centimeters thick, fit to
+support a house six stories high and, consequently, a heavy gun!
+
+A clump of rhododendrons is very lovely, something very gracious,
+charming, most poetic. And one day the discovery is made that the
+clump conceals a platform set in concrete on which an entire battery
+can be aligned.
+
+All that will have to be investigated. All that will have to be
+stopped.... And it makes another reason why it is necessary to fight
+today, to fight to the death. For these Germans will understand the
+inanity of their Machiavellian scheming and of their spy system only
+when they shall see these methods fall to pieces, when they shall see
+their system fail absolutely.
+
+In conclusion we may say that France fights for two reasons. The first
+reason is because on the third of August at a quarter before seven
+o'clock war was declared on her; she was forced to fight; her
+territory was invaded, her cities burned to the ground; her fields
+ravaged; her citizens massacred. The second reason is because she does
+not want to have to fight in the future; she does not wish this horror
+to be reproduced a second time; she wishes, in the immortal words of
+Washington, "that plague of mankind, war, banished off the earth."
+
+To accomplish this the engine that makes war must be destroyed. The
+engine that makes war is "made in Germany." War is the national
+industry of the Germans, it has been developed and made perfect in
+Germany, it is dear to all German hearts. They are proud of it and
+have faith in its power. The machine must not only be stopped; it must
+be broken and destroyed, thrown out as scrap iron to prevent the
+pieces from being reassembled, readjusted and put in running order
+once again.
+
+That is why France is fighting, why the whole world ought to fight to
+the end, to death or until victory crowns its efforts.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+
+Two words, courage and tenacity, will serve the future historian in
+his description of how France fought, when the time shall have come
+for telling the entire story of the world war.
+
+No one has ever doubted French courage throughout all the centuries of
+her tormented history; but skeptical remarks have been made in times
+past of the tenacity of the French people.
+
+Ten epigrams do not describe this war; nor do three. But one alone
+serves this purpose--know how to endure. No more thoughtful words have
+ever been spoken than those of the Japanese, Marshall Nogi: "Victory
+is won by the nation that can suffer a quarter of an hour longer than
+its opponent."
+
+During the four years of war, France has proven that she knew how to
+suffer and was able to suffer a quarter of an hour longer than her
+enemies.
+
+They knew how to suffer, those soldiers of General Maunoury's army in
+the Battle of the Marne. And they turned the tide of battle in favor
+of French arms. They marched, fought and died for five days and five
+nights, in the passing of which some battalions marched forty-two
+kilometers and did not sleep for more than two hours at a time. The
+mobility of the fighting units was such that the commissary department
+was absolutely unable to supply them with rations. For three days many
+of them had no bread, no meat, nothing at all! They subsisted on
+crusts they had with them, or on the food they were able, by the
+fortunes of battle, to pick up in the villages where they happened to
+be. In spite of all this, whenever the order was given to charge, they
+charged the enemy with a sort of inspired madness.
+
+"The fight has been a hard one," Marshall Joffre wrote in an order of
+the day that will be famous throughout eternity. "The casualties, the
+number of men worn out by the exhaustion due to lack of sleep--and
+sometimes of food--passed all imagining.... Comrades, the commander in
+chief has asked you to do more than your duty, and you have responded
+to this request by accomplishing the impossible." That is the finest
+word of praise that has been given fighting men since the world began.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+They knew how to suffer, those other soldiers of the Battle of the
+Marne who were a part of General Foch's army at Fère-Champenoise. Five
+times they attacked the Château de Mondement, and five times they were
+driven back. Their officers were consulting as to the best thing to
+do; and the men surrounded the officers, begging them with tears in
+their eyes to lead them to the assault for the sixth time. For the
+sixth time the attack was sounded, and at the sixth assault Château de
+Mondement fell.
+
+That officer at Verdun knew how to suffer. He will remain a figure
+for the legends of the future for, running to transmit an order, he
+received a bullet in the eyes which shattered his optic nerve. He was
+completely blinded. Nevertheless, he continued to advance, trying to
+grope his way through the night that had fallen upon him. He
+encountered something lying on the ground--a something that was a man
+just as badly wounded. The blind man besought him for help.
+
+"How can I help you," said the wounded man, "a shell has broken both
+my legs."
+
+"What difference does that make," shouted the blinded man, "I am going
+to carry you on my back. My legs will be yours, and your eyes will be
+mine."
+
+And, one supporting the other, the blinded man and the lamed man
+carried on!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That officer knew how to suffer whom one of my brothers met on the
+battle field of Lorraine. An artillery officer, his arm was shattered,
+a few bits of flesh barely holding it fast to his shoulder. My
+brother, when he saw the man painfully dragging himself along, asked
+him whether or not he needed help.
+
+"I don't need help," replied the wounded man, "but my battery down
+there does. It is retreating."
+
+"If it is retreating, it can't be helped and it is a waste of time for
+me to get it ammunition...."
+
+"No," begged the lieutenant, "get the munitions. We Colonials fight
+until the last man falls...."
+
+He offered to guide my brother, mounted beside him on the artillery
+caisson, and stayed there all day. For after he had supplied his own
+battery, it was the battery next it, and then the one next to that,
+which he wanted to supply.... Finally, in the evening, at nightfall,
+they came to take him off in the ambulance. The major looked at his
+shattered arm, examined his frightful wound, and muttered:
+
+"You are in a bad way. Couldn't you have come here sooner?"
+
+The lieutenant replied humbly:
+
+"Pardon me, I lost a lot of time on the way."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Those men I saw for months fighting and dying to the south of Verdun,
+at the Butte des Eparges, knew how to suffer.
+
+The Butte des Eparges dominates the great plain of the Woevre, and
+from the very beginning it has been the theater of a frightful and
+long drawn out battle of the kind one seldom sees in this war. The
+Germans have been entrenched on the left side of the Butte, the French
+on the right. And day and night for four years there has been an
+incessant battle over its summit of grenades, bombs and shells; a
+terrible hand-to-hand fight in which neither one of the contestants
+yields an inch of ground. A brook of blood runs its interrupted course
+on each slope. On the south slope it is red with German blood; with
+French blood on the north.
+
+The two slopes of the Butte have been so raked by firing that they
+have not a single tree, bush, or blades of grass on them; they stand
+out sinister and frightful in their nakedness, seeming to cry out to
+the men of the plain:
+
+"See, all of you, the scourge of God has passed over this place."
+
+They are dented, furrowed and blown into crevasses by the explosions
+of mines; they are sown over with the enormous funnels in which the
+fighters take shelter; they are covered with an incessant smoke from
+the projectiles that plow them up.
+
+As for the summit, it is a no man's land, that belongs to the dead men
+whose bodies cover it. The summit stopped being a battle field to
+become a charnel house. The number of men who have fallen there will
+never be known. The most fantastic figures come from the lips of those
+who come down ... 5,000, 8,000, 10,000 ... it will never be known. But
+what is known is that the dead are always there. They form a parapet
+above which the living fight on. These dead rot in the sunshine and in
+the rain. In accordance with the wind's being from the east or the
+west, the frightful odor of all this rotten flesh strikes the Germans
+or the French. They lie there, an indistinguishable mass on the
+ground, and the men are unlucky who watch by night in the listening
+posts or the trenches. They think they are stumbling against a stone,
+and it is a skull their feet are touching; they think they are picking
+up the branch of a tree, and they have hold of the arm of a corpse.
+
+However, in the shadow of this human charnel house, at the edge of
+this bloody sewer, some little French soldiers come and go, eat and
+sleep for months at a time. The dreadfulness of the sights, the stench
+in the air, the tragic presence of death has not gripped their souls,
+their courage or their nerves. They are no less confident and merry
+than the others and, in the evening, when the setting sun adds the
+purple of its shadows to the red of all the blood that has been shed
+on the Butte, they sing from the depths of their charnel house sweet
+love songs.... This is the most regally beautiful sight I have seen in
+this war; it is the most splendidly moving example I know of what
+personal sacrifice for one's country's sake can do.
+
+One day, in a rest village in the neighborhood, I met a soldier from
+one of the battalions which was encamped in the charnel house. He was
+a boy twenty years old, who hurried along with a flower in his
+buttonhole, whistling a tune.... He was so joyful that I asked him:
+
+"You seem as happy as you can be."
+
+"I have leave, Sir," he answered, "and in a week I shall go to the
+country to see my mother. But, for the present, I have to go and take
+the trench at Eparges...."
+
+As he mentioned the name of the accursed Butte, I could not repress a
+movement. He saw it and said:
+
+"Sir, I am glad to go there."
+
+And he told me his name and the number of his company. Then he hurried
+away.
+
+It chanced that precisely one week later I met one of his officers. I
+asked him about the merry fellow.
+
+"That man? He was killed the day before yesterday at Eparges."
+
+And my comrade added in a low voice:
+
+"He was shot down at my side, struck with a bullet square in the
+chest. The death agony set in at once. As I was trying to do something
+for him, passing my hand gently across his forehead, I said to him:
+
+"Courage, my boy, courage."
+
+He murmured the reply:
+
+"Oh, I'm glad to die."
+
+Glad ... the same phrase, the same words I had heard a week ago, which
+can be heard everywhere on the French front--and they are glad to go
+into all the trenches and into all the charnel houses, and it is with
+a happy heart that they rest in peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But France has not only fought with all her courage, with all her
+soul, with all her tenacity. She has fought with all her living
+strength, with her men, her women, even her children.
+
+What can I say which has not already been said about the men? When I
+think of my own men, when I think of all the men floundering and
+fighting in this mud, I can find no other means of expression than
+the words that have already served the Commander in Chief of the
+French Army, General Pétain, on the evening of his great victory at
+the Chemin des Dames. In receiving the American newspapermen, he said
+to them:
+
+"Do not speak of us, the generals and the officers. Speak only of the
+men. We have done nothing; the men have done everything. Our men are
+wonderful; we, their leaders, can only kneel at their feet."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The women have been no less wonderful. And I want to write a few words
+about them.
+
+The women who are at the front have fought like the men. Can you
+imagine a more beautiful deed of arms than that of a young girl,
+twenty years old, named Marcelle Semer, whose heroic story a French
+Cabinet Minister, M. Klotz, told recently at one of the Matinées
+Nationales at the Sorbonne.
+
+In August, 1914, there lived at Eclusier, near Frise, a young girl
+with gray eyes and blonde hair named Marcelle Semer. She was twenty
+years old at the time and kept accounts in addition to overseeing the
+work of a factory. At the time of the August invasion, after the
+Battle of Charleroi, the French tried to halt the Germans at the
+Somme. Not being in sufficient force, they retreated, crossing the
+river and the canal. The enemy immediately pursued. Marcelle Semer,
+who was following the French troops, had the presence of mind, after
+the last soldier had crossed the Somme Canal, to open the drawbridge
+in order to prevent the Germans from crossing it, and to hurl the key
+to the bridge into the canal in order that they might not take it from
+her when they came up. An entire enemy army corps was thus detained
+for twenty-four hours by this young girl's presence of mind; and it
+was only on the following day that the enemy, having found some boats
+on the Somme, made a bridge of them and passed over the canal. But the
+French soldiers were already far away.
+
+The Germans were masters of the neighborhood for some days. They
+seized the inhabitants as hostages and shut them up in a cave.
+Marcelle Semer secretly carried them food. She also carried
+sustenance to other inhabitants who had hidden in the woods or in
+cellars. She succored and concealed the soldiers whom wounds or
+fatigue had prevented from following the main body of troops. She
+contrived that sixteen of them, dressed as civilians, escaped. Then
+she was apprehended by the Germans, arrested and led into the presence
+of a court-martial. The judgment was summary, and after a quarter of
+an hour's questioning Marcelle Semer was condemned to death.
+
+"Do you admit," asked the presiding officer, "that you helped French
+soldiers to escape?"
+
+"I certainly do," she replied. "I managed it so that sixteen of them
+escaped, and they are beyond your reach. Now you can do what you want
+to me. I am an orphan. I have only one mother--France. She does not
+disturb me when I'm dying."
+
+This was one time when God intervened. Marcelle did not die. Brought
+to the place of execution, at the very moment when they were about to
+shoot, the French reëntered the village and, by a miracle, she escaped
+her executioners. Today she wears the Croix de Guerre and the medal of
+the Legion of Honor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+They were Frenchwomen and fighters, these women whose names and deeds
+are to be found in the columns of the "Journal Officiel." Read, for
+example, this citation concerning Madame Macherez, President of the
+Association des Dames Françaises de Soissons:
+
+     She willingly assumed the responsibility and the danger of
+     representing the city before the enemy, and defended or
+     managed the interests of the population in the absence of
+     the mayor and the majority of the members of the town
+     council. In spite of an intense bombardment which partially
+     ruined the city, she took the most effective means possible
+     to maintain calm in the city and to protect the lives of the
+     inhabitants.
+
+In this department, a lay instructress, Mlle. Cheron, merited a
+citation which does not contain the least over-praise:
+
+     She evidenced the greatest energy in difficult
+     circumstances. Charged with the duties of Secretary to the
+     Mayor, and alone at the time of the arrival of the Germans,
+     she was not disconcerted by their threats, and kept her head
+     in the face of their demands with remarkable calm and
+     decision. When our troops returned, she assumed
+     responsibility for the service and feeding of the
+     cantonment. She personally took the steps necessary for the
+     identification and burial of the dead. Finally, she was able
+     to prevent panic at the time of the bombardment by the force
+     of her example and her encouragement of the populace.
+
+Those three nuns were also Frenchwomen and fighters of whom the
+"Journal Officiel" in the general order spoke as follows:
+
+     Mlle. Rosnet, Marie, sister of the order of St. Vincent de
+     Paul, Mother Superior of the Hospice at Clermont-en-Argonne,
+     remained alone in the village and showed during the German
+     occupation an energy and coolness beyond all praise. Having
+     received a promise from the enemy that they would respect
+     the town in exchange for the care the sisters gave their
+     wounded, she protested to the German commander against the
+     burning of the town with the observation that "the word of a
+     German officer is not worth that of a French officer." Thus
+     she obtained the help of a company of sappers who fought the
+     flames. She gave the most devoted care to the wounded,
+     German as well as French....
+
+     Mlle. Constance, Mother Superior of the Hospice at
+     Badonvillers, during the three successive German occupations
+     in 1914, assisted the sisters and remained bravely at her
+     post night and day, in spite of all danger, and was busy
+     everywhere with a devotion truly admirable....
+
+     Mlle. Brasseur, Sister Etienne, Mother Superior of the
+     Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul in the Hospital at Compiègne,
+     from the war's beginning at the head of a staff whose
+     tireless devotion has deserved all praise, has given the
+     most intelligent and enlightened care to numerous wounded
+     men. During the time of the German occupation, her coolness
+     and energetic attitude assured the safety of the
+     establishment she directed. Her brave initiative allowed
+     several French soldiers to escape from captivity.
+
+The modest postmistress and telegraph operator was a Frenchwoman and a
+fighter, who, in the little village of Houpelines, in the north of the
+country, deserved this citation in the orders of the day, of which
+thousands of soldiers would be proud:
+
+     Refusing to obey the order that was given her to leave her
+     post, she remained in spite of the danger. On the first of
+     October the Germans entered her office, smashed her
+     apparatus and threatened her with death. Mlle. Deletete, who
+     had put her valuables and accounts in safe-keeping, gave
+     evidence of the greatest calmness. From the seventeenth on
+     she endured the bombardment. Her office having been damaged
+     severely by the enemy's fire, she took refuge in the civil
+     hospice, where four persons were killed at her side. She
+     resumed her duties on the twenty-third, since which date she
+     has continued to perform them in the face of frequent
+     bombardments which have found many victims.
+
+The women behind the lines have been worthy of their sisters at the
+front.
+
+In the forges, the foundries, the factories and the munition plants
+they have not feared to don the blouse of the workingman, and on this
+blouse they wear as insignia a large grenade like that on the brassard
+of the mobilized men. Note these figures. On the first of February,
+1916, the civil establishments of war, the munition plants, and the
+Marine workshops employed 127,792 women. The number has increased, and
+on the first of March, 1917, they numbered 375,582 women. On the first
+of January, 1918, the women working in the factories manufacturing war
+material amounted to 475,000; that is to say, in round numbers, a half
+million.
+
+Others, in the hospitals, ambulance and dispensaries have devoted
+themselves to the wounded, the mutilated, the sick and the suffering,
+to the sacrifice of their health, their youth, and sometimes their
+life itself. Here again the figures are eloquent--they speak for
+themselves. Three great societies, constituting the French Red Cross,
+have carried on this work of charity and devotion--the Société de
+Secours aux Blessés Militaires, the Union des Dames de France, and The
+Association des Dames Françaises. At the war's outbreak the Société de
+Secours aux Blessés had 375 hospitals with 17,939 beds; today it has
+796 hospitals with 67,000 beds and 15,510 graduated nurses, three
+thousand of whom are employed in military hospitals. On the
+thirty-first of December, 1916, the Union des Dames de France had 363
+hospitals with 30,000 beds and more than 20,000 graduate or volunteer
+nurses. From August, 1914, to March, 1917, the Association des Dames
+Françaises had raised the number of its hospitals from 100 to 350, and
+from 5,000 to 18,000 the number of its beds; the number of its
+graduate nurses from 5,000 to 7,000.
+
+On the thirty-first of December, 1916, the three societies counted
+about 42,000,000 days of hospital work, 25,000,000 for the Société de
+Secours aux Blessés alone. From the beginning of the war, this society
+has expended for equipment the sum of 38,700,000 francs.
+
+Aside from these there are other figures which show the material
+effort of the Frenchwomen which I can not pass over in silence. They
+show the civic devotion of which they are capable. The Société de
+Secours aux Blessés has been granted one cross of the Legion of Honor,
+94 Croix de Guerre, 119 Medailles d'Honneur des épidémies. The
+Association des Dames Françaises has won 17 Croix de Guerre and 80
+Medailles des épidémies. The Union des Femmes de France has won 39
+Croix de Guerre. And last comes the glorious list of martyrs of the
+societies: 110 nurses have died in the devoted performance of their
+duties.
+
+The heroism of these valiant women, many of whom remained in the
+occupied territories, will be the eternal pride of France. Madame
+Perouse, President of the Union des Femmes de France wrote to M. Louis
+Barthou telling him the number of women who had risked their liberty,
+their life, their honor even, to protect in the face of the ferocious
+enemy the sacred rights of the French wounded. It is fitting to add
+that, if they have taken care of the German wounded as well as the
+French wounded, they can always recall the reply of a devoted teacher
+of the Marne district, Mlle. Fouriaux, to a German major:
+
+"Sir, we have only done our duty as nurses, never forgetting that we
+are Frenchwomen."
+
+Mlle. Joulin, a nurse at Douai, did not forget her duty as a
+Frenchwoman. She was held a prisoner by the Germans for a year in the
+camp at Holzminden, in which she took the place of the mother of five
+children who had been put down on the list of hostages drawn up by the
+German barbarians.
+
+And if you would know where these heroic women have poured out their
+courage, their coolness and their physical resistance, which they have
+put in the service of their country and of humanity, you have but to
+listen to the declaration of one of them, Mlle. Canton-Baccara, who
+has been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, for having shown
+bravery and exceptional devotion in the face of the greatest danger:
+
+"The wounded soldier who suffers," said Mlle. Canton-Baccara, "the
+soldier who is complaining or the peasant who is weeping for the farm
+that has been pillaged, a woman's smile ought to console and her voice
+ought, under all circumstances, to be ready to recall to him that
+above these sufferings and troubles, above the paltry struggles of
+interest and ambition, there is, above all this, France, our France,
+which matters before all else."
+
+Still other women, who were neither in the hospitals, at the front,
+nor in the factories, have been admirable fighters. They fought,
+according to Mlle. Canton-Baccara's words, with their heart and with
+their smile. They fought by the example of abnegation they gave, by
+the moral force with which they inspired the men in the trenches.
+
+Madame de Castelnau is a glorious figure, she, the wife of the General
+who saved Nancy and stopped the rush of the barbarians on the Grand
+Couronné!... Madame de Castelnau had, before the war broke out, four
+sons. Three fell on the battle field. The fourth is actually still a
+prisoner in the hands of the Germans. On the lips of their father
+there is never the slightest word of complaint; on the lips of the
+mother there are these admirable words, which the children in the
+schools will repeat later on.... Madame de Castelnau was in a little
+village when her third son was killed. The curé of the village had the
+pitiful task of telling the already mourning mother of this new blow
+that had struck her. The curé found Madame de Castelnau, and, in the
+presence of her great sorrow, he hesitated and was overcome with
+embarrassment:
+
+"Madame," he said, "I come to bring you another blow. But know well
+that all the mothers of France weep for you."
+
+Madame de Castelnau knew the truth at once. She interrupted the priest
+and, looking him straight in the eye, replied:
+
+"Yes, I know what you are going to tell me.... God's will be done. But
+the mothers of France would be wrong in weeping for me. Let them envy
+me."
+
+Those are the words of a Frenchwoman of noble descent. But you can
+place on the same high level the words of an old woman, a humble soul,
+whom the gendarmes found one night crouched on a grave that was still
+fresh. It was up near Verdun. She told the gendarmes:
+
+"I come from La Rochelle. Five of my sons have already fallen in the
+war. I have come here to see where the sixth is buried--the sixth--my
+last son."
+
+Moved by the tragic grandeur of the sight, the gendarmes rendered her
+military honors and presented arms. The mother rose and uttered the
+words her dead and her heart inspired:
+
+"Even so, Vive la France!"
+
+All of them, mothers of noble birth and of peasant stock, rich and
+poor, wives, sisters, and fiancées are the first to exhort their sons,
+husbands and brothers to fight to the end. All have the same words of
+sacrifice and abnegation on their lips. All of them find words which
+best fortify, exalt and console their men.
+
+Read this letter I picked up on the field of battle, a letter written
+by a humble peasant woman whose heart, after centuries of noble and
+wise discipline, was in the right place:
+
+     MY DEAR BOY:
+
+     We got your letter, which gave us great pleasure. We waited
+     anxiously for it. You wrote it two days ago. Since that time
+     things have changed. Did you get my letter? I hope so. I
+     must reassure you about your father the very first thing. He
+     was away only three days, time enough to guide a detachment
+     to Bourges. So there is only one vacant place at the
+     fireside, but how big that one is.
+
+     My dear boy, you speak to me of sacrifice; yes, it is one.
+     And I can tell you it is the greatest one that has ever been
+     asked of me. However, I keep calm. I tell myself sometimes
+     that I have deserved it. I am ready to pay, but I wish so
+     much that you might not pay.
+
+     My dear boy, you speak to me of duty and of honor. I have
+     never doubted that you would do what you ought to. Yes, my
+     son, a soldier's honor lies in being on the battle field
+     when the country is in danger. Go, then, my son, with the
+     blessing of your mother and your father, and with that most
+     mighty one of your country and of heaven.
+
+     You tell me to accept my lot courageously. Alas, sometimes
+     it fails me. However, I shall try to be resigned and I hope
+     to see you again in spite of everything. If that should not
+     happen, say to yourself, my dear boy, when you close your
+     eyes, that you have all the love and all the sweetest kisses
+     of your mother, who would like to fly to you.
+
+The sisters are worthy of their mothers. Here is a letter written by
+two young girls who live in Lorraine, near Nancy. Plutarch never wrote
+anything more beautiful:
+
+                              MOYEN, 4 SEPTEMBER, 1914.
+
+     MY DEAR EDOUARD:
+
+     I have heard that Charles and Lucien died on the
+     twenty-eighth of August. Eugène is badly wounded. As for
+     Louis and Jean, they are dead also.
+
+     Rose has gone away.
+
+     Mother weeps, but she says that you are brave and wishes
+     that you may avenge them.
+
+     I hope that your officers will not refuse you that. Jean won
+     the Legion of Honor; follow in his footsteps.
+
+     They have taken everything from us. Of the eleven who went
+     to war, eight are dead. My dear Edouard, do your duty; we
+     ask only that.
+
+     God gave you life; he has the right to take it away from
+     you. Mother says that.
+
+     We embrace you fondly, although we would like to see you.
+     The Prussians are here. Jandon is dead; they have pillaged
+     everything. I have just returned from Gerbevillers, which is
+     destroyed. What wretches they are!
+
+     Sacrifice your life, my dear brother. We hope to see you
+     again, for something like a presentiment tells us to hope.
+
+     We embrace you fondly. Farewell, and may we see you again,
+     if God grants.
+
+                              (Signed) YOUR SISTERS.
+
+     P.S. It is for us and for France. Think of your brothers and
+     of your grandfather in 1870.
+
+And this next letter is sublime. It was addressed to M. Maurice Barrès
+by a lady from the city of Lyons, which is perhaps the most mystic
+city in all France. In the newspapers mention had been made of the men
+disabled by war, and of all the unfortunates who were mutilated, whose
+limbs had been amputated, who were helpless or blinded. The question
+was raised of knowing what ought to be done to help them. Then the
+lady wrote as follows to M. Barrès:
+
+     SIR: One of these recent days, when our troubles have been
+     so hard to bear, I went to regain my courage into one of the
+     beloved sanctuaries of Notre Dame.... A lady dressed in
+     black came in beside me and, as all mothers are sisters in
+     these trying days, I asked after her men at the front. She
+     told me sadly that she was a poor widow, and that the war
+     had taken away her two sons, her sole means of support. One
+     of them had had an arm amputated--the right arm--and the
+     hands of the other were cut off at the wrists. She came from
+     seeing them to pray to the Mother of Sorrows for her
+     children and herself.
+
+     I was deeply moved by her sorrow and by her not complaining.
+     I sought means to console her. This is the means I have
+     found, sir, and I tell it to you now....
+
+     Let us ask the Virgin, I said to her, to create young women
+     in France so brave, so strong, and so devoted that they will
+     gladly and proudly consent to marry the poor, injured men
+     and to be not only their hearts but the limbs which will aid
+     them to make their daily bread; leaving to the men the
+     privilege of loving them, of respecting their presences and
+     of guiding their lives.
+
+     The poor woman understood me. We separated. My own youngest
+     daughter was in my thoughts; and do you not think that the
+     men who have a wider audience could stir the hearts of the
+     young women, twenty years of age in France, if they asked
+     them to perform this act of devotion, and to be the
+     companions of the mutilated, maimed men of France?...
+
+Then, too, the women who had only their dignity and their high spirit
+to defend themselves against the grossness and the insults of the
+Prussians, have been the incarnation of the spirit of France.
+
+An old woman who dwelt in a village on the Aisne was spattered with
+mud by the Kaiser as he passed by on horseback. He made a gesture
+excusing himself. She fixed her eyes on him and said simply:
+
+"It doesn't matter, sir. That mud can be washed off."
+
+A great lady in one of the châteaux in the invaded regions, had to
+receive one of the Kaiser's sons. The day of his departure he sent for
+her to thank her for the hospitality she had shown him. The old lady,
+looking at him, contented herself with replying:
+
+"Do not thank me, sir. I did not invite you here."
+
+And she reëntered her house with all dignity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Because the women of France have been all this and have done all this,
+France has been able to fight on, and will be able to fight to the
+end. Because the women of France have been all this and have done all
+this, the soldiers, in the mud of the trenches, revere them as
+Madonnas.
+
+The historian Tacitus tells somewhere how, on a hot spring day, a
+slave, panting and worn out, entered one of the gates of the Eternal
+City. He crossed the Forum without stopping and, in his course,
+mounted the Hill of Mars. Finally he came to one of the greatest
+houses of the patrician section of the city. His cries and shouts
+filled the house:
+
+"Alas, alas!" he cried.
+
+A lady hastened to him. She was the mistress of the house, the famous
+Cornelia Graccha.
+
+"What news do you bring?" she asked.
+
+"Alas, alas," repeated the slave, "in the battle down there in Umbria,
+two of your sons have been killed."
+
+"Fool," was the reply, "I do not ask that. Have the Barbarians been
+conquered?"
+
+"They have, Cornelia."
+
+"Then what matters the death of my sons if my country is victorious!"
+
+Those wonderful words have been handed down from generation to
+generation as a symbol of what ancient Rome was. Those words thousands
+of French women have uttered for the last four years, and they still
+utter them today. Other voices answer them. They rise from the
+trenches, and they say:
+
+     "Be without fear, women of France. For you we will fight to
+     our last gasp, we will shed our last drop of blood. Know
+     that if for months we have held our heads below the level of
+     the muddy trench and offered our breasts to death, it is
+     that you may be freed from the wild beasts that have burst
+     forth from the German forests. For your sakes our homes are
+     not in ruins and our towns are not vassals to the enemy. It
+     is all for you, so that when we shall return you need not
+     throw your arms around conquered necks. Our country, women
+     of France, is made up of our homes, our churches, and our
+     fields, and of your beloved faces. Throughout the tragic
+     periods of its history, our country has always been
+     incarnated in your faces, whether they called themselves St.
+     Geneviève or Jeanne d'Arc. And in our building, to personify
+     the cities that are dear to us, we have always taken your
+     bodies, your foreheads, and the folds of your gowns--see, in
+     Paris, that statue in the Place de la Concorde, in the
+     shadow of the Tuileries, which for days has worn a crêpe
+     veil.... Well, today is the same as yesterday. In our
+     trenches our country appears to us in those visions wherein
+     are mingled your faces. We shall believe that our country
+     has been well served only when, on your beloved faces, we
+     shall have caused a smile to appear because the palms we
+     have placed at your feet are the palms of victory."
+
+Future historians will state that France has fought not only with all
+her courage, her tenacity and her soul, with all her men, women and
+children: they will also state that these men, women and children, in
+spite of the terrible times, their suffering and their mourning, have
+remained firmly united, forming a firm rock from which not a single
+stone has been splintered.
+
+In that tormented, feverish France where the ardor of the Revolution
+still boils, there were, before the war, different parties, cliques,
+groups and churches. The war has leveled, united and bound them all
+together.
+
+In some admirable pages, consecrated to the "Effort of French
+Womanhood," M. Louis Barthou has painted the picture of the sacred
+union there is among all the French women:
+
+     I have seen [he writes] our women at the front and behind
+     the lines, in the hospitals, the railway stations, the
+     automobile service, the canteens, the factories, in relief
+     work and in charity work. I have met nurses, unmoved under a
+     bombardment. I have tested the spirit of fellowship which
+     unites them, including as it does the names of the most
+     aristocratic French families and the most modest citizens.
+     There is no false pride among those in high places nor envy
+     among those lower in the social scale. They wear the same
+     garb, the same cap, with the same cross on their foreheads.
+     For the soldiers there is the same uniform, and when you say
+     uniform you mean equality in devotion, in the risk of life,
+     and in loyalty to duty. Between the classes of society there
+     is no contention, there is only emulation. I do not know
+     whether or not, in times of peace, they had all and
+     everywhere escaped the local passions which have poisoned
+     national life, but the war has given them sacred union for a
+     countersign, and they, as disciplined soldiers, have
+     respected this countersign.
+
+     The French nurse's smile will have served the nation's
+     defense well, but I emphasize this when I think how well it
+     will have served the nation's unity in the aftermath that
+     shall follow war. What rancors it will have appeased! What
+     jealousies it will have blotted out! What petty prejudices
+     it will have conquered! These society women and women of the
+     middle class who have leaned over the beds of sick or
+     wounded peasants, and these young girls who have tended
+     their hurts, bound up their wounds, and calmed their
+     sufferings have, with their delicate hands, so expert in the
+     worst treatments, laid the foundations of a France that is
+     united and fraternal, where envy and hate have no place. All
+     eyes have opened to broader vistas of revealed clearness, to
+     which they have hitherto remained closed through prejudice,
+     or obstinacy. They will have learned that bravery, devotion
+     to the right, loyal and tried disinterestedness, heartfelt
+     and wise knowledge can dwell in the simple soul of the
+     peasant and the workingman. The peasants and the workingmen
+     who have come out from their care will have learned that
+     luxury does not exclude goodness, that beauty is not always
+     a sterile gift, that youth is not altogether callow, that a
+     woman can be pretty and generous, delicate and courageous,
+     rich and sympathetic, and that the mothers whose children
+     are dead excel in lavishing the care of their hands and the
+     tenderness of their hearts on the wounded children who are
+     suffering far from their mothers.
+
+The sacred sense of union that reigns among the men is no less firm.
+It is only necessary to read the letters written on the eve of their
+deaths--in that hour when a man, alone, face to face with himself,
+lets his soul speak--by the fighters who gave their heart's blood for
+the sacred cause.
+
+They all say the same things.
+
+Here is a letter a Jew wrote, named Robert Hertz, a second lieutenant
+of the 330th infantry regiment, who fell on the 13th of April, 1915,
+at Marcheville:
+
+     MY DEAR: I remember the dreams I had when I was a little
+     child. With all my soul I wished to be a Frenchman, to be
+     worthy to be one, and to prove that I was one.... Now the
+     old, childish dream comes back to me, stronger than it ever
+     was. I am grateful to the officers who have accepted me for
+     their subordinate, to the men I have been proud to lead.
+     They are the children of a chosen people. I am full of
+     gratitude towards our country which has received me and
+     heaped favors upon me. Nothing would be too much to give in
+     payment for that, and for the fact that my little son may
+     always hold his head high and never know, in the reborn
+     France, that torment which has poisoned many hours of our
+     childhood and of our youth. "Am I a Frenchman?" "Would I
+     deserve to be one?" No, little boy, you shall not say that.
+     You shall have a native land and your step may sound on the
+     earth, nourishing you with the assurance, "My father was
+     there and he gave all he had for France." If recompense is
+     necessary, this is the sweetest one there is for me.
+
+This is the letter of a Protestant, second lieutenant Maurice
+Dieterlin, who was killed on the sixth of October, 1915, and who, on
+the eve of the Champagne offensive, wrote these last words they were
+to read from him, to his family:
+
+     I saw the most beautiful day of all my life. I regret
+     nothing and I am as happy as a king. I am glad to pay my
+     debt that my country may be free. Tell my friends that I go
+     on to victory with a smile on my lips, happier than the
+     stoics and the martyrs of all time. For a moment we are
+     beyond the France that is eternal. France ought to live.
+     France will live. Get ready your loveliest gowns, keep your
+     best smiles to welcome the conquerors in the great war.
+     Perhaps we shall not be there, but there will be others in
+     our places. Do not weep, do not wear mourning, for we shall
+     have died with a sweet smile on our lips and a lovely
+     superhumanity in our hearts. Vive la France! Vive la France!
+
+What wonderful enthusiasm! But still more beautiful is this prayer,
+that of a little Protestant soldier from the Montbéliard country, who
+died in the Gare d'Amberieu hospital:
+
+     "Lord, may Thy will and not mine be done. I have consecrated
+     myself to Thee since my youth, and I hope that the example I
+     have offered may serve to glorify Thee.
+
+     "Lord, Thou knowest that I have not desired war, but that I
+     have fought to do Thy will; I offer my life for peace.
+
+     "Lord, I pray Thee for the welfare of my people. Thou
+     knowest how greatly I love them all, my father, my mother,
+     my brothers and my sisters.
+
+     "Lord, return manyfold to these nurses the good they have
+     done me; I am but a poor man but Thou art the dispenser of
+     riches. I pray to Thee for them all."
+
+This prayer, in which the little soldier had put his last living
+thoughts, was received by a Catholic sister who had cared for him,
+and sent by her to his sorrowing family--a touching proof of sacred
+union.
+
+All of them, Catholics, Protestants and Jews, speak of God and pray to
+Him.... Read this letter from Captain Cornet-Acquier, that captain to
+whom his wife wrote, "I would urge you on with my voice if I saw you
+charging the enemy." He tells this little incident:
+
+     "A Catholic captain was saying the other day that he said
+     his prayers before each battle. The commanding officer
+     remarked that that was not the proper moment and that he
+     would do better to make his military arrangements.
+
+     "'Sir,' he replied, 'that does not prevent me from making my
+     military arrangements and from fighting. I feel better for
+     it.'
+
+     "Then I said:
+
+     "'Captain, I do the same thing you do. And I find I get
+     along pretty well.'"
+
+This is the letter a young Catholic wrote the evening before a battle
+to his fiancée:
+
+     MY DEAR JEANNE:
+
+     Tomorrow at ten o'clock, to the sounds of "Sidi Brahim" and
+     the "Marseillaise" we charge the German lines. The attack
+     will probably be deadly. On the eve of this great day, which
+     may be my last, I want to recall to you your promise....
+     Comfort my mother. For a week she will have no news. Tell
+     her that when a man is in an attack he can not write to
+     those he loves. He must be content with thinking of them.
+     And if time passes and she hears nothing from me, let her
+     live in hope. Help her. And if you learn at last that I have
+     fallen on the field of honor, let the words come from your
+     heart that will console her, my dear Jeanne.
+
+     This morning I attended mass and communion with faith. It
+     was held some yards away from the trenches. If I am to die,
+     I shall die a Christian and a Frenchman.
+
+     I believe in God, in France and in Victory. I believe in
+     beauty and youth and life. May God guard me to the end. But,
+     Lord, if my blood is useful for victory, may Thy will be
+     done.
+
+Finally, here is a priest, Father Gilbert de Gironde, second
+lieutenant in the 81st infantry, who was killed on the seventh of
+December, 1914, at Ypres, writing his last letter.... For of the
+twenty-five thousand priests who went off at the beginning of the
+mobilization, three hundred were called military chaplains, the rest
+were officers, stretcher-bearers, or common soldiers--and note the
+4,000 citations in the army orders which the "Journal Officiel" has
+published, which report the acts of courage and of bravery done by
+these priests on the battle field:
+
+     To die young. To die a priest. To die as a soldier in the
+     attack, marching to the assault in full sacerdotal garb,
+     perhaps in the act of granting an absolution; to shed my
+     blood for the Church, for France, for her Allies, for all
+     those who carry in their hearts the same ideal I do, and for
+     the others also, that they may know the joy of belief ...
+     how beautiful that is, how beautiful that is!
+
+Catholics, Protestants, Jews, priests, ministers and rabbis, that is
+what they write. It is a belittling, a profanation, that, in spite of
+myself, I have separated and differentiated among them. For down
+there, in the bloody mud of the trenches, they are one body which
+lives together and dies together.
+
+There was a little Breton who, on the Battle field of the Marne, was
+shot in the chest. The death agony at once set in, and in his agony he
+asked for a crucifix. No priest happened to be on the spot, there was
+only a Jewish rabbi. The rabbi ran to get the crucifix, he brought it
+to the lips of the dying man, and he, in his turn, was killed!...
+
+In a little barrack in the hollow of one of the depressions at Verdun
+lived together a priest, a minister and a rabbi. We often saw the
+place. On the evening after a frightful battle, they were all three in
+the charnel house where the dead bodies are brought. They were
+surrounded by stretcher-bearers, who said to them:
+
+"We do not dare throw earth on the bodies of our comrades without a
+prayer being said over them."
+
+The Catholic priest asked to what faith they belonged.
+
+"We do not know. How can we find out? But can't you arrange among
+yourselves?"
+
+"Well, we shall bless them one after the other."
+
+And there in the bleeding night was seen the incomparable sight of the
+three men side by side, the Catholic, the Protestant and the Jew,
+reciting the last prayer and disappearing....
+
+M. Maurice Barrès, the celebrated French writer, from whose
+magnificent book, "The Spiritual Families of France," I have borrowed
+a great number of the letters I have quoted, has pointed out that all
+French churches are fighting in this hour, forming one great church.
+Yes, every church and every saint is fighting! These saints belong to
+all beliefs, some of them to no belief. But one religion has united
+and solidified them all--the religion of their country, the religion
+of Liberty, the religion of civilization. All speak the same prayer,
+all have the same faith in their hearts, all fall martyrs in the same
+cause.
+
+The old walls which, in times of peace, separated parties and men,
+have crumbled into dust at the same time when the German shells
+crumbled into dust the little village churches. An infinite
+cathedral, a cathedral that is invisible and great has risen on high.
+It is the cathedral of the faith of France, in which all faiths
+commune in the same hope--a cathedral which time and suffering and
+death itself shall not destroy.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE
+
+
+Listen to the man in the street when he speaks--that man in the street
+who reflects public opinion whether it is just or unjust, genuine or
+sophisticated. Listen to him when he speaks and you will hear him say:
+
+"Yes, we know. France has a well tempered spirit. But the blood is
+gone out of her body. France would like to fight on, to fight to the
+bitter end, but France is suffering. France is worn out. France is
+bled white."
+
+France is suffering ... that is true. In the cataclysm that she did
+not wish for, that she did not start, that she did not prepare, she
+has lost more than a million men. And what men they were! The Ecole
+Normale, which is the preparatory school for the French university,
+lost seventy per cent of its pupils. That means that three-quarters
+of the thinkers, the literary men, the scientists, the philosophers,
+the professors of the France of tomorrow have been wiped out. They
+were the flower of her youth, the élite of her intelligence. Add to
+that seven departments, roughly 20,000 square kilometers in area,
+which have been invaded, devastated, ruined and pillaged. In these
+seven departments all the machinery, all the raw materials, all the
+merchandise, all the furniture even to the door-knobs and the boards
+in the floors have been taken away. These departments were among the
+richest and most prosperous of those on which France prided herself
+most industrially.
+
+Add to that the cultivation that has been destroyed, the soil that has
+been made untillable, the trees that have been cut down, the roads
+that have been torn up and the bridges that have been destroyed. All
+the misery, all the mourning, all the sickness: a million wounded and
+injured men who have been lost as living forces by a nation which did
+not have too many inhabitants. Add the hundred thousand prisoners
+Germany sends back to us who have been made tuberculous, paralytics,
+nervous wrecks or lunatics because they have been physically
+maltreated. Yes, France is suffering.
+
+But it is not true that she is worn out. It is not true that she is
+bled white. The horrible hope Germany had formed of emptying France of
+her strength, of leaving her, fighting for breath and conquered,
+beaten to the earth for centuries to come, has not been realized.
+France always stands upright, her arm is still strong, her muscles
+vigorous and her blood rich.
+
+To destroy the lie that France is bled white, we must let figures,
+facts, statistics and definite proofs speak. The public shall judge
+for itself....
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has no army to defend itself.
+France not only still has an army, but she has an army that is
+numerically and materially stronger than it was at the war's
+beginning. In 1914, at the Marne, France had an army of 1,500,000 men;
+today, after four years of war, France has on her battle front, in
+the war zone, an army of 2,750,000 men.
+
+But the value of fighting men today lies only in the artillery they
+have to support them behind the lines. It lies in the shells the
+artillery is able to fire, in all that material that makes up the
+sinews of war of the present day. Here we find the most extraordinary
+and marvelous effort that history records. France, invaded, occupied,
+weakened; France that had no munitions industry prior to 1914--or a
+small munitions industry at best--that France has built up a war
+industry that is doubtless the best in the world, which is equal to
+the German war industry and on which the Allies can draw in the common
+cause.
+
+Listen to these figures and keep them in your heads. They are vouched
+for by M. Millerand, who was minister of war during the first year of
+hostilities:
+
+     The Battle of the Marne emptied our storehouses.
+
+     On the seventeenth of September, 1914, the minister of war,
+     who had then been scarcely three weeks in office, was
+     informed that munitions threatened to fail our artillery,
+     and that it was necessary without delay to bring to the
+     front 100,000 shells per day instead of 13,500 for the .75
+     guns. This was merely a beginning. Three days later, on the
+     twentieth of September, the minister assembled at Bordeaux
+     the representatives of the munitions industry and divided
+     them up into regional groups. At the head of each one he
+     made one establishment or one individual the responsible
+     person. In the face of difficulties which could not be
+     conceived unless they had been overcome, with establishments
+     diminished in personnel as well as in raw material,
+     inexperienced for the most part in the complex and delicate
+     operations which were expected of them, the manufacture of
+     shells for the .75's mounted from 147,000 which it had been
+     in the month of August, 1914, to 1,970,000 in the month of
+     January, 1915, and then to 3,396,000 during the month of
+     July, 1915.
+
+     222 .75 guns per month have been constructed since the month
+     of May, 1915. 227 were constructed in the month of July, 407
+     in the month of January, 1916. For this construction, as for
+     all the others, once a start was made, there was no stopping
+     it.
+
+     All orders for heavy guns had been countermanded at the
+     beginning of August, 1914. They were resumed in the month
+     of September, 1914. Seventy-five per cent of the orders for
+     heavy guns, on which we got along until April, 1917, had
+     been given out between September, 1914, and the thirty-first
+     of October, 1915. In the first seven months of the war, from
+     September, 1914, to April, 1915, there were constructed
+     three hundred and sixty pieces of heavy artillery. On August
+     first, 1914, we had only sixty-eight batteries. A year
+     later, to the day, on the first of August, 1915, we had two
+     hundred and seventy-two batteries of heavy artillery.
+
+Now consider these figures, given out by M. André Tardieu, High
+Commissioner of the French Republic at Washington, in a letter to the
+Hon. Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War:
+
+     In the matter of heavy artillery, in August, 1914, we had
+     only three hundred guns distributed among the various
+     regiments. In June, 1917, we had six thousand heavy guns,
+     all of them modern. During our spring offensive in 1917, we
+     had roughly one heavy gun for every twenty-six meters of
+     front. If we had brought together all our heavy artillery
+     and all our trench artillery, we would have had one gun for
+     every eight meters in the battle sector.
+
+     In August, 1914, we were making twelve thousand shells for
+     the .75's per day, now we are making two hundred and fifty
+     thousand shells for the .75's and one hundred thousand
+     shells for the heavy guns per day.
+
+     If you wish to consider the weight of the shells which fell
+     on the German trenches during our last offensives, you will
+     find the following figures for each linear meter:
+
+     Field artillery             407 kilos
+     Trench artillery            203 kilos
+     Heavy artillery             704 kilos
+     High Power artillery         12 kilos
+                                ----
+                Total           1442 kilos
+
+     And these are the figures for the monthly expenditure in
+     munitions for the .75's alone:
+
+     July, 1916            6,400,000 shells
+     September, 1916       7,000,000 shells
+     October, 1916         5,500,000 shells
+
+     During the last offensive the total expenditure amounted to
+     twelve million projectiles of all calibers.
+
+This incomparable war industry has permitted us not only to fight, to
+defend ourselves and to attack the enemy, but also to supply our
+friends, our Allies, with the munitions necessary to fight. Up to
+January, 1918, these are the amounts of munitions France was able to
+hand over to the nations fighting at her side in Europe:
+
+  1,350,000 rifles
+800,000,000 cartridges
+ 16,000,000 automatic rifles
+     10,000 mitrailleuses
+      2,500 heavy guns
+      4,750 airplanes
+
+And to France has come the honor of making the light artillery for the
+American Army--amounting to several hundred guns per month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has an empty treasury and is
+no longer able to obtain taxes from its ruined citizens. Let us
+consider what France had done in a financial way in this war.
+
+From the first of August, 1914, to the first of January, 1918, the
+French Parliament voted war credits amounting to twenty billions of
+dollars. Of this enormous fund only two billions have been borrowed
+from outside sources; all the remainder has been subscribed or paid
+for by taxation or by loans in France herself. More than a billion
+dollars has been loaned to her Allies by France.
+
+In 1917 France had the heaviest budget in all her history. The single
+item of taxes was raised to six billion francs ($1,200,000), and these
+taxes were paid to the penny, although ten million Frenchmen were
+mobilized in the Army, in the factories, and on the farms, or were
+untaxable in the occupied regions.
+
+In 1915, 1916 and 1917 France raised three great national loans. That
+of 1915 amounted to exactly 13,307,811,579 francs, 40 centimes, of
+which 6,017 millions were paid in hard cash. That of October, 1916,
+amounted in round numbers to ten billions francs, of which more than
+five billions were paid in hard cash. That of December, 1917, amounted
+to 10,629,000,000 francs, of which 5,254 millions were paid in cash.
+
+Thus, in spite of the war, her invaded territories, and her mobilized
+citizens, France has in three years raised three national loans of
+almost seventeen billions francs in hard cash. That is three times the
+amount of the war indemnity she paid Prussia in 1871.
+
+A nation worn out and bled white has no more monetary reserve, no more
+funds in its treasury, and has been brought into bankruptcy. The Bank
+of France, which is probably the leading national bank in the world,
+whose credit has never weakened in the gravest hours of the nation's
+history, declared on the first of January, 1918, a gold reserve of
+5,348 millions of francs, an increase of 272 millions over the gold in
+hand on January first, 1917. This is the greatest deposit the bank has
+ever had. All this came from the national resources: the weekly
+payments are still a million and a half francs, which are paid without
+compulsion and without legal processes.
+
+The individual deposits in the great credit establishments of France
+which, on the thirty-first of December, 1914, amounted to only 4,050
+millions of francs, amounted to 6,050 millions on the thirty-first of
+December, 1917.
+
+And during the first three months of the year 1918, from the first of
+January to the thirty-first of March, the surplus deposits made by the
+peasants and the working classes in the National Saving Bank was
+seventy-five millions of francs, an excess of more than eight hundred
+thousand francs daily.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white is incapable of manufacturing
+and sees its commerce and industry perish. Here is the statement of M.
+Georges Pallain, Governor of the Bank of France, representing the
+accounting of the Counsel General of the Bank for 1917:
+
+     From the industrial and commercial point of view, a
+     satisfactory amelioration is noticeable. The investigation
+     of the Minister of Industry in July last permits the
+     statement that the percentage of factories and business
+     houses rendering a periodical accounting, of which the
+     advantage is not yet established, is only twenty-three per
+     cent; it was fifty-five per cent in August, 1914.
+
+     An indication of the development of industrial activity is
+     furnished by the continued increase of the demand for coal.
+
+     Operations for mining ore have been pushed with vigor. Coal
+     production increased greatly in 1914. On the whole it still
+     remains less than it was before the war, since the invasion
+     has deprived us of the valleys in the north and the richest
+     portion of Pas-de-Calais; but in the regions where mining is
+     still possible the production exceeds by about forty per
+     cent the figures for 1913.
+
+     This remarkable increase has compensated to a certain extent
+     for the falling off in the importations of coal from
+     England; nevertheless it leaves our supply of coal less than
+     our demand for it.
+
+     To remedy this insufficiency and, at the same time, to give
+     our national industry greater independence, researches and
+     experiments have been equally intensified with a view to
+     employing our hydraulic resources. In the Alps, in the
+     Pyrenees and in the central Massif new installations are
+     under way, and they have already attracted important
+     metallurgic and chemical plants.
+
+     The development of industrial production has had the result
+     of an increase in the volume of commercial transactions.
+     These continue to look after themselves and, for the most
+     part, they are on a cash basis. The gradual resumption of
+     credit operations, which former years signalized, is still
+     on the increase. In 1917 the receipts from commerce were
+     thirty-seven per cent greater than in 1916. There is a
+     notable progression of discounts, while the total of our
+     delayed payments has been brought back to 1,140 millions.
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white is unable to bind up its
+wounds or relieve its bed of suffering. France has not waited for the
+end of the war and the evacuation of her territory to bring in life
+where the Germans thought they had left only death.
+
+In eighty-four of the liberated cantons the work of reconstruction has
+already commenced. Commissions have been appointed. These commissions
+have proceeded already to the evaluation of the damage done and,
+without waiting for authorization, the administration has paid
+advances amounting to a not inconsiderable figure. Thus a sum
+totalling more than one hundred and forty millions francs has been
+expended for the reconstruction of the liberated regions. Seventeen
+millions have been expended in cash for repairs; in advances to the
+farmers for work or supplies, twenty millions; in advances to workmen,
+a half million; for the circulation of funds to the farmers, merchants
+and small manufactures, two millions; under the heading of
+reconstruction of buildings or the rapid reinstallation of the
+evacuated population, one hundred millions.
+
+An _Office National de Reconstruction_ for the villages has been
+established, and an agricultural _Office National de Reconstitution_
+has been organized; great things have already been realized from
+private organizations. This is the account of what one of them, the
+organization of National Nurseries, sent in 1914 to the front and into
+the liberated regions:
+
+      6,717,575 cabbage plants
+      1,980,000 turnip and rutabaga plants
+         41,000 radish plants
+         27,200 cauliflowers
+        270,250 white beets
+      5,340,500 leek plants
+      1,836,800 chicory and endive plants
+        104,500 celery plants
+        105,000 tomato plants
+         16,900 tarragon plants
+      9,569,450 onion sprouts
+     26,009,175 total plants of various kinds.
+
+    These plants have been divided up into 2,436 shipments, and
+    they have sufficed to nourish not only the people who have
+    returned to the devastated villages but also the troops at
+    the front.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has no colonies, or, if she
+has, these same colonies are likewise bloodless and worn out. The
+French colonial empire remains intact while the German colonial empire
+has disappeared from the face of the earth. The support the colonies
+brought to the mother country is wonderful and deserves a separate
+study on its own account.
+
+Here is the picture the celebrated German colonial empire offers.
+
+In 1914 Germany possessed a colonial empire two million square
+kilometers in area. It represented approximately four times the area
+of the German Empire, and before the war its exports amounted to about
+one hundred millions of francs or twenty-five millions of dollars.
+There were German Southwest Africa, 35,000 square kilometers in
+extent, with 1,750 kilometers of railroads, with its copper and
+diamond mines, its metals which were worth commercially thirty-seven
+millions of marks in 1911; German East Africa, twice as big as the
+German Empire, having 1,225 kilometers of railroads, with its harbors
+where nine hundred and thirty-three merchant ships had touched in
+1911; German New Guinea, as large as two-thirds of Prussia, with its
+rich deposits of gold and coal, its maritime commerce of 240,000 tons;
+the Samoan Islands, one single port of which, Apia, was visited by one
+hundred and ten steamers in a year; Tsing-Tao which, in 1911, had
+exported 32,500,000 marks' worth of merchandise, whose maritime
+interest was represented by five hundred and ninety steamers which
+carried a million tons of freight. All that has fallen away; all that
+is actually in the hands of the Allies.
+
+The conquest was difficult; it was finished only in 1916. An order of
+the day of General Aymerich, commander-in-chief of the troops which
+conquered Kameroon, points with brief eloquence to some of the
+difficulties which have been overcome:
+
+     Officers, Europeans and troops who are natives of Africa and
+     Belgian Congo.
+
+     At the cost of hardship and unheard-of efforts, you have
+     just wrenched from the Germans one of their best and richest
+     colonies.
+
+     Followed without a minute's respite from possession to
+     possession, the enemy has been obliged to abandon the last
+     bit of Kameroon. For eighteen months you have experienced
+     the torrid heat of the days and the cold dampness of the
+     nights without a change, you have been under the torrential
+     equatorial rains, you have traversed impassable forests and
+     fetid marshes, you have without a rest taken the enemy's
+     positions one after another, leaving dead in each one a
+     number of your comrades. Lacking food and often without
+     munitions, with your clothing in tatters, you have continued
+     your glorious march without complaint or murmur, until you
+     have attained the end for which you set out.
+
+In this conquest France played a large part, just as was the case in
+the conquest of Togoland, with her Senegalese Tirailleurs, the famous
+Tirailleurs, so much decried and discussed before the war, who were to
+win the admiration of the English generals under whose orders they
+fought.
+
+It is appropriate to cite here the order of the day of the commanding
+officer of these troops, because it shows us a side of the colonial
+wars, about which little has been said:
+
+     An English detachment under the command of Lieutenant
+     Thomson having been strongly repulsed in an attack on the
+     post at Kamina, was reinforced by a group of the Senegalese
+     Tirailleurs made up of a sergeant, two corporals, and
+     fourteen Blacks. From the beginning of the encounter at
+     eleven o'clock, the mixed detachment found itself exposed to
+     a lively fire from positions that were solidly established
+     and supported by mitrailleuses. After the artillery had
+     commenced firing Lieutenant Thomson, considering that the
+     preparation was sufficient, bravely led his troop on to the
+     attack. This courageous initiative failed under a severe
+     fire from fifty meters of German trenches. Lieutenant
+     Thomson fell mortally wounded. However, the Senegalese
+     Tirailleurs, faithful to that tradition which has already
+     proved its value in our colonial epic by such famous
+     exploits, refused to abandon the body of the unknown leader
+     their captain had given them and continued to hold their
+     position. When the fight was over and the enemy was in
+     flight, the bodies of the sergeant, the two corporals, and
+     of nine dead and four wounded Tirailleurs were found
+     stretched out alongside the English officer and an under
+     officer who was also English. In the very spot where they
+     were found, their tomb surrounds that of Lieutenant Thomson.
+     United in death, they still seem to watch over the strange
+     officer--unknown to them--for whom they sacrificed their
+     lives because their leader had given them orders to do so.
+
+Of the German colonial empire, four times as big as the fatherland,
+not a spot exists that is not in the hands of the Allies today.
+England holds the greater part; Japan has Tsing-Tao; France a
+considerable part of the African possessions.
+
+Now let us look at the picture the French colonial empire offers.
+
+In 1914 France ruled, in the north of Africa, over five and a half
+millions of natives in Algiers, two millions in Tunis and four
+millions in Morocco. When the war broke out there was not a single
+German in Morocco who was not certain that the natives would rise in
+revolt against France.
+
+"Not a single Frenchman," wrote, in peace times, the correspondent of
+the _Cologne Gazette_, "should escape alive." The German Government
+was convinced of the fact that the revolt of the inhabitants and the
+massacre of the French would be followed by an appeal of all the
+Moroccans for the intervention of the Kaiser. But nothing of the sort
+took place. In Algiers the most perfect calm continued to reign; in
+Tunis there was a little trouble that was soon suppressed; in Morocco
+there was a man, diplomat and soldier at the same time, who was able
+to keep peace and hold the country firm to France. He was General
+Lyautey.
+
+During the early days of August, 1914, the question was raised whether
+or not it would be necessary to abandon the outposts in the interior
+of Morocco and withdraw toward the coast cities. General Lyautey
+declared that he would abandon nothing and advised the French
+Government to that effect. He sent troops, the famous Moroccan
+regiments, the best fighting units there were in 1914, to the battle
+fields of Flanders, receiving in exchange territorial divisions
+recruited for the most part from the Midi. However, with these
+territorial divisions General Lyautey assured the safety of all that
+portion of the empire that was in his care; he finished the operations
+he had commenced; he maintained French prestige and, some months later
+on, he found means to open at Casablanca a Moroccan exposition which
+showed the marvelous work that had been accomplished in that
+country--French for a few years only.
+
+The French colonies not only remained incomparably calm and peaceful
+but they also made a marvelous effort in coming to the aid of the
+mother country both with men and with their commerce.
+
+M. Ernest Roume, Governor General of the Colonies, in charge at the
+war's beginning of the government of Indo-China, sent to France more
+than sixty thousand native soldiers and military workers in eighteen
+months. They were recruited from the Asiatic possessions of France.
+In Senegal, in Soudan and in Morocco men volunteered by hundreds of
+thousands. Moroccans, Kabyles and blacks came to fight by the side of
+the French troops on the Champagne and Lorraine fronts.
+
+Besides, North Africa largely took care of the feeding of France.
+
+In 1914 the cereal crop had been notably deficient in Algiers and
+especially in Tunis. However, Algeria did not hesitate to give the
+mother land all the grain she asked for; 50,000 quintals of wheat and
+500,000 quintals of barley and oats were thus hastened to continental
+France, and in addition, 40,000 quintals of wheat went to Corsica and
+130,000 to Paris. In 1915 the colonies made an even better showing:
+Algeria furnished France with 1,625,000 quintals of wheat, 918,000
+quintals of barley, and 77,000 quintals of oats. In 1916 this figure
+was passed and the total exports amounted to four million quintals of
+grains. As for Morocco, it exported in 1914, 90,000 quintals of wheat
+and 130,000 quintals of barley; in 1915 it exported 200,000 quintals
+of wheat and a million quintals of barley; in 1916 it exported more
+than two million quintals of grains. Add to that the 900,000 sheep
+Algeria furnished for the French commissariat and more than 40,000
+sheep furnished to the English commissariat to feed the Hindoo troops
+stationed at Marseilles. Then add in the cattle exported from Algeria
+and Morocco by the thousands, add for Algeria the wines and the
+vegetables, and for Tunis the olive oil. In 1916 the confederation of
+Algerian winegrowers gave the French poilus fifty thousand hectoliters
+of wine.
+
+Everywhere in the colonies buildings have been built, agriculture has
+continued, public works have been constructed. In the midst of war
+Algeria has opened up railroads; Tunis has opened the line from Sfax
+to Gabès; Morocco the lines from Casablanca to Fez and from the
+Algerian frontier to Taza.
+
+General Lyautey said, "A workshop is worth a battalion in Morocco."
+
+Workshops have been opened everywhere. There was never so much work
+done. The colonial empire was never more prosperous, more active and
+more glorious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has passed the stage where it
+can come to the aid of others. In her death agony, she has no more
+than her own strength to last her during the last hours. France has
+been able to come to the aid of the other Allies. She has lent them a
+strong helping hand, she has been able to save them from total
+extinction. French troops have fought and are still fighting on all
+the battle fronts; in Italy, the Balkans, Palestine and Central
+Africa. It is almost to France alone and to France especially that the
+salvage of the remnant of the Serbian Army has been due.
+
+We remember what happened in September, 1915. At the time when the
+dual offensive was attempted in Artois and in Champagne, the German
+Armies invaded Poland, Volhynia, Lithuania and Courland, delivered
+Austrian Galicia and commenced to submerge Serbia beneath their
+innumerable legions. Invaded by three armies, the German, Austrian
+and Bulgarian, all of them amply supplied with heavy artillery and
+asphixiating gas, poor little Serbia was doomed beforehand. But,
+tenacious to the end, her heroic defenders preferred to leave their
+country rather than submit to a hated yoke. Step by step the Serbians,
+always facing the enemy, retreated to the sea. It was a terrible
+tragedy. Their retreat will remain a matter of legend, like that of
+the Ten Thousand under Xenophon. As they retreated, the Serbians
+called, in their despair, for help.
+
+Who went to Serbia's aid? It was not Russia, whose armies were quite
+worn out. It was not England, who feared an attack on Egypt and who
+was still fighting at the Dardanelles. It was not Italy, whose special
+efforts were directed towards preventing the junction of Austria with
+Greece, and who was satisfied with establishing herself at Valona and
+thus driving a wedge between her two rivals on the Adriatic coast.
+
+But France, France who is represented as worn out and bled white,
+heard Serbia's call for help and decided to respond to it.
+
+Supplies were first landed at San Giovanni di Medua and Antivari in
+the smaller French boats. But it was soon evident that these supplies
+would be insufficient and that the Serbs could not maintain their
+positions in the Adriatic ports even with French help from the sea.
+The complete evacuation of an entire army, piece by piece, had to be
+undertaken. The transporting of entire Serbia beyond the seas, to
+another country, had to be considered. Where were they to go? Where
+were the thousands of worn out soldiers, of sick and wounded men, to
+be transported?
+
+Once again France answered. France held Tunis, France held Bizerta.
+Tunis and Bizerta would shield temporarily the remains of Serbia. From
+the end of November, 1915, the smaller French ships, torpedo boats,
+trawlers and transports made the trip from Durazzo to San Giovanni di
+Medua to embark the Serbian Army. Great steamers, such as the _Natal_,
+_Sinai_, and _Arménie_, and a flotilla of armored cruisers followed
+them. Thirteen thousand men were transported in this fashion.
+
+But the situation grew worse. The Serbs along the seacoasts were
+pressed harder and harder by the Austrians and by Albanian bands.
+Besides, the transporting to Tunis was too slow when the progress of
+the enemy was considered. Finally the appearance of typhus and cholera
+rendered more dangerous the removal of the unfortunate troops to a
+great distance. A new plan was arranged. The remaining Serbs were to
+be transported not into Tunis, which was so far away, but to a land as
+near as possible to the scene of disaster. Corfu was there; Corfu,
+only sixty miles away from the farthest point of debarkation; Corfu,
+whose climate was marvelously suited to the recovery of sick men;
+Corfu which offered a very safe harbor. It was decided to occupy
+Corfu, prepare the island, transport the entire Serbian Army thither
+and assure that this army would be built up there. And France was
+charged with carrying out this operation.
+
+On the seventh of January, 1916, the first French organization of ten
+trawlers set out from Malta to make a preliminary reconnoissance
+around Corfu, to drag for mines and to clear out the submarines. A
+second flotilla followed it forty-eight hours later. On the eighth of
+January the armored cruisers _Edgar Quinet_, _Waldeck-Rousseau_,
+_Ernest Renan_, _Jules Ferry_ and five torpedo boats, which were
+located at Bizerta, received orders to embark a battalion of Alpine
+chasseurs with their arms, baggage and mules and to take up their
+positions to be ready at the first signal.
+
+On the night of the tenth, the French consul at Corfu woke up the
+Greek prefect in order to announce to him the imminent arrival of our
+squadron and what it was going to do. After he had received the formal
+protest of this functionary, he went down to the port, where there was
+no longer any doubt in anyone's mind of what was going to happen. With
+him went guides and automobiles to finish everything quickly before
+the Germans could offer any opposition. Some minutes later, on time at
+the rendezvous agreed upon, the French cruisers came into the harbor
+and immediately disembarked their contingent of Alpine Chasseurs.
+Before daybreak the principal vantage points as well as the most
+important positions on the island were occupied. Suspected persons
+were seized in their beds, a doubtful post of T. S. F. was seized
+also. Corfu, which went to sleep half German, woke up entirely French
+to the tune of the martial music that was to inform the inhabitants of
+the little change that had taken place over night.
+
+The question remained of _Achilleion_, the property of William of
+Germany, which was about nine miles from the city. If _Achilleion_ had
+been a French property and German soldiers had paid a visit, what
+pillage, what defilement, what orgies there would have been!
+
+But _Achilleion_ was a German property, and the French have a method
+of procedure that is peculiarly their own. This is what happened,
+according to the narrative of a young naval officer who was on the
+spot:
+
+    At four o'clock in the morning an automobile set out from
+    the dock, carrying a squad of twelve marine fusilliers under
+    the command of one of the ship's lieutenants. A half hour
+    later he presented himself at the gate of the palace and
+    demanded that he be admitted. There was no response. He was
+    insistent. Finally a door opened and an angry voice cried out
+    in the darkness: "This isn't the time for visitors." For the
+    owner, who found that there are no such things as small
+    profits, permitted a visit for the sum of two francs per
+    person. Surprised, the occupant of the palace submitted, and
+    our detachment entered _Achilleion_, whose occupants it
+    assembled--the watchman and two red-haired chambermaids--_en
+    déshabillé_, also a mechanic and an entomologist who wore
+    spectacles. Pale with fear, the latter threw himself on his
+    knees before the officer. "If I must die, I ask that it may
+    be here," said he. He was left in peace. A company of the
+    Chasseurs arrived and the marines, with their lanterns in
+    their hands, went back to the ships. The Tricolor floated
+    over the Kaiser's villa, which was to become a hospital for
+    the Serbs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At eleven o'clock in the morning it was all over, and the French
+cruisers put out to sea on the return trip to Bizerta.
+
+But the easiest thing had been done. The most difficult was about to
+begin. It was not only a question of occupying Corfu; it was also a
+matter of arranging to receive a worn-out and decimated army. It was a
+difficult task that many would have judged out of the question.
+Everything was lacking; there was nothing on hand.
+
+A writer on naval matters, who has been the historian of the French
+Navy in this war, M. Emile Vedel, has painted in the pages of
+_Illustration_ an unheard-of and unique picture of what this
+preparation of Corfu consisted:
+
+     It was nothing less than a question of improvising all means
+     that were necessary for disembarking; gangways, landing
+     stairs, roads to and from various points on the island where
+     the expected troops were to be concentrated; of uniting and
+     collecting together the numerous boats--large and
+     small--eighteen tugs (among them the _Marsouin_, _Rove_,
+     _Iskeul_, _Marseillais 14_, _Audacieux_, _Requin_),
+     twenty-seven smaller boats, nine barges, and a dozen
+     mahonnes and small craft of all sizes, without counting the
+     supply ships, floating tanks, unloading cranes and so
+     forth--which the rapid unloading and revictualing of the new
+     arrivals demanded; of isolating the sick who were infected
+     with typhus and cholera; in a word, of putting on their feet
+     the diverse offices that come under the heading of direction
+     of the port, all the machinery of which was yet to be
+     created. At the same time it was necessary to maintain and
+     repair the booms of the harbor, to test the channels, make
+     arrangements concerning piloting, anchorage, and new
+     supplies of water, provisions and coal for the always
+     hurried transports which arrived, unloaded and sailed away
+     at all hours of the day and night; constantly to clear out
+     and drag the waters near the island; establish observation
+     posts around it, station batteries in suitable positions,
+     and finally to protect the channels around Corfu and the
+     Albanian coast, in which the English aided us effectively by
+     sending a hundred drifters (a sort of little fishing boat
+     which we call "cordiers" at Boulogne), which, beating
+     against the wind under full sail, dragged a cable a thousand
+     meters long to snare submarines. Thanks to a pair of
+     floating docks, which were placed between the extreme end of
+     Corfu and the neighboring coast, a distance of but two or
+     three kilometers, our vessels were soon in position, in a
+     line thirty miles in length so that they could execute all
+     the movements necessary for the landing of the Serbs and
+     also have gun drill, launch torpedoes and sea planes, and
+     perform the rest of the maneuvers that are indispensable.
+
+     Furthermore, fresh water in sufficient quantities had to be
+     procured. For if the springs on the island could supply
+     eighty thousand inhabitants, they now had to triple their
+     output and give out a far greater supply to meet the demand
+     of one hundred and fifty thousand more mouths. Every bit of
+     flour had to come from outside, from Italy, France or
+     England since Corfu has very few resources and we did not
+     wish to encounter the hostility of a population to which it
+     was necessary for us to show firmness more than once. The
+     most recalcitrant were forced to give in, not without
+     ceasing to rob us very much in the dealings they had with
+     us. Oranges went up to ten francs a dozen, and small
+     shopkeepers realized fortunes by doing money changing at
+     fantastic rates.
+
+     And all that will furnish only a very incomplete idea of the
+     innumerable obligations the aquatic anthill, from an
+     industrial and military standpoint, which is called a naval
+     base, has to meet.
+
+On the ninth of January, 1916, the situation of the Serbian Army was
+precisely as follows: In the neighborhood of San Giovanni di Medua
+there were twelve hundred officers, twenty-six thousand foot soldiers,
+seven thousand horses and two thousand cattle; at Durazzo there were
+thirty-six hundred officers, sixty-nine thousand soldiers, twenty
+thousand horses and four thousand cattle; on the roads that led to
+Valona some fifty thousand men including officers, two thousand horses
+and three hundred cattle.
+
+In these three principal groups were forty-one field pieces, the
+glorious remainder of the Serbian artillery.
+
+Add to that twenty-two thousand Austrian prisoners whom the Serbs
+carried along with them in their exodus towards the coast and also the
+pitiable troop of refugees, sick men, old men, women, children who,
+desiring at any cost to escape slavery and servitude, followed the
+retreating army.
+
+The evacuation of this indomitable people was made at San Giovanni di
+Medua. The soldiers were sent to Corfu. The civilians were sent to
+Algiers and Tunis, the Austrian prisoners to Sardinia. But where were
+the typhoid and the cholera patients to be transported? No one wanted
+them; and in this stampede of a people, cholera and typhus had made
+their appearance and spread with alarming rapidity. A certain number
+of cholera patients had been taken to Brindisi; and everyone,
+naturally, refused to take them in.
+
+Since this was the case, a French trawler, the _Verdun_, commanded by
+Lieutenant d'Aubarède, brought the sick to Corfu. And, as M. Emile
+Vedel tells it, this was perhaps one of the most beautiful episodes of
+our navy's activity, for there are few deaths as hideous as that to
+which they exposed themselves in taking in their arms poor beings
+touched with a malady essentially so contagious, and so dirty and
+covered with vermin that they made everyone shudder. With precaution
+and care that brothers do not always have for their own brothers,
+these near-corpses were taken to Corfu, where doctors and nurses from
+the French Navy saved some of them and made the end more easy for the
+rest.
+
+In twenty-two days everything was almost over. The troops at San
+Giovanni and Valona and Durazzo had been evacuated, as had the
+Austrian prisoners. All the money of the Serbian treasury had been
+transported to Marseilles in the cruiser _Ernest Renan_. It amounted
+to about eight hundred million francs.
+
+However, on the twentieth of January, about two thousand men still
+remained at San Giovanni di Medua. There were also a certain number of
+field pieces. After so many men and guns had been saved, were these to
+be abandoned? No. Everything must be saved. The last man must be saved
+and the last gun must be saved, whatever may be the risk, the fatigue
+and the hard work.
+
+On the morning of the twentieth of January, Captain Cacqueray,
+commanding the French naval forces, had two young naval officers of
+the French fleet come aboard his ship, the _Marceau_, Ensigns
+Couillaud and Augé, who commanded the little trawlers _Petrel_ and
+_Marie-Rose_. He ordered them to return once more to San Giovanni and
+bring back with them all they could.
+
+"You must succeed and you will succeed," Captain Cacqueray said
+simply.
+
+Some few minutes later the two trawlers were out in the Adriatic,
+headed for San Giovanni. Here we must quote Ensign Augé's words. He
+commanded the _Marie-Rose_, and we must be satisfied with citing from
+the eloquent brevity of the ship's log:
+
+     From the peaceful docks of Brindisi, we passed through the
+     winding channel of the outer port and then out of the
+     harbor, gliding between the buoys. Then the mine fields were
+     to be traversed, although the night was black and foggy. As
+     we approached the Albanian coast the wind freshened, and in
+     a veritable tempest, with hail and icy rain we entered the
+     Gulf of Drin, whose water is very turbid. More watchful than
+     ever, since submarines had been sighted in the neighborhood,
+     we finally arrived at Medua. Almost blocked off by the sand
+     bars, the little harbor was further encumbered by a dozen
+     wrecks, boats which the Austrians had sunk. The question was
+     where to pass through this mess, on the top of the water,
+     with masts and spars pointing every way. After having
+     rounded the line of mines and the _Brindisi_, an Italian
+     vessel that had struck a mine some days before, we made the
+     port. Ten houses and a wretched wharf on worm-eaten piling
+     at the end of a funnel of mountains with terrible rocks is
+     all there is of Medua.
+
+     An empty sailboat was moored to the end of the wharf, which
+     facilitated our operations. The _Petrel_, which was of
+     lighter draft than my boat, managed to get alongside and, by
+     vigorous efforts, we were able to join her. Ashore there
+     were soldiers in muddy clothes and worn-out shoes. The
+     gangway and the sailboat were soon filled by a chilly cold
+     wind, which tried to blow it offshore and which nothing
+     could restrain. It was impossible to locate any responsible
+     person and out of the question to make one's self
+     understood. Everyone thought only of escaping from that
+     Hell. Finally some Serbian officers came up who succeeded
+     somewhat in controlling their impatient troops. They made us
+     bring up the first cannon, which was pushed over the shaking
+     planks of the wharf. With great effort and by the use of
+     triple tackles the gun was got aboard the _Petrel_, and the
+     carriage and wheels on the _Marie-Rose_, whose hatch was
+     wider. The beginning was slow, but, after the second cannon,
+     the embarking went along smoothly.
+
+     There was not enough time. Everyone stamped in the mud. With
+     the completely washed out Serbian uniforms mixed the
+     brilliant colors of those of the Montenegrin guard. Seated
+     on a stone, King Nicholas sat stoically in the falling rain,
+     awaiting the arrival of the Italian torpedo boat that was
+     to place itself under his orders. Soldiers from the French
+     mission arrived and did police duty. The radio-operators
+     from the Italian post arrived and put their baggage on
+     board. An officer of the Serbian Army was there with all the
+     state archives. A crowd of people instinctively pressed
+     towards us and got mixed up with the soldiers who were
+     supposed to keep order. In spite of the tempest which
+     thwarted everything, we managed to embark eighteen .75 guns
+     and three 100 howitzers, as well as a hundred cases of
+     projectiles. The weather grew more dreadful, with hail
+     stones in the icy rain. Blows were necessary to prevent the
+     crowding aboard of that mob of people whom neither shouts
+     nor threats could stop. We allowed as many as possible to
+     embark--about a hundred on the _Petrel_ and twice as many
+     with us--Serbs, Montenegrins and Allies, of all classes and
+     conditions, and, despairingly we shoved off to stop the
+     crowd that remained. We were the last hope of these poor
+     people--there were about fifteen hundred of them, whose only
+     hope now was to face the frightful paths, marshes and
+     swollen rivers that separated them from Durazzo.
+
+     Night was falling; there remained only time to get away.
+     Cases of preserves were quickly opened. All our bread and
+     biscuits were used, and some bowls of boiling tea comforted
+     our guests. But leaving the harbor, the sea grew heavier
+     and torrents of spray put the finishing touch to the
+     inextricable disorder that prevailed aboard ship. The storm
+     stayed with us until we made Brindisi, where we arrived at
+     seven o'clock on the morning of the twenty-second. When
+     Italy was sighted, the tiredness and discouragement
+     disappeared as if by magic. Hand clappings, praise of
+     France, promises of victory and of revenge, and absurd
+     efforts to disembark everything at once--passengers and
+     material. (Journal of Ensign Augé, Commander of the
+     _Marie-Rose_.)
+
+Is that all? No; it is not. For if French effort is limitless, the
+tonnage of the trawlers is not. And, in spite of every effort, they
+were unable to get everyone aboard. Down there in the mud at Medua
+some Serbs still waited, turning anxious eyes towards the high seas to
+see whether or not the tricolor would appear on the horizon.... Well,
+it did reappear, for France never gives up the fight. The French motto
+here, as everywhere else, was "to the bitter end." On the
+twenty-fourth of January the _Petrel_ and the _Marie-Rose_ started on
+the final trip. Will they arrive in time? Probably not. In the
+mountains that surround San Giovanni rifle shots and the rattle of
+mitrailleuses were heard; the road to Alessio was deserted, the beach
+seemed deserted, Medua harbor was covered with wreckage of all sorts,
+rendering navigation impossible. However, the tiny craft entered the
+harbor and approached the shore. Finally they saw some Serbs there.
+The news was as disturbing as possible. The Austrians were only a few
+kilometers off. There was fighting on the outskirts of the town. The
+last able-bodied Serbs struggled manfully to hold off the Austrian
+advance guard, which pressed them hard. Not a minute was to be lost if
+a last salvage was to be made.
+
+After a brief consultation, the two young commanders decided to take
+off everyone in their old boats, aided by a huge lighter which they
+took in tow. A grave responsibility if the weather did not hold; but
+the man who risks nothing will gain nothing.
+
+They worked with feverish haste. The hope of not being abandoned gave
+wings to the weak. By four o'clock in the afternoon everything was
+practically ready ... four "seventy-fives," ten artillery caissons,
+two radio outfits, a thousand new rifles, hundreds of cases of shells,
+cartridges and grenades and likewise large quantities of harness were
+loaded on the trawlers. All the men who were in the town, its
+outskirts or on the beach were assembled and embarked on the boats.
+Not one was left behind. This time, safe from the rifles in the
+distant mountains, everyone was saved.
+
+     At four-fifty in the afternoon [writes Ensign Augé] our
+     little boats cleared the harbor for the last time and made
+     the open sea. Suddenly we see a trail of foam hastening on
+     us with a mad rush. It started three or four hundred meters
+     off on our right. There is a lightning flash and we see the
+     torpedo cross our bows, too low, fortunately. A submarine
+     has tried to attack us but has missed. We describe a great
+     circle in order to avoid a second attack. Fortunately night
+     falls to end the chase, and we make for the Italian coast.
+     Although the sea is smooth, the third boat is lurching
+     terribly. About midnight I hear terrible cries from this
+     boat. It is dark as pitch and impossible to make out
+     anything in the darkness. The cries continue: sparks burst
+     forth. Something is thrown into the sea. It is impossible
+     to know what is happening. So much the worse. The most
+     dangerous thing would be to stop. Let us go on.
+
+They went on and finally arrived in sight of Italy the next morning.
+The incident of the night before had been a little thing which had
+started a panic on board the boat. Little by little the roofs and
+towers of Brindisi appeared in the distance. The entire squadron of
+Allied ships was there, ranged in battle formation. When they saw the
+two little boats which were bringing in the last Serbs with their last
+guns, they rendered military honors to the heroic saviors, the crews
+cheering and the colors saluting. Supreme and unprecedented homage was
+rendered two nations: France and Serbia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In January, 1918, M. Vesnitch, Serbian Minister to France, on a
+mission to the United States, during an after-dinner speech, in a
+voice that did not conceal his emotion and with a different manner
+from his usual downcast one, told some of the details of this Passion.
+And he added:
+
+"We are grateful to everyone, but Serbia's heart will remain attached
+through all centuries to come to France."
+
+I repeat these words, which are France's sweetest reward, because they
+attest in history what France, the nation "worn out and bled white"
+has done to save and succor her little ally.
+
+Finally let me say that the men are wrong who believe France is
+without strength and resources. Beneath her torn garments, in rags,
+under flesh that is cruelly bruised, there beats a virile heart which
+fights on and on. And there is young, red blood which still flows and
+is always ready to flow for the immortal principles of Liberty,
+Justice and Humanity.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE
+
+
+A French statesman, Mr. Louis Barthou, has summed up the War aims of
+France in the three words: "Restitution, Reparation, Guarantees."
+
+Restitution means the surrender of all occupied territories, of the
+territories occupied by force during forty-seven months, as well as
+the territories occupied by force during forty-seven years. Between
+the five departments forming Flanders-Argonne and the five departments
+forming Alsace-Lorraine, France is unable to make any distinction.
+France wants Metz back on the same ground upon which she wants Lille
+back. If Germany is to keep Metz she might as well keep Lille. Her
+claim to Strasbourg is not better than her claim to Cambrai.
+
+And this is a thing which "the man in the street" fails sometimes to
+understand. He says: "Yes, we know, Alsace-Lorraine was taken from
+France forty-seven years ago by violence, without the people of the
+occupied territories being consulted. But how did France acquire
+Alsace-Lorraine in previous times? Was it not also by force after
+successful wars? Is it not a fact that Alsace-Lorraine, in days of
+yore, belonged to Germany, and that, historically, Alsace is a German
+land?"
+
+No, it is precisely not a fact. It is the contrary of a fact and of
+truth. And this must be made clear, once for all.
+
+When France demands Alsace-Lorraine, she does not do so because she
+will have some more departments in her geographical configuration, but
+because these territories belonged to France during centuries and
+centuries, because they were taken from France by force forty-seven
+years ago, because the people of these territories not only were never
+consulted, but also protested against Prussian domination--because, in
+a word, it is a question of right.
+
+In a speech, which he delivered on the 24th of January, 1918, before
+the Reichstag, Count von Hertling, the Imperial German Chancellor,
+expressed himself as follows:
+
+     Alsace-Lorraine comprises, as is known, for the most part
+     purely German regions which by a century long of violence
+     and illegality were severed from the German Empire, until
+     finally in 1779 the French Revolution swallowed up the last
+     remnant. Alsace and Lorraine then became French provinces.
+     When in the war of 1870, we demanded back the district which
+     had been criminally wrested from us, that was not a conquest
+     of foreign territory but, rightly and properly speaking,
+     what today is called disannexation.
+
+It is doubtful that Count von Hertling will ever leave in history the
+memory of a great Chancellor; but, if he does, it will be no doubt in
+the History of Ignorance and Falsehood. Never has a statesman in so
+few words uttered with such impudence so many untruths!
+
+Historically speaking, there are in Alsace-Lorraine three parts: there
+is Lorraine, there is Alsace, and there is the southern part of
+Alsace including the town of Mulhouse.
+
+As regards the town of Mulhouse, the question is most simple and
+clear. The town never, at any time, belonged to Germany or to the
+Germans. It belonged to Switzerland and, at the end of the 18th
+century, during the French revolution, the town, after a referendum,
+decided to become French. A delegation was sent to Paris, to the
+French Parliament, then called the _Conseil des Cinq-Cents_, and the
+delegation expressed publicly, officially, the desire of Mulhouse to
+be part of the French territory. There was a deliberation, and
+unanimously the _Conseil des Cinq-Cents_ voted a motion couched in the
+following terms: "_The French Republic accepts the vow of the citizens
+of Mulhouse._"
+
+A few weeks later the French authorities, among scenes of unparalleled
+enthusiasm, made their entry into the town, and the flag of Mulhouse
+was wrapped up in a tricolor box bearing the inscription: "The
+Republic of Mulhouse rests in the bosom of the French Republic."
+
+Alsace--the rest of Alsace--became French in 1648, more than two
+centuries before the war of 1870. It became French according to a
+treaty. The treaty was signed by the Austrian Emperor, because Alsace
+belonged to the Austrian Imperial Family. And it is not without
+interest to quote an article (article 75) of the treaty:
+
+     The Emperor cedes to the King of France forever, _in
+     perpetuum_, without any reserve, with full jurisdiction and
+     sovereignty, all the Alsatian territory. The Austrian
+     Emperor gives it to the King of France in such a way that no
+     other Emperor, in the future, will ever have any power in
+     any time to affirm any right on these territories.
+
+When today one reads that treaty, one has the impression that more
+than two centuries ago the Austrian Emperor had already a sort of
+apprehension that later on another Emperor would interfere in the
+matter and create mischief!
+
+Fifty-three years after that treaty, the Prussians, who dislike seeing
+anything in some one's else possession, tried to recover Alsace. Their
+own ambassador tried to dissuade them, and in 1701 Count Schmettau,
+ambassador of Prussia in Paris, wrote to his king:
+
+"_We cannot take Alsace, because it is well known that her inhabitants
+are more French than the Parisians_...."
+
+Could anything answer better the affirmation that "Alsatians are of
+German tendency?"
+
+Lorraine became French in 1552, more than three centuries before the
+war of 1870. Lorraine became French not after a war and as the result
+of a conquest, but according to a treaty signed by all the Protestant
+Princes of Germany, in which we find the following sentence, which is
+really worthy of meditation: "_We find just that the King of France,
+as promptly as possible, takes possession of the towns of Toul, Metz,
+and Verdun, where the German language has never been used._" So that
+the Germans themselves put on the same line the towns of Metz, Toul,
+and Verdun, and recognized that the town of Metz was not German.
+
+All this is extremely simple and clear. What happened several
+centuries later is equally clear.
+
+When, in 1871, on February 16th, the deputies of Alsace-Lorraine
+learned that their provinces would be given up to Germany, they
+assembled, and in an historical document which was signed by all of
+them--there were thirty-six--they protested in the following terms:
+
+     Alsace and Lorraine cannot be alienated. Today, before the
+     whole world, they proclaim that they want to remain French.
+     Europe cannot allow or ratify the annexation of Alsace and
+     Lorraine. Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like a
+     flock of sheep. Europe cannot remain deaf to the protest of
+     a whole population. Therefore, we declare in the name of our
+     population, in the name of our children and of our
+     descendants, that we are considering any treaty which gives
+     us up to a foreign power as a treaty null and void, and we
+     will eternally revindicate the right of disposing of
+     ourselves and of remaining French.
+
+And, three years later, in January, 1874, when for the first time
+Alsace and Lorraine had to elect deputies, they reiterated the same
+protest. They elected fifteen new deputies; some were Protestants,
+some were Catholics, one of them was the Bishop of Strasbourg, but
+they unanimously signed a declaration which was read at the Tribune of
+the German Reichstag. The declaration was the following:
+
+     In the name of all the people of Alsace-Lorraine, we protest
+     against the abuse of force of which our country is a
+     victim.... Citizens having a soul and an intelligence are
+     not mere goods that may be sold, or with which you may
+     trade.
+
+     The contract which annexed us to Germany is null and void. A
+     contract is only valid when the two contractants had an
+     entire freedom to sign it. France was not free when she
+     signed such a contract. Therefore our electors want us to
+     say that we consider ourselves as not bound by such a
+     treaty, and they want us to affirm once more our right of
+     disposing of ourselves.
+
+I beg to call the attention of the reader to two sentences of this
+protestation:
+
+"Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like a flock of sheep,"
+wrote the deputies of 1871. "People are not mere goods which may be
+sold or with which you may trade," proclaimed the deputies of 1874.
+Now you will find, nearly word for word, the same thought expressed
+in the message of President Wilson to Congress, when he wrote: "No
+right exists anywhere to hand peoples about from sovereignty to
+sovereignty as if they were property."
+
+That right does not exist, and it is because that right was
+outrageously violated in 1871 that France wants Alsace-Lorraine to
+come back to her. It is because, in 1871, Right has been wronged that
+today Right must be reinstated.
+
+Some people have spoken of a referendum. Why a referendum? Was there
+any referendum in 1871? And how could there be a referendum? How could
+you include in this referendum the hundreds of thousands of Alsatians
+who have fled from German domination? How could you exclude from this
+referendum the hundreds of thousands of Germans who have come to
+Alsace?
+
+The referendum was rendered by Mulhouse in 1798. Will that town be
+obliged to vote again? And how many times will it be obliged to vote
+for France? The referendum was rendered by the whole of Alsace and
+Lorraine in 1871 and 1874, by their elected deputies, when they
+unanimously protested against the German annexation.
+
+It was rendered twenty years ago by the census which was taken by the
+Germans themselves in Alsace. According to that census, in 1895,
+notwithstanding the fact that the teaching of French was prohibited in
+the public schools, there were 160,000 people in Alsace speaking
+French. And five years later, in 1900, according to another census
+there were 200,000 people in Alsace speaking French. And of these
+200,000 people, there were more than 52,000 children.
+
+The referendum was also rendered by Alsatians who, before this war,
+engaged themselves in the French Army, and became officers. According
+to the official statistics of the French War Department, there were in
+1914 in the French Army 20 generals, 145 superior officers, and 400
+ordinary officers of Alsatian origin. On the other side, in the German
+Army in 1914, there were four officers of Alsatian origin.
+
+And finally the referendum was rendered only one year before the
+present war, in 1913, when Herr von Jagow, then Prefect of Police in
+Berlin, made the following extraordinary declaration: "We Germans are
+obliged in Alsace to behave ourselves as if we were in an enemy's
+country...." What better referendum could you wish than such an
+admission by a German statesman?
+
+Moreover, the question of Alsace-Lorraine is not only a French
+question, but also an international question. It is not only France
+who has sworn to herself to recover Alsace-Lorraine--it is all the
+Allies who have sworn to France that she should recover it.
+
+"We mean to stand by the French democracy to the death," solemnly
+declared Mr. Lloyd-George on the 5th of January, 1918, "in the demand
+they make for a reconsideration of the great wrong of 1871, when,
+without any regard to the wishes of the population, two French
+provinces were torn from the side of France and incorporated in the
+German Empire."
+
+And, three days later, using nearly the same words, President Wilson,
+in his luminous message to Congress, said: "_The wrong done to France
+by Prussia in 1871, in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
+unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years should be
+righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the
+interest of all._"
+
+All the statesmen who have spoken since the beginning of the war in
+the name of the Allied Powers have attested that this war is not only
+a struggle for the liberty of nations and the respect due to
+nationalities, but also an effort toward definite peace. Their words
+only appeared fit for stirring up the enthusiasm of the crowds, and
+fortifying their will of sacrifice, because they gave expression to
+their feelings and prayers. If they are forgotten by those who uttered
+them they will be remembered by those who heard and treasured them.
+
+In September, 1914, Winston Churchill said: "We want this war to
+remodel the map of Europe according to the principle of nationalities,
+and the real wish of the people living in the contested territories.
+After so much bloodshed we wish for a peace which will free races, and
+restore the integrity of nations.... Let us have done with the
+armaments, the fear of strain, intrigues, and the perpetual threat of
+the horrible present crisis. Let us make the regulation of European
+conflicts just and natural." The French republic, of one mind with the
+Allies, proclaimed through its authorized representatives that this
+war is a war of deliverance. "France," said Mr. Stephen Pichon,
+Foreign Minister, "will not lay down arms before having shattered
+Prussian militarism, so as to be able to rebuild on a basis of justice
+a regenerated Europe." And Mr. Paul Deschanel, the President of the
+Chamber, continued: "The French are not only defending their soil,
+their homes, the tombs of their ancestors, their sacred memories,
+their ideal works of art and faith and all the graceful, just, and
+beautiful things their genius has lavished forth: they are defending,
+too, the respect of treaties, the independence of Europe, and human
+freedom. We want to know if all the effort of conscience during
+centuries will lead to its slavery, if millions of men are to be
+taken, given up, herded at the other side of a frontier and condemned
+to fight for their conquerors and masters against their country, their
+families, and their brothers.... The world wishes to live at last,
+Europe to breathe, and the nations mean to dispose freely of
+themselves."
+
+These engagements will be kept. But they will have been kept only when
+Alsace-Lorraine--the Belgium of 1871, as Rabbi Stephen Wise has called
+it--has been returned to France. Then, and only then, will there be
+real peace. Then, and only then, will the "Testament" of Paul
+Derouléde have been executed:
+
+     When our war victorious is o'er,
+     And our country has won back its rank,
+     Then with the evils war brings in its train
+     Will disappear the hatred the conqueror trails.
+
+     Then our great France, full of love without spite
+     Sowing fresh springing-corn 'neath her new-born laurels,
+     Will welcome Work, father of Fortune,
+     And sing Peace, mother of lengthy deeds.
+
+     Then will come Peace, calm, serene, and awful,
+     Crushing down arms, but upholding intellect;
+     For we shall stand out as just-hearted conquerors,
+     Only taking back what was robbed from us.
+
+     And our nation, weary of mourning,
+     Will soothe the living while praising the dead,
+     And nevermore will we hear the name of battle
+     And our children shall learn to unlearn hate.
+
+Just as France will not accept peace without restitution, she will not
+accept peace without reparation.
+
+Germany can never make reparation for all the ruin, all the
+destruction, all the sacrilege she has wrought. There can be no
+reparation for the Cathedral of Rheims, for the Hotel de Ville at
+Arras, for the deaths of thousands of innocent beings, for the
+slaughter of women and children.
+
+But there can be reparation for the damage done to machinery. The
+treasures of art which, contrary to all law and right, Germany has
+taken into her own country, can be returned. They can return the funds
+illegally stolen from the vaults of municipalities, banks and public
+societies. They can pay off the receipts which they themselves have
+signed for the objects they have compelled the owners to hand over to
+them.
+
+Every château in the north of France, places such as those of the
+Prince of Monaco, of Mr. Balny d'Avricourt, that of Coucy, have been
+looted and pillaged. Antique furniture, paintings by the great
+masters, sculptures, historic pieces of tapestry have been carried off
+into Germany. Tapestries, sculptures, furniture and paintings must
+come back from Germany. The museums at St. Quentin and Lille have seen
+their collections of value to art and science carried off; these
+collections must come back. Factories have been robbed of their pumps,
+of their equipment, of their trucks; other pumps, other equipment,
+other trucks must be put in their place. Otherwise, nothing will
+prevent that in the future other expeditions will come to ransack
+other countries. A bold move towards Venice allowed base hands to be
+laid on the most beautiful works of art humanity had produced. A
+fortunate descent on the shores of Long Island or of New Jersey would
+allow the Metropolitan Museum to be looted.
+
+At Ham, in the Somme district, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the former
+Empress of Russia's brother, one morning entered the shop of an
+antiquarian and picked out a number of ancient bibelots and vases,
+ordering that they be sent to his quarters. The owner thought it would
+be wise to state the price of the lot:
+
+"The price," exclaimed the Grand Duke, "there's nothing for me to pay
+for! Everything here belongs to me."
+
+But the owner protested, since, as he said, he did own the goods.
+
+"Here," said the Grand Duke, "this will pay you for them."
+
+And he handed the man his card with the words "good for so many
+francs" written on it; also his signature.
+
+The number of francs mentioned on the Grand Duke of Hesse's card will
+have to be paid in full after the war. So will the thousands of
+requisitions signed by persons of less importance--governors,
+generals, colonels, majors, men who thought they could ransack all
+Belgium and the north of France with impunity, giving in exchange mere
+scraps of paper.
+
+The great cities of Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Laon and Mezières have
+been compelled to pay exorbitant levies for war purposes, which have
+amounted to billions of francs. This was contrary to all international
+law and to the Hague Tribunal's regulations. The funds thus illegally
+extorted will have to be repaid in full. No indemnities--that is
+understood and is perfectly just. It is precisely because there will
+not have to be any indemnities that the indemnities already extorted
+will have to be made good.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Finally, just as France cannot make peace without receiving
+restitution and reparation, she cannot make peace without receiving
+certain guarantees.
+
+Here we approach one of the most complex and difficult aspects of the
+entire problem, because we find ourselves in the presence of the
+famous League of Nations. President Wilson, one of the most noble and
+generous spirits, one of the greatest figures that has appeared in the
+entire war, launched if not the idea at least the first definite
+statement thereof.... And this statement has awakened in all hearts,
+tired of carnage and slaughter, the same infinite hope that words of
+goodness, liberty and fraternity always awaken, which evoke the
+thought of the supreme end towards which humanity tends. The statement
+has done better than merely move men's emotions, it has moved men's
+thoughts. It has kindled in them a ray of hope which tends to shine
+more brightly every day in that they know that the civilized world
+will be truly a civilized world only when it is formed and fashioned
+in the likeness of a civilized nation. In a civilized nation no one
+has the right to kill another man, to obtain justice by using force,
+to commit murder, nor to raise armed bands to shoot, blow up or kill
+with poisoned gas other men. Tribunals exist to appease differences
+and to prevent fighting; every citizen is associated with every other
+citizen in the common cause of security and progress.
+
+In a civilized world no nation has the right to massacre, no nation
+ought to have the right to resort to the use of force to obtain
+justice, no nation ought to have the right to attack, harm, or
+destroy another nation. There ought to be tribunals to appease the
+differences of peoples as well as those of individuals; every nation
+ought to be associated with every other nation to assure the progress
+of the entire world.
+
+This theory is not only appealing, it is irrefutable. But it is a law
+for this earth that the most profoundly just and true theories, those
+which have been most scientifically demonstrated, encounter, when put
+into practice, obstacles which have not been surmounted and are often
+insurmountable.
+
+President Wilson, who is not only a great jurist and a noble idealist,
+but who also has that genius for realization which is a characteristic
+of all America, has not failed to appreciate the difficulties which
+the League of Nations would encounter were it put into practice. And
+if, in his messages, he has insisted with a force that is every day
+more eloquent on the necessity of tackling the problem; he has never
+given a detailed solution for it.
+
+He has done better than that, for he has swept aside certain factors
+which would have made it absolutely impossible. On the second, of
+April, 1917, in his immortal declaration of war, he formally declared
+that "no autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within a
+partnership of nations or observe its covenants. It must be a league
+of honor, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its vitals
+away; the plottings of inner circles who could plan what they would
+and render account to no one, would be a corruption seated at its very
+heart. Only a free people can hold their purpose and their honor
+steady to a common end, and prefer the interests of mankind to any
+narrow interest of their own."
+
+These are admirable words of truth and of philosophic depth, words
+which deserve to be graven in stone. No autocracy, then, in the League
+of Nations, no German militarism nor Austrian imperialism in it. No
+universal league of nations, even, but a limited society, a society of
+democracies!
+
+Certain hasty critics have observed neither the same prudence nor
+logic as President Wilson. They have been farther from the truth, much
+farther from the truth. They have falsified his text, as do all
+commentators. They have desired to build complete in all details the
+League of Nations, which only existed in outline. They have succeeded
+in showing how difficult the construction would be, and they have only
+been able to set up a house of cards which the first breath of wind
+would knock down.
+
+For example, this is how one of the most eminent French socialists, M.
+Albert Thomas, a man who has given abundant proof of his practical
+experience and actual talents, formerly the French Minister of
+Munitions, depicts the League of Nations:
+
+     Let us suppose [he wrote on the twenty-fifth of December,
+     1917], as the mathematicians say, that the problem is
+     solved. Let us suppose that the society of nations, made up
+     of all the nations, had been created by common accord about
+     the year 1910 or 1912. What would it have accomplished?
+     After the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the
+     Hague Tribunal, or perhaps the Washington Tribunal, would
+     have made inquiry into the conditions of the murder. It
+     would have taken certain steps. And if Austria, still
+     dissatisfied, had invaded Serbia for the sake of revenge or
+     to give scope to her ambitious designs, if Germany had
+     joined with her in this, then all the other allied nations,
+     in the performance of their duty, would have entered into a
+     war against the central powers in order to force them to
+     respect the liberties and the integrity of little Serbia.
+     For there can be no rule without sanction therefore. No
+     international law is possible if there does not exist at the
+     service of this law the "organized force that is superior to
+     that of any nation or to that of any alliance of nations" of
+     which President Wilson speaks.
+
+     If the society of nations had existed in 1914 and if Germany
+     had violated its laws, the entire world would have taken
+     military action against Germany by means of war, economic
+     action by means of blockade and of depriving her of the
+     necessities of life. The entire world would have been at war
+     with her and her allies. And in order that the league of
+     nations might continue to exist, in order that the rule of
+     justice, scarcely outlined, could have continued to exist,
+     the victory of the entente powers would have been as
+     necessary as it is today. Mr. Lloyd-George and President
+     Wilson would have said, as they say today, "No league of
+     nations without victory."
+
+     The difference is that in 1914 a verdict in the case would
+     have been handed down by the common tribunal of the nations,
+     and that there would have been no possible discussion of the
+     violations of right committed by Germany nor on the
+     responsibility for having caused the war.
+
+     The difference would have been that in place of seeing the
+     neutral nations hesitating, frightened by German force,
+     disturbed by German lies, rallying only under the protection
+     of one of the Entente armies, at the moment when they had
+     seen on which side lay right, they would all, at the very
+     beginning, have entered into the battle in fulfillment of
+     their obligations not only on account of their moral
+     responsibility but on account of their clearly understood
+     interests.
+
+     Finally the difference is that, the rights of the peoples
+     having been defined clearly, there would have been no
+     moment's uncertainty nor hesitation concerning the ends of
+     the war.
+
+     And it is impossible to doubt that the present situation of
+     the war would have been decidedly different from what it is
+     today.
+
+I have cited the passage at length in order to give the critic's
+argument its widest scope. But, alas, who does not see the argument's
+fallacy? Who does not perceive that this reënforced skyscraper is a
+cardboard column liable to fall with the first push that is given it?
+
+Moreover, from the very beginning, the originator of the idea of the
+society of nations admits the hypothesis of a war and presupposes all
+the nations in the league are making war against another nation. Even
+with the society of nations there will still be wars. Even with the
+society of nations there will be no guarantee of absolute peace.
+
+So we are shown the spectacle, in case of war, of all the nations
+making war at once, without the least hesitation, without delay,
+without any discussion, against the people that disturbs the peace of
+the world. Is it a certainty that this unanimity would result? Is it a
+certainty that there would be no falling away, no delay? And, granting
+that there would be none of this, is it a certainty that irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided? To consider once more M. Thomas'
+example of the war of 1914, let us suppose that there had been at that
+time a society of nations, that England had had an army, that the
+United States had had an army, and that the Anglo-American army had
+not lost a day nor an hour. Is it a certainty that they would have
+prevented the Germans from being at the gates of Liège on the seventh
+of August, in Brussels on the nineteenth of August, and before Paris
+on the second of September? And if today France, England, America,
+Italy, Japan and four-fifths of the civilized world, in spite of the
+treasure of heroism and effort that has been expended, have not been
+able to prevent the present result, is it possible that this would
+have been obtained with the assistance of Switzerland, the
+Scandinavian nations, Holland and Spain?
+
+"The difference," continues M. Thomas, "is that there would not have
+been the possibility of any discussion of the violation of rights
+committed by Germany, nor upon what nation rests the responsibility
+for causing the war." But is that so sure? How was there any
+discussion in 1914 of the violation of Belgium by Germany? Did not
+Germany herself, in the teeth of all the world, hurl the avowal of
+this violation when von Bethmann-Hollweg, in the Reichstag, cynically
+declared: "We have just invaded Belgium.... Yes, we know that it is
+contrary to international law; but we were compelled by necessity. And
+necessity knows no law." What international tribunal's verdict could
+have the force of this avowal from the lips of the guilty man?
+However, the world has not moved, the world has not trembled, the
+world is not now up in arms. And who would guarantee that another time
+when the case will be perhaps less flagrant, the crime more obscure,
+the aggressor less cynical, the world will tremble and rise in arms?
+
+Moreover, is it always possible to determine the responsibility for
+war's origin? Is it always possible, before an international tribunal
+of arbitration, to throw the proper light and all the light on the
+course events have taken? Will the judges always be unanimous?
+
+Take the case of the last Balkan War in 1912. Is it possible today,
+from a six years' perspective, to establish with any degree of
+certitude the reasons for its outbreak and determine without
+hesitation the responsibility for it? Can you affirm with any degree
+of certainty that a court composed of American, European and Asiatic
+jurists would be unanimous in condemning Turkey and exonerating
+Bulgaria? And tomorrow, if the Ukraine should suddenly hurl itself
+against the Republic of the Don, or if Finland invaded Great Russia,
+with your international court would you be really in a way to
+pronounce a verdict within five days? And if Sweden took Finland's
+part and Germany took Great Russia's, could you guarantee that
+Argentina, Japan, Australia and even France would consent to mobilize
+their fleets and their armies to settle the question of a frontier on
+the banks of the Neva? Can you guarantee that every war of every Slav
+republic would have for a correlative the mobilization of the entire
+world?
+
+And then are you certain that the idea of a society of nations is
+exactly a new one? Are you certain that there did not exist a society
+of nations before the outbreak of the present war? Have you never
+heard that, on the fifteenth of June, 1907, at The Hague, forty-four
+nations of the civilized world (and Germany was one of the number)
+assembled and met together to form such a league? Have you never heard
+of the treaty that was signed then which, according to the wording at
+the treaty's head, had for its object "fixing the laws and usages at
+war on the land"? Have you never read the terms of this convention,
+have you never glanced through the sixty-odd articles which today, in
+the presence of the nameless horrors in which we lend a hand, offer a
+prodigious interest to actuality?
+
+Glance over these articles--and let us see how they have been applied:
+
+     ARTICLE 4 provides that "_prisoners of war must be humanely
+     treated. All their personal belongings, except arms, horses,
+     and military papers, remain their property_." Now all the
+     prisoners held by Germany have, without exception, been
+     spoiled of their money, of their portfolios, of their rings,
+     of their jewels, of their eyeglasses.
+
+     ARTICLE 6 says that "_the state may employ as workmen the
+     prisoners of war_," but it is careful in stipulating "_that
+     the work must not be excessive and must have nothing
+     whatever to do with operations of war_." ARTICLE 7 says
+     that "_prisoners of war shall be treated as regards board,
+     lodging, and clothing on the same footing as the troops of
+     the Government who captured them_." Each of these two
+     articles has been violated since the beginning of the war by
+     the Germans. After the Battle of the Marne, when the
+     advancing French troops of Joffre arrived on the Aisne they
+     found French civilians captured by the Germans and compelled
+     by them to work in the trenches. Moreover, an official
+     report emanating from Mr. Gustave Ador, President of the
+     International Red Cross, now member of the Swiss Federal
+     Council, called the attention of the belligerents as soon as
+     October, 1914, to the bad treatment of the French prisoners
+     in Germany. Each French officer had, as prisoner, a salary
+     of one hundred marks per month, which was not even half of
+     the pay of an under-officer.
+
+     ARTICLES 23, 25, 27, and 28 are so interesting that they
+     must be quoted _in extenso_:
+
+     ARTICLE 23. In _addition to the prohibitions provided by
+     special conventions, it is especially forbidden_:
+
+     (a) _To employ poison or poisoned weapons._
+
+     (c) _To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his
+     arms, or having no longer means of defense, has surrendered
+     at discretion._
+
+     (d) _To declare that no quarter will be given._
+
+     (e) _To employ arms, projectiles, or material calculated to
+     cause unnecessary suffering._
+
+     (f) _To make improper use of a flag of truce, of the
+     national flag, or of the military insignia and uniform of
+     the enemy, as well as the distinctive badges of the Geneva
+     Convention._
+
+     (g) _To destroy or seize the enemy's property, unless such
+     destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the
+     necessities of war._
+
+     (h) _A belligerent is likewise forbidden to compel the
+     nationals of the hostile party to take part in the
+     operations of war directed against their own country, even
+     if they were in the belligerent's service before the
+     commencement of the war._
+
+     ARTICLE 25. _The attack or bombardment, by whatever means,
+     of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings which are
+     undefended is prohibited._
+
+     ARTICLE 27. _In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps
+     must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings
+     dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes,
+     historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and
+     wounded are collected, provided they are not being used at
+     the time for military purposes._
+
+     ARTICLE 28. _The pillage of a town or place, even when taken
+     by assault, is prohibited._
+
+     It seems that the men of The Hague, when they wrote those
+     articles, had a sort of prescience of the future cruelties
+     of war and that they wanted to avoid them. Let us see how
+     far they have succeeded.
+
+     It was forbidden to employ poison or poisoned weapons. No
+     later than last spring when the Germans evacuated certain
+     parts of the north of France instructions emanating from the
+     German general headquarters were found in the pocket of many
+     German prisoners or on the dead, and those instructions
+     indicated how the water of the wells was to be poisoned:
+     "Such and such a soldier," ran instructions, "will be in
+     charge of the wells, will throw in each one a sufficient
+     quantity of poison or creosote, or, lacking these, all
+     available filth."
+
+     It was forbidden to declare that no quarter would be given.
+     And here is the order of the day issued on August 25, 1914,
+     by General Stenger, commanding the Fifty-eighth German
+     Brigade, to his troops: "After today no more prisoners will
+     be taken. All prisoners are to be killed. Wounded, with or
+     without arms, are to be killed. Even prisoners already
+     grouped in convoys are to be killed. Let not a single living
+     enemy remain behind us."
+
+     It was forbidden to pillage a town or locality, even when
+     taken by assault. And on the corpse of the German private
+     Handschumacher (of the Eleventh Battalion of Jägers,
+     Reserve) in the very earliest days of the war, was found the
+     following diary: "August 8, 1914. Gouvy (Belgium). There, as
+     the Belgians had fired on the German soldiers, we at once
+     pillaged the goods station. Some cases, eggs, shirts, and
+     all eatables were seized. The safe was gutted and the money
+     divided among the men. All securities were torn up."
+
+     In fact, pillage and robberies went on on such a high scale
+     during the first months of the war that considerable sums of
+     money were sent from France and Belgium to Germany. A German
+     newspaper, the _Berlin Tageblatt_, of November 26, 1914,
+     implicitly avowed it when, in a technical article on the
+     military treasury ("_Der Zahlmeister im Felde_"), it wrote:
+     "It is curious to note that far more money-orders are sent
+     from the theater of operations to the interior of the
+     country than _vice versa_."
+
+     ARTICLE 50 of this Hague Convention states that "_no general
+     penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be inflicted upon the
+     population on account of the acts of individuals for which
+     they cannot be regarded as jointly and severally
+     responsible_." Side by side with this article, it is
+     interesting to reproduce an extract from a proclamation of
+     General von Bülow, posted up at Liège on August 22, 1914:
+     "The inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after having
+     protested their peaceful intentions, treacherously surprised
+     our troops. It is with my full consent that the general in
+     command had the whole place burned, and about a hundred
+     people were shot." Moreover, here is an extract from a
+     proclamation of Major-Commander Dieckmann, posted up at
+     Grivegnée on September 8, 1914: "Every one who does not obey
+     at once the word of command, 'Hands up,' is guilty of the
+     penalty of death." And finally here is an extract from a
+     proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, posted up in
+     Brussels on October 5, 1914: "In future all places near the
+     spot where such acts have taken place [destruction of
+     railway lines or telegraph wires]--no matter whether guilty
+     or not--shall be punished without mercy. With this end in
+     view, hostages have been brought from all places near
+     railway lines exposed to such attacks, and at the first
+     attempt to destroy railway lines, telegraph or telephone
+     lines, they will be immediately shot."
+
+     ARTICLE 56 of the Hague Convention provides that "_the
+     property of municipalities, that of institutions dedicated
+     to religion, charity, and education, to the arts and
+     sciences, even when state property, shall be treated as
+     private property. All seizure of, destruction, or willful
+     damage done to institutions of this character, historical
+     monuments, works of art and science, is forbidden, and
+     should be made the subject of legal proceedings._"
+
+     Four names, which will be eternally remembered, are here
+     sufficient to answer: there is Rheims and its Cathedral,
+     Louvain and its library, Arras and its Town Hall, Ypres and
+     its bell tower.
+
+In the course of this war, Germany has disavowed her signature any
+number of times and has broken her pledges just as often as she has
+made them. Germany is a proven perjurer not only in the eyes of the
+nations at war with her, but also in the regard of the forty-four
+countries signatory of the Hague Convention. However, we have never
+heard that a single one of these nations lodged a protest against her
+actions. The Hague Convention has been torn into shreds, and not one
+of its signers has entered the slightest protest.
+
+Is the next society of nations to be modeled on the same principles?
+Is the next society of nations going to draw up articles of the same
+kind as the Hague society? Is the future society of nations to accept
+among its members the same Empire of Germany which in 1914 declared
+bankruptcy? Will the future act of the society of nations be a simple
+scrap of paper, like the last act of 1907?
+
+But let us cease asking these questions. There is no gain in asking
+certain questions to gain certain replies. There is no gain in
+examining certain problems to make the difficulties of the solution
+more apparent.
+
+There is no doubt that the society of nations will exist some day. For
+the honor of humanity we must hope that it will exist. But it is not
+one day's work, nor the speaking of a single discourse nor the writing
+of one article that will build it. In M. Clemenceau's words, right can
+not be firmly established as long as the world is based on might. To
+bring about the rule of Right, Might must be destroyed and driven out
+as the very first move in the campaign for ultimate liberty.
+
+German Might will not be destroyed by international compacts to which
+Germany will be party. Recall the treaty guaranteeing Belgium's
+integrity, which was one that Germany signed. Recall the Hague
+Conventions, signed by this same Germany. The men are fools who will
+not recall these things, who will not profit by them as examples.
+German might will only be destroyed by international agreements to
+which Germany is not a party, and which shall place German might
+beyond the regions in which it can play a dangerous part.
+
+Now we are not building this upon sand, but upon a foundation of solid
+rock.
+
+Germany needs two things to continue her national existence. She must
+import from other countries certain products necessary to her
+existence. For example, there is wool, of which she was obliged to
+import 1,888,481 metric quintals in order to manufacture her sixteen
+thousand grades of woolen fabrics. There is copper, of which Germany
+imported 250,000 tons in 1913 (200,000 tons came from America), in
+order to sell the merchandise she finds has a good market in foreign
+countries. Considering all Germany's exports for the period from
+1903-1913, we find that their total has passed from 6,400 millions to
+12,600 millions, an increase of nearly one hundred per cent.
+
+There lies the best, the true, indeed the only means whereby the
+Allies can compel Germany to disarm. We do not demand that the
+economic war shall continue after the actual warfare is at an end, but
+we can demand that the Allies shall not lay aside their economic arms
+when the Germans shall have laid aside their fighting arms. In other
+words, we can demand that the Allies do not give Germany wool, copper
+and money if they know that this wool, money and copper are to feed
+the war machine. This war machine cost the German Empire nearly four
+hundred millions of dollars according to the budget of 1914. Suppose
+the Allies said to Germany, "As long as you have a military and naval
+budget of four hundred millions of dollars, we regret that we shall be
+unable to sell you wool and copper. We regret that we shall be unable
+to buy anything from you. But, if you reduce this budget by half, we
+are willing to give you one million metric quintals of wool and
+125,000 tons of copper. Likewise, we are disposed to make purchases
+in your market totalling one billion dollars. If your military and
+naval budgets fall to nothing, we are willing to go much farther and
+buy and sell everything with you in unlimited quantities." Suppose the
+Allies make these proposals to Germany. Suppose they are put into
+effect. Will they not be a better guarantee of universal peace than
+all the Conventions and all the courts of arbitration in the world?
+
+Then let no one disturb the peace of the world for his selfish
+purposes. Left to themselves, the little Balkan States and Slav States
+will not start great, long wars, just as the lone robber posted at the
+edge of a woods will not endanger a province's communications for very
+long. The formidable thing is the great country that is arranged and
+planned along the lines of war, where everything is organized with a
+view to war; just as the formidable thing for a city is the small band
+of malefactors who are able to terrify half the citizens by the use of
+highly perfected arms.
+
+There will be no lasting peace until the most terrible war machine
+the world has ever known shall have been destroyed, reduced to an
+impotent state of non-existence. Ideals will not destroy this machine,
+but practical means and getting down to the facts of the case will do
+so. Pasteur did not overcome hydrophobia by writing treatises and
+dissertations. He met poison with poison, he injected the healing
+serum into the veins of the maddened dog. Now Germany is the mad dog,
+and Germany must be inoculated. After that there will be time to pass
+hygienic measures for the regiment of the entire world. Today Germany
+must be killed or cured. Germany is the cancer that must be cut out,
+lest it eat up the world.
+
+It has been a matter of life and death for Liberty and Civilization.
+Both of them have been sick unto death. Clutched foully by the throat,
+they have heard their own death rattle; they themselves thought they
+might not survive. Now they stand on their feet, so weak, so pale, and
+so feeble that their life might still be despaired of. If we do not
+obtain definite guarantees against the monster who has barely failed
+to strangle them and to force the entire world back into the darkness
+of slavery, we shall have failed in our task, and the blood shed in
+the fight for Liberty will have been shed in vain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+The following irrefutable documents, selected from among thousands of
+others which history will record, prove better than any other means
+how the Germans understand war and peace. They deserve a place in this
+volume because they demonstrate why and against what France is
+fighting.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE
+
+
+Answering to the Pope, in September, 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm II declared
+"_that he had always regarded it as his principal and most sacred duty
+to preserve the blessing of Peace for the German people and the
+world_." More recently, driving through the battlefield of Cambrai,
+the Kaiser, according to the war correspondent of the Berlin
+_Lokalanzeiger_, exclaimed: "God knows what I have not done to prevent
+such a war!"
+
+A document made public by M. Stephen Pichon, French Foreign Minister,
+shows exactly how, in the last days of July, 1914, the Kaiser tried
+"to preserve the blessings of Peace for the German people and the
+world" and what he did "to prevent such a war."
+
+Speaking at the Sorbonne, in Paris, on March 1, 1918, M. Pichon said:
+
+     I will establish by documents that the day the Germans
+     deliberately rendered inevitable the most frightful of wars
+     they tried to dishonor us by the most cowardly complicity in
+     the ambush into which they drew Europe. I will establish it
+     in the revelation of a document which the German Chancellor,
+     after having drawn it up, preserved carefully, and you will
+     see why, in the most profound mystery of the most secret
+     archives.
+
+     We have known only recently of its authenticity, and it
+     defies any sort of attempt to disprove it. It bears the
+     signature of Bethmann Hollweg (German Imperial Chancellor at
+     the outbreak of the war) and the date July 31, 1914. On
+     that day Von Schoen (German Ambassador to France) was
+     charged by a telegram from his Chancellor to notify us of a
+     state of danger of war with Russia and to ask us to remain
+     neutral, giving us eighteen hours in which to reply.
+
+     What was unknown until today was that the telegram of the
+     German Chancellor containing these instructions ended with
+     these words:
+
+     _If the French Government declares it will remain neutral
+     your Excellency will be good enough to declare that we must,
+     as a guarantee of its neutrality, require the handing over
+     of the fortresses of Toul and Verdun; that we will occupy
+     them and will restore them after the end of the war with
+     Russia. A reply to this last question must reach here before
+     Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock._
+
+That is how Germany wanted peace at the moment when she declared war!
+That is how sincere she was in pretending that we obliged her to take
+up arms for her defense! That is the price she intended to make us pay
+for our baseness if we had the infamy to repudiate our signature as
+Prussia repudiated hers by tearing up the treaty that guaranteed the
+neutrality of Belgium!
+
+It was explained that the above document has not previously been
+published, because the code could not be deciphered: the French
+Foreign Office succeeded only a few days before in decodifying the
+document.
+
+Moreover, Herr von Bethmann Hollweg, on March 18, 1918, acknowledged
+the accuracy of M. Pichon's quotation and contented himself to declare
+that "his instructions to Von Schoen were justified."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR
+
+
+This document is quoted from the French "Yellow Book," page 152:
+
+          _From Copenhagen_
+          _French Yellow Book No. 155_
+
+     M. Bapst, French Minister at Copenhagen, to
+     M. Doumergue, Minister for Foreign Affairs.
+
+                              COPENHAGEN, AUGUST 6, 1914.
+
+     The French Ambassador at Berlin, M. Jules Cambon, asks me to
+     communicate to your Excellency the following telegram:
+
+     I have been sent to Denmark by the German Government. I have
+     just arrived at Copenhagen. I am accompanied by all the
+     staff of the Embassy and the Russian Chargé d'Affaires at
+     Darmstadt with his family. The treatment which we have
+     received is of such a nature that I have thought it
+     desirable to make a complete report on it to your Excellency
+     by telegram.
+
+     On the morning of Monday, the 3rd of August, after I had, in
+     accordance with your instructions, addressed to Herr von
+     Jagow a protest against the acts of aggression committed on
+     French territory by German troops, the Secretary of State
+     came to see me. Herr von Jagow came to complain of acts of
+     aggression which he alleged had been committed in Germany,
+     especially at Nuremberg and Coblenz by French aviators, who
+     according to his statement "had come from Belgium." I
+     answered that I had not the slightest information as to the
+     facts to which he attached so much importance and the
+     improbability of which seemed to me obvious; on my part I
+     asked him if he had read the note which I had addressed to
+     him with regard to the invasion of our territory by
+     detachments of the German army. As the Secretary of State
+     said that he had not yet read this note I explained its
+     contents to him. I called his attention to the act committed
+     by the officer commanding one of the detachments who had
+     advanced to the French village of Joncherey, ten kilometers
+     within our frontier, and had blown out the brains of a
+     French soldier whom he had met there. After having given my
+     opinion of this act I added:
+
+     "You will admit that under no circumstances could there be
+     any comparison between this and the flight of an aeroplane
+     over foreign territory carried out by private persons
+     animated by that spirit of individual courage by which
+     aviators are distinguished.
+
+     "An act of aggression committed on the territory of a
+     neighbor by detachments of regular troops commanded by
+     officers assumes an importance of quite a different nature."
+
+     Herr von Jagow explained to me that he had no knowledge of
+     the facts of which I was speaking to him, and he added that
+     it was difficult for events of this kind not to take place
+     when two armies filled with the feelings which animated our
+     troops found themselves face to face on either side of the
+     frontier.
+
+     At this moment the crowds which thronged the Pariser Platz
+     in front of the Embassy and whom we could see through the
+     window of my study, which was half open, uttered shouts
+     against France. I asked the Secretary of State when all this
+     would come to an end.
+
+     "The Government has not yet come to a decision," Herr von
+     Jagow answered. "It is probable that Herr von Schoen will
+     receive orders today to ask for his passports and then you
+     will receive yours." The Secretary of State assured me that
+     I need not have any anxiety with regard to my departure, and
+     that all the proprieties would be observed with regard to me
+     as well as my staff. We were not to see one another any more
+     and we took leave of one another after an interview which
+     had been courteous and could not make me anticipate what was
+     in store for me.
+
+     Before leaving Herr von Jagow I expressed to him my wish to
+     make a personal call on the Chancellor, as that would be the
+     last opportunity that I should have of seeing him.
+
+     Herr von Jagow said that he did not advise me to carry out
+     this intention as the interview would serve no purpose and
+     could not fail to be painful.
+
+     At 6 o'clock in the evening Herr von Langwerth brought me my
+     passports. In the name of his Government he refused to agree
+     to the wish which I expressed to him that I should be
+     permitted to travel by Holland or Belgium. He suggested to
+     me that I should go either by way of Copenhagen, although he
+     could not assure me a free passage by sea, or through
+     Switzerland via Constance.
+
+     I accepted this last route; Herr von Langwerth having asked
+     me to leave as soon as I possibly could it was agreed, in
+     consideration of the necessity I was under of making
+     arrangements with the Spanish Ambassador, who was
+     undertaking the charge of our interests, that I should leave
+     on the next day, the 4th August, at 10 o'clock at night.
+
+     At 7 o'clock, an hour after Herr von Langwerth had left,
+     Herr von Lancken, formerly Councilor of the Embassy at
+     Paris, came from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to tell me
+     to request the staff of my Embassy to cease taking meals in
+     the restaurants. This order was so strict that on the next
+     day, Tuesday, I had to have recourse to the authority of the
+     Wilhelmstrasse to get the Hôtel Bristol to send our meals to
+     the Embassy.
+
+     At 11 o'clock on the same evening, Monday, Herr von
+     Langwerth came back to tell me that his Government would not
+     allow our return by way of Switzerland under the pretext
+     that it would take three days and three nights to take me to
+     Constance. He announced that I should be sent by way of
+     Vienna. I only agreed to this alteration under reserve, and
+     during the night I wrote the following letter to Herr von
+     Langwerth:
+
+                              "BERLIN, AUGUST 3rd, 1914.
+
+         "M. LE BARON;
+
+         "I have been thinking over the route for my return
+         to my country about which you came to speak to me
+         this evening. You propose that I shall travel by
+         Vienna. I run the risk of finding myself detained
+         in that town, if not by the action of the Austrian
+         Government, at least owing to the mobilization
+         which creates great difficulties similar to those
+         existing in Germany as to the movements of trains.
+
+         "Under these circumstances I must ask the German
+         Government for a promise made on their honor that
+         the Austrian Government will send me to Switzerland,
+         and that the Swiss Government will not close its
+         frontier either to me or to the persons by whom I
+         am accompanied, as I am told that that frontier has
+         been firmly closed to foreigners.
+
+         "I cannot then accept the proposal that you have
+         made to me unless I have the security which I ask
+         for, and unless I am assured that I shall not be
+         detained for some months outside my country.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     In answer to this letter on the next morning, Tuesday the
+     4th August, Herr von Langwerth gave me in writing an
+     assurance that the Austrian and Swiss authorities had
+     received communications to this effect.
+
+     At the same time M. Miladowski, attached to the Consulate at
+     Berlin, as well as other Frenchmen, was arrested in his own
+     house while in bed. M. Miladowski, for whom a diplomatic
+     passport had been requested, was released after four hours.
+
+     I was prepared to leave for Vienna when, at a quarter to
+     five, Herr von Langwerth came back to inform me that I would
+     have to leave with the persons accompanying me at 10 o'clock
+     in the evening, but that I should be taken to Denmark. On
+     this new requirement I asked if I should be confined in a
+     fortress supposing I did not comply. Herr von Langwerth
+     simply answered that he would return to receive my answer in
+     half an hour. I did not wish to give the German Government
+     the pretext for saying that I had refused to depart from
+     Germany. I therefore told Herr von Langwerth when he came
+     back that I would submit to the order which had been given
+     to me but "that I protested."
+
+     I at once wrote to Herr von Jagow a letter of which the
+     following is a copy:
+
+                              BERLIN, AUGUST 4, 1914.
+
+         "SIR:
+
+         "More than once your Excellency has said to me that
+         the Imperial Government, in accordance with the
+         usages of international courtesy, would facilitate
+         my return to my own country, and would give me
+         every means of getting back to it quickly.
+
+         "Yesterday, however, Baron von Langwerth, after
+         refusing me access to Belgium and Holland, informed
+         me that I should travel to Switzerland via Constance.
+         During the night I was informed that I should be
+         sent to Austria, a country which is taking part in
+         the present war on the side of Germany. As I had no
+         knowledge of the intentions of Austria towards me,
+         since on Austrian soil I am nothing but an ordinary
+         private individual, I wrote to Baron von Langwerth
+         that I requested the Imperial Government to give me
+         a promise that the Imperial and Royal Austrian
+         authorities would give me all possible facilities
+         for continuing my journey and that Switzerland would
+         not be closed to me. Herr von Langwerth has been good
+         enough to answer me in writing that I could be
+         assured of an easy journey and that the Austrian
+         authorities would do all that was necessary.
+
+         "It is nearly five o'clock, and Baron von Langwerth
+         has just announced to me that I shall be sent to
+         Denmark. In view of the present situation, there is
+         no security that I shall find a ship to take me to
+         England and it is this consideration which made me
+         reject this proposal with the approval of Herr von
+         Langwerth.
+
+         "In truth no liberty is left me and I am treated
+         almost as a prisoner. I am obliged to submit,
+         having no means of obtaining that the rules of
+         international courtesy should be observed towards
+         me, but I hasten to protest to your Excellency
+         against the manner in which I am being treated.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     Whilst my letter was being delivered I was told that the
+     journey would not be made direct but by way of Schleswig. At
+     10 o'clock in the evening, I left the Embassy with my staff
+     in the middle of a great assembly of foot and mounted
+     police.
+
+     At the station the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was only
+     represented by an officer of inferior rank.
+
+     The journey took place with extreme slowness. We took more
+     than twenty-four hours to reach the frontier. It seemed that
+     at every station they had to wait for orders to proceed. I
+     was accompanied by Major von Rheinbaben of the Alessandra
+     Regiment of the Guard and by a police officer. In the
+     neighborhood of the Kiel Canal the soldiers entered our
+     carriages. The windows were shut and the curtains of the
+     carriages drawn down; each of us had to remain isolated in
+     his compartment and was forbidden to get up or to touch his
+     luggage. A soldier stood in the corridor of the carriage
+     before the door of each of our compartments which were kept
+     open, revolver in hand and finger on the trigger. The
+     Russian Chargé d'Affaires, the women and children and
+     everyone were subjected to the same treatment.
+
+     At the last German station about 11 o'clock at night, Major
+     von Rheinbaben came to take leave of me. I handed to him the
+     following letter to Herr von Jagow.
+
+                         "WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 5, 1914.
+
+         "SIR:
+
+         "Yesterday before leaving Berlin, I protested in
+         writing to your Excellency against the repeated
+         change of route which was imposed upon me by the
+         Imperial Government on my journey from Germany.
+
+         "Today as the train in which I was passed over the
+         Kiel Canal an attempt was made to search all our
+         luggage as if we might have hidden some instrument
+         of destruction. Thanks to the interference of Major
+         von Rheinbaben, we were spared this insult. But
+         they went further.
+
+         "They obliged us to remain each in his own
+         compartment, the windows and blinds having been
+         closed. During this time, in the corridors of the
+         carriages at the door of each compartment and
+         facing each one of us, stood a soldier, revolver in
+         hand, finger on the trigger, for nearly half an hour.
+
+         "I consider it my duty to protest against this
+         threat of violence to the Ambassador of the
+         Republic and the staff of his Embassy, violence
+         which nothing could even have made me anticipate.
+
+         "Yesterday I had the honor of writing to your
+         Excellency that I was being treated almost as a
+         prisoner. Today I am being treated as a dangerous
+         prisoner. Also I must record that during our
+         journey which from Berlin to Denmark has taken
+         twenty-four hours, no food has been prepared nor
+         provided for me nor for the persons who were
+         traveling with me to the frontier.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     I thought that our troubles had finished, when shortly
+     afterwards Major von Rheinbaben came, rather embarrassed, to
+     inform me that the train would not proceed to the Danish
+     frontier if I did not pay the cost of this train. I
+     expressed my astonishment that I had not been made to pay at
+     Berlin and that at any rate I had not been forewarned of
+     this. I offered to pay by a cheque on one of the largest
+     Berlin banks. This facility was refused me. With the help of
+     my companions I was able to collect, in gold, the sum which
+     was required from me at once, and which amounted to 3,611
+     marks, 75 pfennig. This is about 5,000 francs in accordance
+     with the present rate of exchange.
+
+     After this last incident, I thought it necessary to ask
+     Major von Rheinbaben for his word of honor as an officer and
+     a gentleman that we should be taken to the Danish frontier.
+     He gave it to me, and I required that the policeman who was
+     with us should accompany us.
+
+     In this way we arrived at the first Danish station, where
+     the Danish Government had had a train made ready to take us
+     to Copenhagen.
+
+     I am assured that my British colleague and the Belgian
+     Minister, although they left Berlin after I did, traveled by
+     the direct route to Holland. I am struck by this difference
+     of treatment, and as Denmark and Norway are, at this moment,
+     infested with spies, if I succeed in embarking in Norway,
+     there is danger that I may be arrested at sea with the
+     officials who accompany me.
+
+     I do not wish to conclude this dispatch without notifying
+     your Excellency of the energy and devotion of which the
+     whole staff of the Embassy has given unceasing proof during
+     the course of this crisis. I shall be glad that account
+     should be taken of the services which on this occasion have
+     been rendered to the Government of the Republic, in
+     particular by the Secretaries of the Embassy and by the
+     Military and Naval Attachés.
+
+                              JULES CAMBON.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III
+
+HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR
+
+
+The French Government, as soon as it heard of the first German
+atrocities, instituted a Commission of inquiry composed of three high
+French magistrates: Mr. Georges Payelle, President of the Cour des
+Comptes, Mr. Georges Maringer, Councilor of State, and Mr. Edmond
+Paillot, Councilor of the Cour of Cassation. That Commission proceeded
+to the spot where the atrocities had been perpetrated and heard
+witnesses, who deposed under oath.
+
+All evidence and proceedings have been printed and fill up ten heavy
+volumes.
+
+Among many depositions, the following one, taken the twenty-third of
+October, 1915, at Paris, will give an idea of the horrors to which the
+invaded regions of France were submitted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Duren Virginie, wife of Berard Durem, 29 years of age, inhabitant of
+Jarny in the Department of Meurthe et Moselle, a refugee at
+Levallois-Perret:
+
+     I swear to tell the truth and nothing but the truth.
+
+     On the 25th of August, 1914, the sixty-sixth and
+     sixty-eighth Bavarian regiments were quartered together at
+     Jarny. I was ordered to bring water for the soldiers, so
+     went in search of a large number of water pails. At three
+     o'clock in the afternoon an officer, who met me, told me I
+     had carried enough water and ordered me to go back to my
+     house. As the Germans were firing on our house with
+     mitrailleuses, I took refuge in the cellar with my two sons,
+     Jean, aged six, and Maurice, aged two, and also my daughter
+     Jeanne, nine years of age. The Aufiero family was also
+     there. Soon petrol was poured over the house; it got into
+     the cellar through the air-hole, and we were surrounded by
+     flames. I saved myself, carrying my two little boys in my
+     arms, while my daughter and little Beatrice Aufiero ran
+     along holding on to my skirt. As we were crossing the
+     Rougeval brook, which runs near my house, the Bavarians
+     fired on us. My little Jean, whom I was carrying, was struck
+     by three bullets, one in the right thigh, one in the ankle,
+     and one in the chest. The thigh was almost shot away, and
+     from the place where the bullet through his chest came out
+     the lung projected. The poor child said, "Oh, Mother, I have
+     a pain," and in a moment he was dead. At the same time
+     little Beatrice had her arm broken so badly that it was
+     attached to her shoulder only by a piece of flesh, and
+     Angele Aufiero, a boy of nine years, who followed a short
+     distance behind us, was wounded in the calf of the leg.
+     Little Beatrice suffered cruelly and wept bitterly, but she
+     did not fall down, continuing to go along with me.
+
+     While these things were taking place, the Perignon family,
+     which lived next door to us, was massacred.
+
+     When they were no longer shooting at us, I tried to wash my
+     baby, who was covered with blood, in the brook; but a
+     soldier prevented me, shouting, "Get away from there."
+
+     Finally we got to the road. Meanwhile they were driving M.
+     Aufiero out of the cellar. The Germans, who spoke French
+     after a fashion, said to his wife, "Come see your husband
+     get shot." The poor man, on his knees, asked for mercy, and
+     as his wife shrieked "My poor Côme," the soldiers said to
+     her, "Shut your mouth." His execution took place very near
+     us.
+
+     The Bavarians sent me, my children, Mme. Aufiero and her
+     daughter to a meadow near the Pont-de-l'Etang. A general
+     ordered that we be shot, but I threw myself at his feet,
+     begging him to be merciful. He consented. At this moment an
+     officer, wearing a great gray cloak with a red collar, said,
+     as he pointed to the dead body of my child, "There is one
+     who will not grow up to fight our men."
+
+     The next day, in my flight to Barrière Zeller, an officer
+     came up and told me that the body of my dead child smelled
+     badly and that I must get rid of it. Since I could find no
+     one to make a coffin, I found in the canteen two rabbit
+     hutches. I fastened one of these to the other, and there I
+     laid the little body. It was buried in my garden by two
+     soldiers, and I had to dig the grave myself.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX IV
+
+HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY
+
+
+In the first days of April, 1916, the following notice, bearing the
+signature of the German commander, was posted on all the walls of
+Lille, the great town in the north of France which has been occupied
+by the Germans since the beginning of the war.
+
+     All the inhabitants of the town, except the children under
+     fourteen years of age, their mothers, and the old men, must
+     prepare to be transported within an hour and a half.
+
+     An officer will decide definitely which persons shall be
+     conducted to the camps of assembly. For this purpose, all
+     the inhabitants must assemble in front of their homes, in
+     case of bad weather they shall be permitted to stay in the
+     lobbies. The doors of the houses must be left open. All
+     complaints will be unavailing. No inhabitant of a house,
+     even those who are not to be transported, can leave the
+     house before eight o'clock in the morning (German time).
+
+     Each person may take thirty kilograms of baggage with him.
+     Should there be any excess over this amount, all that
+     person's baggage will be refused regardless of everything.
+     Separate packages must be made up by each person, and a
+     visibly written, firmly secured address must be on each
+     package. The address must bear the person's name, surname,
+     and the number of his identification card.
+
+     It is very necessary for each person to provide himself with
+     utensils for eating and drinking, also with a woolen blanket
+     and some good shoes and some linen. Each person must have on
+     his person his identification card. Whoever shall attempt to
+     evade deportation shall be punished without mercy.
+
+                              ETAPPEN--KOMMANDANTUR
+
+The threat contained in the notice cited here was carried out to the
+letter. Here is an account of it from the communication addressed by
+M. D----, formerly the _receveur particulier_ of Lille, to M. Cambon,
+formerly the French Ambassador to Berlin:
+
+     On Good Friday night at three o'clock the troops who were
+     going to occupy the designated section, Fives, came through
+     our houses. It was dreadful. An officer passed by, pointing
+     out the men and women whom he chose, leaving them a space of
+     time amounting to an hour in some cases and ten minutes in
+     others, to prepare themselves for their journey.
+
+     Antoine D. ... and his sister, twenty-two years of age, were
+     taken away. The Germans did not want to leave behind the
+     younger daughter in the family, who was not fourteen. Their
+     grandmother, ill with sorrow and terror, had to be cared for
+     at once. Finally they met the young daughter coming back. In
+     one case an old man and two infirm persons could not keep
+     the daughter who was their sole support. And everywhere the
+     enemy sneered, adding vexatious annoyance to their hateful
+     task. In the house of the doctor, who is B.'s uncle, they
+     gave his wife the choice between two maids. She preferred
+     the elder and they said, "Well, then she is the one we are
+     going to take." Mlle. L., the young one who has just got
+     over typhoid and bronchitis, saw the non-commissioned
+     officer who took away her nurse coming up to her. "What a
+     sad task they are making us do." "More than sad, sir, it
+     could be called barbarous." "That is a hard word, are you
+     not afraid that I will sell you?" As a matter of fact the
+     wretch denounced her. They allowed her seven minutes and
+     took her away bare-headed, just as she was, to the Colonel
+     who commanded this noble battle and who also ordered her to
+     go, against the advice of a physician. Only on account of
+     her tireless energy and the sense of decency of one who was
+     less ferocious than the rest, did she obtain permission, at
+     five o'clock in the afternoon, to be discharged, after a day
+     which had been a veritable Calvary. The poor wretches at
+     whose door a sentry watched, were collected together at some
+     place or other, a Church or a school. Then the mob of all
+     sorts and conditions of people, or all grades of social
+     standing, respectable young girls and women of the street,
+     was driven to the station escorted by soldiers marching at
+     the head of the procession. From there they were taken off
+     in the evening without knowing where they were going or for
+     what work they were destined.
+
+     And in the face of all this our people evidenced restraint
+     and admirable dignity, although they were provoked that day
+     by seeing the automobiles going around which were taking
+     away these unfortunate people. They all went away shouting
+     "Vive la France. Vive la Liberté!" and singing the
+     Marseillaise. They cheered up those who remained; their poor
+     mothers who were weeping, and the children. With voices
+     almost strangled with tears, and pale with suffering, they
+     told them not to cry as they themselves would not; but bore
+     themselves proudly in the presence of their executioners.
+
+Another document shows better than all this talking the treatment the
+French have been receiving from the Germans for over thirty months.
+This document is a German notice which was found at Holnon, northwest
+of St. Quentin. The document bore the official seal of the German
+commander.
+
+                              HOLNON, 20th July, 1915.
+
+     All workmen, women and children over fifteen years of age
+     must work in the fields every day, also on Sunday, from four
+     o'clock in the morning until eight o'clock at night, French
+     time. For rest they shall have a half-hour in the morning,
+     an hour at noon and a half-hour in the afternoon. Failure to
+     obey this order will be punished in the following manner:--
+
+     1.--The men who are lazy will be collected for the period of
+     the harvest in a company of workmen under the inspection of
+     German corporals. After the harvest the lazy will be
+     imprisoned for six months and every third day their
+     nourishment shall be only bread and water.
+
+     2.--Lazy women shall be exiled to Holnon to work. After the
+     harvest the women will be imprisoned six months.
+
+     3.--The children who do not work shall be punished with
+     blows from a club.
+
+     Furthermore, the commandant reserves the right to punish men
+     who do not work with twenty blows from a club daily.
+
+     Workmen in the Commune of Verdelles have been punished
+     severely.
+
+                               (Signed) GLOSE,
+                               COLONEL AND COMMANDANT.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX V
+
+HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE
+
+
+Von Bethmann-Hollweg, Count von Hertling and Herr von Kuhlmann state
+that Alsace-Lorraine is a province of the German Empire by right and
+by fact, and that it is firmly attached to Germany.
+
+The following picture shows how this _German_ province is treated by
+Germany:
+
+
+_Treatment of the Civilian Population_
+
+The Government has established for the duration of the war an
+insurmountable barrier between Alsace-Lorraine, which is called a
+territory of the Empire, and the rest of the German states. Briefly,
+Alsace-Lorraine is treated as a suspect.
+
+An inhabitant of Alsace-Lorraine can not mail his letters in Germany.
+For example, Wissembourg is on the border of the Palatinate. There is
+a great temptation for the citizens of this town to assure a rapid
+delivery of their letters and their escape from annoying censorship by
+making use of the German mail system. A music teacher, Mlle. Lina
+Sch---- was sentenced to pay a fine of one hundred marks in March,
+1917, for an infraction of this sort. The war council at Saarbruck,
+which pronounced this sentence, had already, in June, 1916, sentenced
+for like cause, the Spanish Consul, to the payment of a fine of eighty
+marks because he had allowed a citizen of Sarreguimine to have letters
+to his sons, who were refugees at Lausanne, addressed to the Spanish
+Consulate.
+
+In addition, German hostility to the Alsatians is shown by a number of
+childish measures against Alsatian uniforms and costumes, in
+proportion as they resemble the French.
+
+In all seriousness the question arose of forbidding the Catholic
+Clergy to wear the soutane, as it was the custom in the Latin
+countries. It was given up; but steps were taken in the case of the
+firemen.
+
+The _Nouvelle Gazette_ of Strassburg published an official notice,
+dated the ninth of December, 1915, which emphasized an order
+suppressing the uniforms worn by the Alsatian firemen because the cut
+was French, as was the cap, and complained that this order was not
+everywhere observed:
+
+     Recently, in the course of a fire which broke out near
+     Molsheim, it is an established fact that the firemen wore
+     their old Alsatian uniforms, and that the fire alarm was
+     sounded by means of the old clarions of the type in use in
+     France. The _Kreisdirection_ finds itself obliged to insist
+     that the suppressed uniforms disappear, and that the
+     clarions do likewise; and to ask that it be informed of
+     contraventions that happen in the future.
+
+     Other societies and associations, such as the singing
+     societies which frequently still wear uniforms recalling
+     those of the French collegians, ought to lay aside the
+     forbidden garments, which are to be entrusted to the guard
+     of the police.
+
+But these puerilities seem insignificant compared to other things to
+which the people of Alsace-Lorraine have been subjected, things which
+unite them more firmly than ever to the French and the Belgians of the
+invaded regions.
+
+The great deportations which have been practiced in France and Belgium
+have been repeated in Alsace as recently as January, 1917. The
+inhabitants of Mülhausen between the ages of seventeen and sixty years
+were assembled in the barracks at that place, whence they were sent
+into the interior of Germany.
+
+This proceeding has been practiced on a large scale since the war's
+beginning. Preventive imprisonment, called _Schutzhaft_, was applied
+to Messin Samain, who was first incarcerated at Cologne and then sent
+to the Russian front, where he was killed. It was also applied to M.
+Bourson, former correspondent of _Le Matin_, who is interned at
+Cannstatt in Wurtemburg. Other citizens, after having been held in
+prison for weeks and months, have been exiled finally into Germany.
+
+The Germans themselves have been so demoralized by the régime they
+have established that the authorities have had to put a check on
+anonymous denunciations, almost all of which were false, by an
+official communiqué published in the _Gazette de Hagenau_ for the
+sixth of December, 1916.
+
+The story of how the civilian population has been treated will only be
+known in its entirety later on. The government has, as a matter of
+fact, forbidden the press to publish accounts of the war councils'
+debates because the population, far from being terrified by them,
+would find in them laughing matter.
+
+It is estimated that the people of Alsace-Lorraine have served in
+actual hours more than five thousand years in prison. Here are some
+crimes committed by them:
+
+M. Giessmann, an old man seventy years old, saluted French prisoners
+in a Strassburg street: Sentence, six weeks in prison.
+
+Guillaume Kohler, an infantry soldier from Saverne, during a journey
+in Germany, censured the inhuman manner in which certain German
+officers treated their men at the front. The council at Saarbruck
+sentenced him to two years in prison.
+
+Emilie Zimmerle, a cook at Kolmar, sang an anti-German song as she
+washed out her pots. Thirty marks fine.
+
+Mlle. Stern, the daughter of a pastor at Mulhouse, spoke against the
+violation of Belgium. One month in prison.
+
+Abbe Théophile Selier, curé at Levencourt, for the same offense, six
+weeks in prison.
+
+Even children and young girls have been punished for peccadillos that
+were absolutely untrue.
+
+The _Metz Zeitung_ for the twenty-second of October mentions the
+sentences pronounced against Juliette F. de Vigy, eighteen years old,
+a pupil in the commercial school, and Georgette S----, twenty-three
+years old, a shop girl, dwellers at Mouilly. Having gone one morning
+to the station at Metz, they saw some French prisoners in a train to
+whom they spoke and at whom they "made eyes."
+
+Juliette F----, the more guilty of the two, was sentenced to pay a
+fine of eighty marks, and Georgette S---- to pay one of forty marks,
+because "acting this way to prisoners of war exercises a particularly
+disturbing effect on them."
+
+Two little girls of Kolmar, named Grass and Broly, were arrested for
+"having answered, by waving their hands, kisses French prisoners threw
+to them."
+
+A boy fifteen years old, pupil in the upper school at Mulhouse, named
+Jean Ingold, who, in the classroom tore down the portrait of the
+Emperor and painted French flags on the wall with the inscription
+"Vive la France," was condemned to a month in prison. The War Council
+saw an aggravating circumstance in the fact that Jean's father
+"occupies a very lucrative position as a German functionary."
+
+On the thirtieth of March, 1916, two sisters from Guebwiller--Sister
+Edwina, née Bach, Mother Superior, and Sister Emertine, née Eckert,
+were charged with anti-German manifestations for having treated as
+lies the figures regarding French and Russian prisoners sent out in
+the German communiqués, for having protested against the bombardment
+of Rheims Cathedral, for having treated as false the German victories
+that had been announced, and for having said on the subject of the
+German invasion of Belgium, "How can they attack a country that asked
+for nothing?"
+
+The result was that they got six months' imprisonment.
+
+The case of Mme. Berthe Judlin, in the faith Sister Valentine, is more
+tragic.
+
+The Mulhouse newspapers have published the account of the proceedings
+in the case of this Sister before the War Council. It appears that she
+has been the victim of monstrous calumnies, and that her fate can well
+be compared to that of Miss Edith Cavell.
+
+She was accused of having, from the ninth to the fourteenth of August
+when she was assigned to the convent of the Redemptorists at
+Riedishiem, favored the French wounded at the expense of the German
+wounded. These accusations, which specified in particular, that she
+had taken various objects away from one wounded man (a charge the
+prosecution withdrew) and that she hid the cartridges of the French
+wounded in the attic, were contested by Sister Valentine. After the
+testimony of the witnesses, nine for the prosecution and fourteen for
+the defendant, the government commissioner asked that she be punished
+with a sentence of fifteen years at hard labor and ten years of
+deprivation of civil rights. Her lawyer asked for her acquittal. The
+War Council on the fourteenth of December, 1915, after an hour and a
+quarter's deliberation, decided that "Sister Valentine has done harm
+to the German Army" and has hidden the cartridges. It condemned Sister
+Valentine to "five years of hard labor and five years' deprivation of
+civil rights."
+
+
+_The War on the French Language_
+
+The Germans never cease recalling and von Hertling has just repeated
+the fact that eighty-seven per cent of the Alsatians speak German. It
+is strange, then, that the German reign of terror has manifested
+itself in one particular against the use of French, even in the region
+where French is the language universally spoken.
+
+The fact that a person speaks French has become a special offense,
+that of "provocation." And this offense appears to be a frequent one.
+
+On the twenty-second of February, 1916, the sous-prefect of Boulay
+gave the following warning to the mayors of his arrondissement:
+
+     The use in public of French will be considered a
+     "provocation" when used by persons who know enough German
+     to make themselves understood or who can have recourse to
+     persons who understand German as intermediaries.
+
+The War Council Extraordinary at Metz, in consequence handed down a
+decision condemning two women to fourteen days in prison because, in a
+manner that gave "provocation," they spoke French in a trolley car in
+spite of the warnings of the conductress.
+
+In addition, the War Council Extraordinary at Strassburg fined a
+salesman who "not only let a French label remain on his packages, but
+had put a French label on a package addressed to a customer who
+understood German."
+
+A little girl from Bourg-Bruche who, although she spoke German, used
+the French language in spite of repeated warnings, had a sentence of
+detention inflicted on her by the same tribunal.
+
+The Mulhouse _Tageblatt_ for the twenty-third of September, 1917,
+announced that women who had conversed to one another in French in
+public had been condemned to from two to three weeks imprisonment by
+the War Council at Thionville.
+
+Another person who had made a usage of the French language that gave
+grounds for "provocation," was condemned to pay a fine of fifty marks
+or serve ten days in prison.
+
+The _Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung_ for the twelfth and twenty-sixth
+of October published the following sentences: "Fines of twenty and ten
+marks to the venders A. Nemarg and M. Cahen for having spoken to a
+convoy of French officers in the station at Thionville."
+
+Twenty and thirty marks fine to Amélie Bany and Catherine Jacques of
+Knutange "for having spoken French although they understood German."
+
+The Mayor of Broque, a commune where French is spoken, was sentenced
+to three months' imprisonment for having spoken French to his
+councilors.
+
+In Alsace this campaign against the French language is carried even
+into the girls' boarding schools, which have always been the principal
+centers for the study of French.
+
+An order from the Statthalter, dated March tenth, 1915, forbade French
+conversations in the schools.
+
+A German pastor of the Lutheran Church named Curtius, who had opposed
+suppressing the old parish of Saint Nicholas at Strassburg, was
+removed. His successor, who was better disciplined, gave in to the
+measure that was demanded.
+
+The war against the French language has been marked by the suppression
+of all French newspapers since the war's beginning, the _Journal
+d'Alsace-Lorraine_, the _Messin_, _the Nouvelliste d'Alsace-Lorraine_.
+But nothing shows better the necessity of having organs of public
+opinion in French than the establishment at Metz of the _Gazette
+d'Alsace-Lorraine_ by the government, which served as a model for the
+_Gazette des Ardennes_, founded later on at Mezières, to demoralize
+the inhabitants of the invaded districts in the north and west of
+France.
+
+
+_The Treatment of the Soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine_
+
+The soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine, whose loyalty was proclaimed at the
+war's beginning, have, as a matter of fact, been treated like spies
+and embryo deserters.
+
+In August, 1915, at the opening of the Alsatian parliament, the
+Statthalter denounced the anti-patriotism of a part of the population
+and stigmatized the "traitors" who had "gone over to the enemy."
+
+In fact, no less than fourteen thousand Alsatians, in the face of
+manifold perils and difficulties, had rejoined the colors of their
+true country. All the newspapers of Alsace-Lorraine still publish the
+lists of them as citizens and of their belongings as "refractory
+individuals."
+
+The movement has never stopped. During the thirty-second month of the
+war, on the fourteenth of March, 1917, General von Nassner,
+commandant for the district of Saarbruck, published the following
+extraordinary order:
+
+"Whoever, after due examination, has reason to believe that a soldier
+or a man on reprieve proposes to desert and who can still prevent the
+execution of this crime, must without delay give notice of this fact
+to the nearest military or police authority."
+
+The Strassburg _Neueste Nachrichten_ for the twenty-seventh of
+September announced that the "_chambre correctionnelle_ at Kolmar had
+condemned by default one hundred and ninety men from the
+arrondissements of Guebwiller and Ribeauville to fines of six hundred
+marks or forty days in prison for having failed to perform their
+military obligations."
+
+The _Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung_ for the eleventh of October,
+1917, announced sentences of fines of three thousand marks or three
+hundred days in prison for the same reason against seven persons.
+
+The _Haguenauer Zeitung_ from the eleventh to the twentieth of
+October published the names of seventeen soldiers, some of them
+deserters, the others guilty of rebellion in favor of the enemy or of
+treason.
+
+On the twenty-fifth of October there was another list of deserters,
+nineteen of whom were natives of Strassburg.
+
+In his book, "The Martyrs of Alsace and Lorraine," M. André Fribourg
+has fifteen pages taken from the lists of the debates of the German
+war councils. These pages are made up of the names of young Alsatians
+who have left their country rather than fight against France.
+
+Besides, far from treating the Alsatians enrolled in the German Army
+like Germans, the government has accorded them a distinctly different
+treatment.
+
+It has sent them to the Russian front and employed them at the most
+dangerous posts, as this secret order, from the Prussian Minister of
+War to the temporary commander of the Fourteenth Army Corps, proves:
+
+     All men from Alsace-Lorraine employed as secretaries,
+     ordnance officers, etc., must be relieved of their duties
+     and sent to the battle front. In the future, all the men
+     from Alsace-Lorraine will be sent to the "General Kommando,"
+     who will send them at once to the units on the Eastern
+     Front. This order to go into effect before the first of
+     April, 1916.
+
+          FOR THE STELLVERT, GENERAL KOMMANDO RADECKE, MAJOR.
+
+Finally, it was only on the ninth of October, 1917, that the
+Strassburg _Neue Zeitung_ announced the abolition of the special
+postal control to which the soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine were
+submitted at the front.
+
+     It is but just [says the _Freie Presse_ on that occasion]
+     that the exceptional measures taken against the soldiers
+     from Alsace-Lorraine be abolished at last. Among these
+     measures we consider the interdiction still in force for a
+     man to return to his native town. And [the same newspaper
+     adds] from the moment that the bravery of our soldiers from
+     Alsace-Lorraine is vaunted everywhere, it is absolutely
+     wrong to reward them with scorn and insults.
+
+In the notice from G. Q. G. for the twenty-fifth of November, 1917,
+are the details gathered from the Alsatian prisoners themselves of the
+treatment their compatriots endure in the German Army.
+
+On the twenty-second of last June, all the Alsatians received orders
+to present themselves at the F. R. D. of their division, where they
+were received by the Vizé Sergeant, flanked by two guards.
+
+The former said to them:
+
+"What! You have not yet laid aside your accoutrements; traitors,
+deserters, scoundrels, rascals. Get into the shelter quick where you
+can put up nine additional supports for the roof and where you can
+kick the bucket at your ease."
+
+Since some of the Alsatians declared that, having received nothing to
+eat or to drink, they could not work, a lieutenant, who was summoned
+by the adjutant, ran up with his riding whip and, making one of them
+step forward, beat him until he lost consciousness.
+
+Later on another lieutenant ordered the Vizé Sergeant to "train the
+Alsatians well. They are all robbers and traitors."
+
+All these facts proclaim in an undeniable manner that the soldiers
+from Alsace-Lorraine are not treated like ordinary citizens by the
+German Army, but like foreigners temporarily under the domination of
+Germany.
+
+
+_The Sequestration of Property_
+
+For a "German" country, Alsace-Lorraine seems to have a great number
+of landowners who are French, if one is to judge by the sequestrations
+and confiscations with which the authorities have been so desperately
+busy for three years.
+
+In fact the local newspapers contain lists of sequestrations that are
+almost as long as the lists of deserters.
+
+And these confiscations apply not only to the landowners who live in
+France. A large number have been pronounced against inhabitants of
+Alsace-Lorraine who live abroad. Orders were given them to reënter the
+German Empire, orders they had no possible chance of obeying, but
+which gave the imperial government an easy pretext for pronouncing
+their denationalization and the confiscation of their property.
+
+Also, the sequestrations followed by sales under the hammer, of French
+and Alsatian properties were extremely numerous. Among these
+properties there are a certain number of considerable importance.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of August, 1916, _Les Dernières Nouvelles de
+Strasbourg_, advertised the sale under the hammer of the properties of
+Prince de Tonnay-Charente, situated at Hambourg and consisting of a
+splendid château, furnished in Louis Fourteenth style, Gobelin
+tapestries of great value, family portraits, green houses, outhouses,
+ponds, farms, etc., etc.
+
+The Strassburg _Post_ for the twenty-ninth of October announced the
+liquidation sale of Cité Hof, belonging to the heirs of Paul de
+Geiger, including "forty-two hectares of fine arable land, fine
+dwelling houses, barns and stables, a very fine park, summer houses, a
+coach house, etc." ... "of the Villa Huber, with a fine park,
+servants' quarters, garden, surrounded by twenty-eight hectares of
+fields."
+
+The same paper for the fourth of October announces the sale of the
+famous château of Robertsau, the property of Mme. Loys-Chandieu, née
+Pourtalès, with two hundred and thirty hectares of farm land and one
+hundred and thirty hectares of forest.
+
+The _Metzer Zeitung_ for the twentieth of October announced the
+liquidation of twenty properties in the Moyeuvre Grande district, and
+of eleven in that of Sierek.
+
+Many people have obviously been covetous of these French possessions.
+
+On this subject curious letters and unceasing polemics appeared in the
+Alsatian newspapers.
+
+Certain interested persons complained (_Strassburger Post_ for the
+third of November) that the time was so short that only the
+inhabitants of the country and their immediate neighbors had any
+opportunity of profiting by these occasions. They remarked with all
+justice that to get the highest prices for these sales there ought to
+be a large number of bidders.
+
+For the farm lands, the neighbors would suffice to bring up the bids
+to a high enough sum, but when it was a matter of a magnificent
+château, like that at Osthofen, with a garden and a park, bidders for
+this luxury would scarcely be found among the peasants. The
+speculators alone would step in and would acquire for a mere nothing
+properties of great value. And the plaintiffs added, "Is that
+desirable?"
+
+The following considerations advanced by one of the plaintiffs are not
+without interest. "Sufficient means of communication still remain
+between France and Germany. Do you not see the danger of feigned
+sales, to third persons, who will buy in the goods at small cost and
+will hand them over later on to their former proprietors? In this way
+the French influence over the ownership of the land will be
+reëstablished in the future."
+
+To these complaints and wrongs the _Strassburger Post_ for the eighth
+of November replied in detail.
+
+It assured that the list of goods to be disposed of had not only been
+placed by the authorities in the several states of the empire, to give
+buyers time to take advantage of possible bargains, but also a
+catalogue of stationary objects had been published in fifteen hundred
+copies by Schultz & Co. of Strassburg.
+
+This catalogue was quickly used up and the demand for it continued to
+come in, which proved that the buyers were informed in time.
+
+The newspaper adds that the things to be sold have been visited by
+buyers coming from old Germany as well as from Alsace-Lorraine, and
+sales propositions have been made before the publication of notices in
+the newspapers.
+
+It seems, furthermore, that if the sales of land and the exploitation
+of farm lands have ended rapidly, it was because colonization
+societies, called "black bands," have overtly bought up or had bought
+up the properties by their agents, in the hope that their plans would
+be realized after the war. In industrial matters, there was recently
+founded in Berlin a German syndicate which proposes to buy up the
+actions.
+
+For the textile industry in particular, it is a question of a
+veritable trust against which is arrayed "a syndicate of Alsatian
+manufacturers who have felt the need of defending themselves."
+
+The entire scope of recent German policies with regard to
+Alsace-Lorraine shows that this land which von Hertling said was
+"allied to Germanism by more and more intimate bonds" has been, as a
+matter of fact, to treat it like a foreign land, kept by force under
+imperial domination and submitted, like the occupied portions of
+France and Belgium, to a veritable reign of terror.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VI
+
+HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE
+
+
+If an account is desired of the manner in which the Germans understand
+a future peace, this letter suffices. It was addressed to the
+_Berliner Lokalanzeiger_ by Herr Walter Rathenau. He was in charge of
+the direction of all industrial establishments in Germany:
+
+     We commenced war a year too soon. When we shall have
+     obtained a German peace, reorganization on a broader and
+     more solid basis than ever before must commence immediately.
+     The establishments which produce raw materials must not only
+     continue their work, but they must also redouble their
+     energies and thus form the foundation of Germany's
+     economical preparation for the next war.
+
+     On the lessons taught by actual war we must figure out
+     carefully what our country lacks in raw materials and
+     accumulate great stores of these which shall never be
+     utilized until _Der Tag_ of the future. We must organize the
+     industrial mobilization as perfectly as the military
+     mobilization. Every man of technical training or partial
+     technical training, whether or not he is enrolled in the
+     list of men who can be mobilized, must have received
+     authority by official order to take over the direction of
+     industrial establishments on the second day which shall
+     follow the next declaration of war.
+
+     Every establishment which manufactures for commercial
+     purposes ought to be mobilized and to know officially that
+     the third day after the declaration of war it must make use
+     of all its facilities in satisfying the needs of the Army.
+
+     The quantity of merchandise which each one of these
+     establishments can furnish to the Army in a given time and
+     the nature thereof ought to be determined in advance. Every
+     establishment also ought to furnish an exact and complete
+     list of the workmen with whose services it can dispense, and
+     those men alone can be mobilized for military services.
+
+     Finally commercial arrangements will be made necessary with
+     nations outside Europe through which we will give them
+     sufficient advantages, specified in detail, so that it would
+     be directly advantageous to their commercial interests to
+     carry on commerce with none of the belligerents and not to
+     sell them munitions.
+
+     We can accept such obligations for ourselves without any
+     fear and finally, when the next war shall come, it cannot
+     come a year too soon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Pg. 6, Sunday, August third, left as original as it's uncertain which
+day the author meant. Sunday was actually August 2, Monday was August
+3; and the context from the beginning of the chapter was that the
+declaration of war was delivered late afternoon Monday, August 3.
+(Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.)
+
+Pg. 7, unforgetable changed to unforgettable. (It recalled the
+unforgettable scenes.)
+
+Pg. 14, thirteenth changed to thirtieth, per context (when Sunday the
+thirtieth of August came).
+
+Pg. 14, week changed to weeks. (For several weeks our troops)
+
+Pg. 54, beseiged and beseiger left as original, as author quoted from
+another book. (in a beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in
+consequence it would be very foolish of the beseiger to renounce)
+
+Pg. 88, removed ending double quotes. (I feel better for it.')
+
+Pg. 90, mobolization changed to mobilization (priests who went off at
+the beginning of the mobilization).
+
+Pg. 100, sum of artillery kilos do not equal Total kilos. Left as
+original.
+
+Pg. 108, tetragon changed to tarragon (16,900 tarragon plants).
+
+Pg. 162, catastrophies changed to catastrophes (irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided?).
+
+Pgs. 163, 206, Bethmann-Hollweg, hyphenation inconsistent with
+Pgs. 180, 182, Bethmann Hollweg. Kept as in original.
+
+Pg. 167, ARTICLE 23 has no (b) paragraph.
+
+Pg. 193, protect changed to protest to reflect the actual letter (I
+consider it my duty to protest against this threat of violence to the
+Ambassador).
+
+Pg. 219, correstionnelle changed to correctionelle ("_chambre
+correctionnelle_ at Kolmar).
+
+Pg. 229, Appendix VI, added HOW to title to match Table of Contents
+and make it consistent with rest of Appendices.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18483-8.txt or 18483-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/4/8/18483/
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+
diff --git a/18483-8.zip b/18483-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1584c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18483-8.zip
diff --git a/18483-h.zip b/18483-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdf6689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18483-h.zip
diff --git a/18483-h/18483-h.htm b/18483-h/18483-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1eb3f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18483-h/18483-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,6979 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: .7em;
+                text-align: right;
+              } /* page numbers */
+    .citation {position: relative; margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;}
+    .citation2{position: relative; margin-left: 55%; text-align: left;}
+
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fighting France
+
+Author: Stephane Lauzanne
+
+Contributor: James M. Beck
+
+Translator: John L. B. Williams
+
+Release Date: June 1, 2006 [EBook #18483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>FIGHTING FRANCE</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>STEPHANE LAUZANNE</h2>
+<p class="center">LIEUTENANT IN THE FRENCH ARMY, CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR<br />
+EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE "MATIN,"<br />
+MEMBER OF THE FRENCH MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h4>WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY</h4>
+<h3>JAMES M. BECK, LL.D.</h3>
+<p class="center">LATE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h4>TRANSLATED BY</h4>
+<h3>JOHN L. B. WILLIAMS, A.M.</h3>
+<p class="center">SOMETIME FELLOW OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h3>D. APPLETON AND COMPANY</h3>
+<h4>NEW YORK&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LONDON</h4>
+<h4>1918</h4>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1918, <span class="smcap">by</span><br />
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY<br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center">Printed in the United States of America</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<h4>TO</h4>
+<h3>MY CHIEFS</h3>
+<h3>MY COMRADES</h3>
+<h3>MY MEN</h3>
+<p class="center">WHO ARE FIGHTING FOR THE GREAT CAUSE<br />
+OF LIBERTY AND CIVILIZATION<br />
+<br /></p>
+<h3>THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED</h3>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FOREWORD</h2>
+
+
+<p>To be Editor-in-Chief of one of the greatest
+newspapers in the world at twenty-seven years of
+age is a distinction, which has been enjoyed by
+few other men, if any, in the whole history of
+journalism. There may have been exceptional
+instances, where young men by virtue of proprietary
+and inherited rights, have nominally, or even
+actually, succeeded to the editorial control of a
+great metropolitan newspaper. But in the case
+of M. St&eacute;phane Lauzanne, his assumption of duty
+in 1901 as Editor-in-Chief of the Paris <i>Matin</i>
+was wholly the result of exceptional achievement
+in journalism. Merit and ability, and not merely
+friendly influences, gave him this position of
+unique power, for the <i>Matin</i> has a circulation
+in France of nearly two million copies a day, and
+its Editor-in-Chief thereby exerts a power which
+it would be difficult to over-estimate.</p>
+
+<p>M. Lauzanne was born in 1874 and is a graduate
+of the Faculty of Law of Paris. Believing
+that journalism opened to him a wider avenue of
+usefulness than the legal profession, he preferred&mdash;as
+the event showed most wisely&mdash;to follow a
+journalistic career. In this choice he may have
+been guided by the fact that he was the nephew
+of the most famous foreign correspondent in the
+history of journalism. I refer to M. de Blowitz,
+who was for many years the Paris correspondent
+of the London <i>Times</i>, and as such a very notable
+representative of the Fourth Estate. No one ever
+more fully illustrated the truth of the words
+which Thackeray, in Pendennis, puts into the
+mouth of his George Warrington, when he and
+Arthur Pendennis stand in Fleet Street and hear
+the rumble of the engines in the press-room. He
+likened the foreign correspondents of these newspapers
+to the ambassadors of a great State; and
+no one more fully justifies the analogy than M.
+de Blowitz, for it is profitable to recall that when
+in 1875 the military party of Germany secretly
+planned to strike down France, when the stricken
+gladiator was slowly but courageously struggling
+to its feet, it was de Blowitz, who in an article in
+the London <i>Times</i> let the light of day into the
+brutal and iniquitous scheme, and by mere publicity
+defeated for the time being this conspiracy
+against the honor of France and the peace of
+the world. Unfortunately the <i>coup</i> of the Prussian
+military clique was only postponed. Our
+generation was destined to sustain the unprecedented
+horrors of a base attempt to destroy
+France, that very glorious asset of all civilization.</p>
+
+<p>De Blowitz took great interest in his brilliant
+nephew and at his suggestion Lauzanne became the
+London correspondent of the <i>Matin</i> in 1898, when
+he was only twenty-four years of age. This
+brought him into direct communication with the
+London <i>Times</i> which then as now exchanged cable
+news with the <i>Matin</i>, and it was the duty of the
+young journalist to take the cable news of the
+"Thunderer" and transmit such portions as
+would particularly interest France to the <i>Matin</i>,
+with such special comment as suggested itself.
+How well he did this work, requiring as it did the
+most accurate judgment and the nicest discrimination,
+was shown when he was made Editor-in-Chief
+of the <i>Matin</i> in 1901.</p>
+
+<p>His tenure of office was destined to be short
+for, when the world war broke out, M. Lauzanne,
+as a First Lieutenant of the French Army, joined
+the colors in the first days of mobilization and
+surrendered the pen for the sword. His career
+as editor had been long enough, however, for him
+to impress upon the minds of the French public
+the imminency of the Prussian Peril. As to this
+he had no illusions and his powerful editorials
+had done much to combat the spirit of pacificism,
+which at that time was weakening the preparations
+of France for the inevitable conflict.</p>
+
+<p>The obligation of universal service required him
+to exchange his position of great power and
+usefulness for a lesser position, but this spirit
+of common service in the ranks means much for
+France or for any nation. The democracy of
+the French Army could not be questioned, when
+the powerful Editor of the <i>Matin</i> became merely
+a lieutenant in the Territorial Infantry. As such,
+he served in the battle of the Marne and later before
+Verdun, and thus could say of the two most
+heroic chapters in French history, as &AElig;neas said
+of the Siege of Troy, "Much of which I saw, and
+part of which I was."</p>
+
+<p>Having fulfilled the obligation of universal
+service in the ranks, it is not strange that in 1916
+he was recalled to serve the French Ministry of
+Foreign Affairs. For a time he rendered great
+service in Switzerland, where from the beginning
+of the war an acute but ever-lessening controversy
+has raged between the pro-German and the pro-Ally
+interests.</p>
+
+<p>He was then chosen for a much more important
+mission. In October, 1916, he came to the United
+States as head of the "Official Bureau of French
+Information," and here he has remained until the
+present hour. As such, he has been an unofficial
+ambassador of France. His position has been not
+unlike that of Franklin at Passy in the period
+that preceded the formal recognition by France
+of the United States and the Treaty of Alliance
+of 1778. As with Franklin, his weapon has been the
+pen and the printing press, and the unfailing tact
+with which he has carried on his mission is not
+unworthy of comparison with that of Franklin.
+No one who has been privileged to meet and know
+M. Lauzanne can fail to be impressed with his
+fine urbanity, his <i>savoir faire</i> and his perfect tact.
+Without any attempt at propaganda, he has
+greatly impressed American public opinion by
+his contributions to our press and his many public
+addresses. In none of them has he ever made
+a false step or uttered a tactless note. His words
+have always been those of a sane moderation
+and the influence that he has wielded has been that
+of truth. Apart from the vigor and calm
+persuasiveness of his utterances, his winning
+personality has made a deep impression upon all
+Americans who have been privileged to come in
+contact with him. The highest praise that can be
+accorded to him is that he has been a true representative
+of his own noble, generous and chivalrous
+nation. Its sweetness and power have been exemplified
+by his charming personality.</p>
+
+<p>Although he has taken a forceful part in possibly
+the greatest intellectual controversy that has
+ever raged among men, he has from first to last
+been the gentleman and it has been his quiet dignity
+and gentleness that has added force to all that
+he has written and uttered, especially at the time
+when America was the greatest neutral forum of
+public opinion.</p>
+
+<p>If "good wine needs no bush and a good play
+needs no epilogue," then a good book needs no
+prologue. Therefore I shall not refer to the
+simplicity and charm, with which M. Lauzanne
+has told the story with which this book deals.
+The reader will judge that for himself; and unless
+the writer of this foreword is much mistaken, that
+judgment will be wholly favorable. There have
+been many war books&mdash;a very deluge of literature
+in which thinking men have been hopelessly submerged&mdash;but
+most books of wartime reminiscences
+do not ring true. There is too obvious an
+attempt to be dramatic and sensational. This
+book avoids this error and its author has contented
+himself with telling in a simple and convincing
+manner something of the part which he
+was called upon to play.</p>
+
+<p>I venture to predict that all good Americans
+who read this book will become the friends,
+through the printed pages, of this gifted and
+brilliant writer, and if it were possible for such
+Americans to increase their love and admiration
+for France, then this book would deepen the profound
+regard in which America holds its ancient
+ally.</p>
+
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">James M. Beck</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="toc">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>I</td><td align='right'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">Why France Is Fighting</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The declaration of war and the French mobilization&mdash;The
+invasion and the tragic days of Paris in August and
+September, 1914: personal reminiscences&mdash;The premeditated
+cruelties of Germany: new documents&mdash;The German organized
+spying system in France</td><td align='right'></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>II</td><td align='right'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">How France Is Fighting</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>France fighting with her men, her women and her children&mdash;The
+men show that they know how to suffer: episodes of the Marne
+and of Verdun&mdash;The women encourage the men to fight and to
+suffer: some illustrations&mdash;Sacred Union of all Frenchmen
+against the enemy&mdash;all, without any distinction of class or
+religion, die smiling&mdash;Letters of soldiers&mdash;The organization
+in the rear: the work in the factories</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='center'>III</td><td align='right'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">France Suffering But Not Bled White</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Despite her sufferings, France is able to pay 20 billions of
+dollars, for the war, in three years&mdash;French commerce and
+French work during the war&mdash;France is helping her allies from
+a military standpoint and financially&mdash;The saving of Serbia</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='center'>IV</td><td align='right'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">The War Aims of France</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Restitution: Alsace-Lorraine&mdash;Restoration: The devastated and
+looted territories. Guarantees: The Society of Nations</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='center'>APPENDICES</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Appendix I.&mdash;How Germans Forced War on France</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Appendix II.&mdash;How Germans Treat an Ambassador</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Appendix III.&mdash;How Germans Are Waging War</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Appendix IV.&mdash;How Germans Occupy the Territory of an Enemy</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_200">200</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Appendix V.&mdash;How Germans Treat Alsace-Lorraine</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_206">206</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Appendix VI.&mdash;How Germans Understand Future Peace</span></td><td align='right'> <a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FIGHTING_FRANCE" id="FIGHTING_FRANCE"></a>FIGHTING FRANCE</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h2>WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING</h2>
+
+
+<p>Had you been in Paris late in the afternoon
+of Monday, August third, nineteen
+fourteen, you might have seen a
+slight man, whose reddish face was adorned with
+a thick white mustache, walk out of the German
+Embassy, which was situated on the Rue de Lille
+near the Boulevard St. Germain. Along the boulevard
+and across the Pont de la Concorde he
+walked in a manner calculated to attract attention.
+He approached the animated and peevish
+groups of citizens that had formed a little before
+for the purpose of discussing the imminent war
+as if he wanted them to notice him. You would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+have said that he was trying to be recognized and
+to take part in the discussions.</p>
+
+<p>But no one paid any attention to him.</p>
+
+<p>Finally he came to the Quai d'Orsay, opened
+the Gate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and
+said to the attendant who hastened to open the
+door for him:</p>
+
+<p>"Announce the German Ambassador to the
+Prime Minister."</p>
+
+<p>He was Baron de Schoen, Ambassador Extraordinary
+and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Germanic
+Majesty, William the Second. For two days
+he had wandered through the most crowded streets
+and avenues in Paris, hoping for some injury,
+some insult, some overt act which would have permitted
+him to say that Germany in his person had
+been provoked, insulted by France. But there
+had been no violence, the insult had not been offered,
+the overt act had not occurred. Then, tired
+of this method, de Schoen took the initiative and
+presented a declaration of war from his government.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The declaration, as history will record, was
+expressed in these terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The German administrative and military authorities
+have established a certain number of
+flagrantly hostile acts committed on German territory
+by French military aviators. Several of
+these have openly violated the neutrality of Belgium
+by flying over the territory of that country;
+one has attempted to destroy buildings near
+Wesel; others have been seen in the district of the
+Eifel, one has thrown bombs on the railway near
+Carlsruhe and Nuremberg.</p>
+
+<p>I am instructed and I have the honor to inform
+your Excellency, that in the presence of these
+acts of aggression the German Empire considers
+itself in a state of war with France in consequence
+of the acts of the latter Power.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time I have the honor to bring to
+the knowledge of your Excellency that the German
+authorities will detain French mercantile vessels
+in German ports, but they will release them if,
+within forty-eight hours, they are assured of complete
+reciprocity.</p>
+
+<p>My diplomatic mission having thus come to an
+end, it only remains for me to request your Excellency
+to be good enough to furnish me with
+my passports, and to take the steps you consider<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+suitable to assure my return to Germany, with the
+staff of the Embassy, as well as with the staff of
+the Bavarian Legation and of the French Consulate
+General in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Be good enough, M. le President, to receive the
+assurances of my deepest respect.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">(Signed) <span class="smcap">de Schoen</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Immediately M. Ren&eacute; Viviani, the French Premier
+and Minister of Foreign Affairs, protested
+against the statements of this extraordinary declaration.
+No French aviator had flown over Belgium;
+no French aviator had come near Wesel;
+no French aviator had flown in the direction of
+Eifel; nor had hurled bombs on the railroad near
+Carlsruhe or Nuremberg. And less than two
+years later a German, Dr. Schwalbe, the Burgomaster
+of Nuremberg, confirmed M. Viviani's indignant
+denial of the German accusations:</p>
+
+<p>"It is false," wrote Dr. Schwalbe in the
+<i>Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift</i>, "that
+French aviators dropped bombs on the railway
+at Nuremberg. The general of the third Bavarian
+army corps, which was stationed in the vicinity,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+assured me that he knew nothing of the attempt
+except from the newspapers...."</p>
+
+<p>But a blow had just been struck that announced
+the rising of the curtain on the most frightful
+tragedy the universe has ever known. This announcement
+was contained in the brief, plain
+words of the declaration of war.</p>
+
+<p>De Schoen left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
+where he had been courteously received for
+many years, and made his way out. He was escorted
+by M. Philippe Berthelot, who was at the
+time <i>directeur politique</i> at the Quai d'Orsay. As
+he was going out of the door, de Schoen pointed
+to the city, which, with its trees, its houses, and
+its monuments, could be seen clearly on the other
+side of the Seine.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor Paris," he exclaimed, "what will happen
+to her?"</p>
+
+<p>At the same time he offered his hand to M.
+Berthelot, but the latter contented himself with a
+silent bow, as if he had neither seen the proffered
+hand nor heard the question.</p>
+
+<p>It was a quarter before seven o'clock in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+evening. From that time on France has been at
+war with Germany.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Mobilization had commenced the previous evening.
+To be exact, it was on <a name="Sunday" id="Sunday"></a>Sunday, August
+third, at midnight.</p>
+
+<p>How many times the French people had thought
+of that mobilization during the last twenty years,
+in proportion as Germany grew more aggressive,
+more brutal and more insulting! Personally I
+had often looked at the little red ticket fastened
+to my military card, on which were written these
+brief words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In time of mobilization, Lieutenant Lauzanne
+(St&eacute;phane) will report on the second day of
+mobilization to the railroad station nearest his
+home and there entrain immediately for Alen&ccedil;on.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And each time I looked at the little red card,
+I felt a bit anxious.... Mobilization! The railroad
+station! The first train! What a mob of
+people, what an overturning of everything, what
+a lot of disorder there would be! Well, there had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+been neither disorder nor disturbance nor a mob,
+for everything had taken place in a manner that
+was marvelously simple and calm.</p>
+
+<p>Monday, August third, at sunrise I had gone
+to the Gare des Invalides. There was no mob,
+there was no crowd. Some policemen were walking
+in solitary state along the sidewalk, which was
+deserted. The station master, to whom I presented
+my card, told me, in the most extraordinarily
+calm voice in the world, as if he had been
+doing the same thing every morning:</p>
+
+<p>"Track number 5. Your train leaves at 6.27."</p>
+
+<p>And the train left at 6.27, like any good little
+train that is on time. It had left quietly; it was
+almost empty. It had followed the Seine, and I
+had seen Paris lighted up by the peaceable morning
+glow, Paris which was still asleep. And I had
+rubbed my eyes, asking myself if I wasn't dreaming,
+if I wasn't asleep. Were we really at war?
+My eyes were seeing nothing of it, but my memory
+kept recalling the fact. It recalled the <a name="unforgettable" id="unforgettable"></a>unforgettable
+scenes of those last days&mdash;that scene especially,
+at four o'clock in the evening on the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+of August, when the crowd along the boulevard
+had suddenly seen the mobilization orders posted
+in the window of a newspaper office. A shout burst
+forth, a shout I shall hear until my last moment,
+which made me tremble from the crown of my
+head to the soles of my feet. It was a shout that
+seemed to come from the very bowels of the earth,
+the shout of a people who, for years, had waited
+for that moment.</p>
+
+<p>Then the "Marseillaise"! Then a short, imperious
+demand:</p>
+
+<p>"The flags! We want the flags!"</p>
+
+<p>And flags burst forth from all quarters of Paris,
+decorated in the twinkling of an eye as if it were a
+f&ecirc;te day. Yes, all that had really happened. All
+that had taken place. We were really at war.</p>
+
+<p>Little by little the train filled up. It stopped
+at every station, and at every station men got
+aboard. They came in gayly and confidently, bidding
+farewell to the women who had accompanied
+them and who stayed behind the gate to do their
+weeping. Everybody was mixed in together in
+the compartments without any distinctions of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+rank, station, class or anything else. At Argentan
+I saw some rough Norman farmers enter the
+coaches, talking with the same good natured calmness
+as if they were going away on a business trip.
+One expression was repeated again and again:</p>
+
+<p>"If we've got to go, we've got to go."</p>
+
+<p>One farmer said:</p>
+
+<p>"They are looking after our good. I shall fight
+until I fall."</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of the whole French people spoke
+from these mouths. You felt the firm purpose of
+the nation come out of the very earth.</p>
+
+<p>The country side presented an unwonted appearance.
+I remember vividly the view the broad
+plains of Beauce offered. They looked as if they
+were dead or fallen into a lethargy. Their life
+had come to an abrupt end on Saturday, the first
+of August, at four o'clock in the afternoon. We
+saw mounds of grain that had been cut and was
+still scattered on the ground, with the scythe glistening
+nearby. We saw pitchforks resting alongside
+the hay they had just finished tossing. We
+saw sheaves lying on the ground with no one to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+take them away. The very villages were deserted;
+not a human being appeared in them. You would
+have said that this train that was passing through
+in the wake of hundreds of other trains had blotted
+out all the inhabitants of the region.</p>
+
+<p>We detrained at Alen&ccedil;on, arriving there about
+mid-day. Alen&ccedil;on is a tiny Norman village that
+is habitually calm and peaceful, but on that day
+it was crowded with people. An enormous wave,
+the wave of the men who were mobilizing, rushed
+through the main street of the little town in the
+direction of the two barracks. I went with the
+current. My captain, whom I found in the middle
+of a part of the barracks, had not even had time
+to put on his uniform. He explained the situation
+to me with military brevity:</p>
+
+<p>"It's very simple.... It's now three o'clock
+in the afternoon. The day after tomorrow, at
+six o'clock in the morning, we entrain for Paris.
+We have one day to clothe, equip and arm our
+company."</p>
+
+<p>It is no small matter to clothe, equip and arm<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+two hundred and fifty men in twenty-four hours.
+You have to find in the enormous pile, which is
+in a corner of a shed, two hundred and fifty coats,
+pairs of trousers and hats which will fit two hundred
+and fifty entirely separate and distinct
+chests, legs and heads. You have to find five
+hundred pairs of shoes for two hundred and fifty
+pairs of feet. You have to arrange the men in
+rank according to their heights, form the sections
+and the squads. You have to have soup prepared
+and transport provisions. You have to go
+and get rifles and cartridges. You have to get
+funds advanced for the company accounts from
+the very beginning of the campaign. You have
+to get your duties organized, make up accounts
+and prepare statements. You have to breathe
+the breath of life into the little machine which is
+going to take its place in the big machine.</p>
+
+<p>And there was not a person there to help us to
+do this&mdash;not a line officer, not a second lieutenant.
+The captain had to act on his own, to think on
+his own, to decide everything on his own. He had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+to do all by himself the work that yesterday twenty-five
+department store heads, twenty-five shoe
+makers and twenty-five certified public accountants
+would have had a hard time doing.</p>
+
+<p>He did it! Every captain in the French Army
+did it. And the next morning at six o'clock our
+little machine was ready to go and take its place
+in the operations of the big machine. The following
+day, at six o'clock, we entrained again; but
+no longer was it the confused and disorganized
+crowd that it had been the evening before. It was
+a company with arms and leaders; a company
+which had already made the acquaintance of discipline.
+That was proved by the silence reigning
+everywhere. At the moment of departure the
+Colonel had commanded:</p>
+
+<p>"Silence!"</p>
+
+<p>There was not a sound. The long train, crowded
+with soldiers, was a silent train which passed
+through the open country, the towns and the villages
+all the way to Paris without a sound except
+the puffing of the engine. In the evening, silent
+always, we detrained at Paris and marched to a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+barracks situated to the north of the capital. We
+were to stay there a month.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The story of Paris during the month of August,
+1914, is an extraordinary one that would deserve
+an entire volume to itself. That feverish city
+has never lived through hours that were more
+calm and peaceful. During the first two weeks
+Paris seemed to be in a sweet, peaceful dream, in
+which the citizens listened eagerly for sounds of
+victory coming from the far distant horizon. On
+the twenty-fifth of August Paris, which had heard
+only vague echoes of the Battle of Charleroi,
+awakened with a jolt when it read the famous
+communiqu&eacute; beginning with the words: "<i>De la
+Somme aux Vosges</i>...."</p>
+
+<p>So the enemy was already at the Somme, a few
+days' march from the capital! But the awakening
+was as free from disturbance as the dream
+had been. Paris felt absolute confidence in the
+army, in Joffre; and the Parisian reasoning was
+expressed in one phrase, "The army has retreated,
+but it is neither destroyed nor beaten; as long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+as the army is there, Paris has nothing to
+fear...." And when Sunday the <a name="thirtieth" id="thirtieth"></a>thirtieth of
+August came, Paris was as calm and confident as
+it was on the first day of the war.</p>
+
+<p>I shall remember the thirtieth of August for a
+long time.</p>
+
+<p>They had posted on all the walls two notices.
+One of them was large, the other small. The large
+one was a proclamation of the Government announcing
+the departure of its officials for Bordeaux:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Frenchmen</span>!</p>
+
+<p>For several <a name="weeks" id="weeks"></a>weeks our troops and the enemy's
+army have been engaged in a series of bloody battles.
+The bravery of our soldiers has gained
+them marked advantages at several points. But
+in the north the pressure of the German forces
+has compelled us to withdraw.</p>
+
+<p>This retirement imposes a regrettably necessary
+decision on the President of the Republic and the
+Government. To protect national safety the government
+officials have to leave Paris at once.</p>
+
+<p>Under the command of an eminent leader, a
+French army, full of bravery and resource, will
+defend the capital and its people against the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>invader.
+But at the same time war will be carried
+on over the rest of the territory.</p></div>
+
+<p>The small notice was from General Gallieni, the
+new Governor of Paris. It had, in its brevity, the
+beauty of an ancient inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have been ordered to defend Paris. I shall
+obey this command until the end."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>That same Sunday, the thirtieth of August,
+was the first day the Taubes came over Paris. By
+chance I was guarding one of the city's gates. I
+saw the airplane coming from a distance. I had
+not the least doubt about it for it had the silhouette
+of a bird of prey that rendered the German
+planes so easily recognizable at that time. For
+that matter, no one was deceived by it, and from
+all the batteries, forts and other positions a violent
+fusillade greeted it. There was firing from the
+streets, windows, courts and roofs. I followed it
+through my field glass, and for a moment I
+thought it had been hit, for it paused in its flight.
+But this was an optical illusion.... The plane<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+simply flew higher, having without doubt heard
+the sound of the fusillade and the bullets having
+perhaps whistled too close to the pilot's ears.
+When he was almost over my post, a light white
+cloud appeared under its wings and, in the ten
+ensuing seconds, there followed a terrible series of
+sounds, for a bomb had just fallen and exploded
+very near at hand. But so entrancing was it to
+observe the flight of this pirate who, in spite of
+everything, continued in his audacious course, that
+I gazed at the heavens, trying to determine whether
+or not I saw once more the little white cloud, the
+precursor of the machine of death.</p>
+
+<p>And everyone who was near me&mdash;workmen,
+passers-by, women, children&mdash;stayed there too,
+their feet firmly on the ground, their glances lost
+in the limitless sky. No one ran away; no one
+hid; no one sought refuge behind a door or in a
+cellar. It's a characteristic of airplane bombs
+that they frighten no one, even when they kill.
+The machine you see does not frighten you; only
+the machine you can't see upsets your nerves.</p>
+
+<p>However that may be, the curiosity of Paris<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+was insatiable. Even in the tragic hours we were
+living through at that time, this curiosity remained
+as eager, ardent and amused as ever. Every
+afternoon, at the stroke of four, crowds collected
+in the squares and avenues. The motive was to
+see the Taubes! Since one Taube had flown over
+the city, no one doubted that a second one would
+come the next day. A girl's boarding school obtained
+a free afternoon to enjoy the spectacle. The
+midinettes were allowed to leave their work. At
+Montmartre, where the steps of the Butte gave a
+better chance of scanning the horizon, places were
+in great demand.</p>
+
+<p>There was a crowd along the fortifications to
+see the works for the defense on which, by General
+Gallieni's order, men were working. Thousands
+of spectators of both sexes, but especially of
+women, were examining the bases that were being
+put in for the guns, the openings they were making
+to serve as loopholes, the joists they were putting
+across the gates, and the paving stones with which
+the entrances were being barricaded. This crowd
+did not want to believe in the proximity of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+enemy. Or, if it believed it, it didn't want to admit
+that there was danger. Or, if it admitted that there
+was danger, it wanted to share in it. Above everything
+it wanted to see; it wanted to see!</p>
+
+<p>The last night in August I had a hard time
+freeing the approaches of the gate I was guarding.
+There were only women, but there were thousands
+of them and neither prayer nor argument
+could persuade them to make up their minds to go
+home.</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing will happen," I told them. "Look
+here now, be reasonable and go home to bed."</p>
+
+<p>"But we want to see...."</p>
+
+<p>"What do you want to see?"</p>
+
+<p>"Want to see what kind of a reception the
+Prussians will get if they come."</p>
+
+<p>Aside from this the mob was remarkably easy
+to get on with. A strict order had forbidden that
+anyone be permitted to enter or leave Paris until
+sunrise. As a result the capital found itself cut
+off from the suburbs, and lots of little working
+girls, who came in for the day from Clichy or
+Levallois-Perret, couldn't get back to their homes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+in the evening. They had to camp out under the
+stars.</p>
+
+<p>"It's very amusing," they said, "here we are
+just like soldiers."</p>
+
+<p>I even heard one of them say:</p>
+
+<p>"What a pity there isn't always war."</p>
+
+<p>That same night, about eleven o'clock, a heavy
+sound was heard coming from the direction of the
+city. Some urchins shouted:</p>
+
+<p>"It's the soldiers. It's the soldiers."</p>
+
+<p>An entire Algerian division was, as a matter of
+fact, detraining and hurrying to fight before
+Paris. Behind it followed a long line of taxi-cabs,
+the famous line of taxi-cabs requisitioned by General
+Gallieni to carry munitions to the battle field
+of the Ourcq. They made an incomparable spectacle,
+that magnificent summer night, in the
+bright moonlight, the long column of Algerian
+cavalry, with their shining burnouses, on fiery little
+horses. Applause burst forth from the mob
+and reached the soldiers. The women threw
+kisses at them, but they overwhelmed my men and
+me with reproaches:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"See," they shrieked at us, "if we had minded
+you and gone home, we wouldn't have seen them."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Paris, which didn't know about the Battle of
+Charleroi, knew about the Battle of the Marne.
+Paris knew about the Battle of the Marne not only
+on account of the troops who marched through
+its streets, but because it heard the big guns roar
+for three days, without stopping, towards the
+north.</p>
+
+<p>What has not already been written and said
+about the Battle of the Marne, a conflict which
+will remain legendary in history? What will not
+be said and written on that subject in the future?...
+Some writers will see in it a miracle, others
+a strategic action engineered by a genius, others
+a chance stroke of destiny. The truth of the
+matter is more simple and appealing than any
+of these explanations and, although the whole
+truth is not yet known about the fight at the
+Marne, enough is known to make clear the two or
+three chief reasons why victory came to France<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+and defeat to Germany, safety to civilization and
+a repulse to barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>To be sure there was a great deal of strategy
+in it; and the stroke that was conceived in the
+master brain of Joffre and carried out by Generals
+Gallieni and Maunoury&mdash;a stroke which consisted
+in forming a new army on the extreme right
+of the German hordes to come and hurl itself
+sharply against these hordes&mdash;was a brave and
+bold maneuver which prepared the way for victory.</p>
+
+<p>But this maneuver would not in itself have sufficed
+to win the victory if Maunoury had not attacked
+with an irresistible &eacute;lan on the extreme
+left, upsetting the German plan of battle; if
+Franchet d'Esperey had not supported Maunoury's
+attack vigorously and succeeded in breaking
+the German left; if, especially, Foch, at the center,
+had not performed unheard of miracles in breaking
+down the enemy's resistance and not allowing
+his own lines to be broken; if, farther on, de
+Langle de Cary and Sarrail had not held off the
+Princes of Bavaria and Prussia before Vitry; if,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+on the right, de Castelnau had not held until the
+end the Grand Couronn&eacute; at Nancy. The first truth
+is that they were all&mdash;Joffre, Gallieni, Maunoury,
+Franchet d'Esperey, Foch, de Langle de Cary,
+Sarrail, Castelnau, Dubail, to mention them in
+the order of the battle line from left to right&mdash;absolutely
+incomparable. As an eye-witness said,
+"each man was on his own," each man gave the
+very best there was in his brain, his skill, his mind,
+his soul, his heart. The battle would have been
+lost if a single one of them had failed once during
+the entire seven days it raged. Opposed to the
+Huns was a chain forged of the finest steel, every
+link in which met the test for equal and unparalleled
+resistance. Therein lay the miracle of the
+Marne!</p>
+
+<p>And the second great truth is that behind these
+generals, who all showed themselves without equal,
+were armies which, without exception, had kept
+intact their fighting spirit, that is, their faith in
+themselves, in their leaders, in the destiny of their
+country, in the beauty of the cause for which they
+fought.... Enough can never be said of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>elemental
+importance that lies in the morale of the
+fighting men on the battle field. It is lamentable
+to hear far distant strategists reduce the conflict
+of two peoples to a problem in tactics or a
+list of ordnance statistics. It is enough to make
+angels weep when spectators, at a safe distance,
+speak of succoring a beaten people by sending
+them food stuffs, shells and men. Above all, beyond
+all, is that immaterial, incalculable, invaluable
+force which is the sole true mistress of warfare&mdash;moral
+force&mdash;fighting spirit!</p>
+
+<p>The Frenchmen in the Battle of the Marne kept
+their fighting spirit intact. I remember asking
+many of the officers attached to the forces which,
+after the Battle of Charleroi, retreated under a
+broiling sun, along roads burning with heat,
+through a suffocating dust, how they felt at this
+disheartening time. All of them answered, "We did
+not know where we were going or what we were
+doing, but we did know one thing&mdash;that we would
+beat them!" One writer, Pierre Laserre, described
+this retreat in the words, "Their bodies
+were retreating, but not their souls!" This is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+proven by the arrival on the fifth of September of
+Joffre's immortal order, "The hour has come to
+hold our positions at any cost, and to fight rather
+than retreat.... No longer must we look at
+the enemy over our shoulders; the time has come
+to employ all our efforts in attacking and defeating
+him."... That evening, when they heard
+their leader's appeal, the hearts of the men
+bounded in response. The next morning, at dawn,
+their bodies leaped up and hurled themselves on
+the enemy. Therein lay the miracle of the Marne!</p>
+
+<p>Finally, at the very hour when the fighting
+spirit of the French Army had never been higher,
+the fighting spirit of the German Army had never
+been lower. It was low because the physical
+strength of the Germans was low, worn out, and
+broken by the shameful orgies, the disgraceful
+drinking which had reduced these men to the level
+of swine. It was low because the German fighting
+men had been led to believe that they would have
+to fight no longer, that the great effort was ended,
+that there was no French Army to put a stop
+to their pillaging and burning. "Tomorrow we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+enter Paris, we are going to the Moulin Rouge,"
+von Kluck's soldiers said in their jargon to the
+inhabitants of Compi&egrave;gne. "Tomorrow we will
+burn Bar-le-Duc, Poincar&eacute;'s home town," the
+Crown Prince's soldiers said. What sort of resistance
+could such men oppose to Joffre's soldiers?
+Their spirit, granting that they had ever
+had any, was broken beforehand. And that is
+another thing that will explain the outcome of the
+Battle of the Marne.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>What Paris knew very quickly, very completely
+and very surely were the details of frightful
+looting and of the first atrocities perpetrated
+by the Germans, who demonstrated a premeditated
+intention to destroy, defile and wipe out everything
+in their path. And Paris was doubtless the
+first city in France to comprehend the significance
+of this war, which is a war of civilization against
+barbarism, a sacred war in which the forces of
+humanity raise a rampart of human breasts
+against the violent reappearance of primitive
+savagery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Those of us who had a hand in some part of the
+Battle of the Marne were not slow to comprehend
+who the enemy was we were fighting and why we
+had to fight him to the death.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many things that will be always engraved
+on the tablets of my memory, the deepest
+is of the time when I was on guard at the field
+of battle on the Ourcq, north of Meaux, on the
+extremity of the battle line of the Marne. Field
+of battle I have just written. No, it was not a
+field of battle but a field of carnage. I have forgotten
+the corpses I met in the roads or in the
+fields with their grinning faces and their distorted
+attitudes. But I shall never forget the ruin that
+was everywhere, the abominable manner in which
+the fields had been laid waste, the sacrilegious pillage
+of homes. That bore the trade mark of German
+"Kultur." That trade mark will be enough
+to dishonor a nation for centuries.</p>
+
+<p>I see again those humble villages situated along
+the road to Meaux, Penchard, Marcilly, Chambry,
+Etrepilly, where a barbarian horde had passed.
+Since there were no inhabitants remaining&mdash;men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+whose throats could be cut, women who could be
+violated, or babies to shoot down&mdash;the horde had
+vented its rage on the furniture and the poor little
+familiar objects in which each one of us puts a bit
+of his soul.</p>
+
+<p>I arrived in Etrepilly at the same time as a detachment
+of Zouaves. While they piously buried
+their companions who had fallen in forcing their
+way into the village, I wandered alone among the
+ruins. There had been a hundred houses there,
+and not a single one was untouched. Some had
+been hit by shells, and the shell which burst in the
+interior of the house had destroyed everything.
+That, of course, was war, and there was nothing
+to say about it.</p>
+
+<p>But other houses, which had been spared by
+shell fire, had not been spared by the Kaiser's
+soldiery. The Barbarians had placed their claws
+on them. Everything had been taken out of the
+houses and scattered to the four winds of heaven.
+Here is a portrait that has been wrenched from its
+frame and trampled on. A baby's bathtub has
+been carried into the garden, and the soldiers have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+deposited their excrement in it. There are chairs
+that have been smashed by the kicks of heavy boots
+and wardrobes that have been disemboweled. Here
+is a fine old mahogany table that has been carried
+into the fields for five hundred meters and then
+broken in two. An old red damask armchair,
+with wings at the sides, one of those old armchairs
+in which the grandmothers of France sit by the
+fire in the evening has been torn in shreds by knife
+thrusts. Linen is mixed with mud; the white veil
+some girl wore at her first communion is defiled
+with excrement.... An old man is wandering
+among the ruins. He has just come back to the
+devastated village. He says to me simply:</p>
+
+<p>"I saw them in 1870. They came here, but they
+didn't do this. They are savages."</p>
+
+<p>A woman was there, too. She had come an hour
+or so ago with the old man, and she stood on the
+step of her defiled, despoiled home where the
+curtains hung in tatters at the windows. She
+saw me pass by. She wanted to speak to me, but
+her voice stuck in her throat. There she stood,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+her arms extended like a great cross. She could
+only sob:</p>
+
+<p>"Look! Look!"</p>
+
+<p>And she was like a symbol of the whole wretched
+business.</p>
+
+<p>The men who do such deeds are the men France
+is fighting.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Vincy-Manoeuvre was another one of the villages.
+It is situated near the border of the Department
+of the Oise. It was still in flames when
+I entered it. On the outskirts of the hamlet there
+used to be a large factory. Only the iron framework
+of this factory remained; the ashes had commenced
+to smoke, giving forth flames from time
+to time. Here also every house had been destroyed
+and pillaged. Only the church remained standing,
+and on the belfry which was silhouetted against
+the sky, the weather cock seemed to shudder with
+horror.</p>
+
+<p>Bottles covered the ground everywhere at Vincy-Manoeuvre.
+There were bottles in the streets,
+along the highways, in the fields. They marked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+the road by which the vanquished hordes had retreated.
+I counted almost two hundred in one
+trench, where a German battery had been placed.
+They lay pell-mell, mixed in with unexploded
+shells. Panic had apparently swept the gunners
+away. They had not had time to carry off their
+shells, so they had left them behind. But they
+had had time to empty the bottles. Absinthe,
+brandy, rum, champagne, beer, and wine had all
+been consumed, and the labels lay alongside of
+each other. Drunken, bloodthirsty brutes, thieving,
+sickening, nauseous beasts were what had descended
+upon France and passed through her
+country. Ruins, ashes and filth were the traces
+left behind by the German mob.</p>
+
+<p>Some hundreds of yards from the village I noticed
+a woman lost in the immense beet fields. Apparently
+she was unharmed. I walked in her direction,
+thrusting aside with my legs corpses of
+men and horses, scaling the trenches, making a circuit
+around the craters made by shells. Suddenly
+what was my surprise at seeing two German soldiers,
+accompanied by a farmer, coming along a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+footpath! They stopped at six paces, gave me a
+military salute, and pointed to the white brassard
+of the Red Cross they wore on their arms.</p>
+
+<p>"Where do you come from?" I asked. "What
+are you doing here?"</p>
+
+<p>"We come from that farm, where we have been
+for two days caring for two of our wounded. We
+didn't see any French soldier or officer. We don't
+know what to do. We want to go to the village
+down there," they pointed out a hamlet two or
+three kilometers off, "where we left a doctor and
+one hundred and fifty-three wounded."</p>
+
+<p>"Very good," I said, "follow me."</p>
+
+<p>Obediently the two orderlies marched behind
+me to the village they had pointed out. It was
+situated on the national highway to Soissons. In
+this place were a hundred and fifty or two hundred
+Germans, quartered in four or five houses under the
+guard of a company of Zouaves who had just arrived
+a half hour previously. The German major,
+informed of my arrival, stood in front of the main
+building. He wore gold-rimmed spectacles, his
+face was the type the Alsatian Hansi loves to show<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+in his books. He spoke very good French and
+even pretended that he did not want to answer the
+questions I asked him in his own language.</p>
+
+<p>"Show me your wounded," I ordered.</p>
+
+<p>He immediately conducted me everywhere, explaining
+the nature of each wound. Some were
+suffering and groaning; others, seeing the uniform
+of a French officer, tried to raise themselves
+up and salute.</p>
+
+<p>The German major asked:</p>
+
+<p>"When they come to evacuate the wounded to
+Meaux or some other place, do you suppose I shall
+be allowed to accompany them and continue my
+treatment?"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know," I replied, "but there is one
+thing you can be sure of. My superiors will act
+in accordance with the demands of humanity. Now
+you follow me."</p>
+
+<p>I led him outside to the doorstep. I pointed out
+the poor homes of the village, ruined, reduced to
+dust. Everywhere were the dwellings of the entire
+region, with their furniture lying in the mud
+and ashes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Look at that," I said to him. "That is what
+your men have done."</p>
+
+<p>The German officer turned very pale, then very
+red. He answered:</p>
+
+<p>"It's sad, but it is war."</p>
+
+<p>"No," I replied, "it isn't war. It's pure barbarism
+and it's abominable."</p>
+
+<p>Some few paces away from us French Zouaves
+were sitting beside some wounded Germans. In
+their own glasses they poured out a little cordial
+for their prisoners; they gave them their last
+cigarettes. One of them had even taken, as if
+he were his brother, the head of a wounded German
+in his left hand to support it. With his
+right hand, very carefully, he was giving him a
+drink. I pointed that out to the German major,
+saying:</p>
+
+<p>"There! That is war&mdash;at least it's war as we
+understand it."</p>
+
+<p>This time he made no answer.</p>
+
+<p>But all the German prisoners repeated what he
+had said to me as a set phrase. On the whole, when
+you have seen ten German prisoners you have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+seen a thousand; when you have questioned one
+German officer you have questioned fifty. The
+characteristic of the race is that they have abolished
+all individuality. You find yourself in an
+amorphous mass, cast in a uniform mold, not in
+the presence of human beings who think their own
+thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>I often saw trains stop in what is called a <i>gare
+regulatrice</i>, where the prisoners are questioned
+and distributed. These trains bring in prisoners
+and their officers. The commandant of the station,
+in accordance with his duty, has the officers
+appear before him so that he can question them:</p>
+
+<p>"Your name? Your rank?"</p>
+
+<p>The German states his name and rank, offering
+of necessity his identification card.</p>
+
+<p>"Your regiment?"</p>
+
+<p>"Such and such a regiment."</p>
+
+<p>"Your army corps?"</p>
+
+<p>"Such and such an army corps."</p>
+
+<p>"Who is the general in command?"</p>
+
+<p>Like an automaton the officer replies:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Das sage ich nicht.</i>" ("I can not answer that.")<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And you know that it would be an easier matter
+to make the stone beneath your feet talk than one
+of these prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>However, the commandant frowns slightly,
+glances over his notes, and says coldly:</p>
+
+<p>"I know who your general is. If you belong
+to such and such an army corps, the general in
+command must be General von Bissing."...</p>
+
+<p>"I have nothing to say."</p>
+
+<p>As a general thing one of the staff had something
+to say. The interpreter, the convoy officer
+or the station master would get a lot of fun out of
+reciting to the German passages from von Bissing's
+famous and ferocious proclamation ordering
+that no quarter be given and that the troops
+should not encumber themselves with prisoners.
+Then he would ask:</p>
+
+<p>"What would you say if we were to put such a
+principle into practice?"</p>
+
+<p>The German often became very pale. He would
+content himself with a shrug of the shoulders&mdash;the
+shrug of the brute who knows that he is safe
+among civilized men.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The men I questioned were often doctors who
+ranked as majors or held some commission in the
+German medical corps. They were less stiff and
+automaton-like than the officers and sergeants
+of the line service. Their attitude varied in accordance
+with the number of stars they had on
+their epaulette. If their rank were inferior to
+mine, they were exaggeratedly obsequious, holding
+their hands along the crease in the seam of
+their trousers with their fingers close together&mdash;at
+strict attention. If their rank were superior to
+mine, they were defiant and insolent. Nevertheless,
+they showed themselves more communicative
+than their comrades of the line service. Most of
+them spoke French&mdash;well enough, though not perfectly.
+All of them had been in Paris, and one
+and all repeated this phrase:</p>
+
+<p>"We know your beautiful country well. We
+have been in your beautiful capital often...."</p>
+
+<p>For my part, I invariably spoke to them of the
+atrocities their men had perpetrated in that beautiful
+country, or of those they had perpetrated in
+the country of our beautiful neighbor....<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+Rheims, Ypres, Louvain, Andenne, were the names
+that always returned to my lips. I hoped each time
+that I would get from those men who, in spite of
+everything, were men of science, members of humanity's
+most generous profession, if not a word
+of contrition at least a banal word of regret.
+Since they had not ordered the sacrileges or the
+massacres, they need not keep silent. But it was
+all in vain. They also excused, justified and explained....</p>
+
+<p>The explanation was simple and stereotyped.
+For the battered Cathedral of Rheims, for the
+total destruction of Clermont, for the systematic
+laying-waste of Louvain, for the frightful company
+of old men, women and children who were
+dragged off into captivity, three words were the
+justification&mdash;the three words of the German
+major at Vincy:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Das ist Krieg.</i>" ("It is war.")</p>
+
+<p>For the blackened ruins of Senlis, for that
+charming city of Louvain, razed to the ground in
+one night as completely as if the scourge of God
+had passed through it; for Andenne, assassinated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+in cold blood with not one of its houses being
+granted mercy by the assassins; for Termonde,
+where General Sommerfeld, seated in a chair in
+the midst of the Grande Place, gave the order
+that it be burned and replied to the entreaties
+of the mayor:</p>
+
+<p>"No. Burn it to the ground!"</p>
+
+<p>Five other words sufficed to explain everything:</p>
+
+<p>"Civilians fired on our troops."</p>
+
+<p>Not one village in flames, not one desecrated
+monument, not one organized killing, not one tortured
+city that does not fall under the scope of one
+or the other of those justifications, "War is war,"
+or "Civilians fired on our troops."</p>
+
+<p>Doctors, savants, officers, Bavarians, Saxons,
+and Prussians have adopted the double excuse
+with a marvelous unity: they advance it in a
+certain tone of voice. It is firmly embedded in
+what is left of their consciences as firmly as the
+iron cross is riveted on their necks.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, it was all planned, wished for, arranged
+in advance. German frightfulness formed a part
+of the plan of campaign. It is enough to read the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+manual called "Kriegesgebrauch in Landkriege"
+(Military Usage in Landwarfare) to be very much
+edified. Every German officer has had this manual
+in his hands since the days of peace. It comprised
+his rules of warfare. It was a part of his war
+equipment, the same as his field glasses and his
+staff-officer's card. And here is what he reads
+on the very first page:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>War carried on energetically can not be directed
+against the inhabitants and fortified places of the
+hostile state alone; it will endeavor, it ought to
+endeavor to <i>destroy equally all the enemy's intellectual
+and material resources</i>. Humanitarian
+considerations, that is, consideration for the persons
+of individuals and for the sake of propriety,
+can have no recognition unless the end and nature
+of the war allow it.</p></div>
+
+<p>And, a little farther on, he reads there:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Profound study of the history of war will make
+the officer guard against exaggerated humanitarian
+concessions, will teach him that war can not
+take place without certain harshness, <i>that true
+humanity consists in proceeding without tenderness</i>.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+<p>Farther along in that book, he reads:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>All the methods invented by the technic of modern
+warfare, the most perfected as well as the most
+dangerous, <i>those which kill the greatest number
+at once, are permitted</i>. These last are conducive to
+the quickest end of the war; they are, if you consider
+matters carefully, the most humane methods.... Prisoners
+may be killed in case of necessity
+if there is no other means of guarding them properly.... The
+presence of women, children, old
+men, the sick and the wounded in a <a name="beseiged" id="beseiged"></a>beseiged city
+can hasten the place's fall; in consequence it would
+be very foolish of the <a name="beseiger" id="beseiger"></a>beseiger to renounce this
+advantage.... They will force the inhabitants
+to furnish information concerning their army, military
+resources and secrets of their country. The
+majority of writers in all nations condemn this
+usage. <i>It will be used none the less</i>&mdash;very regretfully&mdash;for
+military reasons.</p></div>
+
+<p>Finally, on the volume's last page, is found this
+extraordinary maxim:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Any wrong that the war demands, however
+great it may be, is allowed."</p></div>
+
+<p>Therefore the horrors which the Germans <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>performed
+from the war's very beginning, which provoked
+an expression of great indignation from all
+the civilized world, were not perpetrated in a moment
+of orgy or madness. They have been perpetrated
+coldly, deliberately, intentionally.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, not only the officers and the common
+soldiers have been taught to make war in this
+barbarous fashion. It has been taught to the entire
+German people. This precept proves the
+case. It emanates not from a soldier but from a
+poet, who is not addressing the military class but
+the civilians, the women, the children, and all Germany.
+It is the "Hymn of Hate" by the poet
+Heinrich Vierordt, which, before the war, was recited
+in even the German kindergartens:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Hate, Germany! Slit the throats of your millions
+of enemies. Raise a monument of their smoking
+corpses that will rise to the heavens!</p>
+
+<p>Germany, arm yourself with brazen armor and
+pierce with your bayonet the heart of every enemy.
+Take no prisoners! Strike them dumb. Transform
+into deserts the lands that lie near you!</p>
+
+<p>Hate, Germany! Victory will come from your
+anger. Shatter their skulls with blows from your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+ax and the butt of your musket. These brigands
+are timid beasts.... They are not men....
+May your fist perform the judgment of God!</p></div>
+
+<p>It is useless to say what this spirit has brought
+about. Germany has carried on the war with
+vigor, has armed herself with brazen armor! She
+has transformed neighboring lands into deserts!
+She has slit throats, laid waste fields, shattered
+skulls, she has destroyed all that lay in her path!
+She has tried to impress the terror she holds salutary
+upon the souls of inoffensive old men and
+women and children!</p>
+
+<p>This is the first of all the reasons why it is necessary
+now to fight, and to fight to the death;
+because these men will understand the abominable
+nature of "frightfulness" only when they see that
+"frightfulness" does not pay; only when they see
+the uselessness of unchaining horror and of beginning
+another war. Let an assassin go at liberty
+and he will commence his killing all over
+again; send him to the electric chair and he will
+regret his crime.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+<p>Just as France and Paris were not long in understanding
+what war meant in Germany's mind,
+France and Paris were not long in accounting for
+the danger they had passed through on account
+of the German spy system, on account of the formidable
+web of espionage the German agents had
+woven around all France.</p>
+
+<p>People felt that this German spy system was
+there, speculated about it and talked about it for
+years and years, but it was only in the first days
+of the war that they really appreciated how diabolical
+it was and how far it had penetrated into
+the heart of France.</p>
+
+<p>What happened at Amiens at the beginning of
+September, 1914, is especially characteristic of
+this.</p>
+
+<p>Amiens was occupied twice by the enemy. To
+use the expression of a military historian, it
+seemed as if "the French and the Germans were
+playing hide-and-seek around the town." As soon
+as the blue caps of the French appeared over
+the horizon, the yellow pointed helmets of the
+Germans disappeared, rapidly. German occupation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+meant the same thing it did everywhere else&mdash;exactions,
+brutalities, rape. Immediately after
+he had entered the Prefecture, the German governor
+levied a war contribution of one million
+francs. He also demanded that the citizens furnish
+his troops with wine, cigars, and tobacco;
+drew up a list of hostages; and arrested all the
+men between the ages of seventeen and twenty
+years. Within twenty-four hours they were led
+away under guard.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing of all this surprised the brave Picard
+city. Proudly she submitted to her fate. But
+one thing moved her, or rather angered her, and
+that was the surety and speed with which the
+German authorities went directly to all the places
+they should occupy. They did not hesitate an
+instant about the street to follow or the door at
+which to knock. The arrest of the fifteen hundred
+young hostages occurred with an unheard-of
+rapidity. It seemed as if an invisible but exceedingly
+clever hand guided each step, regulated
+each movement of the invaders. Who could it be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+who directed, advised and commanded the Germans
+from behind a veil?</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless the mystery would never have been
+solved if, during the second occupation, the citizens
+had not been warned that the next day they
+would have to keep their shades down and close
+all shutters because His Imperial Highness, Prince
+Eitel Friedrich, the Kaiser's son, would then make
+a formal entry into the capital of Picardy. The
+shutters were closed; automatically the streets
+were emptied.</p>
+
+<p>Into a deserted city, to the sound of trumpet
+and drum, preceded by a staff gleaming with gold
+braid and mounted on spirited steeds, the German
+army entered in state. All the shades were drawn
+in the city. However, behind some of them drawn
+faces peered forth in sorrow or in anger. In a
+house on the principal street was a lady whose
+husband was at the front. Her father, an aged
+general who had fought bravely in the war of
+1870, was with her. Through the drawn shades
+of her home she was watching the hated scene.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+And her glorious old father, however indignant he
+felt, was watching by her side.</p>
+
+<p>When the parade was passing by, he made a
+sudden gesture and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Look at that man on the horse, there, now!"</p>
+
+<p>The man in question seemed to have a horse that
+pranced a little more than the others. He rolled
+around in his saddle a little more than the others.
+And the two onlookers had no trouble in recognizing
+this aide-de-camp of Prince Eitel's as one of
+the former directors of a language school that
+had had a branch at Amiens!</p>
+
+<p>There is a sequel to the story ... for on the
+afternoon of that unhappy day Madame X and
+ten other society ladies of Amiens at different
+times heard a ring at their doors and saw that
+same individual, in full regalia, booted and
+spurred, enter their drawing rooms. He came to
+call on them, to pay his respects, as if it were the
+most natural thing in the world that he should
+be there in that costume. They all had to restrain
+the feeling of disgust and anger this spy
+aroused in their breasts. It was for the sake of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+the safety of their homes, for the lives that were
+dear to them, that they did this. And he, entirely
+unconscious in his vileness, was suave and polite,
+played the man about town, recalled one thing
+or another, mentioned dances and parties....</p>
+
+<p>So we once more find justification for the famous
+definition of German contained in Schopenhauer's
+famous phrase: "The German is remarkable
+for the absolute lack of that feeling which the
+Latins call 'verecundia'&mdash;sense of shame."</p>
+
+<p>The essence of this feeling which is found among
+the most savage peoples is entirely lacking in the
+Teutonic race. And once more we find an abominable
+ambush placed for French culture, good faith
+and generosity.</p>
+
+<p>This is not an isolated incident. When the
+whole truth is known, there will be even more surprised
+indignation felt than there is at present.
+Inquiries will have to be made. It will be necessary
+to know why the enemy, in certain places, has
+rushed in as if he came out of a trap door. It
+will be necessary to know why, in certain ravaged
+districts, some houses have been entirely <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>destroyed
+and others carefully spared. It will
+be necessary to know why tennis courts have
+been put in certain places and why certain masses
+of rhododendrons have been planted in certain
+parks....</p>
+
+<p>For we know that the tennis courts have helped
+the Germans carry out their schemes, and that the
+flower beds have had a place in the machinery of
+war they were developing, which they kept alive
+until they were at our gates. A tennis match
+seems a mere nothing&mdash;something very innocent
+in the way of pleasure, far from being war-like.
+And then, one fine day the discovery is made that
+the tennis court has a foundation of reinforced
+concrete twenty centimeters thick, fit to support a
+house six stories high and, consequently, a heavy
+gun!</p>
+
+<p>A clump of rhododendrons is very lovely, something
+very gracious, charming, most poetic. And
+one day the discovery is made that the clump conceals
+a platform set in concrete on which an entire
+battery can be aligned.</p>
+
+<p>All that will have to be investigated. All that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+will have to be stopped.... And it makes another
+reason why it is necessary to fight today, to
+fight to the death. For these Germans will understand
+the inanity of their Machiavellian scheming
+and of their spy system only when they shall
+see these methods fall to pieces, when they shall
+see their system fail absolutely.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion we may say that France fights
+for two reasons. The first reason is because on
+the third of August at a quarter before seven
+o'clock war was declared on her; she was forced
+to fight; her territory was invaded, her cities
+burned to the ground; her fields ravaged; her
+citizens massacred. The second reason is because
+she does not want to have to fight in the future;
+she does not wish this horror to be reproduced a
+second time; she wishes, in the immortal words of
+Washington, "that plague of mankind, war, banished
+off the earth."</p>
+
+<p>To accomplish this the engine that makes war
+must be destroyed. The engine that makes war
+is "made in Germany." War is the national industry
+of the Germans, it has been developed and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+made perfect in Germany, it is dear to all German
+hearts. They are proud of it and have faith
+in its power. The machine must not only be
+stopped; it must be broken and destroyed, thrown
+out as scrap iron to prevent the pieces from being
+reassembled, readjusted and put in running order
+once again.</p>
+
+<p>That is why France is fighting, why the whole
+world ought to fight to the end, to death or until
+victory crowns its efforts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h2>HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING</h2>
+
+
+<p>Two words, courage and tenacity, will serve
+the future historian in his description of
+how France fought, when the time shall
+have come for telling the entire story of the world
+war.</p>
+
+<p>No one has ever doubted French courage
+throughout all the centuries of her tormented history;
+but skeptical remarks have been made in
+times past of the tenacity of the French people.</p>
+
+<p>Ten epigrams do not describe this war; nor do
+three. But one alone serves this purpose&mdash;know
+how to endure. No more thoughtful words have
+ever been spoken than those of the Japanese,
+Marshall Nogi: "Victory is won by the nation that
+can suffer a quarter of an hour longer than its
+opponent."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the four years of war, France has
+proven that she knew how to suffer and was able
+to suffer a quarter of an hour longer than her
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>They knew how to suffer, those soldiers of
+General Maunoury's army in the Battle of the
+Marne. And they turned the tide of battle in
+favor of French arms. They marched, fought
+and died for five days and five nights, in the passing
+of which some battalions marched forty-two
+kilometers and did not sleep for more than two
+hours at a time. The mobility of the fighting
+units was such that the commissary department
+was absolutely unable to supply them with rations.
+For three days many of them had no bread, no
+meat, nothing at all! They subsisted on crusts
+they had with them, or on the food they were able,
+by the fortunes of battle, to pick up in the villages
+where they happened to be. In spite of all
+this, whenever the order was given to charge,
+they charged the enemy with a sort of inspired
+madness.</p>
+
+<p>"The fight has been a hard one," Marshall <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>Joffre
+wrote in an order of the day that will be famous
+throughout eternity. "The casualties, the
+number of men worn out by the exhaustion due to
+lack of sleep&mdash;and sometimes of food&mdash;passed all
+imagining.... Comrades, the commander in
+chief has asked you to do more than your duty,
+and you have responded to this request by accomplishing
+the impossible." That is the finest word
+of praise that has been given fighting men since
+the world began.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>They knew how to suffer, those other soldiers
+of the Battle of the Marne who were a part of
+General Foch's army at F&egrave;re-Champenoise. Five
+times they attacked the Ch&acirc;teau de Mondement,
+and five times they were driven back. Their officers
+were consulting as to the best thing to do;
+and the men surrounded the officers, begging them
+with tears in their eyes to lead them to the assault
+for the sixth time. For the sixth time the
+attack was sounded, and at the sixth assault Ch&acirc;teau
+de Mondement fell.</p>
+
+<p>That officer at Verdun knew how to suffer. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+will remain a figure for the legends of the future
+for, running to transmit an order, he received
+a bullet in the eyes which shattered his
+optic nerve. He was completely blinded. Nevertheless,
+he continued to advance, trying to grope
+his way through the night that had fallen upon
+him. He encountered something lying on the
+ground&mdash;a something that was a man just as badly
+wounded. The blind man besought him for
+help.</p>
+
+<p>"How can I help you," said the wounded man,
+"a shell has broken both my legs."</p>
+
+<p>"What difference does that make," shouted the
+blinded man, "I am going to carry you on my
+back. My legs will be yours, and your eyes will
+be mine."</p>
+
+<p>And, one supporting the other, the blinded man
+and the lamed man carried on!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>That officer knew how to suffer whom one of
+my brothers met on the battle field of Lorraine.
+An artillery officer, his arm was shattered, a few
+bits of flesh barely holding it fast to his shoulder.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+My brother, when he saw the man painfully dragging
+himself along, asked him whether or not
+he needed help.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't need help," replied the wounded man,
+"but my battery down there does. It is retreating."</p>
+
+<p>"If it is retreating, it can't be helped and it is
+a waste of time for me to get it ammunition...."</p>
+
+<p>"No," begged the lieutenant, "get the munitions.
+We Colonials fight until the last man
+falls...."</p>
+
+<p>He offered to guide my brother, mounted beside
+him on the artillery caisson, and stayed there all
+day. For after he had supplied his own battery,
+it was the battery next it, and then the one next
+to that, which he wanted to supply.... Finally,
+in the evening, at nightfall, they came to take him
+off in the ambulance. The major looked at his
+shattered arm, examined his frightful wound, and
+muttered:</p>
+
+<p>"You are in a bad way. Couldn't you have come
+here sooner?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The lieutenant replied humbly:</p>
+
+<p>"Pardon me, I lost a lot of time on the way."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Those men I saw for months fighting and dying
+to the south of Verdun, at the Butte des Eparges,
+knew how to suffer.</p>
+
+<p>The Butte des Eparges dominates the great
+plain of the Woevre, and from the very beginning
+it has been the theater of a frightful and long
+drawn out battle of the kind one seldom sees in
+this war. The Germans have been entrenched on
+the left side of the Butte, the French on the right.
+And day and night for four years there has been
+an incessant battle over its summit of grenades,
+bombs and shells; a terrible hand-to-hand fight
+in which neither one of the contestants yields an
+inch of ground. A brook of blood runs its interrupted
+course on each slope. On the south
+slope it is red with German blood; with French
+blood on the north.</p>
+
+<p>The two slopes of the Butte have been so raked
+by firing that they have not a single tree, bush, or
+blades of grass on them; they stand out sinister<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+and frightful in their nakedness, seeming to cry
+out to the men of the plain:</p>
+
+<p>"See, all of you, the scourge of God has passed
+over this place."</p>
+
+<p>They are dented, furrowed and blown into crevasses
+by the explosions of mines; they are sown
+over with the enormous funnels in which the fighters
+take shelter; they are covered with an incessant
+smoke from the projectiles that plow them
+up.</p>
+
+<p>As for the summit, it is a no man's land, that
+belongs to the dead men whose bodies cover it.
+The summit stopped being a battle field to become
+a charnel house. The number of men who have
+fallen there will never be known. The most fantastic
+figures come from the lips of those who
+come down ... 5,000, 8,000, 10,000 ... it will
+never be known. But what is known is that the
+dead are always there. They form a parapet
+above which the living fight on. These dead rot
+in the sunshine and in the rain. In accordance
+with the wind's being from the east or the west,
+the frightful odor of all this rotten flesh strikes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+the Germans or the French. They lie there, an
+indistinguishable mass on the ground, and the
+men are unlucky who watch by night in the listening
+posts or the trenches. They think they are
+stumbling against a stone, and it is a skull their
+feet are touching; they think they are picking up
+the branch of a tree, and they have hold of the
+arm of a corpse.</p>
+
+<p>However, in the shadow of this human charnel
+house, at the edge of this bloody sewer, some little
+French soldiers come and go, eat and sleep for
+months at a time. The dreadfulness of the sights,
+the stench in the air, the tragic presence of death
+has not gripped their souls, their courage or their
+nerves. They are no less confident and merry than
+the others and, in the evening, when the setting
+sun adds the purple of its shadows to the red of
+all the blood that has been shed on the Butte, they
+sing from the depths of their charnel house sweet
+love songs.... This is the most regally beautiful
+sight I have seen in this war; it is the most
+splendidly moving example I know of what personal
+sacrifice for one's country's sake can do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One day, in a rest village in the neighborhood,
+I met a soldier from one of the battalions which
+was encamped in the charnel house. He was a
+boy twenty years old, who hurried along with a
+flower in his buttonhole, whistling a tune.... He
+was so joyful that I asked him:</p>
+
+<p>"You seem as happy as you can be."</p>
+
+<p>"I have leave, Sir," he answered, "and in a
+week I shall go to the country to see my mother.
+But, for the present, I have to go and take the
+trench at Eparges...."</p>
+
+<p>As he mentioned the name of the accursed
+Butte, I could not repress a movement. He saw
+it and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir, I am glad to go there."</p>
+
+<p>And he told me his name and the number of his
+company. Then he hurried away.</p>
+
+<p>It chanced that precisely one week later I met
+one of his officers. I asked him about the merry
+fellow.</p>
+
+<p>"That man? He was killed the day before yesterday
+at Eparges."</p>
+
+<p>And my comrade added in a low voice:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"He was shot down at my side, struck with a
+bullet square in the chest. The death agony set
+in at once. As I was trying to do something
+for him, passing my hand gently across his forehead,
+I said to him:</p>
+
+<p>"Courage, my boy, courage."</p>
+
+<p>He murmured the reply:</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, I'm glad to die."</p>
+
+<p>Glad ... the same phrase, the same words
+I had heard a week ago, which can be heard everywhere
+on the French front&mdash;and they are glad
+to go into all the trenches and into all the charnel
+houses, and it is with a happy heart that they rest
+in peace.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>But France has not only fought with all her
+courage, with all her soul, with all her tenacity.
+She has fought with all her living strength, with
+her men, her women, even her children.</p>
+
+<p>What can I say which has not already been said
+about the men? When I think of my own men,
+when I think of all the men floundering and fighting
+in this mud, I can find no other means of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+expression than the words that have already
+served the Commander in Chief of the French
+Army, General P&eacute;tain, on the evening of his great
+victory at the Chemin des Dames. In receiving
+the American newspapermen, he said to them:</p>
+
+<p>"Do not speak of us, the generals and the officers.
+Speak only of the men. We have done
+nothing; the men have done everything. Our men
+are wonderful; we, their leaders, can only kneel
+at their feet."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The women have been no less wonderful. And
+I want to write a few words about them.</p>
+
+<p>The women who are at the front have fought
+like the men. Can you imagine a more beautiful
+deed of arms than that of a young girl, twenty
+years old, named Marcelle Semer, whose heroic
+story a French Cabinet Minister, M. Klotz, told
+recently at one of the Matin&eacute;es Nationales at the
+Sorbonne.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1914, there lived at Eclusier, near
+Frise, a young girl with gray eyes and blonde hair
+named Marcelle Semer. She was twenty years old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+at the time and kept accounts in addition to overseeing
+the work of a factory. At the time of the
+August invasion, after the Battle of Charleroi, the
+French tried to halt the Germans at the Somme.
+Not being in sufficient force, they retreated, crossing
+the river and the canal. The enemy immediately
+pursued. Marcelle Semer, who was following
+the French troops, had the presence of
+mind, after the last soldier had crossed the Somme
+Canal, to open the drawbridge in order to prevent
+the Germans from crossing it, and to hurl
+the key to the bridge into the canal in order that
+they might not take it from her when they came
+up. An entire enemy army corps was thus detained
+for twenty-four hours by this young girl's
+presence of mind; and it was only on the following
+day that the enemy, having found some boats on
+the Somme, made a bridge of them and passed over
+the canal. But the French soldiers were already
+far away.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans were masters of the neighborhood
+for some days. They seized the inhabitants as
+hostages and shut them up in a cave. Marcelle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+Semer secretly carried them food. She also carried
+sustenance to other inhabitants who had hidden
+in the woods or in cellars. She succored and
+concealed the soldiers whom wounds or fatigue
+had prevented from following the main body of
+troops. She contrived that sixteen of them,
+dressed as civilians, escaped. Then she was apprehended
+by the Germans, arrested and led into
+the presence of a court-martial. The judgment
+was summary, and after a quarter of an hour's
+questioning Marcelle Semer was condemned to
+death.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you admit," asked the presiding officer,
+"that you helped French soldiers to escape?"</p>
+
+<p>"I certainly do," she replied. "I managed it
+so that sixteen of them escaped, and they are beyond
+your reach. Now you can do what you want
+to me. I am an orphan. I have only one mother&mdash;France.
+She does not disturb me when I'm
+dying."</p>
+
+<p>This was one time when God intervened.
+Marcelle did not die. Brought to the place of
+execution, at the very moment when they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+about to shoot, the French re&euml;ntered the village
+and, by a miracle, she escaped her executioners.
+Today she wears the Croix de Guerre and the
+medal of the Legion of Honor.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>They were Frenchwomen and fighters, these
+women whose names and deeds are to be found in
+the columns of the "Journal Officiel." Read, for
+example, this citation concerning Madame Macherez,
+President of the Association des Dames
+Fran&ccedil;aises de Soissons:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>She willingly assumed the responsibility and the
+danger of representing the city before the enemy,
+and defended or managed the interests of the population
+in the absence of the mayor and the majority
+of the members of the town council. In
+spite of an intense bombardment which partially
+ruined the city, she took the most effective means
+possible to maintain calm in the city and to protect
+the lives of the inhabitants.</p></div>
+
+<p>In this department, a lay instructress, Mlle.
+Cheron, merited a citation which does not contain
+the least over-praise:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>She evidenced the greatest energy in difficult
+circumstances. Charged with the duties of Secretary
+to the Mayor, and alone at the time of the
+arrival of the Germans, she was not disconcerted
+by their threats, and kept her head in the face
+of their demands with remarkable calm and decision.
+When our troops returned, she assumed
+responsibility for the service and feeding of the
+cantonment. She personally took the steps necessary
+for the identification and burial of the dead.
+Finally, she was able to prevent panic at the time
+of the bombardment by the force of her example
+and her encouragement of the populace.</p></div>
+
+<p>Those three nuns were also Frenchwomen and
+fighters of whom the "Journal Officiel" in the general
+order spoke as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mlle. Rosnet, Marie, sister of the order of St.
+Vincent de Paul, Mother Superior of the Hospice
+at Clermont-en-Argonne, remained alone in the
+village and showed during the German occupation
+an energy and coolness beyond all praise. Having
+received a promise from the enemy that they
+would respect the town in exchange for the care
+the sisters gave their wounded, she protested to
+the German commander against the burning of the
+town with the observation that "the word of a
+German officer is not worth that of a French <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>officer."
+Thus she obtained the help of a company
+of sappers who fought the flames. She gave the
+most devoted care to the wounded, German as well
+as French....</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mlle. Constance, Mother Superior of the Hospice
+at Badonvillers, during the three successive
+German occupations in 1914, assisted the sisters
+and remained bravely at her post night and day,
+in spite of all danger, and was busy everywhere
+with a devotion truly admirable....</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mlle. Brasseur, Sister Etienne, Mother Superior
+of the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul in the Hospital
+at Compi&egrave;gne, from the war's beginning at
+the head of a staff whose tireless devotion has deserved
+all praise, has given the most intelligent
+and enlightened care to numerous wounded men.
+During the time of the German occupation, her
+coolness and energetic attitude assured the safety
+of the establishment she directed. Her brave initiative
+allowed several French soldiers to escape
+from captivity.</p></div>
+
+<p>The modest postmistress and telegraph operator
+was a Frenchwoman and a fighter, who, in the little
+village of Houpelines, in the north of the country,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+deserved this citation in the orders of the day,
+of which thousands of soldiers would be proud:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Refusing to obey the order that was given her
+to leave her post, she remained in spite of the danger.
+On the first of October the Germans entered
+her office, smashed her apparatus and threatened
+her with death. Mlle. Deletete, who had put her
+valuables and accounts in safe-keeping, gave evidence
+of the greatest calmness. From the seventeenth
+on she endured the bombardment. Her office
+having been damaged severely by the enemy's
+fire, she took refuge in the civil hospice, where four
+persons were killed at her side. She resumed her
+duties on the twenty-third, since which date she
+has continued to perform them in the face of frequent
+bombardments which have found many victims.</p></div>
+
+<p>The women behind the lines have been worthy of
+their sisters at the front.</p>
+
+<p>In the forges, the foundries, the factories and
+the munition plants they have not feared to don
+the blouse of the workingman, and on this blouse
+they wear as insignia a large grenade like that
+on the brassard of the mobilized men. Note these
+figures. On the first of February, 1916, the civil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+establishments of war, the munition plants, and
+the Marine workshops employed 127,792 women.
+The number has increased, and on the first of
+March, 1917, they numbered 375,582 women. On
+the first of January, 1918, the women working in
+the factories manufacturing war material amounted
+to 475,000; that is to say, in round numbers,
+a half million.</p>
+
+<p>Others, in the hospitals, ambulance and dispensaries
+have devoted themselves to the wounded, the
+mutilated, the sick and the suffering, to the sacrifice
+of their health, their youth, and sometimes
+their life itself. Here again the figures are eloquent&mdash;they
+speak for themselves. Three great
+societies, constituting the French Red Cross, have
+carried on this work of charity and devotion&mdash;the
+Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Secours aux Bless&eacute;s Militaires, the
+Union des Dames de France, and The Association
+des Dames Fran&ccedil;aises. At the war's outbreak the
+Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Secours aux Bless&eacute;s had 375 hospitals
+with 17,939 beds; today it has 796 hospitals with
+67,000 beds and 15,510 graduated nurses, three
+thousand of whom are employed in military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+hospitals. On the thirty-first of December, 1916,
+the Union des Dames de France had 363 hospitals
+with 30,000 beds and more than 20,000 graduate
+or volunteer nurses. From August, 1914, to
+March, 1917, the Association des Dames Fran&ccedil;aises
+had raised the number of its hospitals from
+100 to 350, and from 5,000 to 18,000 the number
+of its beds; the number of its graduate nurses
+from 5,000 to 7,000.</p>
+
+<p>On the thirty-first of December, 1916, the three
+societies counted about 42,000,000 days of hospital
+work, 25,000,000 for the Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Secours
+aux Bless&eacute;s alone. From the beginning of the
+war, this society has expended for equipment the
+sum of 38,700,000 francs.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from these there are other figures which
+show the material effort of the Frenchwomen
+which I can not pass over in silence. They show
+the civic devotion of which they are capable. The
+Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Secours aux Bless&eacute;s has been granted
+one cross of the Legion of Honor, 94 Croix de
+Guerre, 119 Medailles d'Honneur des &eacute;pid&eacute;mies.
+The Association des Dames Fran&ccedil;aises has won<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+17 Croix de Guerre and 80 Medailles des &eacute;pid&eacute;mies.
+The Union des Femmes de France has won 39
+Croix de Guerre. And last comes the glorious
+list of martyrs of the societies: 110 nurses have
+died in the devoted performance of their duties.</p>
+
+<p>The heroism of these valiant women, many of
+whom remained in the occupied territories, will be
+the eternal pride of France. Madame Perouse,
+President of the Union des Femmes de France
+wrote to M. Louis Barthou telling him the number
+of women who had risked their liberty, their life,
+their honor even, to protect in the face of the
+ferocious enemy the sacred rights of the French
+wounded. It is fitting to add that, if they have
+taken care of the German wounded as well as the
+French wounded, they can always recall the reply
+of a devoted teacher of the Marne district, Mlle.
+Fouriaux, to a German major:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir, we have only done our duty as nurses,
+never forgetting that we are Frenchwomen."</p>
+
+<p>Mlle. Joulin, a nurse at Douai, did not forget
+her duty as a Frenchwoman. She was held a prisoner
+by the Germans for a year in the camp at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+Holzminden, in which she took the place of the
+mother of five children who had been put down on
+the list of hostages drawn up by the German barbarians.</p>
+
+<p>And if you would know where these heroic
+women have poured out their courage, their coolness
+and their physical resistance, which they have
+put in the service of their country and of humanity,
+you have but to listen to the declaration of one
+of them, Mlle. Canton-Baccara, who has been made
+a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, for having
+shown bravery and exceptional devotion in the
+face of the greatest danger:</p>
+
+<p>"The wounded soldier who suffers," said Mlle.
+Canton-Baccara, "the soldier who is complaining
+or the peasant who is weeping for the farm that
+has been pillaged, a woman's smile ought to console
+and her voice ought, under all circumstances,
+to be ready to recall to him that above these
+sufferings and troubles, above the paltry struggles
+of interest and ambition, there is, above all
+this, France, our France, which matters before
+all else."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Still other women, who were neither in the hospitals,
+at the front, nor in the factories, have been
+admirable fighters. They fought, according to
+Mlle. Canton-Baccara's words, with their heart
+and with their smile. They fought by the example
+of abnegation they gave, by the moral force with
+which they inspired the men in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Castelnau is a glorious figure, she,
+the wife of the General who saved Nancy and
+stopped the rush of the barbarians on the Grand
+Couronn&eacute;!... Madame de Castelnau had, before
+the war broke out, four sons. Three fell on
+the battle field. The fourth is actually still a prisoner
+in the hands of the Germans. On the lips of
+their father there is never the slightest word of
+complaint; on the lips of the mother there are
+these admirable words, which the children in the
+schools will repeat later on.... Madame de
+Castelnau was in a little village when her third son
+was killed. The cur&eacute; of the village had the pitiful
+task of telling the already mourning mother of
+this new blow that had struck her. The cur&eacute;
+found Madame de Castelnau, and, in the presence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+of her great sorrow, he hesitated and was overcome
+with embarrassment:</p>
+
+<p>"Madame," he said, "I come to bring you another
+blow. But know well that all the mothers
+of France weep for you."</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Castelnau knew the truth at once.
+She interrupted the priest and, looking him
+straight in the eye, replied:</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I know what you are going to tell me.... God's
+will be done. But the mothers of
+France would be wrong in weeping for me. Let
+them envy me."</p>
+
+<p>Those are the words of a Frenchwoman of noble
+descent. But you can place on the same high level
+the words of an old woman, a humble soul, whom
+the gendarmes found one night crouched on a
+grave that was still fresh. It was up near Verdun.
+She told the gendarmes:</p>
+
+<p>"I come from La Rochelle. Five of my sons
+have already fallen in the war. I have come here
+to see where the sixth is buried&mdash;the sixth&mdash;my
+last son."</p>
+
+<p>Moved by the tragic grandeur of the sight, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+gendarmes rendered her military honors and presented
+arms. The mother rose and uttered the
+words her dead and her heart inspired:</p>
+
+<p>"Even so, Vive la France!"</p>
+
+<p>All of them, mothers of noble birth and of peasant
+stock, rich and poor, wives, sisters, and fianc&eacute;es
+are the first to exhort their sons, husbands
+and brothers to fight to the end. All have the
+same words of sacrifice and abnegation on their
+lips. All of them find words which best fortify,
+exalt and console their men.</p>
+
+<p>Read this letter I picked up on the field of battle,
+a letter written by a humble peasant woman
+whose heart, after centuries of noble and wise
+discipline, was in the right place:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My dear Boy</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We got your letter, which gave us great pleasure.
+We waited anxiously for it. You wrote it
+two days ago. Since that time things have
+changed. Did you get my letter? I hope so. I
+must reassure you about your father the very
+first thing. He was away only three days, time
+enough to guide a detachment to Bourges. So<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+there is only one vacant place at the fireside, but
+how big that one is.</p>
+
+<p>My dear boy, you speak to me of sacrifice; yes,
+it is one. And I can tell you it is the greatest one
+that has ever been asked of me. However, I keep
+calm. I tell myself sometimes that I have deserved
+it. I am ready to pay, but I wish so much that
+you might not pay.</p>
+
+<p>My dear boy, you speak to me of duty and of
+honor. I have never doubted that you would do
+what you ought to. Yes, my son, a soldier's honor
+lies in being on the battle field when the country
+is in danger. Go, then, my son, with the blessing
+of your mother and your father, and with that
+most mighty one of your country and of heaven.</p>
+
+<p>You tell me to accept my lot courageously.
+Alas, sometimes it fails me. However, I shall try
+to be resigned and I hope to see you again in spite
+of everything. If that should not happen, say to
+yourself, my dear boy, when you close your eyes,
+that you have all the love and all the sweetest
+kisses of your mother, who would like to fly to
+you.</p></div>
+
+<p>The sisters are worthy of their mothers. Here
+is a letter written by two young girls who live in
+Lorraine, near Nancy. Plutarch never wrote anything
+more beautiful:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Moyen</span>, 4 <span class="smcap">September</span>, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Edouard</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I have heard that Charles and Lucien died on
+the twenty-eighth of August. Eug&egrave;ne is badly
+wounded. As for Louis and Jean, they are dead
+also.</p>
+
+<p>Rose has gone away.</p>
+
+<p>Mother weeps, but she says that you are brave
+and wishes that you may avenge them.</p>
+
+<p>I hope that your officers will not refuse you
+that. Jean won the Legion of Honor; follow in
+his footsteps.</p>
+
+<p>They have taken everything from us. Of the
+eleven who went to war, eight are dead. My dear
+Edouard, do your duty; we ask only that.</p>
+
+<p>God gave you life; he has the right to take it
+away from you. Mother says that.</p>
+
+<p>We embrace you fondly, although we would
+like to see you. The Prussians are here. Jandon
+is dead; they have pillaged everything. I have
+just returned from Gerbevillers, which is destroyed.
+What wretches they are!</p>
+
+<p>Sacrifice your life, my dear brother. We hope
+to see you again, for something like a presentiment
+tells us to hope.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We embrace you fondly. Farewell, and may we
+see you again, if God grants.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">(Signed) <span class="smcap">Your Sisters</span>.</p>
+
+<p>P.S. It is for us and for France. Think of
+your brothers and of your grandfather in 1870.</p></div>
+
+<p>And this next letter is sublime. It was addressed
+to M. Maurice Barr&egrave;s by a lady from the
+city of Lyons, which is perhaps the most mystic
+city in all France. In the newspapers mention
+had been made of the men disabled by war, and of
+all the unfortunates who were mutilated, whose
+limbs had been amputated, who were helpless or
+blinded. The question was raised of knowing what
+ought to be done to help them. Then the lady
+wrote as follows to M. Barr&egrave;s:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: One of these recent days, when our troubles
+have been so hard to bear, I went to regain
+my courage into one of the beloved sanctuaries
+of Notre Dame.... A lady dressed in black
+came in beside me and, as all mothers are sisters
+in these trying days, I asked after her men at
+the front. She told me sadly that she was a poor
+widow, and that the war had taken away her two
+sons, her sole means of support. One of them had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+had an arm amputated&mdash;the right arm&mdash;and the
+hands of the other were cut off at the wrists. She
+came from seeing them to pray to the Mother of
+Sorrows for her children and herself.</p>
+
+<p>I was deeply moved by her sorrow and by her
+not complaining. I sought means to console her.
+This is the means I have found, sir, and I tell
+it to you now....</p>
+
+<p>Let us ask the Virgin, I said to her, to create
+young women in France so brave, so strong, and
+so devoted that they will gladly and proudly consent
+to marry the poor, injured men and to be
+not only their hearts but the limbs which will aid
+them to make their daily bread; leaving to the
+men the privilege of loving them, of respecting
+their presences and of guiding their lives.</p>
+
+<p>The poor woman understood me. We separated.
+My own youngest daughter was in my
+thoughts; and do you not think that the men who
+have a wider audience could stir the hearts of the
+young women, twenty years of age in France, if
+they asked them to perform this act of devotion,
+and to be the companions of the mutilated, maimed
+men of France?...</p></div>
+
+<p>Then, too, the women who had only their dignity
+and their high spirit to defend themselves
+against the grossness and the insults of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>Prussians,
+have been the incarnation of the spirit of
+France.</p>
+
+<p>An old woman who dwelt in a village on the
+Aisne was spattered with mud by the Kaiser as
+he passed by on horseback. He made a gesture
+excusing himself. She fixed her eyes on him and
+said simply:</p>
+
+<p>"It doesn't matter, sir. That mud can be
+washed off."</p>
+
+<p>A great lady in one of the ch&acirc;teaux in the invaded
+regions, had to receive one of the Kaiser's
+sons. The day of his departure he sent for her
+to thank her for the hospitality she had shown
+him. The old lady, looking at him, contented herself
+with replying:</p>
+
+<p>"Do not thank me, sir. I did not invite you
+here."</p>
+
+<p>And she re&euml;ntered her house with all dignity.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Because the women of France have been all
+this and have done all this, France has been able
+to fight on, and will be able to fight to the end.
+Because the women of France have been all this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+and have done all this, the soldiers, in the mud
+of the trenches, revere them as Madonnas.</p>
+
+<p>The historian Tacitus tells somewhere how, on
+a hot spring day, a slave, panting and worn out,
+entered one of the gates of the Eternal City.
+He crossed the Forum without stopping and, in
+his course, mounted the Hill of Mars. Finally
+he came to one of the greatest houses of the patrician
+section of the city. His cries and shouts
+filled the house:</p>
+
+<p>"Alas, alas!" he cried.</p>
+
+<p>A lady hastened to him. She was the mistress
+of the house, the famous Cornelia Graccha.</p>
+
+<p>"What news do you bring?" she asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Alas, alas," repeated the slave, "in the battle
+down there in Umbria, two of your sons have been
+killed."</p>
+
+<p>"Fool," was the reply, "I do not ask that. Have
+the Barbarians been conquered?"</p>
+
+<p>"They have, Cornelia."</p>
+
+<p>"Then what matters the death of my sons if
+my country is victorious!"</p>
+
+<p>Those wonderful words have been handed down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+from generation to generation as a symbol of
+what ancient Rome was. Those words thousands
+of French women have uttered for the last four
+years, and they still utter them today. Other
+voices answer them. They rise from the trenches,
+and they say:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Be without fear, women of France. For you
+we will fight to our last gasp, we will shed our
+last drop of blood. Know that if for months we
+have held our heads below the level of the muddy
+trench and offered our breasts to death, it is that
+you may be freed from the wild beasts that have
+burst forth from the German forests. For your
+sakes our homes are not in ruins and our towns
+are not vassals to the enemy. It is all for you, so
+that when we shall return you need not throw
+your arms around conquered necks. Our country,
+women of France, is made up of our homes, our
+churches, and our fields, and of your beloved faces.
+Throughout the tragic periods of its history, our
+country has always been incarnated in your faces,
+whether they called themselves St. Genevi&egrave;ve or
+Jeanne d'Arc. And in our building, to personify
+the cities that are dear to us, we have always taken
+your bodies, your foreheads, and the folds of your
+gowns&mdash;see, in Paris, that statue in the Place de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+la Concorde, in the shadow of the Tuileries, which
+for days has worn a cr&ecirc;pe veil.... Well, today
+is the same as yesterday. In our trenches our
+country appears to us in those visions wherein are
+mingled your faces. We shall believe that our
+country has been well served only when, on your
+beloved faces, we shall have caused a smile to appear
+because the palms we have placed at your
+feet are the palms of victory."</p></div>
+
+<p>Future historians will state that France has
+fought not only with all her courage, her tenacity
+and her soul, with all her men, women and children:
+they will also state that these men, women
+and children, in spite of the terrible times, their
+suffering and their mourning, have remained firmly
+united, forming a firm rock from which not a
+single stone has been splintered.</p>
+
+<p>In that tormented, feverish France where the
+ardor of the Revolution still boils, there were,
+before the war, different parties, cliques, groups
+and churches. The war has leveled, united and
+bound them all together.</p>
+
+<p>In some admirable pages, consecrated to the
+"Effort of French Womanhood," M. Louis Barthou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+has painted the picture of the sacred union
+there is among all the French women:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I have seen [he writes] our women at the front
+and behind the lines, in the hospitals, the railway
+stations, the automobile service, the canteens, the
+factories, in relief work and in charity work. I
+have met nurses, unmoved under a bombardment.
+I have tested the spirit of fellowship which unites
+them, including as it does the names of the most
+aristocratic French families and the most modest
+citizens. There is no false pride among those in
+high places nor envy among those lower in the
+social scale. They wear the same garb, the same
+cap, with the same cross on their foreheads. For
+the soldiers there is the same uniform, and when
+you say uniform you mean equality in devotion, in
+the risk of life, and in loyalty to duty. Between
+the classes of society there is no contention, there
+is only emulation. I do not know whether or not,
+in times of peace, they had all and everywhere
+escaped the local passions which have poisoned national
+life, but the war has given them sacred union
+for a countersign, and they, as disciplined soldiers,
+have respected this countersign.</p>
+
+<p>The French nurse's smile will have served the
+nation's defense well, but I emphasize this when I
+think how well it will have served the nation's unity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+in the aftermath that shall follow war. What
+rancors it will have appeased! What jealousies
+it will have blotted out! What petty prejudices
+it will have conquered! These society women and
+women of the middle class who have leaned over
+the beds of sick or wounded peasants, and these
+young girls who have tended their hurts, bound
+up their wounds, and calmed their sufferings have,
+with their delicate hands, so expert in the worst
+treatments, laid the foundations of a France that
+is united and fraternal, where envy and hate have
+no place. All eyes have opened to broader vistas
+of revealed clearness, to which they have hitherto
+remained closed through prejudice, or obstinacy.
+They will have learned that bravery, devotion to
+the right, loyal and tried disinterestedness, heartfelt
+and wise knowledge can dwell in the simple
+soul of the peasant and the workingman. The
+peasants and the workingmen who have come out
+from their care will have learned that luxury does
+not exclude goodness, that beauty is not always a
+sterile gift, that youth is not altogether callow,
+that a woman can be pretty and generous, delicate
+and courageous, rich and sympathetic, and
+that the mothers whose children are dead excel
+in lavishing the care of their hands and the tenderness
+of their hearts on the wounded children
+who are suffering far from their mothers.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+<p>The sacred sense of union that reigns among
+the men is no less firm. It is only necessary to
+read the letters written on the eve of their deaths&mdash;in
+that hour when a man, alone, face to face
+with himself, lets his soul speak&mdash;by the fighters
+who gave their heart's blood for the sacred cause.</p>
+
+<p>They all say the same things.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a letter a Jew wrote, named Robert
+Hertz, a second lieutenant of the 330th infantry
+regiment, who fell on the 13th of April,
+1915, at Marcheville:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My Dear</span>: I remember the dreams I had when
+I was a little child. With all my soul I wished to
+be a Frenchman, to be worthy to be one, and to
+prove that I was one.... Now the old, childish
+dream comes back to me, stronger than it ever was.
+I am grateful to the officers who have accepted
+me for their subordinate, to the men I have been
+proud to lead. They are the children of a chosen
+people. I am full of gratitude towards our country
+which has received me and heaped favors upon
+me. Nothing would be too much to give in payment
+for that, and for the fact that my little son
+may always hold his head high and never know,
+in the reborn France, that torment which has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+poisoned many hours of our childhood and of our
+youth. "Am I a Frenchman?" "Would I deserve
+to be one?" No, little boy, you shall not say that.
+You shall have a native land and your step may
+sound on the earth, nourishing you with the assurance,
+"My father was there and he gave all he
+had for France." If recompense is necessary, this
+is the sweetest one there is for me.</p></div>
+
+<p>This is the letter of a Protestant, second lieutenant
+Maurice Dieterlin, who was killed on the
+sixth of October, 1915, and who, on the eve of
+the Champagne offensive, wrote these last words
+they were to read from him, to his family:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I saw the most beautiful day of all my life. I
+regret nothing and I am as happy as a king. I
+am glad to pay my debt that my country may be
+free. Tell my friends that I go on to victory with
+a smile on my lips, happier than the stoics and the
+martyrs of all time. For a moment we are beyond
+the France that is eternal. France ought to live.
+France will live. Get ready your loveliest gowns,
+keep your best smiles to welcome the conquerors
+in the great war. Perhaps we shall not be there,
+but there will be others in our places. Do not
+weep, do not wear mourning, for we shall have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+died with a sweet smile on our lips and a lovely
+superhumanity in our hearts. Vive la France!
+Vive la France!</p></div>
+
+<p>What wonderful enthusiasm! But still more
+beautiful is this prayer, that of a little Protestant
+soldier from the Montb&eacute;liard country, who died
+in the Gare d'Amberieu hospital:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Lord, may Thy will and not mine be done. I
+have consecrated myself to Thee since my youth,
+and I hope that the example I have offered may
+serve to glorify Thee.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord, Thou knowest that I have not desired
+war, but that I have fought to do Thy will; I
+offer my life for peace.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord, I pray Thee for the welfare of my people.
+Thou knowest how greatly I love them all,
+my father, my mother, my brothers and my sisters.</p>
+
+<p>"Lord, return manyfold to these nurses the
+good they have done me; I am but a poor man
+but Thou art the dispenser of riches. I pray to
+Thee for them all."</p></div>
+
+<p>This prayer, in which the little soldier had put
+his last living thoughts, was received by a Catholic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+sister who had cared for him, and sent by her
+to his sorrowing family&mdash;a touching proof of
+sacred union.</p>
+
+<p>All of them, Catholics, Protestants and Jews,
+speak of God and pray to Him.... Read this
+letter from Captain Cornet-Acquier, that captain
+to whom his wife wrote, "I would urge you on with
+my voice if I saw you charging the enemy." He
+tells this little incident:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A Catholic captain was saying the other day
+that he said his prayers before each battle. The
+commanding officer remarked that that was not
+the proper moment and that he would do better
+to make his military arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>"'Sir,' he replied, 'that does not prevent me
+from making my military arrangements and from
+fighting. I feel better for <a name="it" id="it"></a>it.'</p>
+
+<p>"Then I said:</p>
+
+<p>"'Captain, I do the same thing you do. And
+I find I get along pretty well.'"</p></div>
+
+<p>This is the letter a young Catholic wrote the
+evening before a battle to his fianc&eacute;e:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My dear Jeanne</span>:</p>
+
+<p>Tomorrow at ten o'clock, to the sounds of "Sidi
+Brahim" and the "Marseillaise" we charge the
+German lines. The attack will probably be deadly.
+On the eve of this great day, which may be
+my last, I want to recall to you your promise.... Comfort
+my mother. For a week she
+will have no news. Tell her that when a man
+is in an attack he can not write to those he loves.
+He must be content with thinking of them. And
+if time passes and she hears nothing from me,
+let her live in hope. Help her. And if you learn
+at last that I have fallen on the field of honor, let
+the words come from your heart that will console
+her, my dear Jeanne.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I attended mass and communion
+with faith. It was held some yards away from
+the trenches. If I am to die, I shall die a Christian
+and a Frenchman.</p>
+
+<p>I believe in God, in France and in Victory. I
+believe in beauty and youth and life. May God
+guard me to the end. But, Lord, if my blood is
+useful for victory, may Thy will be done.</p></div>
+
+<p>Finally, here is a priest, Father Gilbert de Gironde,
+second lieutenant in the 81st infantry, who
+was killed on the seventh of December, 1914, at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+Ypres, writing his last letter.... For of the
+twenty-five thousand priests who went off at the
+beginning of the <a name="mobilization" id="mobilization"></a>mobilization, three hundred were
+called military chaplains, the rest were officers,
+stretcher-bearers, or common soldiers&mdash;and note
+the 4,000 citations in the army orders which the
+"Journal Officiel" has published, which report the
+acts of courage and of bravery done by these
+priests on the battle field:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To die young. To die a priest. To die as a
+soldier in the attack, marching to the assault in
+full sacerdotal garb, perhaps in the act of granting
+an absolution; to shed my blood for the
+Church, for France, for her Allies, for all those
+who carry in their hearts the same ideal I do,
+and for the others also, that they may know the
+joy of belief ... how beautiful that is, how beautiful
+that is!</p></div>
+
+<p>Catholics, Protestants, Jews, priests, ministers
+and rabbis, that is what they write. It is a belittling,
+a profanation, that, in spite of myself,
+I have separated and differentiated among them.
+For down there, in the bloody mud of the trenches,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+they are one body which lives together and dies
+together.</p>
+
+<p>There was a little Breton who, on the Battle
+field of the Marne, was shot in the chest. The
+death agony at once set in, and in his agony he
+asked for a crucifix. No priest happened to be
+on the spot, there was only a Jewish rabbi. The
+rabbi ran to get the crucifix, he brought it to the
+lips of the dying man, and he, in his turn, was
+killed!...</p>
+
+<p>In a little barrack in the hollow of one of the
+depressions at Verdun lived together a priest, a
+minister and a rabbi. We often saw the place.
+On the evening after a frightful battle, they were
+all three in the charnel house where the dead bodies
+are brought. They were surrounded by stretcher-bearers,
+who said to them:</p>
+
+<p>"We do not dare throw earth on the bodies of
+our comrades without a prayer being said over
+them."</p>
+
+<p>The Catholic priest asked to what faith they
+belonged.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"We do not know. How can we find out? But
+can't you arrange among yourselves?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, we shall bless them one after the other."</p>
+
+<p>And there in the bleeding night was seen the
+incomparable sight of the three men side by side,
+the Catholic, the Protestant and the Jew, reciting
+the last prayer and disappearing....</p>
+
+<p>M. Maurice Barr&egrave;s, the celebrated French
+writer, from whose magnificent book, "The Spiritual
+Families of France," I have borrowed a great
+number of the letters I have quoted, has pointed
+out that all French churches are fighting in this
+hour, forming one great church. Yes, every
+church and every saint is fighting! These saints
+belong to all beliefs, some of them to no belief.
+But one religion has united and solidified them
+all&mdash;the religion of their country, the religion of
+Liberty, the religion of civilization. All speak
+the same prayer, all have the same faith in their
+hearts, all fall martyrs in the same cause.</p>
+
+<p>The old walls which, in times of peace, separated
+parties and men, have crumbled into dust
+at the same time when the German shells crumbled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+into dust the little village churches. An infinite
+cathedral, a cathedral that is invisible and
+great has risen on high. It is the cathedral of
+the faith of France, in which all faiths commune
+in the same hope&mdash;a cathedral which time and suffering
+and death itself shall not destroy.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h2>FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Listen to the man in the street when he
+speaks&mdash;that man in the street who reflects
+public opinion whether it is just
+or unjust, genuine or sophisticated. Listen to
+him when he speaks and you will hear him say:</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, we know. France has a well tempered
+spirit. But the blood is gone out of her body.
+France would like to fight on, to fight to the bitter
+end, but France is suffering. France is worn out.
+France is bled white."</p>
+
+<p>France is suffering ... that is true. In the
+cataclysm that she did not wish for, that she did
+not start, that she did not prepare, she has lost
+more than a million men. And what men they
+were! The Ecole Normale, which is the preparatory
+school for the French university, lost seventy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+per cent of its pupils. That means that three-quarters
+of the thinkers, the literary men, the
+scientists, the philosophers, the professors of the
+France of tomorrow have been wiped out. They
+were the flower of her youth, the &eacute;lite of her intelligence.
+Add to that seven departments,
+roughly 20,000 square kilometers in area, which
+have been invaded, devastated, ruined and pillaged.
+In these seven departments all the machinery,
+all the raw materials, all the merchandise, all
+the furniture even to the door-knobs and the
+boards in the floors have been taken away. These
+departments were among the richest and most
+prosperous of those on which France prided herself
+most industrially.</p>
+
+<p>Add to that the cultivation that has been destroyed,
+the soil that has been made untillable, the
+trees that have been cut down, the roads that have
+been torn up and the bridges that have been destroyed.
+All the misery, all the mourning, all the
+sickness: a million wounded and injured men who
+have been lost as living forces by a nation which
+did not have too many inhabitants. Add the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>hundred
+thousand prisoners Germany sends back to
+us who have been made tuberculous, paralytics,
+nervous wrecks or lunatics because they have been
+physically maltreated. Yes, France is suffering.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not true that she is worn out. It is
+not true that she is bled white. The horrible hope
+Germany had formed of emptying France of her
+strength, of leaving her, fighting for breath and
+conquered, beaten to the earth for centuries to
+come, has not been realized. France always
+stands upright, her arm is still strong, her muscles
+vigorous and her blood rich.</p>
+
+<p>To destroy the lie that France is bled white,
+we must let figures, facts, statistics and definite
+proofs speak. The public shall judge for itself....</p>
+
+<p>A nation that is worn out and bled white has
+no army to defend itself. France not only still
+has an army, but she has an army that is numerically
+and materially stronger than it was at the
+war's beginning. In 1914, at the Marne, France
+had an army of 1,500,000 men; today, after four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+years of war, France has on her battle front, in
+the war zone, an army of 2,750,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>But the value of fighting men today lies only
+in the artillery they have to support them behind
+the lines. It lies in the shells the artillery is
+able to fire, in all that material that makes up the
+sinews of war of the present day. Here we find
+the most extraordinary and marvelous effort that
+history records. France, invaded, occupied,
+weakened; France that had no munitions industry
+prior to 1914&mdash;or a small munitions industry at
+best&mdash;that France has built up a war industry
+that is doubtless the best in the world, which is
+equal to the German war industry and on which
+the Allies can draw in the common cause.</p>
+
+<p>Listen to these figures and keep them in your
+heads. They are vouched for by M. Millerand,
+who was minister of war during the first year of
+hostilities:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Battle of the Marne emptied our storehouses.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventeenth of September, 1914, the
+minister of war, who had then been scarcely three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+weeks in office, was informed that munitions threatened
+to fail our artillery, and that it was necessary
+without delay to bring to the front 100,000
+shells per day instead of 13,500 for the .75 guns.
+This was merely a beginning. Three days later,
+on the twentieth of September, the minister assembled
+at Bordeaux the representatives of the
+munitions industry and divided them up into regional
+groups. At the head of each one he made
+one establishment or one individual the responsible
+person. In the face of difficulties which could not
+be conceived unless they had been overcome, with
+establishments diminished in personnel as well as
+in raw material, inexperienced for the most part
+in the complex and delicate operations which were
+expected of them, the manufacture of shells for
+the .75's mounted from 147,000 which it had been
+in the month of August, 1914, to 1,970,000 in
+the month of January, 1915, and then to 3,396,000
+during the month of July, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>222 .75 guns per month have been constructed
+since the month of May, 1915. 227 were constructed
+in the month of July, 407 in the month of
+January, 1916. For this construction, as for all
+the others, once a start was made, there was no
+stopping it.</p>
+
+<p>All orders for heavy guns had been countermanded
+at the beginning of August, 1914. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+were resumed in the month of September, 1914.
+Seventy-five per cent of the orders for heavy guns,
+on which we got along until April, 1917, had been
+given out between September, 1914, and the thirty-first
+of October, 1915. In the first seven months
+of the war, from September, 1914, to April, 1915,
+there were constructed three hundred and sixty
+pieces of heavy artillery. On August first, 1914,
+we had only sixty-eight batteries. A year later,
+to the day, on the first of August, 1915, we had
+two hundred and seventy-two batteries of heavy
+artillery.</p></div>
+
+<p>Now consider these figures, given out by M.
+Andr&eacute; Tardieu, High Commissioner of the French
+Republic at Washington, in a letter to the Hon.
+Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the matter of heavy artillery, in August,
+1914, we had only three hundred guns distributed
+among the various regiments. In June, 1917, we
+had six thousand heavy guns, all of them modern.
+During our spring offensive in 1917, we had roughly
+one heavy gun for every twenty-six meters of
+front. If we had brought together all our heavy
+artillery and all our trench artillery, we would
+have had one gun for every eight meters in the
+battle sector.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In August, 1914, we were making twelve thousand
+shells for the .75's per day, now we are making
+two hundred and fifty thousand shells for the
+.75's and one hundred thousand shells for the
+heavy guns per day.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to consider the weight of the shells
+which fell on the German trenches during our last
+offensives, you will find the following figures for
+each linear meter:</p></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="artillery">
+<tr><td align='left'>Field artillery</td><td align='right'>407 kilos</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Trench artillery</td><td align='right'>203 kilos</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Heavy artillery</td><td align='right'>704 kilos</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>High Power artillery&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>12 kilos</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'><a name="Total" id="Total"></a>Total&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1442 kilos</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And these are the figures for the monthly expenditure
+in munitions for the .75's alone:</p></div>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="shells">
+<tr><td align='left'>July, 1916</td><td align='right'>6,400,000 shells</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>September, 1916&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>7,000,000 shells</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>October, 1916</td><td align='right'>5,500,000 shells</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>During the last offensive the total expenditure
+amounted to twelve million projectiles of all calibers.</p></div>
+
+<p>This incomparable war industry has permitted
+us not only to fight, to defend ourselves and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+attack the enemy, but also to supply our friends,
+our Allies, with the munitions necessary to fight.
+Up to January, 1918, these are the amounts of
+munitions France was able to hand over to the
+nations fighting at her side in Europe:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="munitions">
+<tr><td align='right'>1,350,000</td><td align='left'>rifles</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>800,000,000</td><td align='left'>cartridges</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>16,000,000</td><td align='left'>automatic rifles</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>10,000</td><td align='left'>mitrailleuses</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>2,500</td><td align='left'>heavy guns</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>4,750</td><td align='left'>airplanes</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>And to France has come the honor of making
+the light artillery for the American Army&mdash;amounting
+to several hundred guns per month.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A nation that is worn out and bled white has
+an empty treasury and is no longer able to obtain
+taxes from its ruined citizens. Let us consider
+what France had done in a financial way in
+this war.</p>
+
+<p>From the first of August, 1914, to the first of
+January, 1918, the French Parliament voted war<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+credits amounting to twenty billions of dollars.
+Of this enormous fund only two billions have
+been borrowed from outside sources; all the
+remainder has been subscribed or paid for by
+taxation or by loans in France herself. More
+than a billion dollars has been loaned to her Allies
+by France.</p>
+
+<p>In 1917 France had the heaviest budget in all
+her history. The single item of taxes was raised
+to six billion francs ($1,200,000), and these taxes
+were paid to the penny, although ten million
+Frenchmen were mobilized in the Army, in the
+factories, and on the farms, or were untaxable
+in the occupied regions.</p>
+
+<p>In 1915, 1916 and 1917 France raised three
+great national loans. That of 1915 amounted to
+exactly 13,307,811,579 francs, 40 centimes, of
+which 6,017 millions were paid in hard cash. That
+of October, 1916, amounted in round numbers to
+ten billions francs, of which more than five billions
+were paid in hard cash. That of December, 1917,
+amounted to 10,629,000,000 francs, of which
+5,254 millions were paid in cash.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thus, in spite of the war, her invaded territories,
+and her mobilized citizens, France has in three
+years raised three national loans of almost seventeen
+billions francs in hard cash. That is three
+times the amount of the war indemnity she paid
+Prussia in 1871.</p>
+
+<p>A nation worn out and bled white has no more
+monetary reserve, no more funds in its treasury,
+and has been brought into bankruptcy. The
+Bank of France, which is probably the leading
+national bank in the world, whose credit has never
+weakened in the gravest hours of the nation's history,
+declared on the first of January, 1918, a
+gold reserve of 5,348 millions of francs, an increase
+of 272 millions over the gold in hand on January
+first, 1917. This is the greatest deposit the bank
+has ever had. All this came from the national
+resources: the weekly payments are still a million
+and a half francs, which are paid without compulsion
+and without legal processes.</p>
+
+<p>The individual deposits in the great credit establishments
+of France which, on the thirty-first
+of December, 1914, amounted to only 4,050 millions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+of francs, amounted to 6,050 millions on the
+thirty-first of December, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>And during the first three months of the year
+1918, from the first of January to the thirty-first
+of March, the surplus deposits made by the peasants
+and the working classes in the National Saving
+Bank was seventy-five millions of francs, an
+excess of more than eight hundred thousand francs
+daily.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A nation that is worn out and bled white is
+incapable of manufacturing and sees its commerce
+and industry perish. Here is the statement of
+M. Georges Pallain, Governor of the Bank of
+France, representing the accounting of the Counsel
+General of the Bank for 1917:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the industrial and commercial point of
+view, a satisfactory amelioration is noticeable.
+The investigation of the Minister of Industry in
+July last permits the statement that the percentage
+of factories and business houses rendering a
+periodical accounting, of which the advantage is
+not yet established, is only twenty-three per cent;
+it was fifty-five per cent in August, 1914.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An indication of the development of industrial
+activity is furnished by the continued increase of
+the demand for coal.</p>
+
+<p>Operations for mining ore have been pushed
+with vigor. Coal production increased greatly in
+1914. On the whole it still remains less than it
+was before the war, since the invasion has deprived
+us of the valleys in the north and the richest portion
+of Pas-de-Calais; but in the regions where
+mining is still possible the production exceeds by
+about forty per cent the figures for 1913.</p>
+
+<p>This remarkable increase has compensated to a
+certain extent for the falling off in the importations
+of coal from England; nevertheless it leaves
+our supply of coal less than our demand for it.</p>
+
+<p>To remedy this insufficiency and, at the same
+time, to give our national industry greater independence,
+researches and experiments have been
+equally intensified with a view to employing our
+hydraulic resources. In the Alps, in the Pyrenees
+and in the central Massif new installations are
+under way, and they have already attracted important
+metallurgic and chemical plants.</p>
+
+<p>The development of industrial production has
+had the result of an increase in the volume of commercial
+transactions. These continue to look
+after themselves and, for the most part, they are
+on a cash basis. The gradual resumption of credit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+operations, which former years signalized, is still
+on the increase. In 1917 the receipts from commerce
+were thirty-seven per cent greater than in
+1916. There is a notable progression of discounts,
+while the total of our delayed payments
+has been brought back to 1,140 millions.</p></div>
+
+<p>A nation that is worn out and bled white is
+unable to bind up its wounds or relieve its bed
+of suffering. France has not waited for the end
+of the war and the evacuation of her territory to
+bring in life where the Germans thought they had
+left only death.</p>
+
+<p>In eighty-four of the liberated cantons the work
+of reconstruction has already commenced. Commissions
+have been appointed. These commissions
+have proceeded already to the evaluation of the
+damage done and, without waiting for authorization,
+the administration has paid advances
+amounting to a not inconsiderable figure. Thus a
+sum totalling more than one hundred and forty
+millions francs has been expended for the reconstruction
+of the liberated regions. Seventeen
+millions have been expended in cash for repairs;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+in advances to the farmers for work or supplies,
+twenty millions; in advances to workmen, a half
+million; for the circulation of funds to the farmers,
+merchants and small manufactures, two millions;
+under the heading of reconstruction of
+buildings or the rapid reinstallation of the evacuated
+population, one hundred millions.</p>
+
+<p>An <i>Office National de Reconstruction</i> for
+the villages has been established, and an agricultural
+<i>Office National de Reconstitution</i> has
+been organized; great things have already been
+realized from private organizations. This is the
+account of what one of them, the organization of
+National Nurseries, sent in 1914 to the front and
+into the liberated regions:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="plants">
+<tr><td align='right'>6,717,575</td><td align='left'>cabbage plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>1,980,000</td><td align='left'>turnip and rutabaga plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>41,000</td><td align='left'>radish plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>27,200</td><td align='left'>cauliflowers</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>270,250</td><td align='left'>white beets</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>5,340,500</td><td align='left'>leek plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>1,836,800</td><td align='left'>chicory and endive plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>104,500</td><td align='left'>celery plants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>105,000</td><td align='left'>tomato plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>16,900</td><td align='left'><a name="tarragon" id="tarragon"></a>tarragon plants</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>9,569,450</td><td align='left'>onion sprouts</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>26,009,175</td><td align='left'>total plants of various kinds.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>These plants have been divided up into 2,436
+shipments, and they have sufficed to nourish not
+only the people who have returned to the devastated
+villages but also the troops at the front.</p></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A nation that is worn out and bled white has
+no colonies, or, if she has, these same colonies are
+likewise bloodless and worn out. The French
+colonial empire remains intact while the German
+colonial empire has disappeared from the face of
+the earth. The support the colonies brought to
+the mother country is wonderful and deserves a
+separate study on its own account.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the picture the celebrated German colonial
+empire offers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1914 Germany possessed a colonial empire
+two million square kilometers in area. It represented
+approximately four times the area of the
+German Empire, and before the war its exports
+amounted to about one hundred millions of francs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+or twenty-five millions of dollars. There were
+German Southwest Africa, 35,000 square kilometers
+in extent, with 1,750 kilometers of railroads,
+with its copper and diamond mines, its
+metals which were worth commercially thirty-seven
+millions of marks in 1911; German East
+Africa, twice as big as the German Empire, having
+1,225 kilometers of railroads, with its harbors
+where nine hundred and thirty-three merchant
+ships had touched in 1911; German New Guinea,
+as large as two-thirds of Prussia, with its rich
+deposits of gold and coal, its maritime commerce
+of 240,000 tons; the Samoan Islands, one single
+port of which, Apia, was visited by one hundred
+and ten steamers in a year; Tsing-Tao which, in
+1911, had exported 32,500,000 marks' worth of
+merchandise, whose maritime interest was represented
+by five hundred and ninety steamers which
+carried a million tons of freight. All that has
+fallen away; all that is actually in the hands of
+the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>The conquest was difficult; it was finished only
+in 1916. An order of the day of General Aymerich,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+commander-in-chief of the troops which conquered
+Kameroon, points with brief eloquence to
+some of the difficulties which have been overcome:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Officers, Europeans and troops who are natives
+of Africa and Belgian Congo.</p>
+
+<p>At the cost of hardship and unheard-of efforts,
+you have just wrenched from the Germans one of
+their best and richest colonies.</p>
+
+<p>Followed without a minute's respite from possession
+to possession, the enemy has been obliged
+to abandon the last bit of Kameroon. For eighteen
+months you have experienced the torrid heat
+of the days and the cold dampness of the nights
+without a change, you have been under the torrential
+equatorial rains, you have traversed impassable
+forests and fetid marshes, you have without
+a rest taken the enemy's positions one after
+another, leaving dead in each one a number of
+your comrades. Lacking food and often without
+munitions, with your clothing in tatters, you have
+continued your glorious march without complaint
+or murmur, until you have attained the end for
+which you set out.</p></div>
+
+<p>In this conquest France played a large part,
+just as was the case in the conquest of Togoland,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+with her Senegalese Tirailleurs, the famous Tirailleurs,
+so much decried and discussed before the
+war, who were to win the admiration of the English
+generals under whose orders they fought.</p>
+
+<p>It is appropriate to cite here the order of the
+day of the commanding officer of these troops,
+because it shows us a side of the colonial wars,
+about which little has been said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An English detachment under the command of
+Lieutenant Thomson having been strongly repulsed
+in an attack on the post at Kamina, was reinforced
+by a group of the Senegalese Tirailleurs
+made up of a sergeant, two corporals, and fourteen
+Blacks. From the beginning of the encounter
+at eleven o'clock, the mixed detachment found itself
+exposed to a lively fire from positions that
+were solidly established and supported by mitrailleuses.
+After the artillery had commenced firing
+Lieutenant Thomson, considering that the preparation
+was sufficient, bravely led his troop on to
+the attack. This courageous initiative failed under
+a severe fire from fifty meters of German
+trenches. Lieutenant Thomson fell mortally
+wounded. However, the Senegalese Tirailleurs,
+faithful to that tradition which has already proved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+its value in our colonial epic by such famous exploits,
+refused to abandon the body of the unknown
+leader their captain had given them and
+continued to hold their position. When the fight
+was over and the enemy was in flight, the bodies of
+the sergeant, the two corporals, and of nine dead
+and four wounded Tirailleurs were found stretched
+out alongside the English officer and an under officer
+who was also English. In the very spot where
+they were found, their tomb surrounds that of
+Lieutenant Thomson. United in death, they still
+seem to watch over the strange officer&mdash;unknown
+to them&mdash;for whom they sacrificed their lives because
+their leader had given them orders to do so.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the German colonial empire, four times as
+big as the fatherland, not a spot exists that is not
+in the hands of the Allies today. England holds
+the greater part; Japan has Tsing-Tao; France
+a considerable part of the African possessions.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us look at the picture the French
+colonial empire offers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1914 France ruled, in the north of Africa,
+over five and a half millions of natives in Algiers,
+two millions in Tunis and four millions in Morocco.
+When the war broke out there was not a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+single German in Morocco who was not certain
+that the natives would rise in revolt against
+France.</p>
+
+<p>"Not a single Frenchman," wrote, in peace
+times, the correspondent of the <i>Cologne Gazette</i>,
+"should escape alive." The German Government
+was convinced of the fact that the revolt of the
+inhabitants and the massacre of the French would
+be followed by an appeal of all the Moroccans
+for the intervention of the Kaiser. But nothing
+of the sort took place. In Algiers the most perfect
+calm continued to reign; in Tunis there was
+a little trouble that was soon suppressed; in Morocco
+there was a man, diplomat and soldier at
+the same time, who was able to keep peace and
+hold the country firm to France. He was General
+Lyautey.</p>
+
+<p>During the early days of August, 1914, the
+question was raised whether or not it would be
+necessary to abandon the outposts in the interior
+of Morocco and withdraw toward the coast cities.
+General Lyautey declared that he would abandon
+nothing and advised the French Government to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+that effect. He sent troops, the famous Moroccan
+regiments, the best fighting units there were
+in 1914, to the battle fields of Flanders, receiving
+in exchange territorial divisions recruited for the
+most part from the Midi. However, with these
+territorial divisions General Lyautey assured the
+safety of all that portion of the empire that was
+in his care; he finished the operations he had commenced;
+he maintained French prestige and, some
+months later on, he found means to open at Casablanca
+a Moroccan exposition which showed the
+marvelous work that had been accomplished in
+that country&mdash;French for a few years only.</p>
+
+<p>The French colonies not only remained incomparably
+calm and peaceful but they also made a
+marvelous effort in coming to the aid of the
+mother country both with men and with their
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p>M. Ernest Roume, Governor General of the
+Colonies, in charge at the war's beginning of the
+government of Indo-China, sent to France more
+than sixty thousand native soldiers and military
+workers in eighteen months. They were recruited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+from the Asiatic possessions of France. In Senegal,
+in Soudan and in Morocco men volunteered by
+hundreds of thousands. Moroccans, Kabyles and
+blacks came to fight by the side of the French
+troops on the Champagne and Lorraine fronts.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, North Africa largely took care of the
+feeding of France.</p>
+
+<p>In 1914 the cereal crop had been notably deficient
+in Algiers and especially in Tunis. However,
+Algeria did not hesitate to give the mother
+land all the grain she asked for; 50,000 quintals
+of wheat and 500,000 quintals of barley and oats
+were thus hastened to continental France, and in
+addition, 40,000 quintals of wheat went to Corsica
+and 130,000 to Paris. In 1915 the colonies
+made an even better showing: Algeria furnished
+France with 1,625,000 quintals of wheat, 918,000
+quintals of barley, and 77,000 quintals of
+oats. In 1916 this figure was passed and the
+total exports amounted to four million quintals
+of grains. As for Morocco, it exported in 1914,
+90,000 quintals of wheat and 130,000 quintals of
+barley; in 1915 it exported 200,000 quintals of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+wheat and a million quintals of barley; in 1916
+it exported more than two million quintals of
+grains. Add to that the 900,000 sheep Algeria
+furnished for the French commissariat and more
+than 40,000 sheep furnished to the English commissariat
+to feed the Hindoo troops stationed at
+Marseilles. Then add in the cattle exported from
+Algeria and Morocco by the thousands, add for
+Algeria the wines and the vegetables, and for
+Tunis the olive oil. In 1916 the confederation
+of Algerian winegrowers gave the French poilus
+fifty thousand hectoliters of wine.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere in the colonies buildings have been
+built, agriculture has continued, public works
+have been constructed. In the midst of war Algeria
+has opened up railroads; Tunis has opened
+the line from Sfax to Gab&egrave;s; Morocco the lines
+from Casablanca to Fez and from the Algerian
+frontier to Taza.</p>
+
+<p>General Lyautey said, "A workshop is worth a
+battalion in Morocco."</p>
+
+<p>Workshops have been opened everywhere.
+There was never so much work done. The colonial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+empire was never more prosperous, more active
+and more glorious.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A nation that is worn out and bled white has
+passed the stage where it can come to the aid of
+others. In her death agony, she has no more
+than her own strength to last her during the last
+hours. France has been able to come to the aid
+of the other Allies. She has lent them a strong
+helping hand, she has been able to save them from
+total extinction. French troops have fought and
+are still fighting on all the battle fronts; in Italy,
+the Balkans, Palestine and Central Africa. It is
+almost to France alone and to France especially
+that the salvage of the remnant of the Serbian
+Army has been due.</p>
+
+<p>We remember what happened in September,
+1915. At the time when the dual offensive was attempted
+in Artois and in Champagne, the German
+Armies invaded Poland, Volhynia, Lithuania and
+Courland, delivered Austrian Galicia and commenced
+to submerge Serbia beneath their innumerable
+legions. Invaded by three armies, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+German, Austrian and Bulgarian, all of them
+amply supplied with heavy artillery and asphixiating
+gas, poor little Serbia was doomed beforehand.
+But, tenacious to the end, her heroic defenders
+preferred to leave their country rather
+than submit to a hated yoke. Step by step the
+Serbians, always facing the enemy, retreated to
+the sea. It was a terrible tragedy. Their retreat
+will remain a matter of legend, like that of the
+Ten Thousand under Xenophon. As they retreated,
+the Serbians called, in their despair, for
+help.</p>
+
+<p>Who went to Serbia's aid? It was not Russia,
+whose armies were quite worn out. It was not
+England, who feared an attack on Egypt and who
+was still fighting at the Dardanelles. It was not
+Italy, whose special efforts were directed towards
+preventing the junction of Austria with Greece,
+and who was satisfied with establishing herself
+at Valona and thus driving a wedge between her
+two rivals on the Adriatic coast.</p>
+
+<p>But France, France who is represented as worn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+out and bled white, heard Serbia's call for help
+and decided to respond to it.</p>
+
+<p>Supplies were first landed at San Giovanni di
+Medua and Antivari in the smaller French boats.
+But it was soon evident that these supplies would
+be insufficient and that the Serbs could not maintain
+their positions in the Adriatic ports even
+with French help from the sea. The complete
+evacuation of an entire army, piece by piece, had
+to be undertaken. The transporting of entire
+Serbia beyond the seas, to another country, had
+to be considered. Where were they to go? Where
+were the thousands of worn out soldiers, of sick
+and wounded men, to be transported?</p>
+
+<p>Once again France answered. France held
+Tunis, France held Bizerta. Tunis and Bizerta
+would shield temporarily the remains of Serbia.
+From the end of November, 1915, the smaller
+French ships, torpedo boats, trawlers and transports
+made the trip from Durazzo to San Giovanni
+di Medua to embark the Serbian Army.
+Great steamers, such as the <i>Natal</i>, <i>Sinai</i>, and
+<i>Arm&eacute;nie</i>, and a flotilla of armored cruisers <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>followed
+them. Thirteen thousand men were transported
+in this fashion.</p>
+
+<p>But the situation grew worse. The Serbs along
+the seacoasts were pressed harder and harder by
+the Austrians and by Albanian bands. Besides,
+the transporting to Tunis was too slow when the
+progress of the enemy was considered. Finally
+the appearance of typhus and cholera rendered
+more dangerous the removal of the unfortunate
+troops to a great distance. A new plan was arranged.
+The remaining Serbs were to be transported
+not into Tunis, which was so far away, but
+to a land as near as possible to the scene of disaster.
+Corfu was there; Corfu, only sixty miles
+away from the farthest point of debarkation;
+Corfu, whose climate was marvelously suited to
+the recovery of sick men; Corfu which offered a
+very safe harbor. It was decided to occupy
+Corfu, prepare the island, transport the entire
+Serbian Army thither and assure that this army
+would be built up there. And France was charged
+with carrying out this operation.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of January, 1916, the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+French organization of ten trawlers set out from
+Malta to make a preliminary reconnoissance
+around Corfu, to drag for mines and to clear out
+the submarines. A second flotilla followed it
+forty-eight hours later. On the eighth of January
+the armored cruisers <i>Edgar Quinet</i>, <i>Waldeck-Rousseau</i>,
+<i>Ernest Renan</i>, <i>Jules Ferry</i> and
+five torpedo boats, which were located at Bizerta,
+received orders to embark a battalion of Alpine
+chasseurs with their arms, baggage and mules
+and to take up their positions to be ready at the
+first signal.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the tenth, the French consul
+at Corfu woke up the Greek prefect in order to
+announce to him the imminent arrival of our
+squadron and what it was going to do. After
+he had received the formal protest of this functionary,
+he went down to the port, where there
+was no longer any doubt in anyone's mind of
+what was going to happen. With him went guides
+and automobiles to finish everything quickly before
+the Germans could offer any opposition.
+Some minutes later, on time at the rendezvous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+agreed upon, the French cruisers came into the
+harbor and immediately disembarked their contingent
+of Alpine Chasseurs. Before daybreak
+the principal vantage points as well as the most
+important positions on the island were occupied.
+Suspected persons were seized in their beds, a
+doubtful post of T. S. F. was seized also. Corfu,
+which went to sleep half German, woke up entirely
+French to the tune of the martial music that was
+to inform the inhabitants of the little change that
+had taken place over night.</p>
+
+<p>The question remained of <i>Achilleion</i>, the property
+of William of Germany, which was about nine
+miles from the city. If <i>Achilleion</i> had been a
+French property and German soldiers had paid
+a visit, what pillage, what defilement, what orgies
+there would have been!</p>
+
+<p>But <i>Achilleion</i> was a German property, and the
+French have a method of procedure that is peculiarly
+their own. This is what happened, according
+to the narrative of a young naval officer
+who was on the spot:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>At four o'clock in the morning an automobile<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+set out from the dock, carrying a squad of twelve
+marine fusilliers under the command of one of the
+ship's lieutenants. A half hour later he presented
+himself at the gate of the palace and demanded
+that he be admitted. There was no response. He
+was insistent. Finally a door opened and an
+angry voice cried out in the darkness: "This isn't
+the time for visitors." For the owner, who found
+that there are no such things as small profits,
+permitted a visit for the sum of two francs per person.
+Surprised, the occupant of the palace submitted,
+and our detachment entered <i>Achilleion</i>,
+whose occupants it assembled&mdash;the watchman and
+two red-haired chambermaids&mdash;<i>en d&eacute;shabill&eacute;</i>, also
+a mechanic and an entomologist who wore spectacles.
+Pale with fear, the latter threw himself on
+his knees before the officer. "If I must die, I ask
+that it may be here," said he. He was left in
+peace. A company of the Chasseurs arrived and
+the marines, with their lanterns in their hands,
+went back to the ships. The Tricolor floated over
+the Kaiser's villa, which was to become a hospital
+for the Serbs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>At eleven o'clock in the morning it was all over,
+and the French cruisers put out to sea on the return
+trip to Bizerta.</p>
+
+<p>But the easiest thing had been done. The most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+difficult was about to begin. It was not only a
+question of occupying Corfu; it was also a matter
+of arranging to receive a worn-out and decimated
+army. It was a difficult task that many
+would have judged out of the question. Everything
+was lacking; there was nothing on hand.</p>
+
+<p>A writer on naval matters, who has been the
+historian of the French Navy in this war, M. Emile
+Vedel, has painted in the pages of <i>Illustration</i>
+an unheard-of and unique picture of what this
+preparation of Corfu consisted:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It was nothing less than a question of improvising
+all means that were necessary for disembarking;
+gangways, landing stairs, roads to and from
+various points on the island where the expected
+troops were to be concentrated; of uniting and
+collecting together the numerous boats&mdash;large and
+small&mdash;eighteen tugs (among them the <i>Marsouin</i>,
+<i>Rove</i>, <i>Iskeul</i>, <i>Marseillais 14</i>, <i>Audacieux</i>, <i>Requin</i>),
+twenty-seven smaller boats, nine barges, and a
+dozen mahonnes and small craft of all sizes, without
+counting the supply ships, floating tanks, unloading
+cranes and so forth&mdash;which the rapid unloading
+and revictualing of the new arrivals <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>demanded;
+of isolating the sick who were infected
+with typhus and cholera; in a word, of putting on
+their feet the diverse offices that come under the
+heading of direction of the port, all the machinery
+of which was yet to be created. At the same time
+it was necessary to maintain and repair the booms
+of the harbor, to test the channels, make arrangements
+concerning piloting, anchorage, and new
+supplies of water, provisions and coal for the always
+hurried transports which arrived, unloaded
+and sailed away at all hours of the day and night;
+constantly to clear out and drag the waters near
+the island; establish observation posts around it,
+station batteries in suitable positions, and finally
+to protect the channels around Corfu and the Albanian
+coast, in which the English aided us effectively
+by sending a hundred drifters (a sort of
+little fishing boat which we call "cordiers" at
+Boulogne), which, beating against the wind under
+full sail, dragged a cable a thousand meters long
+to snare submarines. Thanks to a pair of floating
+docks, which were placed between the extreme
+end of Corfu and the neighboring coast, a distance
+of but two or three kilometers, our vessels were
+soon in position, in a line thirty miles in length
+so that they could execute all the movements
+necessary for the landing of the Serbs and also
+have gun drill, launch torpedoes and sea planes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+and perform the rest of the maneuvers that are
+indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, fresh water in sufficient quantities
+had to be procured. For if the springs on the
+island could supply eighty thousand inhabitants,
+they now had to triple their output and give out
+a far greater supply to meet the demand of one
+hundred and fifty thousand more mouths. Every
+bit of flour had to come from outside, from Italy,
+France or England since Corfu has very few resources
+and we did not wish to encounter the hostility
+of a population to which it was necessary
+for us to show firmness more than once. The most
+recalcitrant were forced to give in, not without
+ceasing to rob us very much in the dealings they
+had with us. Oranges went up to ten francs a
+dozen, and small shopkeepers realized fortunes by
+doing money changing at fantastic rates.</p>
+
+<p>And all that will furnish only a very incomplete
+idea of the innumerable obligations the aquatic
+anthill, from an industrial and military standpoint,
+which is called a naval base, has to meet.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the ninth of January, 1916, the situation
+of the Serbian Army was precisely as follows:
+In the neighborhood of San Giovanni di Medua
+there were twelve hundred officers, twenty-six
+thousand foot soldiers, seven thousand horses and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+two thousand cattle; at Durazzo there were thirty-six
+hundred officers, sixty-nine thousand soldiers,
+twenty thousand horses and four thousand cattle;
+on the roads that led to Valona some fifty
+thousand men including officers, two thousand
+horses and three hundred cattle.</p>
+
+<p>In these three principal groups were forty-one
+field pieces, the glorious remainder of the Serbian
+artillery.</p>
+
+<p>Add to that twenty-two thousand Austrian
+prisoners whom the Serbs carried along with them
+in their exodus towards the coast and also the
+pitiable troop of refugees, sick men, old men,
+women, children who, desiring at any cost to escape
+slavery and servitude, followed the retreating
+army.</p>
+
+<p>The evacuation of this indomitable people was
+made at San Giovanni di Medua. The soldiers
+were sent to Corfu. The civilians were sent to
+Algiers and Tunis, the Austrian prisoners to
+Sardinia. But where were the typhoid and the
+cholera patients to be transported? No one
+wanted them; and in this stampede of a people,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+cholera and typhus had made their appearance
+and spread with alarming rapidity. A certain
+number of cholera patients had been taken to
+Brindisi; and everyone, naturally, refused to take
+them in.</p>
+
+<p>Since this was the case, a French trawler, the
+<i>Verdun</i>, commanded by Lieutenant d'Aubar&egrave;de,
+brought the sick to Corfu. And, as M. Emile
+Vedel tells it, this was perhaps one of the most
+beautiful episodes of our navy's activity, for
+there are few deaths as hideous as that to which
+they exposed themselves in taking in their arms
+poor beings touched with a malady essentially so
+contagious, and so dirty and covered with vermin
+that they made everyone shudder. With precaution
+and care that brothers do not always have
+for their own brothers, these near-corpses were
+taken to Corfu, where doctors and nurses from
+the French Navy saved some of them and made
+the end more easy for the rest.</p>
+
+<p>In twenty-two days everything was almost over.
+The troops at San Giovanni and Valona and Durazzo
+had been evacuated, as had the Austrian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+prisoners. All the money of the Serbian treasury
+had been transported to Marseilles in the cruiser
+<i>Ernest Renan</i>. It amounted to about eight hundred
+million francs.</p>
+
+<p>However, on the twentieth of January, about
+two thousand men still remained at San Giovanni
+di Medua. There were also a certain number of
+field pieces. After so many men and guns had
+been saved, were these to be abandoned? No.
+Everything must be saved. The last man must
+be saved and the last gun must be saved, whatever
+may be the risk, the fatigue and the hard work.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the twentieth of January,
+Captain Cacqueray, commanding the French naval
+forces, had two young naval officers of the French
+fleet come aboard his ship, the <i>Marceau</i>, Ensigns
+Couillaud and Aug&eacute;, who commanded the little
+trawlers <i>Petrel</i> and <i>Marie-Rose</i>. He ordered them
+to return once more to San Giovanni and bring
+back with them all they could.</p>
+
+<p>"You must succeed and you will succeed," Captain
+Cacqueray said simply.</p>
+
+<p>Some few minutes later the two trawlers were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+out in the Adriatic, headed for San Giovanni.
+Here we must quote Ensign Aug&eacute;'s words. He
+commanded the <i>Marie-Rose</i>, and we must be satisfied
+with citing from the eloquent brevity of the
+ship's log:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the peaceful docks of Brindisi, we passed
+through the winding channel of the outer port and
+then out of the harbor, gliding between the buoys.
+Then the mine fields were to be traversed, although
+the night was black and foggy. As we approached
+the Albanian coast the wind freshened, and in a
+veritable tempest, with hail and icy rain we entered
+the Gulf of Drin, whose water is very turbid.
+More watchful than ever, since submarines had
+been sighted in the neighborhood, we finally arrived
+at Medua. Almost blocked off by the sand
+bars, the little harbor was further encumbered by
+a dozen wrecks, boats which the Austrians had
+sunk. The question was where to pass through
+this mess, on the top of the water, with masts and
+spars pointing every way. After having rounded
+the line of mines and the <i>Brindisi</i>, an Italian vessel
+that had struck a mine some days before, we
+made the port. Ten houses and a wretched wharf
+on worm-eaten piling at the end of a funnel of
+mountains with terrible rocks is all there is of
+Medua.</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An empty sailboat was moored to the end of
+the wharf, which facilitated our operations. The
+<i>Petrel</i>, which was of lighter draft than my boat,
+managed to get alongside and, by vigorous efforts,
+we were able to join her. Ashore there were soldiers
+in muddy clothes and worn-out shoes. The
+gangway and the sailboat were soon filled by a
+chilly cold wind, which tried to blow it offshore and
+which nothing could restrain. It was impossible
+to locate any responsible person and out of the
+question to make one's self understood. Everyone
+thought only of escaping from that Hell. Finally
+some Serbian officers came up who succeeded
+somewhat in controlling their impatient troops.
+They made us bring up the first cannon, which was
+pushed over the shaking planks of the wharf. With
+great effort and by the use of triple tackles the
+gun was got aboard the <i>Petrel</i>, and the carriage
+and wheels on the <i>Marie-Rose</i>, whose hatch was
+wider. The beginning was slow, but, after the
+second cannon, the embarking went along
+smoothly.</p>
+
+<p>There was not enough time. Everyone
+stamped in the mud. With the completely washed
+out Serbian uniforms mixed the brilliant colors
+of those of the Montenegrin guard. Seated on a
+stone, King Nicholas sat stoically in the falling
+rain, awaiting the arrival of the Italian torpedo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+boat that was to place itself under his orders.
+Soldiers from the French mission arrived and did
+police duty. The radio-operators from the Italian
+post arrived and put their baggage on board.
+An officer of the Serbian Army was there with all
+the state archives. A crowd of people instinctively
+pressed towards us and got mixed up with the
+soldiers who were supposed to keep order. In
+spite of the tempest which thwarted everything,
+we managed to embark eighteen .75 guns and three
+100 howitzers, as well as a hundred cases of projectiles.
+The weather grew more dreadful, with
+hail stones in the icy rain. Blows were necessary
+to prevent the crowding aboard of that mob of
+people whom neither shouts nor threats could
+stop. We allowed as many as possible to embark&mdash;about
+a hundred on the <i>Petrel</i> and twice as
+many with us&mdash;Serbs, Montenegrins and Allies,
+of all classes and conditions, and, despairingly we
+shoved off to stop the crowd that remained. We
+were the last hope of these poor people&mdash;there were
+about fifteen hundred of them, whose only hope now
+was to face the frightful paths, marshes and swollen
+rivers that separated them from Durazzo.</p>
+
+<p>Night was falling; there remained only time
+to get away. Cases of preserves were quickly
+opened. All our bread and biscuits were used,
+and some bowls of boiling tea comforted our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+guests. But leaving the harbor, the sea grew
+heavier and torrents of spray put the finishing
+touch to the inextricable disorder that prevailed
+aboard ship. The storm stayed with us until we
+made Brindisi, where we arrived at seven o'clock on
+the morning of the twenty-second. When Italy was
+sighted, the tiredness and discouragement disappeared
+as if by magic. Hand clappings, praise
+of France, promises of victory and of revenge,
+and absurd efforts to disembark everything at
+once&mdash;passengers and material. (Journal of Ensign
+Aug&eacute;, Commander of the <i>Marie-Rose</i>.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Is that all? No; it is not. For if French effort
+is limitless, the tonnage of the trawlers is
+not. And, in spite of every effort, they were unable
+to get everyone aboard. Down there in the
+mud at Medua some Serbs still waited, turning
+anxious eyes towards the high seas to see whether
+or not the tricolor would appear on the horizon....
+Well, it did reappear, for France never gives
+up the fight. The French motto here, as everywhere
+else, was "to the bitter end." On the twenty-fourth
+of January the <i>Petrel</i> and the <i>Marie-Rose</i>
+started on the final trip. Will they arrive
+in time? Probably not. In the mountains that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+surround San Giovanni rifle shots and the rattle
+of mitrailleuses were heard; the road to Alessio
+was deserted, the beach seemed deserted, Medua
+harbor was covered with wreckage of all sorts, rendering
+navigation impossible. However, the tiny
+craft entered the harbor and approached the
+shore. Finally they saw some Serbs there. The
+news was as disturbing as possible. The Austrians
+were only a few kilometers off. There was
+fighting on the outskirts of the town. The last
+able-bodied Serbs struggled manfully to hold off
+the Austrian advance guard, which pressed them
+hard. Not a minute was to be lost if a last salvage
+was to be made.</p>
+
+<p>After a brief consultation, the two young commanders
+decided to take off everyone in their old
+boats, aided by a huge lighter which they took
+in tow. A grave responsibility if the weather
+did not hold; but the man who risks nothing will
+gain nothing.</p>
+
+<p>They worked with feverish haste. The hope of
+not being abandoned gave wings to the weak. By
+four o'clock in the afternoon everything was <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>practically
+ready ... four "seventy-fives," ten artillery
+caissons, two radio outfits, a thousand new
+rifles, hundreds of cases of shells, cartridges and
+grenades and likewise large quantities of harness
+were loaded on the trawlers. All the men who were
+in the town, its outskirts or on the beach were assembled
+and embarked on the boats. Not one
+was left behind. This time, safe from the rifles
+in the distant mountains, everyone was saved.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>At four-fifty in the afternoon [writes Ensign
+Aug&eacute;] our little boats cleared the harbor for the
+last time and made the open sea. Suddenly we
+see a trail of foam hastening on us with a mad
+rush. It started three or four hundred meters off
+on our right. There is a lightning flash and we
+see the torpedo cross our bows, too low, fortunately.
+A submarine has tried to attack us but
+has missed. We describe a great circle in order
+to avoid a second attack. Fortunately night falls
+to end the chase, and we make for the Italian
+coast. Although the sea is smooth, the third boat
+is lurching terribly. About midnight I hear terrible
+cries from this boat. It is dark as pitch and
+impossible to make out anything in the darkness.
+The cries continue: sparks burst forth. Something
+is thrown into the sea. It is impossible to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+know what is happening. So much the worse.
+The most dangerous thing would be to stop. Let
+us go on.</p></div>
+
+<p>They went on and finally arrived in sight of
+Italy the next morning. The incident of the night
+before had been a little thing which had started a
+panic on board the boat. Little by little the roofs
+and towers of Brindisi appeared in the distance.
+The entire squadron of Allied ships was there,
+ranged in battle formation. When they saw the
+two little boats which were bringing in the last
+Serbs with their last guns, they rendered military
+honors to the heroic saviors, the crews cheering
+and the colors saluting. Supreme and unprecedented
+homage was rendered two nations:
+France and Serbia.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In January, 1918, M. Vesnitch, Serbian Minister
+to France, on a mission to the United States,
+during an after-dinner speech, in a voice that did
+not conceal his emotion and with a different manner
+from his usual downcast one, told some of the
+details of this Passion. And he added:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"We are grateful to everyone, but Serbia's
+heart will remain attached through all centuries
+to come to France."</p>
+
+<p>I repeat these words, which are France's sweetest
+reward, because they attest in history what
+France, the nation "worn out and bled white"
+has done to save and succor her little ally.</p>
+
+<p>Finally let me say that the men are wrong who
+believe France is without strength and resources.
+Beneath her torn garments, in rags, under flesh
+that is cruelly bruised, there beats a virile heart
+which fights on and on. And there is young, red
+blood which still flows and is always ready to flow
+for the immortal principles of Liberty, Justice
+and Humanity.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h2>THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE</h2>
+
+
+<p>A French statesman, Mr. Louis Barthou,
+has summed up the War aims of France
+in the three words: "Restitution, Reparation,
+Guarantees."</p>
+
+<p>Restitution means the surrender of all occupied
+territories, of the territories occupied by
+force during forty-seven months, as well as the
+territories occupied by force during forty-seven
+years. Between the five departments forming
+Flanders-Argonne and the five departments forming
+Alsace-Lorraine, France is unable to make
+any distinction. France wants Metz back on the
+same ground upon which she wants Lille back. If
+Germany is to keep Metz she might as well keep
+Lille. Her claim to Strasbourg is not better than
+her claim to Cambrai.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And this is a thing which "the man in the street"
+fails sometimes to understand. He says: "Yes,
+we know, Alsace-Lorraine was taken from France
+forty-seven years ago by violence, without the people
+of the occupied territories being consulted.
+But how did France acquire Alsace-Lorraine in
+previous times? Was it not also by force after
+successful wars? Is it not a fact that Alsace-Lorraine,
+in days of yore, belonged to Germany,
+and that, historically, Alsace is a German land?"</p>
+
+<p>No, it is precisely not a fact. It is the contrary
+of a fact and of truth. And this must
+be made clear, once for all.</p>
+
+<p>When France demands Alsace-Lorraine, she
+does not do so because she will have some more
+departments in her geographical configuration,
+but because these territories belonged to France
+during centuries and centuries, because they were
+taken from France by force forty-seven years
+ago, because the people of these territories not
+only were never consulted, but also protested
+against Prussian domination&mdash;because, in a word,
+it is a question of right.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In a speech, which he delivered on the 24th of
+January, 1918, before the Reichstag, Count von
+Hertling, the Imperial German Chancellor, expressed
+himself as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Alsace-Lorraine comprises, as is known, for
+the most part purely German regions which by a
+century long of violence and illegality were severed
+from the German Empire, until finally in 1779
+the French Revolution swallowed up the last
+remnant. Alsace and Lorraine then became
+French provinces. When in the war of 1870, we
+demanded back the district which had been criminally
+wrested from us, that was not a conquest of
+foreign territory but, rightly and properly speaking,
+what today is called disannexation.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is doubtful that Count von Hertling will
+ever leave in history the memory of a great Chancellor;
+but, if he does, it will be no doubt in the
+History of Ignorance and Falsehood. Never has
+a statesman in so few words uttered with such
+impudence so many untruths!</p>
+
+<p>Historically speaking, there are in Alsace-Lorraine
+three parts: there is Lorraine, there is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>Alsace,
+and there is the southern part of Alsace including
+the town of Mulhouse.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the town of Mulhouse, the question
+is most simple and clear. The town never, at any
+time, belonged to Germany or to the Germans. It
+belonged to Switzerland and, at the end of the
+18th century, during the French revolution, the
+town, after a referendum, decided to become
+French. A delegation was sent to Paris, to the
+French Parliament, then called the <i>Conseil des
+Cinq-Cents</i>, and the delegation expressed publicly,
+officially, the desire of Mulhouse to be part of the
+French territory. There was a deliberation, and
+unanimously the <i>Conseil des Cinq-Cents</i> voted a
+motion couched in the following terms: "<i>The
+French Republic accepts the vow of the citizens
+of Mulhouse.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks later the French authorities, among
+scenes of unparalleled enthusiasm, made their entry
+into the town, and the flag of Mulhouse was
+wrapped up in a tricolor box bearing the inscription:
+"The Republic of Mulhouse rests in the
+bosom of the French Republic."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Alsace&mdash;the rest of Alsace&mdash;became French
+in 1648, more than two centuries before the war
+of 1870. It became French according to a treaty.
+The treaty was signed by the Austrian Emperor,
+because Alsace belonged to the Austrian Imperial
+Family. And it is not without interest to quote
+an article (article 75) of the treaty:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Emperor cedes to the King of France forever,
+<i>in perpetuum</i>, without any reserve, with full
+jurisdiction and sovereignty, all the Alsatian territory.
+The Austrian Emperor gives it to the
+King of France in such a way that no other Emperor,
+in the future, will ever have any power in
+any time to affirm any right on these territories.</p></div>
+
+<p>When today one reads that treaty, one has the
+impression that more than two centuries ago the
+Austrian Emperor had already a sort of apprehension
+that later on another Emperor would interfere
+in the matter and create mischief!</p>
+
+<p>Fifty-three years after that treaty, the Prussians,
+who dislike seeing anything in some one's
+else possession, tried to recover Alsace. Their
+own ambassador tried to dissuade them, and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+1701 Count Schmettau, ambassador of Prussia in
+Paris, wrote to his king:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>We cannot take Alsace, because it is well
+known that her inhabitants are more French than
+the Parisians</i>...."</p>
+
+<p>Could anything answer better the affirmation
+that "Alsatians are of German tendency?"</p>
+
+<p>Lorraine became French in 1552, more than
+three centuries before the war of 1870. Lorraine
+became French not after a war and as the result
+of a conquest, but according to a treaty signed
+by all the Protestant Princes of Germany, in
+which we find the following sentence, which is
+really worthy of meditation: "<i>We find just that
+the King of France, as promptly as possible,
+takes possession of the towns of Toul, Metz,
+and Verdun, where the German language has never
+been used.</i>" So that the Germans themselves put
+on the same line the towns of Metz, Toul, and Verdun,
+and recognized that the town of Metz was
+not German.</p>
+
+<p>All this is extremely simple and clear. What
+happened several centuries later is equally clear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When, in 1871, on February 16th, the deputies
+of Alsace-Lorraine learned that their provinces
+would be given up to Germany, they assembled,
+and in an historical document which was signed
+by all of them&mdash;there were thirty-six&mdash;they protested
+in the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Alsace and Lorraine cannot be alienated. Today,
+before the whole world, they proclaim that
+they want to remain French. Europe cannot
+allow or ratify the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine.
+Europe cannot allow a people to be seized
+like a flock of sheep. Europe cannot remain deaf
+to the protest of a whole population. Therefore,
+we declare in the name of our population, in the
+name of our children and of our descendants, that
+we are considering any treaty which gives us up
+to a foreign power as a treaty null and void,
+and we will eternally revindicate the right of disposing
+of ourselves and of remaining French.</p></div>
+
+<p>And, three years later, in January, 1874, when
+for the first time Alsace and Lorraine had to elect
+deputies, they reiterated the same protest. They
+elected fifteen new deputies; some were Protestants,
+some were Catholics, one of them was the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+Bishop of Strasbourg, but they unanimously
+signed a declaration which was read at the Tribune
+of the German Reichstag. The declaration was
+the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the name of all the people of Alsace-Lorraine,
+we protest against the abuse of force of
+which our country is a victim.... Citizens having
+a soul and an intelligence are not mere goods
+that may be sold, or with which you may trade.</p>
+
+<p>The contract which annexed us to Germany is
+null and void. A contract is only valid when the
+two contractants had an entire freedom to sign it.
+France was not free when she signed such a contract.
+Therefore our electors want us to say
+that we consider ourselves as not bound by such
+a treaty, and they want us to affirm once more
+our right of disposing of ourselves.</p></div>
+
+<p>I beg to call the attention of the reader to two
+sentences of this protestation:</p>
+
+<p>"Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like
+a flock of sheep," wrote the deputies of 1871.
+"People are not mere goods which may be sold
+or with which you may trade," proclaimed the
+deputies of 1874. Now you will find, nearly word<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+for word, the same thought expressed in the message
+of President Wilson to Congress, when he
+wrote: "No right exists anywhere to hand peoples
+about from sovereignty to sovereignty as if they
+were property."</p>
+
+<p>That right does not exist, and it is because that
+right was outrageously violated in 1871 that
+France wants Alsace-Lorraine to come back to
+her. It is because, in 1871, Right has been
+wronged that today Right must be reinstated.</p>
+
+<p>Some people have spoken of a referendum. Why
+a referendum? Was there any referendum in
+1871? And how could there be a referendum?
+How could you include in this referendum the hundreds
+of thousands of Alsatians who have fled from
+German domination? How could you exclude from
+this referendum the hundreds of thousands of
+Germans who have come to Alsace?</p>
+
+<p>The referendum was rendered by Mulhouse in
+1798. Will that town be obliged to vote again?
+And how many times will it be obliged to vote for
+France? The referendum was rendered by the
+whole of Alsace and Lorraine in 1871 and 1874,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+by their elected deputies, when they unanimously
+protested against the German annexation.</p>
+
+<p>It was rendered twenty years ago by the census
+which was taken by the Germans themselves in
+Alsace. According to that census, in 1895, notwithstanding
+the fact that the teaching of French
+was prohibited in the public schools, there were
+160,000 people in Alsace speaking French. And
+five years later, in 1900, according to another
+census there were 200,000 people in Alsace
+speaking French. And of these 200,000 people,
+there were more than 52,000 children.</p>
+
+<p>The referendum was also rendered by Alsatians
+who, before this war, engaged themselves in the
+French Army, and became officers. According to
+the official statistics of the French War Department,
+there were in 1914 in the French Army 20
+generals, 145 superior officers, and 400 ordinary
+officers of Alsatian origin. On the other side,
+in the German Army in 1914, there were four officers
+of Alsatian origin.</p>
+
+<p>And finally the referendum was rendered only
+one year before the present war, in 1913, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+Herr von Jagow, then Prefect of Police in Berlin,
+made the following extraordinary declaration:
+"We Germans are obliged in Alsace to behave
+ourselves as if we were in an enemy's country...."
+What better referendum could you wish
+than such an admission by a German statesman?</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the question of Alsace-Lorraine is
+not only a French question, but also an international
+question. It is not only France who has
+sworn to herself to recover Alsace-Lorraine&mdash;it
+is all the Allies who have sworn to France that
+she should recover it.</p>
+
+<p>"We mean to stand by the French democracy
+to the death," solemnly declared Mr. Lloyd-George
+on the 5th of January, 1918, "in the demand they
+make for a reconsideration of the great wrong
+of 1871, when, without any regard to the wishes
+of the population, two French provinces were torn
+from the side of France and incorporated in the
+German Empire."</p>
+
+<p>And, three days later, using nearly the same
+words, President Wilson, in his luminous message
+to Congress, said: "<i>The wrong done to France by</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+<i>Prussia in 1871, in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine,
+which has unsettled the peace of the world for
+nearly fifty years should be righted, in order that
+peace may once more be made secure in the interest
+of all.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>All the statesmen who have spoken since the beginning
+of the war in the name of the Allied Powers
+have attested that this war is not only a struggle
+for the liberty of nations and the respect due
+to nationalities, but also an effort toward definite
+peace. Their words only appeared fit for stirring
+up the enthusiasm of the crowds, and fortifying
+their will of sacrifice, because they gave expression
+to their feelings and prayers. If they
+are forgotten by those who uttered them they will
+be remembered by those who heard and treasured
+them.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1914, Winston Churchill said:
+"We want this war to remodel the map of Europe
+according to the principle of nationalities, and
+the real wish of the people living in the contested
+territories. After so much bloodshed we wish for
+a peace which will free races, and restore the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>integrity
+of nations.... Let us have done with
+the armaments, the fear of strain, intrigues, and
+the perpetual threat of the horrible present crisis.
+Let us make the regulation of European conflicts
+just and natural." The French republic, of one
+mind with the Allies, proclaimed through its authorized
+representatives that this war is a war
+of deliverance. "France," said Mr. Stephen
+Pichon, Foreign Minister, "will not lay down arms
+before having shattered Prussian militarism, so
+as to be able to rebuild on a basis of justice a regenerated
+Europe." And Mr. Paul Deschanel,
+the President of the Chamber, continued: "The
+French are not only defending their soil, their
+homes, the tombs of their ancestors, their sacred
+memories, their ideal works of art and faith and
+all the graceful, just, and beautiful things their
+genius has lavished forth: they are defending, too,
+the respect of treaties, the independence of Europe,
+and human freedom. We want to know if
+all the effort of conscience during centuries will
+lead to its slavery, if millions of men are to be
+taken, given up, herded at the other side of a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>frontier
+and condemned to fight for their conquerors
+and masters against their country, their families,
+and their brothers.... The world wishes to live
+at last, Europe to breathe, and the nations mean
+to dispose freely of themselves."</p>
+
+<p>These engagements will be kept. But they will
+have been kept only when Alsace-Lorraine&mdash;the
+Belgium of 1871, as Rabbi Stephen Wise has
+called it&mdash;has been returned to France. Then,
+and only then, will there be real peace. Then,
+and only then, will the "Testament" of Paul Deroul&eacute;de
+have been executed:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">When our war victorious is o'er,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And our country has won back its rank,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Then with the evils war brings in its train</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Will disappear the hatred the conqueror trails.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Then our great France, full of love without spite</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Sowing fresh springing-corn 'neath her new-born laurels,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Will welcome Work, father of Fortune,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And sing Peace, mother of lengthy deeds.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Then will come Peace, calm, serene, and awful,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Crushing down arms, but upholding intellect;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">For we shall stand out as just-hearted conquerors,</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Only taking back what was robbed from us.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And our nation, weary of mourning,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Will soothe the living while praising the dead,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And nevermore will we hear the name of battle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And our children shall learn to unlearn hate.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Just as France will not accept peace without
+restitution, she will not accept peace without reparation.</p>
+
+<p>Germany can never make reparation for all the
+ruin, all the destruction, all the sacrilege she has
+wrought. There can be no reparation for the
+Cathedral of Rheims, for the Hotel de Ville at
+Arras, for the deaths of thousands of innocent
+beings, for the slaughter of women and children.</p>
+
+<p>But there can be reparation for the damage
+done to machinery. The treasures of art which,
+contrary to all law and right, Germany has taken
+into her own country, can be returned. They can
+return the funds illegally stolen from the vaults
+of municipalities, banks and public societies. They
+can pay off the receipts which they themselves
+have signed for the objects they have compelled
+the owners to hand over to them.</p>
+
+<p>Every ch&acirc;teau in the north of France, places<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+such as those of the Prince of Monaco, of Mr.
+Balny d'Avricourt, that of Coucy, have been
+looted and pillaged. Antique furniture, paintings
+by the great masters, sculptures, historic pieces
+of tapestry have been carried off into Germany.
+Tapestries, sculptures, furniture and paintings
+must come back from Germany. The museums at
+St. Quentin and Lille have seen their collections
+of value to art and science carried off; these collections
+must come back. Factories have been
+robbed of their pumps, of their equipment, of
+their trucks; other pumps, other equipment, other
+trucks must be put in their place. Otherwise,
+nothing will prevent that in the future other expeditions
+will come to ransack other countries.
+A bold move towards Venice allowed base hands
+to be laid on the most beautiful works of art humanity
+had produced. A fortunate descent on
+the shores of Long Island or of New Jersey would
+allow the Metropolitan Museum to be looted.</p>
+
+<p>At Ham, in the Somme district, the Grand
+Duke of Hesse, the former Empress of Russia's
+brother, one morning entered the shop of an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>antiquarian
+and picked out a number of ancient
+bibelots and vases, ordering that they be sent to
+his quarters. The owner thought it would be
+wise to state the price of the lot:</p>
+
+<p>"The price," exclaimed the Grand Duke,
+"there's nothing for me to pay for! Everything
+here belongs to me."</p>
+
+<p>But the owner protested, since, as he said,
+he did own the goods.</p>
+
+<p>"Here," said the Grand Duke, "this will pay
+you for them."</p>
+
+<p>And he handed the man his card with the words
+"good for so many francs" written on it; also his
+signature.</p>
+
+<p>The number of francs mentioned on the Grand
+Duke of Hesse's card will have to be paid in full
+after the war. So will the thousands of requisitions
+signed by persons of less importance&mdash;governors,
+generals, colonels, majors, men who
+thought they could ransack all Belgium and the
+north of France with impunity, giving in exchange
+mere scraps of paper.</p>
+
+<p>The great cities of Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+Laon and Mezi&egrave;res have been compelled to pay
+exorbitant levies for war purposes, which have
+amounted to billions of francs. This was contrary
+to all international law and to the Hague
+Tribunal's regulations. The funds thus illegally
+extorted will have to be repaid in full. No indemnities&mdash;that
+is understood and is perfectly just.
+It is precisely because there will not have to be
+any indemnities that the indemnities already extorted
+will have to be made good.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Finally, just as France cannot make peace
+without receiving restitution and reparation, she
+cannot make peace without receiving certain guarantees.</p>
+
+<p>Here we approach one of the most complex and
+difficult aspects of the entire problem, because we
+find ourselves in the presence of the famous League
+of Nations. President Wilson, one of the most
+noble and generous spirits, one of the greatest figures
+that has appeared in the entire war, launched
+if not the idea at least the first definite statement
+thereof.... And this statement has awakened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+in all hearts, tired of carnage and slaughter, the
+same infinite hope that words of goodness, liberty
+and fraternity always awaken, which evoke the
+thought of the supreme end towards which humanity
+tends. The statement has done better than
+merely move men's emotions, it has moved men's
+thoughts. It has kindled in them a ray of hope
+which tends to shine more brightly every day in
+that they know that the civilized world will be
+truly a civilized world only when it is formed and
+fashioned in the likeness of a civilized nation. In
+a civilized nation no one has the right to kill another
+man, to obtain justice by using force, to
+commit murder, nor to raise armed bands to shoot,
+blow up or kill with poisoned gas other men. Tribunals
+exist to appease differences and to prevent
+fighting; every citizen is associated with every
+other citizen in the common cause of security and
+progress.</p>
+
+<p>In a civilized world no nation has the right to
+massacre, no nation ought to have the right to
+resort to the use of force to obtain justice, no
+nation ought to have the right to attack, harm,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+or destroy another nation. There ought to be
+tribunals to appease the differences of peoples
+as well as those of individuals; every nation ought
+to be associated with every other nation to assure
+the progress of the entire world.</p>
+
+<p>This theory is not only appealing, it is irrefutable.
+But it is a law for this earth that the most
+profoundly just and true theories, those which
+have been most scientifically demonstrated, encounter,
+when put into practice, obstacles which have
+not been surmounted and are often insurmountable.</p>
+
+<p>President Wilson, who is not only a great jurist
+and a noble idealist, but who also has that genius
+for realization which is a characteristic of all
+America, has not failed to appreciate the difficulties
+which the League of Nations would encounter
+were it put into practice. And if, in his messages,
+he has insisted with a force that is every day more
+eloquent on the necessity of tackling the problem;
+he has never given a detailed solution for it.</p>
+
+<p>He has done better than that, for he has swept
+aside certain factors which would have made it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+absolutely impossible. On the second, of April,
+1917, in his immortal declaration of war, he formally
+declared that "no autocratic government
+could be trusted to keep faith within a partnership
+of nations or observe its covenants. It must be
+a league of honor, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue
+would eat its vitals away; the plottings of
+inner circles who could plan what they would and
+render account to no one, would be a corruption
+seated at its very heart. Only a free people can
+hold their purpose and their honor steady to a
+common end, and prefer the interests of mankind
+to any narrow interest of their own."</p>
+
+<p>These are admirable words of truth and of
+philosophic depth, words which deserve to be
+graven in stone. No autocracy, then, in the
+League of Nations, no German militarism nor
+Austrian imperialism in it. No universal league
+of nations, even, but a limited society, a society of
+democracies!</p>
+
+<p>Certain hasty critics have observed neither the
+same prudence nor logic as President Wilson.
+They have been farther from the truth, much <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>farther
+from the truth. They have falsified his text,
+as do all commentators. They have desired to
+build complete in all details the League of Nations,
+which only existed in outline. They have
+succeeded in showing how difficult the construction
+would be, and they have only been able to set up
+a house of cards which the first breath of wind
+would knock down.</p>
+
+<p>For example, this is how one of the most eminent
+French socialists, M. Albert Thomas, a man
+who has given abundant proof of his practical
+experience and actual talents, formerly the French
+Minister of Munitions, depicts the League of Nations:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Let us suppose [he wrote on the twenty-fifth
+of December, 1917], as the mathematicians say,
+that the problem is solved. Let us suppose that
+the society of nations, made up of all the nations,
+had been created by common accord about the
+year 1910 or 1912. What would it have accomplished?
+After the assassination of the Archduke
+Franz Ferdinand, the Hague Tribunal, or
+perhaps the Washington Tribunal, would have
+made inquiry into the conditions of the murder.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+It would have taken certain steps. And if Austria,
+still dissatisfied, had invaded Serbia for the
+sake of revenge or to give scope to her ambitious
+designs, if Germany had joined with her in this,
+then all the other allied nations, in the performance
+of their duty, would have entered into a
+war against the central powers in order to force
+them to respect the liberties and the integrity of
+little Serbia. For there can be no rule without
+sanction therefore. No international law is possible
+if there does not exist at the service of
+this law the "organized force that is superior to
+that of any nation or to that of any alliance of
+nations" of which President Wilson speaks.</p>
+
+<p>If the society of nations had existed in 1914
+and if Germany had violated its laws, the entire
+world would have taken military action against
+Germany by means of war, economic action by
+means of blockade and of depriving her of the
+necessities of life. The entire world would have
+been at war with her and her allies. And in order
+that the league of nations might continue to exist,
+in order that the rule of justice, scarcely outlined,
+could have continued to exist, the victory of
+the entente powers would have been as necessary
+as it is today. Mr. Lloyd-George and President
+Wilson would have said, as they say today, "No
+league of nations without victory."</p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The difference is that in 1914 a verdict in the
+case would have been handed down by the common
+tribunal of the nations, and that there would
+have been no possible discussion of the violations
+of right committed by Germany nor on the responsibility
+for having caused the war.</p>
+
+<p>The difference would have been that in place of
+seeing the neutral nations hesitating, frightened
+by German force, disturbed by German lies, rallying
+only under the protection of one of the Entente
+armies, at the moment when they had seen on
+which side lay right, they would all, at the very
+beginning, have entered into the battle in fulfillment
+of their obligations not only on account of
+their moral responsibility but on account of their
+clearly understood interests.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the difference is that, the rights of
+the peoples having been defined clearly, there
+would have been no moment's uncertainty nor
+hesitation concerning the ends of the war.</p>
+
+<p>And it is impossible to doubt that the present
+situation of the war would have been decidedly
+different from what it is today.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have cited the passage at length in order to
+give the critic's argument its widest scope. But,
+alas, who does not see the argument's fallacy?
+Who does not perceive that this re&euml;nforced <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>skyscraper
+is a cardboard column liable to fall with
+the first push that is given it?</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, from the very beginning, the originator
+of the idea of the society of nations admits the
+hypothesis of a war and presupposes all the nations
+in the league are making war against another
+nation. Even with the society of nations
+there will still be wars. Even with the society of
+nations there will be no guarantee of absolute
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>So we are shown the spectacle, in case of war,
+of all the nations making war at once, without the
+least hesitation, without delay, without any discussion,
+against the people that disturbs the peace
+of the world. Is it a certainty that this unanimity
+would result? Is it a certainty that there
+would be no falling away, no delay? And, granting
+that there would be none of this, is it a certainty
+that irremediable <a name="catastrophes" id="catastrophes"></a>catastrophes could be avoided?
+To consider once more M. Thomas' example of the
+war of 1914, let us suppose that there had been
+at that time a society of nations, that England
+had had an army, that the United States had had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+an army, and that the Anglo-American army had
+not lost a day nor an hour. Is it a certainty that
+they would have prevented the Germans from being
+at the gates of Li&egrave;ge on the seventh of August,
+in Brussels on the nineteenth of August, and
+before Paris on the second of September? And if
+today France, England, America, Italy, Japan
+and four-fifths of the civilized world, in spite of
+the treasure of heroism and effort that has been
+expended, have not been able to prevent the present
+result, is it possible that this would have been
+obtained with the assistance of Switzerland, the
+Scandinavian nations, Holland and Spain?</p>
+
+<p>"The difference," continues M. Thomas, "is that
+there would not have been the possibility of any
+discussion of the violation of rights committed
+by Germany, nor upon what nation rests the responsibility
+for causing the war." But is that
+so sure? How was there any discussion in 1914
+of the violation of Belgium by Germany? Did
+not Germany herself, in the teeth of all the world,
+hurl the avowal of this violation when von <a name="Beth" id="Beth"></a>Bethmann-Hollweg,
+in the Reichstag, cynically <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>declared:
+"We have just invaded Belgium....
+Yes, we know that it is contrary to international
+law; but we were compelled by necessity. And necessity
+knows no law." What international tribunal's
+verdict could have the force of this avowal
+from the lips of the guilty man? However, the
+world has not moved, the world has not trembled,
+the world is not now up in arms. And who would
+guarantee that another time when the case will be
+perhaps less flagrant, the crime more obscure, the
+aggressor less cynical, the world will tremble and
+rise in arms?</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, is it always possible to determine the
+responsibility for war's origin? Is it always possible,
+before an international tribunal of arbitration,
+to throw the proper light and all the light on
+the course events have taken? Will the judges always
+be unanimous?</p>
+
+<p>Take the case of the last Balkan War in 1912.
+Is it possible today, from a six years' perspective,
+to establish with any degree of certitude the reasons
+for its outbreak and determine without hesitation
+the responsibility for it? Can you affirm<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+with any degree of certainty that a court composed
+of American, European and Asiatic jurists
+would be unanimous in condemning Turkey and
+exonerating Bulgaria? And tomorrow, if the
+Ukraine should suddenly hurl itself against the
+Republic of the Don, or if Finland invaded Great
+Russia, with your international court would you
+be really in a way to pronounce a verdict within
+five days? And if Sweden took Finland's part
+and Germany took Great Russia's, could you
+guarantee that Argentina, Japan, Australia and
+even France would consent to mobilize their fleets
+and their armies to settle the question of a frontier
+on the banks of the Neva? Can you guarantee
+that every war of every Slav republic would have
+for a correlative the mobilization of the entire
+world?</p>
+
+<p>And then are you certain that the idea of a
+society of nations is exactly a new one? Are you
+certain that there did not exist a society of nations
+before the outbreak of the present war?
+Have you never heard that, on the fifteenth of
+June, 1907, at The Hague, forty-four nations of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+the civilized world (and Germany was one of the
+number) assembled and met together to form
+such a league? Have you never heard of the
+treaty that was signed then which, according to
+the wording at the treaty's head, had for its object
+"fixing the laws and usages at war on the
+land"? Have you never read the terms of this
+convention, have you never glanced through the
+sixty-odd articles which today, in the presence of
+the nameless horrors in which we lend a hand,
+offer a prodigious interest to actuality?</p>
+
+<p>Glance over these articles&mdash;and let us see how
+they have been applied:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 4 provides that "<i>prisoners of war
+must be humanely treated. All their personal
+belongings, except arms, horses, and military papers,
+remain their property</i>." Now all the prisoners
+held by Germany have, without exception,
+been spoiled of their money, of their portfolios,
+of their rings, of their jewels, of their eyeglasses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 6 says that "<i>the state may employ as
+workmen the prisoners of war</i>," but it is careful
+in stipulating "<i>that the work must not be excessive
+and must have nothing whatever to do with</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+<i>operations of war</i>." <span class="smcap">Article</span> 7 says that
+"<i>prisoners of war shall be treated as regards
+board, lodging, and clothing on the same footing
+as the troops of the Government who captured
+them</i>." Each of these two articles has been violated
+since the beginning of the war by the Germans.
+After the Battle of the Marne, when the
+advancing French troops of Joffre arrived on the
+Aisne they found French civilians captured by
+the Germans and compelled by them to work in
+the trenches. Moreover, an official report emanating
+from Mr. Gustave Ador, President of the
+International Red Cross, now member of the
+Swiss Federal Council, called the attention of the
+belligerents as soon as October, 1914, to the bad
+treatment of the French prisoners in Germany.
+Each French officer had, as prisoner, a salary of
+one hundred marks per month, which was not
+even half of the pay of an under-officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Articles</span> 23, 25, 27, and 28 are so interesting
+that they must be quoted <i>in extenso</i>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap"><a name="Article" id="Article"></a>Article</span> 23. In <i>addition to the prohibitions
+provided by special conventions, it is especially
+forbidden</i>:</p>
+
+<p>(a) <i>To employ poison or poisoned weapons.</i></p>
+
+<p>(c) <i>To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid
+down his arms, or having no longer means of defense,
+has surrendered at discretion.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(d) <i>To declare that no quarter will be given.</i></p>
+
+<p>(e) <i>To employ arms, projectiles, or material
+calculated to cause unnecessary suffering.</i></p>
+
+<p>(f) <i>To make improper use of a flag of truce, of
+the national flag, or of the military insignia and
+uniform of the enemy, as well as the distinctive
+badges of the Geneva Convention.</i></p>
+
+<p>(g) <i>To destroy or seize the enemy's property,
+unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively
+demanded by the necessities of war.</i></p>
+
+<p>(h) <i>A belligerent is likewise forbidden to compel
+the nationals of the hostile party to take part
+in the operations of war directed against their
+own country, even if they were in the belligerent's
+service before the commencement of the war.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 25. <i>The attack or bombardment, by
+whatever means, of towns, villages, dwellings, or
+buildings which are undefended is prohibited.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 27. <i>In sieges and bombardments all
+necessary steps must be taken to spare, as far as
+possible, buildings dedicated to religion, art,
+science, or charitable purposes, historic monuments,
+hospitals and places where the sick and
+wounded are collected, provided they are not being
+used at the time for military purposes.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 28. <i>The pillage of a town or place,
+even when taken by assault, is prohibited.</i></p>
+
+<p>It seems that the men of The Hague, when they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+wrote those articles, had a sort of prescience of
+the future cruelties of war and that they wanted
+to avoid them. Let us see how far they have
+succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>It was forbidden to employ poison or poisoned
+weapons. No later than last spring when the
+Germans evacuated certain parts of the north of
+France instructions emanating from the German
+general headquarters were found in the pocket
+of many German prisoners or on the dead, and
+those instructions indicated how the water of
+the wells was to be poisoned: "Such and such a
+soldier," ran instructions, "will be in charge of
+the wells, will throw in each one a sufficient quantity
+of poison or creosote, or, lacking these, all
+available filth."</p>
+
+<p>It was forbidden to declare that no quarter
+would be given. And here is the order of the day
+issued on August 25, 1914, by General Stenger,
+commanding the Fifty-eighth German Brigade, to
+his troops: "After today no more prisoners will
+be taken. All prisoners are to be killed. Wounded,
+with or without arms, are to be killed. Even
+prisoners already grouped in convoys are to be
+killed. Let not a single living enemy remain behind
+us."</p>
+
+<p>It was forbidden to pillage a town or locality,
+even when taken by assault. And on the corpse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+of the German private Handschumacher (of the
+Eleventh Battalion of J&auml;gers, Reserve) in the very
+earliest days of the war, was found the following
+diary: "August 8, 1914. Gouvy (Belgium).
+There, as the Belgians had fired on the German
+soldiers, we at once pillaged the goods station.
+Some cases, eggs, shirts, and all eatables were
+seized. The safe was gutted and the money divided
+among the men. All securities were torn
+up."</p>
+
+<p>In fact, pillage and robberies went on on such
+a high scale during the first months of the war
+that considerable sums of money were sent from
+France and Belgium to Germany. A German
+newspaper, the <i>Berlin Tageblatt</i>, of November 26,
+1914, implicitly avowed it when, in a technical
+article on the military treasury ("<i>Der Zahlmeister
+im Felde</i>"), it wrote: "It is curious to note that
+far more money-orders are sent from the theater
+of operations to the interior of the country than
+<i>vice versa</i>."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 50 of this Hague Convention states
+that "<i>no general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise,
+shall be inflicted upon the population on account
+of the acts of individuals for which they cannot be
+regarded as jointly and severally responsible</i>."
+Side by side with this article, it is interesting to
+reproduce an extract from a proclamation of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+General von B&uuml;low, posted up at Li&egrave;ge on August
+22, 1914: "The inhabitants of the town of Andenne,
+after having protested their peaceful intentions,
+treacherously surprised our troops. It
+is with my full consent that the general in command
+had the whole place burned, and about a
+hundred people were shot." Moreover, here is an
+extract from a proclamation of Major-Commander
+Dieckmann, posted up at Grivegn&eacute;e on
+September 8, 1914: "Every one who does not
+obey at once the word of command, 'Hands up,' is
+guilty of the penalty of death." And finally here
+is an extract from a proclamation of Marshal
+Baron von der Goltz, posted up in Brussels on
+October 5, 1914: "In future all places near the
+spot where such acts have taken place [destruction
+of railway lines or telegraph wires]&mdash;no matter
+whether guilty or not&mdash;shall be punished
+without mercy. With this end in view, hostages
+have been brought from all places near railway
+lines exposed to such attacks, and at the first attempt
+to destroy railway lines, telegraph or telephone
+lines, they will be immediately shot."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article</span> 56 of the Hague Convention provides
+that "<i>the property of municipalities, that of institutions
+dedicated to religion, charity, and education,
+to the arts and sciences, even when state
+property, shall be treated as private property</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+<i>All seizure of, destruction, or willful damage done
+to institutions of this character, historical monuments,
+works of art and science, is forbidden, and
+should be made the subject of legal proceedings.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Four names, which will be eternally remembered,
+are here sufficient to answer: there is Rheims
+and its Cathedral, Louvain and its library, Arras
+and its Town Hall, Ypres and its bell tower.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the course of this war, Germany has disavowed
+her signature any number of times and
+has broken her pledges just as often as she has
+made them. Germany is a proven perjurer not
+only in the eyes of the nations at war with her, but
+also in the regard of the forty-four countries signatory
+of the Hague Convention. However, we
+have never heard that a single one of these nations
+lodged a protest against her actions. The Hague
+Convention has been torn into shreds, and not
+one of its signers has entered the slightest protest.</p>
+
+<p>Is the next society of nations to be modeled on
+the same principles? Is the next society of nations
+going to draw up articles of the same kind
+as the Hague society? Is the future society of
+nations to accept among its members the same <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>Empire
+of Germany which in 1914 declared bankruptcy?
+Will the future act of the society of
+nations be a simple scrap of paper, like the last
+act of 1907?</p>
+
+<p>But let us cease asking these questions. There
+is no gain in asking certain questions to gain certain
+replies. There is no gain in examining certain
+problems to make the difficulties of the solution
+more apparent.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that the society of nations
+will exist some day. For the honor of humanity
+we must hope that it will exist. But it is not one
+day's work, nor the speaking of a single discourse
+nor the writing of one article that will build it.
+In M. Clemenceau's words, right can not be firmly
+established as long as the world is based on might.
+To bring about the rule of Right, Might must be
+destroyed and driven out as the very first move
+in the campaign for ultimate liberty.</p>
+
+<p>German Might will not be destroyed by international
+compacts to which Germany will be
+party. Recall the treaty guaranteeing Belgium's
+integrity, which was one that Germany signed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+Recall the Hague Conventions, signed by this
+same Germany. The men are fools who will not
+recall these things, who will not profit by them
+as examples. German might will only be destroyed
+by international agreements to which Germany
+is not a party, and which shall place German
+might beyond the regions in which it can play a
+dangerous part.</p>
+
+<p>Now we are not building this upon sand, but
+upon a foundation of solid rock.</p>
+
+<p>Germany needs two things to continue her national
+existence. She must import from other
+countries certain products necessary to her existence.
+For example, there is wool, of which
+she was obliged to import 1,888,481 metric quintals
+in order to manufacture her sixteen thousand
+grades of woolen fabrics. There is copper, of
+which Germany imported 250,000 tons in 1913
+(200,000 tons came from America), in order to
+sell the merchandise she finds has a good market
+in foreign countries. Considering all Germany's
+exports for the period from 1903-1913, we find
+that their total has passed from 6,400 millions to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+12,600 millions, an increase of nearly one hundred
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>There lies the best, the true, indeed the only
+means whereby the Allies can compel Germany to
+disarm. We do not demand that the economic
+war shall continue after the actual warfare is at
+an end, but we can demand that the Allies shall
+not lay aside their economic arms when the Germans
+shall have laid aside their fighting arms. In
+other words, we can demand that the Allies do not
+give Germany wool, copper and money if they
+know that this wool, money and copper are to
+feed the war machine. This war machine cost
+the German Empire nearly four hundred millions
+of dollars according to the budget of 1914. Suppose
+the Allies said to Germany, "As long as you
+have a military and naval budget of four hundred
+millions of dollars, we regret that we shall be unable
+to sell you wool and copper. We regret that
+we shall be unable to buy anything from you. But,
+if you reduce this budget by half, we are willing
+to give you one million metric quintals of wool
+and 125,000 tons of copper. Likewise, we are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+disposed to make purchases in your market totalling
+one billion dollars. If your military and
+naval budgets fall to nothing, we are willing to go
+much farther and buy and sell everything with
+you in unlimited quantities." Suppose the Allies
+make these proposals to Germany. Suppose they
+are put into effect. Will they not be a better
+guarantee of universal peace than all the Conventions
+and all the courts of arbitration in the
+world?</p>
+
+<p>Then let no one disturb the peace of the world
+for his selfish purposes. Left to themselves, the
+little Balkan States and Slav States will not start
+great, long wars, just as the lone robber posted at
+the edge of a woods will not endanger a province's
+communications for very long. The formidable
+thing is the great country that is arranged and
+planned along the lines of war, where everything
+is organized with a view to war; just as the formidable
+thing for a city is the small band of malefactors
+who are able to terrify half the citizens
+by the use of highly perfected arms.</p>
+
+<p>There will be no lasting peace until the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+terrible war machine the world has ever known
+shall have been destroyed, reduced to an impotent
+state of non-existence. Ideals will not destroy
+this machine, but practical means and getting
+down to the facts of the case will do so. Pasteur
+did not overcome hydrophobia by writing treatises
+and dissertations. He met poison with poison,
+he injected the healing serum into the veins of the
+maddened dog. Now Germany is the mad dog,
+and Germany must be inoculated. After that
+there will be time to pass hygienic measures for
+the regiment of the entire world. Today Germany
+must be killed or cured. Germany is the
+cancer that must be cut out, lest it eat up
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>It has been a matter of life and death for Liberty
+and Civilization. Both of them have been
+sick unto death. Clutched foully by the throat,
+they have heard their own death rattle; they
+themselves thought they might not survive. Now
+they stand on their feet, so weak, so pale, and so
+feeble that their life might still be despaired of.
+If we do not obtain definite guarantees against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+the monster who has barely failed to strangle them
+and to force the entire world back into the darkness
+of slavery, we shall have failed in our task,
+and the blood shed in the fight for Liberty will
+have been shed in vain.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following irrefutable documents, selected
+from among thousands of others which history
+will record, prove better than any other means
+how the Germans understand war and peace. They
+deserve a place in this volume because they demonstrate
+why and against what France is fighting.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_I" id="APPENDIX_I"></a>APPENDIX I</h2>
+
+<h2>HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Answering to the Pope, in September, 1917,
+Kaiser Wilhelm II declared "<i>that he had always
+regarded it as his principal and most sacred duty
+to preserve the blessing of Peace for the German
+people and the world</i>." More recently, driving
+through the battlefield of Cambrai, the Kaiser,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+according to the war correspondent of the Berlin
+<i>Lokalanzeiger</i>, exclaimed: "God knows what I
+have not done to prevent such a war!"</p>
+
+<p>A document made public by M. Stephen Pichon,
+French Foreign Minister, shows exactly
+how, in the last days of July, 1914, the Kaiser
+tried "to preserve the blessings of Peace for the
+German people and the world" and what he did
+"to prevent such a war."</p>
+
+<p>Speaking at the Sorbonne, in Paris, on March
+1, 1918, M. Pichon said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I will establish by documents that the day the
+Germans deliberately rendered inevitable the most
+frightful of wars they tried to dishonor us by the
+most cowardly complicity in the ambush into
+which they drew Europe. I will establish it in
+the revelation of a document which the German
+Chancellor, after having drawn it up, preserved
+carefully, and you will see why, in the most profound
+mystery of the most secret archives.</p>
+
+<p>We have known only recently of its authenticity,
+and it defies any sort of attempt to disprove
+it. It bears the signature of Bethmann
+<a name="Hollweg" id="Hollweg"></a>Hollweg (German Imperial Chancellor at the outbreak
+of the war) and the date July 31, 1914.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+On that day Von Schoen (German Ambassador to
+France) was charged by a telegram from his
+Chancellor to notify us of a state of danger of
+war with Russia and to ask us to remain neutral,
+giving us eighteen hours in which to reply.</p>
+
+<p>What was unknown until today was that the
+telegram of the German Chancellor containing
+these instructions ended with these words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>If the French Government declares it will remain
+neutral your Excellency will be good enough
+to declare that we must, as a guarantee of its neutrality,
+require the handing over of the fortresses
+of Toul and Verdun; that we will occupy them and
+will restore them after the end of the war with
+Russia. A reply to this last question must reach
+here before Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>That is how Germany wanted peace at the moment
+when she declared war! That is how sincere
+she was in pretending that we obliged her to take
+up arms for her defense! That is the price she
+intended to make us pay for our baseness if we
+had the infamy to repudiate our signature as
+Prussia repudiated hers by tearing up the treaty
+that guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium!</p></div>
+
+<p>It was explained that the above document has
+not previously been published, because the code<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+could not be deciphered: the French Foreign Office
+succeeded only a few days before in decodifying
+the document.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, Herr von Bethmann <a name="Holl" id="Holl"></a>Hollweg, on
+March 18, 1918, acknowledged the accuracy of
+M. Pichon's quotation and contented himself to
+declare that "his instructions to Von Schoen were
+justified."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_II" id="APPENDIX_II"></a>APPENDIX II</h2>
+
+<h2>HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR</h2>
+
+
+<p>This document is quoted from the French "Yellow
+Book," page 152:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>From Copenhagen</i><br />
+<i>French Yellow Book No. 155</i><br /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>M. Bapst, French Minister at Copenhagen, to<br />
+M. Doumergue, Minister for Foreign Affairs.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Copenhagen, August</span> 6, 1914.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The French Ambassador at Berlin, M. Jules
+Cambon, asks me to communicate to your Excellency
+the following telegram:</p>
+
+<p>I have been sent to Denmark by the German
+Government. I have just arrived at Copenhagen.
+I am accompanied by all the staff of the Embassy
+and the Russian Charg&eacute; d'Affaires at Darmstadt
+with his family. The treatment which we have
+received is of such a nature that I have thought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+it desirable to make a complete report on it to
+your Excellency by telegram.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of Monday, the 3rd of August,
+after I had, in accordance with your instructions,
+addressed to Herr von Jagow a protest against
+the acts of aggression committed on French territory
+by German troops, the Secretary of State
+came to see me. Herr von Jagow came to complain
+of acts of aggression which he alleged had
+been committed in Germany, especially at Nuremberg
+and Coblenz by French aviators, who according
+to his statement "had come from Belgium."
+I answered that I had not the slightest information
+as to the facts to which he attached so much
+importance and the improbability of which
+seemed to me obvious; on my part I asked him
+if he had read the note which I had addressed
+to him with regard to the invasion of our territory
+by detachments of the German army. As
+the Secretary of State said that he had not yet
+read this note I explained its contents to him. I
+called his attention to the act committed by the
+officer commanding one of the detachments who
+had advanced to the French village of Joncherey,
+ten kilometers within our frontier, and had blown
+out the brains of a French soldier whom he had
+met there. After having given my opinion of this
+act I added:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"You will admit that under no circumstances
+could there be any comparison between this and
+the flight of an aeroplane over foreign territory
+carried out by private persons animated by that
+spirit of individual courage by which aviators are
+distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>"An act of aggression committed on the territory
+of a neighbor by detachments of regular
+troops commanded by officers assumes an importance
+of quite a different nature."</p>
+
+<p>Herr von Jagow explained to me that he had
+no knowledge of the facts of which I was speaking
+to him, and he added that it was difficult for events
+of this kind not to take place when two armies
+filled with the feelings which animated our troops
+found themselves face to face on either side of
+the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment the crowds which thronged the
+Pariser Platz in front of the Embassy and whom
+we could see through the window of my study,
+which was half open, uttered shouts against
+France. I asked the Secretary of State when all
+this would come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>"The Government has not yet come to a decision,"
+Herr von Jagow answered. "It is probable
+that Herr von Schoen will receive orders today to
+ask for his passports and then you will receive
+yours." The Secretary of State assured me that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+I need not have any anxiety with regard to my
+departure, and that all the proprieties would be
+observed with regard to me as well as my staff.
+We were not to see one another any more and
+we took leave of one another after an interview
+which had been courteous and could not make me
+anticipate what was in store for me.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Herr von Jagow I expressed to
+him my wish to make a personal call on the Chancellor,
+as that would be the last opportunity that
+I should have of seeing him.</p>
+
+<p>Herr von Jagow said that he did not advise
+me to carry out this intention as the interview
+would serve no purpose and could not fail to be
+painful.</p>
+
+<p>At 6 o'clock in the evening Herr von Langwerth
+brought me my passports. In the name of
+his Government he refused to agree to the wish
+which I expressed to him that I should be permitted
+to travel by Holland or Belgium. He
+suggested to me that I should go either by way
+of Copenhagen, although he could not assure me
+a free passage by sea, or through Switzerland via
+Constance.</p>
+
+<p>I accepted this last route; Herr von Langwerth
+having asked me to leave as soon as I possibly
+could it was agreed, in consideration of the
+necessity I was under of making arrangements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+with the Spanish Ambassador, who was undertaking
+the charge of our interests, that I should
+leave on the next day, the 4th August, at 10
+o'clock at night.</p>
+
+<p>At 7 o'clock, an hour after Herr von Langwerth
+had left, Herr von Lancken, formerly
+Councilor of the Embassy at Paris, came from
+the Minister for Foreign Affairs to tell me to
+request the staff of my Embassy to cease taking
+meals in the restaurants. This order was so
+strict that on the next day, Tuesday, I had to
+have recourse to the authority of the Wilhelmstrasse
+to get the H&ocirc;tel Bristol to send our meals
+to the Embassy.</p>
+
+<p>At 11 o'clock on the same evening, Monday,
+Herr von Langwerth came back to tell me that
+his Government would not allow our return by
+way of Switzerland under the pretext that it
+would take three days and three nights to take
+me to Constance. He announced that I should
+be sent by way of Vienna. I only agreed to this
+alteration under reserve, and during the night I
+wrote the following letter to Herr von Langwerth:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="citation">"<span class="smcap">Berlin, August</span> 3rd, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">M. le Baron</span>;
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have been thinking over the route for my
+return to my country about which you came to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+speak to me this evening. You propose that I
+shall travel by Vienna. I run the risk of finding
+myself detained in that town, if not by the action
+of the Austrian Government, at least owing to the
+mobilization which creates great difficulties similar
+to those existing in Germany as to the movements
+of trains.</p>
+
+<p>"Under these circumstances I must ask the German
+Government for a promise made on their
+honor that the Austrian Government will send
+me to Switzerland, and that the Swiss Government
+will not close its frontier either to me
+or to the persons by whom I am accompanied, as
+I am told that that frontier has been firmly
+closed to foreigners.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot then accept the proposal that you
+have made to me unless I have the security which
+I ask for, and unless I am assured that I shall
+not be detained for some months outside my country.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+"<span class="smcap">Jules Cambon</span>."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>In answer to this letter on the next morning,
+Tuesday the 4th August, Herr von Langwerth
+gave me in writing an assurance that the Austrian
+and Swiss authorities had received communications
+to this effect.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At the same time M. Miladowski, attached to
+the Consulate at Berlin, as well as other Frenchmen,
+was arrested in his own house while in bed.
+M. Miladowski, for whom a diplomatic passport
+had been requested, was released after four hours.</p>
+
+<p>I was prepared to leave for Vienna when, at
+a quarter to five, Herr von Langwerth came back
+to inform me that I would have to leave with
+the persons accompanying me at 10 o'clock in the
+evening, but that I should be taken to Denmark.
+On this new requirement I asked if I should be
+confined in a fortress supposing I did not comply.
+Herr von Langwerth simply answered that he
+would return to receive my answer in half an hour.
+I did not wish to give the German Government
+the pretext for saying that I had refused to depart
+from Germany. I therefore told Herr von
+Langwerth when he came back that I would submit
+to the order which had been given to me but "that
+I protested."</p>
+
+<p>I at once wrote to Herr von Jagow a letter of
+which the following is a copy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Berlin, August</span> 4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>"More than once your Excellency has said to
+me that the Imperial Government, in accordance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+with the usages of international courtesy, would
+facilitate my return to my own country, and
+would give me every means of getting back to it
+quickly.</p>
+
+<p>"Yesterday, however, Baron von Langwerth,
+after refusing me access to Belgium and Holland,
+informed me that I should travel to Switzerland
+via Constance. During the night I was informed
+that I should be sent to Austria, a country which
+is taking part in the present war on the side of
+Germany. As I had no knowledge of the intentions
+of Austria towards me, since on Austrian
+soil I am nothing but an ordinary private individual,
+I wrote to Baron von Langwerth that I
+requested the Imperial Government to give me a
+promise that the Imperial and Royal Austrian
+authorities would give me all possible facilities
+for continuing my journey and that Switzerland
+would not be closed to me. Herr von Langwerth
+has been good enough to answer me in writing
+that I could be assured of an easy journey and
+that the Austrian authorities would do all that
+was necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"It is nearly five o'clock, and Baron von Langwerth
+has just announced to me that I shall be sent
+to Denmark. In view of the present situation,
+there is no security that I shall find a ship to take
+me to England and it is this consideration which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+made me reject this proposal with the approval
+of Herr von Langwerth.</p>
+
+<p>"In truth no liberty is left me and I am treated
+almost as a prisoner. I am obliged to submit, having
+no means of obtaining that the rules of international
+courtesy should be observed towards me,
+but I hasten to protest to your Excellency against
+the manner in which I am being treated.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">"<span class="smcap">Jules Cambon</span>."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Whilst my letter was being delivered I was told
+that the journey would not be made direct but by
+way of Schleswig. At 10 o'clock in the evening, I
+left the Embassy with my staff in the middle of a
+great assembly of foot and mounted police.</p>
+
+<p>At the station the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
+was only represented by an officer of inferior rank.</p>
+
+<p>The journey took place with extreme slowness.
+We took more than twenty-four hours to reach
+the frontier. It seemed that at every station
+they had to wait for orders to proceed. I was accompanied
+by Major von Rheinbaben of the
+Alessandra Regiment of the Guard and by a police
+officer. In the neighborhood of the Kiel Canal the
+soldiers entered our carriages. The windows were
+shut and the curtains of the carriages drawn
+down; each of us had to remain isolated in his
+compartment and was forbidden to get up or to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+touch his luggage. A soldier stood in the corridor
+of the carriage before the door of each of
+our compartments which were kept open, revolver
+in hand and finger on the trigger. The Russian
+Charg&eacute; d'Affaires, the women and children and
+everyone were subjected to the same treatment.</p>
+
+<p>At the last German station about 11 o'clock
+at night, Major von Rheinbaben came to take
+leave of me. I handed to him the following letter
+to Herr von Jagow.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="citation">"<span class="smcap">Wednesday Evening, August</span> 5, 1914.
+</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>"Yesterday before leaving Berlin, I protested in
+writing to your Excellency against the repeated
+change of route which was imposed upon me by
+the Imperial Government on my journey from
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>"Today as the train in which I was passed over
+the Kiel Canal an attempt was made to search all
+our luggage as if we might have hidden some instrument
+of destruction. Thanks to the interference
+of Major von Rheinbaben, we were spared
+this insult. But they went further.</p>
+
+<p>"They obliged us to remain each in his own
+compartment, the windows and blinds having been
+closed. During this time, in the corridors of the
+carriages at the door of each compartment and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+facing each one of us, stood a soldier, revolver in
+hand, finger on the trigger, for nearly half an
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>"I consider it my duty to <a name="protest" id="protest"></a>protest against this
+threat of violence to the Ambassador of the Republic
+and the staff of his Embassy, violence which
+nothing could even have made me anticipate.</p>
+
+<p>"Yesterday I had the honor of writing to
+your Excellency that I was being treated almost
+as a prisoner. Today I am being treated as a
+dangerous prisoner. Also I must record that
+during our journey which from Berlin to Denmark
+has taken twenty-four hours, no food has
+been prepared nor provided for me nor for the
+persons who were traveling with me to the
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">"<span class="smcap">Jules Cambon</span>."<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>I thought that our troubles had finished, when
+shortly afterwards Major von Rheinbaben came,
+rather embarrassed, to inform me that the train
+would not proceed to the Danish frontier if I
+did not pay the cost of this train. I expressed
+my astonishment that I had not been made to pay
+at Berlin and that at any rate I had not been
+forewarned of this. I offered to pay by a cheque
+on one of the largest Berlin banks. This facility
+was refused me. With the help of my companions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+I was able to collect, in gold, the sum which was
+required from me at once, and which amounted
+to 3,611 marks, 75 pfennig. This is about 5,000
+francs in accordance with the present rate of
+exchange.</p>
+
+<p>After this last incident, I thought it necessary
+to ask Major von Rheinbaben for his word of
+honor as an officer and a gentleman that we
+should be taken to the Danish frontier. He gave
+it to me, and I required that the policeman who
+was with us should accompany us.</p>
+
+<p>In this way we arrived at the first Danish station,
+where the Danish Government had had a
+train made ready to take us to Copenhagen.</p>
+
+<p>I am assured that my British colleague and the
+Belgian Minister, although they left Berlin after
+I did, traveled by the direct route to Holland.
+I am struck by this difference of treatment, and
+as Denmark and Norway are, at this moment, infested
+with spies, if I succeed in embarking in
+Norway, there is danger that I may be arrested
+at sea with the officials who accompany me.</p>
+
+<p>I do not wish to conclude this dispatch without
+notifying your Excellency of the energy and
+devotion of which the whole staff of the Embassy
+has given unceasing proof during the course of
+this crisis. I shall be glad that account should
+be taken of the services which on this occasion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+have been rendered to the Government of the
+Republic, in particular by the Secretaries of the
+Embassy and by the Military and Naval Attach&eacute;s.</p>
+
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Jules Cambon</span>.<br />
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_III" id="APPENDIX_III"></a>APPENDIX III</h2>
+
+<h2>HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR</h2>
+
+
+<p>The French Government, as soon as it heard of
+the first German atrocities, instituted a Commission
+of inquiry composed of three high French
+magistrates: Mr. Georges Payelle, President of
+the Cour des Comptes, Mr. Georges Maringer,
+Councilor of State, and Mr. Edmond Paillot,
+Councilor of the Cour of Cassation. That Commission
+proceeded to the spot where the atrocities
+had been perpetrated and heard witnesses, who deposed
+under oath.</p>
+
+<p>All evidence and proceedings have been printed
+and fill up ten heavy volumes.</p>
+
+<p>Among many depositions, the following one,
+taken the twenty-third of October, 1915, at Paris,
+will give an idea of the horrors to which the invaded
+regions of France were submitted.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Duren Virginie, wife of Berard Durem, 29 years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+of age, inhabitant of Jarny in the Department
+of Meurthe et Moselle, a refugee at Levallois-Perret:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I swear to tell the truth and nothing but the
+truth.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of August, 1914, the sixty-sixth
+and sixty-eighth Bavarian regiments were quartered
+together at Jarny. I was ordered to bring
+water for the soldiers, so went in search of a
+large number of water pails. At three o'clock in
+the afternoon an officer, who met me, told me I had
+carried enough water and ordered me to go back
+to my house. As the Germans were firing on our
+house with mitrailleuses, I took refuge in the cellar
+with my two sons, Jean, aged six, and Maurice,
+aged two, and also my daughter Jeanne, nine
+years of age. The Aufiero family was also there.
+Soon petrol was poured over the house; it got into
+the cellar through the air-hole, and we were surrounded
+by flames. I saved myself, carrying my
+two little boys in my arms, while my daughter
+and little Beatrice Aufiero ran along holding on
+to my skirt. As we were crossing the Rougeval
+brook, which runs near my house, the Bavarians
+fired on us. My little Jean, whom I was carrying,
+was struck by three bullets, one in the right thigh,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+one in the ankle, and one in the chest. The thigh
+was almost shot away, and from the place where
+the bullet through his chest came out the lung
+projected. The poor child said, "Oh, Mother, I
+have a pain," and in a moment he was dead. At
+the same time little Beatrice had her arm broken
+so badly that it was attached to her shoulder only
+by a piece of flesh, and Angele Aufiero, a boy of
+nine years, who followed a short distance behind
+us, was wounded in the calf of the leg. Little
+Beatrice suffered cruelly and wept bitterly, but
+she did not fall down, continuing to go along with
+me.</p>
+
+<p>While these things were taking place, the Perignon
+family, which lived next door to us, was
+massacred.</p>
+
+<p>When they were no longer shooting at us, I
+tried to wash my baby, who was covered with
+blood, in the brook; but a soldier prevented me,
+shouting, "Get away from there."</p>
+
+<p>Finally we got to the road. Meanwhile they
+were driving M. Aufiero out of the cellar. The
+Germans, who spoke French after a fashion, said
+to his wife, "Come see your husband get shot."
+The poor man, on his knees, asked for mercy, and
+as his wife shrieked "My poor C&ocirc;me," the soldiers
+said to her, "Shut your mouth." His execution
+took place very near us.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Bavarians sent me, my children, Mme. Aufiero
+and her daughter to a meadow near the Pont-de-l'Etang.
+A general ordered that we be shot,
+but I threw myself at his feet, begging him to be
+merciful. He consented. At this moment an officer,
+wearing a great gray cloak with a red collar,
+said, as he pointed to the dead body of my child,
+"There is one who will not grow up to fight our
+men."</p>
+
+<p>The next day, in my flight to Barri&egrave;re Zeller,
+an officer came up and told me that the body of
+my dead child smelled badly and that I must get
+rid of it. Since I could find no one to make a
+coffin, I found in the canteen two rabbit hutches.
+I fastened one of these to the other, and there I
+laid the little body. It was buried in my garden
+by two soldiers, and I had to dig the grave myself.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_IV" id="APPENDIX_IV"></a>APPENDIX IV</h2>
+
+<h2>HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the first days of April, 1916, the following
+notice, bearing the signature of the German commander,
+was posted on all the walls of Lille, the
+great town in the north of France which has been
+occupied by the Germans since the beginning of
+the war.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>All the inhabitants of the town, except the children
+under fourteen years of age, their mothers,
+and the old men, must prepare to be transported
+within an hour and a half.</p>
+
+<p>An officer will decide definitely which persons
+shall be conducted to the camps of assembly. For
+this purpose, all the inhabitants must assemble
+in front of their homes, in case of bad weather
+they shall be permitted to stay in the lobbies.
+The doors of the houses must be left open. All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+complaints will be unavailing. No inhabitant of
+a house, even those who are not to be transported,
+can leave the house before eight o'clock in the
+morning (German time).</p>
+
+<p>Each person may take thirty kilograms of baggage
+with him. Should there be any excess over
+this amount, all that person's baggage will be
+refused regardless of everything. Separate packages
+must be made up by each person, and a visibly
+written, firmly secured address must be on each
+package. The address must bear the person's
+name, surname, and the number of his identification
+card.</p>
+
+<p>It is very necessary for each person to provide
+himself with utensils for eating and drinking, also
+with a woolen blanket and some good shoes and
+some linen. Each person must have on his person
+his identification card. Whoever shall attempt to
+evade deportation shall be punished without mercy.</p>
+
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Etappen&mdash;Kommandantur</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The threat contained in the notice cited here
+was carried out to the letter. Here is an account
+of it from the communication addressed by M.
+D&mdash;&mdash;, formerly the <i>receveur particulier</i> of Lille,
+to M. Cambon, formerly the French Ambassador
+to Berlin:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On Good Friday night at three o'clock the
+troops who were going to occupy the designated
+section, Fives, came through our houses. It was
+dreadful. An officer passed by, pointing out the
+men and women whom he chose, leaving them a
+space of time amounting to an hour in some cases
+and ten minutes in others, to prepare themselves
+for their journey.</p>
+
+<p>Antoine D. ... and his sister, twenty-two years
+of age, were taken away. The Germans did not
+want to leave behind the younger daughter in the
+family, who was not fourteen. Their grandmother,
+ill with sorrow and terror, had to be cared
+for at once. Finally they met the young daughter
+coming back. In one case an old man and two
+infirm persons could not keep the daughter who
+was their sole support. And everywhere the
+enemy sneered, adding vexatious annoyance to
+their hateful task. In the house of the doctor, who
+is B.'s uncle, they gave his wife the choice between
+two maids. She preferred the elder and they said,
+"Well, then she is the one we are going to take."
+Mlle. L., the young one who has just got over
+typhoid and bronchitis, saw the non-commissioned
+officer who took away her nurse coming up to her.
+"What a sad task they are making us do." "More
+than sad, sir, it could be called barbarous." "That
+is a hard word, are you not afraid that I will sell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+you?" As a matter of fact the wretch denounced
+her. They allowed her seven minutes and took her
+away bare-headed, just as she was, to the Colonel
+who commanded this noble battle and who also
+ordered her to go, against the advice of a physician.
+Only on account of her tireless energy and
+the sense of decency of one who was less ferocious
+than the rest, did she obtain permission, at five
+o'clock in the afternoon, to be discharged, after
+a day which had been a veritable Calvary. The
+poor wretches at whose door a sentry watched,
+were collected together at some place or other, a
+Church or a school. Then the mob of all sorts
+and conditions of people, or all grades of social
+standing, respectable young girls and women of
+the street, was driven to the station escorted by
+soldiers marching at the head of the procession.
+From there they were taken off in the evening
+without knowing where they were going or for
+what work they were destined.</p>
+
+<p>And in the face of all this our people evidenced
+restraint and admirable dignity, although they
+were provoked that day by seeing the automobiles
+going around which were taking away these unfortunate
+people. They all went away shouting
+"Vive la France. Vive la Libert&eacute;!" and singing
+the Marseillaise. They cheered up those who remained;
+their poor mothers who were weeping, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+the children. With voices almost strangled with
+tears, and pale with suffering, they told them not
+to cry as they themselves would not; but bore
+themselves proudly in the presence of their executioners.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another document shows better than all this
+talking the treatment the French have been receiving
+from the Germans for over thirty months.
+This document is a German notice which was
+found at Holnon, northwest of St. Quentin. The
+document bore the official seal of the German commander.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Holnon</span>, 20th July, 1915.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>All workmen, women and children over fifteen
+years of age must work in the fields every day,
+also on Sunday, from four o'clock in the morning
+until eight o'clock at night, French time. For
+rest they shall have a half-hour in the morning, an
+hour at noon and a half-hour in the afternoon.
+Failure to obey this order will be punished in the
+following manner:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1.&mdash;The men who are lazy will be collected for
+the period of the harvest in a company of workmen
+under the inspection of German corporals.
+After the harvest the lazy will be imprisoned for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+six months and every third day their nourishment
+shall be only bread and water.</p>
+
+<p>2.&mdash;Lazy women shall be exiled to Holnon to
+work. After the harvest the women will be imprisoned
+six months.</p>
+
+<p>3.&mdash;The children who do not work shall be punished
+with blows from a club.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the commandant reserves the
+right to punish men who do not work with twenty
+blows from a club daily.</p>
+
+<p>Workmen in the Commune of Verdelles have been
+punished severely.</p>
+
+<p class="citation2">(Signed) <span class="smcap">Glose</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Colonel and Commandant</span>.<br />
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_V" id="APPENDIX_V"></a>APPENDIX V</h2>
+
+<h2>HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Von <a name="Bethmann" id="Bethmann"></a>Bethmann-Hollweg, Count von Hertling
+and Herr von Kuhlmann state that Alsace-Lorraine
+is a province of the German Empire by
+right and by fact, and that it is firmly attached
+to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The following picture shows how this <i>German</i>
+province is treated by Germany:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Treatment of the Civilian Population</i></p>
+
+<p>The Government has established for the duration
+of the war an insurmountable barrier between
+Alsace-Lorraine, which is called a territory of the
+Empire, and the rest of the German states.
+Briefly, Alsace-Lorraine is treated as a suspect.</p>
+
+<p>An inhabitant of Alsace-Lorraine can not mail
+his letters in Germany. For example, Wissembourg
+is on the border of the Palatinate. There<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+is a great temptation for the citizens of this town
+to assure a rapid delivery of their letters and their
+escape from annoying censorship by making use
+of the German mail system. A music teacher,
+Mlle. Lina Sch&mdash;&mdash; was sentenced to pay a fine
+of one hundred marks in March, 1917, for an infraction
+of this sort. The war council at Saarbruck,
+which pronounced this sentence, had already,
+in June, 1916, sentenced for like cause, the
+Spanish Consul, to the payment of a fine of eighty
+marks because he had allowed a citizen of Sarreguimine
+to have letters to his sons, who were refugees
+at Lausanne, addressed to the Spanish Consulate.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, German hostility to the Alsatians
+is shown by a number of childish measures against
+Alsatian uniforms and costumes, in proportion
+as they resemble the French.</p>
+
+<p>In all seriousness the question arose of forbidding
+the Catholic Clergy to wear the soutane, as
+it was the custom in the Latin countries. It was
+given up; but steps were taken in the case of the
+firemen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Nouvelle Gazette</i> of Strassburg published
+an official notice, dated the ninth of December,
+1915, which emphasized an order suppressing the
+uniforms worn by the Alsatian firemen because the
+cut was French, as was the cap, and complained
+that this order was not everywhere observed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Recently, in the course of a fire which broke out
+near Molsheim, it is an established fact that the
+firemen wore their old Alsatian uniforms, and that
+the fire alarm was sounded by means of the old
+clarions of the type in use in France. The <i>Kreisdirection</i>
+finds itself obliged to insist that the suppressed
+uniforms disappear, and that the clarions
+do likewise; and to ask that it be informed of
+contraventions that happen in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Other societies and associations, such as the
+singing societies which frequently still wear uniforms
+recalling those of the French collegians,
+ought to lay aside the forbidden garments, which
+are to be entrusted to the guard of the police.</p></div>
+
+<p>But these puerilities seem insignificant compared
+to other things to which the people of Alsace-Lorraine
+have been subjected, things which
+unite them more firmly than ever to the French and
+the Belgians of the invaded regions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The great deportations which have been practiced
+in France and Belgium have been repeated
+in Alsace as recently as January, 1917. The inhabitants
+of M&uuml;lhausen between the ages of seventeen
+and sixty years were assembled in the barracks
+at that place, whence they were sent into
+the interior of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>This proceeding has been practiced on a large
+scale since the war's beginning. Preventive imprisonment,
+called <i>Schutzhaft</i>, was applied to
+Messin Samain, who was first incarcerated at
+Cologne and then sent to the Russian front, where
+he was killed. It was also applied to M. Bourson,
+former correspondent of <i>Le Matin</i>, who is interned
+at Cannstatt in Wurtemburg. Other citizens,
+after having been held in prison for weeks and
+months, have been exiled finally into Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans themselves have been so demoralized
+by the r&eacute;gime they have established that the
+authorities have had to put a check on anonymous
+denunciations, almost all of which were false, by
+an official communiqu&eacute; published in the <i>Gazette de
+Hagenau</i> for the sixth of December, 1916.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The story of how the civilian population has
+been treated will only be known in its entirety later
+on. The government has, as a matter of fact,
+forbidden the press to publish accounts of the war
+councils' debates because the population, far from
+being terrified by them, would find in them laughing
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>It is estimated that the people of Alsace-Lorraine
+have served in actual hours more than five
+thousand years in prison. Here are some crimes
+committed by them:</p>
+
+<p>M. Giessmann, an old man seventy years old,
+saluted French prisoners in a Strassburg street:
+Sentence, six weeks in prison.</p>
+
+<p>Guillaume Kohler, an infantry soldier from
+Saverne, during a journey in Germany, censured
+the inhuman manner in which certain German officers
+treated their men at the front. The council
+at Saarbruck sentenced him to two years in
+prison.</p>
+
+<p>Emilie Zimmerle, a cook at Kolmar, sang an
+anti-German song as she washed out her pots.
+Thirty marks fine.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mlle. Stern, the daughter of a pastor at Mulhouse,
+spoke against the violation of Belgium.
+One month in prison.</p>
+
+<p>Abbe Th&eacute;ophile Selier, cur&eacute; at Levencourt, for
+the same offense, six weeks in prison.</p>
+
+<p>Even children and young girls have been punished
+for peccadillos that were absolutely untrue.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Metz Zeitung</i> for the twenty-second of October
+mentions the sentences pronounced against
+Juliette F. de Vigy, eighteen years old, a pupil in
+the commercial school, and Georgette S&mdash;&mdash;,
+twenty-three years old, a shop girl, dwellers at
+Mouilly. Having gone one morning to the station
+at Metz, they saw some French prisoners in a
+train to whom they spoke and at whom they "made
+eyes."</p>
+
+<p>Juliette F&mdash;&mdash;, the more guilty of the two, was
+sentenced to pay a fine of eighty marks, and
+Georgette S&mdash;&mdash; to pay one of forty marks,
+because "acting this way to prisoners of war exercises
+a particularly disturbing effect on them."</p>
+
+<p>Two little girls of Kolmar, named Grass and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>
+Broly, were arrested for "having answered, by
+waving their hands, kisses French prisoners threw
+to them."</p>
+
+<p>A boy fifteen years old, pupil in the upper
+school at Mulhouse, named Jean Ingold, who, in
+the classroom tore down the portrait of the Emperor
+and painted French flags on the wall with
+the inscription "Vive la France," was condemned
+to a month in prison. The War Council saw an
+aggravating circumstance in the fact that Jean's
+father "occupies a very lucrative position as a
+German functionary."</p>
+
+<p>On the thirtieth of March, 1916, two sisters
+from Guebwiller&mdash;Sister Edwina, n&eacute;e Bach,
+Mother Superior, and Sister Emertine, n&eacute;e Eckert,
+were charged with anti-German manifestations
+for having treated as lies the figures regarding
+French and Russian prisoners sent out in the
+German communiqu&eacute;s, for having protested
+against the bombardment of Rheims Cathedral,
+for having treated as false the German victories
+that had been announced, and for having said on
+the subject of the German invasion of Belgium,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+"How can they attack a country that asked for
+nothing?"</p>
+
+<p>The result was that they got six months' imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>The case of Mme. Berthe Judlin, in the faith Sister
+Valentine, is more tragic.</p>
+
+<p>The Mulhouse newspapers have published the
+account of the proceedings in the case of this
+Sister before the War Council. It appears that
+she has been the victim of monstrous calumnies,
+and that her fate can well be compared to that of
+Miss Edith Cavell.</p>
+
+<p>She was accused of having, from the ninth to
+the fourteenth of August when she was assigned
+to the convent of the Redemptorists at Riedishiem,
+favored the French wounded at the expense
+of the German wounded. These accusations, which
+specified in particular, that she had taken various
+objects away from one wounded man (a
+charge the prosecution withdrew) and that she hid
+the cartridges of the French wounded in the
+attic, were contested by Sister Valentine. After
+the testimony of the witnesses, nine for the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>prosecution
+and fourteen for the defendant, the government
+commissioner asked that she be punished
+with a sentence of fifteen years at hard labor and
+ten years of deprivation of civil rights. Her
+lawyer asked for her acquittal. The War Council
+on the fourteenth of December, 1915, after an
+hour and a quarter's deliberation, decided that
+"Sister Valentine has done harm to the German
+Army" and has hidden the cartridges. It condemned
+Sister Valentine to "five years of hard
+labor and five years' deprivation of civil rights."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>The War on the French Language</i></p>
+
+<p>The Germans never cease recalling and von
+Hertling has just repeated the fact that eighty-seven
+per cent of the Alsatians speak German. It
+is strange, then, that the German reign of terror
+has manifested itself in one particular against the
+use of French, even in the region where French is
+the language universally spoken.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that a person speaks French has become
+a special offense, that of "provocation."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+And this offense appears to be a frequent one.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-second of February, 1916, the
+sous-prefect of Boulay gave the following warning
+to the mayors of his arrondissement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The use in public of French will be considered
+a "provocation" when used by persons who know
+enough German to make themselves understood or
+who can have recourse to persons who understand
+German as intermediaries.</p></div>
+
+<p>The War Council Extraordinary at Metz, in
+consequence handed down a decision condemning
+two women to fourteen days in prison because, in
+a manner that gave "provocation," they spoke
+French in a trolley car in spite of the warnings
+of the conductress.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, the War Council Extraordinary at
+Strassburg fined a salesman who "not only let a
+French label remain on his packages, but had
+put a French label on a package addressed to a
+customer who understood German."</p>
+
+<p>A little girl from Bourg-Bruche who, although
+she spoke German, used the French language in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+spite of repeated warnings, had a sentence of
+detention inflicted on her by the same tribunal.</p>
+
+<p>The Mulhouse <i>Tageblatt</i> for the twenty-third
+of September, 1917, announced that women who
+had conversed to one another in French in public
+had been condemned to from two to three weeks
+imprisonment by the War Council at Thionville.</p>
+
+<p>Another person who had made a usage of the
+French language that gave grounds for "provocation,"
+was condemned to pay a fine of fifty marks
+or serve ten days in prison.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung</i> for the
+twelfth and twenty-sixth of October published the
+following sentences: "Fines of twenty and ten
+marks to the venders A. Nemarg and M. Cahen
+for having spoken to a convoy of French officers
+in the station at Thionville."</p>
+
+<p>Twenty and thirty marks fine to Am&eacute;lie Bany
+and Catherine Jacques of Knutange "for having
+spoken French although they understood German."</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor of Broque, a commune where French
+is spoken, was sentenced to three months' <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>imprisonment
+for having spoken French to his councilors.</p>
+
+<p>In Alsace this campaign against the French
+language is carried even into the girls' boarding
+schools, which have always been the principal
+centers for the study of French.</p>
+
+<p>An order from the Statthalter, dated March
+tenth, 1915, forbade French conversations in the
+schools.</p>
+
+<p>A German pastor of the Lutheran Church
+named Curtius, who had opposed suppressing the
+old parish of Saint Nicholas at Strassburg, was
+removed. His successor, who was better disciplined,
+gave in to the measure that was demanded.</p>
+
+<p>The war against the French language has been
+marked by the suppression of all French newspapers
+since the war's beginning, the <i>Journal
+d'Alsace-Lorraine</i>, the <i>Messin</i>, <i>the Nouvelliste d'Alsace-Lorraine</i>.
+But nothing shows better the
+necessity of having organs of public opinion in
+French than the establishment at Metz of the
+<i>Gazette d'Alsace-Lorraine</i> by the government,
+which served as a model for the <i>Gazette des</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span><i>Ardennes</i>,
+founded later on at Mezi&egrave;res, to demoralize
+the inhabitants of the invaded districts in the
+north and west of France.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>The Treatment of the Soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine</i></p>
+
+<p>The soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine, whose loyalty
+was proclaimed at the war's beginning, have, as
+a matter of fact, been treated like spies and embryo
+deserters.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1915, at the opening of the Alsatian
+parliament, the Statthalter denounced the
+anti-patriotism of a part of the population and
+stigmatized the "traitors" who had "gone over
+to the enemy."</p>
+
+<p>In fact, no less than fourteen thousand Alsatians,
+in the face of manifold perils and difficulties,
+had rejoined the colors of their true country.
+All the newspapers of Alsace-Lorraine still publish
+the lists of them as citizens and of their belongings
+as "refractory individuals."</p>
+
+<p>The movement has never stopped. During the
+thirty-second month of the war, on the fourteenth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
+of March, 1917, General von Nassner, commandant
+for the district of Saarbruck, published the
+following extraordinary order:</p>
+
+<p>"Whoever, after due examination, has reason
+to believe that a soldier or a man on reprieve proposes
+to desert and who can still prevent the
+execution of this crime, must without delay give
+notice of this fact to the nearest military or police
+authority."</p>
+
+<p>The Strassburg <i>Neueste Nachrichten</i> for the
+twenty-seventh of September announced that the
+"<i>chambre <a name="correctionnelle" id="correctionnelle"></a>correctionnelle</i> at Kolmar had condemned
+by default one hundred and ninety men
+from the arrondissements of Guebwiller and Ribeauville
+to fines of six hundred marks or forty
+days in prison for having failed to perform their
+military obligations."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung</i> for the
+eleventh of October, 1917, announced sentences of
+fines of three thousand marks or three hundred
+days in prison for the same reason against seven
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Haguenauer Zeitung</i> from the eleventh to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+the twentieth of October published the names of
+seventeen soldiers, some of them deserters, the
+others guilty of rebellion in favor of the enemy
+or of treason.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fifth of October there was another
+list of deserters, nineteen of whom were natives
+of Strassburg.</p>
+
+<p>In his book, "The Martyrs of Alsace and Lorraine,"
+M. Andr&eacute; Fribourg has fifteen pages taken
+from the lists of the debates of the German war
+councils. These pages are made up of the names
+of young Alsatians who have left their country
+rather than fight against France.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, far from treating the Alsatians enrolled
+in the German Army like Germans, the
+government has accorded them a distinctly different
+treatment.</p>
+
+<p>It has sent them to the Russian front and employed
+them at the most dangerous posts, as this
+secret order, from the Prussian Minister of War
+to the temporary commander of the Fourteenth
+Army Corps, proves:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>All men from Alsace-Lorraine employed as
+secretaries, ordnance officers, etc., must be relieved
+of their duties and sent to the battle front. In
+the future, all the men from Alsace-Lorraine will
+be sent to the "General Kommando," who will
+send them at once to the units on the Eastern
+Front. This order to go into effect before the first
+of April, 1916.</p>
+
+<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">For the Stellvert, General Kommando</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Radecke, Major.</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Finally, it was only on the ninth of October,
+1917, that the Strassburg <i>Neue Zeitung</i> announced
+the abolition of the special postal control to which
+the soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine were submitted
+at the front.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is but just [says the <i>Freie Presse</i> on that
+occasion] that the exceptional measures taken
+against the soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine be
+abolished at last. Among these measures we consider
+the interdiction still in force for a man to
+return to his native town. And [the same newspaper
+adds] from the moment that the bravery
+of our soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine is vaunted
+everywhere, it is absolutely wrong to reward them
+with scorn and insults.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the notice from G. Q. G. for the twenty-fifth
+of November, 1917, are the details gathered from
+the Alsatian prisoners themselves of the treatment
+their compatriots endure in the German
+Army.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-second of last June, all the Alsatians
+received orders to present themselves at
+the F. R. D. of their division, where they were
+received by the Viz&eacute; Sergeant, flanked by two
+guards.</p>
+
+<p>The former said to them:</p>
+
+<p>"What! You have not yet laid aside your accoutrements;
+traitors, deserters, scoundrels, rascals.
+Get into the shelter quick where you can put
+up nine additional supports for the roof and
+where you can kick the bucket at your ease."</p>
+
+<p>Since some of the Alsatians declared that, having
+received nothing to eat or to drink, they could
+not work, a lieutenant, who was summoned by the
+adjutant, ran up with his riding whip and, making
+one of them step forward, beat him until he lost
+consciousness.</p>
+
+<p>Later on another lieutenant ordered the Viz&eacute;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+Sergeant to "train the Alsatians well. They are
+all robbers and traitors."</p>
+
+<p>All these facts proclaim in an undeniable manner
+that the soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine are not
+treated like ordinary citizens by the German
+Army, but like foreigners temporarily under the
+domination of Germany.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>The Sequestration of Property</i></p>
+
+<p>For a "German" country, Alsace-Lorraine
+seems to have a great number of landowners who
+are French, if one is to judge by the sequestrations
+and confiscations with which the authorities
+have been so desperately busy for three years.</p>
+
+<p>In fact the local newspapers contain lists of
+sequestrations that are almost as long as the
+lists of deserters.</p>
+
+<p>And these confiscations apply not only to the
+landowners who live in France. A large number
+have been pronounced against inhabitants of
+Alsace-Lorraine who live abroad. Orders were
+given them to re&euml;nter the German Empire, orders
+they had no possible chance of obeying, but which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+gave the imperial government an easy pretext for
+pronouncing their denationalization and the confiscation
+of their property.</p>
+
+<p>Also, the sequestrations followed by sales under
+the hammer, of French and Alsatian properties
+were extremely numerous. Among these properties
+there are a certain number of considerable
+importance.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fourth of August, 1916, <i>Les
+Derni&egrave;res Nouvelles de Strasbourg</i>, advertised the
+sale under the hammer of the properties of Prince
+de Tonnay-Charente, situated at Hambourg and
+consisting of a splendid ch&acirc;teau, furnished in
+Louis Fourteenth style, Gobelin tapestries of great
+value, family portraits, green houses, outhouses,
+ponds, farms, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Strassburg <i>Post</i> for the twenty-ninth of
+October announced the liquidation sale of Cit&eacute;
+Hof, belonging to the heirs of Paul de Geiger,
+including "forty-two hectares of fine arable land,
+fine dwelling houses, barns and stables, a very fine
+park, summer houses, a coach house, etc." ...
+"of the Villa Huber, with a fine park, servants'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+quarters, garden, surrounded by twenty-eight hectares
+of fields."</p>
+
+<p>The same paper for the fourth of October announces
+the sale of the famous ch&acirc;teau of Robertsau,
+the property of Mme. Loys-Chandieu, n&eacute;e
+Pourtal&egrave;s, with two hundred and thirty hectares
+of farm land and one hundred and thirty hectares
+of forest.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Metzer Zeitung</i> for the twentieth of October
+announced the liquidation of twenty properties
+in the Moyeuvre Grande district, and of
+eleven in that of Sierek.</p>
+
+<p>Many people have obviously been covetous of
+these French possessions.</p>
+
+<p>On this subject curious letters and unceasing
+polemics appeared in the Alsatian newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>Certain interested persons complained (<i>Strassburger
+Post</i> for the third of November) that the
+time was so short that only the inhabitants of the
+country and their immediate neighbors had any
+opportunity of profiting by these occasions. They
+remarked with all justice that to get the highest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+prices for these sales there ought to be a large
+number of bidders.</p>
+
+<p>For the farm lands, the neighbors would suffice
+to bring up the bids to a high enough sum, but
+when it was a matter of a magnificent ch&acirc;teau,
+like that at Osthofen, with a garden and a park,
+bidders for this luxury would scarcely be found
+among the peasants. The speculators alone would
+step in and would acquire for a mere nothing
+properties of great value. And the plaintiffs
+added, "Is that desirable?"</p>
+
+<p>The following considerations advanced by one
+of the plaintiffs are not without interest. "Sufficient
+means of communication still remain between
+France and Germany. Do you not see the
+danger of feigned sales, to third persons, who
+will buy in the goods at small cost and will hand
+them over later on to their former proprietors?
+In this way the French influence over the ownership
+of the land will be re&euml;stablished in the future."</p>
+
+<p>To these complaints and wrongs the <i>Strassburger</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+<i>Post</i> for the eighth of November replied
+in detail.</p>
+
+<p>It assured that the list of goods to be disposed
+of had not only been placed by the authorities in
+the several states of the empire, to give buyers
+time to take advantage of possible bargains, but
+also a catalogue of stationary objects had been
+published in fifteen hundred copies by Schultz
+&amp; Co. of Strassburg.</p>
+
+<p>This catalogue was quickly used up and the
+demand for it continued to come in, which proved
+that the buyers were informed in time.</p>
+
+<p>The newspaper adds that the things to be sold
+have been visited by buyers coming from old Germany
+as well as from Alsace-Lorraine, and sales
+propositions have been made before the publication
+of notices in the newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>It seems, furthermore, that if the sales of land
+and the exploitation of farm lands have ended
+rapidly, it was because colonization societies,
+called "black bands," have overtly bought up or
+had bought up the properties by their agents, in
+the hope that their plans would be realized after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
+the war. In industrial matters, there was recently
+founded in Berlin a German syndicate which proposes
+to buy up the actions.</p>
+
+<p>For the textile industry in particular, it is a
+question of a veritable trust against which is arrayed
+"a syndicate of Alsatian manufacturers
+who have felt the need of defending themselves."</p>
+
+<p>The entire scope of recent German policies with
+regard to Alsace-Lorraine shows that this land
+which von Hertling said was "allied to Germanism
+by more and more intimate bonds" has been,
+as a matter of fact, to treat it like a foreign land,
+kept by force under imperial domination and
+submitted, like the occupied portions of France
+and Belgium, to a veritable reign of terror.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_VI" id="APPENDIX_VI"></a>APPENDIX VI</h2>
+
+<h2><a name="HOW" id="HOW"></a>HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>If an account is desired of the manner in which
+the Germans understand a future peace, this letter
+suffices. It was addressed to the <i>Berliner
+Lokalanzeiger</i> by Herr Walter Rathenau. He was
+in charge of the direction of all industrial establishments
+in Germany:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We commenced war a year too soon. When we
+shall have obtained a German peace, reorganization
+on a broader and more solid basis than ever
+before must commence immediately. The establishments
+which produce raw materials must not
+only continue their work, but they must also redouble
+their energies and thus form the foundation
+of Germany's economical preparation for the
+next war.</p>
+
+<p>On the lessons taught by actual war we must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+figure out carefully what our country lacks in
+raw materials and accumulate great stores of
+these which shall never be utilized until <i>Der Tag</i>
+of the future. We must organize the industrial
+mobilization as perfectly as the military mobilization.
+Every man of technical training or partial
+technical training, whether or not he is enrolled
+in the list of men who can be mobilized,
+must have received authority by official order to
+take over the direction of industrial establishments
+on the second day which shall follow the
+next declaration of war.</p>
+
+<p>Every establishment which manufactures for
+commercial purposes ought to be mobilized and to
+know officially that the third day after the declaration
+of war it must make use of all its facilities in
+satisfying the needs of the Army.</p>
+
+<p>The quantity of merchandise which each one of
+these establishments can furnish to the Army in
+a given time and the nature thereof ought to be
+determined in advance. Every establishment also
+ought to furnish an exact and complete list of
+the workmen with whose services it can dispense,
+and those men alone can be mobilized for military
+services.</p>
+
+<p>Finally commercial arrangements will be made
+necessary with nations outside Europe through
+which we will give them sufficient advantages,
+specified in detail, so that it would be directly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+advantageous to their commercial interests to
+carry on commerce with none of the belligerents
+and not to sell them munitions.</p>
+
+<p>We can accept such obligations for ourselves
+without any fear and finally, when the next war
+shall come, it cannot come a year too soon.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4>Transcriber's Notes</h4>
+
+<p>Pg. 6, <a href="#Sunday">Sunday</a>, August third, left as original as it's uncertain which
+day the author meant. Sunday was actually August 2, Monday was August
+3; and the context from the beginning of the chapter was that the
+declaration of war was delivered late afternoon Monday, August 3.
+(Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.)</p>
+
+<p>Pg. 7, unforgetable changed to <a href="#unforgettable">unforgettable</a>. (It recalled the
+unforgettable scenes.) </p> <p>Pg. 14, thirteenth changed to <a href="#thirtieth">thirtieth</a>, per
+context (when Sunday the thirtieth of August came). </p> <p>Pg. 14, week
+changed to <a href="#weeks">weeks</a>. (For several weeks our troops) </p> <p>Pg. 54, <a href="#beseiged">beseiged</a> and
+<a href="#beseiger">beseiger</a> left as original, as author quoted from another book. (in a
+beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in consequence it would be
+very foolish of the beseiger to renounce) </p> <p>Pg. 88, removed ending
+double quotes. (I feel better for <a href="#it">it.'</a>) </p> <p>Pg. 90, mobolization changed
+to <a href="#mobilization">mobilization</a> (priests who went off at the beginning of the
+mobilization). </p> <p>Pg. 100, sum of artillery kilos do not equal <a href="#Total">Total</a>
+kilos. Left as original. </p> <p>Pg. 108, tetragon changed to <a href="#tarragon">tarragon</a>
+(16,900 tarragon plants).</p>
+<p>Pg. 162, catastrophies changed to <a href="#catastrophes">catastrophes</a> (irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided?).</p>
+<p>Pgs. <a href="#Beth">163</a>, <a href="#Bethmann">206</a>, Bethmann-Hollweg, hyphenation inconsistent with<br />
+Pgs. <a href="#Hollweg">180</a>, <a href="#Holl">182</a>, Bethmann Hollweg. Kept as in original.</p>
+<p>Pg. 167, <a href="#Article">ARTICLE 23</a> has no (b) paragraph. </p>
+<p>Pg. 193, protect changed to <a href="#protest">protest</a> to reflect the actual letter (I
+consider it my duty to protest against this threat of violence to the
+Ambassador). </p>
+<p>Pg. 219, correstionnelle changed to <a href="#correctionnelle">correctionelle</a> ("_chambre
+correctionnelle_ at Kolmar).</p>
+<p>Pg. 229, Appendix VI, added <a href="#HOW">HOW</a> to title to match Table
+of Contents and make it consistent with rest of Appendices. </p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18483-h.htm or 18483-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/4/8/18483/
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/18483.txt b/18483.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db16834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18483.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5600 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fighting France
+
+Author: Stephane Lauzanne
+
+Contributor: James M. Beck
+
+Translator: John L. B. Williams
+
+Release Date: June 1, 2006 [EBook #18483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGHTING FRANCE
+
+BY
+
+STEPHANE LAUZANNE
+LIEUTENANT IN THE FRENCH ARMY, CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR
+EDITOR IN CHIEF OF THE "MATIN,"
+MEMBER OF THE FRENCH MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES
+
+WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+JAMES M. BECK, LL.D.
+LATE ASSISTANT ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+TRANSLATED BY
+JOHN L. B. WILLIAMS, A.M.
+SOMETIME FELLOW OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+NEW YORK
+LONDON
+
+1918
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1918, by
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+MY CHIEFS
+MY COMRADES
+MY MEN
+WHO ARE FIGHTING FOR THE GREAT CAUSE
+OF LIBERTY AND CIVILIZATION
+
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+To be Editor-in-Chief of one of the greatest newspapers in the world
+at twenty-seven years of age is a distinction, which has been enjoyed
+by few other men, if any, in the whole history of journalism. There
+may have been exceptional instances, where young men by virtue of
+proprietary and inherited rights, have nominally, or even actually,
+succeeded to the editorial control of a great metropolitan newspaper.
+But in the case of M. Stephane Lauzanne, his assumption of duty in
+1901 as Editor-in-Chief of the Paris _Matin_ was wholly the result of
+exceptional achievement in journalism. Merit and ability, and not
+merely friendly influences, gave him this position of unique power,
+for the _Matin_ has a circulation in France of nearly two million
+copies a day, and its Editor-in-Chief thereby exerts a power which it
+would be difficult to over-estimate.
+
+M. Lauzanne was born in 1874 and is a graduate of the Faculty of Law
+of Paris. Believing that journalism opened to him a wider avenue of
+usefulness than the legal profession, he preferred--as the event
+showed most wisely--to follow a journalistic career. In this choice he
+may have been guided by the fact that he was the nephew of the most
+famous foreign correspondent in the history of journalism. I refer to
+M. de Blowitz, who was for many years the Paris correspondent of the
+London _Times_, and as such a very notable representative of the
+Fourth Estate. No one ever more fully illustrated the truth of the
+words which Thackeray, in Pendennis, puts into the mouth of his George
+Warrington, when he and Arthur Pendennis stand in Fleet Street and
+hear the rumble of the engines in the press-room. He likened the
+foreign correspondents of these newspapers to the ambassadors of a
+great State; and no one more fully justifies the analogy than M. de
+Blowitz, for it is profitable to recall that when in 1875 the military
+party of Germany secretly planned to strike down France, when the
+stricken gladiator was slowly but courageously struggling to its
+feet, it was de Blowitz, who in an article in the London _Times_ let
+the light of day into the brutal and iniquitous scheme, and by mere
+publicity defeated for the time being this conspiracy against the
+honor of France and the peace of the world. Unfortunately the _coup_
+of the Prussian military clique was only postponed. Our generation was
+destined to sustain the unprecedented horrors of a base attempt to
+destroy France, that very glorious asset of all civilization.
+
+De Blowitz took great interest in his brilliant nephew and at his
+suggestion Lauzanne became the London correspondent of the _Matin_ in
+1898, when he was only twenty-four years of age. This brought him into
+direct communication with the London _Times_ which then as now
+exchanged cable news with the _Matin_, and it was the duty of the
+young journalist to take the cable news of the "Thunderer" and
+transmit such portions as would particularly interest France to the
+_Matin_, with such special comment as suggested itself. How well he
+did this work, requiring as it did the most accurate judgment and the
+nicest discrimination, was shown when he was made Editor-in-Chief of
+the _Matin_ in 1901.
+
+His tenure of office was destined to be short for, when the world war
+broke out, M. Lauzanne, as a First Lieutenant of the French Army,
+joined the colors in the first days of mobilization and surrendered
+the pen for the sword. His career as editor had been long enough,
+however, for him to impress upon the minds of the French public the
+imminency of the Prussian Peril. As to this he had no illusions and
+his powerful editorials had done much to combat the spirit of
+pacificism, which at that time was weakening the preparations of
+France for the inevitable conflict.
+
+The obligation of universal service required him to exchange his
+position of great power and usefulness for a lesser position, but this
+spirit of common service in the ranks means much for France or for any
+nation. The democracy of the French Army could not be questioned, when
+the powerful Editor of the _Matin_ became merely a lieutenant in the
+Territorial Infantry. As such, he served in the battle of the Marne
+and later before Verdun, and thus could say of the two most heroic
+chapters in French history, as AEneas said of the Siege of Troy, "Much
+of which I saw, and part of which I was."
+
+Having fulfilled the obligation of universal service in the ranks, it
+is not strange that in 1916 he was recalled to serve the French
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For a time he rendered great service in
+Switzerland, where from the beginning of the war an acute but
+ever-lessening controversy has raged between the pro-German and the
+pro-Ally interests.
+
+He was then chosen for a much more important mission. In October,
+1916, he came to the United States as head of the "Official Bureau of
+French Information," and here he has remained until the present hour.
+As such, he has been an unofficial ambassador of France. His position
+has been not unlike that of Franklin at Passy in the period that
+preceded the formal recognition by France of the United States and the
+Treaty of Alliance of 1778. As with Franklin, his weapon has been the
+pen and the printing press, and the unfailing tact with which he has
+carried on his mission is not unworthy of comparison with that of
+Franklin. No one who has been privileged to meet and know M. Lauzanne
+can fail to be impressed with his fine urbanity, his _savoir faire_
+and his perfect tact. Without any attempt at propaganda, he has
+greatly impressed American public opinion by his contributions to our
+press and his many public addresses. In none of them has he ever made
+a false step or uttered a tactless note. His words have always been
+those of a sane moderation and the influence that he has wielded has
+been that of truth. Apart from the vigor and calm persuasiveness of
+his utterances, his winning personality has made a deep impression
+upon all Americans who have been privileged to come in contact with
+him. The highest praise that can be accorded to him is that he has
+been a true representative of his own noble, generous and chivalrous
+nation. Its sweetness and power have been exemplified by his charming
+personality.
+
+Although he has taken a forceful part in possibly the greatest
+intellectual controversy that has ever raged among men, he has from
+first to last been the gentleman and it has been his quiet dignity and
+gentleness that has added force to all that he has written and
+uttered, especially at the time when America was the greatest neutral
+forum of public opinion.
+
+If "good wine needs no bush and a good play needs no epilogue," then a
+good book needs no prologue. Therefore I shall not refer to the
+simplicity and charm, with which M. Lauzanne has told the story with
+which this book deals. The reader will judge that for himself; and
+unless the writer of this foreword is much mistaken, that judgment
+will be wholly favorable. There have been many war books--a very
+deluge of literature in which thinking men have been hopelessly
+submerged--but most books of wartime reminiscences do not ring true.
+There is too obvious an attempt to be dramatic and sensational. This
+book avoids this error and its author has contented himself with
+telling in a simple and convincing manner something of the part which
+he was called upon to play.
+
+I venture to predict that all good Americans who read this book will
+become the friends, through the printed pages, of this gifted and
+brilliant writer, and if it were possible for such Americans to
+increase their love and admiration for France, then this book would
+deepen the profound regard in which America holds its ancient ally.
+
+                                        JAMES M. BECK.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+I
+
+WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+The declaration of war and the French mobilization--The
+invasion and the tragic days of Paris in August and
+September, 1914: personal reminiscences--The premeditated
+cruelties of Germany: new documents--The German organized
+spying system in France                                             1
+
+II
+
+HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+France fighting with her men, her women and her children--The
+men show that they know how to suffer: episodes of the Marne
+and of Verdun--The women encourage the men to fight and to
+suffer: some illustrations--Sacred Union of all Frenchmen
+against the enemy--all, without any distinction of class or
+religion, die smiling--Letters of soldiers--The organization
+in the rear: the work in the factories                             51
+
+III
+
+FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE
+
+Despite her sufferings, France is able to pay 20 billions of
+dollars, for the war, in three years--French commerce and
+French work during the war--France is helping her allies from
+a military standpoint and financially--The saving of Serbia        94
+
+IV
+
+THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE
+
+Restitution: Alsace-Lorraine--Restoration: The devastated and
+looted territories. Guarantees: The Society of Nations            138
+
+APPENDICES
+
+APPENDIX I.--HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE                     179
+
+APPENDIX II.--HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR                     183
+
+APPENDIX III.--HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR                         196
+
+APPENDIX IV.--HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY        200
+
+APPENDIX V.--HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE                    206
+
+APPENDIX VI.--HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE                 229
+
+
+
+
+FIGHTING FRANCE
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+WHY FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+
+Had you been in Paris late in the afternoon of Monday, August third,
+nineteen fourteen, you might have seen a slight man, whose reddish
+face was adorned with a thick white mustache, walk out of the German
+Embassy, which was situated on the Rue de Lille near the Boulevard St.
+Germain. Along the boulevard and across the Pont de la Concorde he
+walked in a manner calculated to attract attention. He approached the
+animated and peevish groups of citizens that had formed a little
+before for the purpose of discussing the imminent war as if he wanted
+them to notice him. You would have said that he was trying to be
+recognized and to take part in the discussions.
+
+But no one paid any attention to him.
+
+Finally he came to the Quai d'Orsay, opened the Gate of the Ministry
+of Foreign Affairs, and said to the attendant who hastened to open the
+door for him:
+
+"Announce the German Ambassador to the Prime Minister."
+
+He was Baron de Schoen, Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister
+Plenipotentiary of his Germanic Majesty, William the Second. For two
+days he had wandered through the most crowded streets and avenues in
+Paris, hoping for some injury, some insult, some overt act which would
+have permitted him to say that Germany in his person had been
+provoked, insulted by France. But there had been no violence, the
+insult had not been offered, the overt act had not occurred. Then,
+tired of this method, de Schoen took the initiative and presented a
+declaration of war from his government.
+
+The declaration, as history will record, was expressed in these terms:
+
+     The German administrative and military authorities have
+     established a certain number of flagrantly hostile acts
+     committed on German territory by French military aviators.
+     Several of these have openly violated the neutrality of
+     Belgium by flying over the territory of that country; one
+     has attempted to destroy buildings near Wesel; others have
+     been seen in the district of the Eifel, one has thrown bombs
+     on the railway near Carlsruhe and Nuremberg.
+
+     I am instructed and I have the honor to inform your
+     Excellency, that in the presence of these acts of aggression
+     the German Empire considers itself in a state of war with
+     France in consequence of the acts of the latter Power.
+
+     At the same time I have the honor to bring to the knowledge
+     of your Excellency that the German authorities will detain
+     French mercantile vessels in German ports, but they will
+     release them if, within forty-eight hours, they are assured
+     of complete reciprocity.
+
+     My diplomatic mission having thus come to an end, it only
+     remains for me to request your Excellency to be good enough
+     to furnish me with my passports, and to take the steps you
+     consider suitable to assure my return to Germany, with the
+     staff of the Embassy, as well as with the staff of the
+     Bavarian Legation and of the French Consulate General in
+     Paris.
+
+     Be good enough, M. le President, to receive the assurances
+     of my deepest respect.
+
+                                        (Signed) DE SCHOEN.
+
+Immediately M. Rene Viviani, the French Premier and Minister of
+Foreign Affairs, protested against the statements of this
+extraordinary declaration. No French aviator had flown over Belgium;
+no French aviator had come near Wesel; no French aviator had flown in
+the direction of Eifel; nor had hurled bombs on the railroad near
+Carlsruhe or Nuremberg. And less than two years later a German, Dr.
+Schwalbe, the Burgomaster of Nuremberg, confirmed M. Viviani's
+indignant denial of the German accusations:
+
+"It is false," wrote Dr. Schwalbe in the _Deutsche Medizinische
+Wochenschrift_, "that French aviators dropped bombs on the railway at
+Nuremberg. The general of the third Bavarian army corps, which was
+stationed in the vicinity, assured me that he knew nothing of the
+attempt except from the newspapers...."
+
+But a blow had just been struck that announced the rising of the
+curtain on the most frightful tragedy the universe has ever known.
+This announcement was contained in the brief, plain words of the
+declaration of war.
+
+De Schoen left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he had been
+courteously received for many years, and made his way out. He was
+escorted by M. Philippe Berthelot, who was at the time _directeur
+politique_ at the Quai d'Orsay. As he was going out of the door, de
+Schoen pointed to the city, which, with its trees, its houses, and its
+monuments, could be seen clearly on the other side of the Seine.
+
+"Poor Paris," he exclaimed, "what will happen to her?"
+
+At the same time he offered his hand to M. Berthelot, but the latter
+contented himself with a silent bow, as if he had neither seen the
+proffered hand nor heard the question.
+
+It was a quarter before seven o'clock in the evening. From that time
+on France has been at war with Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.
+
+How many times the French people had thought of that mobilization
+during the last twenty years, in proportion as Germany grew more
+aggressive, more brutal and more insulting! Personally I had often
+looked at the little red ticket fastened to my military card, on which
+were written these brief words:
+
+     In time of mobilization, Lieutenant Lauzanne (Stephane) will
+     report on the second day of mobilization to the railroad
+     station nearest his home and there entrain immediately for
+     Alencon.
+
+And each time I looked at the little red card, I felt a bit
+anxious.... Mobilization! The railroad station! The first train! What
+a mob of people, what an overturning of everything, what a lot of
+disorder there would be! Well, there had been neither disorder nor
+disturbance nor a mob, for everything had taken place in a manner that
+was marvelously simple and calm.
+
+Monday, August third, at sunrise I had gone to the Gare des Invalides.
+There was no mob, there was no crowd. Some policemen were walking in
+solitary state along the sidewalk, which was deserted. The station
+master, to whom I presented my card, told me, in the most
+extraordinarily calm voice in the world, as if he had been doing the
+same thing every morning:
+
+"Track number 5. Your train leaves at 6.27."
+
+And the train left at 6.27, like any good little train that is on
+time. It had left quietly; it was almost empty. It had followed the
+Seine, and I had seen Paris lighted up by the peaceable morning glow,
+Paris which was still asleep. And I had rubbed my eyes, asking myself
+if I wasn't dreaming, if I wasn't asleep. Were we really at war? My
+eyes were seeing nothing of it, but my memory kept recalling the fact.
+It recalled the unforgettable scenes of those last days--that scene
+especially, at four o'clock in the evening on the first of August,
+when the crowd along the boulevard had suddenly seen the mobilization
+orders posted in the window of a newspaper office. A shout burst
+forth, a shout I shall hear until my last moment, which made me
+tremble from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet. It was a
+shout that seemed to come from the very bowels of the earth, the shout
+of a people who, for years, had waited for that moment.
+
+Then the "Marseillaise"! Then a short, imperious demand:
+
+"The flags! We want the flags!"
+
+And flags burst forth from all quarters of Paris, decorated in the
+twinkling of an eye as if it were a fete day. Yes, all that had really
+happened. All that had taken place. We were really at war.
+
+Little by little the train filled up. It stopped at every station, and
+at every station men got aboard. They came in gayly and confidently,
+bidding farewell to the women who had accompanied them and who stayed
+behind the gate to do their weeping. Everybody was mixed in together
+in the compartments without any distinctions of rank, station, class
+or anything else. At Argentan I saw some rough Norman farmers enter
+the coaches, talking with the same good natured calmness as if they
+were going away on a business trip. One expression was repeated again
+and again:
+
+"If we've got to go, we've got to go."
+
+One farmer said:
+
+"They are looking after our good. I shall fight until I fall."
+
+The spirit of the whole French people spoke from these mouths. You
+felt the firm purpose of the nation come out of the very earth.
+
+The country side presented an unwonted appearance. I remember vividly
+the view the broad plains of Beauce offered. They looked as if they
+were dead or fallen into a lethargy. Their life had come to an abrupt
+end on Saturday, the first of August, at four o'clock in the
+afternoon. We saw mounds of grain that had been cut and was still
+scattered on the ground, with the scythe glistening nearby. We saw
+pitchforks resting alongside the hay they had just finished tossing.
+We saw sheaves lying on the ground with no one to take them away. The
+very villages were deserted; not a human being appeared in them. You
+would have said that this train that was passing through in the wake
+of hundreds of other trains had blotted out all the inhabitants of the
+region.
+
+We detrained at Alencon, arriving there about mid-day. Alencon is a
+tiny Norman village that is habitually calm and peaceful, but on that
+day it was crowded with people. An enormous wave, the wave of the men
+who were mobilizing, rushed through the main street of the little town
+in the direction of the two barracks. I went with the current. My
+captain, whom I found in the middle of a part of the barracks, had not
+even had time to put on his uniform. He explained the situation to me
+with military brevity:
+
+"It's very simple.... It's now three o'clock in the afternoon. The day
+after tomorrow, at six o'clock in the morning, we entrain for Paris.
+We have one day to clothe, equip and arm our company."
+
+It is no small matter to clothe, equip and arm two hundred and fifty
+men in twenty-four hours. You have to find in the enormous pile, which
+is in a corner of a shed, two hundred and fifty coats, pairs of
+trousers and hats which will fit two hundred and fifty entirely
+separate and distinct chests, legs and heads. You have to find five
+hundred pairs of shoes for two hundred and fifty pairs of feet. You
+have to arrange the men in rank according to their heights, form the
+sections and the squads. You have to have soup prepared and transport
+provisions. You have to go and get rifles and cartridges. You have to
+get funds advanced for the company accounts from the very beginning of
+the campaign. You have to get your duties organized, make up accounts
+and prepare statements. You have to breathe the breath of life into
+the little machine which is going to take its place in the big
+machine.
+
+And there was not a person there to help us to do this--not a line
+officer, not a second lieutenant. The captain had to act on his own,
+to think on his own, to decide everything on his own. He had to do
+all by himself the work that yesterday twenty-five department store
+heads, twenty-five shoe makers and twenty-five certified public
+accountants would have had a hard time doing.
+
+He did it! Every captain in the French Army did it. And the next
+morning at six o'clock our little machine was ready to go and take its
+place in the operations of the big machine. The following day, at six
+o'clock, we entrained again; but no longer was it the confused and
+disorganized crowd that it had been the evening before. It was a
+company with arms and leaders; a company which had already made the
+acquaintance of discipline. That was proved by the silence reigning
+everywhere. At the moment of departure the Colonel had commanded:
+
+"Silence!"
+
+There was not a sound. The long train, crowded with soldiers, was a
+silent train which passed through the open country, the towns and the
+villages all the way to Paris without a sound except the puffing of
+the engine. In the evening, silent always, we detrained at Paris and
+marched to a barracks situated to the north of the capital. We were
+to stay there a month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The story of Paris during the month of August, 1914, is an
+extraordinary one that would deserve an entire volume to itself. That
+feverish city has never lived through hours that were more calm and
+peaceful. During the first two weeks Paris seemed to be in a sweet,
+peaceful dream, in which the citizens listened eagerly for sounds of
+victory coming from the far distant horizon. On the twenty-fifth of
+August Paris, which had heard only vague echoes of the Battle of
+Charleroi, awakened with a jolt when it read the famous communique
+beginning with the words: "_De la Somme aux Vosges_...."
+
+So the enemy was already at the Somme, a few days' march from the
+capital! But the awakening was as free from disturbance as the dream
+had been. Paris felt absolute confidence in the army, in Joffre; and
+the Parisian reasoning was expressed in one phrase, "The army has
+retreated, but it is neither destroyed nor beaten; as long as the
+army is there, Paris has nothing to fear...." And when Sunday the
+thirtieth of August came, Paris was as calm and confident as it was
+on the first day of the war.
+
+I shall remember the thirtieth of August for a long time.
+
+They had posted on all the walls two notices. One of them was large,
+the other small. The large one was a proclamation of the Government
+announcing the departure of its officials for Bordeaux:
+
+     FRENCHMEN!
+
+     For several weeks our troops and the enemy's army have been
+     engaged in a series of bloody battles. The bravery of our
+     soldiers has gained them marked advantages at several
+     points. But in the north the pressure of the German forces
+     has compelled us to withdraw.
+
+     This retirement imposes a regrettably necessary decision on
+     the President of the Republic and the Government. To protect
+     national safety the government officials have to leave Paris
+     at once.
+
+     Under the command of an eminent leader, a French army, full
+     of bravery and resource, will defend the capital and its
+     people against the invader. But at the same time war will
+     be carried on over the rest of the territory.
+
+The small notice was from General Gallieni, the new Governor of Paris.
+It had, in its brevity, the beauty of an ancient inscription:
+
+     "I have been ordered to defend Paris. I shall obey this
+     command until the end."
+
+That same Sunday, the thirtieth of August, was the first day the
+Taubes came over Paris. By chance I was guarding one of the city's
+gates. I saw the airplane coming from a distance. I had not the least
+doubt about it for it had the silhouette of a bird of prey that
+rendered the German planes so easily recognizable at that time. For
+that matter, no one was deceived by it, and from all the batteries,
+forts and other positions a violent fusillade greeted it. There was
+firing from the streets, windows, courts and roofs. I followed it
+through my field glass, and for a moment I thought it had been hit,
+for it paused in its flight. But this was an optical illusion.... The
+plane simply flew higher, having without doubt heard the sound of the
+fusillade and the bullets having perhaps whistled too close to the
+pilot's ears. When he was almost over my post, a light white cloud
+appeared under its wings and, in the ten ensuing seconds, there
+followed a terrible series of sounds, for a bomb had just fallen and
+exploded very near at hand. But so entrancing was it to observe the
+flight of this pirate who, in spite of everything, continued in his
+audacious course, that I gazed at the heavens, trying to determine
+whether or not I saw once more the little white cloud, the precursor
+of the machine of death.
+
+And everyone who was near me--workmen, passers-by, women,
+children--stayed there too, their feet firmly on the ground, their
+glances lost in the limitless sky. No one ran away; no one hid; no one
+sought refuge behind a door or in a cellar. It's a characteristic of
+airplane bombs that they frighten no one, even when they kill. The
+machine you see does not frighten you; only the machine you can't see
+upsets your nerves.
+
+However that may be, the curiosity of Paris was insatiable. Even in
+the tragic hours we were living through at that time, this curiosity
+remained as eager, ardent and amused as ever. Every afternoon, at the
+stroke of four, crowds collected in the squares and avenues. The
+motive was to see the Taubes! Since one Taube had flown over the city,
+no one doubted that a second one would come the next day. A girl's
+boarding school obtained a free afternoon to enjoy the spectacle. The
+midinettes were allowed to leave their work. At Montmartre, where the
+steps of the Butte gave a better chance of scanning the horizon,
+places were in great demand.
+
+There was a crowd along the fortifications to see the works for the
+defense on which, by General Gallieni's order, men were working.
+Thousands of spectators of both sexes, but especially of women, were
+examining the bases that were being put in for the guns, the openings
+they were making to serve as loopholes, the joists they were putting
+across the gates, and the paving stones with which the entrances were
+being barricaded. This crowd did not want to believe in the proximity
+of the enemy. Or, if it believed it, it didn't want to admit that
+there was danger. Or, if it admitted that there was danger, it wanted
+to share in it. Above everything it wanted to see; it wanted to see!
+
+The last night in August I had a hard time freeing the approaches of
+the gate I was guarding. There were only women, but there were
+thousands of them and neither prayer nor argument could persuade them
+to make up their minds to go home.
+
+"Nothing will happen," I told them. "Look here now, be reasonable and
+go home to bed."
+
+"But we want to see...."
+
+"What do you want to see?"
+
+"Want to see what kind of a reception the Prussians will get if they
+come."
+
+Aside from this the mob was remarkably easy to get on with. A strict
+order had forbidden that anyone be permitted to enter or leave Paris
+until sunrise. As a result the capital found itself cut off from the
+suburbs, and lots of little working girls, who came in for the day
+from Clichy or Levallois-Perret, couldn't get back to their homes in
+the evening. They had to camp out under the stars.
+
+"It's very amusing," they said, "here we are just like soldiers."
+
+I even heard one of them say:
+
+"What a pity there isn't always war."
+
+That same night, about eleven o'clock, a heavy sound was heard coming
+from the direction of the city. Some urchins shouted:
+
+"It's the soldiers. It's the soldiers."
+
+An entire Algerian division was, as a matter of fact, detraining and
+hurrying to fight before Paris. Behind it followed a long line of
+taxi-cabs, the famous line of taxi-cabs requisitioned by General
+Gallieni to carry munitions to the battle field of the Ourcq. They
+made an incomparable spectacle, that magnificent summer night, in the
+bright moonlight, the long column of Algerian cavalry, with their
+shining burnouses, on fiery little horses. Applause burst forth from
+the mob and reached the soldiers. The women threw kisses at them, but
+they overwhelmed my men and me with reproaches:
+
+"See," they shrieked at us, "if we had minded you and gone home, we
+wouldn't have seen them."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paris, which didn't know about the Battle of Charleroi, knew about the
+Battle of the Marne. Paris knew about the Battle of the Marne not only
+on account of the troops who marched through its streets, but because
+it heard the big guns roar for three days, without stopping, towards
+the north.
+
+What has not already been written and said about the Battle of the
+Marne, a conflict which will remain legendary in history? What will
+not be said and written on that subject in the future?... Some writers
+will see in it a miracle, others a strategic action engineered by a
+genius, others a chance stroke of destiny. The truth of the matter is
+more simple and appealing than any of these explanations and, although
+the whole truth is not yet known about the fight at the Marne, enough
+is known to make clear the two or three chief reasons why victory came
+to France and defeat to Germany, safety to civilization and a repulse
+to barbarism.
+
+To be sure there was a great deal of strategy in it; and the stroke
+that was conceived in the master brain of Joffre and carried out by
+Generals Gallieni and Maunoury--a stroke which consisted in forming a
+new army on the extreme right of the German hordes to come and hurl
+itself sharply against these hordes--was a brave and bold maneuver
+which prepared the way for victory.
+
+But this maneuver would not in itself have sufficed to win the victory
+if Maunoury had not attacked with an irresistible elan on the extreme
+left, upsetting the German plan of battle; if Franchet d'Esperey had
+not supported Maunoury's attack vigorously and succeeded in breaking
+the German left; if, especially, Foch, at the center, had not
+performed unheard of miracles in breaking down the enemy's resistance
+and not allowing his own lines to be broken; if, farther on, de Langle
+de Cary and Sarrail had not held off the Princes of Bavaria and
+Prussia before Vitry; if, on the right, de Castelnau had not held
+until the end the Grand Couronne at Nancy. The first truth is that
+they were all--Joffre, Gallieni, Maunoury, Franchet d'Esperey, Foch,
+de Langle de Cary, Sarrail, Castelnau, Dubail, to mention them in the
+order of the battle line from left to right--absolutely incomparable.
+As an eye-witness said, "each man was on his own," each man gave the
+very best there was in his brain, his skill, his mind, his soul, his
+heart. The battle would have been lost if a single one of them had
+failed once during the entire seven days it raged. Opposed to the Huns
+was a chain forged of the finest steel, every link in which met the
+test for equal and unparalleled resistance. Therein lay the miracle of
+the Marne!
+
+And the second great truth is that behind these generals, who all
+showed themselves without equal, were armies which, without exception,
+had kept intact their fighting spirit, that is, their faith in
+themselves, in their leaders, in the destiny of their country, in the
+beauty of the cause for which they fought.... Enough can never be said
+of the elemental importance that lies in the morale of the fighting
+men on the battle field. It is lamentable to hear far distant
+strategists reduce the conflict of two peoples to a problem in tactics
+or a list of ordnance statistics. It is enough to make angels weep
+when spectators, at a safe distance, speak of succoring a beaten
+people by sending them food stuffs, shells and men. Above all, beyond
+all, is that immaterial, incalculable, invaluable force which is the
+sole true mistress of warfare--moral force--fighting spirit!
+
+The Frenchmen in the Battle of the Marne kept their fighting spirit
+intact. I remember asking many of the officers attached to the forces
+which, after the Battle of Charleroi, retreated under a broiling sun,
+along roads burning with heat, through a suffocating dust, how they
+felt at this disheartening time. All of them answered, "We did not
+know where we were going or what we were doing, but we did know one
+thing--that we would beat them!" One writer, Pierre Laserre, described
+this retreat in the words, "Their bodies were retreating, but not
+their souls!" This is proven by the arrival on the fifth of September
+of Joffre's immortal order, "The hour has come to hold our positions
+at any cost, and to fight rather than retreat.... No longer must we
+look at the enemy over our shoulders; the time has come to employ all
+our efforts in attacking and defeating him."... That evening, when
+they heard their leader's appeal, the hearts of the men bounded in
+response. The next morning, at dawn, their bodies leaped up and hurled
+themselves on the enemy. Therein lay the miracle of the Marne!
+
+Finally, at the very hour when the fighting spirit of the French Army
+had never been higher, the fighting spirit of the German Army had
+never been lower. It was low because the physical strength of the
+Germans was low, worn out, and broken by the shameful orgies, the
+disgraceful drinking which had reduced these men to the level of
+swine. It was low because the German fighting men had been led to
+believe that they would have to fight no longer, that the great effort
+was ended, that there was no French Army to put a stop to their
+pillaging and burning. "Tomorrow we enter Paris, we are going to the
+Moulin Rouge," von Kluck's soldiers said in their jargon to the
+inhabitants of Compiegne. "Tomorrow we will burn Bar-le-Duc,
+Poincare's home town," the Crown Prince's soldiers said. What sort of
+resistance could such men oppose to Joffre's soldiers? Their spirit,
+granting that they had ever had any, was broken beforehand. And that
+is another thing that will explain the outcome of the Battle of the
+Marne.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What Paris knew very quickly, very completely and very surely were the
+details of frightful looting and of the first atrocities perpetrated
+by the Germans, who demonstrated a premeditated intention to destroy,
+defile and wipe out everything in their path. And Paris was doubtless
+the first city in France to comprehend the significance of this war,
+which is a war of civilization against barbarism, a sacred war in
+which the forces of humanity raise a rampart of human breasts against
+the violent reappearance of primitive savagery.
+
+Those of us who had a hand in some part of the Battle of the Marne
+were not slow to comprehend who the enemy was we were fighting and why
+we had to fight him to the death.
+
+Among the many things that will be always engraved on the tablets of
+my memory, the deepest is of the time when I was on guard at the field
+of battle on the Ourcq, north of Meaux, on the extremity of the battle
+line of the Marne. Field of battle I have just written. No, it was not
+a field of battle but a field of carnage. I have forgotten the corpses
+I met in the roads or in the fields with their grinning faces and
+their distorted attitudes. But I shall never forget the ruin that was
+everywhere, the abominable manner in which the fields had been laid
+waste, the sacrilegious pillage of homes. That bore the trade mark of
+German "Kultur." That trade mark will be enough to dishonor a nation
+for centuries.
+
+I see again those humble villages situated along the road to Meaux,
+Penchard, Marcilly, Chambry, Etrepilly, where a barbarian horde had
+passed. Since there were no inhabitants remaining--men whose throats
+could be cut, women who could be violated, or babies to shoot
+down--the horde had vented its rage on the furniture and the poor
+little familiar objects in which each one of us puts a bit of his
+soul.
+
+I arrived in Etrepilly at the same time as a detachment of Zouaves.
+While they piously buried their companions who had fallen in forcing
+their way into the village, I wandered alone among the ruins. There
+had been a hundred houses there, and not a single one was untouched.
+Some had been hit by shells, and the shell which burst in the interior
+of the house had destroyed everything. That, of course, was war, and
+there was nothing to say about it.
+
+But other houses, which had been spared by shell fire, had not been
+spared by the Kaiser's soldiery. The Barbarians had placed their claws
+on them. Everything had been taken out of the houses and scattered to
+the four winds of heaven. Here is a portrait that has been wrenched
+from its frame and trampled on. A baby's bathtub has been carried into
+the garden, and the soldiers have deposited their excrement in it.
+There are chairs that have been smashed by the kicks of heavy boots
+and wardrobes that have been disemboweled. Here is a fine old mahogany
+table that has been carried into the fields for five hundred meters
+and then broken in two. An old red damask armchair, with wings at the
+sides, one of those old armchairs in which the grandmothers of France
+sit by the fire in the evening has been torn in shreds by knife
+thrusts. Linen is mixed with mud; the white veil some girl wore at her
+first communion is defiled with excrement.... An old man is wandering
+among the ruins. He has just come back to the devastated village. He
+says to me simply:
+
+"I saw them in 1870. They came here, but they didn't do this. They are
+savages."
+
+A woman was there, too. She had come an hour or so ago with the old
+man, and she stood on the step of her defiled, despoiled home where
+the curtains hung in tatters at the windows. She saw me pass by. She
+wanted to speak to me, but her voice stuck in her throat. There she
+stood, her arms extended like a great cross. She could only sob:
+
+"Look! Look!"
+
+And she was like a symbol of the whole wretched business.
+
+The men who do such deeds are the men France is fighting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Vincy-Manoeuvre was another one of the villages. It is situated near
+the border of the Department of the Oise. It was still in flames when
+I entered it. On the outskirts of the hamlet there used to be a large
+factory. Only the iron framework of this factory remained; the ashes
+had commenced to smoke, giving forth flames from time to time. Here
+also every house had been destroyed and pillaged. Only the church
+remained standing, and on the belfry which was silhouetted against the
+sky, the weather cock seemed to shudder with horror.
+
+Bottles covered the ground everywhere at Vincy-Manoeuvre. There were
+bottles in the streets, along the highways, in the fields. They
+marked the road by which the vanquished hordes had retreated. I
+counted almost two hundred in one trench, where a German battery had
+been placed. They lay pell-mell, mixed in with unexploded shells.
+Panic had apparently swept the gunners away. They had not had time to
+carry off their shells, so they had left them behind. But they had had
+time to empty the bottles. Absinthe, brandy, rum, champagne, beer, and
+wine had all been consumed, and the labels lay alongside of each
+other. Drunken, bloodthirsty brutes, thieving, sickening, nauseous
+beasts were what had descended upon France and passed through her
+country. Ruins, ashes and filth were the traces left behind by the
+German mob.
+
+Some hundreds of yards from the village I noticed a woman lost in the
+immense beet fields. Apparently she was unharmed. I walked in her
+direction, thrusting aside with my legs corpses of men and horses,
+scaling the trenches, making a circuit around the craters made by
+shells. Suddenly what was my surprise at seeing two German soldiers,
+accompanied by a farmer, coming along a footpath! They stopped at six
+paces, gave me a military salute, and pointed to the white brassard of
+the Red Cross they wore on their arms.
+
+"Where do you come from?" I asked. "What are you doing here?"
+
+"We come from that farm, where we have been for two days caring for
+two of our wounded. We didn't see any French soldier or officer. We
+don't know what to do. We want to go to the village down there," they
+pointed out a hamlet two or three kilometers off, "where we left a
+doctor and one hundred and fifty-three wounded."
+
+"Very good," I said, "follow me."
+
+Obediently the two orderlies marched behind me to the village they had
+pointed out. It was situated on the national highway to Soissons. In
+this place were a hundred and fifty or two hundred Germans, quartered
+in four or five houses under the guard of a company of Zouaves who had
+just arrived a half hour previously. The German major, informed of my
+arrival, stood in front of the main building. He wore gold-rimmed
+spectacles, his face was the type the Alsatian Hansi loves to show in
+his books. He spoke very good French and even pretended that he did
+not want to answer the questions I asked him in his own language.
+
+"Show me your wounded," I ordered.
+
+He immediately conducted me everywhere, explaining the nature of each
+wound. Some were suffering and groaning; others, seeing the uniform of
+a French officer, tried to raise themselves up and salute.
+
+The German major asked:
+
+"When they come to evacuate the wounded to Meaux or some other place,
+do you suppose I shall be allowed to accompany them and continue my
+treatment?"
+
+"I don't know," I replied, "but there is one thing you can be sure of.
+My superiors will act in accordance with the demands of humanity. Now
+you follow me."
+
+I led him outside to the doorstep. I pointed out the poor homes of the
+village, ruined, reduced to dust. Everywhere were the dwellings of the
+entire region, with their furniture lying in the mud and ashes.
+
+"Look at that," I said to him. "That is what your men have done."
+
+The German officer turned very pale, then very red. He answered:
+
+"It's sad, but it is war."
+
+"No," I replied, "it isn't war. It's pure barbarism and it's
+abominable."
+
+Some few paces away from us French Zouaves were sitting beside some
+wounded Germans. In their own glasses they poured out a little cordial
+for their prisoners; they gave them their last cigarettes. One of them
+had even taken, as if he were his brother, the head of a wounded
+German in his left hand to support it. With his right hand, very
+carefully, he was giving him a drink. I pointed that out to the German
+major, saying:
+
+"There! That is war--at least it's war as we understand it."
+
+This time he made no answer.
+
+But all the German prisoners repeated what he had said to me as a set
+phrase. On the whole, when you have seen ten German prisoners you
+have seen a thousand; when you have questioned one German officer you
+have questioned fifty. The characteristic of the race is that they
+have abolished all individuality. You find yourself in an amorphous
+mass, cast in a uniform mold, not in the presence of human beings who
+think their own thoughts.
+
+I often saw trains stop in what is called a _gare regulatrice_, where
+the prisoners are questioned and distributed. These trains bring in
+prisoners and their officers. The commandant of the station, in
+accordance with his duty, has the officers appear before him so that
+he can question them:
+
+"Your name? Your rank?"
+
+The German states his name and rank, offering of necessity his
+identification card.
+
+"Your regiment?"
+
+"Such and such a regiment."
+
+"Your army corps?"
+
+"Such and such an army corps."
+
+"Who is the general in command?"
+
+Like an automaton the officer replies:
+
+"_Das sage ich nicht._" ("I can not answer that.")
+
+And you know that it would be an easier matter to make the stone
+beneath your feet talk than one of these prisoners.
+
+However, the commandant frowns slightly, glances over his notes, and
+says coldly:
+
+"I know who your general is. If you belong to such and such an army
+corps, the general in command must be General von Bissing."...
+
+"I have nothing to say."
+
+As a general thing one of the staff had something to say. The
+interpreter, the convoy officer or the station master would get a lot
+of fun out of reciting to the German passages from von Bissing's
+famous and ferocious proclamation ordering that no quarter be given
+and that the troops should not encumber themselves with prisoners.
+Then he would ask:
+
+"What would you say if we were to put such a principle into practice?"
+
+The German often became very pale. He would content himself with a
+shrug of the shoulders--the shrug of the brute who knows that he is
+safe among civilized men.
+
+The men I questioned were often doctors who ranked as majors or held
+some commission in the German medical corps. They were less stiff and
+automaton-like than the officers and sergeants of the line service.
+Their attitude varied in accordance with the number of stars they had
+on their epaulette. If their rank were inferior to mine, they were
+exaggeratedly obsequious, holding their hands along the crease in the
+seam of their trousers with their fingers close together--at strict
+attention. If their rank were superior to mine, they were defiant and
+insolent. Nevertheless, they showed themselves more communicative than
+their comrades of the line service. Most of them spoke French--well
+enough, though not perfectly. All of them had been in Paris, and one
+and all repeated this phrase:
+
+"We know your beautiful country well. We have been in your beautiful
+capital often...."
+
+For my part, I invariably spoke to them of the atrocities their men
+had perpetrated in that beautiful country, or of those they had
+perpetrated in the country of our beautiful neighbor.... Rheims,
+Ypres, Louvain, Andenne, were the names that always returned to my
+lips. I hoped each time that I would get from those men who, in spite
+of everything, were men of science, members of humanity's most
+generous profession, if not a word of contrition at least a banal word
+of regret. Since they had not ordered the sacrileges or the massacres,
+they need not keep silent. But it was all in vain. They also excused,
+justified and explained....
+
+The explanation was simple and stereotyped. For the battered Cathedral
+of Rheims, for the total destruction of Clermont, for the systematic
+laying-waste of Louvain, for the frightful company of old men, women
+and children who were dragged off into captivity, three words were the
+justification--the three words of the German major at Vincy:
+
+"_Das ist Krieg._" ("It is war.")
+
+For the blackened ruins of Senlis, for that charming city of Louvain,
+razed to the ground in one night as completely as if the scourge of
+God had passed through it; for Andenne, assassinated in cold blood
+with not one of its houses being granted mercy by the assassins; for
+Termonde, where General Sommerfeld, seated in a chair in the midst of
+the Grande Place, gave the order that it be burned and replied to the
+entreaties of the mayor:
+
+"No. Burn it to the ground!"
+
+Five other words sufficed to explain everything:
+
+"Civilians fired on our troops."
+
+Not one village in flames, not one desecrated monument, not one
+organized killing, not one tortured city that does not fall under the
+scope of one or the other of those justifications, "War is war," or
+"Civilians fired on our troops."
+
+Doctors, savants, officers, Bavarians, Saxons, and Prussians have
+adopted the double excuse with a marvelous unity: they advance it in a
+certain tone of voice. It is firmly embedded in what is left of their
+consciences as firmly as the iron cross is riveted on their necks.
+
+Besides, it was all planned, wished for, arranged in advance. German
+frightfulness formed a part of the plan of campaign. It is enough to
+read the manual called "Kriegesgebrauch in Landkriege" (Military
+Usage in Landwarfare) to be very much edified. Every German officer
+has had this manual in his hands since the days of peace. It comprised
+his rules of warfare. It was a part of his war equipment, the same as
+his field glasses and his staff-officer's card. And here is what he
+reads on the very first page:
+
+     War carried on energetically can not be directed against the
+     inhabitants and fortified places of the hostile state alone;
+     it will endeavor, it ought to endeavor to _destroy equally
+     all the enemy's intellectual and material resources_.
+     Humanitarian considerations, that is, consideration for the
+     persons of individuals and for the sake of propriety, can
+     have no recognition unless the end and nature of the war
+     allow it.
+
+And, a little farther on, he reads there:
+
+     Profound study of the history of war will make the officer
+     guard against exaggerated humanitarian concessions, will
+     teach him that war can not take place without certain
+     harshness, _that true humanity consists in proceeding
+     without tenderness_.
+
+Farther along in that book, he reads:
+
+     All the methods invented by the technic of modern warfare,
+     the most perfected as well as the most dangerous, _those
+     which kill the greatest number at once, are permitted_.
+     These last are conducive to the quickest end of the war;
+     they are, if you consider matters carefully, the most humane
+     methods.... Prisoners may be killed in case of necessity if
+     there is no other means of guarding them properly.... The
+     presence of women, children, old men, the sick and the
+     wounded in a beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in
+     consequence it would be very foolish of the beseiger to
+     renounce this advantage.... They will force the inhabitants
+     to furnish information concerning their army, military
+     resources and secrets of their country. The majority of
+     writers in all nations condemn this usage. _It will be used
+     none the less_--very regretfully--for military reasons.
+
+Finally, on the volume's last page, is found this extraordinary maxim:
+
+     "Any wrong that the war demands, however great it may be, is
+     allowed."
+
+Therefore the horrors which the Germans performed from the war's very
+beginning, which provoked an expression of great indignation from all
+the civilized world, were not perpetrated in a moment of orgy or
+madness. They have been perpetrated coldly, deliberately,
+intentionally.
+
+Besides, not only the officers and the common soldiers have been
+taught to make war in this barbarous fashion. It has been taught to
+the entire German people. This precept proves the case. It emanates
+not from a soldier but from a poet, who is not addressing the military
+class but the civilians, the women, the children, and all Germany. It
+is the "Hymn of Hate" by the poet Heinrich Vierordt, which, before the
+war, was recited in even the German kindergartens:
+
+     Hate, Germany! Slit the throats of your millions of enemies.
+     Raise a monument of their smoking corpses that will rise to
+     the heavens!
+
+     Germany, arm yourself with brazen armor and pierce with your
+     bayonet the heart of every enemy. Take no prisoners! Strike
+     them dumb. Transform into deserts the lands that lie near
+     you!
+
+     Hate, Germany! Victory will come from your anger. Shatter
+     their skulls with blows from your ax and the butt of your
+     musket. These brigands are timid beasts.... They are not
+     men.... May your fist perform the judgment of God!
+
+It is useless to say what this spirit has brought about. Germany has
+carried on the war with vigor, has armed herself with brazen armor!
+She has transformed neighboring lands into deserts! She has slit
+throats, laid waste fields, shattered skulls, she has destroyed all
+that lay in her path! She has tried to impress the terror she holds
+salutary upon the souls of inoffensive old men and women and children!
+
+This is the first of all the reasons why it is necessary now to fight,
+and to fight to the death; because these men will understand the
+abominable nature of "frightfulness" only when they see that
+"frightfulness" does not pay; only when they see the uselessness of
+unchaining horror and of beginning another war. Let an assassin go at
+liberty and he will commence his killing all over again; send him to
+the electric chair and he will regret his crime.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just as France and Paris were not long in understanding what war meant
+in Germany's mind, France and Paris were not long in accounting for
+the danger they had passed through on account of the German spy
+system, on account of the formidable web of espionage the German
+agents had woven around all France.
+
+People felt that this German spy system was there, speculated about it
+and talked about it for years and years, but it was only in the first
+days of the war that they really appreciated how diabolical it was and
+how far it had penetrated into the heart of France.
+
+What happened at Amiens at the beginning of September, 1914, is
+especially characteristic of this.
+
+Amiens was occupied twice by the enemy. To use the expression of a
+military historian, it seemed as if "the French and the Germans were
+playing hide-and-seek around the town." As soon as the blue caps of
+the French appeared over the horizon, the yellow pointed helmets of
+the Germans disappeared, rapidly. German occupation meant the same
+thing it did everywhere else--exactions, brutalities, rape.
+Immediately after he had entered the Prefecture, the German governor
+levied a war contribution of one million francs. He also demanded that
+the citizens furnish his troops with wine, cigars, and tobacco; drew
+up a list of hostages; and arrested all the men between the ages of
+seventeen and twenty years. Within twenty-four hours they were led
+away under guard.
+
+Nothing of all this surprised the brave Picard city. Proudly she
+submitted to her fate. But one thing moved her, or rather angered her,
+and that was the surety and speed with which the German authorities
+went directly to all the places they should occupy. They did not
+hesitate an instant about the street to follow or the door at which to
+knock. The arrest of the fifteen hundred young hostages occurred with
+an unheard-of rapidity. It seemed as if an invisible but exceedingly
+clever hand guided each step, regulated each movement of the invaders.
+Who could it be who directed, advised and commanded the Germans from
+behind a veil?
+
+Doubtless the mystery would never have been solved if, during the
+second occupation, the citizens had not been warned that the next day
+they would have to keep their shades down and close all shutters
+because His Imperial Highness, Prince Eitel Friedrich, the Kaiser's
+son, would then make a formal entry into the capital of Picardy. The
+shutters were closed; automatically the streets were emptied.
+
+Into a deserted city, to the sound of trumpet and drum, preceded by a
+staff gleaming with gold braid and mounted on spirited steeds, the
+German army entered in state. All the shades were drawn in the city.
+However, behind some of them drawn faces peered forth in sorrow or in
+anger. In a house on the principal street was a lady whose husband was
+at the front. Her father, an aged general who had fought bravely in
+the war of 1870, was with her. Through the drawn shades of her home
+she was watching the hated scene. And her glorious old father,
+however indignant he felt, was watching by her side.
+
+When the parade was passing by, he made a sudden gesture and said:
+
+"Look at that man on the horse, there, now!"
+
+The man in question seemed to have a horse that pranced a little more
+than the others. He rolled around in his saddle a little more than the
+others. And the two onlookers had no trouble in recognizing this
+aide-de-camp of Prince Eitel's as one of the former directors of a
+language school that had had a branch at Amiens!
+
+There is a sequel to the story ... for on the afternoon of that
+unhappy day Madame X and ten other society ladies of Amiens at
+different times heard a ring at their doors and saw that same
+individual, in full regalia, booted and spurred, enter their drawing
+rooms. He came to call on them, to pay his respects, as if it were the
+most natural thing in the world that he should be there in that
+costume. They all had to restrain the feeling of disgust and anger
+this spy aroused in their breasts. It was for the sake of the safety
+of their homes, for the lives that were dear to them, that they did
+this. And he, entirely unconscious in his vileness, was suave and
+polite, played the man about town, recalled one thing or another,
+mentioned dances and parties....
+
+So we once more find justification for the famous definition of German
+contained in Schopenhauer's famous phrase: "The German is remarkable
+for the absolute lack of that feeling which the Latins call
+'verecundia'--sense of shame."
+
+The essence of this feeling which is found among the most savage
+peoples is entirely lacking in the Teutonic race. And once more we
+find an abominable ambush placed for French culture, good faith and
+generosity.
+
+This is not an isolated incident. When the whole truth is known, there
+will be even more surprised indignation felt than there is at present.
+Inquiries will have to be made. It will be necessary to know why the
+enemy, in certain places, has rushed in as if he came out of a trap
+door. It will be necessary to know why, in certain ravaged districts,
+some houses have been entirely destroyed and others carefully spared.
+It will be necessary to know why tennis courts have been put in
+certain places and why certain masses of rhododendrons have been
+planted in certain parks....
+
+For we know that the tennis courts have helped the Germans carry out
+their schemes, and that the flower beds have had a place in the
+machinery of war they were developing, which they kept alive until
+they were at our gates. A tennis match seems a mere nothing--something
+very innocent in the way of pleasure, far from being war-like. And
+then, one fine day the discovery is made that the tennis court has a
+foundation of reinforced concrete twenty centimeters thick, fit to
+support a house six stories high and, consequently, a heavy gun!
+
+A clump of rhododendrons is very lovely, something very gracious,
+charming, most poetic. And one day the discovery is made that the
+clump conceals a platform set in concrete on which an entire battery
+can be aligned.
+
+All that will have to be investigated. All that will have to be
+stopped.... And it makes another reason why it is necessary to fight
+today, to fight to the death. For these Germans will understand the
+inanity of their Machiavellian scheming and of their spy system only
+when they shall see these methods fall to pieces, when they shall see
+their system fail absolutely.
+
+In conclusion we may say that France fights for two reasons. The first
+reason is because on the third of August at a quarter before seven
+o'clock war was declared on her; she was forced to fight; her
+territory was invaded, her cities burned to the ground; her fields
+ravaged; her citizens massacred. The second reason is because she does
+not want to have to fight in the future; she does not wish this horror
+to be reproduced a second time; she wishes, in the immortal words of
+Washington, "that plague of mankind, war, banished off the earth."
+
+To accomplish this the engine that makes war must be destroyed. The
+engine that makes war is "made in Germany." War is the national
+industry of the Germans, it has been developed and made perfect in
+Germany, it is dear to all German hearts. They are proud of it and
+have faith in its power. The machine must not only be stopped; it must
+be broken and destroyed, thrown out as scrap iron to prevent the
+pieces from being reassembled, readjusted and put in running order
+once again.
+
+That is why France is fighting, why the whole world ought to fight to
+the end, to death or until victory crowns its efforts.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+HOW FRANCE IS FIGHTING
+
+
+Two words, courage and tenacity, will serve the future historian in
+his description of how France fought, when the time shall have come
+for telling the entire story of the world war.
+
+No one has ever doubted French courage throughout all the centuries of
+her tormented history; but skeptical remarks have been made in times
+past of the tenacity of the French people.
+
+Ten epigrams do not describe this war; nor do three. But one alone
+serves this purpose--know how to endure. No more thoughtful words have
+ever been spoken than those of the Japanese, Marshall Nogi: "Victory
+is won by the nation that can suffer a quarter of an hour longer than
+its opponent."
+
+During the four years of war, France has proven that she knew how to
+suffer and was able to suffer a quarter of an hour longer than her
+enemies.
+
+They knew how to suffer, those soldiers of General Maunoury's army in
+the Battle of the Marne. And they turned the tide of battle in favor
+of French arms. They marched, fought and died for five days and five
+nights, in the passing of which some battalions marched forty-two
+kilometers and did not sleep for more than two hours at a time. The
+mobility of the fighting units was such that the commissary department
+was absolutely unable to supply them with rations. For three days many
+of them had no bread, no meat, nothing at all! They subsisted on
+crusts they had with them, or on the food they were able, by the
+fortunes of battle, to pick up in the villages where they happened to
+be. In spite of all this, whenever the order was given to charge, they
+charged the enemy with a sort of inspired madness.
+
+"The fight has been a hard one," Marshall Joffre wrote in an order of
+the day that will be famous throughout eternity. "The casualties, the
+number of men worn out by the exhaustion due to lack of sleep--and
+sometimes of food--passed all imagining.... Comrades, the commander in
+chief has asked you to do more than your duty, and you have responded
+to this request by accomplishing the impossible." That is the finest
+word of praise that has been given fighting men since the world began.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+They knew how to suffer, those other soldiers of the Battle of the
+Marne who were a part of General Foch's army at Fere-Champenoise. Five
+times they attacked the Chateau de Mondement, and five times they were
+driven back. Their officers were consulting as to the best thing to
+do; and the men surrounded the officers, begging them with tears in
+their eyes to lead them to the assault for the sixth time. For the
+sixth time the attack was sounded, and at the sixth assault Chateau de
+Mondement fell.
+
+That officer at Verdun knew how to suffer. He will remain a figure
+for the legends of the future for, running to transmit an order, he
+received a bullet in the eyes which shattered his optic nerve. He was
+completely blinded. Nevertheless, he continued to advance, trying to
+grope his way through the night that had fallen upon him. He
+encountered something lying on the ground--a something that was a man
+just as badly wounded. The blind man besought him for help.
+
+"How can I help you," said the wounded man, "a shell has broken both
+my legs."
+
+"What difference does that make," shouted the blinded man, "I am going
+to carry you on my back. My legs will be yours, and your eyes will be
+mine."
+
+And, one supporting the other, the blinded man and the lamed man
+carried on!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+That officer knew how to suffer whom one of my brothers met on the
+battle field of Lorraine. An artillery officer, his arm was shattered,
+a few bits of flesh barely holding it fast to his shoulder. My
+brother, when he saw the man painfully dragging himself along, asked
+him whether or not he needed help.
+
+"I don't need help," replied the wounded man, "but my battery down
+there does. It is retreating."
+
+"If it is retreating, it can't be helped and it is a waste of time for
+me to get it ammunition...."
+
+"No," begged the lieutenant, "get the munitions. We Colonials fight
+until the last man falls...."
+
+He offered to guide my brother, mounted beside him on the artillery
+caisson, and stayed there all day. For after he had supplied his own
+battery, it was the battery next it, and then the one next to that,
+which he wanted to supply.... Finally, in the evening, at nightfall,
+they came to take him off in the ambulance. The major looked at his
+shattered arm, examined his frightful wound, and muttered:
+
+"You are in a bad way. Couldn't you have come here sooner?"
+
+The lieutenant replied humbly:
+
+"Pardon me, I lost a lot of time on the way."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Those men I saw for months fighting and dying to the south of Verdun,
+at the Butte des Eparges, knew how to suffer.
+
+The Butte des Eparges dominates the great plain of the Woevre, and
+from the very beginning it has been the theater of a frightful and
+long drawn out battle of the kind one seldom sees in this war. The
+Germans have been entrenched on the left side of the Butte, the French
+on the right. And day and night for four years there has been an
+incessant battle over its summit of grenades, bombs and shells; a
+terrible hand-to-hand fight in which neither one of the contestants
+yields an inch of ground. A brook of blood runs its interrupted course
+on each slope. On the south slope it is red with German blood; with
+French blood on the north.
+
+The two slopes of the Butte have been so raked by firing that they
+have not a single tree, bush, or blades of grass on them; they stand
+out sinister and frightful in their nakedness, seeming to cry out to
+the men of the plain:
+
+"See, all of you, the scourge of God has passed over this place."
+
+They are dented, furrowed and blown into crevasses by the explosions
+of mines; they are sown over with the enormous funnels in which the
+fighters take shelter; they are covered with an incessant smoke from
+the projectiles that plow them up.
+
+As for the summit, it is a no man's land, that belongs to the dead men
+whose bodies cover it. The summit stopped being a battle field to
+become a charnel house. The number of men who have fallen there will
+never be known. The most fantastic figures come from the lips of those
+who come down ... 5,000, 8,000, 10,000 ... it will never be known. But
+what is known is that the dead are always there. They form a parapet
+above which the living fight on. These dead rot in the sunshine and in
+the rain. In accordance with the wind's being from the east or the
+west, the frightful odor of all this rotten flesh strikes the Germans
+or the French. They lie there, an indistinguishable mass on the
+ground, and the men are unlucky who watch by night in the listening
+posts or the trenches. They think they are stumbling against a stone,
+and it is a skull their feet are touching; they think they are picking
+up the branch of a tree, and they have hold of the arm of a corpse.
+
+However, in the shadow of this human charnel house, at the edge of
+this bloody sewer, some little French soldiers come and go, eat and
+sleep for months at a time. The dreadfulness of the sights, the stench
+in the air, the tragic presence of death has not gripped their souls,
+their courage or their nerves. They are no less confident and merry
+than the others and, in the evening, when the setting sun adds the
+purple of its shadows to the red of all the blood that has been shed
+on the Butte, they sing from the depths of their charnel house sweet
+love songs.... This is the most regally beautiful sight I have seen in
+this war; it is the most splendidly moving example I know of what
+personal sacrifice for one's country's sake can do.
+
+One day, in a rest village in the neighborhood, I met a soldier from
+one of the battalions which was encamped in the charnel house. He was
+a boy twenty years old, who hurried along with a flower in his
+buttonhole, whistling a tune.... He was so joyful that I asked him:
+
+"You seem as happy as you can be."
+
+"I have leave, Sir," he answered, "and in a week I shall go to the
+country to see my mother. But, for the present, I have to go and take
+the trench at Eparges...."
+
+As he mentioned the name of the accursed Butte, I could not repress a
+movement. He saw it and said:
+
+"Sir, I am glad to go there."
+
+And he told me his name and the number of his company. Then he hurried
+away.
+
+It chanced that precisely one week later I met one of his officers. I
+asked him about the merry fellow.
+
+"That man? He was killed the day before yesterday at Eparges."
+
+And my comrade added in a low voice:
+
+"He was shot down at my side, struck with a bullet square in the
+chest. The death agony set in at once. As I was trying to do something
+for him, passing my hand gently across his forehead, I said to him:
+
+"Courage, my boy, courage."
+
+He murmured the reply:
+
+"Oh, I'm glad to die."
+
+Glad ... the same phrase, the same words I had heard a week ago, which
+can be heard everywhere on the French front--and they are glad to go
+into all the trenches and into all the charnel houses, and it is with
+a happy heart that they rest in peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But France has not only fought with all her courage, with all her
+soul, with all her tenacity. She has fought with all her living
+strength, with her men, her women, even her children.
+
+What can I say which has not already been said about the men? When I
+think of my own men, when I think of all the men floundering and
+fighting in this mud, I can find no other means of expression than
+the words that have already served the Commander in Chief of the
+French Army, General Petain, on the evening of his great victory at
+the Chemin des Dames. In receiving the American newspapermen, he said
+to them:
+
+"Do not speak of us, the generals and the officers. Speak only of the
+men. We have done nothing; the men have done everything. Our men are
+wonderful; we, their leaders, can only kneel at their feet."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The women have been no less wonderful. And I want to write a few words
+about them.
+
+The women who are at the front have fought like the men. Can you
+imagine a more beautiful deed of arms than that of a young girl,
+twenty years old, named Marcelle Semer, whose heroic story a French
+Cabinet Minister, M. Klotz, told recently at one of the Matinees
+Nationales at the Sorbonne.
+
+In August, 1914, there lived at Eclusier, near Frise, a young girl
+with gray eyes and blonde hair named Marcelle Semer. She was twenty
+years old at the time and kept accounts in addition to overseeing the
+work of a factory. At the time of the August invasion, after the
+Battle of Charleroi, the French tried to halt the Germans at the
+Somme. Not being in sufficient force, they retreated, crossing the
+river and the canal. The enemy immediately pursued. Marcelle Semer,
+who was following the French troops, had the presence of mind, after
+the last soldier had crossed the Somme Canal, to open the drawbridge
+in order to prevent the Germans from crossing it, and to hurl the key
+to the bridge into the canal in order that they might not take it from
+her when they came up. An entire enemy army corps was thus detained
+for twenty-four hours by this young girl's presence of mind; and it
+was only on the following day that the enemy, having found some boats
+on the Somme, made a bridge of them and passed over the canal. But the
+French soldiers were already far away.
+
+The Germans were masters of the neighborhood for some days. They
+seized the inhabitants as hostages and shut them up in a cave.
+Marcelle Semer secretly carried them food. She also carried
+sustenance to other inhabitants who had hidden in the woods or in
+cellars. She succored and concealed the soldiers whom wounds or
+fatigue had prevented from following the main body of troops. She
+contrived that sixteen of them, dressed as civilians, escaped. Then
+she was apprehended by the Germans, arrested and led into the presence
+of a court-martial. The judgment was summary, and after a quarter of
+an hour's questioning Marcelle Semer was condemned to death.
+
+"Do you admit," asked the presiding officer, "that you helped French
+soldiers to escape?"
+
+"I certainly do," she replied. "I managed it so that sixteen of them
+escaped, and they are beyond your reach. Now you can do what you want
+to me. I am an orphan. I have only one mother--France. She does not
+disturb me when I'm dying."
+
+This was one time when God intervened. Marcelle did not die. Brought
+to the place of execution, at the very moment when they were about to
+shoot, the French reentered the village and, by a miracle, she escaped
+her executioners. Today she wears the Croix de Guerre and the medal of
+the Legion of Honor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+They were Frenchwomen and fighters, these women whose names and deeds
+are to be found in the columns of the "Journal Officiel." Read, for
+example, this citation concerning Madame Macherez, President of the
+Association des Dames Francaises de Soissons:
+
+     She willingly assumed the responsibility and the danger of
+     representing the city before the enemy, and defended or
+     managed the interests of the population in the absence of
+     the mayor and the majority of the members of the town
+     council. In spite of an intense bombardment which partially
+     ruined the city, she took the most effective means possible
+     to maintain calm in the city and to protect the lives of the
+     inhabitants.
+
+In this department, a lay instructress, Mlle. Cheron, merited a
+citation which does not contain the least over-praise:
+
+     She evidenced the greatest energy in difficult
+     circumstances. Charged with the duties of Secretary to the
+     Mayor, and alone at the time of the arrival of the Germans,
+     she was not disconcerted by their threats, and kept her head
+     in the face of their demands with remarkable calm and
+     decision. When our troops returned, she assumed
+     responsibility for the service and feeding of the
+     cantonment. She personally took the steps necessary for the
+     identification and burial of the dead. Finally, she was able
+     to prevent panic at the time of the bombardment by the force
+     of her example and her encouragement of the populace.
+
+Those three nuns were also Frenchwomen and fighters of whom the
+"Journal Officiel" in the general order spoke as follows:
+
+     Mlle. Rosnet, Marie, sister of the order of St. Vincent de
+     Paul, Mother Superior of the Hospice at Clermont-en-Argonne,
+     remained alone in the village and showed during the German
+     occupation an energy and coolness beyond all praise. Having
+     received a promise from the enemy that they would respect
+     the town in exchange for the care the sisters gave their
+     wounded, she protested to the German commander against the
+     burning of the town with the observation that "the word of a
+     German officer is not worth that of a French officer." Thus
+     she obtained the help of a company of sappers who fought the
+     flames. She gave the most devoted care to the wounded,
+     German as well as French....
+
+     Mlle. Constance, Mother Superior of the Hospice at
+     Badonvillers, during the three successive German occupations
+     in 1914, assisted the sisters and remained bravely at her
+     post night and day, in spite of all danger, and was busy
+     everywhere with a devotion truly admirable....
+
+     Mlle. Brasseur, Sister Etienne, Mother Superior of the
+     Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul in the Hospital at Compiegne,
+     from the war's beginning at the head of a staff whose
+     tireless devotion has deserved all praise, has given the
+     most intelligent and enlightened care to numerous wounded
+     men. During the time of the German occupation, her coolness
+     and energetic attitude assured the safety of the
+     establishment she directed. Her brave initiative allowed
+     several French soldiers to escape from captivity.
+
+The modest postmistress and telegraph operator was a Frenchwoman and a
+fighter, who, in the little village of Houpelines, in the north of the
+country, deserved this citation in the orders of the day, of which
+thousands of soldiers would be proud:
+
+     Refusing to obey the order that was given her to leave her
+     post, she remained in spite of the danger. On the first of
+     October the Germans entered her office, smashed her
+     apparatus and threatened her with death. Mlle. Deletete, who
+     had put her valuables and accounts in safe-keeping, gave
+     evidence of the greatest calmness. From the seventeenth on
+     she endured the bombardment. Her office having been damaged
+     severely by the enemy's fire, she took refuge in the civil
+     hospice, where four persons were killed at her side. She
+     resumed her duties on the twenty-third, since which date she
+     has continued to perform them in the face of frequent
+     bombardments which have found many victims.
+
+The women behind the lines have been worthy of their sisters at the
+front.
+
+In the forges, the foundries, the factories and the munition plants
+they have not feared to don the blouse of the workingman, and on this
+blouse they wear as insignia a large grenade like that on the brassard
+of the mobilized men. Note these figures. On the first of February,
+1916, the civil establishments of war, the munition plants, and the
+Marine workshops employed 127,792 women. The number has increased, and
+on the first of March, 1917, they numbered 375,582 women. On the first
+of January, 1918, the women working in the factories manufacturing war
+material amounted to 475,000; that is to say, in round numbers, a half
+million.
+
+Others, in the hospitals, ambulance and dispensaries have devoted
+themselves to the wounded, the mutilated, the sick and the suffering,
+to the sacrifice of their health, their youth, and sometimes their
+life itself. Here again the figures are eloquent--they speak for
+themselves. Three great societies, constituting the French Red Cross,
+have carried on this work of charity and devotion--the Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses Militaires, the Union des Dames de France, and The
+Association des Dames Francaises. At the war's outbreak the Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses had 375 hospitals with 17,939 beds; today it has
+796 hospitals with 67,000 beds and 15,510 graduated nurses, three
+thousand of whom are employed in military hospitals. On the
+thirty-first of December, 1916, the Union des Dames de France had 363
+hospitals with 30,000 beds and more than 20,000 graduate or volunteer
+nurses. From August, 1914, to March, 1917, the Association des Dames
+Francaises had raised the number of its hospitals from 100 to 350, and
+from 5,000 to 18,000 the number of its beds; the number of its
+graduate nurses from 5,000 to 7,000.
+
+On the thirty-first of December, 1916, the three societies counted
+about 42,000,000 days of hospital work, 25,000,000 for the Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses alone. From the beginning of the war, this society
+has expended for equipment the sum of 38,700,000 francs.
+
+Aside from these there are other figures which show the material
+effort of the Frenchwomen which I can not pass over in silence. They
+show the civic devotion of which they are capable. The Societe de
+Secours aux Blesses has been granted one cross of the Legion of Honor,
+94 Croix de Guerre, 119 Medailles d'Honneur des epidemies. The
+Association des Dames Francaises has won 17 Croix de Guerre and 80
+Medailles des epidemies. The Union des Femmes de France has won 39
+Croix de Guerre. And last comes the glorious list of martyrs of the
+societies: 110 nurses have died in the devoted performance of their
+duties.
+
+The heroism of these valiant women, many of whom remained in the
+occupied territories, will be the eternal pride of France. Madame
+Perouse, President of the Union des Femmes de France wrote to M. Louis
+Barthou telling him the number of women who had risked their liberty,
+their life, their honor even, to protect in the face of the ferocious
+enemy the sacred rights of the French wounded. It is fitting to add
+that, if they have taken care of the German wounded as well as the
+French wounded, they can always recall the reply of a devoted teacher
+of the Marne district, Mlle. Fouriaux, to a German major:
+
+"Sir, we have only done our duty as nurses, never forgetting that we
+are Frenchwomen."
+
+Mlle. Joulin, a nurse at Douai, did not forget her duty as a
+Frenchwoman. She was held a prisoner by the Germans for a year in the
+camp at Holzminden, in which she took the place of the mother of five
+children who had been put down on the list of hostages drawn up by the
+German barbarians.
+
+And if you would know where these heroic women have poured out their
+courage, their coolness and their physical resistance, which they have
+put in the service of their country and of humanity, you have but to
+listen to the declaration of one of them, Mlle. Canton-Baccara, who
+has been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, for having shown
+bravery and exceptional devotion in the face of the greatest danger:
+
+"The wounded soldier who suffers," said Mlle. Canton-Baccara, "the
+soldier who is complaining or the peasant who is weeping for the farm
+that has been pillaged, a woman's smile ought to console and her voice
+ought, under all circumstances, to be ready to recall to him that
+above these sufferings and troubles, above the paltry struggles of
+interest and ambition, there is, above all this, France, our France,
+which matters before all else."
+
+Still other women, who were neither in the hospitals, at the front,
+nor in the factories, have been admirable fighters. They fought,
+according to Mlle. Canton-Baccara's words, with their heart and with
+their smile. They fought by the example of abnegation they gave, by
+the moral force with which they inspired the men in the trenches.
+
+Madame de Castelnau is a glorious figure, she, the wife of the General
+who saved Nancy and stopped the rush of the barbarians on the Grand
+Couronne!... Madame de Castelnau had, before the war broke out, four
+sons. Three fell on the battle field. The fourth is actually still a
+prisoner in the hands of the Germans. On the lips of their father
+there is never the slightest word of complaint; on the lips of the
+mother there are these admirable words, which the children in the
+schools will repeat later on.... Madame de Castelnau was in a little
+village when her third son was killed. The cure of the village had the
+pitiful task of telling the already mourning mother of this new blow
+that had struck her. The cure found Madame de Castelnau, and, in the
+presence of her great sorrow, he hesitated and was overcome with
+embarrassment:
+
+"Madame," he said, "I come to bring you another blow. But know well
+that all the mothers of France weep for you."
+
+Madame de Castelnau knew the truth at once. She interrupted the priest
+and, looking him straight in the eye, replied:
+
+"Yes, I know what you are going to tell me.... God's will be done. But
+the mothers of France would be wrong in weeping for me. Let them envy
+me."
+
+Those are the words of a Frenchwoman of noble descent. But you can
+place on the same high level the words of an old woman, a humble soul,
+whom the gendarmes found one night crouched on a grave that was still
+fresh. It was up near Verdun. She told the gendarmes:
+
+"I come from La Rochelle. Five of my sons have already fallen in the
+war. I have come here to see where the sixth is buried--the sixth--my
+last son."
+
+Moved by the tragic grandeur of the sight, the gendarmes rendered her
+military honors and presented arms. The mother rose and uttered the
+words her dead and her heart inspired:
+
+"Even so, Vive la France!"
+
+All of them, mothers of noble birth and of peasant stock, rich and
+poor, wives, sisters, and fiancees are the first to exhort their sons,
+husbands and brothers to fight to the end. All have the same words of
+sacrifice and abnegation on their lips. All of them find words which
+best fortify, exalt and console their men.
+
+Read this letter I picked up on the field of battle, a letter written
+by a humble peasant woman whose heart, after centuries of noble and
+wise discipline, was in the right place:
+
+     MY DEAR BOY:
+
+     We got your letter, which gave us great pleasure. We waited
+     anxiously for it. You wrote it two days ago. Since that time
+     things have changed. Did you get my letter? I hope so. I
+     must reassure you about your father the very first thing. He
+     was away only three days, time enough to guide a detachment
+     to Bourges. So there is only one vacant place at the
+     fireside, but how big that one is.
+
+     My dear boy, you speak to me of sacrifice; yes, it is one.
+     And I can tell you it is the greatest one that has ever been
+     asked of me. However, I keep calm. I tell myself sometimes
+     that I have deserved it. I am ready to pay, but I wish so
+     much that you might not pay.
+
+     My dear boy, you speak to me of duty and of honor. I have
+     never doubted that you would do what you ought to. Yes, my
+     son, a soldier's honor lies in being on the battle field
+     when the country is in danger. Go, then, my son, with the
+     blessing of your mother and your father, and with that most
+     mighty one of your country and of heaven.
+
+     You tell me to accept my lot courageously. Alas, sometimes
+     it fails me. However, I shall try to be resigned and I hope
+     to see you again in spite of everything. If that should not
+     happen, say to yourself, my dear boy, when you close your
+     eyes, that you have all the love and all the sweetest kisses
+     of your mother, who would like to fly to you.
+
+The sisters are worthy of their mothers. Here is a letter written by
+two young girls who live in Lorraine, near Nancy. Plutarch never wrote
+anything more beautiful:
+
+                              MOYEN, 4 SEPTEMBER, 1914.
+
+     MY DEAR EDOUARD:
+
+     I have heard that Charles and Lucien died on the
+     twenty-eighth of August. Eugene is badly wounded. As for
+     Louis and Jean, they are dead also.
+
+     Rose has gone away.
+
+     Mother weeps, but she says that you are brave and wishes
+     that you may avenge them.
+
+     I hope that your officers will not refuse you that. Jean won
+     the Legion of Honor; follow in his footsteps.
+
+     They have taken everything from us. Of the eleven who went
+     to war, eight are dead. My dear Edouard, do your duty; we
+     ask only that.
+
+     God gave you life; he has the right to take it away from
+     you. Mother says that.
+
+     We embrace you fondly, although we would like to see you.
+     The Prussians are here. Jandon is dead; they have pillaged
+     everything. I have just returned from Gerbevillers, which is
+     destroyed. What wretches they are!
+
+     Sacrifice your life, my dear brother. We hope to see you
+     again, for something like a presentiment tells us to hope.
+
+     We embrace you fondly. Farewell, and may we see you again,
+     if God grants.
+
+                              (Signed) YOUR SISTERS.
+
+     P.S. It is for us and for France. Think of your brothers and
+     of your grandfather in 1870.
+
+And this next letter is sublime. It was addressed to M. Maurice Barres
+by a lady from the city of Lyons, which is perhaps the most mystic
+city in all France. In the newspapers mention had been made of the men
+disabled by war, and of all the unfortunates who were mutilated, whose
+limbs had been amputated, who were helpless or blinded. The question
+was raised of knowing what ought to be done to help them. Then the
+lady wrote as follows to M. Barres:
+
+     SIR: One of these recent days, when our troubles have been
+     so hard to bear, I went to regain my courage into one of the
+     beloved sanctuaries of Notre Dame.... A lady dressed in
+     black came in beside me and, as all mothers are sisters in
+     these trying days, I asked after her men at the front. She
+     told me sadly that she was a poor widow, and that the war
+     had taken away her two sons, her sole means of support. One
+     of them had had an arm amputated--the right arm--and the
+     hands of the other were cut off at the wrists. She came from
+     seeing them to pray to the Mother of Sorrows for her
+     children and herself.
+
+     I was deeply moved by her sorrow and by her not complaining.
+     I sought means to console her. This is the means I have
+     found, sir, and I tell it to you now....
+
+     Let us ask the Virgin, I said to her, to create young women
+     in France so brave, so strong, and so devoted that they will
+     gladly and proudly consent to marry the poor, injured men
+     and to be not only their hearts but the limbs which will aid
+     them to make their daily bread; leaving to the men the
+     privilege of loving them, of respecting their presences and
+     of guiding their lives.
+
+     The poor woman understood me. We separated. My own youngest
+     daughter was in my thoughts; and do you not think that the
+     men who have a wider audience could stir the hearts of the
+     young women, twenty years of age in France, if they asked
+     them to perform this act of devotion, and to be the
+     companions of the mutilated, maimed men of France?...
+
+Then, too, the women who had only their dignity and their high spirit
+to defend themselves against the grossness and the insults of the
+Prussians, have been the incarnation of the spirit of France.
+
+An old woman who dwelt in a village on the Aisne was spattered with
+mud by the Kaiser as he passed by on horseback. He made a gesture
+excusing himself. She fixed her eyes on him and said simply:
+
+"It doesn't matter, sir. That mud can be washed off."
+
+A great lady in one of the chateaux in the invaded regions, had to
+receive one of the Kaiser's sons. The day of his departure he sent for
+her to thank her for the hospitality she had shown him. The old lady,
+looking at him, contented herself with replying:
+
+"Do not thank me, sir. I did not invite you here."
+
+And she reentered her house with all dignity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Because the women of France have been all this and have done all this,
+France has been able to fight on, and will be able to fight to the
+end. Because the women of France have been all this and have done all
+this, the soldiers, in the mud of the trenches, revere them as
+Madonnas.
+
+The historian Tacitus tells somewhere how, on a hot spring day, a
+slave, panting and worn out, entered one of the gates of the Eternal
+City. He crossed the Forum without stopping and, in his course,
+mounted the Hill of Mars. Finally he came to one of the greatest
+houses of the patrician section of the city. His cries and shouts
+filled the house:
+
+"Alas, alas!" he cried.
+
+A lady hastened to him. She was the mistress of the house, the famous
+Cornelia Graccha.
+
+"What news do you bring?" she asked.
+
+"Alas, alas," repeated the slave, "in the battle down there in Umbria,
+two of your sons have been killed."
+
+"Fool," was the reply, "I do not ask that. Have the Barbarians been
+conquered?"
+
+"They have, Cornelia."
+
+"Then what matters the death of my sons if my country is victorious!"
+
+Those wonderful words have been handed down from generation to
+generation as a symbol of what ancient Rome was. Those words thousands
+of French women have uttered for the last four years, and they still
+utter them today. Other voices answer them. They rise from the
+trenches, and they say:
+
+     "Be without fear, women of France. For you we will fight to
+     our last gasp, we will shed our last drop of blood. Know
+     that if for months we have held our heads below the level of
+     the muddy trench and offered our breasts to death, it is
+     that you may be freed from the wild beasts that have burst
+     forth from the German forests. For your sakes our homes are
+     not in ruins and our towns are not vassals to the enemy. It
+     is all for you, so that when we shall return you need not
+     throw your arms around conquered necks. Our country, women
+     of France, is made up of our homes, our churches, and our
+     fields, and of your beloved faces. Throughout the tragic
+     periods of its history, our country has always been
+     incarnated in your faces, whether they called themselves St.
+     Genevieve or Jeanne d'Arc. And in our building, to personify
+     the cities that are dear to us, we have always taken your
+     bodies, your foreheads, and the folds of your gowns--see, in
+     Paris, that statue in the Place de la Concorde, in the
+     shadow of the Tuileries, which for days has worn a crepe
+     veil.... Well, today is the same as yesterday. In our
+     trenches our country appears to us in those visions wherein
+     are mingled your faces. We shall believe that our country
+     has been well served only when, on your beloved faces, we
+     shall have caused a smile to appear because the palms we
+     have placed at your feet are the palms of victory."
+
+Future historians will state that France has fought not only with all
+her courage, her tenacity and her soul, with all her men, women and
+children: they will also state that these men, women and children, in
+spite of the terrible times, their suffering and their mourning, have
+remained firmly united, forming a firm rock from which not a single
+stone has been splintered.
+
+In that tormented, feverish France where the ardor of the Revolution
+still boils, there were, before the war, different parties, cliques,
+groups and churches. The war has leveled, united and bound them all
+together.
+
+In some admirable pages, consecrated to the "Effort of French
+Womanhood," M. Louis Barthou has painted the picture of the sacred
+union there is among all the French women:
+
+     I have seen [he writes] our women at the front and behind
+     the lines, in the hospitals, the railway stations, the
+     automobile service, the canteens, the factories, in relief
+     work and in charity work. I have met nurses, unmoved under a
+     bombardment. I have tested the spirit of fellowship which
+     unites them, including as it does the names of the most
+     aristocratic French families and the most modest citizens.
+     There is no false pride among those in high places nor envy
+     among those lower in the social scale. They wear the same
+     garb, the same cap, with the same cross on their foreheads.
+     For the soldiers there is the same uniform, and when you say
+     uniform you mean equality in devotion, in the risk of life,
+     and in loyalty to duty. Between the classes of society there
+     is no contention, there is only emulation. I do not know
+     whether or not, in times of peace, they had all and
+     everywhere escaped the local passions which have poisoned
+     national life, but the war has given them sacred union for a
+     countersign, and they, as disciplined soldiers, have
+     respected this countersign.
+
+     The French nurse's smile will have served the nation's
+     defense well, but I emphasize this when I think how well it
+     will have served the nation's unity in the aftermath that
+     shall follow war. What rancors it will have appeased! What
+     jealousies it will have blotted out! What petty prejudices
+     it will have conquered! These society women and women of the
+     middle class who have leaned over the beds of sick or
+     wounded peasants, and these young girls who have tended
+     their hurts, bound up their wounds, and calmed their
+     sufferings have, with their delicate hands, so expert in the
+     worst treatments, laid the foundations of a France that is
+     united and fraternal, where envy and hate have no place. All
+     eyes have opened to broader vistas of revealed clearness, to
+     which they have hitherto remained closed through prejudice,
+     or obstinacy. They will have learned that bravery, devotion
+     to the right, loyal and tried disinterestedness, heartfelt
+     and wise knowledge can dwell in the simple soul of the
+     peasant and the workingman. The peasants and the workingmen
+     who have come out from their care will have learned that
+     luxury does not exclude goodness, that beauty is not always
+     a sterile gift, that youth is not altogether callow, that a
+     woman can be pretty and generous, delicate and courageous,
+     rich and sympathetic, and that the mothers whose children
+     are dead excel in lavishing the care of their hands and the
+     tenderness of their hearts on the wounded children who are
+     suffering far from their mothers.
+
+The sacred sense of union that reigns among the men is no less firm.
+It is only necessary to read the letters written on the eve of their
+deaths--in that hour when a man, alone, face to face with himself,
+lets his soul speak--by the fighters who gave their heart's blood for
+the sacred cause.
+
+They all say the same things.
+
+Here is a letter a Jew wrote, named Robert Hertz, a second lieutenant
+of the 330th infantry regiment, who fell on the 13th of April, 1915,
+at Marcheville:
+
+     MY DEAR: I remember the dreams I had when I was a little
+     child. With all my soul I wished to be a Frenchman, to be
+     worthy to be one, and to prove that I was one.... Now the
+     old, childish dream comes back to me, stronger than it ever
+     was. I am grateful to the officers who have accepted me for
+     their subordinate, to the men I have been proud to lead.
+     They are the children of a chosen people. I am full of
+     gratitude towards our country which has received me and
+     heaped favors upon me. Nothing would be too much to give in
+     payment for that, and for the fact that my little son may
+     always hold his head high and never know, in the reborn
+     France, that torment which has poisoned many hours of our
+     childhood and of our youth. "Am I a Frenchman?" "Would I
+     deserve to be one?" No, little boy, you shall not say that.
+     You shall have a native land and your step may sound on the
+     earth, nourishing you with the assurance, "My father was
+     there and he gave all he had for France." If recompense is
+     necessary, this is the sweetest one there is for me.
+
+This is the letter of a Protestant, second lieutenant Maurice
+Dieterlin, who was killed on the sixth of October, 1915, and who, on
+the eve of the Champagne offensive, wrote these last words they were
+to read from him, to his family:
+
+     I saw the most beautiful day of all my life. I regret
+     nothing and I am as happy as a king. I am glad to pay my
+     debt that my country may be free. Tell my friends that I go
+     on to victory with a smile on my lips, happier than the
+     stoics and the martyrs of all time. For a moment we are
+     beyond the France that is eternal. France ought to live.
+     France will live. Get ready your loveliest gowns, keep your
+     best smiles to welcome the conquerors in the great war.
+     Perhaps we shall not be there, but there will be others in
+     our places. Do not weep, do not wear mourning, for we shall
+     have died with a sweet smile on our lips and a lovely
+     superhumanity in our hearts. Vive la France! Vive la France!
+
+What wonderful enthusiasm! But still more beautiful is this prayer,
+that of a little Protestant soldier from the Montbeliard country, who
+died in the Gare d'Amberieu hospital:
+
+     "Lord, may Thy will and not mine be done. I have consecrated
+     myself to Thee since my youth, and I hope that the example I
+     have offered may serve to glorify Thee.
+
+     "Lord, Thou knowest that I have not desired war, but that I
+     have fought to do Thy will; I offer my life for peace.
+
+     "Lord, I pray Thee for the welfare of my people. Thou
+     knowest how greatly I love them all, my father, my mother,
+     my brothers and my sisters.
+
+     "Lord, return manyfold to these nurses the good they have
+     done me; I am but a poor man but Thou art the dispenser of
+     riches. I pray to Thee for them all."
+
+This prayer, in which the little soldier had put his last living
+thoughts, was received by a Catholic sister who had cared for him,
+and sent by her to his sorrowing family--a touching proof of sacred
+union.
+
+All of them, Catholics, Protestants and Jews, speak of God and pray to
+Him.... Read this letter from Captain Cornet-Acquier, that captain to
+whom his wife wrote, "I would urge you on with my voice if I saw you
+charging the enemy." He tells this little incident:
+
+     "A Catholic captain was saying the other day that he said
+     his prayers before each battle. The commanding officer
+     remarked that that was not the proper moment and that he
+     would do better to make his military arrangements.
+
+     "'Sir,' he replied, 'that does not prevent me from making my
+     military arrangements and from fighting. I feel better for
+     it.'
+
+     "Then I said:
+
+     "'Captain, I do the same thing you do. And I find I get
+     along pretty well.'"
+
+This is the letter a young Catholic wrote the evening before a battle
+to his fiancee:
+
+     MY DEAR JEANNE:
+
+     Tomorrow at ten o'clock, to the sounds of "Sidi Brahim" and
+     the "Marseillaise" we charge the German lines. The attack
+     will probably be deadly. On the eve of this great day, which
+     may be my last, I want to recall to you your promise....
+     Comfort my mother. For a week she will have no news. Tell
+     her that when a man is in an attack he can not write to
+     those he loves. He must be content with thinking of them.
+     And if time passes and she hears nothing from me, let her
+     live in hope. Help her. And if you learn at last that I have
+     fallen on the field of honor, let the words come from your
+     heart that will console her, my dear Jeanne.
+
+     This morning I attended mass and communion with faith. It
+     was held some yards away from the trenches. If I am to die,
+     I shall die a Christian and a Frenchman.
+
+     I believe in God, in France and in Victory. I believe in
+     beauty and youth and life. May God guard me to the end. But,
+     Lord, if my blood is useful for victory, may Thy will be
+     done.
+
+Finally, here is a priest, Father Gilbert de Gironde, second
+lieutenant in the 81st infantry, who was killed on the seventh of
+December, 1914, at Ypres, writing his last letter.... For of the
+twenty-five thousand priests who went off at the beginning of the
+mobilization, three hundred were called military chaplains, the rest
+were officers, stretcher-bearers, or common soldiers--and note the
+4,000 citations in the army orders which the "Journal Officiel" has
+published, which report the acts of courage and of bravery done by
+these priests on the battle field:
+
+     To die young. To die a priest. To die as a soldier in the
+     attack, marching to the assault in full sacerdotal garb,
+     perhaps in the act of granting an absolution; to shed my
+     blood for the Church, for France, for her Allies, for all
+     those who carry in their hearts the same ideal I do, and for
+     the others also, that they may know the joy of belief ...
+     how beautiful that is, how beautiful that is!
+
+Catholics, Protestants, Jews, priests, ministers and rabbis, that is
+what they write. It is a belittling, a profanation, that, in spite of
+myself, I have separated and differentiated among them. For down
+there, in the bloody mud of the trenches, they are one body which
+lives together and dies together.
+
+There was a little Breton who, on the Battle field of the Marne, was
+shot in the chest. The death agony at once set in, and in his agony he
+asked for a crucifix. No priest happened to be on the spot, there was
+only a Jewish rabbi. The rabbi ran to get the crucifix, he brought it
+to the lips of the dying man, and he, in his turn, was killed!...
+
+In a little barrack in the hollow of one of the depressions at Verdun
+lived together a priest, a minister and a rabbi. We often saw the
+place. On the evening after a frightful battle, they were all three in
+the charnel house where the dead bodies are brought. They were
+surrounded by stretcher-bearers, who said to them:
+
+"We do not dare throw earth on the bodies of our comrades without a
+prayer being said over them."
+
+The Catholic priest asked to what faith they belonged.
+
+"We do not know. How can we find out? But can't you arrange among
+yourselves?"
+
+"Well, we shall bless them one after the other."
+
+And there in the bleeding night was seen the incomparable sight of the
+three men side by side, the Catholic, the Protestant and the Jew,
+reciting the last prayer and disappearing....
+
+M. Maurice Barres, the celebrated French writer, from whose
+magnificent book, "The Spiritual Families of France," I have borrowed
+a great number of the letters I have quoted, has pointed out that all
+French churches are fighting in this hour, forming one great church.
+Yes, every church and every saint is fighting! These saints belong to
+all beliefs, some of them to no belief. But one religion has united
+and solidified them all--the religion of their country, the religion
+of Liberty, the religion of civilization. All speak the same prayer,
+all have the same faith in their hearts, all fall martyrs in the same
+cause.
+
+The old walls which, in times of peace, separated parties and men,
+have crumbled into dust at the same time when the German shells
+crumbled into dust the little village churches. An infinite
+cathedral, a cathedral that is invisible and great has risen on high.
+It is the cathedral of the faith of France, in which all faiths
+commune in the same hope--a cathedral which time and suffering and
+death itself shall not destroy.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+FRANCE SUFFERING BUT NOT BLED WHITE
+
+
+Listen to the man in the street when he speaks--that man in the street
+who reflects public opinion whether it is just or unjust, genuine or
+sophisticated. Listen to him when he speaks and you will hear him say:
+
+"Yes, we know. France has a well tempered spirit. But the blood is
+gone out of her body. France would like to fight on, to fight to the
+bitter end, but France is suffering. France is worn out. France is
+bled white."
+
+France is suffering ... that is true. In the cataclysm that she did
+not wish for, that she did not start, that she did not prepare, she
+has lost more than a million men. And what men they were! The Ecole
+Normale, which is the preparatory school for the French university,
+lost seventy per cent of its pupils. That means that three-quarters
+of the thinkers, the literary men, the scientists, the philosophers,
+the professors of the France of tomorrow have been wiped out. They
+were the flower of her youth, the elite of her intelligence. Add to
+that seven departments, roughly 20,000 square kilometers in area,
+which have been invaded, devastated, ruined and pillaged. In these
+seven departments all the machinery, all the raw materials, all the
+merchandise, all the furniture even to the door-knobs and the boards
+in the floors have been taken away. These departments were among the
+richest and most prosperous of those on which France prided herself
+most industrially.
+
+Add to that the cultivation that has been destroyed, the soil that has
+been made untillable, the trees that have been cut down, the roads
+that have been torn up and the bridges that have been destroyed. All
+the misery, all the mourning, all the sickness: a million wounded and
+injured men who have been lost as living forces by a nation which did
+not have too many inhabitants. Add the hundred thousand prisoners
+Germany sends back to us who have been made tuberculous, paralytics,
+nervous wrecks or lunatics because they have been physically
+maltreated. Yes, France is suffering.
+
+But it is not true that she is worn out. It is not true that she is
+bled white. The horrible hope Germany had formed of emptying France of
+her strength, of leaving her, fighting for breath and conquered,
+beaten to the earth for centuries to come, has not been realized.
+France always stands upright, her arm is still strong, her muscles
+vigorous and her blood rich.
+
+To destroy the lie that France is bled white, we must let figures,
+facts, statistics and definite proofs speak. The public shall judge
+for itself....
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has no army to defend itself.
+France not only still has an army, but she has an army that is
+numerically and materially stronger than it was at the war's
+beginning. In 1914, at the Marne, France had an army of 1,500,000 men;
+today, after four years of war, France has on her battle front, in
+the war zone, an army of 2,750,000 men.
+
+But the value of fighting men today lies only in the artillery they
+have to support them behind the lines. It lies in the shells the
+artillery is able to fire, in all that material that makes up the
+sinews of war of the present day. Here we find the most extraordinary
+and marvelous effort that history records. France, invaded, occupied,
+weakened; France that had no munitions industry prior to 1914--or a
+small munitions industry at best--that France has built up a war
+industry that is doubtless the best in the world, which is equal to
+the German war industry and on which the Allies can draw in the common
+cause.
+
+Listen to these figures and keep them in your heads. They are vouched
+for by M. Millerand, who was minister of war during the first year of
+hostilities:
+
+     The Battle of the Marne emptied our storehouses.
+
+     On the seventeenth of September, 1914, the minister of war,
+     who had then been scarcely three weeks in office, was
+     informed that munitions threatened to fail our artillery,
+     and that it was necessary without delay to bring to the
+     front 100,000 shells per day instead of 13,500 for the .75
+     guns. This was merely a beginning. Three days later, on the
+     twentieth of September, the minister assembled at Bordeaux
+     the representatives of the munitions industry and divided
+     them up into regional groups. At the head of each one he
+     made one establishment or one individual the responsible
+     person. In the face of difficulties which could not be
+     conceived unless they had been overcome, with establishments
+     diminished in personnel as well as in raw material,
+     inexperienced for the most part in the complex and delicate
+     operations which were expected of them, the manufacture of
+     shells for the .75's mounted from 147,000 which it had been
+     in the month of August, 1914, to 1,970,000 in the month of
+     January, 1915, and then to 3,396,000 during the month of
+     July, 1915.
+
+     222 .75 guns per month have been constructed since the month
+     of May, 1915. 227 were constructed in the month of July, 407
+     in the month of January, 1916. For this construction, as for
+     all the others, once a start was made, there was no stopping
+     it.
+
+     All orders for heavy guns had been countermanded at the
+     beginning of August, 1914. They were resumed in the month
+     of September, 1914. Seventy-five per cent of the orders for
+     heavy guns, on which we got along until April, 1917, had
+     been given out between September, 1914, and the thirty-first
+     of October, 1915. In the first seven months of the war, from
+     September, 1914, to April, 1915, there were constructed
+     three hundred and sixty pieces of heavy artillery. On August
+     first, 1914, we had only sixty-eight batteries. A year
+     later, to the day, on the first of August, 1915, we had two
+     hundred and seventy-two batteries of heavy artillery.
+
+Now consider these figures, given out by M. Andre Tardieu, High
+Commissioner of the French Republic at Washington, in a letter to the
+Hon. Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War:
+
+     In the matter of heavy artillery, in August, 1914, we had
+     only three hundred guns distributed among the various
+     regiments. In June, 1917, we had six thousand heavy guns,
+     all of them modern. During our spring offensive in 1917, we
+     had roughly one heavy gun for every twenty-six meters of
+     front. If we had brought together all our heavy artillery
+     and all our trench artillery, we would have had one gun for
+     every eight meters in the battle sector.
+
+     In August, 1914, we were making twelve thousand shells for
+     the .75's per day, now we are making two hundred and fifty
+     thousand shells for the .75's and one hundred thousand
+     shells for the heavy guns per day.
+
+     If you wish to consider the weight of the shells which fell
+     on the German trenches during our last offensives, you will
+     find the following figures for each linear meter:
+
+     Field artillery             407 kilos
+     Trench artillery            203 kilos
+     Heavy artillery             704 kilos
+     High Power artillery         12 kilos
+                                ----
+                Total           1442 kilos
+
+     And these are the figures for the monthly expenditure in
+     munitions for the .75's alone:
+
+     July, 1916            6,400,000 shells
+     September, 1916       7,000,000 shells
+     October, 1916         5,500,000 shells
+
+     During the last offensive the total expenditure amounted to
+     twelve million projectiles of all calibers.
+
+This incomparable war industry has permitted us not only to fight, to
+defend ourselves and to attack the enemy, but also to supply our
+friends, our Allies, with the munitions necessary to fight. Up to
+January, 1918, these are the amounts of munitions France was able to
+hand over to the nations fighting at her side in Europe:
+
+  1,350,000 rifles
+800,000,000 cartridges
+ 16,000,000 automatic rifles
+     10,000 mitrailleuses
+      2,500 heavy guns
+      4,750 airplanes
+
+And to France has come the honor of making the light artillery for the
+American Army--amounting to several hundred guns per month.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has an empty treasury and is
+no longer able to obtain taxes from its ruined citizens. Let us
+consider what France had done in a financial way in this war.
+
+From the first of August, 1914, to the first of January, 1918, the
+French Parliament voted war credits amounting to twenty billions of
+dollars. Of this enormous fund only two billions have been borrowed
+from outside sources; all the remainder has been subscribed or paid
+for by taxation or by loans in France herself. More than a billion
+dollars has been loaned to her Allies by France.
+
+In 1917 France had the heaviest budget in all her history. The single
+item of taxes was raised to six billion francs ($1,200,000), and these
+taxes were paid to the penny, although ten million Frenchmen were
+mobilized in the Army, in the factories, and on the farms, or were
+untaxable in the occupied regions.
+
+In 1915, 1916 and 1917 France raised three great national loans. That
+of 1915 amounted to exactly 13,307,811,579 francs, 40 centimes, of
+which 6,017 millions were paid in hard cash. That of October, 1916,
+amounted in round numbers to ten billions francs, of which more than
+five billions were paid in hard cash. That of December, 1917, amounted
+to 10,629,000,000 francs, of which 5,254 millions were paid in cash.
+
+Thus, in spite of the war, her invaded territories, and her mobilized
+citizens, France has in three years raised three national loans of
+almost seventeen billions francs in hard cash. That is three times the
+amount of the war indemnity she paid Prussia in 1871.
+
+A nation worn out and bled white has no more monetary reserve, no more
+funds in its treasury, and has been brought into bankruptcy. The Bank
+of France, which is probably the leading national bank in the world,
+whose credit has never weakened in the gravest hours of the nation's
+history, declared on the first of January, 1918, a gold reserve of
+5,348 millions of francs, an increase of 272 millions over the gold in
+hand on January first, 1917. This is the greatest deposit the bank has
+ever had. All this came from the national resources: the weekly
+payments are still a million and a half francs, which are paid without
+compulsion and without legal processes.
+
+The individual deposits in the great credit establishments of France
+which, on the thirty-first of December, 1914, amounted to only 4,050
+millions of francs, amounted to 6,050 millions on the thirty-first of
+December, 1917.
+
+And during the first three months of the year 1918, from the first of
+January to the thirty-first of March, the surplus deposits made by the
+peasants and the working classes in the National Saving Bank was
+seventy-five millions of francs, an excess of more than eight hundred
+thousand francs daily.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white is incapable of manufacturing
+and sees its commerce and industry perish. Here is the statement of M.
+Georges Pallain, Governor of the Bank of France, representing the
+accounting of the Counsel General of the Bank for 1917:
+
+     From the industrial and commercial point of view, a
+     satisfactory amelioration is noticeable. The investigation
+     of the Minister of Industry in July last permits the
+     statement that the percentage of factories and business
+     houses rendering a periodical accounting, of which the
+     advantage is not yet established, is only twenty-three per
+     cent; it was fifty-five per cent in August, 1914.
+
+     An indication of the development of industrial activity is
+     furnished by the continued increase of the demand for coal.
+
+     Operations for mining ore have been pushed with vigor. Coal
+     production increased greatly in 1914. On the whole it still
+     remains less than it was before the war, since the invasion
+     has deprived us of the valleys in the north and the richest
+     portion of Pas-de-Calais; but in the regions where mining is
+     still possible the production exceeds by about forty per
+     cent the figures for 1913.
+
+     This remarkable increase has compensated to a certain extent
+     for the falling off in the importations of coal from
+     England; nevertheless it leaves our supply of coal less than
+     our demand for it.
+
+     To remedy this insufficiency and, at the same time, to give
+     our national industry greater independence, researches and
+     experiments have been equally intensified with a view to
+     employing our hydraulic resources. In the Alps, in the
+     Pyrenees and in the central Massif new installations are
+     under way, and they have already attracted important
+     metallurgic and chemical plants.
+
+     The development of industrial production has had the result
+     of an increase in the volume of commercial transactions.
+     These continue to look after themselves and, for the most
+     part, they are on a cash basis. The gradual resumption of
+     credit operations, which former years signalized, is still
+     on the increase. In 1917 the receipts from commerce were
+     thirty-seven per cent greater than in 1916. There is a
+     notable progression of discounts, while the total of our
+     delayed payments has been brought back to 1,140 millions.
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white is unable to bind up its
+wounds or relieve its bed of suffering. France has not waited for the
+end of the war and the evacuation of her territory to bring in life
+where the Germans thought they had left only death.
+
+In eighty-four of the liberated cantons the work of reconstruction has
+already commenced. Commissions have been appointed. These commissions
+have proceeded already to the evaluation of the damage done and,
+without waiting for authorization, the administration has paid
+advances amounting to a not inconsiderable figure. Thus a sum
+totalling more than one hundred and forty millions francs has been
+expended for the reconstruction of the liberated regions. Seventeen
+millions have been expended in cash for repairs; in advances to the
+farmers for work or supplies, twenty millions; in advances to workmen,
+a half million; for the circulation of funds to the farmers, merchants
+and small manufactures, two millions; under the heading of
+reconstruction of buildings or the rapid reinstallation of the
+evacuated population, one hundred millions.
+
+An _Office National de Reconstruction_ for the villages has been
+established, and an agricultural _Office National de Reconstitution_
+has been organized; great things have already been realized from
+private organizations. This is the account of what one of them, the
+organization of National Nurseries, sent in 1914 to the front and into
+the liberated regions:
+
+      6,717,575 cabbage plants
+      1,980,000 turnip and rutabaga plants
+         41,000 radish plants
+         27,200 cauliflowers
+        270,250 white beets
+      5,340,500 leek plants
+      1,836,800 chicory and endive plants
+        104,500 celery plants
+        105,000 tomato plants
+         16,900 tarragon plants
+      9,569,450 onion sprouts
+     26,009,175 total plants of various kinds.
+
+    These plants have been divided up into 2,436 shipments, and
+    they have sufficed to nourish not only the people who have
+    returned to the devastated villages but also the troops at
+    the front.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has no colonies, or, if she
+has, these same colonies are likewise bloodless and worn out. The
+French colonial empire remains intact while the German colonial empire
+has disappeared from the face of the earth. The support the colonies
+brought to the mother country is wonderful and deserves a separate
+study on its own account.
+
+Here is the picture the celebrated German colonial empire offers.
+
+In 1914 Germany possessed a colonial empire two million square
+kilometers in area. It represented approximately four times the area
+of the German Empire, and before the war its exports amounted to about
+one hundred millions of francs or twenty-five millions of dollars.
+There were German Southwest Africa, 35,000 square kilometers in
+extent, with 1,750 kilometers of railroads, with its copper and
+diamond mines, its metals which were worth commercially thirty-seven
+millions of marks in 1911; German East Africa, twice as big as the
+German Empire, having 1,225 kilometers of railroads, with its harbors
+where nine hundred and thirty-three merchant ships had touched in
+1911; German New Guinea, as large as two-thirds of Prussia, with its
+rich deposits of gold and coal, its maritime commerce of 240,000 tons;
+the Samoan Islands, one single port of which, Apia, was visited by one
+hundred and ten steamers in a year; Tsing-Tao which, in 1911, had
+exported 32,500,000 marks' worth of merchandise, whose maritime
+interest was represented by five hundred and ninety steamers which
+carried a million tons of freight. All that has fallen away; all that
+is actually in the hands of the Allies.
+
+The conquest was difficult; it was finished only in 1916. An order of
+the day of General Aymerich, commander-in-chief of the troops which
+conquered Kameroon, points with brief eloquence to some of the
+difficulties which have been overcome:
+
+     Officers, Europeans and troops who are natives of Africa and
+     Belgian Congo.
+
+     At the cost of hardship and unheard-of efforts, you have
+     just wrenched from the Germans one of their best and richest
+     colonies.
+
+     Followed without a minute's respite from possession to
+     possession, the enemy has been obliged to abandon the last
+     bit of Kameroon. For eighteen months you have experienced
+     the torrid heat of the days and the cold dampness of the
+     nights without a change, you have been under the torrential
+     equatorial rains, you have traversed impassable forests and
+     fetid marshes, you have without a rest taken the enemy's
+     positions one after another, leaving dead in each one a
+     number of your comrades. Lacking food and often without
+     munitions, with your clothing in tatters, you have continued
+     your glorious march without complaint or murmur, until you
+     have attained the end for which you set out.
+
+In this conquest France played a large part, just as was the case in
+the conquest of Togoland, with her Senegalese Tirailleurs, the famous
+Tirailleurs, so much decried and discussed before the war, who were to
+win the admiration of the English generals under whose orders they
+fought.
+
+It is appropriate to cite here the order of the day of the commanding
+officer of these troops, because it shows us a side of the colonial
+wars, about which little has been said:
+
+     An English detachment under the command of Lieutenant
+     Thomson having been strongly repulsed in an attack on the
+     post at Kamina, was reinforced by a group of the Senegalese
+     Tirailleurs made up of a sergeant, two corporals, and
+     fourteen Blacks. From the beginning of the encounter at
+     eleven o'clock, the mixed detachment found itself exposed to
+     a lively fire from positions that were solidly established
+     and supported by mitrailleuses. After the artillery had
+     commenced firing Lieutenant Thomson, considering that the
+     preparation was sufficient, bravely led his troop on to the
+     attack. This courageous initiative failed under a severe
+     fire from fifty meters of German trenches. Lieutenant
+     Thomson fell mortally wounded. However, the Senegalese
+     Tirailleurs, faithful to that tradition which has already
+     proved its value in our colonial epic by such famous
+     exploits, refused to abandon the body of the unknown leader
+     their captain had given them and continued to hold their
+     position. When the fight was over and the enemy was in
+     flight, the bodies of the sergeant, the two corporals, and
+     of nine dead and four wounded Tirailleurs were found
+     stretched out alongside the English officer and an under
+     officer who was also English. In the very spot where they
+     were found, their tomb surrounds that of Lieutenant Thomson.
+     United in death, they still seem to watch over the strange
+     officer--unknown to them--for whom they sacrificed their
+     lives because their leader had given them orders to do so.
+
+Of the German colonial empire, four times as big as the fatherland,
+not a spot exists that is not in the hands of the Allies today.
+England holds the greater part; Japan has Tsing-Tao; France a
+considerable part of the African possessions.
+
+Now let us look at the picture the French colonial empire offers.
+
+In 1914 France ruled, in the north of Africa, over five and a half
+millions of natives in Algiers, two millions in Tunis and four
+millions in Morocco. When the war broke out there was not a single
+German in Morocco who was not certain that the natives would rise in
+revolt against France.
+
+"Not a single Frenchman," wrote, in peace times, the correspondent of
+the _Cologne Gazette_, "should escape alive." The German Government
+was convinced of the fact that the revolt of the inhabitants and the
+massacre of the French would be followed by an appeal of all the
+Moroccans for the intervention of the Kaiser. But nothing of the sort
+took place. In Algiers the most perfect calm continued to reign; in
+Tunis there was a little trouble that was soon suppressed; in Morocco
+there was a man, diplomat and soldier at the same time, who was able
+to keep peace and hold the country firm to France. He was General
+Lyautey.
+
+During the early days of August, 1914, the question was raised whether
+or not it would be necessary to abandon the outposts in the interior
+of Morocco and withdraw toward the coast cities. General Lyautey
+declared that he would abandon nothing and advised the French
+Government to that effect. He sent troops, the famous Moroccan
+regiments, the best fighting units there were in 1914, to the battle
+fields of Flanders, receiving in exchange territorial divisions
+recruited for the most part from the Midi. However, with these
+territorial divisions General Lyautey assured the safety of all that
+portion of the empire that was in his care; he finished the operations
+he had commenced; he maintained French prestige and, some months later
+on, he found means to open at Casablanca a Moroccan exposition which
+showed the marvelous work that had been accomplished in that
+country--French for a few years only.
+
+The French colonies not only remained incomparably calm and peaceful
+but they also made a marvelous effort in coming to the aid of the
+mother country both with men and with their commerce.
+
+M. Ernest Roume, Governor General of the Colonies, in charge at the
+war's beginning of the government of Indo-China, sent to France more
+than sixty thousand native soldiers and military workers in eighteen
+months. They were recruited from the Asiatic possessions of France.
+In Senegal, in Soudan and in Morocco men volunteered by hundreds of
+thousands. Moroccans, Kabyles and blacks came to fight by the side of
+the French troops on the Champagne and Lorraine fronts.
+
+Besides, North Africa largely took care of the feeding of France.
+
+In 1914 the cereal crop had been notably deficient in Algiers and
+especially in Tunis. However, Algeria did not hesitate to give the
+mother land all the grain she asked for; 50,000 quintals of wheat and
+500,000 quintals of barley and oats were thus hastened to continental
+France, and in addition, 40,000 quintals of wheat went to Corsica and
+130,000 to Paris. In 1915 the colonies made an even better showing:
+Algeria furnished France with 1,625,000 quintals of wheat, 918,000
+quintals of barley, and 77,000 quintals of oats. In 1916 this figure
+was passed and the total exports amounted to four million quintals of
+grains. As for Morocco, it exported in 1914, 90,000 quintals of wheat
+and 130,000 quintals of barley; in 1915 it exported 200,000 quintals
+of wheat and a million quintals of barley; in 1916 it exported more
+than two million quintals of grains. Add to that the 900,000 sheep
+Algeria furnished for the French commissariat and more than 40,000
+sheep furnished to the English commissariat to feed the Hindoo troops
+stationed at Marseilles. Then add in the cattle exported from Algeria
+and Morocco by the thousands, add for Algeria the wines and the
+vegetables, and for Tunis the olive oil. In 1916 the confederation of
+Algerian winegrowers gave the French poilus fifty thousand hectoliters
+of wine.
+
+Everywhere in the colonies buildings have been built, agriculture has
+continued, public works have been constructed. In the midst of war
+Algeria has opened up railroads; Tunis has opened the line from Sfax
+to Gabes; Morocco the lines from Casablanca to Fez and from the
+Algerian frontier to Taza.
+
+General Lyautey said, "A workshop is worth a battalion in Morocco."
+
+Workshops have been opened everywhere. There was never so much work
+done. The colonial empire was never more prosperous, more active and
+more glorious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A nation that is worn out and bled white has passed the stage where it
+can come to the aid of others. In her death agony, she has no more
+than her own strength to last her during the last hours. France has
+been able to come to the aid of the other Allies. She has lent them a
+strong helping hand, she has been able to save them from total
+extinction. French troops have fought and are still fighting on all
+the battle fronts; in Italy, the Balkans, Palestine and Central
+Africa. It is almost to France alone and to France especially that the
+salvage of the remnant of the Serbian Army has been due.
+
+We remember what happened in September, 1915. At the time when the
+dual offensive was attempted in Artois and in Champagne, the German
+Armies invaded Poland, Volhynia, Lithuania and Courland, delivered
+Austrian Galicia and commenced to submerge Serbia beneath their
+innumerable legions. Invaded by three armies, the German, Austrian
+and Bulgarian, all of them amply supplied with heavy artillery and
+asphixiating gas, poor little Serbia was doomed beforehand. But,
+tenacious to the end, her heroic defenders preferred to leave their
+country rather than submit to a hated yoke. Step by step the Serbians,
+always facing the enemy, retreated to the sea. It was a terrible
+tragedy. Their retreat will remain a matter of legend, like that of
+the Ten Thousand under Xenophon. As they retreated, the Serbians
+called, in their despair, for help.
+
+Who went to Serbia's aid? It was not Russia, whose armies were quite
+worn out. It was not England, who feared an attack on Egypt and who
+was still fighting at the Dardanelles. It was not Italy, whose special
+efforts were directed towards preventing the junction of Austria with
+Greece, and who was satisfied with establishing herself at Valona and
+thus driving a wedge between her two rivals on the Adriatic coast.
+
+But France, France who is represented as worn out and bled white,
+heard Serbia's call for help and decided to respond to it.
+
+Supplies were first landed at San Giovanni di Medua and Antivari in
+the smaller French boats. But it was soon evident that these supplies
+would be insufficient and that the Serbs could not maintain their
+positions in the Adriatic ports even with French help from the sea.
+The complete evacuation of an entire army, piece by piece, had to be
+undertaken. The transporting of entire Serbia beyond the seas, to
+another country, had to be considered. Where were they to go? Where
+were the thousands of worn out soldiers, of sick and wounded men, to
+be transported?
+
+Once again France answered. France held Tunis, France held Bizerta.
+Tunis and Bizerta would shield temporarily the remains of Serbia. From
+the end of November, 1915, the smaller French ships, torpedo boats,
+trawlers and transports made the trip from Durazzo to San Giovanni di
+Medua to embark the Serbian Army. Great steamers, such as the _Natal_,
+_Sinai_, and _Armenie_, and a flotilla of armored cruisers followed
+them. Thirteen thousand men were transported in this fashion.
+
+But the situation grew worse. The Serbs along the seacoasts were
+pressed harder and harder by the Austrians and by Albanian bands.
+Besides, the transporting to Tunis was too slow when the progress of
+the enemy was considered. Finally the appearance of typhus and cholera
+rendered more dangerous the removal of the unfortunate troops to a
+great distance. A new plan was arranged. The remaining Serbs were to
+be transported not into Tunis, which was so far away, but to a land as
+near as possible to the scene of disaster. Corfu was there; Corfu,
+only sixty miles away from the farthest point of debarkation; Corfu,
+whose climate was marvelously suited to the recovery of sick men;
+Corfu which offered a very safe harbor. It was decided to occupy
+Corfu, prepare the island, transport the entire Serbian Army thither
+and assure that this army would be built up there. And France was
+charged with carrying out this operation.
+
+On the seventh of January, 1916, the first French organization of ten
+trawlers set out from Malta to make a preliminary reconnoissance
+around Corfu, to drag for mines and to clear out the submarines. A
+second flotilla followed it forty-eight hours later. On the eighth of
+January the armored cruisers _Edgar Quinet_, _Waldeck-Rousseau_,
+_Ernest Renan_, _Jules Ferry_ and five torpedo boats, which were
+located at Bizerta, received orders to embark a battalion of Alpine
+chasseurs with their arms, baggage and mules and to take up their
+positions to be ready at the first signal.
+
+On the night of the tenth, the French consul at Corfu woke up the
+Greek prefect in order to announce to him the imminent arrival of our
+squadron and what it was going to do. After he had received the formal
+protest of this functionary, he went down to the port, where there was
+no longer any doubt in anyone's mind of what was going to happen. With
+him went guides and automobiles to finish everything quickly before
+the Germans could offer any opposition. Some minutes later, on time at
+the rendezvous agreed upon, the French cruisers came into the harbor
+and immediately disembarked their contingent of Alpine Chasseurs.
+Before daybreak the principal vantage points as well as the most
+important positions on the island were occupied. Suspected persons
+were seized in their beds, a doubtful post of T. S. F. was seized
+also. Corfu, which went to sleep half German, woke up entirely French
+to the tune of the martial music that was to inform the inhabitants of
+the little change that had taken place over night.
+
+The question remained of _Achilleion_, the property of William of
+Germany, which was about nine miles from the city. If _Achilleion_ had
+been a French property and German soldiers had paid a visit, what
+pillage, what defilement, what orgies there would have been!
+
+But _Achilleion_ was a German property, and the French have a method
+of procedure that is peculiarly their own. This is what happened,
+according to the narrative of a young naval officer who was on the
+spot:
+
+    At four o'clock in the morning an automobile set out from
+    the dock, carrying a squad of twelve marine fusilliers under
+    the command of one of the ship's lieutenants. A half hour
+    later he presented himself at the gate of the palace and
+    demanded that he be admitted. There was no response. He was
+    insistent. Finally a door opened and an angry voice cried out
+    in the darkness: "This isn't the time for visitors." For the
+    owner, who found that there are no such things as small
+    profits, permitted a visit for the sum of two francs per
+    person. Surprised, the occupant of the palace submitted, and
+    our detachment entered _Achilleion_, whose occupants it
+    assembled--the watchman and two red-haired chambermaids--_en
+    deshabille_, also a mechanic and an entomologist who wore
+    spectacles. Pale with fear, the latter threw himself on his
+    knees before the officer. "If I must die, I ask that it may
+    be here," said he. He was left in peace. A company of the
+    Chasseurs arrived and the marines, with their lanterns in
+    their hands, went back to the ships. The Tricolor floated
+    over the Kaiser's villa, which was to become a hospital for
+    the Serbs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At eleven o'clock in the morning it was all over, and the French
+cruisers put out to sea on the return trip to Bizerta.
+
+But the easiest thing had been done. The most difficult was about to
+begin. It was not only a question of occupying Corfu; it was also a
+matter of arranging to receive a worn-out and decimated army. It was a
+difficult task that many would have judged out of the question.
+Everything was lacking; there was nothing on hand.
+
+A writer on naval matters, who has been the historian of the French
+Navy in this war, M. Emile Vedel, has painted in the pages of
+_Illustration_ an unheard-of and unique picture of what this
+preparation of Corfu consisted:
+
+     It was nothing less than a question of improvising all means
+     that were necessary for disembarking; gangways, landing
+     stairs, roads to and from various points on the island where
+     the expected troops were to be concentrated; of uniting and
+     collecting together the numerous boats--large and
+     small--eighteen tugs (among them the _Marsouin_, _Rove_,
+     _Iskeul_, _Marseillais 14_, _Audacieux_, _Requin_),
+     twenty-seven smaller boats, nine barges, and a dozen
+     mahonnes and small craft of all sizes, without counting the
+     supply ships, floating tanks, unloading cranes and so
+     forth--which the rapid unloading and revictualing of the new
+     arrivals demanded; of isolating the sick who were infected
+     with typhus and cholera; in a word, of putting on their feet
+     the diverse offices that come under the heading of direction
+     of the port, all the machinery of which was yet to be
+     created. At the same time it was necessary to maintain and
+     repair the booms of the harbor, to test the channels, make
+     arrangements concerning piloting, anchorage, and new
+     supplies of water, provisions and coal for the always
+     hurried transports which arrived, unloaded and sailed away
+     at all hours of the day and night; constantly to clear out
+     and drag the waters near the island; establish observation
+     posts around it, station batteries in suitable positions,
+     and finally to protect the channels around Corfu and the
+     Albanian coast, in which the English aided us effectively by
+     sending a hundred drifters (a sort of little fishing boat
+     which we call "cordiers" at Boulogne), which, beating
+     against the wind under full sail, dragged a cable a thousand
+     meters long to snare submarines. Thanks to a pair of
+     floating docks, which were placed between the extreme end of
+     Corfu and the neighboring coast, a distance of but two or
+     three kilometers, our vessels were soon in position, in a
+     line thirty miles in length so that they could execute all
+     the movements necessary for the landing of the Serbs and
+     also have gun drill, launch torpedoes and sea planes, and
+     perform the rest of the maneuvers that are indispensable.
+
+     Furthermore, fresh water in sufficient quantities had to be
+     procured. For if the springs on the island could supply
+     eighty thousand inhabitants, they now had to triple their
+     output and give out a far greater supply to meet the demand
+     of one hundred and fifty thousand more mouths. Every bit of
+     flour had to come from outside, from Italy, France or
+     England since Corfu has very few resources and we did not
+     wish to encounter the hostility of a population to which it
+     was necessary for us to show firmness more than once. The
+     most recalcitrant were forced to give in, not without
+     ceasing to rob us very much in the dealings they had with
+     us. Oranges went up to ten francs a dozen, and small
+     shopkeepers realized fortunes by doing money changing at
+     fantastic rates.
+
+     And all that will furnish only a very incomplete idea of the
+     innumerable obligations the aquatic anthill, from an
+     industrial and military standpoint, which is called a naval
+     base, has to meet.
+
+On the ninth of January, 1916, the situation of the Serbian Army was
+precisely as follows: In the neighborhood of San Giovanni di Medua
+there were twelve hundred officers, twenty-six thousand foot soldiers,
+seven thousand horses and two thousand cattle; at Durazzo there were
+thirty-six hundred officers, sixty-nine thousand soldiers, twenty
+thousand horses and four thousand cattle; on the roads that led to
+Valona some fifty thousand men including officers, two thousand horses
+and three hundred cattle.
+
+In these three principal groups were forty-one field pieces, the
+glorious remainder of the Serbian artillery.
+
+Add to that twenty-two thousand Austrian prisoners whom the Serbs
+carried along with them in their exodus towards the coast and also the
+pitiable troop of refugees, sick men, old men, women, children who,
+desiring at any cost to escape slavery and servitude, followed the
+retreating army.
+
+The evacuation of this indomitable people was made at San Giovanni di
+Medua. The soldiers were sent to Corfu. The civilians were sent to
+Algiers and Tunis, the Austrian prisoners to Sardinia. But where were
+the typhoid and the cholera patients to be transported? No one wanted
+them; and in this stampede of a people, cholera and typhus had made
+their appearance and spread with alarming rapidity. A certain number
+of cholera patients had been taken to Brindisi; and everyone,
+naturally, refused to take them in.
+
+Since this was the case, a French trawler, the _Verdun_, commanded by
+Lieutenant d'Aubarede, brought the sick to Corfu. And, as M. Emile
+Vedel tells it, this was perhaps one of the most beautiful episodes of
+our navy's activity, for there are few deaths as hideous as that to
+which they exposed themselves in taking in their arms poor beings
+touched with a malady essentially so contagious, and so dirty and
+covered with vermin that they made everyone shudder. With precaution
+and care that brothers do not always have for their own brothers,
+these near-corpses were taken to Corfu, where doctors and nurses from
+the French Navy saved some of them and made the end more easy for the
+rest.
+
+In twenty-two days everything was almost over. The troops at San
+Giovanni and Valona and Durazzo had been evacuated, as had the
+Austrian prisoners. All the money of the Serbian treasury had been
+transported to Marseilles in the cruiser _Ernest Renan_. It amounted
+to about eight hundred million francs.
+
+However, on the twentieth of January, about two thousand men still
+remained at San Giovanni di Medua. There were also a certain number of
+field pieces. After so many men and guns had been saved, were these to
+be abandoned? No. Everything must be saved. The last man must be saved
+and the last gun must be saved, whatever may be the risk, the fatigue
+and the hard work.
+
+On the morning of the twentieth of January, Captain Cacqueray,
+commanding the French naval forces, had two young naval officers of
+the French fleet come aboard his ship, the _Marceau_, Ensigns
+Couillaud and Auge, who commanded the little trawlers _Petrel_ and
+_Marie-Rose_. He ordered them to return once more to San Giovanni and
+bring back with them all they could.
+
+"You must succeed and you will succeed," Captain Cacqueray said
+simply.
+
+Some few minutes later the two trawlers were out in the Adriatic,
+headed for San Giovanni. Here we must quote Ensign Auge's words. He
+commanded the _Marie-Rose_, and we must be satisfied with citing from
+the eloquent brevity of the ship's log:
+
+     From the peaceful docks of Brindisi, we passed through the
+     winding channel of the outer port and then out of the
+     harbor, gliding between the buoys. Then the mine fields were
+     to be traversed, although the night was black and foggy. As
+     we approached the Albanian coast the wind freshened, and in
+     a veritable tempest, with hail and icy rain we entered the
+     Gulf of Drin, whose water is very turbid. More watchful than
+     ever, since submarines had been sighted in the neighborhood,
+     we finally arrived at Medua. Almost blocked off by the sand
+     bars, the little harbor was further encumbered by a dozen
+     wrecks, boats which the Austrians had sunk. The question was
+     where to pass through this mess, on the top of the water,
+     with masts and spars pointing every way. After having
+     rounded the line of mines and the _Brindisi_, an Italian
+     vessel that had struck a mine some days before, we made the
+     port. Ten houses and a wretched wharf on worm-eaten piling
+     at the end of a funnel of mountains with terrible rocks is
+     all there is of Medua.
+
+     An empty sailboat was moored to the end of the wharf, which
+     facilitated our operations. The _Petrel_, which was of
+     lighter draft than my boat, managed to get alongside and, by
+     vigorous efforts, we were able to join her. Ashore there
+     were soldiers in muddy clothes and worn-out shoes. The
+     gangway and the sailboat were soon filled by a chilly cold
+     wind, which tried to blow it offshore and which nothing
+     could restrain. It was impossible to locate any responsible
+     person and out of the question to make one's self
+     understood. Everyone thought only of escaping from that
+     Hell. Finally some Serbian officers came up who succeeded
+     somewhat in controlling their impatient troops. They made us
+     bring up the first cannon, which was pushed over the shaking
+     planks of the wharf. With great effort and by the use of
+     triple tackles the gun was got aboard the _Petrel_, and the
+     carriage and wheels on the _Marie-Rose_, whose hatch was
+     wider. The beginning was slow, but, after the second cannon,
+     the embarking went along smoothly.
+
+     There was not enough time. Everyone stamped in the mud. With
+     the completely washed out Serbian uniforms mixed the
+     brilliant colors of those of the Montenegrin guard. Seated
+     on a stone, King Nicholas sat stoically in the falling rain,
+     awaiting the arrival of the Italian torpedo boat that was
+     to place itself under his orders. Soldiers from the French
+     mission arrived and did police duty. The radio-operators
+     from the Italian post arrived and put their baggage on
+     board. An officer of the Serbian Army was there with all the
+     state archives. A crowd of people instinctively pressed
+     towards us and got mixed up with the soldiers who were
+     supposed to keep order. In spite of the tempest which
+     thwarted everything, we managed to embark eighteen .75 guns
+     and three 100 howitzers, as well as a hundred cases of
+     projectiles. The weather grew more dreadful, with hail
+     stones in the icy rain. Blows were necessary to prevent the
+     crowding aboard of that mob of people whom neither shouts
+     nor threats could stop. We allowed as many as possible to
+     embark--about a hundred on the _Petrel_ and twice as many
+     with us--Serbs, Montenegrins and Allies, of all classes and
+     conditions, and, despairingly we shoved off to stop the
+     crowd that remained. We were the last hope of these poor
+     people--there were about fifteen hundred of them, whose only
+     hope now was to face the frightful paths, marshes and
+     swollen rivers that separated them from Durazzo.
+
+     Night was falling; there remained only time to get away.
+     Cases of preserves were quickly opened. All our bread and
+     biscuits were used, and some bowls of boiling tea comforted
+     our guests. But leaving the harbor, the sea grew heavier
+     and torrents of spray put the finishing touch to the
+     inextricable disorder that prevailed aboard ship. The storm
+     stayed with us until we made Brindisi, where we arrived at
+     seven o'clock on the morning of the twenty-second. When
+     Italy was sighted, the tiredness and discouragement
+     disappeared as if by magic. Hand clappings, praise of
+     France, promises of victory and of revenge, and absurd
+     efforts to disembark everything at once--passengers and
+     material. (Journal of Ensign Auge, Commander of the
+     _Marie-Rose_.)
+
+Is that all? No; it is not. For if French effort is limitless, the
+tonnage of the trawlers is not. And, in spite of every effort, they
+were unable to get everyone aboard. Down there in the mud at Medua
+some Serbs still waited, turning anxious eyes towards the high seas to
+see whether or not the tricolor would appear on the horizon.... Well,
+it did reappear, for France never gives up the fight. The French motto
+here, as everywhere else, was "to the bitter end." On the
+twenty-fourth of January the _Petrel_ and the _Marie-Rose_ started on
+the final trip. Will they arrive in time? Probably not. In the
+mountains that surround San Giovanni rifle shots and the rattle of
+mitrailleuses were heard; the road to Alessio was deserted, the beach
+seemed deserted, Medua harbor was covered with wreckage of all sorts,
+rendering navigation impossible. However, the tiny craft entered the
+harbor and approached the shore. Finally they saw some Serbs there.
+The news was as disturbing as possible. The Austrians were only a few
+kilometers off. There was fighting on the outskirts of the town. The
+last able-bodied Serbs struggled manfully to hold off the Austrian
+advance guard, which pressed them hard. Not a minute was to be lost if
+a last salvage was to be made.
+
+After a brief consultation, the two young commanders decided to take
+off everyone in their old boats, aided by a huge lighter which they
+took in tow. A grave responsibility if the weather did not hold; but
+the man who risks nothing will gain nothing.
+
+They worked with feverish haste. The hope of not being abandoned gave
+wings to the weak. By four o'clock in the afternoon everything was
+practically ready ... four "seventy-fives," ten artillery caissons,
+two radio outfits, a thousand new rifles, hundreds of cases of shells,
+cartridges and grenades and likewise large quantities of harness were
+loaded on the trawlers. All the men who were in the town, its
+outskirts or on the beach were assembled and embarked on the boats.
+Not one was left behind. This time, safe from the rifles in the
+distant mountains, everyone was saved.
+
+     At four-fifty in the afternoon [writes Ensign Auge] our
+     little boats cleared the harbor for the last time and made
+     the open sea. Suddenly we see a trail of foam hastening on
+     us with a mad rush. It started three or four hundred meters
+     off on our right. There is a lightning flash and we see the
+     torpedo cross our bows, too low, fortunately. A submarine
+     has tried to attack us but has missed. We describe a great
+     circle in order to avoid a second attack. Fortunately night
+     falls to end the chase, and we make for the Italian coast.
+     Although the sea is smooth, the third boat is lurching
+     terribly. About midnight I hear terrible cries from this
+     boat. It is dark as pitch and impossible to make out
+     anything in the darkness. The cries continue: sparks burst
+     forth. Something is thrown into the sea. It is impossible
+     to know what is happening. So much the worse. The most
+     dangerous thing would be to stop. Let us go on.
+
+They went on and finally arrived in sight of Italy the next morning.
+The incident of the night before had been a little thing which had
+started a panic on board the boat. Little by little the roofs and
+towers of Brindisi appeared in the distance. The entire squadron of
+Allied ships was there, ranged in battle formation. When they saw the
+two little boats which were bringing in the last Serbs with their last
+guns, they rendered military honors to the heroic saviors, the crews
+cheering and the colors saluting. Supreme and unprecedented homage was
+rendered two nations: France and Serbia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In January, 1918, M. Vesnitch, Serbian Minister to France, on a
+mission to the United States, during an after-dinner speech, in a
+voice that did not conceal his emotion and with a different manner
+from his usual downcast one, told some of the details of this Passion.
+And he added:
+
+"We are grateful to everyone, but Serbia's heart will remain attached
+through all centuries to come to France."
+
+I repeat these words, which are France's sweetest reward, because they
+attest in history what France, the nation "worn out and bled white"
+has done to save and succor her little ally.
+
+Finally let me say that the men are wrong who believe France is
+without strength and resources. Beneath her torn garments, in rags,
+under flesh that is cruelly bruised, there beats a virile heart which
+fights on and on. And there is young, red blood which still flows and
+is always ready to flow for the immortal principles of Liberty,
+Justice and Humanity.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+THE WAR AIMS OF FRANCE
+
+
+A French statesman, Mr. Louis Barthou, has summed up the War aims of
+France in the three words: "Restitution, Reparation, Guarantees."
+
+Restitution means the surrender of all occupied territories, of the
+territories occupied by force during forty-seven months, as well as
+the territories occupied by force during forty-seven years. Between
+the five departments forming Flanders-Argonne and the five departments
+forming Alsace-Lorraine, France is unable to make any distinction.
+France wants Metz back on the same ground upon which she wants Lille
+back. If Germany is to keep Metz she might as well keep Lille. Her
+claim to Strasbourg is not better than her claim to Cambrai.
+
+And this is a thing which "the man in the street" fails sometimes to
+understand. He says: "Yes, we know, Alsace-Lorraine was taken from
+France forty-seven years ago by violence, without the people of the
+occupied territories being consulted. But how did France acquire
+Alsace-Lorraine in previous times? Was it not also by force after
+successful wars? Is it not a fact that Alsace-Lorraine, in days of
+yore, belonged to Germany, and that, historically, Alsace is a German
+land?"
+
+No, it is precisely not a fact. It is the contrary of a fact and of
+truth. And this must be made clear, once for all.
+
+When France demands Alsace-Lorraine, she does not do so because she
+will have some more departments in her geographical configuration, but
+because these territories belonged to France during centuries and
+centuries, because they were taken from France by force forty-seven
+years ago, because the people of these territories not only were never
+consulted, but also protested against Prussian domination--because, in
+a word, it is a question of right.
+
+In a speech, which he delivered on the 24th of January, 1918, before
+the Reichstag, Count von Hertling, the Imperial German Chancellor,
+expressed himself as follows:
+
+     Alsace-Lorraine comprises, as is known, for the most part
+     purely German regions which by a century long of violence
+     and illegality were severed from the German Empire, until
+     finally in 1779 the French Revolution swallowed up the last
+     remnant. Alsace and Lorraine then became French provinces.
+     When in the war of 1870, we demanded back the district which
+     had been criminally wrested from us, that was not a conquest
+     of foreign territory but, rightly and properly speaking,
+     what today is called disannexation.
+
+It is doubtful that Count von Hertling will ever leave in history the
+memory of a great Chancellor; but, if he does, it will be no doubt in
+the History of Ignorance and Falsehood. Never has a statesman in so
+few words uttered with such impudence so many untruths!
+
+Historically speaking, there are in Alsace-Lorraine three parts: there
+is Lorraine, there is Alsace, and there is the southern part of
+Alsace including the town of Mulhouse.
+
+As regards the town of Mulhouse, the question is most simple and
+clear. The town never, at any time, belonged to Germany or to the
+Germans. It belonged to Switzerland and, at the end of the 18th
+century, during the French revolution, the town, after a referendum,
+decided to become French. A delegation was sent to Paris, to the
+French Parliament, then called the _Conseil des Cinq-Cents_, and the
+delegation expressed publicly, officially, the desire of Mulhouse to
+be part of the French territory. There was a deliberation, and
+unanimously the _Conseil des Cinq-Cents_ voted a motion couched in the
+following terms: "_The French Republic accepts the vow of the citizens
+of Mulhouse._"
+
+A few weeks later the French authorities, among scenes of unparalleled
+enthusiasm, made their entry into the town, and the flag of Mulhouse
+was wrapped up in a tricolor box bearing the inscription: "The
+Republic of Mulhouse rests in the bosom of the French Republic."
+
+Alsace--the rest of Alsace--became French in 1648, more than two
+centuries before the war of 1870. It became French according to a
+treaty. The treaty was signed by the Austrian Emperor, because Alsace
+belonged to the Austrian Imperial Family. And it is not without
+interest to quote an article (article 75) of the treaty:
+
+     The Emperor cedes to the King of France forever, _in
+     perpetuum_, without any reserve, with full jurisdiction and
+     sovereignty, all the Alsatian territory. The Austrian
+     Emperor gives it to the King of France in such a way that no
+     other Emperor, in the future, will ever have any power in
+     any time to affirm any right on these territories.
+
+When today one reads that treaty, one has the impression that more
+than two centuries ago the Austrian Emperor had already a sort of
+apprehension that later on another Emperor would interfere in the
+matter and create mischief!
+
+Fifty-three years after that treaty, the Prussians, who dislike seeing
+anything in some one's else possession, tried to recover Alsace. Their
+own ambassador tried to dissuade them, and in 1701 Count Schmettau,
+ambassador of Prussia in Paris, wrote to his king:
+
+"_We cannot take Alsace, because it is well known that her inhabitants
+are more French than the Parisians_...."
+
+Could anything answer better the affirmation that "Alsatians are of
+German tendency?"
+
+Lorraine became French in 1552, more than three centuries before the
+war of 1870. Lorraine became French not after a war and as the result
+of a conquest, but according to a treaty signed by all the Protestant
+Princes of Germany, in which we find the following sentence, which is
+really worthy of meditation: "_We find just that the King of France,
+as promptly as possible, takes possession of the towns of Toul, Metz,
+and Verdun, where the German language has never been used._" So that
+the Germans themselves put on the same line the towns of Metz, Toul,
+and Verdun, and recognized that the town of Metz was not German.
+
+All this is extremely simple and clear. What happened several
+centuries later is equally clear.
+
+When, in 1871, on February 16th, the deputies of Alsace-Lorraine
+learned that their provinces would be given up to Germany, they
+assembled, and in an historical document which was signed by all of
+them--there were thirty-six--they protested in the following terms:
+
+     Alsace and Lorraine cannot be alienated. Today, before the
+     whole world, they proclaim that they want to remain French.
+     Europe cannot allow or ratify the annexation of Alsace and
+     Lorraine. Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like a
+     flock of sheep. Europe cannot remain deaf to the protest of
+     a whole population. Therefore, we declare in the name of our
+     population, in the name of our children and of our
+     descendants, that we are considering any treaty which gives
+     us up to a foreign power as a treaty null and void, and we
+     will eternally revindicate the right of disposing of
+     ourselves and of remaining French.
+
+And, three years later, in January, 1874, when for the first time
+Alsace and Lorraine had to elect deputies, they reiterated the same
+protest. They elected fifteen new deputies; some were Protestants,
+some were Catholics, one of them was the Bishop of Strasbourg, but
+they unanimously signed a declaration which was read at the Tribune of
+the German Reichstag. The declaration was the following:
+
+     In the name of all the people of Alsace-Lorraine, we protest
+     against the abuse of force of which our country is a
+     victim.... Citizens having a soul and an intelligence are
+     not mere goods that may be sold, or with which you may
+     trade.
+
+     The contract which annexed us to Germany is null and void. A
+     contract is only valid when the two contractants had an
+     entire freedom to sign it. France was not free when she
+     signed such a contract. Therefore our electors want us to
+     say that we consider ourselves as not bound by such a
+     treaty, and they want us to affirm once more our right of
+     disposing of ourselves.
+
+I beg to call the attention of the reader to two sentences of this
+protestation:
+
+"Europe cannot allow a people to be seized like a flock of sheep,"
+wrote the deputies of 1871. "People are not mere goods which may be
+sold or with which you may trade," proclaimed the deputies of 1874.
+Now you will find, nearly word for word, the same thought expressed
+in the message of President Wilson to Congress, when he wrote: "No
+right exists anywhere to hand peoples about from sovereignty to
+sovereignty as if they were property."
+
+That right does not exist, and it is because that right was
+outrageously violated in 1871 that France wants Alsace-Lorraine to
+come back to her. It is because, in 1871, Right has been wronged that
+today Right must be reinstated.
+
+Some people have spoken of a referendum. Why a referendum? Was there
+any referendum in 1871? And how could there be a referendum? How could
+you include in this referendum the hundreds of thousands of Alsatians
+who have fled from German domination? How could you exclude from this
+referendum the hundreds of thousands of Germans who have come to
+Alsace?
+
+The referendum was rendered by Mulhouse in 1798. Will that town be
+obliged to vote again? And how many times will it be obliged to vote
+for France? The referendum was rendered by the whole of Alsace and
+Lorraine in 1871 and 1874, by their elected deputies, when they
+unanimously protested against the German annexation.
+
+It was rendered twenty years ago by the census which was taken by the
+Germans themselves in Alsace. According to that census, in 1895,
+notwithstanding the fact that the teaching of French was prohibited in
+the public schools, there were 160,000 people in Alsace speaking
+French. And five years later, in 1900, according to another census
+there were 200,000 people in Alsace speaking French. And of these
+200,000 people, there were more than 52,000 children.
+
+The referendum was also rendered by Alsatians who, before this war,
+engaged themselves in the French Army, and became officers. According
+to the official statistics of the French War Department, there were in
+1914 in the French Army 20 generals, 145 superior officers, and 400
+ordinary officers of Alsatian origin. On the other side, in the German
+Army in 1914, there were four officers of Alsatian origin.
+
+And finally the referendum was rendered only one year before the
+present war, in 1913, when Herr von Jagow, then Prefect of Police in
+Berlin, made the following extraordinary declaration: "We Germans are
+obliged in Alsace to behave ourselves as if we were in an enemy's
+country...." What better referendum could you wish than such an
+admission by a German statesman?
+
+Moreover, the question of Alsace-Lorraine is not only a French
+question, but also an international question. It is not only France
+who has sworn to herself to recover Alsace-Lorraine--it is all the
+Allies who have sworn to France that she should recover it.
+
+"We mean to stand by the French democracy to the death," solemnly
+declared Mr. Lloyd-George on the 5th of January, 1918, "in the demand
+they make for a reconsideration of the great wrong of 1871, when,
+without any regard to the wishes of the population, two French
+provinces were torn from the side of France and incorporated in the
+German Empire."
+
+And, three days later, using nearly the same words, President Wilson,
+in his luminous message to Congress, said: "_The wrong done to France
+by Prussia in 1871, in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
+unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years should be
+righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the
+interest of all._"
+
+All the statesmen who have spoken since the beginning of the war in
+the name of the Allied Powers have attested that this war is not only
+a struggle for the liberty of nations and the respect due to
+nationalities, but also an effort toward definite peace. Their words
+only appeared fit for stirring up the enthusiasm of the crowds, and
+fortifying their will of sacrifice, because they gave expression to
+their feelings and prayers. If they are forgotten by those who uttered
+them they will be remembered by those who heard and treasured them.
+
+In September, 1914, Winston Churchill said: "We want this war to
+remodel the map of Europe according to the principle of nationalities,
+and the real wish of the people living in the contested territories.
+After so much bloodshed we wish for a peace which will free races, and
+restore the integrity of nations.... Let us have done with the
+armaments, the fear of strain, intrigues, and the perpetual threat of
+the horrible present crisis. Let us make the regulation of European
+conflicts just and natural." The French republic, of one mind with the
+Allies, proclaimed through its authorized representatives that this
+war is a war of deliverance. "France," said Mr. Stephen Pichon,
+Foreign Minister, "will not lay down arms before having shattered
+Prussian militarism, so as to be able to rebuild on a basis of justice
+a regenerated Europe." And Mr. Paul Deschanel, the President of the
+Chamber, continued: "The French are not only defending their soil,
+their homes, the tombs of their ancestors, their sacred memories,
+their ideal works of art and faith and all the graceful, just, and
+beautiful things their genius has lavished forth: they are defending,
+too, the respect of treaties, the independence of Europe, and human
+freedom. We want to know if all the effort of conscience during
+centuries will lead to its slavery, if millions of men are to be
+taken, given up, herded at the other side of a frontier and condemned
+to fight for their conquerors and masters against their country, their
+families, and their brothers.... The world wishes to live at last,
+Europe to breathe, and the nations mean to dispose freely of
+themselves."
+
+These engagements will be kept. But they will have been kept only when
+Alsace-Lorraine--the Belgium of 1871, as Rabbi Stephen Wise has called
+it--has been returned to France. Then, and only then, will there be
+real peace. Then, and only then, will the "Testament" of Paul
+Deroulede have been executed:
+
+     When our war victorious is o'er,
+     And our country has won back its rank,
+     Then with the evils war brings in its train
+     Will disappear the hatred the conqueror trails.
+
+     Then our great France, full of love without spite
+     Sowing fresh springing-corn 'neath her new-born laurels,
+     Will welcome Work, father of Fortune,
+     And sing Peace, mother of lengthy deeds.
+
+     Then will come Peace, calm, serene, and awful,
+     Crushing down arms, but upholding intellect;
+     For we shall stand out as just-hearted conquerors,
+     Only taking back what was robbed from us.
+
+     And our nation, weary of mourning,
+     Will soothe the living while praising the dead,
+     And nevermore will we hear the name of battle
+     And our children shall learn to unlearn hate.
+
+Just as France will not accept peace without restitution, she will not
+accept peace without reparation.
+
+Germany can never make reparation for all the ruin, all the
+destruction, all the sacrilege she has wrought. There can be no
+reparation for the Cathedral of Rheims, for the Hotel de Ville at
+Arras, for the deaths of thousands of innocent beings, for the
+slaughter of women and children.
+
+But there can be reparation for the damage done to machinery. The
+treasures of art which, contrary to all law and right, Germany has
+taken into her own country, can be returned. They can return the funds
+illegally stolen from the vaults of municipalities, banks and public
+societies. They can pay off the receipts which they themselves have
+signed for the objects they have compelled the owners to hand over to
+them.
+
+Every chateau in the north of France, places such as those of the
+Prince of Monaco, of Mr. Balny d'Avricourt, that of Coucy, have been
+looted and pillaged. Antique furniture, paintings by the great
+masters, sculptures, historic pieces of tapestry have been carried off
+into Germany. Tapestries, sculptures, furniture and paintings must
+come back from Germany. The museums at St. Quentin and Lille have seen
+their collections of value to art and science carried off; these
+collections must come back. Factories have been robbed of their pumps,
+of their equipment, of their trucks; other pumps, other equipment,
+other trucks must be put in their place. Otherwise, nothing will
+prevent that in the future other expeditions will come to ransack
+other countries. A bold move towards Venice allowed base hands to be
+laid on the most beautiful works of art humanity had produced. A
+fortunate descent on the shores of Long Island or of New Jersey would
+allow the Metropolitan Museum to be looted.
+
+At Ham, in the Somme district, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the former
+Empress of Russia's brother, one morning entered the shop of an
+antiquarian and picked out a number of ancient bibelots and vases,
+ordering that they be sent to his quarters. The owner thought it would
+be wise to state the price of the lot:
+
+"The price," exclaimed the Grand Duke, "there's nothing for me to pay
+for! Everything here belongs to me."
+
+But the owner protested, since, as he said, he did own the goods.
+
+"Here," said the Grand Duke, "this will pay you for them."
+
+And he handed the man his card with the words "good for so many
+francs" written on it; also his signature.
+
+The number of francs mentioned on the Grand Duke of Hesse's card will
+have to be paid in full after the war. So will the thousands of
+requisitions signed by persons of less importance--governors,
+generals, colonels, majors, men who thought they could ransack all
+Belgium and the north of France with impunity, giving in exchange mere
+scraps of paper.
+
+The great cities of Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Laon and Mezieres have
+been compelled to pay exorbitant levies for war purposes, which have
+amounted to billions of francs. This was contrary to all international
+law and to the Hague Tribunal's regulations. The funds thus illegally
+extorted will have to be repaid in full. No indemnities--that is
+understood and is perfectly just. It is precisely because there will
+not have to be any indemnities that the indemnities already extorted
+will have to be made good.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Finally, just as France cannot make peace without receiving
+restitution and reparation, she cannot make peace without receiving
+certain guarantees.
+
+Here we approach one of the most complex and difficult aspects of the
+entire problem, because we find ourselves in the presence of the
+famous League of Nations. President Wilson, one of the most noble and
+generous spirits, one of the greatest figures that has appeared in the
+entire war, launched if not the idea at least the first definite
+statement thereof.... And this statement has awakened in all hearts,
+tired of carnage and slaughter, the same infinite hope that words of
+goodness, liberty and fraternity always awaken, which evoke the
+thought of the supreme end towards which humanity tends. The statement
+has done better than merely move men's emotions, it has moved men's
+thoughts. It has kindled in them a ray of hope which tends to shine
+more brightly every day in that they know that the civilized world
+will be truly a civilized world only when it is formed and fashioned
+in the likeness of a civilized nation. In a civilized nation no one
+has the right to kill another man, to obtain justice by using force,
+to commit murder, nor to raise armed bands to shoot, blow up or kill
+with poisoned gas other men. Tribunals exist to appease differences
+and to prevent fighting; every citizen is associated with every other
+citizen in the common cause of security and progress.
+
+In a civilized world no nation has the right to massacre, no nation
+ought to have the right to resort to the use of force to obtain
+justice, no nation ought to have the right to attack, harm, or
+destroy another nation. There ought to be tribunals to appease the
+differences of peoples as well as those of individuals; every nation
+ought to be associated with every other nation to assure the progress
+of the entire world.
+
+This theory is not only appealing, it is irrefutable. But it is a law
+for this earth that the most profoundly just and true theories, those
+which have been most scientifically demonstrated, encounter, when put
+into practice, obstacles which have not been surmounted and are often
+insurmountable.
+
+President Wilson, who is not only a great jurist and a noble idealist,
+but who also has that genius for realization which is a characteristic
+of all America, has not failed to appreciate the difficulties which
+the League of Nations would encounter were it put into practice. And
+if, in his messages, he has insisted with a force that is every day
+more eloquent on the necessity of tackling the problem; he has never
+given a detailed solution for it.
+
+He has done better than that, for he has swept aside certain factors
+which would have made it absolutely impossible. On the second, of
+April, 1917, in his immortal declaration of war, he formally declared
+that "no autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within a
+partnership of nations or observe its covenants. It must be a league
+of honor, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its vitals
+away; the plottings of inner circles who could plan what they would
+and render account to no one, would be a corruption seated at its very
+heart. Only a free people can hold their purpose and their honor
+steady to a common end, and prefer the interests of mankind to any
+narrow interest of their own."
+
+These are admirable words of truth and of philosophic depth, words
+which deserve to be graven in stone. No autocracy, then, in the League
+of Nations, no German militarism nor Austrian imperialism in it. No
+universal league of nations, even, but a limited society, a society of
+democracies!
+
+Certain hasty critics have observed neither the same prudence nor
+logic as President Wilson. They have been farther from the truth, much
+farther from the truth. They have falsified his text, as do all
+commentators. They have desired to build complete in all details the
+League of Nations, which only existed in outline. They have succeeded
+in showing how difficult the construction would be, and they have only
+been able to set up a house of cards which the first breath of wind
+would knock down.
+
+For example, this is how one of the most eminent French socialists, M.
+Albert Thomas, a man who has given abundant proof of his practical
+experience and actual talents, formerly the French Minister of
+Munitions, depicts the League of Nations:
+
+     Let us suppose [he wrote on the twenty-fifth of December,
+     1917], as the mathematicians say, that the problem is
+     solved. Let us suppose that the society of nations, made up
+     of all the nations, had been created by common accord about
+     the year 1910 or 1912. What would it have accomplished?
+     After the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the
+     Hague Tribunal, or perhaps the Washington Tribunal, would
+     have made inquiry into the conditions of the murder. It
+     would have taken certain steps. And if Austria, still
+     dissatisfied, had invaded Serbia for the sake of revenge or
+     to give scope to her ambitious designs, if Germany had
+     joined with her in this, then all the other allied nations,
+     in the performance of their duty, would have entered into a
+     war against the central powers in order to force them to
+     respect the liberties and the integrity of little Serbia.
+     For there can be no rule without sanction therefore. No
+     international law is possible if there does not exist at the
+     service of this law the "organized force that is superior to
+     that of any nation or to that of any alliance of nations" of
+     which President Wilson speaks.
+
+     If the society of nations had existed in 1914 and if Germany
+     had violated its laws, the entire world would have taken
+     military action against Germany by means of war, economic
+     action by means of blockade and of depriving her of the
+     necessities of life. The entire world would have been at war
+     with her and her allies. And in order that the league of
+     nations might continue to exist, in order that the rule of
+     justice, scarcely outlined, could have continued to exist,
+     the victory of the entente powers would have been as
+     necessary as it is today. Mr. Lloyd-George and President
+     Wilson would have said, as they say today, "No league of
+     nations without victory."
+
+     The difference is that in 1914 a verdict in the case would
+     have been handed down by the common tribunal of the nations,
+     and that there would have been no possible discussion of the
+     violations of right committed by Germany nor on the
+     responsibility for having caused the war.
+
+     The difference would have been that in place of seeing the
+     neutral nations hesitating, frightened by German force,
+     disturbed by German lies, rallying only under the protection
+     of one of the Entente armies, at the moment when they had
+     seen on which side lay right, they would all, at the very
+     beginning, have entered into the battle in fulfillment of
+     their obligations not only on account of their moral
+     responsibility but on account of their clearly understood
+     interests.
+
+     Finally the difference is that, the rights of the peoples
+     having been defined clearly, there would have been no
+     moment's uncertainty nor hesitation concerning the ends of
+     the war.
+
+     And it is impossible to doubt that the present situation of
+     the war would have been decidedly different from what it is
+     today.
+
+I have cited the passage at length in order to give the critic's
+argument its widest scope. But, alas, who does not see the argument's
+fallacy? Who does not perceive that this reenforced skyscraper is a
+cardboard column liable to fall with the first push that is given it?
+
+Moreover, from the very beginning, the originator of the idea of the
+society of nations admits the hypothesis of a war and presupposes all
+the nations in the league are making war against another nation. Even
+with the society of nations there will still be wars. Even with the
+society of nations there will be no guarantee of absolute peace.
+
+So we are shown the spectacle, in case of war, of all the nations
+making war at once, without the least hesitation, without delay,
+without any discussion, against the people that disturbs the peace of
+the world. Is it a certainty that this unanimity would result? Is it a
+certainty that there would be no falling away, no delay? And, granting
+that there would be none of this, is it a certainty that irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided? To consider once more M. Thomas'
+example of the war of 1914, let us suppose that there had been at that
+time a society of nations, that England had had an army, that the
+United States had had an army, and that the Anglo-American army had
+not lost a day nor an hour. Is it a certainty that they would have
+prevented the Germans from being at the gates of Liege on the seventh
+of August, in Brussels on the nineteenth of August, and before Paris
+on the second of September? And if today France, England, America,
+Italy, Japan and four-fifths of the civilized world, in spite of the
+treasure of heroism and effort that has been expended, have not been
+able to prevent the present result, is it possible that this would
+have been obtained with the assistance of Switzerland, the
+Scandinavian nations, Holland and Spain?
+
+"The difference," continues M. Thomas, "is that there would not have
+been the possibility of any discussion of the violation of rights
+committed by Germany, nor upon what nation rests the responsibility
+for causing the war." But is that so sure? How was there any
+discussion in 1914 of the violation of Belgium by Germany? Did not
+Germany herself, in the teeth of all the world, hurl the avowal of
+this violation when von Bethmann-Hollweg, in the Reichstag, cynically
+declared: "We have just invaded Belgium.... Yes, we know that it is
+contrary to international law; but we were compelled by necessity. And
+necessity knows no law." What international tribunal's verdict could
+have the force of this avowal from the lips of the guilty man?
+However, the world has not moved, the world has not trembled, the
+world is not now up in arms. And who would guarantee that another time
+when the case will be perhaps less flagrant, the crime more obscure,
+the aggressor less cynical, the world will tremble and rise in arms?
+
+Moreover, is it always possible to determine the responsibility for
+war's origin? Is it always possible, before an international tribunal
+of arbitration, to throw the proper light and all the light on the
+course events have taken? Will the judges always be unanimous?
+
+Take the case of the last Balkan War in 1912. Is it possible today,
+from a six years' perspective, to establish with any degree of
+certitude the reasons for its outbreak and determine without
+hesitation the responsibility for it? Can you affirm with any degree
+of certainty that a court composed of American, European and Asiatic
+jurists would be unanimous in condemning Turkey and exonerating
+Bulgaria? And tomorrow, if the Ukraine should suddenly hurl itself
+against the Republic of the Don, or if Finland invaded Great Russia,
+with your international court would you be really in a way to
+pronounce a verdict within five days? And if Sweden took Finland's
+part and Germany took Great Russia's, could you guarantee that
+Argentina, Japan, Australia and even France would consent to mobilize
+their fleets and their armies to settle the question of a frontier on
+the banks of the Neva? Can you guarantee that every war of every Slav
+republic would have for a correlative the mobilization of the entire
+world?
+
+And then are you certain that the idea of a society of nations is
+exactly a new one? Are you certain that there did not exist a society
+of nations before the outbreak of the present war? Have you never
+heard that, on the fifteenth of June, 1907, at The Hague, forty-four
+nations of the civilized world (and Germany was one of the number)
+assembled and met together to form such a league? Have you never heard
+of the treaty that was signed then which, according to the wording at
+the treaty's head, had for its object "fixing the laws and usages at
+war on the land"? Have you never read the terms of this convention,
+have you never glanced through the sixty-odd articles which today, in
+the presence of the nameless horrors in which we lend a hand, offer a
+prodigious interest to actuality?
+
+Glance over these articles--and let us see how they have been applied:
+
+     ARTICLE 4 provides that "_prisoners of war must be humanely
+     treated. All their personal belongings, except arms, horses,
+     and military papers, remain their property_." Now all the
+     prisoners held by Germany have, without exception, been
+     spoiled of their money, of their portfolios, of their rings,
+     of their jewels, of their eyeglasses.
+
+     ARTICLE 6 says that "_the state may employ as workmen the
+     prisoners of war_," but it is careful in stipulating "_that
+     the work must not be excessive and must have nothing
+     whatever to do with operations of war_." ARTICLE 7 says
+     that "_prisoners of war shall be treated as regards board,
+     lodging, and clothing on the same footing as the troops of
+     the Government who captured them_." Each of these two
+     articles has been violated since the beginning of the war by
+     the Germans. After the Battle of the Marne, when the
+     advancing French troops of Joffre arrived on the Aisne they
+     found French civilians captured by the Germans and compelled
+     by them to work in the trenches. Moreover, an official
+     report emanating from Mr. Gustave Ador, President of the
+     International Red Cross, now member of the Swiss Federal
+     Council, called the attention of the belligerents as soon as
+     October, 1914, to the bad treatment of the French prisoners
+     in Germany. Each French officer had, as prisoner, a salary
+     of one hundred marks per month, which was not even half of
+     the pay of an under-officer.
+
+     ARTICLES 23, 25, 27, and 28 are so interesting that they
+     must be quoted _in extenso_:
+
+     ARTICLE 23. In _addition to the prohibitions provided by
+     special conventions, it is especially forbidden_:
+
+     (a) _To employ poison or poisoned weapons._
+
+     (c) _To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his
+     arms, or having no longer means of defense, has surrendered
+     at discretion._
+
+     (d) _To declare that no quarter will be given._
+
+     (e) _To employ arms, projectiles, or material calculated to
+     cause unnecessary suffering._
+
+     (f) _To make improper use of a flag of truce, of the
+     national flag, or of the military insignia and uniform of
+     the enemy, as well as the distinctive badges of the Geneva
+     Convention._
+
+     (g) _To destroy or seize the enemy's property, unless such
+     destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the
+     necessities of war._
+
+     (h) _A belligerent is likewise forbidden to compel the
+     nationals of the hostile party to take part in the
+     operations of war directed against their own country, even
+     if they were in the belligerent's service before the
+     commencement of the war._
+
+     ARTICLE 25. _The attack or bombardment, by whatever means,
+     of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings which are
+     undefended is prohibited._
+
+     ARTICLE 27. _In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps
+     must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings
+     dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes,
+     historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and
+     wounded are collected, provided they are not being used at
+     the time for military purposes._
+
+     ARTICLE 28. _The pillage of a town or place, even when taken
+     by assault, is prohibited._
+
+     It seems that the men of The Hague, when they wrote those
+     articles, had a sort of prescience of the future cruelties
+     of war and that they wanted to avoid them. Let us see how
+     far they have succeeded.
+
+     It was forbidden to employ poison or poisoned weapons. No
+     later than last spring when the Germans evacuated certain
+     parts of the north of France instructions emanating from the
+     German general headquarters were found in the pocket of many
+     German prisoners or on the dead, and those instructions
+     indicated how the water of the wells was to be poisoned:
+     "Such and such a soldier," ran instructions, "will be in
+     charge of the wells, will throw in each one a sufficient
+     quantity of poison or creosote, or, lacking these, all
+     available filth."
+
+     It was forbidden to declare that no quarter would be given.
+     And here is the order of the day issued on August 25, 1914,
+     by General Stenger, commanding the Fifty-eighth German
+     Brigade, to his troops: "After today no more prisoners will
+     be taken. All prisoners are to be killed. Wounded, with or
+     without arms, are to be killed. Even prisoners already
+     grouped in convoys are to be killed. Let not a single living
+     enemy remain behind us."
+
+     It was forbidden to pillage a town or locality, even when
+     taken by assault. And on the corpse of the German private
+     Handschumacher (of the Eleventh Battalion of Jaegers,
+     Reserve) in the very earliest days of the war, was found the
+     following diary: "August 8, 1914. Gouvy (Belgium). There, as
+     the Belgians had fired on the German soldiers, we at once
+     pillaged the goods station. Some cases, eggs, shirts, and
+     all eatables were seized. The safe was gutted and the money
+     divided among the men. All securities were torn up."
+
+     In fact, pillage and robberies went on on such a high scale
+     during the first months of the war that considerable sums of
+     money were sent from France and Belgium to Germany. A German
+     newspaper, the _Berlin Tageblatt_, of November 26, 1914,
+     implicitly avowed it when, in a technical article on the
+     military treasury ("_Der Zahlmeister im Felde_"), it wrote:
+     "It is curious to note that far more money-orders are sent
+     from the theater of operations to the interior of the
+     country than _vice versa_."
+
+     ARTICLE 50 of this Hague Convention states that "_no general
+     penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be inflicted upon the
+     population on account of the acts of individuals for which
+     they cannot be regarded as jointly and severally
+     responsible_." Side by side with this article, it is
+     interesting to reproduce an extract from a proclamation of
+     General von Buelow, posted up at Liege on August 22, 1914:
+     "The inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after having
+     protested their peaceful intentions, treacherously surprised
+     our troops. It is with my full consent that the general in
+     command had the whole place burned, and about a hundred
+     people were shot." Moreover, here is an extract from a
+     proclamation of Major-Commander Dieckmann, posted up at
+     Grivegnee on September 8, 1914: "Every one who does not obey
+     at once the word of command, 'Hands up,' is guilty of the
+     penalty of death." And finally here is an extract from a
+     proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, posted up in
+     Brussels on October 5, 1914: "In future all places near the
+     spot where such acts have taken place [destruction of
+     railway lines or telegraph wires]--no matter whether guilty
+     or not--shall be punished without mercy. With this end in
+     view, hostages have been brought from all places near
+     railway lines exposed to such attacks, and at the first
+     attempt to destroy railway lines, telegraph or telephone
+     lines, they will be immediately shot."
+
+     ARTICLE 56 of the Hague Convention provides that "_the
+     property of municipalities, that of institutions dedicated
+     to religion, charity, and education, to the arts and
+     sciences, even when state property, shall be treated as
+     private property. All seizure of, destruction, or willful
+     damage done to institutions of this character, historical
+     monuments, works of art and science, is forbidden, and
+     should be made the subject of legal proceedings._"
+
+     Four names, which will be eternally remembered, are here
+     sufficient to answer: there is Rheims and its Cathedral,
+     Louvain and its library, Arras and its Town Hall, Ypres and
+     its bell tower.
+
+In the course of this war, Germany has disavowed her signature any
+number of times and has broken her pledges just as often as she has
+made them. Germany is a proven perjurer not only in the eyes of the
+nations at war with her, but also in the regard of the forty-four
+countries signatory of the Hague Convention. However, we have never
+heard that a single one of these nations lodged a protest against her
+actions. The Hague Convention has been torn into shreds, and not one
+of its signers has entered the slightest protest.
+
+Is the next society of nations to be modeled on the same principles?
+Is the next society of nations going to draw up articles of the same
+kind as the Hague society? Is the future society of nations to accept
+among its members the same Empire of Germany which in 1914 declared
+bankruptcy? Will the future act of the society of nations be a simple
+scrap of paper, like the last act of 1907?
+
+But let us cease asking these questions. There is no gain in asking
+certain questions to gain certain replies. There is no gain in
+examining certain problems to make the difficulties of the solution
+more apparent.
+
+There is no doubt that the society of nations will exist some day. For
+the honor of humanity we must hope that it will exist. But it is not
+one day's work, nor the speaking of a single discourse nor the writing
+of one article that will build it. In M. Clemenceau's words, right can
+not be firmly established as long as the world is based on might. To
+bring about the rule of Right, Might must be destroyed and driven out
+as the very first move in the campaign for ultimate liberty.
+
+German Might will not be destroyed by international compacts to which
+Germany will be party. Recall the treaty guaranteeing Belgium's
+integrity, which was one that Germany signed. Recall the Hague
+Conventions, signed by this same Germany. The men are fools who will
+not recall these things, who will not profit by them as examples.
+German might will only be destroyed by international agreements to
+which Germany is not a party, and which shall place German might
+beyond the regions in which it can play a dangerous part.
+
+Now we are not building this upon sand, but upon a foundation of solid
+rock.
+
+Germany needs two things to continue her national existence. She must
+import from other countries certain products necessary to her
+existence. For example, there is wool, of which she was obliged to
+import 1,888,481 metric quintals in order to manufacture her sixteen
+thousand grades of woolen fabrics. There is copper, of which Germany
+imported 250,000 tons in 1913 (200,000 tons came from America), in
+order to sell the merchandise she finds has a good market in foreign
+countries. Considering all Germany's exports for the period from
+1903-1913, we find that their total has passed from 6,400 millions to
+12,600 millions, an increase of nearly one hundred per cent.
+
+There lies the best, the true, indeed the only means whereby the
+Allies can compel Germany to disarm. We do not demand that the
+economic war shall continue after the actual warfare is at an end, but
+we can demand that the Allies shall not lay aside their economic arms
+when the Germans shall have laid aside their fighting arms. In other
+words, we can demand that the Allies do not give Germany wool, copper
+and money if they know that this wool, money and copper are to feed
+the war machine. This war machine cost the German Empire nearly four
+hundred millions of dollars according to the budget of 1914. Suppose
+the Allies said to Germany, "As long as you have a military and naval
+budget of four hundred millions of dollars, we regret that we shall be
+unable to sell you wool and copper. We regret that we shall be unable
+to buy anything from you. But, if you reduce this budget by half, we
+are willing to give you one million metric quintals of wool and
+125,000 tons of copper. Likewise, we are disposed to make purchases
+in your market totalling one billion dollars. If your military and
+naval budgets fall to nothing, we are willing to go much farther and
+buy and sell everything with you in unlimited quantities." Suppose the
+Allies make these proposals to Germany. Suppose they are put into
+effect. Will they not be a better guarantee of universal peace than
+all the Conventions and all the courts of arbitration in the world?
+
+Then let no one disturb the peace of the world for his selfish
+purposes. Left to themselves, the little Balkan States and Slav States
+will not start great, long wars, just as the lone robber posted at the
+edge of a woods will not endanger a province's communications for very
+long. The formidable thing is the great country that is arranged and
+planned along the lines of war, where everything is organized with a
+view to war; just as the formidable thing for a city is the small band
+of malefactors who are able to terrify half the citizens by the use of
+highly perfected arms.
+
+There will be no lasting peace until the most terrible war machine
+the world has ever known shall have been destroyed, reduced to an
+impotent state of non-existence. Ideals will not destroy this machine,
+but practical means and getting down to the facts of the case will do
+so. Pasteur did not overcome hydrophobia by writing treatises and
+dissertations. He met poison with poison, he injected the healing
+serum into the veins of the maddened dog. Now Germany is the mad dog,
+and Germany must be inoculated. After that there will be time to pass
+hygienic measures for the regiment of the entire world. Today Germany
+must be killed or cured. Germany is the cancer that must be cut out,
+lest it eat up the world.
+
+It has been a matter of life and death for Liberty and Civilization.
+Both of them have been sick unto death. Clutched foully by the throat,
+they have heard their own death rattle; they themselves thought they
+might not survive. Now they stand on their feet, so weak, so pale, and
+so feeble that their life might still be despaired of. If we do not
+obtain definite guarantees against the monster who has barely failed
+to strangle them and to force the entire world back into the darkness
+of slavery, we shall have failed in our task, and the blood shed in
+the fight for Liberty will have been shed in vain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+The following irrefutable documents, selected from among thousands of
+others which history will record, prove better than any other means
+how the Germans understand war and peace. They deserve a place in this
+volume because they demonstrate why and against what France is
+fighting.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+HOW GERMANS FORCED WAR ON FRANCE
+
+
+Answering to the Pope, in September, 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm II declared
+"_that he had always regarded it as his principal and most sacred duty
+to preserve the blessing of Peace for the German people and the
+world_." More recently, driving through the battlefield of Cambrai,
+the Kaiser, according to the war correspondent of the Berlin
+_Lokalanzeiger_, exclaimed: "God knows what I have not done to prevent
+such a war!"
+
+A document made public by M. Stephen Pichon, French Foreign Minister,
+shows exactly how, in the last days of July, 1914, the Kaiser tried
+"to preserve the blessings of Peace for the German people and the
+world" and what he did "to prevent such a war."
+
+Speaking at the Sorbonne, in Paris, on March 1, 1918, M. Pichon said:
+
+     I will establish by documents that the day the Germans
+     deliberately rendered inevitable the most frightful of wars
+     they tried to dishonor us by the most cowardly complicity in
+     the ambush into which they drew Europe. I will establish it
+     in the revelation of a document which the German Chancellor,
+     after having drawn it up, preserved carefully, and you will
+     see why, in the most profound mystery of the most secret
+     archives.
+
+     We have known only recently of its authenticity, and it
+     defies any sort of attempt to disprove it. It bears the
+     signature of Bethmann Hollweg (German Imperial Chancellor at
+     the outbreak of the war) and the date July 31, 1914. On
+     that day Von Schoen (German Ambassador to France) was
+     charged by a telegram from his Chancellor to notify us of a
+     state of danger of war with Russia and to ask us to remain
+     neutral, giving us eighteen hours in which to reply.
+
+     What was unknown until today was that the telegram of the
+     German Chancellor containing these instructions ended with
+     these words:
+
+     _If the French Government declares it will remain neutral
+     your Excellency will be good enough to declare that we must,
+     as a guarantee of its neutrality, require the handing over
+     of the fortresses of Toul and Verdun; that we will occupy
+     them and will restore them after the end of the war with
+     Russia. A reply to this last question must reach here before
+     Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock._
+
+That is how Germany wanted peace at the moment when she declared war!
+That is how sincere she was in pretending that we obliged her to take
+up arms for her defense! That is the price she intended to make us pay
+for our baseness if we had the infamy to repudiate our signature as
+Prussia repudiated hers by tearing up the treaty that guaranteed the
+neutrality of Belgium!
+
+It was explained that the above document has not previously been
+published, because the code could not be deciphered: the French
+Foreign Office succeeded only a few days before in decodifying the
+document.
+
+Moreover, Herr von Bethmann Hollweg, on March 18, 1918, acknowledged
+the accuracy of M. Pichon's quotation and contented himself to declare
+that "his instructions to Von Schoen were justified."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+HOW GERMANS TREAT AN AMBASSADOR
+
+
+This document is quoted from the French "Yellow Book," page 152:
+
+          _From Copenhagen_
+          _French Yellow Book No. 155_
+
+     M. Bapst, French Minister at Copenhagen, to
+     M. Doumergue, Minister for Foreign Affairs.
+
+                              COPENHAGEN, AUGUST 6, 1914.
+
+     The French Ambassador at Berlin, M. Jules Cambon, asks me to
+     communicate to your Excellency the following telegram:
+
+     I have been sent to Denmark by the German Government. I have
+     just arrived at Copenhagen. I am accompanied by all the
+     staff of the Embassy and the Russian Charge d'Affaires at
+     Darmstadt with his family. The treatment which we have
+     received is of such a nature that I have thought it
+     desirable to make a complete report on it to your Excellency
+     by telegram.
+
+     On the morning of Monday, the 3rd of August, after I had, in
+     accordance with your instructions, addressed to Herr von
+     Jagow a protest against the acts of aggression committed on
+     French territory by German troops, the Secretary of State
+     came to see me. Herr von Jagow came to complain of acts of
+     aggression which he alleged had been committed in Germany,
+     especially at Nuremberg and Coblenz by French aviators, who
+     according to his statement "had come from Belgium." I
+     answered that I had not the slightest information as to the
+     facts to which he attached so much importance and the
+     improbability of which seemed to me obvious; on my part I
+     asked him if he had read the note which I had addressed to
+     him with regard to the invasion of our territory by
+     detachments of the German army. As the Secretary of State
+     said that he had not yet read this note I explained its
+     contents to him. I called his attention to the act committed
+     by the officer commanding one of the detachments who had
+     advanced to the French village of Joncherey, ten kilometers
+     within our frontier, and had blown out the brains of a
+     French soldier whom he had met there. After having given my
+     opinion of this act I added:
+
+     "You will admit that under no circumstances could there be
+     any comparison between this and the flight of an aeroplane
+     over foreign territory carried out by private persons
+     animated by that spirit of individual courage by which
+     aviators are distinguished.
+
+     "An act of aggression committed on the territory of a
+     neighbor by detachments of regular troops commanded by
+     officers assumes an importance of quite a different nature."
+
+     Herr von Jagow explained to me that he had no knowledge of
+     the facts of which I was speaking to him, and he added that
+     it was difficult for events of this kind not to take place
+     when two armies filled with the feelings which animated our
+     troops found themselves face to face on either side of the
+     frontier.
+
+     At this moment the crowds which thronged the Pariser Platz
+     in front of the Embassy and whom we could see through the
+     window of my study, which was half open, uttered shouts
+     against France. I asked the Secretary of State when all this
+     would come to an end.
+
+     "The Government has not yet come to a decision," Herr von
+     Jagow answered. "It is probable that Herr von Schoen will
+     receive orders today to ask for his passports and then you
+     will receive yours." The Secretary of State assured me that
+     I need not have any anxiety with regard to my departure, and
+     that all the proprieties would be observed with regard to me
+     as well as my staff. We were not to see one another any more
+     and we took leave of one another after an interview which
+     had been courteous and could not make me anticipate what was
+     in store for me.
+
+     Before leaving Herr von Jagow I expressed to him my wish to
+     make a personal call on the Chancellor, as that would be the
+     last opportunity that I should have of seeing him.
+
+     Herr von Jagow said that he did not advise me to carry out
+     this intention as the interview would serve no purpose and
+     could not fail to be painful.
+
+     At 6 o'clock in the evening Herr von Langwerth brought me my
+     passports. In the name of his Government he refused to agree
+     to the wish which I expressed to him that I should be
+     permitted to travel by Holland or Belgium. He suggested to
+     me that I should go either by way of Copenhagen, although he
+     could not assure me a free passage by sea, or through
+     Switzerland via Constance.
+
+     I accepted this last route; Herr von Langwerth having asked
+     me to leave as soon as I possibly could it was agreed, in
+     consideration of the necessity I was under of making
+     arrangements with the Spanish Ambassador, who was
+     undertaking the charge of our interests, that I should leave
+     on the next day, the 4th August, at 10 o'clock at night.
+
+     At 7 o'clock, an hour after Herr von Langwerth had left,
+     Herr von Lancken, formerly Councilor of the Embassy at
+     Paris, came from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to tell me
+     to request the staff of my Embassy to cease taking meals in
+     the restaurants. This order was so strict that on the next
+     day, Tuesday, I had to have recourse to the authority of the
+     Wilhelmstrasse to get the Hotel Bristol to send our meals to
+     the Embassy.
+
+     At 11 o'clock on the same evening, Monday, Herr von
+     Langwerth came back to tell me that his Government would not
+     allow our return by way of Switzerland under the pretext
+     that it would take three days and three nights to take me to
+     Constance. He announced that I should be sent by way of
+     Vienna. I only agreed to this alteration under reserve, and
+     during the night I wrote the following letter to Herr von
+     Langwerth:
+
+                              "BERLIN, AUGUST 3rd, 1914.
+
+         "M. LE BARON;
+
+         "I have been thinking over the route for my return
+         to my country about which you came to speak to me
+         this evening. You propose that I shall travel by
+         Vienna. I run the risk of finding myself detained
+         in that town, if not by the action of the Austrian
+         Government, at least owing to the mobilization
+         which creates great difficulties similar to those
+         existing in Germany as to the movements of trains.
+
+         "Under these circumstances I must ask the German
+         Government for a promise made on their honor that
+         the Austrian Government will send me to Switzerland,
+         and that the Swiss Government will not close its
+         frontier either to me or to the persons by whom I
+         am accompanied, as I am told that that frontier has
+         been firmly closed to foreigners.
+
+         "I cannot then accept the proposal that you have
+         made to me unless I have the security which I ask
+         for, and unless I am assured that I shall not be
+         detained for some months outside my country.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     In answer to this letter on the next morning, Tuesday the
+     4th August, Herr von Langwerth gave me in writing an
+     assurance that the Austrian and Swiss authorities had
+     received communications to this effect.
+
+     At the same time M. Miladowski, attached to the Consulate at
+     Berlin, as well as other Frenchmen, was arrested in his own
+     house while in bed. M. Miladowski, for whom a diplomatic
+     passport had been requested, was released after four hours.
+
+     I was prepared to leave for Vienna when, at a quarter to
+     five, Herr von Langwerth came back to inform me that I would
+     have to leave with the persons accompanying me at 10 o'clock
+     in the evening, but that I should be taken to Denmark. On
+     this new requirement I asked if I should be confined in a
+     fortress supposing I did not comply. Herr von Langwerth
+     simply answered that he would return to receive my answer in
+     half an hour. I did not wish to give the German Government
+     the pretext for saying that I had refused to depart from
+     Germany. I therefore told Herr von Langwerth when he came
+     back that I would submit to the order which had been given
+     to me but "that I protested."
+
+     I at once wrote to Herr von Jagow a letter of which the
+     following is a copy:
+
+                              BERLIN, AUGUST 4, 1914.
+
+         "SIR:
+
+         "More than once your Excellency has said to me that
+         the Imperial Government, in accordance with the
+         usages of international courtesy, would facilitate
+         my return to my own country, and would give me
+         every means of getting back to it quickly.
+
+         "Yesterday, however, Baron von Langwerth, after
+         refusing me access to Belgium and Holland, informed
+         me that I should travel to Switzerland via Constance.
+         During the night I was informed that I should be
+         sent to Austria, a country which is taking part in
+         the present war on the side of Germany. As I had no
+         knowledge of the intentions of Austria towards me,
+         since on Austrian soil I am nothing but an ordinary
+         private individual, I wrote to Baron von Langwerth
+         that I requested the Imperial Government to give me
+         a promise that the Imperial and Royal Austrian
+         authorities would give me all possible facilities
+         for continuing my journey and that Switzerland would
+         not be closed to me. Herr von Langwerth has been good
+         enough to answer me in writing that I could be
+         assured of an easy journey and that the Austrian
+         authorities would do all that was necessary.
+
+         "It is nearly five o'clock, and Baron von Langwerth
+         has just announced to me that I shall be sent to
+         Denmark. In view of the present situation, there is
+         no security that I shall find a ship to take me to
+         England and it is this consideration which made me
+         reject this proposal with the approval of Herr von
+         Langwerth.
+
+         "In truth no liberty is left me and I am treated
+         almost as a prisoner. I am obliged to submit,
+         having no means of obtaining that the rules of
+         international courtesy should be observed towards
+         me, but I hasten to protest to your Excellency
+         against the manner in which I am being treated.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     Whilst my letter was being delivered I was told that the
+     journey would not be made direct but by way of Schleswig. At
+     10 o'clock in the evening, I left the Embassy with my staff
+     in the middle of a great assembly of foot and mounted
+     police.
+
+     At the station the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was only
+     represented by an officer of inferior rank.
+
+     The journey took place with extreme slowness. We took more
+     than twenty-four hours to reach the frontier. It seemed that
+     at every station they had to wait for orders to proceed. I
+     was accompanied by Major von Rheinbaben of the Alessandra
+     Regiment of the Guard and by a police officer. In the
+     neighborhood of the Kiel Canal the soldiers entered our
+     carriages. The windows were shut and the curtains of the
+     carriages drawn down; each of us had to remain isolated in
+     his compartment and was forbidden to get up or to touch his
+     luggage. A soldier stood in the corridor of the carriage
+     before the door of each of our compartments which were kept
+     open, revolver in hand and finger on the trigger. The
+     Russian Charge d'Affaires, the women and children and
+     everyone were subjected to the same treatment.
+
+     At the last German station about 11 o'clock at night, Major
+     von Rheinbaben came to take leave of me. I handed to him the
+     following letter to Herr von Jagow.
+
+                         "WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 5, 1914.
+
+         "SIR:
+
+         "Yesterday before leaving Berlin, I protested in
+         writing to your Excellency against the repeated
+         change of route which was imposed upon me by the
+         Imperial Government on my journey from Germany.
+
+         "Today as the train in which I was passed over the
+         Kiel Canal an attempt was made to search all our
+         luggage as if we might have hidden some instrument
+         of destruction. Thanks to the interference of Major
+         von Rheinbaben, we were spared this insult. But
+         they went further.
+
+         "They obliged us to remain each in his own
+         compartment, the windows and blinds having been
+         closed. During this time, in the corridors of the
+         carriages at the door of each compartment and
+         facing each one of us, stood a soldier, revolver in
+         hand, finger on the trigger, for nearly half an hour.
+
+         "I consider it my duty to protest against this
+         threat of violence to the Ambassador of the
+         Republic and the staff of his Embassy, violence
+         which nothing could even have made me anticipate.
+
+         "Yesterday I had the honor of writing to your
+         Excellency that I was being treated almost as a
+         prisoner. Today I am being treated as a dangerous
+         prisoner. Also I must record that during our
+         journey which from Berlin to Denmark has taken
+         twenty-four hours, no food has been prepared nor
+         provided for me nor for the persons who were
+         traveling with me to the frontier.
+
+                              "JULES CAMBON."
+
+     I thought that our troubles had finished, when shortly
+     afterwards Major von Rheinbaben came, rather embarrassed, to
+     inform me that the train would not proceed to the Danish
+     frontier if I did not pay the cost of this train. I
+     expressed my astonishment that I had not been made to pay at
+     Berlin and that at any rate I had not been forewarned of
+     this. I offered to pay by a cheque on one of the largest
+     Berlin banks. This facility was refused me. With the help of
+     my companions I was able to collect, in gold, the sum which
+     was required from me at once, and which amounted to 3,611
+     marks, 75 pfennig. This is about 5,000 francs in accordance
+     with the present rate of exchange.
+
+     After this last incident, I thought it necessary to ask
+     Major von Rheinbaben for his word of honor as an officer and
+     a gentleman that we should be taken to the Danish frontier.
+     He gave it to me, and I required that the policeman who was
+     with us should accompany us.
+
+     In this way we arrived at the first Danish station, where
+     the Danish Government had had a train made ready to take us
+     to Copenhagen.
+
+     I am assured that my British colleague and the Belgian
+     Minister, although they left Berlin after I did, traveled by
+     the direct route to Holland. I am struck by this difference
+     of treatment, and as Denmark and Norway are, at this moment,
+     infested with spies, if I succeed in embarking in Norway,
+     there is danger that I may be arrested at sea with the
+     officials who accompany me.
+
+     I do not wish to conclude this dispatch without notifying
+     your Excellency of the energy and devotion of which the
+     whole staff of the Embassy has given unceasing proof during
+     the course of this crisis. I shall be glad that account
+     should be taken of the services which on this occasion have
+     been rendered to the Government of the Republic, in
+     particular by the Secretaries of the Embassy and by the
+     Military and Naval Attaches.
+
+                              JULES CAMBON.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX III
+
+HOW GERMANS ARE WAGING WAR
+
+
+The French Government, as soon as it heard of the first German
+atrocities, instituted a Commission of inquiry composed of three high
+French magistrates: Mr. Georges Payelle, President of the Cour des
+Comptes, Mr. Georges Maringer, Councilor of State, and Mr. Edmond
+Paillot, Councilor of the Cour of Cassation. That Commission proceeded
+to the spot where the atrocities had been perpetrated and heard
+witnesses, who deposed under oath.
+
+All evidence and proceedings have been printed and fill up ten heavy
+volumes.
+
+Among many depositions, the following one, taken the twenty-third of
+October, 1915, at Paris, will give an idea of the horrors to which the
+invaded regions of France were submitted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Duren Virginie, wife of Berard Durem, 29 years of age, inhabitant of
+Jarny in the Department of Meurthe et Moselle, a refugee at
+Levallois-Perret:
+
+     I swear to tell the truth and nothing but the truth.
+
+     On the 25th of August, 1914, the sixty-sixth and
+     sixty-eighth Bavarian regiments were quartered together at
+     Jarny. I was ordered to bring water for the soldiers, so
+     went in search of a large number of water pails. At three
+     o'clock in the afternoon an officer, who met me, told me I
+     had carried enough water and ordered me to go back to my
+     house. As the Germans were firing on our house with
+     mitrailleuses, I took refuge in the cellar with my two sons,
+     Jean, aged six, and Maurice, aged two, and also my daughter
+     Jeanne, nine years of age. The Aufiero family was also
+     there. Soon petrol was poured over the house; it got into
+     the cellar through the air-hole, and we were surrounded by
+     flames. I saved myself, carrying my two little boys in my
+     arms, while my daughter and little Beatrice Aufiero ran
+     along holding on to my skirt. As we were crossing the
+     Rougeval brook, which runs near my house, the Bavarians
+     fired on us. My little Jean, whom I was carrying, was struck
+     by three bullets, one in the right thigh, one in the ankle,
+     and one in the chest. The thigh was almost shot away, and
+     from the place where the bullet through his chest came out
+     the lung projected. The poor child said, "Oh, Mother, I have
+     a pain," and in a moment he was dead. At the same time
+     little Beatrice had her arm broken so badly that it was
+     attached to her shoulder only by a piece of flesh, and
+     Angele Aufiero, a boy of nine years, who followed a short
+     distance behind us, was wounded in the calf of the leg.
+     Little Beatrice suffered cruelly and wept bitterly, but she
+     did not fall down, continuing to go along with me.
+
+     While these things were taking place, the Perignon family,
+     which lived next door to us, was massacred.
+
+     When they were no longer shooting at us, I tried to wash my
+     baby, who was covered with blood, in the brook; but a
+     soldier prevented me, shouting, "Get away from there."
+
+     Finally we got to the road. Meanwhile they were driving M.
+     Aufiero out of the cellar. The Germans, who spoke French
+     after a fashion, said to his wife, "Come see your husband
+     get shot." The poor man, on his knees, asked for mercy, and
+     as his wife shrieked "My poor Come," the soldiers said to
+     her, "Shut your mouth." His execution took place very near
+     us.
+
+     The Bavarians sent me, my children, Mme. Aufiero and her
+     daughter to a meadow near the Pont-de-l'Etang. A general
+     ordered that we be shot, but I threw myself at his feet,
+     begging him to be merciful. He consented. At this moment an
+     officer, wearing a great gray cloak with a red collar, said,
+     as he pointed to the dead body of my child, "There is one
+     who will not grow up to fight our men."
+
+     The next day, in my flight to Barriere Zeller, an officer
+     came up and told me that the body of my dead child smelled
+     badly and that I must get rid of it. Since I could find no
+     one to make a coffin, I found in the canteen two rabbit
+     hutches. I fastened one of these to the other, and there I
+     laid the little body. It was buried in my garden by two
+     soldiers, and I had to dig the grave myself.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX IV
+
+HOW GERMANS OCCUPY THE TERRITORY OF AN ENEMY
+
+
+In the first days of April, 1916, the following notice, bearing the
+signature of the German commander, was posted on all the walls of
+Lille, the great town in the north of France which has been occupied
+by the Germans since the beginning of the war.
+
+     All the inhabitants of the town, except the children under
+     fourteen years of age, their mothers, and the old men, must
+     prepare to be transported within an hour and a half.
+
+     An officer will decide definitely which persons shall be
+     conducted to the camps of assembly. For this purpose, all
+     the inhabitants must assemble in front of their homes, in
+     case of bad weather they shall be permitted to stay in the
+     lobbies. The doors of the houses must be left open. All
+     complaints will be unavailing. No inhabitant of a house,
+     even those who are not to be transported, can leave the
+     house before eight o'clock in the morning (German time).
+
+     Each person may take thirty kilograms of baggage with him.
+     Should there be any excess over this amount, all that
+     person's baggage will be refused regardless of everything.
+     Separate packages must be made up by each person, and a
+     visibly written, firmly secured address must be on each
+     package. The address must bear the person's name, surname,
+     and the number of his identification card.
+
+     It is very necessary for each person to provide himself with
+     utensils for eating and drinking, also with a woolen blanket
+     and some good shoes and some linen. Each person must have on
+     his person his identification card. Whoever shall attempt to
+     evade deportation shall be punished without mercy.
+
+                              ETAPPEN--KOMMANDANTUR
+
+The threat contained in the notice cited here was carried out to the
+letter. Here is an account of it from the communication addressed by
+M. D----, formerly the _receveur particulier_ of Lille, to M. Cambon,
+formerly the French Ambassador to Berlin:
+
+     On Good Friday night at three o'clock the troops who were
+     going to occupy the designated section, Fives, came through
+     our houses. It was dreadful. An officer passed by, pointing
+     out the men and women whom he chose, leaving them a space of
+     time amounting to an hour in some cases and ten minutes in
+     others, to prepare themselves for their journey.
+
+     Antoine D. ... and his sister, twenty-two years of age, were
+     taken away. The Germans did not want to leave behind the
+     younger daughter in the family, who was not fourteen. Their
+     grandmother, ill with sorrow and terror, had to be cared for
+     at once. Finally they met the young daughter coming back. In
+     one case an old man and two infirm persons could not keep
+     the daughter who was their sole support. And everywhere the
+     enemy sneered, adding vexatious annoyance to their hateful
+     task. In the house of the doctor, who is B.'s uncle, they
+     gave his wife the choice between two maids. She preferred
+     the elder and they said, "Well, then she is the one we are
+     going to take." Mlle. L., the young one who has just got
+     over typhoid and bronchitis, saw the non-commissioned
+     officer who took away her nurse coming up to her. "What a
+     sad task they are making us do." "More than sad, sir, it
+     could be called barbarous." "That is a hard word, are you
+     not afraid that I will sell you?" As a matter of fact the
+     wretch denounced her. They allowed her seven minutes and
+     took her away bare-headed, just as she was, to the Colonel
+     who commanded this noble battle and who also ordered her to
+     go, against the advice of a physician. Only on account of
+     her tireless energy and the sense of decency of one who was
+     less ferocious than the rest, did she obtain permission, at
+     five o'clock in the afternoon, to be discharged, after a day
+     which had been a veritable Calvary. The poor wretches at
+     whose door a sentry watched, were collected together at some
+     place or other, a Church or a school. Then the mob of all
+     sorts and conditions of people, or all grades of social
+     standing, respectable young girls and women of the street,
+     was driven to the station escorted by soldiers marching at
+     the head of the procession. From there they were taken off
+     in the evening without knowing where they were going or for
+     what work they were destined.
+
+     And in the face of all this our people evidenced restraint
+     and admirable dignity, although they were provoked that day
+     by seeing the automobiles going around which were taking
+     away these unfortunate people. They all went away shouting
+     "Vive la France. Vive la Liberte!" and singing the
+     Marseillaise. They cheered up those who remained; their poor
+     mothers who were weeping, and the children. With voices
+     almost strangled with tears, and pale with suffering, they
+     told them not to cry as they themselves would not; but bore
+     themselves proudly in the presence of their executioners.
+
+Another document shows better than all this talking the treatment the
+French have been receiving from the Germans for over thirty months.
+This document is a German notice which was found at Holnon, northwest
+of St. Quentin. The document bore the official seal of the German
+commander.
+
+                              HOLNON, 20th July, 1915.
+
+     All workmen, women and children over fifteen years of age
+     must work in the fields every day, also on Sunday, from four
+     o'clock in the morning until eight o'clock at night, French
+     time. For rest they shall have a half-hour in the morning,
+     an hour at noon and a half-hour in the afternoon. Failure to
+     obey this order will be punished in the following manner:--
+
+     1.--The men who are lazy will be collected for the period of
+     the harvest in a company of workmen under the inspection of
+     German corporals. After the harvest the lazy will be
+     imprisoned for six months and every third day their
+     nourishment shall be only bread and water.
+
+     2.--Lazy women shall be exiled to Holnon to work. After the
+     harvest the women will be imprisoned six months.
+
+     3.--The children who do not work shall be punished with
+     blows from a club.
+
+     Furthermore, the commandant reserves the right to punish men
+     who do not work with twenty blows from a club daily.
+
+     Workmen in the Commune of Verdelles have been punished
+     severely.
+
+                               (Signed) GLOSE,
+                               COLONEL AND COMMANDANT.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX V
+
+HOW GERMANS TREAT ALSACE-LORRAINE
+
+
+Von Bethmann-Hollweg, Count von Hertling and Herr von Kuhlmann state
+that Alsace-Lorraine is a province of the German Empire by right and
+by fact, and that it is firmly attached to Germany.
+
+The following picture shows how this _German_ province is treated by
+Germany:
+
+
+_Treatment of the Civilian Population_
+
+The Government has established for the duration of the war an
+insurmountable barrier between Alsace-Lorraine, which is called a
+territory of the Empire, and the rest of the German states. Briefly,
+Alsace-Lorraine is treated as a suspect.
+
+An inhabitant of Alsace-Lorraine can not mail his letters in Germany.
+For example, Wissembourg is on the border of the Palatinate. There is
+a great temptation for the citizens of this town to assure a rapid
+delivery of their letters and their escape from annoying censorship by
+making use of the German mail system. A music teacher, Mlle. Lina
+Sch---- was sentenced to pay a fine of one hundred marks in March,
+1917, for an infraction of this sort. The war council at Saarbruck,
+which pronounced this sentence, had already, in June, 1916, sentenced
+for like cause, the Spanish Consul, to the payment of a fine of eighty
+marks because he had allowed a citizen of Sarreguimine to have letters
+to his sons, who were refugees at Lausanne, addressed to the Spanish
+Consulate.
+
+In addition, German hostility to the Alsatians is shown by a number of
+childish measures against Alsatian uniforms and costumes, in
+proportion as they resemble the French.
+
+In all seriousness the question arose of forbidding the Catholic
+Clergy to wear the soutane, as it was the custom in the Latin
+countries. It was given up; but steps were taken in the case of the
+firemen.
+
+The _Nouvelle Gazette_ of Strassburg published an official notice,
+dated the ninth of December, 1915, which emphasized an order
+suppressing the uniforms worn by the Alsatian firemen because the cut
+was French, as was the cap, and complained that this order was not
+everywhere observed:
+
+     Recently, in the course of a fire which broke out near
+     Molsheim, it is an established fact that the firemen wore
+     their old Alsatian uniforms, and that the fire alarm was
+     sounded by means of the old clarions of the type in use in
+     France. The _Kreisdirection_ finds itself obliged to insist
+     that the suppressed uniforms disappear, and that the
+     clarions do likewise; and to ask that it be informed of
+     contraventions that happen in the future.
+
+     Other societies and associations, such as the singing
+     societies which frequently still wear uniforms recalling
+     those of the French collegians, ought to lay aside the
+     forbidden garments, which are to be entrusted to the guard
+     of the police.
+
+But these puerilities seem insignificant compared to other things to
+which the people of Alsace-Lorraine have been subjected, things which
+unite them more firmly than ever to the French and the Belgians of the
+invaded regions.
+
+The great deportations which have been practiced in France and Belgium
+have been repeated in Alsace as recently as January, 1917. The
+inhabitants of Muelhausen between the ages of seventeen and sixty years
+were assembled in the barracks at that place, whence they were sent
+into the interior of Germany.
+
+This proceeding has been practiced on a large scale since the war's
+beginning. Preventive imprisonment, called _Schutzhaft_, was applied
+to Messin Samain, who was first incarcerated at Cologne and then sent
+to the Russian front, where he was killed. It was also applied to M.
+Bourson, former correspondent of _Le Matin_, who is interned at
+Cannstatt in Wurtemburg. Other citizens, after having been held in
+prison for weeks and months, have been exiled finally into Germany.
+
+The Germans themselves have been so demoralized by the regime they
+have established that the authorities have had to put a check on
+anonymous denunciations, almost all of which were false, by an
+official communique published in the _Gazette de Hagenau_ for the
+sixth of December, 1916.
+
+The story of how the civilian population has been treated will only be
+known in its entirety later on. The government has, as a matter of
+fact, forbidden the press to publish accounts of the war councils'
+debates because the population, far from being terrified by them,
+would find in them laughing matter.
+
+It is estimated that the people of Alsace-Lorraine have served in
+actual hours more than five thousand years in prison. Here are some
+crimes committed by them:
+
+M. Giessmann, an old man seventy years old, saluted French prisoners
+in a Strassburg street: Sentence, six weeks in prison.
+
+Guillaume Kohler, an infantry soldier from Saverne, during a journey
+in Germany, censured the inhuman manner in which certain German
+officers treated their men at the front. The council at Saarbruck
+sentenced him to two years in prison.
+
+Emilie Zimmerle, a cook at Kolmar, sang an anti-German song as she
+washed out her pots. Thirty marks fine.
+
+Mlle. Stern, the daughter of a pastor at Mulhouse, spoke against the
+violation of Belgium. One month in prison.
+
+Abbe Theophile Selier, cure at Levencourt, for the same offense, six
+weeks in prison.
+
+Even children and young girls have been punished for peccadillos that
+were absolutely untrue.
+
+The _Metz Zeitung_ for the twenty-second of October mentions the
+sentences pronounced against Juliette F. de Vigy, eighteen years old,
+a pupil in the commercial school, and Georgette S----, twenty-three
+years old, a shop girl, dwellers at Mouilly. Having gone one morning
+to the station at Metz, they saw some French prisoners in a train to
+whom they spoke and at whom they "made eyes."
+
+Juliette F----, the more guilty of the two, was sentenced to pay a
+fine of eighty marks, and Georgette S---- to pay one of forty marks,
+because "acting this way to prisoners of war exercises a particularly
+disturbing effect on them."
+
+Two little girls of Kolmar, named Grass and Broly, were arrested for
+"having answered, by waving their hands, kisses French prisoners threw
+to them."
+
+A boy fifteen years old, pupil in the upper school at Mulhouse, named
+Jean Ingold, who, in the classroom tore down the portrait of the
+Emperor and painted French flags on the wall with the inscription
+"Vive la France," was condemned to a month in prison. The War Council
+saw an aggravating circumstance in the fact that Jean's father
+"occupies a very lucrative position as a German functionary."
+
+On the thirtieth of March, 1916, two sisters from Guebwiller--Sister
+Edwina, nee Bach, Mother Superior, and Sister Emertine, nee Eckert,
+were charged with anti-German manifestations for having treated as
+lies the figures regarding French and Russian prisoners sent out in
+the German communiques, for having protested against the bombardment
+of Rheims Cathedral, for having treated as false the German victories
+that had been announced, and for having said on the subject of the
+German invasion of Belgium, "How can they attack a country that asked
+for nothing?"
+
+The result was that they got six months' imprisonment.
+
+The case of Mme. Berthe Judlin, in the faith Sister Valentine, is more
+tragic.
+
+The Mulhouse newspapers have published the account of the proceedings
+in the case of this Sister before the War Council. It appears that she
+has been the victim of monstrous calumnies, and that her fate can well
+be compared to that of Miss Edith Cavell.
+
+She was accused of having, from the ninth to the fourteenth of August
+when she was assigned to the convent of the Redemptorists at
+Riedishiem, favored the French wounded at the expense of the German
+wounded. These accusations, which specified in particular, that she
+had taken various objects away from one wounded man (a charge the
+prosecution withdrew) and that she hid the cartridges of the French
+wounded in the attic, were contested by Sister Valentine. After the
+testimony of the witnesses, nine for the prosecution and fourteen for
+the defendant, the government commissioner asked that she be punished
+with a sentence of fifteen years at hard labor and ten years of
+deprivation of civil rights. Her lawyer asked for her acquittal. The
+War Council on the fourteenth of December, 1915, after an hour and a
+quarter's deliberation, decided that "Sister Valentine has done harm
+to the German Army" and has hidden the cartridges. It condemned Sister
+Valentine to "five years of hard labor and five years' deprivation of
+civil rights."
+
+
+_The War on the French Language_
+
+The Germans never cease recalling and von Hertling has just repeated
+the fact that eighty-seven per cent of the Alsatians speak German. It
+is strange, then, that the German reign of terror has manifested
+itself in one particular against the use of French, even in the region
+where French is the language universally spoken.
+
+The fact that a person speaks French has become a special offense,
+that of "provocation." And this offense appears to be a frequent one.
+
+On the twenty-second of February, 1916, the sous-prefect of Boulay
+gave the following warning to the mayors of his arrondissement:
+
+     The use in public of French will be considered a
+     "provocation" when used by persons who know enough German
+     to make themselves understood or who can have recourse to
+     persons who understand German as intermediaries.
+
+The War Council Extraordinary at Metz, in consequence handed down a
+decision condemning two women to fourteen days in prison because, in a
+manner that gave "provocation," they spoke French in a trolley car in
+spite of the warnings of the conductress.
+
+In addition, the War Council Extraordinary at Strassburg fined a
+salesman who "not only let a French label remain on his packages, but
+had put a French label on a package addressed to a customer who
+understood German."
+
+A little girl from Bourg-Bruche who, although she spoke German, used
+the French language in spite of repeated warnings, had a sentence of
+detention inflicted on her by the same tribunal.
+
+The Mulhouse _Tageblatt_ for the twenty-third of September, 1917,
+announced that women who had conversed to one another in French in
+public had been condemned to from two to three weeks imprisonment by
+the War Council at Thionville.
+
+Another person who had made a usage of the French language that gave
+grounds for "provocation," was condemned to pay a fine of fifty marks
+or serve ten days in prison.
+
+The _Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung_ for the twelfth and twenty-sixth
+of October published the following sentences: "Fines of twenty and ten
+marks to the venders A. Nemarg and M. Cahen for having spoken to a
+convoy of French officers in the station at Thionville."
+
+Twenty and thirty marks fine to Amelie Bany and Catherine Jacques of
+Knutange "for having spoken French although they understood German."
+
+The Mayor of Broque, a commune where French is spoken, was sentenced
+to three months' imprisonment for having spoken French to his
+councilors.
+
+In Alsace this campaign against the French language is carried even
+into the girls' boarding schools, which have always been the principal
+centers for the study of French.
+
+An order from the Statthalter, dated March tenth, 1915, forbade French
+conversations in the schools.
+
+A German pastor of the Lutheran Church named Curtius, who had opposed
+suppressing the old parish of Saint Nicholas at Strassburg, was
+removed. His successor, who was better disciplined, gave in to the
+measure that was demanded.
+
+The war against the French language has been marked by the suppression
+of all French newspapers since the war's beginning, the _Journal
+d'Alsace-Lorraine_, the _Messin_, _the Nouvelliste d'Alsace-Lorraine_.
+But nothing shows better the necessity of having organs of public
+opinion in French than the establishment at Metz of the _Gazette
+d'Alsace-Lorraine_ by the government, which served as a model for the
+_Gazette des Ardennes_, founded later on at Mezieres, to demoralize
+the inhabitants of the invaded districts in the north and west of
+France.
+
+
+_The Treatment of the Soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine_
+
+The soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine, whose loyalty was proclaimed at the
+war's beginning, have, as a matter of fact, been treated like spies
+and embryo deserters.
+
+In August, 1915, at the opening of the Alsatian parliament, the
+Statthalter denounced the anti-patriotism of a part of the population
+and stigmatized the "traitors" who had "gone over to the enemy."
+
+In fact, no less than fourteen thousand Alsatians, in the face of
+manifold perils and difficulties, had rejoined the colors of their
+true country. All the newspapers of Alsace-Lorraine still publish the
+lists of them as citizens and of their belongings as "refractory
+individuals."
+
+The movement has never stopped. During the thirty-second month of the
+war, on the fourteenth of March, 1917, General von Nassner,
+commandant for the district of Saarbruck, published the following
+extraordinary order:
+
+"Whoever, after due examination, has reason to believe that a soldier
+or a man on reprieve proposes to desert and who can still prevent the
+execution of this crime, must without delay give notice of this fact
+to the nearest military or police authority."
+
+The Strassburg _Neueste Nachrichten_ for the twenty-seventh of
+September announced that the "_chambre correctionnelle_ at Kolmar had
+condemned by default one hundred and ninety men from the
+arrondissements of Guebwiller and Ribeauville to fines of six hundred
+marks or forty days in prison for having failed to perform their
+military obligations."
+
+The _Oberelsaessische Landeszeitung_ for the eleventh of October,
+1917, announced sentences of fines of three thousand marks or three
+hundred days in prison for the same reason against seven persons.
+
+The _Haguenauer Zeitung_ from the eleventh to the twentieth of
+October published the names of seventeen soldiers, some of them
+deserters, the others guilty of rebellion in favor of the enemy or of
+treason.
+
+On the twenty-fifth of October there was another list of deserters,
+nineteen of whom were natives of Strassburg.
+
+In his book, "The Martyrs of Alsace and Lorraine," M. Andre Fribourg
+has fifteen pages taken from the lists of the debates of the German
+war councils. These pages are made up of the names of young Alsatians
+who have left their country rather than fight against France.
+
+Besides, far from treating the Alsatians enrolled in the German Army
+like Germans, the government has accorded them a distinctly different
+treatment.
+
+It has sent them to the Russian front and employed them at the most
+dangerous posts, as this secret order, from the Prussian Minister of
+War to the temporary commander of the Fourteenth Army Corps, proves:
+
+     All men from Alsace-Lorraine employed as secretaries,
+     ordnance officers, etc., must be relieved of their duties
+     and sent to the battle front. In the future, all the men
+     from Alsace-Lorraine will be sent to the "General Kommando,"
+     who will send them at once to the units on the Eastern
+     Front. This order to go into effect before the first of
+     April, 1916.
+
+          FOR THE STELLVERT, GENERAL KOMMANDO RADECKE, MAJOR.
+
+Finally, it was only on the ninth of October, 1917, that the
+Strassburg _Neue Zeitung_ announced the abolition of the special
+postal control to which the soldiers from Alsace-Lorraine were
+submitted at the front.
+
+     It is but just [says the _Freie Presse_ on that occasion]
+     that the exceptional measures taken against the soldiers
+     from Alsace-Lorraine be abolished at last. Among these
+     measures we consider the interdiction still in force for a
+     man to return to his native town. And [the same newspaper
+     adds] from the moment that the bravery of our soldiers from
+     Alsace-Lorraine is vaunted everywhere, it is absolutely
+     wrong to reward them with scorn and insults.
+
+In the notice from G. Q. G. for the twenty-fifth of November, 1917,
+are the details gathered from the Alsatian prisoners themselves of the
+treatment their compatriots endure in the German Army.
+
+On the twenty-second of last June, all the Alsatians received orders
+to present themselves at the F. R. D. of their division, where they
+were received by the Vize Sergeant, flanked by two guards.
+
+The former said to them:
+
+"What! You have not yet laid aside your accoutrements; traitors,
+deserters, scoundrels, rascals. Get into the shelter quick where you
+can put up nine additional supports for the roof and where you can
+kick the bucket at your ease."
+
+Since some of the Alsatians declared that, having received nothing to
+eat or to drink, they could not work, a lieutenant, who was summoned
+by the adjutant, ran up with his riding whip and, making one of them
+step forward, beat him until he lost consciousness.
+
+Later on another lieutenant ordered the Vize Sergeant to "train the
+Alsatians well. They are all robbers and traitors."
+
+All these facts proclaim in an undeniable manner that the soldiers
+from Alsace-Lorraine are not treated like ordinary citizens by the
+German Army, but like foreigners temporarily under the domination of
+Germany.
+
+
+_The Sequestration of Property_
+
+For a "German" country, Alsace-Lorraine seems to have a great number
+of landowners who are French, if one is to judge by the sequestrations
+and confiscations with which the authorities have been so desperately
+busy for three years.
+
+In fact the local newspapers contain lists of sequestrations that are
+almost as long as the lists of deserters.
+
+And these confiscations apply not only to the landowners who live in
+France. A large number have been pronounced against inhabitants of
+Alsace-Lorraine who live abroad. Orders were given them to reenter the
+German Empire, orders they had no possible chance of obeying, but
+which gave the imperial government an easy pretext for pronouncing
+their denationalization and the confiscation of their property.
+
+Also, the sequestrations followed by sales under the hammer, of French
+and Alsatian properties were extremely numerous. Among these
+properties there are a certain number of considerable importance.
+
+On the twenty-fourth of August, 1916, _Les Dernieres Nouvelles de
+Strasbourg_, advertised the sale under the hammer of the properties of
+Prince de Tonnay-Charente, situated at Hambourg and consisting of a
+splendid chateau, furnished in Louis Fourteenth style, Gobelin
+tapestries of great value, family portraits, green houses, outhouses,
+ponds, farms, etc., etc.
+
+The Strassburg _Post_ for the twenty-ninth of October announced the
+liquidation sale of Cite Hof, belonging to the heirs of Paul de
+Geiger, including "forty-two hectares of fine arable land, fine
+dwelling houses, barns and stables, a very fine park, summer houses, a
+coach house, etc." ... "of the Villa Huber, with a fine park,
+servants' quarters, garden, surrounded by twenty-eight hectares of
+fields."
+
+The same paper for the fourth of October announces the sale of the
+famous chateau of Robertsau, the property of Mme. Loys-Chandieu, nee
+Pourtales, with two hundred and thirty hectares of farm land and one
+hundred and thirty hectares of forest.
+
+The _Metzer Zeitung_ for the twentieth of October announced the
+liquidation of twenty properties in the Moyeuvre Grande district, and
+of eleven in that of Sierek.
+
+Many people have obviously been covetous of these French possessions.
+
+On this subject curious letters and unceasing polemics appeared in the
+Alsatian newspapers.
+
+Certain interested persons complained (_Strassburger Post_ for the
+third of November) that the time was so short that only the
+inhabitants of the country and their immediate neighbors had any
+opportunity of profiting by these occasions. They remarked with all
+justice that to get the highest prices for these sales there ought to
+be a large number of bidders.
+
+For the farm lands, the neighbors would suffice to bring up the bids
+to a high enough sum, but when it was a matter of a magnificent
+chateau, like that at Osthofen, with a garden and a park, bidders for
+this luxury would scarcely be found among the peasants. The
+speculators alone would step in and would acquire for a mere nothing
+properties of great value. And the plaintiffs added, "Is that
+desirable?"
+
+The following considerations advanced by one of the plaintiffs are not
+without interest. "Sufficient means of communication still remain
+between France and Germany. Do you not see the danger of feigned
+sales, to third persons, who will buy in the goods at small cost and
+will hand them over later on to their former proprietors? In this way
+the French influence over the ownership of the land will be
+reestablished in the future."
+
+To these complaints and wrongs the _Strassburger Post_ for the eighth
+of November replied in detail.
+
+It assured that the list of goods to be disposed of had not only been
+placed by the authorities in the several states of the empire, to give
+buyers time to take advantage of possible bargains, but also a
+catalogue of stationary objects had been published in fifteen hundred
+copies by Schultz & Co. of Strassburg.
+
+This catalogue was quickly used up and the demand for it continued to
+come in, which proved that the buyers were informed in time.
+
+The newspaper adds that the things to be sold have been visited by
+buyers coming from old Germany as well as from Alsace-Lorraine, and
+sales propositions have been made before the publication of notices in
+the newspapers.
+
+It seems, furthermore, that if the sales of land and the exploitation
+of farm lands have ended rapidly, it was because colonization
+societies, called "black bands," have overtly bought up or had bought
+up the properties by their agents, in the hope that their plans would
+be realized after the war. In industrial matters, there was recently
+founded in Berlin a German syndicate which proposes to buy up the
+actions.
+
+For the textile industry in particular, it is a question of a
+veritable trust against which is arrayed "a syndicate of Alsatian
+manufacturers who have felt the need of defending themselves."
+
+The entire scope of recent German policies with regard to
+Alsace-Lorraine shows that this land which von Hertling said was
+"allied to Germanism by more and more intimate bonds" has been, as a
+matter of fact, to treat it like a foreign land, kept by force under
+imperial domination and submitted, like the occupied portions of
+France and Belgium, to a veritable reign of terror.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX VI
+
+HOW GERMANS UNDERSTAND FUTURE PEACE
+
+
+If an account is desired of the manner in which the Germans understand
+a future peace, this letter suffices. It was addressed to the
+_Berliner Lokalanzeiger_ by Herr Walter Rathenau. He was in charge of
+the direction of all industrial establishments in Germany:
+
+     We commenced war a year too soon. When we shall have
+     obtained a German peace, reorganization on a broader and
+     more solid basis than ever before must commence immediately.
+     The establishments which produce raw materials must not only
+     continue their work, but they must also redouble their
+     energies and thus form the foundation of Germany's
+     economical preparation for the next war.
+
+     On the lessons taught by actual war we must figure out
+     carefully what our country lacks in raw materials and
+     accumulate great stores of these which shall never be
+     utilized until _Der Tag_ of the future. We must organize the
+     industrial mobilization as perfectly as the military
+     mobilization. Every man of technical training or partial
+     technical training, whether or not he is enrolled in the
+     list of men who can be mobilized, must have received
+     authority by official order to take over the direction of
+     industrial establishments on the second day which shall
+     follow the next declaration of war.
+
+     Every establishment which manufactures for commercial
+     purposes ought to be mobilized and to know officially that
+     the third day after the declaration of war it must make use
+     of all its facilities in satisfying the needs of the Army.
+
+     The quantity of merchandise which each one of these
+     establishments can furnish to the Army in a given time and
+     the nature thereof ought to be determined in advance. Every
+     establishment also ought to furnish an exact and complete
+     list of the workmen with whose services it can dispense, and
+     those men alone can be mobilized for military services.
+
+     Finally commercial arrangements will be made necessary with
+     nations outside Europe through which we will give them
+     sufficient advantages, specified in detail, so that it would
+     be directly advantageous to their commercial interests to
+     carry on commerce with none of the belligerents and not to
+     sell them munitions.
+
+     We can accept such obligations for ourselves without any
+     fear and finally, when the next war shall come, it cannot
+     come a year too soon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Pg. 6, Sunday, August third, left as original as it's uncertain which
+day the author meant. Sunday was actually August 2, Monday was August
+3; and the context from the beginning of the chapter was that the
+declaration of war was delivered late afternoon Monday, August 3.
+(Mobilization had commenced the previous evening. To be exact, it was
+on Sunday, August third, at midnight.)
+
+Pg. 7, unforgetable changed to unforgettable. (It recalled the
+unforgettable scenes.)
+
+Pg. 14, thirteenth changed to thirtieth, per context (when Sunday the
+thirtieth of August came).
+
+Pg. 14, week changed to weeks. (For several weeks our troops)
+
+Pg. 54, beseiged and beseiger left as original, as author quoted from
+another book. (in a beseiged city can hasten the place's fall; in
+consequence it would be very foolish of the beseiger to renounce)
+
+Pg. 88, removed ending double quotes. (I feel better for it.')
+
+Pg. 90, mobolization changed to mobilization (priests who went off at
+the beginning of the mobilization).
+
+Pg. 100, sum of artillery kilos do not equal Total kilos. Left as
+original.
+
+Pg. 108, tetragon changed to tarragon (16,900 tarragon plants).
+
+Pg. 162, catastrophies changed to catastrophes (irremediable
+catastrophes could be avoided?).
+
+Pgs. 163, 206, Bethmann-Hollweg, hyphenation inconsistent with
+Pgs. 180, 182, Bethmann Hollweg. Kept as in original.
+
+Pg. 167, ARTICLE 23 has no (b) paragraph.
+
+Pg. 193, protect changed to protest to reflect the actual letter (I
+consider it my duty to protest against this threat of violence to the
+Ambassador).
+
+Pg. 219, correstionnelle changed to correctionelle ("_chambre
+correctionnelle_ at Kolmar).
+
+Pg. 229, Appendix VI, added HOW to title to match Table of Contents
+and make it consistent with rest of Appendices.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fighting France, by Stephane Lauzanne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIGHTING FRANCE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18483.txt or 18483.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/4/8/18483/
+
+Produced by Brian Sogard, Diane Monico, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+
diff --git a/18483.zip b/18483.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f722d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18483.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad72904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #18483 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18483)