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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of Some of the Principal Slave
+Insurrections, by Joshua Coffin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: An Account of Some of the Principal Slave Insurrections,
+       and Others, Which Have Occurred, or Been Attempted, in the
+       United States and Elsewhere, During the Last Two Centuries.
+
+Author: Joshua Coffin
+
+Release Date: June 16, 2006 [EBook #18601]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINCIPAL SLAVE INSURRECTIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thanks to The University of Michigan's Making
+of America online book collection
+(http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moa/).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AN ACCOUNT
+
+OF
+
+SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL
+
+
+SLAVE INSURRECTIONS,
+
+
+
+And others, which have occurred, or been attempted,
+
+in the United States and elsewhere, during
+
+the last two centuries.
+
+
+
+With Various Remarks.
+
+
+     *     *
+
+
+Collected from various sources by
+
+
+Joshua Coffin.
+
+     *     *
+
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+Published by the American Anti-Slavery Society.
+
+
+1860.
+
+
+Republished by
+
+Negro History Press -- P. O. Box 5129 -- Detroit, Michigan   48236
+
+
+
+
+
+TO THE READER.
+
+
+The subsequent collection of facts is presented to your notice, with
+the hope that they will have that effect which facts always have on
+every candid and ingenuous mind. They exhibit clearly the dangers to
+which slaveholders are always liable, as well as the safety of
+immediate emancipation. They furnish, in both cases, a rule which
+admits of no exception, as it is always dangerous to do wrong, and
+safe to do right. Please to examine carefully the _whole_ account of
+the revolution in St. Domingo, beginning in March, 1790, and ending
+in 1802. That exhibits a different picture from that presented in a
+speech made at the Union-saving meeting lately held in Boston. A part
+of the truth may be so told as to have all the effect of a deliberate
+lie.
+
+
+
+
+
+SLAVE INSURRECTIONS.
+
+     *     *
+
+   And they said one to another, We are verily guilty concerning our
+brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul when he besought us,
+and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us.--Gen.
+42:21.
+
+   Thus said the Lord my God, Feed the flock of the slaughter, whose
+pastors slay them, and hold themselves not guilty; and they that sell
+them say, Blessed be the Lord, for I am rich; and their own shepherds
+pity them not.--Zech. 11:4, 5.
+
+   He that stealeth a man, and _selleth him, or if he be found in
+his hand,_ he shall surely be put to death.--Ex. 21:16.
+
+
+
+The late invasion of Virginia by Capt. John Brown and his company
+has, with all its concomitant circumstances, excited more attention
+and aroused a more thorough spirit of inquiry on the subject of
+slavery, than was ever before known. As this is pre-eminently a moral
+question, and as there is no neutral ground in morals, all
+intelligent men must ultimately take sides. Every such man must
+either cherish and defend slavery, or oppose and condemn it, and his
+vote, if he is an honest man, must accord with his belief. On a
+question of so momentous importance, "Silence is crime." It demands
+and will have a thorough investigation, and all attempts to stifle
+discussion will only accelerate the triumph of the cause they were
+designed to crush. Thus the denunciation in Congress of Mr. Helper's
+book, which is in substance only an abstract of facts taken from the
+last census of the United States, has operated as an extensive
+advertisement, and will be the means of circulating thousands of
+copies, where, without such denunciation, it would never have been
+known. There is in the North, as well as the South, a class of men
+who act, apparently, on the supposition that those who foresee and
+foretell any calamity are as guilty as those who create it, and that
+the only way to obviate any impending danger is not to see it. Such
+persons not only refuse to see and hear themselves, but do what they
+can to keep their neighbors in like ignorance.
+
+It has been truly said that "the power of slavery lies in the
+ignorance, the degradation, the servility of the slaves, and of the
+non-slaveholding whites of the South, and of the corresponding
+classes in the Free States. It is through this ignorance and servility
+that the slaveholders manage to dictate to ecclesiastical bodies, to
+have power to control pulpits, presses, Colleges, Theological
+Seminaries, and Missionary and Tract Societies." To keep the blacks
+and non-slaveholding whites in ignorance is, doubtless, the reason
+why such pains are taken in Congress to prevent the circulation of
+Helper's book at the South, which was compiled by a non-slaveholder
+for the special benefit of the men of his class. The population of
+the Free States is now about eighteen millions; of the Slave States,
+eight millions. The slaves number about four millions, who are held
+as property by only 347,545 persons, men, women and children. This
+number, small as it is, constituting about one sixth part of the
+United States, have thus far controlled the legislation of the
+country. How this power has been acquired is easily understood when
+we examine the false ideas respecting slavery which are everywhere
+prevalent; such as the weakness of the public conscience, in the
+absence of a practical and experimental knowledge of the truth of
+God's word--in the atheistic notion, prevailing even in the Church
+and in the ministry, that the unrighteous enactments of wicked me are
+paramount in authority to the commandments of the Great Jehovah.
+Hundreds of clergymen, in all parts of the Union, profess to believe
+that the Bible sanctions American slavery,--a system which, of
+necessity, cannot exist without a continual violation of every
+commandment of the Decalogue.
+
+If the Bible sanctions slavery, (as many profess to believe,) why
+does not the God of the Bible sanction it? In other words, if slavery
+is sanctioned by the revealed will of God, why are not the
+dispensations of his providence in accordance with that will? Could
+it be fairly proved that slavery is in accordance with the will of
+God, it must necessarily follow that obedience to his will is not
+only highly advantageous, but perfectly safe; for, surely, no
+Christian can, for a moment, believe that the providence of God ever
+militates against the precepts of his word. As, however, the
+consequences of slavery have been, in all cases, when not averted by
+timely repentance, disastrous in the extreme, it is therefore
+undeniably evident that slavery is in direct opposition to the
+revealed will of God, and, consequently, that those who so violently
+oppose the abolition of slavery, for fear of supposed dangerous
+consequences, may truly be said "to know not what they do." The truth
+on this subject is so plain, and the facts so abundant, that he who
+runs may read, and know to a certainty the entire safety of immediate
+emancipation; and that danger arises from liberty withheld, and not
+from liberty granted. The general opinion seems to be, that the
+moment you proclaim "liberty to the captive," and make the slave a
+freeman, be the conditions and restrictions what they may, that
+moment you make him a vagabond, a thief, and a murderer, whom nothing
+will satisfy but the blood of those who had been so "fanatical and
+insane" as to treat him like a human being. Whence this opinion is
+derived, no one can tell; for it is in direct opposition to reason,
+common sense, the nature of the human mind, and is entirely
+unsustained by facts. Indeed, so far as the evidence of facts is
+concerned, the advocates of immediate abolition have a complete
+monopoly. All experience proves two things, viz., the entire safety
+of immediate emancipation, and that all danger has arisen from its
+indefinite postponement; for this is really the true definition of
+gradual emancipation.
+
+We all know the results of slavery in Greece and Rome. Troy perished
+by her slaves in a single night; and as like causes always produce
+like effects, our obligations to our slaveholding brethren
+imperiously demand that we should urge on them, in the most earnest
+manner, the duty of immediately abolishing slavery as their only hope
+of safety,--the only means by which they can escape the just
+judgments of God. The safety of immediate emancipation has been
+proved by Buenos Ayres in 1816, Colombia in 1821, Guatemala in 1824,
+Peru and Chili in 1828, Mexico in 1829, and especially on the 1st of
+August, 1834, when 800,000 slaves were set free in a single day in
+the British West India Islands; and thus far, not a single life has
+been lost, not a drop of blood shed, in consequence of that
+beneficent and righteous act. The consequences of holding slaves in
+bondage, and refusing to emancipate them, have always been
+disastrous. In our present exemption from slavery in the Free States,
+we have no cause of boasting, but rather of deep humiliation. We are
+all involved in the guilt, and must share in the punishment, unless
+timely and thorough repentance avert the impending blow. To do this
+effectually, information must be spread, the spirit of inquiry
+aroused, the temple of God be purified, and "the book of law be read
+in the ears of all the people," that thus the gross mistakes and
+misapprehensions which everywhere exist on the subject of slavery and
+its abolition may be corrected.
+
+Of these mistakes, no one is more prevalent or more dangerous than
+the one just mentioned, that insurrection, rapine and bloodshed are
+the necessary consequences of immediate emancipation; and that the
+only way to avert the evils and the curse of slavery, is to continue
+in the sin for the present, promise future repentance, and in the
+meantime, whilst we are preparing to get ready to begin to repent, do
+every thing that in us lies to extinguish every good feeling, and
+cultivate and bring into action every bad feeling of the human heart.
+That such is the belief, and consequent practice, to an alarming
+extent, throughout our country, and that such a course is impolitic,
+because it is wicked and dangerous, because it is unjust, facts
+abundantly show.
+
+Since the abolition of slavery in the British dominions, no trouble
+has arisen, no danger been feared or apprehended. A thousand John
+Browns, each with nineteen white men and five black men, could not
+cause any tumult in any part of the British West Indies. Why is it,
+then, that one John Brown and company have created so wide-spread an
+alarm and consternation throughout the Slave States? The Governor of
+South Carolina has sent a dispatch (Nov. 21) to Gov. Wise, tendering
+any amount of _military aid to the defence of Virginia!_ Gov. Wise
+had several companies of the military present on the day of the
+execution of John Brown and others, and assured the Governor of South
+Carolina that Virginia is able to defend herself. What causes all
+this tumult and apprehension? SLAVERY! And yet, strange as it may
+seem, the Virginians, with a stupidity and infatuation which no
+language can describe, are seriously discussing the propriety of
+enslaving the free negroes of that State. Such a proceeding would
+resemble a physician who should order a dose of arsenic to cure a
+patient who had taken strychnine, or attempt to extinguish a
+conflagration by throwing oil on the flames.
+
+How the consequences of abolishing slavery would be dreadful and
+horrible, neither history nor experience informs us. Let us, then,
+see what they tell us of the consequences of holding men in bondage.
+In every instance which has fallen under my notice, insurrections
+have always been projected and carried on by slaves, and never (with
+the exception of Denmark Vesey in 1822, in Charleston, S. C.) by the
+free blacks.
+
+The contest between truth and falsehood, right and wrong, justice
+and injustice, has always continued from the earliest ages to the
+present moment. More especially is it true concerning American
+slavery, that "sum of all villanies," a crime which involves the
+continual violation of every one of the Ten Commandments. I propose,
+therefore, to give, with other incidents, an abstract of some of the
+attempts of the oppressed to throw off the yoke which held them, or
+threatened to hold them, in bondage.
+
+The first instance which has come to my knowledge in this country of
+an insurrection on a small scale, occurred on Noddle's Island, now
+East Boston, in 1638. In John Josselyn's account of his first voyage
+to New England may be found the following. Having previously stated
+that he was a guest of "Mr. Samuel Maverick, the only hospitable man
+(as he says) in all the country, giving entertainment to all comers
+gratis," he thus writes:--
+
+"The second of October about 9 of the clock in the morning Mr.
+Maverick's negro came to my chamber window, and in her own Countrey
+language and tune sung very loud and shrill. Going out to her she
+used a great deal of respect towards me, and willingly would have
+expressed her grief in English, but I apprehended it by her
+countenance and deportment, whereupon I repaired to my host to learn
+of him the cause, and resolved to intreat him on her behalf for that
+I understood before that she had been a Queen in her own Countrey,
+and observed a very dutiful garb used toward her by another Negro who
+was her main. Mr. Maverick was desirous to have a breed of Negroes,
+and therefore seeing she would not yield by persuasion to company
+with a Negro young man he had in his house, he commanded him, will'd
+she, nill'd she, to go to bed with her, but she kickt him out again.
+This she took in high disdain beyond her slavery, and this was the
+cause of her grief."
+
+From this statement it appears that Maverick had at least thee
+slaves: but the number held in the Province, no record informs us. In
+1641, the Massachusetts Colony passed the following law:--
+
+"There shall never be any bond slaverie, villinage or captivitie
+amongst us unless it be lawfull captives taken in just warres, and
+such strangers as _willingly sell themselves._ And these shall have
+all the liberties and christian usuages, which the law of God
+established in Isreal concerning such persons doth morally require.
+This exempts none from _servitude,_ who shall be judged thereto by
+authority."
+
+"He that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if _he be found in his
+hand,_ he shall surely be put to death."--Ex. 21:16.
+
+In 1646, one James Smith, a member of Boston church, brought home
+two negroes from the Coast of Guinea, and had been the means of
+killing near a hundred more. In consequence of this conduct, the
+General Court passed the following order:--
+
+"The General Court conceiving themselves bound by the first
+opportunity to bear witness against the heinous and crying sin of man-
+stealing, as also to prescribe such timely redress for what is past
+and such a law for the future, as may sufficiently deter all others
+belonging to us to have to do in such vile and odious courses, justly
+abhorred of all good and just men, do order that the negro
+interpreter with others unlawfully taken, be by the first opportunity
+at the charge of the country for the present, sent to his native
+country (Guinea) and a letter with him of the indignation of the
+Court thereabouts, and justice thereof desiring our honored Governor
+would please put this order in execution."
+
+From this time till about 1700, the number of slaves imported into
+Massachusetts was not large. In 1680, Governor Simon Bradstreet, in
+answer to inquiries from "the lords of his Majesties privy council,"
+thus writes:--
+
+"There had been no company of blacks or slaves brought into the
+country since the beginning of this plantation, for the space of 50
+years, only one small vessell about two yeares since after 20 month's
+voyage to Madagasca brought hither betwixt 40 and 50 negros, most
+women and children, sold for 10 pounds, 15 pounds and 20 pounds
+apiece, which stood the merchants in near 40 pounds apiece one with
+another: now and then two or three negros are brought hither from
+Barbados and other of his majesties plantations, and sold her for
+about 20 pounds apiece, so that there may bee within our government
+about 100 or 120, and it may bee as many Scots brought hither and
+sold for servants in the time of the war with Scotland, and most now
+married and living here, and about halfe so many Irish brought hither
+at several times as servants."
+
+The number of slaves at this period in the middle and southern
+colonies is not easily ascertained, as few books, and no newspapers,
+were published in North America prior to 1704. In that year, the
+_Weekly News Letter_ was commenced, and in the same year the "Society
+for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts opened a
+catechising school for the slaves at New York, in which city there
+were then computed to be about 1500 negro and Indian slaves," a
+sufficient number to furnish materials for the _"irrepressible
+conflict,"_ which had long before begun. The catechist, whom the
+Society employed, was "Mr. Elias Neau, by nation a Frenchman, who,
+having made a confession of the Protestant religion in France, for
+which he had been confined several years in prison, and seven years
+in the gallies." Mr. Neau entered upon his office "with great
+diligence, and his labors were very successful; but the negroes were
+much discouraged from embracing the Christian religion upon account
+of the very little regard showed them in any religious respect. Their
+marriages were performed by mutual consent only, without the blessing
+of the Church; they were buried by those of their own country and
+complexion, in the common field, without any Christian office;
+perhaps some ridiculous heathen rites were performed at the grave by
+some of their own people. No notice was given of their being sick,
+that they might be visited; on the contrary, frequent discourses were
+made in conversation, that they had no souls, and perished as the
+beasts," and "that they grew worse by being taught, and made
+Christians."
+
+In 1711, May 15, Gov. Gibbes, of South Carolina, in his address to
+the Legislature of that Province, thus speaks:--
+
+"And, gentlemen, I desire you will consider the great _quantities_
+of negroes that are daily brought into the government, and the small
+_number_ of whites that comes amongst us: how insolent and
+mischievous the negroes are become, and to consider the Negro Act
+already made, doth not reach up to some of the crimes they have
+lately been guilty of, therefore it might be convenient by some
+additional clause of said Negro Act to appoint either by gibbets or
+some such like way, that after executed, they may remain more
+exemplary than any punishment that hath been inflicted on them."
+
+In the next month, June, the Governor thus writes:--
+
+"We further recommend unto you the repairs of the fortifications
+about Charleston, and the amending of the Negro Act, _who are of late
+grown to that height of impudence, that there is scarce a day passes
+without some robbery or insolence, committed by them in one part or
+other of this province."_
+
+"In the year 1712," says the Rev. D. Humphreys, "a considerable
+number of negroes of the Carmantee and Pappa Nations formed a plot to
+destroy all the English, _in order to obtain their liberty;_ and kept
+their conspiracy so secret, that there was no suspicion of it till it
+came to the very execution. However, the plot was by God's Providence
+happily defeated. The plot was this. The negroes sat fire to a house
+in York city, and Sunday night in April, about the going down of the
+moon. The fire alarmed the town, who from all parts ran to it; the
+conspirators planted themselves in several streets and lanes leading
+to the fire, and shot or stabbed the people as they were running to
+it. Some of the wounded escaped, and acquainted the Government, and
+presently by the firing of a great gun from the fort, the inhabitants
+were called under arms and pretty easily scattered the negroes; they
+had killed about 8 and wounded 12 more. In their flight some of them
+shot themselves, others their wives, and then themselves; some
+absconded a few days, and then killed themselves for fear of being
+taken; but a great many were taken, and 18 of them suffered death.
+This wicked conspiracy was at first apprehended to be general among
+all the negroes, and opened the mouths of many to speak against
+giving the negroes instruction. Mr. Neau durst hardly appear abroad
+for some days; his school was blamed as the main occasion of this
+barbarous plot. On examination, only two of all his school were so
+much as charged with the plot, and on full trial the guilty negroes
+were found to be such as never came to Mr. Neau's school; and what is
+very observable, the persons, whose negroes were found to be most
+guilty, were such as were the declared opposers of making them
+Christians. However a great jealousy was now raised, and the common
+cry very loud against instructing the negroes."
+
+From the _Boston Weekly Journal,_ of April 8th, 1724, I make the
+following extract:--
+
+"Every reasonable man ought to remember their _first_ villanous
+attempt at New York, and how many good innocent people were murdered
+by tem, and had it not been for the garrison there, that city would
+have been reduced to ashes, and the greatest part of the inhabitants
+murdered."
+
+On the 6th of May, 1720, the negroes of South Carolina murdered Mr.
+Benjamin Cattle, a white woman, and a negro boy. Forces were
+immediately raised, and sent after them, twenty-three of whom were
+taken, six convicted, three executed, and three escaped.
+
+In October, 1722, about two hundred negroes near the mouth of the
+Rappahannock river, Virginia, got together in a body, armed with an
+intent to kill the people in church, but were discovered, and fled.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1723, Gov. Dummer issued a proclamation with
+the following preamble, viz.:--
+
+"Whereas within some short time past, many fires have broke out
+within the town of Boston, and divers buildings have thereby been
+consumed: which fires have been designedly and industriously kindled
+by some villanous and desperate Negroes, or other dissolute people,
+as appears by the confession of some of them (who have been examined
+by authority) and many concurring circumstances; and it being
+vehemently suspected that they _have entered into a combination to
+burn and destroy the town,_ I have therefore thought fit, with the
+advice of his Majesty's Council, to issue forth this Proclamation,"
+&c.
+
+On the 18th of April, 1723, Rev. Joseph Sewall preached a discourse,
+particularly occcasioned "by the late fires yt have broke out in
+Boston, supposed to be purposely set by ye Negroes." [FN#1]
+
+
+[FN#1]  Diary of Rev. Samuel Dexter.
+
+
+On the next day, April 19th, the Selectmen of Boston made a report
+to the town on the subject, consisting of nineteen articles, of which
+the following is No. 9:--
+
+"That if more than Two Indians, Negro or Molatto Servants or Slaves
+be found in the Streets or Highways in or about the Town, idling or
+lurking together unless in the service of their Master or Employer,
+every one so found shall be punished at the House of Correction."
+
+So great at that time were the alarm and danger in Boston,
+occasioned by the slaves, that in addition to the common watch, a
+military force was not only kept up, but at the breaking out of every
+fire, a part of the militia were ordered out under arms to keep the
+slaves in order!!
+
+The report of nineteen articles, submitted to the town of Boston,
+was finally embodied in a Negro Act of fifteen sections, of which the
+15th was as follows:--
+
+"That no Indian, negro or mullatto, upon the breaking out of fire
+and the continuance thereof during the night season, shall depart
+from his or her master's house, nor be found in the streets at or
+near the place where the fire is, upon pain of being forthwith seized
+and sent to the common gaol, and afterwards whipt, three days
+following before dismist, &c."
+
+From the _N. E. Courant,_ Nov. 1724, I take the following extract:--
+
+"It is well known what loss the town of Boston sustained by fire not
+long since, _when almost every night_ for a considerable time
+together, some building or other and sometimes several in the same
+night were either burned to the ground or some attempts made to do
+it. It is likewise well known that those villanies were carried on by
+Negro servants, the like whereof we never felt before from unruly
+servants, nor ever heard of the like happening in any place attended
+with the like circumstances."
+
+Like causes produce like effects. Since the abolition of slavery in
+Massachusetts, no one has felt alarmed at seeing "two or more colored
+men lurking together" in Boston. Prior to the abolition of slavery in
+the British West Indies, the militia were always called out under
+arms on the Christmas holidays, in order to prevent any attempts at
+insurrection among the slaves. Since that time, there has been no
+apprehension of any disturbances, and, of course, no calling out of
+the militia.
+
+In 1728, an insurrection of slaves occurred in Savannah, Georgia,
+who were fired on twice before they fled. They had formed a plot to
+destroy all the whites, and nothing prevented them but a disagreement
+about the mode. At that time, the population consisted of 3000 whites
+and 2700 blacks.
+
+In January, 1729, the slaves in Antigua conspired to destroy the
+English, which was discovered two or three days before the intended
+assault. Of the three conspirators, _two were burnt alive!! "'Twas
+admirable,"_ says the account, _"to see how long they stood before
+they died, the great wood not readily burning, and their cry was
+water, water!"_
+
+In August, 1730, an insurrection of blacks occurred in
+Williamsburgh, Va., occasioned by a report, on Col. Spotswood's
+arrival, that he had direction from his Majesty to free all baptized
+persons. The negroes improved this to a great height. Five counties
+were in arms pursuing them, with orders to kill them if they did not
+submit.
+
+In August, 1730, the slaves in South Carolina conspired to destroy
+all the whites. This was the first open rebellion in that State,
+where the negroes were actually armed and embodied, and took place on
+the Sabbath.
+
+In the same month, a negro man plundered and burned a house in
+Malden, (Mass.) and gave this reason for his conduct, that his master
+had sold him to a man in Salem, whom he did not like.
+
+In 1731, Capt. George Scott, of R. I. was returning from Guinea with
+a cargo of slaves, who rose upon the ship, murdered three of the
+crew, all of whom soon after died, except the captain and boy.
+
+In 1732, Capt. John Major, of Portsmouth, N. H., was murdered, with
+all his crew, and the schooner and cargo seized by the slaves.
+
+In December, 1734, Jamaica was under martial law, and two thousand
+soldiers ordered out after the "rebellious negroes."
+
+In the same year, an insurrection occurred in Burlington, (Pa.)
+among the blacks, whom the account styles _"intestine and inhuman
+enemies, who in some places have been too much indulged."_ Their
+design was as soon as the season was advanced, so that they could lie
+in the woods, on a certain night, agreed on by some hundreds of them,
+and kept secret a long time, that every negro and negress should rise
+at midnight, kill every master and his sons, sparing the women, kill
+all the draught horses, set all their houses and barns on fire, and
+secure all their saddle horses for flight towards the Indians in the
+French interest.
+
+In 1735, the slaves of the ship Dolphin, of London, on the coast of
+Africa, rose upon the crew; but being overpowered, they got into the
+powder room, and to be revenged, blew up themselves with the crew.
+
+In 1739, there were three formidable insurrections of the slaves in
+South Carolina--one in St. Paul's Parish, one in St. Johns, and one
+in Charleston. In one of these, which occurred in September, they
+killed in one night twenty-five whites, and burned six houses. They
+were pursued, attacked, and fourteen killed. In two days, twenty more
+were killed, and forty were taken, some of whom were shot, some
+hanged, and some _gibbeted alive!_ This "more exemplary" punishment,
+as Gov. Gibbes called it, failed of its intended effect, for the next
+year there was another insurrection in South Carolina. There were
+then above 40,000 slaves, and about twenty persons were killed before
+it was quelled.
+
+In 1741, there was a formidable insurrection among the slaves in New
+York. At that time the population consisted of 12,000 whites and
+2,000 blacks. Of the conspirators, thirteen were _burned alive,_
+eighteen hung, and eighty transported.
+
+Those who were transported were sent to the West India Islands. As a
+specimen of the persons who were suitable for transportation, I give
+the following from the _Boston Gazette,_ Aug. 17, 1761:--
+
+"To be sold, a _parcel_ of likely young negroes, imported from
+Africa, cheap for cash. Inquire of John Avery. Also, if any person
+have any negro men, strong and hearty, _though not of the best moral
+character, which are proper subjects for transportation, they may
+have an exchange for small negroes."_
+
+In 1747, the slaves on board of a Rhode Island ship commanded by
+Capt. Beers, rose, when off Cape Coast Castle, and murdered the
+captain and all the crew, except the two mates, who swam ashore.
+
+In 1754, C. Croft, Esq., of Charleston, S. C., had his buildings
+burned by his female negroes, _two of whom were burned alive!!_
+
+In September, 1755, Mark and Phillis, slaves, were put to death at
+Cambridge, (Mass.) for poisoning their master, Mr. John Codman of
+Charlestown. Mark was hanged, and _Phillis burned alive!_ Having
+ascertained that their master had, by his will, made them free at his
+death, they poisoned him in order to obtain their liberty so much the
+sooner.
+
+In August, 1759, another insurrection was contemplated in
+Charleston, S. C.
+
+In October, 1761, there was a rebellion among the slaves in
+Kingston, Jamaica; and in the next December, the slaves in Bermuda
+rebelled, and threatened to destroy all the whites. All were engaged
+in the plot, which was accidentally discovered. _One was burned
+alive,_ one hanged, and eleven condemned.
+
+In the same year, Capt. Nichols, of Boston, lost forty of his slaves
+by an insurrection, but saved his vessel.
+
+In 1763, the Dutch settlement at Barbetias was surprised and
+destroyed by the negroes.
+
+In 1764, the slaves in Jamaica projected a rebellion, and intended
+to destroy all the whites on the island.
+
+In 1767, there was a rebellion among the slaves in Grenada.
+
+In 1768, when Gen. Gage was in command of the British troops in
+Massachusetts, one Capt. John Wilson, of the 59th regiment, made an
+attempt to excite the few slaves in Boston (about 300) to rise
+against their masters. He assured the slaves that the foreign troops
+had come to procure their freedom, and that "with their assistance,
+they would be able to drive the Liberty Boys to the devil." In
+October, the Selectmen made a complaint against him; had him
+arrested, and bound over for trial, but by the influence of British
+officials, the indictment was quashed, and Wilson fled, satisfied
+that Boston would not be a safe place for _him._
+
+In 1765, symptoms of a rebellious and insurrectionary spirit were
+manifested in various parts of the thirteen colonies, then nominally
+at least subjects of King George. This spirit was aroused by the
+passage, by the British Parliament, of the Stamp Act on the 22d of
+March of that year. As the British government were unable to enforce
+this Act, it was graciously repealed on the 22d of February, 1766,
+but coupled with the declaratory Act, that "the Legislature of Great
+Britain had authority to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever."
+On the 20th of November, 1767, the Act previously passed, imposing a
+duty of three pence per pound on tea, was to take effect. From this
+Act, with other causes combined, many commotions were excited anew
+among the people. On the 5th of March, 1770, the Boston massacre
+occurred. The skirmish at Lexington and Concord on the 19th of April,
+and the battle on Breed's hill on the 17th of June, 1775, greatly
+increased the excitement. About the middle of July, the year Lord
+Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, ceased to exercise the
+functions of his office, having with his wife and children, for fear
+of the people, taken refuge on board the Fowey man of war. With the
+hope that he should succeed in reducing the Virginians to subjection,
+Lord Dunmore gave out that he should instigate the slaves, who were
+extremely numerous, to revolt against their masters. The dread of the
+consequences of such a revolt decided the Virginians to form a
+convention, in which they placed great confidence. The governor
+expected, but in vain, that the people would rise, and take arms in
+favor of the king. Hoping, however, that with such force as he had,
+and the frigates on that station, he should make some impression on
+the surrounding country, he surprised the town of Hampton, situated
+on the bay of the same name, and devoted it to the flames. He then
+proclaimed martial law, "declared free all slaves or servants, black
+or white, belonging to rebels, provided they would take up arms and
+join the royal troops." The governor again came on shore at Norfolk,
+where some hundreds of loyalists and negroes joined the governor.
+With this motley force, aided by two hundred soldiers of the line, he
+made an unsuccessful attack on the provincials on the 9th of
+December. He again repaired on board of one of the ships, and on the
+first of January, 1776, the frigate Liverpool, two corvettes and the
+governor's armed sloop, opened a terrible fire on the city; and at
+the same time, a detachment of marines landed, and set fire to the
+houses. In this manner was destroyed on of the most opulent and
+flourishing cities of Virginia.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1776, after eleven years of unavailing
+negotiation and some fighting, the delegates of the thirteen
+Colonies, not believing the modern dogma that, however bad the laws
+may be, they must be obeyed till they are repealed, raised the
+standard of rebellion, and bade defiance to the colossal power of
+Great Britain, declaring that they were, and of right ought to be,
+free and independent, and making the following declaration, viz.:--
+
+"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created
+equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
+inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the
+pursuit of happiness."
+
+This was an insurrection on a great scale; and as the insurgents
+were _white_ men, and were successful, they were, of course, right.
+Says Jefferson, in 1814, "What an incomprehensible machine is man!
+who can endure toil, famine, stripes, imprisonment, and death itself,
+in vindication of his own liberty; and the next moment be deaf to all
+those motives, whose power supported him through his trials, and
+inflict on his fellow-man a bondage, _one hour of which is fraught
+with more misery than ages of that which he rose in rebellion to
+oppose."_
+
+The insurrection of the people of France against their king, which
+is generally called the French revolution, is with all its horrors
+too well known to require notice.
+
+The scenes of St. Domingo next claim our attention. The incidents
+are given in the language of an author, whose name I do not recollect.
+
+When the French Revolution, which decreed equality of rights to all
+citizens, had taken place, the _free people of color_ of St. Domingo,
+many of whom were persons of large property and liberal education,
+petitioned the General Assembly that they might enjoy the same
+political privileges as the whites. At length, in March, 1790, the
+subject of the petition was discussed, when the Assembly adopted a
+decree concerning it. The decree, however, was worded so ambiguously,
+that the two parties in St. Domingo--the _whites_ and the _people of
+color_--interpreted each in their own favor. This difference of
+interpretation gave rise to animosities between them, which were
+augmented by political party spirit, according as they were
+royalists, or partisans of the French revolution, so that
+disturbances took place, and blood was shed.
+
+In the year 1791, the people of color petitioned the Assembly again,
+but principally for an explanation of the decree in question.
+
+On the 15th of May, the subject was taken into consideration, and
+the result was another decree in more explicit terms, which
+determined that the people of color in all the French islands were
+entitled to all the rights of citizens, provided they were born of
+_free parents on both sides._ The news of this decree no sooner
+arrived at the Cape, than it produce an indignation almost amounting
+to frenzy among the whites. They directly trampled under foot the
+national cockade, and with difficulty were prevented from seizing all
+the merchant ships in the roads. After this, the two parties armed
+against each other. Even camps began to be formed. Horrible massacres
+and conflagrations followed, the reports of which, when brought to
+the mother country, were so terrible that the Assembly rescinded the
+decree in favor of the people of color in the same year.
+
+In 1792, the news of this new decree reached St. Domingo, and
+produced as much irritation among the people of color, as the news of
+the former had done among the whites; and hostilities were renewed on
+both sides.
+
+As soon as these events became known in France, the Conventional
+Assembly, which had then succeeded the Legislature, seeing no hope of
+reconciliation on either side, knew not what other course to take
+than to do justice, whatever the consequences might be. They resolved
+accordingly, in the month of April, that the decree of 1791, which
+had been first made and reversed by the preceding Assembly, should be
+made good; thus restoring to the people of color the privileges which
+had been voted to them; and they appointed Santhonax, Polverel, and
+another to repair as Commissioners to St. Domingo, with a large body
+of troops, in order to enforce the decree, and to keep the peace.
+
+In the year 1793, the same division and bloodshed continuing,
+notwithstanding the arrival of the commissioners, a very trivial
+matter, a quarrel between a mulatto and a white man, (an officer in
+the French marines,) gave rise to new disasters. The quarrel took
+place at Cape Francois on the 20th of June. On the same day, the
+seamen left their ships in the roads, and came on shore, and made
+common cause with the white inhabitants of the town. On the other
+side were ranged the mulattoes and other people of color, and these
+were afterwards joined by some insurgent blacks. The battle lasted
+nearly two days. During this time, the arsenal was taken and
+plundered, some thousands were killed in the streets, and more than
+half of the town was burned. The commissioners, who were witnesses of
+the horrible scene, and who had done all that they could to restore
+peace, escaped unhurt; but they were left upon a heap of ruins, and
+with little more power than the authority which their commission gave
+them. They had only about a thousand troops left in the place. They
+determined, therefore, under these circumstances, to call in the
+slaves in their neighborhood to their assistance. They issued a
+proclamation in consequence, by which they promised to give _freedom
+to all the blacks who were willing to range themselves under the
+banner of the republic._
+
+This was the first proclamation made by public authority for
+emancipating slaves in St. Domingo, and was usually called the
+proclamation of Santhonax. The result of it was, that a considerable
+number of slaves came in, and were enfranchised.
+
+Soon after this transaction, Polverel left his colleague, Santhonax,
+at the Cape, and went in his capacity of commissioner to Port au
+Prince, the capital of the West. Here he found every thing quiet, and
+cultivation in a flourishing state. From Port au Prince he visited
+Aux Cayes, the capital of the South. He had not, however, been long
+there, before he found that the minds of the slaves began to be in an
+unsettled state. They had become acquainted with what had taken place
+in the North; not only with the riots at the Cape, but the
+proclamation of Santhonax. Polverel, therefore, seeing the impression
+which it had begun to make on the minds of the slaves in these parts,
+was convinced that emancipation could neither be prevented, nor even
+retarded; and that it was absolutely necessary, for _the personal
+safety of the white planters,_ that it should be extended to _the
+whole island._ He was so convinced of the necessity of this, that in
+September, 1793, _he drew up a proclamation without further delay to
+that effect,_ and put it into circulation. He dated it from Aux
+Cayes. He exhorted the planters to patronise it. He advised them, if
+they wished to avoid the most serious calamities, to concur
+themselves in the proposition of giving freedom to their slaves. He
+then caused a registry to be opened at the government house, to
+receive the signatures of those who should approve of his advice. It
+was remarkable that all the proprietors in these parts inscribed
+their names in this book. He then caused a similar registry to be
+opened at Port au Prince for the West. Here the same disposition was
+found to prevail. All the planters, except one, gave in their
+signatures. They had become pretty generally convinced, by this time,
+that their own personal safety was connected with the measure. We may
+now add that, in the month of February, 1794, the Conventional
+Assembly of France passed a decree for the abolition of slavery
+_throughout the whole of the French Colonies._ Thus the government of
+the mother country confirmed freedom to those, on whom it had been
+bestowed by the commissioners. This decree, therefore, _put the
+finishing stroke to the whole._ It completed the emancipation of _the
+whole slave population of St. Domingo._
+
+With regard to the conduct of those who were emancipated by
+Santhonax in the North, I find nothing particular to communicate.
+With respect to those emancipated in the South and West by Polverel,
+we are enabled to give a pleasing account. Colonel Malenfant, who was
+residing in the island at the time, has made us acquainted with their
+general conduct and character. "After the public act of
+emancipation," says he, (by Polverel,) "the _negroes remained quiet,
+both in the South and in the West, and they continued to work on all
+the plantations._ There were, indeed, estates which had neither
+owners nor managers resident on them. Some of these had been put in
+prison by Mount Brun; and others, fearing the same fate, had fled to
+the quarter which had just been given up to the English. Yet on these
+estates, though abandoned, _the negroes continued their labors,_
+where there were any (even inferior) agents to guide them; and on
+those estates where no white men were left to direct them, they
+betook themselves to the planting of provisions; but on all the
+plantations where the _whites resided,_ the _blacks continued to
+labor as quietly as before."_
+
+A little further on, in the same work, ridiculing the notion
+entertained in France, that the negroes would not work without
+compulsion, he takes occasion to allude to other negroes who had been
+liberated by the same proclamation, but who were more immediately
+under his own eye. "If," says he, "you will take care not to speak to
+them of their return to slavery, but talk to them about their
+liberty, you may, with this latter word, chain them down to labor.
+How did Toussaint succeed? How did I succeed also, before his time,
+in the plain of the Cul de Sac, and on the plantation Gouraud, more
+than eight months after liberty had been granted (by Polverel) to the
+slaves? Let those who knew me at the time, and even the blacks
+themselves, be asked. They will all reply that _not a single negro_
+on that plantation, consisting of more than 460 laborers, _refused to
+work;_ and yet this plantation was thought to be under the worst
+discipline, and the slaves the most idle in the plain. I, myself,
+inspired the same activity into three other plantations, of which I
+had the management."
+
+The above account is far beyond any thing that could have been
+reasonably expected; indeed, it is most gratifying. We find that the
+liberated negroes, _both in the South and West,_ continued to work on
+_their old plantations,_ and for _their old masters;_ so that there
+was also a spirit of industry among them; for they are described as
+continuing to work _as quietly as before._ Such was the conduct of
+the negroes for the first nine months after their liberation, up to
+the middle of 1794. Of the conduct of the negroes during the year
+1795, and part of 1796, I find no account. Had there been any
+outrages, they would have been mentioned. Let no one connect the
+outrages, which assuredly took place in St. Domingo in 1791 and 1792,
+_with the effects of the emancipation of the slaves._ The great
+massacres and conflagrations which at that time made so frightful a
+picture in the history of this unhappy island, occurred _in the days
+of slavery,_ before the proclamation of Santhonax and Polverel, and
+before the great conventional decree of the mother country was known.
+They had been occasioned, too, _not originally by the slaves
+themselves,_ but by quarrels between the _white_ and _colored_
+planters, and between the _royalists_ and the _revolutionists,_ who,
+for the purpose of wreaking their vengeance on each other, called in
+the aid of their slaves; and as to the insurgent negroes of the
+North, who filled that part of the colony in those years with terror
+and dismay, they were originally put in motion, according to
+Malenfant, _by the royalists themselves,_ to strengthen their own
+cause, and to put down _the partisans of the French revolution._
+
+When Jean Francois and Brasson commenced the insurrection, there
+were many white royalists among them, and the negroes were made to
+wear the white cockade.
+
+I now come to the latter part of the year 1796, and we shall find
+that there was no want of industry or of obedience in those who had
+been emancipated. _"The colony,"_ says Malenfant, _"was flourishing
+under Toussaint; the whites lived happily on their estates, and the
+negroes continued to work for them."_ Now, Toussaint came into power,
+being General-in-chief of the armies of St. Domingo, near the end of
+the year 1796, and remained in power till the year 1802, or till the
+invasion of the island by the French expedition by Bonaparte, under
+Le Clerc. Malenfant, therefore, means to state that from 1796 to
+1802, a period of six years, the planters and farmers kept possession
+of their estates; that they lived on them peacefully, and without
+interruption or disturbance; and that the negroes, though they had
+all been set free, continued to be their laborers.
+
+Gen. La Croix, who published his "Memoirs for a History of St.
+Domingo" at Paris in 1819, informs us that when Santhonax returned to
+the colony in 1796, _"he was astonished at the state in which he
+found it on his return."_ This, says, La Croix, was owing to
+Toussaint, who, while he had succeeded in establishing perfect order
+and discipline among the black troops, had succeeded in making the
+black laborer return to the plantation, there to resume the drudgery
+of cultivation.
+
+But the same author tells us that, in the next year, 1797, the most
+wonderful progress had been made in agriculture. He uses these
+remarkable words:--_"The colony marched as by enchantment to its
+former splendor; cultivation prospered; every day produced
+perceptible proofs of its progress. The city of the Cape and the
+plantations of the North rose up again visibly to the eye."_ To
+effect this wonderful improvement, many circumstances conspired, but
+principally the fact that the negroes, being free, had a powerful
+motive to be industrious and obedient.
+
+The next witness is Gen. Vincent, who was a colonel, and afterwards
+a general of brigade of artillery at St. Domingo, and was there
+during the time of Santhonax and Toussaint. He was called to Paris by
+Toussaint, when he arrived just at the moment of the peace of Amiens,
+and found, to his inexpressible surprise and grief, that Bonaparte
+was preparing an immense armament, to be commanded by Le Clerc, for
+the purpose of _restoring slavery in St. Domingo!_ Against this
+expedition, the General remonstrated with the First Consul, telling
+him that, though the army destined for this purpose was composed of
+the brilliant conquerors of Europe, it would do nothing in the
+Antilles, and would assuredly be destroyed by the climate of St.
+Domingo, if not destroyed by the blacks. He stated that every thing
+was going on well in St. Domingo and therefore conjured him, in the
+name of humanity, not to attempt to reverse this beautiful order of
+things. His efforts were ineffectual. The armament sailed, and,
+arriving on the shores of St. Domingo, a scene of blood and torture
+followed, _such as history had seldom if ever before disclosed,_
+which, though _planned and executed by whites,_ all the barbarities
+said to have been perpetrated _by the insurgent blacks of the North_
+amounted comparatively to nothing. At length, the survivors of that
+vast army were driven from the island, with the loss of sixty
+thousand lives. Till that time, the planters had retained their
+estates; and then it was, and not till then, that they lost their
+all. The question may be asked, why did the First Consul make this
+frightful invasion? It was owing, not to the emancipated negroes, who
+were _peaceful, industrious, and beyond example happy,_ but to the
+prejudices of their former masters--prejudices common to almost all
+slaveholders. Accustomed to the use of arbitrary power, they could
+not brook the loss of their whips. Accustomed to look down on the
+negroes as an inferior race of beings, as mere reptiles of the earth,
+they could not bear, peaceably as these had conducted themselves, to
+come into that familiar contact with them as free laborers, which the
+change in their condition required. They considered them, too, as
+property lost, and which was to be recovered. In an evil hour, they
+prevailed on Bonaparte, by false representations and _promises of
+pecuniary support,_ to undertake to restore things to their former
+state; and the result is before the world as an example and a
+warning. When will our slaveholding brethren learn that the advocates
+of immediate emancipation are the only true friends of both
+slaveholders and slaves, and that the only path of safety is the path
+of duty, which demands the immediate repentance of all sin, and
+especially that "sum of all villanies," slavery?
+
+In the year 1800, the city of Richmond, Va., and indeed the whole
+slaveholding country were thrown into a state of intense excitement,
+consternation and alarm, by the discovery of an intended insurrection
+among the slaves. The plot was laid by a slave named Gabriel, who was
+claimed as the property of Mr. Thomas Prosser. A full and true
+account of this General Gabriel, and of the proceedings consequent on
+the discovery of the plot, has never yet been published. In 1831 a
+short account, which is false in almost every particular, appeared in
+the Albany _Evening Journal_ under the head of "Gabriel's Defeat." It
+was the same year republished in the first volume of the _Liberator,_
+and during the last year (1859) has been extensively republished in
+many other papers. The following is the copy of a letter dated Sept.
+21, 1800, written by a gentleman of Richmond, Va., and published in
+the Boston _Gazette,_ Oct. 6th:--
+
+
+
+   "By this time, you have no doubt heard of the conspiracy, formed
+in this country by the negroes, which, but for the interposition of
+Providence, would have put the metropolis of the State, and even the
+State itself, into their possession. A dreadful storm with a deluge
+of rain, which carried away the bridges and rendered the water
+courses every where impassable, prevented the execution of their
+plot. _It was extensive and vast in its design. Nothing could have
+been better contrived. The conspirators were to have seized on the
+magazine, the treasury, the mills, and the bridges across James
+river._ They were to have entered the city of Richmond in three
+places with fire and sword, to commence an indiscriminate slaughter,
+the French only excepted. They were then to have called on their
+fellow negroes and the friends of humanity throughout the continent,
+by proclamation, to rally round their standard. The magazine, which
+was defenceless, would have supplied them with arms for many thousand
+men. The treasury would have given them money, the mills bread, and
+the bridges would have enabled them to let in their friends, and keep
+out their enemies. Never was there a more propitious season for the
+accomplishment of their purpose. The country is covered with rich
+harvests of Indian corn; flocks and herds are every where fat in the
+fields; and the liberty and equality doctrine, nonsensical and wicked
+as it is, (in this land of tyrants and slaves,) is for electioneering
+purposes sounding and resounding through our valleys and mountains in
+every direction. The city of Richmond and the circumjacent country
+are in arms, and have been so for ten or twelve days past. The
+patrollers are doubled through the State, and the Governor, impressed
+with the magnitude of the danger, has appointed for himself three
+Aids de Camp. A number of conspirators have been hung, _and a great
+many more are yet to be hung._ The trials and executions are going on
+day by day. Poor deluded wretches! _Their democratic deluders,
+conscious of their own guilt, and fearful of the public vengeance,
+are most active in bringing them to punishment. "Quicquid delirant
+reges, plectuntur Achivi"!_ Two important facts have been established
+by the witnesses on the different trials. First, that the plan of the
+plot was drawn by two Frenchmen in Richmond, and by them given to the
+negro General Gabriel, who is not yet caught; and secondly, that in
+the meditated massacre, _not one Frenchman_ was to be touched. It is
+moreover believed, though not positively known, that a great many of
+our profligate and abandoned whites (who are distinguished by the
+burlesque appellation of _democrats_) are implicated with the blacks,
+and would have joined them if they had commenced their operations. The
+particulars of this horrid affair you will probably see detailed in
+Davis' paper from Richmond, but certainly in Stewart's paper in
+Washington. The Jacobin printers and their friends are panic struck.
+Never was terror more strongly depicted in the countenances of men.
+They see, they feel, the fatal mischiefs that their preposterous
+principles and ferocious party spirit have brought upon us."
+
+The Virginia _Gazette_ of Sept. 12th thus writes:--"The public mind
+has been much involved in dangerous apprehensions concerning an
+insurrection of the negroes in several of the adjoining counties.
+Such a thing has been in agitation by an ambitious and insidious
+fellow named Gabriel, the property of Mr. Thomas Prossor.  *  *  *  *
+Yesterday a Court was held at the Court House in this city, when six
+of them were convicted, and condemned to be executed this day, Sept.
+12th."
+
+"On Thursday, Sept. 18th," says the New York _Spectator,_ "five more
+were executed near the city of Richmond, who were concerned in the
+insurrection."
+
+These eleven negroes were executed before the apprehension of Gen.
+Gabriel, for whose arrest Gov. Monroe offered a reward of $300. The
+following is a copy of a letter dated Norfolk, Sept. 25th, 1800:--
+
+   "Last Tuesday, on information being given that Gen. Gabriel was
+on board the three-masted schooner Mary, Richardson Taylor skipper,
+just arrived from Richmond, he was committed to prison in irons. It
+appeared on his examination that he went on board on the 14th inst.,
+four miles below Richmond, and remained on board eleven days; that
+when he went first on board, he was armed with a bayonet and
+bludgeon, both of which he threw into the river."
+
+"On Saturday last," (Sept. 27th,) says a Richmond paper, "the noted
+Gabriel arrived here by water, under guard from Norfolk, and was
+committed to the Penitentiary for trial. We understand that when he
+was apprehended, he manifested the greatest marks of firmness and
+composure, showing not the least disposition to equivocate, or screen
+himself from justice. He denied the charge of being the first in
+exciting the insurrection, although he was to have had the chief
+command, but that there were four or five persons more materially
+concerned in the conspiracy, and said that he could mention several
+in Norfolk; but being conscious of meeting with the fate of those
+before him, he was determined to make no confession."
+
+"It was stated," says a New York paper, "to be the best planned and
+most matured of any before attempted." "Gabriel was condemned," says
+another paper, "on the 3d of October, and executed on the 7th,
+(having been respited from the 4th,) without making any _useful_
+confession. On the 3d of October, ten more negroes were executed, and
+on the 7th, fifteen more--viz.: five at the Brook, five at Four Mile
+Creek, and four with Gabriel at the Richmond gallows."
+
+These fifteen, as far as we have any account, were the last who were
+either executed or tried. The Court, in their eager haste to
+apprehend and punish the conspirators, of whom five, six, ten and
+fifteen at a time were executed, and that only the day after trial,
+of whom not one had committed any overt act, and against whom no
+testimony appears to have been furnished by any white witness, found,
+after the apprehension of General Gabriel, that they had made some
+sad mistakes. This fact, with others, caused such a revulsion of
+feeling, and excited so great a sympathy in behalf of the poor
+creatures, that they were obliged, by a moral necessity, to pause in
+their course.
+
+Under date of Oct. 13th, the _Commercial Advertiser_ thus writes:--
+
+"The trials of the negroes concerned in the late insurrection are
+suspended until the opinion of the Legislature can be had on the
+subject. _This measure is said to be owing to the immense numbers,
+who are implicated in the plot, whose death, should they all be found
+guilty and be executed, will nearly produce the annihilation of the
+blacks in this part of the country."_
+
+The next day, Oct. 14th, a correspondent from Richmond makes a
+similar statement with this addition:--
+
+"A conditional amnesty is perhaps expected. At the next session of
+the Legislature of Virginia, they took into consideration the subject
+referred to them, _in secret session, with closed doors._ The _whole_
+result of their deliberations has never yet been made public, as the
+injunction of secrecy has never been removed. To satisfy the Court,
+the public, and themselves, they had a task so difficult to perform,
+that it is not surprising that their deliberations were in secret."
+
+From 1800 till 1816, nothing was divulged. In the spring of 1816,
+the Hon. Charles Fenton Mercer, in a speech delivered by him in 1833,
+says, "The intelligence broke in upon me, like a ray of light through
+the profoundest gloom, and by a mere accident, which occurred in the
+spring of 1816, that, upon two several occasions, the General
+Assembly of Virginia had invited the United States to obtain a
+territory beyond their limits, whereon to colonize _certain portions_
+of our colored population. For the evidence of these facts, _then new
+to me,_ I was referred to the Clerk of the Senate; and in the
+_private records_ I found them verified."
+
+On the 21st of December, 1800, the Virginia House of Delegates
+passed, in _secret session,_ the following resolution:--
+
+
+
+   "Resolved, That the Governor [Monroe] be requested to correspond
+with the President of the United States, on the subject of purchasing
+land without the limits of this State, _whither persons obnoxious to
+the laws, or dangerous to the peace of society, may be removed."_
+
+
+
+The General Assembly of Virginia, having through their agent, Mr.
+Jefferson, failed in 1800, 1802 and 1804, to obtain a place of
+_banishment_ for that portion of their colored population whom they
+were afraid to hang, and unwilling to pardon, passed on Jan. 22,
+1805, still in _secret session,_ the following resolution:--
+
+
+
+   "Resolved, That the Senators of this State in the Congress of the
+United States be instructed, and the Representatives be requested, to
+exert their best efforts for the obtaining from the General
+Government a competent portion of territory in the country of
+Louisana, to be appropriated to the residence of _such people of
+color as have been, or shall be, emancipated, or may hereafter become
+dangerous to the public safety,"_ &c.--[See African Repository, June,
+1832, and November, 1833.]
+
+
+
+The Legislature of Virginia having failed in all their attempts to
+find a suitable Botany Bay, to which the free people of color,
+convicts, and other dangerous persons could be banished, passed in
+1805 a law prohibiting emancipation, except on the condition that
+the emancipated should leave the State; or, if remaining in the State
+more than twelve months, should be sold by the overseers of the poor
+for the benefit of the Literary Fund.
+
+Here we see another consequence of the attempt of slaves to obtain
+their freedom, viz., an increased persecution of the free people of
+color, a law to prevent their increase, and a desire to banish all of
+them from the State. The conspiracy of Gen. Gabriel and his
+coadjutors was, therefore, the occasion, if not the cause, of the
+formation, in 1817, of the Colonization Society, whose great object
+was, by removing all disturbing causes, to make slavery secure,
+lucrative, and perpetual. Another noticeable fact, made manifest by
+the intended insurrection, is the state of fearful insecurity in
+which the residents of a slaveholding community must feel that they
+are living. The late assertion of Gov. Wise, that "We, the
+Virginians, are in no danger from our slaves or the colored people,"--
+or that of Senator Mason, "We can take care of ourselves,"--or that
+of Miles, of South Carolina, "We are impregnable,"--betrays the depth
+and extent of their fear by the very attempt to conceal it; like
+timid boys "ejaculating through white lips and chattering teeth,"
+_Who's afraid?_ In the wide-spread panic of 1800, the slaveholders
+appear to have been excessively puzzled to ascertain what could have
+induced their slaves to engage in such a conspiracy. They, of course,
+could not have originated such a plot, and had been, in their
+opinion, so well-treated that _they_ could have no motive to wish for
+their freedom. It was at first rumored that Gabriel had in his
+possession letters written by white men; then, that the conspiracy of
+the negroes was "occasioned by the circulation of some artfully
+written hand-bills, drawn up by the noted Callender in prison, and
+circulated by two French people of color from Guadaloupe, aided by a
+United Irish pretended Methodist preacher"; then, "that the
+instigators of the diabolical plan wished thereby to insure the
+elections of Adams and Pinckney, and that the blacks, as far as they
+were capable, reasoned on the Jeffersonian principles of
+emancipation." They were, at last, unwillingly compelled to believe
+that the whole plot originated with slaves, and was confined to them
+exclusively, and that, like all other human beings, deprived by
+arbitrary power of all their just rights, they were determined to be
+free.
+
+In a letter written in 1800, by Judge St. George Tucker, of
+Virginia, and published in Baltimore, he thus speaks:--
+
+
+
+   "The love of freedom is an inborn sentiment, which the God of
+nature has planted deep in the heart. Long may it be kept under by
+the arbitrary institutions of society; but, at the first favorable
+moment, it springs forth with a power which defies all check. This
+celestial spark, which fires the breast of the savage, which glows in
+that of the philosopher, is not extinguished in the bosom of the
+slave. It may be buried in the embers, but it _still lives,_ and the
+breath of knowledge kindles it into a flame. Thus we find there never
+have been slaves in any country, who have not seized the first
+favorable opportunity to revolt. These, our hewers of wood and
+drawers of water, possess the power of doing us mischief, and are
+prompted to it by _motives which self-love dictates, which reason
+justifies._ Our sole security, then, consists in their ignorance of
+this power, and their means of using it--a security which we have
+lately found is not to be relied on, and which, small as it is, every
+day diminishes. Every year adds to the number of those who can read
+and write; and _the increase of knowledge is the principal agent in
+evolving the spirit we have to fear._  *  *  *  By way of marking the
+prodigious change which a few years have made among that class of
+men, compare the late conspiracy with the revolt under Lord Dunmore.
+In the one case, a few solitary individuals flocked to that standard,
+under which they were sure to find protection. In the other, they, in
+a body, of their own accord, combine a plan for asserting their
+freedom, and rest their safety on success alone. The difference is,
+that then they sought freedom merely as a good; now they also claim
+it as a right.  *  *  *  Ignorant and illiterate as they yet are,
+they have maintained a correspondence, which, whether we consider its
+extent or duration, is truly astonishing."
+
+
+
+Thus far Judge Tucker.
+
+Monday, Sept. 1st, was the day set by General Gabriel and his
+associates to make the attack on Richmond with fire and sword. The
+plot was, however, discovered only the day previous, and, as I have
+been informed, was made known by a slave named Ben, who was unwilling
+that his master (a Mr. W. who had been very kind to him) should lose
+his life.
+
+The incidents of this conspiracy were embodied in a song, and set to
+a tune, both of which were composed by a colored man. The song is
+still sung.
+
+In the New York _Spectator,_ of Sept. 24th, 1800, is a letter dated
+CHARLESTON, S. C., Sept. 13th, which says that "the negroes have rose
+in arms against the whites in this country, and have killed several.
+All the troops of light horse are ordered out by the Governor to
+suppress the insurrection. Some reports state the number of
+insurgents, who were embodied about thirty miles from the city, to be
+about four or five thousand strong. Others decreased this number to
+seven or eight hundred."
+
+In June, 1816, a conspiracy was formed in Camden, South Carolina;
+but information of the intent was given by a favorite and
+confidential slave of Col. Chestnut.
+
+On May 30th, 1822, a "faithful and confidential slave" disclosed to
+the Intendant of Charleston, S. C., that, on Sunday evening, June
+16th, the slaves had determined to rise in rebellion against the
+whites, "set fire to the Governor's house, seize the Guard-house and
+Arsenal, and sweep the town with fire and sword, not permitting a
+white soul to escape." Of the supposed conspirators, one hundred and
+thirty-one were committed to prison, thirty-five executed, and thirty-
+seven banished. Of the six ringleaders, Ned Bennet, Peter Poyas,
+Rolla, Batteau, Jesse, and Denmark Vesey, all were slaves, except
+Vesey, who had been a slave thirty-eight years, a few man twenty-two
+years, having in 1800 purchased his freedom.
+
+On July 12th, two slaves were executed; July 26th, twenty-two; July
+30th, four; and August 9th, one.
+
+In 1826, the inhabitants of Newbern, Targorough and Hillsborough
+were alarmed by insurrectionary movements among their slaves. The
+people of Newbern, being informed that forty slaves were assembled in
+a swamp, surrounded it, and killed the whole party!!
+
+In August, 1831, there was an insurrection of slaves in Southampton,
+Virginia, headed by a slave, who called himself Gen. Nat. Turner, who
+declared to his associates that he was acting under inspired
+directions, and that the singular appearance of the sun at that time
+was the signal for them to commence the work of destruction; which
+resulted in the murder of sixty-four white persons, and more than one
+hundred slaves were killed. The excitement extended throughout
+Virginia and the Carolinas. "Another such insurrection," says the
+Richmond Whig, "will be followed by _putting the whole race to the
+sword."_ In the same year, insurrections occurred in Martinique,
+Antigua, St. Jago, Caraccas, and Tortola.
+
+In January, 1832, James McDowell, Jr., in reply to a member who
+called the Nat. Turner insurrection a "petty affair," thus spoke in
+the Virginia House of Delegates:--
+
+
+
+   "Now, sir, I ask you, I ask gentlemen, in conscience to say, was
+that a 'petty affair' which startled the feelings of your whole
+population; which threw a portion of it into alarm, a portion of it
+into panic; which wrung out from an affrigthed people the thrilling
+cry, day after day, conveyed to your executive, _'We are in peril of
+our lives--send us an army for defence!'_ Was that a 'petty affair,'
+which drove families from their homes; which assembled women and
+children in crowds, without shelter, at places of common refuge, in
+every condition of weakness and infirmity, under every suffering
+which want and terror could inflict, yet willing to endure all,
+willing to meet death from famine, death from climate, death from
+hardships, preferring any thing rather than the horrors of meeting it
+from a domestic assassin? Was that a 'petty affair,' which erected a
+peaceful and confiding portion of the State into a military camp;
+which _outlawed from pity the unfortunate beings whose brothers had
+offended;_ which barred every door, penetrated every bosom with fear
+or suspicion; which so banished every sense of security from every
+man's dwelling, that, let but a hoof or horn break upon the silence
+of the night, and an aching throb would be driven to the heart? The
+husband would look to his weapon, and the mother would shudder, and
+weep upon her cradle! Was it the fear of Nat. Turner and his deluded,
+drunken handful of followers, which produced such effects? Was it
+this that induced distant counties, where the very name of
+Southampton was strange, to arm and equip for a struggle? No, sir, it
+was the _suspicion eternally attached to the slave himself;_ the
+suspicion that a Nat. Turner might be in every family--that the same
+bloody deed might be acted over at any time, and in any place--that
+the materials for it were spread through the land, and were always
+ready for a like explosion. Nothing but the force of this withering
+apprehension, nothing but the paralyzing and deadening weight with
+which it falls upon and prostrates the heart of every man who has
+helpless dependants to protect, nothing but this could have thrown a
+brave people into consternation, or could have made any portion of
+this powerful Commonwealth, for a single instant, to have quailed and
+trembled."
+
+
+
+In the same year and month, Henry Berry, Esq., another delegate,
+thus spoke:--
+
+
+
+   "Sir, I believe that no cancer on the physical body was ever more
+certain, steady and fatal in its progress, than this cancer on the
+political body of Virginia. It is eating into her very vitals. And
+shall we admit that the evil is past remedy? Shall we act the part of
+a puny patient, suffering under the ravages of a fatal disease, who
+would say the remedy is too painful? Pass as severe laws as you will
+to keep these unfortunate creatures in ignorance, it is in vain,
+unless you can extinguish that spark of intellect which God has given
+them. Sir, we have, as far as possible, closed _every avenue by which
+light might enter their minds._ We have only to go one step further--
+to extinguish the capacity to see the light--and our work will be
+completed. They would then be reduced to the level of the beasts of
+the field, and we should be safe; and I am not certain that we would
+not do it, if we could find out the necessary process, and that under
+the plea of necessity. But, sir, this is impossible; and can man be
+in the midst of freemen, and not know what freedom is? Can he feel
+that he has the power to assert his liberty, and _will he not do it?_
+Yes, sir, _with the certainty of Time's current, he will do it
+whenever  he has the power._ The data are before us all, and every
+man can work out the process for himself. Sir, a _death-struggle must
+come between the two classes, [FN#2] in which one or the other will
+be extinguished forever._ Who can contemplate such a catastrophe as
+even possible, and be indifferent?"
+
+
+
+[FN#2]  "Irrepressible Conflict."
+
+
+
+In an essay written by Judge St. George Tucker, and published in
+1796, he expresses similar sentiments, in language equally forcible,
+and concludes by saying:--
+
+
+
+   "I presume it is possible that an effectual remedy for the evils
+of slavery may at length be discovered. Whenever that happens, _the
+golden age of our country will begin._ Till then,
+                    ----------"Non hospes a hospite tutus
+                    Non Herus a Famulis, fratrum quoque gratia rara."
+
+
+
+"I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just, that his
+justice cannot sleep forever," and "that the Almighty has no
+attribute that can take sides with us in such a contest," viz., "an
+exchange of situation" [with the slaves,] are the well-known words of
+Jefferson.
+
+In 1832, a general insurrection of the slaves occurred in Jamaica,
+when between two and three thousand slaves were killed, and a large
+number of whites. The loss occasioned by the rebellion was estimated
+at five millions of dollars, a part of which was occasioned by the
+burning of one hundred and fifty plantations. _Now,_ the British West
+Indies are forever exempted from all danger of insurrection, while
+the danger of a servile war in America will, until slavery is
+abolished, every year increase.
+
+In the month of June, 1839, a vessel, called the Amistad, Ramon
+Ferrer, Captain, sailed from Havana for Principe, about one hundred
+leagues distant, with fifty-four negroes and two white passengers,
+(Spaniards,) viz., Pedro Montez and Jose Ruiz, one of whom claimed to
+be the owner of the negroes, who were all natives of Africa. While on
+board, they "suffered much from hunger and thirst." In addition to
+this, there was much whipping, and "the cook told them that, when
+they reached land, they would all be eaten." This "made their hearts
+burn." To avoid being eaten, and to escape the bad treatment, they
+rose upon the crew with the design of returning to Africa. This was
+on June 27th, four days after leaving Havana. After killing the
+captain and the cook, and permitting the crew to escape, they under
+command of Cinque, who compelled Montez to steer the ship for Africa,
+which he did in the day time, because the negroes could tell his
+course by the sun, but put the vessel about in the night. In this
+manner, the vessel drifted about till August 26th, when she was taken
+possession of by Capt. Gedney, U. S. N. After an interesting trial in
+Connecticut, the negroes were set free, and, under the American
+Missionary Association, were sent to their native country, Africa,
+and of whom many are now receiving religious instruction by means of
+missionaries who accompanied them to the Mendi country. It is in
+relation to these blacks that President Buchanan, in his late
+message, thus speaks:--"I again recommend that an appropriation be
+made to be paid to the Spanish Government for the purpose of
+distribution among the claimants in the Amistad case"!!
+
+On the 27th of October, 1841, the Creole sailed from Richmond with
+one hundred and thirty-five slaves, bound for New Orleans. On
+November 7th, they rose on the crew, killed a passenger named Howell,
+and on November 9th, arrived at Nassau, New Providence, where they
+were all set free by the British authorities. The leader in this
+successful attempt to secure their freedom was Madison Washington.
+"The sagacity, bravery and humanity of this man," says the Hon.
+William Jay, "do honor to his name, and, but for his complexion,
+would excite universal admiration."
+
+In 1846, the slaves in Santa Cruz rose in rebellion against their
+masters, took possession of the island, and thus obtained their
+freedom, but did no injury to any white person. This was remarkable,
+as the whites numbered 3,000, and the blacks 25,000.
+
+Now, what is the inference from this list of conspiracies and
+insurrections, and scores of others which could be collected? Why,
+(1,) that all danger arises from the continuance of slavery, and not
+from its abolition. And, (2,) that if the Bible sanctions slavery,
+the God of the Bible does not. The language of God's providence is
+one and uniform, and too explicit to be misunderstood. It assures us,
+and writes the assurance in lines of blood, that the way of the
+transgressor is hard, and that though hand join in hand, the
+violators of God's law shall not go unpunished. All history, ancient
+and modern, is full of examples and warnings on this point. Shall we
+slight these warnings, shut our eyes against the light, and madly
+rush on our own destruction? Let us remember that slavery is an
+unnatural state; that Nature, when her eternal principles are
+violated, always struggles to restore them to her true estate; and
+that the natural feelings accord with the sentiment of the poet,
+
+
+          "If I'm designed yon lordling's slave,
+               By Nature's laws designed,
+           Why was an independent wish
+               E'er planted in my mind?"
+
+
+"If the Bible," says the Rev. Albert Barnes, "could be shown to
+defend and countenance slavery as a good institution, it would make
+thousands of infidels; for there are multitudes of minds that will
+see more clearly that slavery is against all the laws which God has
+written on the human soul, than they would see that a book,
+sanctioning such a system, had evidence of divine origin."
+
+Says Charles Alcott, of Medina, Ohio, in his very able lectures on
+slavery:--"It is easy to show that slavery has, from first to last,
+been supported directly and solely by crimes, and that the commission
+of nearly every crime in the Bible calendar, and many crimes against
+the common law, are absolutely necessary to support it, and give it
+full effect. It is a fact equally curious and true, that crime of any
+kind can only be supported by crime; and that, in order to persevere
+in the commission of one crime, and prevent its detection and
+punishment, it is necessary to commit still further crimes."
+
+This being true, it follows conclusively that immediate repentance
+of the sin of slavery is the duty of every master, and immediate
+emancipation the right of every slave. Says Charles Alcott, "A man
+cannot stir, or move, or begin to act, either in support of slavery,
+or in opposition to its immediate abolition, without committing
+crimes or sins of some sort or other." He cannot be neutral.
+Therefore, gentle reader, in the _"irrepressible conflict"_ that is
+now agitating the country, and will continue to agitate it till
+slavery is abolished, which side have you chosen, or do you intend to
+choose? Will you take the "higher law," which is in harmony with
+God's providence and his word, or act in favor of the "lower law,"
+which opposes both? If slavery is right, sustain, defend and justify
+it; but if it is a crime, do all in your power, by moral means, to
+overthrow the execrable system. If you are a professed Christian,
+remember the words of Rev. Albert Barnes:--"There is not vital energy
+enough, there is not power of numbers and influence enough, _out of
+the Church,_ to sustain it. Let every religious denomination in the
+land detach itself from all connection with slavery. All that is
+needful is, for each Christian man, for every Christian church, to
+stand up in the sacred majesty of such a solemn testimony, and to
+free themselves from all connection with the evil, and utter a calm,
+deliberate voice to the world, _and the work is done."_
+
+
+
+          *          *          *
+
+
+Published at the Office of the AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY, No. 5
+Beekman Street, New York.  Also, to be had at the Anti-Slavery
+Offices, No. 21 Cornhill, Boston, and No. 107 North Fifth Street,
+Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of Some of the Principal
+Slave Insurrections, by Joshua Coffin
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