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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+Author: Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2007 [EBook #20644]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF HALLOWE'EN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HALLOWE'EN FESTIVITIES.
+
+_From an Old English Print_]
+
+
+
+                   The
+             Book of Hallowe'en
+
+                    By
+
+           RUTH EDNA KELLEY, A. M.
+
+            _Lynn Public Library_
+
+               _ILLUSTRATED_
+
+                  BOSTON
+
+          LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             Published, August, 1919
+
+                COPYRIGHT, 1919,
+          BY LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
+
+             _All Rights Reserved_
+
+             The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+                 Norwood Press
+               BERWICK & SMITH CO.
+                 NORWOOD, MASS.
+                    U. S. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _To my Mother and the memory of my Father
+          who inspired and encouraged me
+              in the writing of this
+                     book_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This book is intended to give the reader an account of the origin
+and history of Hallowe'en, how it absorbed some customs belonging
+to other days in the year,--such as May Day, Midsummer, and
+Christmas. The context is illustrated by selections from ancient
+and modern poetry and prose, related to Hallowe'en ideas.
+
+Those who wish suggestions for readings, recitations, plays, and
+parties, will find the lists in the appendix useful, in addition to
+the books on entertainments and games to be found in any public
+library.
+
+Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Company
+for permission to use the poem entitled "Hallowe'en" from "The
+Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by W. M. Letts; to Messrs.
+Longmans, Green & Company for the poem "Pomona," by William Morris;
+and to the Editors of _The Independent_ for the use of five poems.
+
+                                                  RUTH EDNA KELLEY.
+
+                                                  LYNN, _1919_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                      PAGE
+
+I. SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE'EN                     1
+
+II. THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS                   5
+
+III. SAMHAIN                                                 16
+
+IV. POMONA                                                   23
+
+V. THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'       27
+
+VI. ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN OMENS                 33
+
+VII. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND               35
+
+VIII. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN SCOTLAND
+      AND THE HEBRIDES                                       59
+
+IX. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN ENGLAND AND MAN        82
+
+X. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN WALES                  101
+
+XI. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE   107
+
+XII. THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES                         119
+
+XIII. WALPURGIS NIGHT                                       136
+
+XIV. MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS                    142
+
+XV. HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA                                   149
+
+    "FOUR POEMS"                                            172
+
+    MAGAZINE REFERENCES TO HALLOWE'EN ENTERTAINMENTS        179
+
+    SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF READINGS, RECITATIONS, AND PLAYS  182
+
+    INDEX TO QUOTATIONS                                     184
+
+    INDEX                                                   188
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+Hallowe'en Festivities               _Frontispiece_
+                                        FACING PAGE
+In Hallowe'en Time                               34
+
+The Witch of the Walnut-Tree                    100
+
+The Witches' Dance (_Valpurgisnacht_)           138
+
+Fortune-Telling                                 148
+
+Hallowe'en Tables, I                            156
+
+Hallowe'en Tables, II                           158
+
+No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-lantern         178
+
+
+
+
+The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE'EN
+
+
+If we could ask one of the old-world pagans whom he revered as his
+greatest gods, he would be sure to name among them the sun-god;
+calling him Apollo if he were a Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or
+Osiris; if of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the sun is the
+center of the physical universe, so all primitive peoples made it
+the hub about which their religion revolved, nearly always
+believing it a living person to whom they could say prayers and
+offer sacrifices, who directed their lives and destinies, and could
+even snatch men from earthly existence to dwell for a time with
+him, as it draws the water from lakes and seas.
+
+In believing this they followed an instinct of all early peoples, a
+desire to make persons of the great powers of nature, such as the
+world of growing things, mountains and water, the sun, moon, and
+stars; and a wish for these gods they had made to take an interest
+in and be part of their daily life. The next step was making
+stories about them to account for what was seen; so arose myths and
+legends.
+
+The sun has always marked out work-time and rest, divided the year
+into winter idleness, seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has always
+been responsible for all the beauty and goodness of the earth; it
+is itself splendid to look upon. It goes away and stays longer and
+longer, leaving the land in cold and gloom; it returns bringing the
+long fair days and resurrection of spring. A Japanese legend tells
+how the hidden sun was lured out by an image made of a copper plate
+with saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and a fire kindled,
+dancing, and prayers; and round the earth in North America the
+Cherokees believed they brought the sun back upon its northward
+path by the same means of rousing its curiosity, so that it would
+come out to see its counterpart and find out what was going on.
+
+All the more important church festivals are survivals of old rites
+to the sun. "How many times the Church has decanted the new wine of
+Christianity into the old bottles of heathendom." Yule-tide, the
+pagan Christmas, celebrated the sun's turning north, and the old
+midsummer holiday is still kept in Ireland and on the Continent as
+St. John's Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance about them
+from east to west as the sun appears to move. The pagan Hallowe'en
+at the end of summer was a time of grief for the decline of the
+sun's glory, as well as a harvest festival of thanksgiving to him
+for having ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly had
+husking-bees when the ears had been garnered, and now keep our own
+Thanksgiving by eating of our winter store in praise of God who
+gives us our increase.
+
+Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit, lends us the harvest element of
+Hallowe'en; the Celtic day of "summer's end" was a time when
+spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the gods whom Christ dethroned
+joined the ill-omened throng; the Church festivals of All Saints'
+and All Souls' coming at the same time of year--the first of
+November--contributed the idea of the return of the dead; and the
+Teutonic May Eve assemblage of witches brought its hags and their
+attendant beasts to help celebrate the night of October 31st.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS
+
+
+The first reference to Great Britain in European annals of which we
+know was the statement in the fifth century B. C. of the Greek
+historian Herodotus, that Ph[oe]nician sailors went to the British
+Isles for tin. He called them the "Tin Islands." The people with
+whom these sailors traded must have been Celts, for they were the
+first inhabitants of Britain who worked in metal instead of stone.
+
+The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries before Christ came.
+There is a tradition in Ireland that they first arrived there in
+270 B. C., seven hundred years before St. Patrick. The account of
+them written by Julius Cæsar half a century before Christ speaks
+mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing them into two ruling classes
+who kept the people almost in a state of slavery; the knights, who
+waged war, and the Druids who had charge of worship and sacrifices,
+and were in addition physicians, historians, teachers, scientists,
+and judges.
+
+Cæsar says that this cult originated in Britain, and was
+transferred to Gaul. Gaul and Britain had one religion and one
+language, and might even have one king, so that what Cæsar wrote of
+Gallic Druids must have been true of British.
+
+The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and stream, and feared the
+powers of evil, as did the Greeks and all other early races. Very
+much of their primitive belief has been kept, so that to Scotch,
+Irish, and Welsh peasantry brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound
+in tiny supernatural beings, who may work them good or evil, lead
+them astray by flickering lights, or charm them into seven years'
+servitude unless they are bribed to show favor.
+
+The name "Druid" is derived from the Celtic word "druidh," meaning
+"sage," connected with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"
+
+    "The rapid oak-tree--
+     Before him heaven and earth quake:
+     Stout door-keeper against the foe.
+     In every land his name is mine."
+
+        TALIESIN: _Battle of the Trees._
+
+for the oak was held sacred by them as a symbol of the omnipotent
+god, upon whom they depended for life like the mistletoe growing
+upon it. Their ceremonies were held in oak-groves.
+
+Later from their name a word meaning "magician" was formed, showing
+that these priests had gained the reputation of being dealers in
+magic.
+
+  "The Druid followed him and suddenly, as we are told, struck him
+  with a druidic wand, or according to one version, flung at him a
+  tuft of grass over which he had pronounced a druidical
+  incantation."
+
+                                        O'CURRY: _Ancient Irish._
+
+They dealt in symbols, common objects to which was given by the
+interposition of spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and
+power to produce certain effects. Since they were tree-worshippers,
+trees and plants were thought to have peculiar powers.
+
+Cæsar provides them with a galaxy of Roman divinities, Mercury,
+Mars, Jupiter, and Minerva, who of course were worshipped under
+their native names. Their chief god was Baal, of whom they believed
+the sun the visible emblem. They represented him by lowlier tokens,
+such as circles and wheels. The trefoil, changed into a figure
+composed of three winged feet radiating from a center, represented
+the swiftness of the sun's journey. The cross too was a symbol of
+the sun, being the appearance of its light shining upon dew or
+stream, making to the half-closed eye little bright crosses. One
+form of the cross was the swastika.
+
+To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals or prisoners of war,
+often burning them alive in wicker images. These bonfires lighted
+on the hills were meant to urge the god to protect and bless the
+crops and herds. From the appearance of the victims sacrificed in
+them, omens were taken that foretold the future. The gods and other
+supernatural powers in answer to prayer were thought to signify
+their will by omens, and also by the following methods: the ordeal,
+in which the innocence or guilt of a person was shown by the way
+the god permitted him to endure fire or other torture; exorcism,
+the driving out of demons by saying mysterious words or names over
+them. Becoming skilled in interpreting the will of the gods, the
+Druids came to be known as prophets.
+
+    "O Deirdré, terrible child,
+     For thee, red star of our ruin,
+     Great weeping shall be in Eri--
+     Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.
+
+    *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Thy feet shall trample the mighty
+     Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."
+
+        TODHUNTER: _Druid song of Cathvah._
+
+They kept their lore for the most part a secret, forbidding it to
+be written, passing it down by word of mouth. They taught the
+immortality of the soul, that it passed from one body to another at
+death.
+
+    "If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites,
+     And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites,
+     When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake
+     They instantly again do other bodies take----"
+
+                                            DRAYTON: _Polyolbion._
+
+They believed that on the last night of the old year (October 31st)
+the lord of death gathered together the souls of all those who had
+died in the passing year and had been condemned to live in the
+bodies of animals, to decree what forms they should inhabit for the
+next twelve months. He could be coaxed to give lighter sentences by
+gifts and prayers.
+
+The badge of the initiated Druid was a glass ball reported to be
+made in summer of the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests
+as the snakes tossed it into the air.
+
+    "And the potent adder-stone
+     Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon
+     When in undulating twine
+     The foaming snakes prolific join."
+
+                   MASON: _Caractacus._
+
+It was real glass, blown by the Druids themselves. It was supposed
+to aid the wearer in winning lawsuits and securing the favor of
+kings.
+
+An animal sacred to the Druids was the cat.
+
+"A slender black cat reclining on a chain of old silver" guarded
+treasure in the old days. For a long time cats were dreaded by the
+people because they thought human beings had been changed to that
+form by evil means.
+
+The chief festivals of the Druids fell on four days, celebrating
+phases of the sun's career. Fires of sacrifice were lighted
+especially at spring and midsummer holidays, by exception on
+November 1st.
+
+May Day and November Day were the more important, the beginning and
+end of summer, yet neither equinoxes nor solstices. The time was
+divided then not according to sowing and reaping, but by the older
+method of reckoning from when the herds were turned out to pasture
+in the spring and brought into the fold again at the approach of
+winter--by a pastoral rather than an agricultural people.
+
+On the night before Beltaine ("Baal-fire"), the first of May, fires
+were burned to Baal to celebrate the return of the sun bringing
+summer. Before sunrise the houses were decked with garlands to
+gladden the sun when he appeared; a rite which has survived in
+"going maying." The May-Day fires were used for purification.
+Cattle were singed by being led near the flames, and sometimes bled
+that their blood might be offered as a sacrifice for a prosperous
+season.
+
+      "When lo! a flame,
+    A wavy flame of ruddy light
+    Leaped up, the farmyard fence above.
+    And while his children's shout rang high,
+    His cows the farmer slowly drove
+    Across the blaze,--he knew not why."
+
+                   KICKHAM: _St. John's Eve._
+
+A cake was baked in the fire with one piece blacked with charcoal.
+Whoever got the black piece was thereby marked for sacrifice to
+Baal, so that, as the ship proceeded in safety after Jonah was cast
+overboard, the affairs of the group about the May-Eve fire might
+prosper when it was purged of the one whom Baal designated by lot.
+Later only the symbol of offering was used, the victim being forced
+to leap thrice over the flames.
+
+In history it was the day of the coming of good. Partholon, the
+discoverer and promoter of Ireland, came thither from the other
+world to stay three hundred years. The gods themselves, the
+deliverers of Ireland, first arrived there "through the air" on May
+Day.
+
+June 21st, the day of the summer solstice, the height of the sun's
+power, was marked by midnight fires of joy and by dances. These
+were believed to strengthen the sun's heat. A blazing wheel to
+represent the sun was rolled down hill.
+
+      "A happy thought.
+    Give me this cart-wheel.
+    I'll have it tied with ropes and smeared with pitch,
+    And when it's lighted, I will roll it down
+    The steepest hillside."
+
+                               HAUPTMANN: _Sunken Bell._
+                               (Lewisohn _trans._)
+
+Spirits were believed to be abroad, and torches were carried about
+the fields to protect them from invasion. Charms were tried on that
+night with seeds of fern and hemp, and dreams were believed to be
+prophetic.
+
+Lugh, in old Highland speech "the summer sun"
+
+      "The hour may hither drift
+    When at the last, amid the o'erwearied Shee--
+    Weary of long delight and deathless joys--
+    One you shall love may fade before your eyes,
+    Before your eyes may fade, and be as mist
+    Caught in the sunny hollow of Lu's hand,
+    Lord of the Day."
+
+                           SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+had for father one of the gods and for mother the daughter of a
+chief of the enemy. Hence he possessed some good and some evil
+tendencies. He may be the Celtic Mercury, for they were alike
+skilled in magic and alchemy, in deception, successful in combats
+with demons, the bringers of new strength and cleansing to the
+nation. He said farewell to power on the first of August, and his
+foster-mother had died on that day, so then it was he set his
+feast-day. The occasion was called "Lugnasad," "the bridal of Lugh"
+and the earth, whence the harvest should spring. It was celebrated
+by the offering of the first fruits of harvest, and by races and
+athletic sports. In Meath, Ireland, this continued down into the
+nineteenth century, with dancing and horse-racing the first week of
+August.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+SAMHAIN
+
+
+On November first was Samhain ("summer's end").
+
+    "Take my tidings:
+       Stags contend;
+       Snows descend--
+       Summer's end!
+
+    "A chill wind raging,
+       The sun low keeping,
+       Swift to set
+     O'er seas high sweeping.
+
+    "Dull red the fern;
+       Shapes are shadows;
+     Wild geese mourn
+     O'er misty meadows.
+
+    "Keen cold limes each weaker wing,
+       Icy times--
+       Such I sing!
+       Take my tidings."
+
+          GRAVES: _First Winter Song._
+
+Then the flocks were driven in, and men first had leisure after
+harvest toil. Fires were built as a thanksgiving to Baal for
+harvest. The old fire on the altar was quenched before the night of
+October 31st, and the new one made, as were all sacred fires, by
+friction. It was called "forced-fire." A wheel and a spindle were
+used: the wheel, the sun symbol, was turned from east to west,
+sunwise. The sparks were caught in tow, blazed upon the altar, and
+were passed on to light the hilltop fires. The new fire was given
+next morning, New Year's Day, by the priests to the people to light
+their hearths, where all fires had been extinguished. The blessed
+fire was thought to protect the year through the home it warmed. In
+Ireland the altar was Tlactga, on the hill of Ward in Meath, where
+sacrifices, especially black sheep, were burnt in the new fire.
+From the death struggles and look of the creatures omens for the
+future year were taken.
+
+The year was over, and the sun's life of a year was done. The
+Celts thought that at this time the sun fell a victim for six
+months to the powers of winter darkness. In Egyptian mythology one
+of the sun-gods, Osiris, was slain at a banquet by his brother
+Sîtou, the god of darkness. On the anniversary of the murder, the
+first day of winter, no Egyptian would begin any new business for
+fear of bad luck, since the spirit of evil was then in power.
+
+From the idea that the sun suffered from his enemies on this day
+grew the association of Samhain with death.
+
+    "The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year,
+     Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere.
+     Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the wither'd leaves lie dead;
+     They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread.
+     The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub the jay
+     And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the gloomy day.
+
+    "The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago,
+     And the wild rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow:
+     But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood,
+     And the yellow sun-flower by the brook in autumn beauty stood,
+     Till fell the frost from the cold clear heaven, as falls the
+         plague on men,
+     And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade,
+         and glen."
+
+                                       BRYANT: _Death of the Flowers._
+
+In the same state as those who are dead, are those who have never
+lived, dwelling right in the world, but invisible to most mortals
+at most times. Seers could see them at any time, and if very many
+were abroad at once others might get a chance to watch them too.
+
+    "There is a world in which we dwell,
+     And yet a world invisible.
+       And do not think that naught can be
+       Save only what with eyes ye see:
+     I tell ye that, this very hour,
+     Had but your sight a spirit's power,
+       Ye would be looking, eye to eye,
+       At a terrific company."
+
+                       COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+These supernatural spirits ruled the dead. There were two classes:
+the Tuatha De Danann, "the people of the goddess Danu," gods of
+light and life; and spirits of darkness and evil. The Tuatha had
+their chief seat on the Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish
+Sea, and brought under their power the islands about them. On a
+Midsummer Day they vanquished the Fir Bolgs and gained most of
+Ireland, by the battle of Moytura.
+
+A long time afterwards--perhaps 1000 B. C.--the Fomor, sea-demons,
+after destroying nearly all their enemies by plagues, exacted from
+those remaining, as tribute, "a third part of their corn, a third
+part of their milk, and a third part of their children." This tax
+was paid on Samhain. It was on the week before Samhain that the
+Fomor landed upon Ireland. On the eve of Samhain the gods met them
+in the second battle of Moytura, and they were driven back into the
+ocean.
+
+As Tigernmas, a mythical king of Ireland, was sacrificing "the
+firstlings of every issue, and the scions of every clan" to Crom
+Croich, the king idol, and lay prostrate before the image, he and
+three-fourths of his men mysteriously disappeared.
+
+      "Then came
+    Tigernmas, the prince of Tara yonder
+    On Hallowe'en with many hosts.
+    A cause of grief to them was the deed.
+    Dead were the men
+    Of Bamba's host, without happy strength
+    Around Tigernmas, the destructive man of the north,
+    From the worship of Crom Cruaich. 'T was no luck for them.
+    For I have learnt,
+    Except one-fourth of the keen Gaels,
+    Not a man alive--lasting the snare!
+    Escaped without death in his mouth."
+
+                 _Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht_ (Meyer _trans._).
+
+This was direct invocation, but the fire rites which were continued
+so long afterwards were really only worshipping the sun by proxy,
+in his nearest likeness, fire.
+
+Samhain was then a day sacred to the death of the sun, on which had
+been paid a sacrifice of death to evil powers. Though overcome at
+Moytura evil was ascendant at Samhain. Methods of finding out the
+will of spirits and the future naturally worked better then, charms
+and invocations had more power, for the spirits were near to help,
+if care was taken not to anger them, and due honors paid.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+POMONA
+
+
+Ops was the Latin goddess of plenty. Single parts of her province
+were taken over by various other divinities, among whom was Pomona
+(_pomorum patrona_, "she who cares for fruits"). She is represented
+as a maiden with fruit in her arms and a pruning-knife in her hand.
+
+    "I am the ancient apple-queen.
+       As once I was so am I now--
+     For evermore a hope unseen
+       Betwixt the blossom and the bough.
+
+    "Ah, where's the river's hidden gold!
+       And where's the windy grave of Troy?
+     Yet come I as I came of old,
+       From out the heart of summer's joy."
+
+                          MORRIS: _Pomona._
+
+Many Roman poets told stories about her, the best known being by
+Ovid, who says that she was wooed by many orchard-gods, but
+preferred to remain unmarried. Among her suitors was Vertumnus
+("the changer"), the god of the turning year, who had charge of the
+exchange of trade, the turning of river channels, and chiefly of
+the change in nature from flower to ripe fruit. True to his
+character he took many forms to gain Pomona's love. Now he was a
+ploughman (spring), now a fisherman (summer), now a reaper
+(autumn).
+
+At last he took the likeness of an old woman (winter), and went to
+gossip with Pomona. After sounding her mind and finding her averse
+to marriage, the woman pleaded for Vertumnus's success.
+
+    "Is not he the first to have the fruits which
+     are thy delight? And does he not hold thy
+     gifts in his joyous right hand?"
+
+                    OVID: _Vertumnus and Pomona._
+
+Then the crone told her the story of Anaxarete who was so cold to
+her lover Iphis that he hanged himself, and she at the window
+watching his funeral train pass by was changed to a marble statue.
+Advising Pomona to avoid such a fate, Vertumnus donned his proper
+form, that of a handsome young man, and Pomona, moved by the story
+and his beauty, yielded and became his wife.
+
+Vertumnus had a statue in the Tuscan Way in Rome, and a temple. His
+festival, the Vortumnalia, was held on the 23d of August, when the
+summer began to wane. Garlands and garden produce were offered to
+him.
+
+Pomona had been assigned one of the fifteen _flamina_, priests
+whose duty it was to kindle the fire for special sacrifices. She
+had a grove near Ostia where a harvest festival was held about
+November first. Not much is known of the ceremonies, but from the
+similar August holiday much may be deduced. Then the deities of
+fire and water were propitiated that their disfavor might not ruin
+the crops. On Pomona's day doubtless thanks was rendered them for
+their aid to the harvest. An offering of first-fruits was made in
+August; in November the winter store of nuts and apples was opened.
+The horses released from toil contended in races.
+
+From Pomona's festival nuts and apples, from the Druidic Samhain
+the supernatural element, combined to give later generations the
+charms and omens from nuts and apples which are made trial of at
+Hallowe'en.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'
+
+
+The great power which the Druids exercised over their people
+interfered with the Roman rule of Britain. Converts were being made
+at Rome. Augustus forbade Romans to became initiated, Tiberius
+banished the priestly clan and their adherents from Gaul, and
+Claudius utterly stamped out the belief there, and put to death a
+Roman knight for wearing the serpent's-egg badge to win a lawsuit.
+Forbidden to practise their rites in Britain, the Druids fled to
+the isle of Mona, near the coast of Wales. The Romans pursued them,
+and in 61 A. D. they were slaughtered and their oak groves cut
+down. During the next three centuries the cult was stifled to
+death, and the Christian religion substituted.
+
+It was believed that at Christ's advent the pagan gods either died
+or were banished.
+
+    "The lonely mountains o'er
+     And the resounding shore
+       A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament.
+     From haunted spring and dale,
+     Edged with poplar pale,
+       The parting genius is with sighing sent.
+     With flower-inwoven tresses torn
+     The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn."
+
+               MILTON: _On the Morning of Christ's Nativity._
+
+The Christian Fathers explained all oracles and omens by saying
+that there was something in them, but that they were the work of
+the evil one. The miraculous power they seemed to possess worked
+"black magic."
+
+It was a long, hard effort to make men see that their gods had all
+the time been wrong, and harder still to root out the age-long
+growth of rite and symbol. But on the old religion might be grafted
+new names; Midsummer was dedicated to the birth of Saint John;
+Lugnasad became Lammas. The fires belonging to these times of year
+were retained, their old significance forgotten or reconsecrated.
+The rowan, or mountain ash, whose berries had been the food of the
+Tuatha, now exorcised those very beings. The trefoil signified the
+Trinity, and the cross no longer the rays of the sun on water, but
+the cross of Calvary. The fires which had been built to propitiate
+the god and consume his sacrifices to induce him to protect them
+were now lighted to protect the people from the same god, declared
+to be an evil mischief-maker. In time the autumn festival of the
+Druids became the vigil of All Hallows or All Saints' Day.
+
+All Saints' was first suggested in the fourth century, when the
+Christians were no longer persecuted, in memory of all the saints,
+since there were too many for each to have a special day on the
+church calendar. A day in May was chosen by Pope Boniface IV in 610
+for consecrating the Pantheon, the old Roman temple of all the
+gods, to the Virgin and all the saints and martyrs. Pope Gregory
+III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter's to the same, and that day was
+made compulsory in 835 by Pope Gregory IV, as All Saints'. The day
+was changed from May to November so that the crowds that thronged
+to Rome for the services might be fed from the harvest bounty. It
+is celebrated with a special service in the Greek and Roman
+churches and by Episcopalians.
+
+In the tenth century St. Odilo, Bishop of Cluny, instituted a day
+of prayer and special masses for the souls of the dead. He had been
+told that a hermit dwelling near a cave
+
+  "heard the voices and howlings of devils, which complained
+  strongly because that the souls of them that were dead were taken
+  away from their hands by alms and by prayers."
+
+                                       DE VORAGINE: _Golden Legend._
+
+This day became All Souls', and was set for November 2d.
+
+It is very appropriate that the Celtic festival when the spirits of
+the dead and the supernatural powers held a carnival of triumph
+over the god of light, should be followed by All Saints' and All
+Souls'. The church holy-days were celebrated by bonfires to light
+souls through Purgatory to Paradise, as they had lighted the sun to
+his death on Samhain. On both occasions there were prayers: the
+pagan petitions to the lord of death for a pleasant dwelling-place
+for the souls of departed friends; and the Christian for their
+speedy deliverance from torture. They have in common the
+celebrating of death: the one, of the sun; the other, of mortals:
+of harvest: the one, of crops; the other, of sacred memories. They
+are kept by revelry and joy: first, to cheer men and make them
+forget the malign influences abroad; second, because as the saints
+in heaven rejoice over one repentant sinner, we should rejoice over
+those who, after struggles and sufferings past, have entered into
+everlasting glory.
+
+    "Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,
+       Yet were the fields in bud.
+     And the harvest,--when shall it rise again
+       Up through the fire and flood?
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,
+       Was it not all to save
+     Harvest of bread?--Harvest of men?
+       And the bright years, wave on wave?
+
+    _"Search not, search not, my way-worn;
+       Search neither weald nor wave.
+     One is their heavy reaping-time
+       To the earth, that is one wide grave."_
+
+                       MARKS: _All Souls' Eve._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN OMENS
+
+
+The custom of making tests to learn the future comes from the old
+system of augury from sacrifice. Who sees in the nuts thrown into
+the fire, turning in the heat, blazing and growing black, the
+writhing victim of an old-time sacrifice to an idol?
+
+Many superstitions and charms were believed to be active at any
+time, but all those and numerous special ones worked best on
+November Eve. All the tests of all the Celtic festivals have been
+allotted to Hallowe'en. Cakes from the May Eve fire, hemp-seed and
+prophetic dreams from Midsummer, games and sports from Lugnasad
+have survived in varied forms.
+
+Tests are very often tried blindfold, so that the seeker may be
+guided by fate. Many are mystic--to evoke apparitions from the
+past or future. Others are tried with harvest grains and fruits.
+Because skill and undivided attention is needed to carry them
+through successfully, many have degenerated into mere contests of
+skill, have lost their meaning, and become rough games.
+
+Answers are sought to questions about one's future career; chiefly
+to: when and whom shall I marry? what will be my profession and
+degree of wealth, and when shall I die?
+
+[Illustration: IN HALLOWE'EN TIME.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND
+
+
+Ireland has a literature of Hallowe'en, or "Samhain," as it used to
+be called. Most of it was written between the seventh and the
+twelfth centuries, but the events were thought to have happened
+while paganism still ruled in Ireland.
+
+The evil powers that came out at Samhain lived the rest of the time
+in the cave of Cruachan in Connaught, the province which was given
+to the wicked Fomor after the battle of Moytura. This cave was
+called the "hell-gate of Ireland," and was unlocked on November Eve
+to let out spirits and copper-colored birds which killed the farm
+animals. They also stole babies, leaving in their place
+changelings, goblins who were old in wickedness while still in the
+cradle, possessing superhuman cunning and skill in music. One way
+of getting rid of these demon children was to ill-treat them so
+that their people would come for them, bringing the right ones
+back; or one might boil egg-shells in the sight of the changeling,
+who would declare his demon nature by saying that in his centuries
+of life he had never seen such a thing before.
+
+Brides too were stolen.
+
+    "You shall go with me, newly married bride,
+     And gaze upon a merrier multitude;
+     White-armed Nuala and Ængus of the birds,
+     And Feacra of the hurtling foam, and him
+     Who is the ruler of the western host,
+     Finvarra, and the Land of Heart's Desire,
+     Where beauty has no ebb, decay no flood,
+     But joy is wisdom, time an endless song."
+
+               YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+In the first century B. C. lived Ailill and his queen Medb. As they
+were celebrating their Samhain feast in the palace,
+
+    "Three days before Samhain at all times,
+     And three days after, by ancient custom
+     Did the hosts of high aspiration
+     Continue to feast for the whole week."
+
+                   O'CIARAIN: _Loch Garman._
+
+they offered a reward to the man who should tie a bundle of twigs
+about the feet of a criminal who had been hanged by the gate. It
+was dangerous to go near dead bodies on November Eve, but a bold
+young man named Nera dared it, and tied the twigs successfully. As
+he turned to go he saw
+
+  "the whole of the palace as if on fire before him, and the heads
+  of the people of it lying on the ground, and then he thought he
+  saw an army going into the hill of Cruachan, and he followed
+  after the army."
+
+                              GREGORY: _Cuchulain of Muirthemne._
+
+The door was shut. Nera was married to a fairy woman, who betrayed
+her kindred by sending Nera to warn King Ailill of the intended
+attack upon his palace the next November Eve. Nera bore summer
+fruits with him to prove that he had been in the fairy _sid_. The
+next November Eve, when the doors were opened Ailill entered and
+discovered the crown, emblem of power, took it away, and plundered
+the treasury. Nera never returned again to the homes of men.
+
+Another story of about the same time was that of Angus, the son of
+a Tuatha god, to whom in a dream a beautiful maiden appeared. He
+wasted away with love for her, and searched the country for a girl
+who should look like her. At last he saw in a meadow among a
+hundred and fifty maidens, each with a chain of silver about her
+neck, one who was like the beauty of his dream. She wore a golden
+chain about her throat, and was the daughter of King Ethal Anbual.
+King Ethal's palace was stormed by Ailill, and he was forced to
+give up his daughter. He gave as a reason for withholding his
+consent so long, that on Samhain Princess Caer changed from a
+maiden to a swan, and back again the next year.
+
+  "And when the time came Angus went to the loch, and he saw the
+  three times fifty white birds there with their silver chains
+  about their necks, and Angus stood in a man's shape at the edge
+  of the loch, and he called to the girl: 'Come and speak with me,
+  O Caer!'
+
+  "'Who is calling me?' said Caer.
+
+  "'Angus calls you,' he said, 'and if you do come, I swear by my
+  word I will not hinder you from going into the loch again.'"
+
+                              GREGORY: _Cuchulain of Muirthemne._
+
+She came, and he changed to a swan likewise, and they flew away to
+King Dagda's palace, where every one who heard their sweet singing
+was charmed into a sleep of three days and three nights.
+
+Princess Etain, of the race of the Tuatha, and wife of Midir, was
+born again as the daughter of Queen Medb, the wife of Ailill. She
+remembers a little of the land from which she came, is never quite
+happy,
+
+    "But sometimes--sometimes--tell me: have you heard,
+     By dusk or moonset have you never heard
+     Sweet voices, delicate music? Never seen
+     The passage of the lordly beautiful ones
+     Men call the Shee?"
+
+                                SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+even when she wins the love of King Eochaidh. When they have been
+married a year, there comes Midir from the Land of Youth. By
+winning a game of chess from the King, he gets anything he may ask,
+and prays to see the Queen. When he sees her he sings a song of
+longing to her, and Eochaidh is troubled because it is Samhain, and
+he knows the great power the hosts of the air "have then over those
+who wish for happiness."
+
+    "Etain, speak!
+     What is the song the harper sings, what tongue
+     Is this he speaks? for in no Gaelic lands
+     Is speech like this upon the lips of men.
+     No word of all these honey-dripping words
+     Is known to me. Beware, beware the words
+     Brewed in the moonshine under ancient oaks
+     White with pale banners of the mistletoe
+     Twined round them in their slow and stately death.
+     It is the feast of Sáveen" (Samhain).
+
+                                SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+In vain Eochaidh pleads with her to stay with him. She has already
+forgotten all but Midir and the life so long ago in the Land of
+Youth.
+
+    "In the Land of Youth
+       There are pleasant places;
+     Green meadows, woods,
+       Swift grey-blue waters.
+
+    "There is no age there,
+       Nor any sorrow.
+     As the stars in heaven
+       Are the cattle in the valleys.
+
+    "Great rivers wander
+       Through flowery plains.
+     Streams of milk, of mead,
+       Streams of strong ale.
+
+    "There is no hunger
+       And no thirst
+     In the Hollow Land,
+       In the Land of Youth."
+
+              SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+She and Midir fly away in the form of two swans, linked by a chain
+of gold.
+
+Cuchulain, hopelessly sick of a strange illness brought on by Fand
+and Liban, fairy sisters, was visited the day before Samhain by a
+messenger, who promised to cure him if he would go to the
+Otherworld. Cuchulain could not make up his mind to go, but sent
+Laeg, his charioteer. Such glorious reports did Laeg bring back
+from the Otherworld,
+
+    "If all Erin were mine,
+        And the kingship of yellow Bregia,
+     I would give it, no trifling deed,
+        To dwell for aye in the place I reached."
+
+         _Cuchulain's Sick-bed._ (Meyer _trans._)
+
+that Cuchulain went thither, and championed the people there
+against their enemies. He stayed a month with the fairy Fand. Emer,
+his wife at home, was beset with jealousy, and plotted against
+Fand, who had followed her hero home. Fand in fear returned to her
+deserted husband, Emer was given a Druidic drink to drown her
+jealousy, and Cuchulain another to forget his infatuation, and they
+lived happily afterward.
+
+Even after Christianity was made the vital religion in Ireland, it
+was believed that places not exorcised by prayers and by the sign
+of the cross, were still haunted by Druids. As late as the fifth
+century the Druids kept their skill in fortune-telling. King Dathi
+got a Druid to foretell what would happen to him from one
+Hallowe'en to the next, and the prophecy came true. Their religion
+was now declared evil, and all evil or at any rate suspicious
+beings were assigned to them or to the devil as followers.
+
+    "_Maire Bruin:_
+          Are not they, likewise, the children of God?
+
+     _Father Hart:_
+          Colleen, they are the children of the fiend,
+          And they have power until the end of Time,
+          When God shall fight with them a great pitched battle
+          And hack them into pieces."
+
+                               YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+The power of fairy music was so great that St. Patrick himself was
+put to sleep by a minstrel who appeared to him on the day before
+Samhain. The Tuatha De Danann, angered at the renegade people who
+no longer did them honor, sent another minstrel, who after laying
+the ancient religious seat Tara under a twenty-three years' charm,
+burned up the city with his fiery breath.
+
+These infamous spirits dwelt in grassy mounds, called "forts,"
+which were the entrances to underground palaces full of treasure,
+where was always music and dancing. These treasure-houses were open
+only on November Eve
+
+    "For the fairy mounds of Erinn are always
+     opened about Hallowe'en."
+
+       _Expedition of Nera._ (Meyer _trans._)
+
+when the throngs of spirits, fairies, and goblins trooped out for
+revels about the country. The old Druid idea of obsession, the
+besieging of a person by an evil spirit, was practised by them at
+that time.
+
+    "This is the first day of the winter, and to-day the
+     Hosts of the Air are in their greatest power."
+
+                                WARREN: _Twig of Thorn._
+
+If the fairies wished to seize a mortal--which power they had as
+the sun-god could take men to himself--they caused him to give
+them certain tokens by which he delivered himself into their hands.
+They might be milk and fire--
+
+    "_Maire Bruin:_
+          A little queer old woman cloaked in green,
+          Who came to beg a porringer of milk.
+
+     _Bridget Bruin:_
+          The good people go asking milk and fire
+          Upon May Eve--woe to the house that gives,
+          For they have power over it for a year."
+
+                    YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+or one might receive a fairy thorn such as Oonah brings home, which
+shrivels up at the touch of St. Bridget's image;
+
+  "Oh, ever since I kept the twig of thorn and hid it, I have seen
+  strange things, and heard strange laughter and far voices
+  calling."
+
+                                        WARREN: _Twig of Thorn._
+
+or one might be lured by music as he stopped near the fort to watch
+the dancing, for the revels were held in secret, as those of the
+Druids had been, and no one could look on them unaffected.
+
+A story is told of Paddy More, a great stout uncivil churl, and
+Paddy Beg, a cheerful little hunchback. The latter, seeing lights
+and hearing music, paused by a mound, and was invited in. Urged to
+tell stories, he complied; he danced as spryly as he could for his
+deformity; he sang, and made himself so agreeable that the fairies
+decided to take the hump off his back, and send him home a straight
+manly fellow. The next Hallowe'en who should come by the same place
+but Paddy More, and he stopped likewise to spy at the merrymaking.
+He too was called in, but would not dance politely, added no
+stories nor songs. The fairies clapped Paddy Beg's hump on his
+back, and dismissed him under a double burden of discomfort.
+
+A lad called Guleesh, listening outside a fort on Hallowe'en heard
+the spirits speaking of the fatal illness of his betrothed, the
+daughter of the King of France. They said that if Guleesh but knew
+it, he might boil an herb that grew by his door and give it to the
+princess and make her well. Joyfully Guleesh hastened home,
+prepared the herb, and cured the royal girl.
+
+Sometimes people did not have the luck to return, but were led away
+to a realm of perpetual youth and music.
+
+    "_Father Hart._ What are you reading?
+
+     _Maire Bruin._ How a Princess Edane,
+          A daughter of a King of Ireland, heard
+          A voice singing on a May Eve like this,
+          And followed, half awake and half asleep,
+          Until she came into the land of faery,
+          Where nobody gets old and godly and grave,
+          Where nobody gets old and crafty and wise,
+          Where nobody gets old and bitter of tongue;
+          And she is still there, busied with a dance,
+          Deep in the dewy shadow of a wood,
+          Or where stars walk upon a mountain-top."
+
+                      YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+If one returned, he found that the space which seemed to him but
+one night, had been many years, and with the touch of earthly sod
+the age he had postponed suddenly weighed him down. Ossian,
+released from fairyland after three hundred years dalliance there,
+rode back to his own country on horseback. He saw men imprisoned
+under a block of marble and others trying to lift the stone. As he
+leaned over to aid them the girth broke. With the touch of earth
+"straightway the white horse fled away on his way home, and Ossian
+became aged, decrepit, and blind."
+
+No place as much as Ireland has kept the belief in all sorts of
+supernatural spirits abroad among its people. From the time when on
+the hill of Ward, near Tara, in pre-Christian days, the sacrifices
+were burned and the Tuatha were thought to appear on Samhain, to as
+late as 1910, testimony to actual appearances of the "little
+people" is to be found.
+
+  "'Among the usually invisible races which I have seen in Ireland,
+  I distinguish five classes. There are the Gnomes, who are
+  earth-spirits, and who seem to be a sorrowful race. I once saw
+  some of them distinctly on the side of Ben Bulbin. They had
+  rather round heads and dark thick-set bodies, and in stature were
+  about two and one-half feet. The Leprechauns are different, being
+  full of mischief, though they, too, are small. I followed a
+  Leprechaun from the town of Wicklow out to the Carraig Sidhe,
+  "Rock of the Fairies," a distance of half a mile or more, where
+  he disappeared. He had a very merry face, and beckoned to me with
+  his finger. A third class are the Little People, who, unlike the
+  Gnomes and Leprechauns, are quite good-looking; and they are very
+  small. The Good People are tall, beautiful beings, as tall as
+  ourselves.... They direct the magnetic currents of the earth. The
+  Gods are really the Tuatha De Danann, and they are much taller
+  than our race.'"
+
+                         WENTZ: _Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries._
+
+The sight of apparitions on Hallowe'en is believed to be fatal to
+the beholder.
+
+  "One night my lady's soul walked along the wall like a cat. Long
+  Tom Bowman beheld her and that day week fell he into the well and
+  was drowned."
+
+                                      PYLE: _Priest and the Piper._
+
+One version of the Jack-o'-lantern story comes from Ireland. A
+stingy man named Jack was for his inhospitality barred from all
+hope of heaven, and because of practical jokes on the Devil was
+locked out of hell. Until the Judgment Day he is condemned to walk
+the earth with a lantern to light his way.
+
+The place of the old lord of the dead, the Tuatha god Saman, to
+whom vigil was kept and prayers said on November Eve for the good
+of departed souls, was taken in Christian times by St. Colomba or
+Columb Kill, the founder of a monastery in Iona in the fifth
+century. In the seventeenth century the Irish peasants went about
+begging money and goodies for a feast, and demanding in the name of
+Columb Kill that fatted calves and black sheep be prepared. In
+place of the Druid fires, candles were collected and lighted on
+Hallowe'en, and prayers for the souls of the givers said before
+them. The name of Saman is kept in the title "Oidhche Shamhna,"
+"vigil of Saman," by which the night of October 31st was until
+recently called in Ireland.
+
+There are no Hallowe'en bonfires in Ireland now, but charms and
+tests are tried. Apples and nuts, the treasure of Pomona, figure
+largely in these. They are representative winter fruits, the
+commonest. They can be gathered late and kept all winter.
+
+A popular drink at the Hallowe'en gathering in the eighteenth
+century was milk in which crushed roasted apples had been mixed. It
+was called lambs'-wool (perhaps from "La Mas Ubhal," "the day of
+the apple fruit"). At the Hallowe'en supper "callcannon," mashed
+potatoes, parsnips, and chopped onions, is indispensable. A ring is
+buried in it, and the one who finds it in his portion will be
+married in a year, or if he is already married, will be lucky.
+
+  "They had colcannon, and the funniest things were found in
+  it--tiny dolls, mice, a pig made of china, silver sixpences, a
+  thimble, a ring, and lots of other things. After supper was over
+  all went into the big play-room, and dived for apples in a tub of
+  water, fished for prizes in a basin of flour; then there were
+  games----"
+
+                                   TRANT: _Hallowe'en in Ireland._
+
+A coin betokened to the finder wealth; the thimble, that he would
+never marry.
+
+A ring and a nut are baked in a cake. The ring of course means
+early marriage, the nut signifies that its finder will marry a
+widow or a widower. If the kernel is withered, no marriage at all
+is prophesied. In Roscommon, in central Ireland, a coin, a sloe,
+and a bit of wood were baked in a cake. The one getting the sloe
+would live longest, the one getting the wood was destined to die
+within the year.
+
+A mould of flour turned out on the table held similar tokens. Each
+person cut off a slice with a knife, and drew out his prize with
+his teeth.
+
+After supper the tests were tried. In the last century nut-shells
+were burned. The best-known nut test is made as follows: three nuts
+are named for a girl and two sweethearts. If one burns steadily
+with the girl's nut, that lover is faithful to her, but if either
+hers or one of the other nuts starts away, there will be no happy
+friendship between them.
+
+Apples are snapped from the end of a stick hung parallel to the
+floor by a twisted cord which whirls the stick rapidly when it is
+let go. Care has to be taken not to bite the candle burning on the
+other end. Sometimes this test is made easier by dropping the
+apples into a tub of water and diving for them, or piercing them
+with a fork dropped straight down.
+
+Green herbs called "livelong" were plucked by the children and hung
+up on Midsummer Eve. If a plant was found to be still green on
+Hallowe'en, the one who had hung it up would prosper for the year,
+but if it had turned yellow or had died, the child would also die.
+
+Hemp-seed is sown across three furrows, the sower repeating:
+"Hemp-seed, I saw thee, hemp-seed, I saw thee; and her that is to
+be my true love, come after me and draw thee." On looking back over
+his shoulder he will see the apparition of his future wife in the
+act of gathering hemp.
+
+Seven cabbage stalks were named for any seven of the company, then
+pulled up, and the guests asked to come out, and "see their
+sowls."
+
+    "One, two, three, and up to seven;
+     If all are white, all go to heaven;
+       If one is black as Murtagh's evil,
+       He'll soon be screechin' wi' the devil."
+
+Red Mike "was a queer one from his birth, an' no wonder, for he
+first saw the light atween dusk an' dark o' a Hallowe'en Eve." When
+the cabbage test was tried at a party where Mike was present, six
+stalks were found to be white, but Mike's was "all black an' fowl
+wi' worms an' slugs, an' wi' a real bad smell ahint it." Angered at
+the ridicule he received, he cried: "I've the gift o' the night, I
+have, an' on this day my curse can blast whatever I choose." At
+that the priest showed Mike a crucifix, and he ran away howling,
+and disappeared through a bog into the ground.
+
+                                   SHARP: _Threefold Chronicle._
+
+Twelve of the party may learn their future, if one gets a clod of
+earth from the churchyard sets up twelve candles in it, lights and
+names them. The fortune of each will be like that of the
+candle-light named for him,--steady, wavering, or soon in darkness.
+
+A ball of blue yarn was thrown out of the window by a girl who held
+fast to the end. She wound it over on her hand from left to right,
+saying the Creed backwards. When she had nearly finished, she
+expected the yarn would be held. She must ask "Who holds?" and the
+wind would sigh her sweetheart's name in at the window.
+
+In some charms the devil was invoked directly. If one walked about
+a rick nine times with a rake, saying, "I rake this rick in the
+devil's name," a vision would come and take away the rake.
+
+If one went out with nine grains of oats in his mouth, and walked
+about until he heard a girl's name called or mentioned, he would
+know the name of his future wife, for they would be the same.
+
+Lead is melted, and poured through a key or a ring into cold water.
+The form each spoonful takes in cooling indicates the occupation
+of the future husband of the girl who poured it.
+
+  "Now something like a horse would cause the jubilant maiden to
+  call out, 'A dragoon!' Now some dim resemblance to a helmet would
+  suggest a handsome member of the mounted police; or a round
+  object with a spike would seem a ship, and this of course meant a
+  sailor; or a cow would suggest a cattle-dealer, or a plough a
+  farmer."
+
+                                   SHARP: _Threefold Chronicle._
+
+After the future had been searched, a piper played a jig, to which
+all danced merrily with a loud noise to scare away the evil
+spirits.
+
+Just before midnight was the time to go out "alone and unperceived"
+to a south-running brook, dip a shirt-sleeve in it, bring it home
+and hang it by the fire to dry. One must go to bed, but watch till
+midnight for a sight of the destined mate who would come to turn
+the shirt to dry the other side.
+
+Ashes were raked smooth on the hearth at bedtime on Hallowe'en, and
+the next morning examined for footprints. If one was turned from
+the door, guests or a marriage was prophesied; if toward the door,
+a death.
+
+To have prophetic dreams a girl should search for a briar grown
+into a hoop, creep through thrice in the name of the devil, cut it
+in silence, and go to bed with it under her pillow. A boy should
+cut ten ivy leaves, throw away one and put the rest under his head
+before he slept.
+
+If a girl leave beside her bed a glass of water with a sliver of
+wood in it, and say before she falls asleep:
+
+    "Husband mine that is to be,
+     Come this night and rescue me,"
+
+she will dream of falling off a bridge into the water, and of being
+saved at the last minute by the spirit of her future husband. To
+receive a drink from his hand she must eat a cake of flour, soot,
+and salt before she goes to bed.
+
+The Celtic spirit of yearning for the unknown, retained nowhere
+else as much as in Ireland, is expressed very beautifully by the
+poet Yeats in the introduction to his _Celtic Twilight_.
+
+    "The host is riding from Knocknarea
+       And over the grave of Clooth-na-bare;
+       Caolte tossing his burning hair,
+     And Niam calling: 'Away, come away;
+
+    "'And brood no more where the fire is bright,
+       Filling thy heart with a mortal dream;
+       For breasts are heaving and eyes a-gleam:
+     Away, come away to the dim twilight
+
+    "'Arms are heaving and lips apart;
+       And if any gaze on our rushing band,
+       We come between him and the deed of his hand,
+     We come between him and the hope of his heart.'
+
+    "The host is rushing twixt night and day,
+       And where is there hope or deed as fair?
+       Caolte tossing his burning hair,
+     And Niam calling: 'Away, come away.'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+IN SCOTLAND AND THE HEBRIDES
+
+
+As in Ireland the Scotch Baal festival of November was called
+Samhain. Western Scotland, lying nearest Tara, center alike of
+pagan and Christian religion in Ireland, was colonized by both the
+people and the customs of eastern Ireland.
+
+The November Eve fires which in Ireland either died out or were
+replaced by candles were continued in Scotland. In Buchan, where
+was the altar-source of the Samhain fire, bonfires were lighted on
+hilltops in the eighteenth century; and in Moray the idea of fires
+of thanksgiving for harvest was kept to as late as 1866. All
+through the eighteenth century in the Highlands and in Perthshire
+torches of heath, broom, flax, or ferns were carried about the
+fields and villages by each family, with the intent to cause good
+crops in succeeding years. The course about the fields was sunwise,
+to have a good influence. Brought home at dark, the torches were
+thrown down in a heap, and made a fire. This blaze was called
+"Samhnagan," "of rest and pleasure." There was much competition to
+have the largest fire. Each person put in one stone to make a
+circle about it. The young people ran about with burning brands.
+Supper was eaten out-of-doors, and games played. After the fire had
+burned out, ashes were raked over the stones. In the morning each
+sought his pebble, and if he found it misplaced, harmed, or a
+footprint marked near it in the ashes, he believed he should die in
+a year.
+
+In Aberdeenshire boys went about the villages saying: "Ge's a peat
+t' burn the witches." They were thought to be out stealing milk and
+harming cattle. Torches used to counteract them were carried from
+west to east, against the sun. This ceremony grew into a game, when
+a fire was built by one party, attacked by another, and defended.
+As in the May fires of purification the lads lay down in the smoke
+close by, or ran about and jumped over the flames. As the fun grew
+wilder they flung burning peats at each other, scattered the ashes
+with their feet, and hurried from one fire to another to have a
+part in scattering as many as possible before they died out.
+
+In 1874, at Balmoral, a royal celebration of Hallowe'en was
+recorded. Royalty, tenants, and servants bore torches through the
+grounds and round the estates. In front of the castle was a heap of
+stuff saved for the occasion. The torches were thrown on. When the
+fire was burning its liveliest, a hobgoblin appeared, drawing in a
+car the figure of a witch, surrounded by fairies carrying lances.
+The people formed a circle about the fire, and the witch was tossed
+in. Then there were dances to the music of bag-pipes.
+
+It was the time of year when servants changed masters or signed up
+anew under the old ones. They might enjoy a holiday before resuming
+work. So they sang:
+
+    "This is Hallaeven,
+     The morn is Halladay;
+     Nine free nichts till Martinmas,
+     As soon they'll wear away."
+
+Children born on Hallowe'en could see and converse with
+supernatural powers more easily than others. In Ireland, evil
+relations caused Red Mike's downfall (q. v.). For Scotland Mary
+Avenel, in Scott's _Monastery_, is the classic example.
+
+  "And touching the bairn, it's weel kenn'd she was born on
+  Hallowe'en, and they that are born on Hallowe'en whiles see mair
+  than ither folk."
+
+There is no hint of dark relations, but rather of a
+clear-sightedness which lays bare truths, even those concealed in
+men's breasts. Mary Avenel sees the spirit of her father after he
+has been dead for years. The White Lady of Avenel is her peculiar
+guardian.
+
+The Scottish Border, where Mary lived, is the seat of many
+superstitions and other worldly beliefs. The fairies of Scotland
+are more terrible than those of Ireland, as the dells and streams
+and woods are of greater grandeur, and the character of the people
+more serious. It is unlucky to name the fairies, here as elsewhere,
+except by such placating titles as "Good Neighbors" or "Men of
+Peace." Rowan, elm, and holly are a protection against them.
+
+  "I have tied red thread round the bairns' throats, and given ilk
+  ane of them a riding-wand of rowan-tree, forbye sewing up a slip
+  of witch-elm into their doublets; and I wish to know of your
+  reverence if there be onything mair that a lone woman can do in
+  the matter of ghosts and fairies?--be here! that I should have
+  named their unlucky names twice ower!"
+
+                                             SCOTT: _Monastery._
+
+"The sign of the cross disarmeth all evil spirits."
+
+These spirits of the air have not human feelings or motives. They
+are conscienceless. In this respect Peter Pan is an immortal fairy
+as well as an immortal child. While like a child he resents
+injustice in horrified silence, like a fairy he acts with no sense
+of responsibility. When he saves Wendy's brother from falling as
+they fly,
+
+  "You felt it was his cleverness that interested him, and not the
+  saving of human life."
+
+                                        BARRIE: _Peter and Wendy._
+
+The world in which Peter lived was so near the Kensington Gardens
+that he could see them through the bridge as he sat on the shore of
+the Neverland. Yet for a long time he could not get to them.
+
+Peter is a fairy piper who steals away the souls of children.
+
+    "No man alive has seen me,
+       But women hear me play,
+     Sometimes at door or window,
+       Fiddling the souls away--
+     The child's soul and the colleen's
+       Out of the covering clay."
+
+               HOPPER: _Fairy Fiddler._
+
+On Hallowe'en all traditional spirits are abroad. The Scotch
+invented the idea of a "Samhanach," a goblin who comes out just at
+"Samhain." It is he who in Ireland steals children. The fairies
+pass at crossroads,
+
+    "But the night is Hallowe'en, lady,
+       The morn is Hallowday;
+     Then win me, win me, and ye will,
+       For weel I wot ye may.
+
+    "Just at the mirk and midnight hour
+       The fairy folk will ride.
+     And they that wad their true-love win,
+       At Miles Cross they maun bide."
+
+                       _Ballad of Tam Lin._
+
+and in the Highlands whoever took a three-legged stool to where
+three crossroads met, and sat upon it at midnight, would hear the
+names of those who were to die in a year. He might bring with him
+articles of dress, and as each name was pronounced throw one
+garment to the fairies. They would be so pleased by this gift that
+they would repeal the sentence of death.
+
+Even people who seemed to be like their neighbors every day could
+for this night fly away and join the other beings in their revels.
+
+    "This is the nicht o' Hallowe'en
+     When a' the witchie may be seen;
+     Some o' them black, some o' them green,
+     Some o' them like a turkey bean."
+
+A witches' party was conducted in this way. The wretched women who
+had sold their souls to the Devil, left a stick in bed which by
+evil means was made to have their likeness, and, anointed with the
+fat of murdered babies flew off up the chimney on a broomstick with
+cats attendant. Burns tells the story of a company of witches
+pulling ragwort by the roadside, getting each astride her ragwort
+with the summons "Up horsie!" and flying away.
+
+       "The hag is astride
+        This night for a ride,
+    The devils and she together:
+        Through thick and through thin,
+        Now out and now in,
+    Though ne'er so foul be the weather.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+        "A thorn or a burr
+         She takes for a spur,
+    With a lash of the bramble she rides now.
+         Through brake and through briers,
+         O'er ditches and mires,
+    She follows the spirit that guides now."
+
+                          HERRICK: _The Hag._
+
+The meeting-place was arranged by the Devil, who sometimes rode
+there on a goat. At their supper no bread or salt was eaten; they
+drank out of horses' skulls, and danced, sometimes back to back,
+sometimes from west to east, for the dances at the ancient Baal
+festivals were from east to west, and it was evil and ill-omened to
+move the other way. For this dance the Devil played a bag-pipe made
+of a hen's skull and cats' tails.
+
+    "There sat Auld Nick, in shape o' beast;
+     A tousie tyke, black, grim, and large,
+     To gie them music was his charge:
+     He screw'd the pipes and gart them skirl,
+     Till roof and rafters a' did dirl."[1]
+
+                      BURNS: _Tam o' Shanter._
+
+[1] Ring.
+
+The light for the revelry came from a torch flaring between the
+horns of the Devil's steed the goat, and at the close the ashes
+were divided for the witches to use in incantations. People
+imagined that cats who had been up all night on Hallowe'en were
+tired out the next morning.
+
+Tam o' Shanter who was watching such a dance
+
+    "By Alloway's auld haunted kirk"
+
+in Ayrshire, could not resist calling out at the antics of a
+neighbor whom he recognized, and was pursued by the witches. He
+urged his horse to top-speed,
+
+    "Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg,
+     And win the key-stane of the brig;
+     There at them thou thy tail may toss,
+     A running stream they dare na cross!"
+
+                  BURNS: _Tam o' Shanter._
+
+but poor Meg had no tail thereafter to toss at them, for though she
+saved her rider, she was only her tail's length beyond the middle
+of the bridge when the foremost witch grasped it and seared it to
+a stub.
+
+Such witches might be questioned about the past or future.
+
+    "He that dare sit on St. Swithin's Chair,
+     When the Night-Hag wings the troubled air,
+     Questions three, when he speaks the spell,
+     He may ask, and she must tell."
+
+                  SCOTT: _St. Swithin's Chair._
+
+Children make of themselves bogies on this evening, carrying the
+largest turnips they can save from harvest, hollowed out and carved
+into the likeness of a fearsome face, with teeth and forehead
+blacked, and lighted by a candle fastened inside.
+
+If the spirit of a person simply appears without being summoned,
+and the person is still alive, it means that he is in danger. If he
+comes toward the one to whom he appears the danger is over. If he
+seems to go away, he is dying.
+
+An apparition from the future especially is sought on Hallowe'en.
+It is a famous time for divination in love affairs. A typical
+eighteenth century party in western Scotland is described by Robert
+Burns.
+
+Cabbages are important in Scotch superstition. Children believe
+that if they pile cabbage-stalks round the doors and windows of the
+house, the fairies will bring them a new brother or sister.
+
+    "And often when in his old-fashioned way
+     He questioned me,...
+     Who made the stars? and if within his hand
+     He caught and held one, would his fingers burn?
+     If I, the gray-haired dominie, was dug
+     From out a cabbage-garden such as he
+     Was found in----"
+
+                           BUCHANAN: _Willie Baird._
+
+Kale-pulling came first on the program in Burns's _Hallowe'en_.
+Just the single and unengaged went out hand in hand blindfolded to
+the cabbage-garden. They pulled the first stalk they came upon,
+brought it back to the house, and were unbandaged. The size and
+shape of the stalk indicated the appearance of the future husband
+or wife.
+
+  "Maybe you would rather not pull a stalk that was tall and
+  straight and strong--that would mean Alastair? Maybe you would
+  rather find you had got hold of a withered old stump with a lot
+  of earth at the root--a decrepit old man with plenty of money in
+  the bank? Or maybe you are wishing for one that is slim and
+  supple and not so tall--for one that might mean Johnnie Semple."
+
+                                       BLACK: _Hallowe'en Wraith._
+
+A close white head meant an old husband, an open green head a young
+one. His disposition would be like the taste of the stem. To
+determine his name, the stalks were hung over the door, and the
+number of one's stalk in the row noted. If Jessie put hers up third
+from the beginning, and the third man who passed through the
+doorway under it was named Alan, her husband's first name would be
+Alan. This is practised only a little now among farmers. It has
+special virtue if the cabbage has been stolen from the garden of an
+unmarried person.
+
+Sometimes the pith of a cabbage-stalk was pushed out, the hole
+filled with tow, which was set afire and blown through keyholes on
+Hallowe'en.
+
+    "Their runts clean through and through were bored,
+     And stuffed with raivelins fou,
+     And like a chimley when on fire
+     Each could the reek outspue.
+
+    "Jock through the key-hole sent a cloud
+     That reached across the house,
+     While in below the door reek rushed
+     Like water through a sluice."
+
+                      DICK: _Splores of a Hallowe'en._
+
+Cabbage-broth was a regular dish at the Hallowe'en feast. Mashed
+potatoes, as in Ireland, or a dish of meal and milk holds symbolic
+objects--a ring, a thimble, and a coin. In the cake are baked a
+ring and a key. The ring signifies to the possessor marriage, and
+the key a journey.
+
+Apple-ducking is still a universal custom in Scotland. A sixpence
+is sometimes dropped into the tub or stuck into an apple to make
+the reward greater. The contestants must keep their hands behind
+their backs.
+
+Nuts are put before the fire in pairs, instead of by threes as in
+Ireland, and named for a lover and his lass. If they burn to ashes
+together, long happy married life is destined for the lovers. If
+they crackle or start away from each other, dissension and
+separation are ahead.
+
+    "Jean slips in twa, wi' tentie[1] e'e;
+       Wha 't was, she wadna tell;
+     But this is _Jock_, an' this is _me_,
+       She says in to hersel;
+     He bleez'd owre her, an' she owre him,
+       As they wad never mair part;
+     Till fuff! he started up the lum,[2]
+     And Jean had e'en a sair heart
+                  To see't that night."
+
+                      BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Careful.
+
+[2] Chimney.
+
+Three "luggies," bowls with handles like the Druid lamps, were
+filled, one with clean, one with dirty water, and one left empty.
+The person wishing to know his fate in marriage was blindfolded,
+turned about thrice, and put down his left hand. If he dipped it
+into the clean water, he would marry a maiden; if into the dirty, a
+widow; if into the empty dish, not at all. He tried until he got
+the same result twice. The dishes were changed about each time.
+
+This spell still remains, as does that of hemp-seed sowing. One
+goes out alone with a handful of hemp-seed, sows it across ridges
+of ploughed land, and harrows it with anything convenient, perhaps
+with a broom. Having said:
+
+         "Hemp-seed, I saw thee,
+    An' her that is to be my lass
+          Come after me an' draw thee----"
+
+                      BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+he looks behind him to see his sweetheart gathering hemp. This
+should be tried just at midnight with the moon behind.
+
+    "At even o' Hallowmas no sleep I sought,
+     But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought.
+     I scattered round the seed on every side,
+     And three times three in trembling accents cried,
+    'This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow,
+     Who shall my true-love be, the crop shall mow.'"
+
+                                     GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+A spell that has been discontinued is throwing the clue of blue
+yarn into the kiln-pot, instead of out of the window, as in
+Ireland. As it is wound backward, something holds it. The winder
+must ask, "Wha hauds?" to hear the name of her future sweetheart.
+
+    "An' ay she win't, an' ay she swat--
+       I wat she made nae jaukin;
+     Till something held within the pat,
+       Guid Lord! but she was quakin!
+     But whether 't was the Deil himsel,
+       Or whether 't was a bauk-en'[1]
+     Or whether it was Andrew Bell,
+       She did na wait on talkin
+         To speir[2] that night."
+
+                    BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Cross-beam.
+
+[2] Ask.
+
+Another spell not commonly tried now is winnowing three measures of
+imaginary corn, as one stands in the barn alone with both doors
+open to let the spirits that come in go out again freely. As one
+finishes the motions, the apparition of the future husband will
+come in at one door and pass out at the other.
+
+  "'I had not winnowed the last weight clean out, and the moon was
+  shining bright upon the floor, when in stalked the presence of my
+  dear Simon Glendinning, that is now happy. I never saw him
+  plainer in my life than I did that moment; he held up an arrow as
+  he passed me, and I swarf'd awa' wi' fright.... But mark the end
+  o' 't, Tibb: we were married, and the grey-goose wing was the
+  death o' him after a'.'"
+
+                                            SCOTT: _The Monastery._
+
+At times other prophetic appearances were seen.
+
+  "Just as she was at the wark, what does she see in the moonlicht
+  but her ain coffin moving between the doors instead of the
+  likeness of a gudeman! and as sure's death she was in her coffin
+  before the same time next year."
+
+                                       ANON: _Tale of Hallowe'en._
+
+Formerly a stack of beans, oats, or barley was measured round with
+the arms against sun. At the end of the third time the arms would
+enclose the vision of the future husband or wife.
+
+Kale-pulling, apple-snapping, and lead-melting (see Ireland) are
+social rites, but many were to be tried alone and in secret. A
+Highland divination was tried with a shoe, held by the tip, and
+thrown over the house. The person will journey in the direction the
+toe points out. If it falls sole up, it means bad luck.
+
+Girls would pull a straw each out of a thatch in Broadsea, and
+would take it to an old woman in Fraserburgh. The seeress would
+break the straw and find within it a hair the color of the
+lover's-to-be. Blindfolded they plucked heads of oats, and counted
+the number of grains to find out how many children they would have.
+If the tip was perfect, not broken or gone, they would be married
+honorably.
+
+Another way of determining the number of children was to drop the
+white of an egg into a glass of water. The number of divisions was
+the number sought. White of egg is held with water in the mouth,
+like the grains of oats in Ireland, while one takes a walk to hear
+mentioned the name of his future wife. Names are written on papers,
+and laid upon the chimney-piece. Fate guides the hand of a
+blindfolded man to the slip which bears his sweetheart's name.
+
+A Hallowe'en mirror is made by the rays of the moon shining into a
+looking-glass. If a girl goes secretly into a room at midnight
+between October and November, sits down at the mirror, and cuts an
+apple into nine slices, holding each on the point of a knife before
+she eats it, she may see in the moonlit glass the image of her
+lover looking over her left shoulder, and asking for the last piece
+of apple.
+
+The wetting of the sark-sleeve in a south-running burn where "three
+lairds' lands meet," and carrying it home to dry before the fire,
+was really a Scotch custom, but has already been described in
+Ireland.
+
+    "The last Hallowe'en I was waukin[1]
+       My droukit[2] sark-sleeve, as ye kin--
+     His likeness came up the house staukin,
+       And the very grey breeks o' Tam Glen!"
+
+                           BURNS: _Tam Glen._
+
+[1] Watching.
+
+[2] Drenched.
+
+Just before breaking up, the crowd of young people partook of
+sowens, oatmeal porridge cakes with butter, and strunt, a liquor,
+as they hoped for good luck throughout the year.
+
+The Hebrides, Scottish islands off the western coast, have
+Hallowe'en traditions of their own, as well as many borrowed from
+Ireland and Scotland. Barra, isolated near the end of the island
+chain, still celebrates the Celtic days, Beltaine and November Eve.
+
+In the Hebrides is the Irish custom of eating on Hallowe'en a cake
+of meal and salt, or a salt herring, bones and all, to dream of
+some one bringing a drink of water. Not a word must be spoken, nor
+a drop of water drunk till the dream comes.
+
+In St. Kilda a large triangular cake is baked which must be all
+eaten up before morning.
+
+A curious custom that prevailed in the island of Lewis in the
+eighteenth century was the worship of Shony, a sea-god with a Norse
+name. His ceremonies were similar to those paid to Saman in
+Ireland, but more picturesque. Ale was brewed at church from malt
+brought collectively by the people. One took a cupful in his hand,
+and waded out into the sea up to his waist, saying as he poured it
+out: "Shony, I give you this cup of ale, hoping that you'll be so
+kind as to send us plenty of sea-ware, for enriching our ground the
+ensuing year." The party returned to the church, waited for a given
+signal when a candle burning on the altar was blown out. Then they
+went out into the fields, and drank ale with dance and song.
+
+The "dumb cake" originated in Lewis. Girls were each apportioned a
+small piece of dough, mixed with any but spring water. They kneaded
+it with their left thumbs, in silence. Before midnight they pricked
+initials on them with a new pin, and put them by the fire to bake.
+The girls withdrew to the farther end of the room, still in silence.
+At midnight each lover was expected to enter and lay his hand on
+the cake marked with his initials.
+
+In South Uist and Eriskay on Hallowe'en fairies are out, a source
+of terror to those they meet.
+
+    "Hallowe'en will come, will come,
+     Witchcraft will be set a-going,
+     Fairies will be at full speed,
+     Running in every pass.
+     Avoid the road, children, children."
+
+But for the most part this belief has died out on Scottish land,
+except near the Border, and Hallowe'en is celebrated only by
+stories and jokes and games, songs and dances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+IN ENGLAND AND MAN
+
+
+Man especially has a treasury of fairy tradition, Celtic and Norse
+combined. Manx fairies too dwell in the middle world, since they
+are fit for neither heaven nor hell. Even now Manx people think
+they see circles of light in the late October midnight, and little
+folk dancing within.
+
+Longest of all in Man was Sauin (Samhain) considered New Year's
+Day. According to the old style of reckoning time it came on
+November 12.
+
+    "To-night is New Year's night.
+        Hogunnaa!"
+                  _Mummers' Song._
+
+As in Scotland the servants' year ends with October.
+
+New Year tests for finding out the future were tried on Sauin. To
+hear her sweetheart's name a girl took a mouthful of water and two
+handfuls of salt, and sat down at a door. The first name she heard
+mentioned was the wished-for one. The three dishes proclaimed the
+fate of the blindfolded seeker as in Scotland. Each was blindfolded
+and touched one of several significant objects--meal for
+prosperity, earth for death, a net for tangled fortunes.
+
+Before retiring each filled a thimble with salt, and emptied it out
+in a little mound on a plate, remembering his own. If any heap were
+found fallen over by morning, the person it represented was
+destined to die in a year. The Manx looked for prints in the
+smooth-strewn ashes on the hearth, as the Scotch did, and gave the
+same interpretation.
+
+There had been Christian churches in Britain as early as 300 A. D.,
+and Christian missionaries, St. Ninian, Pelagius, and St. Patrick,
+were active in the next century, and in the course of time St.
+Augustine. Still the old superstitions persisted, as they always do
+when they have grown up with the people.
+
+King Arthur, who was believed to have reigned in the fifth century,
+may be a personification of the sun-god. He comes from the
+Otherworld, his magic sword Excalibur is brought thence to him, he
+fights twelve battles, in number like the months, and is wounded to
+death by evil Modred, once his own knight. He passes in a boat,
+attended by his fairy sister and two other queens,
+
+    "'To the island-valley of Avilion;
+      Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
+      Nor ever wind blows loudly; but it lies
+      Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns
+      And bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea----'"
+
+                        TENNYSON: _Passing of Arthur._
+
+The hope of being healed there is like that given to Cuchulain (q.
+v.), to persuade him to visit the fairy kingdom. Arthur was
+expected to come again sometime, as the sun renews his course. As
+he disappeared from the sight of Bedivere, the last of his knights,
+
+    "The new sun rose bringing the new year."
+
+                                      _Ibid._
+
+Avilion means "apple-island." It was like the Hesperides of Greek
+mythology, the western islands where grew the golden apples of
+immortality.
+
+In Cornwall after the sixth century, the sun-god became St.
+Michael, and the eastern point where he appeared St. Michael's
+seat.
+
+    "Where the great vision of the guarded mount
+     Looks toward Namancos, and Bayona's hold."
+
+                              MILTON: _Lycidas._
+
+As fruit to Pomona, so berries were devoted to fairies. They would
+not let any one cut a blackthorn shoot on Hallowe'en. In Cornwall
+sloes and blackberries were considered unfit to eat after the
+fairies had passed by, because all the goodness was extracted. So
+they were eaten to heart's content on October 31st, and avoided
+thereafter. Hazels, because they were thought to contain wisdom and
+knowledge, were also sacred.
+
+Besides leaving berries for the "Little People," food was set out
+for them on Hallowe'en, and on other occasions. They rewarded this
+hospitality by doing an extraordinary amount of work.
+
+    "--how the drudging goblin sweat
+     To earn his cream-bowl duly set,
+     When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
+     His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn
+     That ten day-laborers could not end.
+     Then lies him down the lubbar fiend,
+     And stretcht out all the chimney's length
+     Basks at the fire his hairy strength."
+
+                          MILTON: _L'Allegro._
+
+Such sprites did not scruple to pull away the chair as one was
+about to sit down, to pinch, or even to steal children and leave
+changelings in their places. The first hint of dawn drove them back
+to their haunts.
+
+    "When larks 'gin sing,
+     Away we fling;
+       And babes new borne steal as we go,
+     And elfe in bed
+     We leave instead,
+       And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!"
+
+               JONSON: _Robin Goodfellow._
+
+Soulless and without gratitude or memory spirits of the air may be,
+like Ariel in _The Tempest_. He, like the fairy harpers of Ireland,
+puts men to sleep with his music.
+
+    "_Sebastian._ What, art thou waking?
+
+     _Antonio._ Do you not hear me speak?
+
+     _Sebastian._ I do; and, surely,
+          It is a sleepy language; and thou speak'st
+          Out of thy sleep: What is it thou didst say?
+          This is a strange repose, to be asleep
+          With eyes wide open; standing, speaking, moving,
+          And yet so fast asleep."
+
+                                 SHAKSPERE: _The Tempest._
+
+The people of England, in common with those who lived in the other
+countries of Great Britain and in Europe, dreaded the coming of
+winter not only on account of the cold and loneliness, but because
+they believed that at this time the powers of evil were abroad and
+ascendant. This belief harked back to the old idea that the sun had
+been vanquished by his enemies in the late autumn. It was to forget
+the fearful influences about them that the English kept festival
+so much in the winter-time. The Lords of Misrule, leaders of the
+revelry, "beginning their rule on All Hallow Eve, continued the
+same till the morrow after the Feast of the Purification, commonlie
+called Candelmas day: In all of which space there were fine and
+subtle disguisinges, Maskes, and Mummeries." This was written of
+King Henry IV's court at Eltham, in 1401, and is true of centuries
+before and after. They gathered about the fire and made merry while
+the October tempests whirled the leaves outside, and shrieked round
+the house like ghosts and demons on a mad carousal.
+
+    "The autumn wind--oh hear it howl:
+     Without--October's tempests scowl,
+     As he troops away on the raving wind!
+     And leaveth dry leaves in his path behind.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+      "'Tis the night--the night
+        Of the graves' delight,
+          And the warlock[1] are at their play!
+
+        Ye think that without
+        The wild winds shout,
+          But no, it is they--it is they!"
+
+                            COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Devils.
+
+Witchcraft--the origin of which will be traced farther on--had a
+strong following in England. The three witches in _Macbeth_ are
+really fates who foretell the future, but they have a kettle in
+which they boil
+
+    "Fillet of a fenny snake,
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Eye of newt, and toe of frog,
+     Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,
+     Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,
+     Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,
+     For a charm of powerful trouble----"
+
+                    SHAKSPERE: _Macbeth._
+
+They connect themselves thereby with those evil creatures who
+pursued Tam o' Shanter, and were servants of the Devil. In 1892 in
+Lincolnshire, people believed that if they looked in through the
+church door on Hallowe'en they would see the Devil preaching his
+doctrines from the pulpit, and inscribing the names of new witches
+in his book.
+
+The Spectre Huntsman, known in Windsor Forest as Herne the Hunter,
+and in Todmorden as Gabriel Ratchets, was the spirit of an ungodly
+hunter who for his crimes was condemned to lead the chase till the
+Judgment Day. In a storm on Hallowe'en is heard the belling of his
+hounds.
+
+    "Still, still shall last the dreadful chase
+       Till time itself shall have an end;
+     By day they scour earth's cavern'd space,
+       At midnight's witching hour, ascend.
+
+    "This is the horn, the hound, and horse,
+       That oft the lated peasant hears:
+     Appall'd, he signs the frequent cross,
+       When the wild din invades his ears."
+
+                        SCOTT: _Wild Huntsman._
+
+In the north of England Hallowe'en was called "nut-crack" and
+"snap-apple night." It was celebrated by "young people and
+sweethearts."
+
+A variation of the nut test is, naming two for two lovers before
+they are put before the fire to roast. The unfaithful lover's nut
+cracks and jumps away, the loyal burns with a steady ardent flame
+to ashes.
+
+    "Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,
+     And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name.
+     This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,
+     That in a flame of brightest color blaz'd;
+     As blaz'd the nut, so may thy passion grow,
+     For 't was thy nut that did so brightly glow."
+
+                                  GAY: _The Spell._
+
+If they jump toward each other, they will be rivals. If one of the
+nuts has been named for the girl and burns quietly with a lover's
+nut, they will live happily together. If they are restless, there
+is trouble ahead.
+
+    "These glowing nuts are emblems true
+     Of what in human life we view;
+     The ill-matched couple fret and fume,
+     And thus in strife themselves consume,
+     Or from each other wildly start
+     And with a noise forever part.
+     But see the happy, happy pair
+     Of genuine love and truth sincere;
+
+     With mutual fondness, while they burn
+     Still to each other kindly turn:
+     And as the vital sparks decay,
+     Together gently sink away.
+     Till, life's fierce ordeal being past,
+     Their mingled ashes rest at last."
+
+       GRAYDON: _On Nuts Burning, Allhallows Eve._
+
+Sometimes peas on a hot shovel are used instead.
+
+Down the centuries from the Druid tree-worship comes the spell of
+the walnut-tree. It is circled thrice, with the invocation: "Let
+her that is to be my true-love bring me some walnuts;" and directly
+a spirit will be seen in the tree gathering nuts.
+
+    "Last Hallow Eve I sought a walnut-tree,
+     In hope my true Love's face that I might see;
+     Three times I called, three times I walked apace;
+     Then in the tree I saw my true Love's face."
+
+                                     GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+The seeds of apples were used in many trials. Two stuck on cheeks
+or eyelids indicated by the time they clung the faithfulness of the
+friends named for them.
+
+    "See from the core two kernels brown I take:
+     This on my cheek for Lubberkin is worn,
+     And Booby Clod on t'other side is borne;
+     But Booby Clod soon drops upon the ground,
+     A certain token that his love's unsound;
+     While Lubberkin sticks firmly to the last.
+     Oh! were his lips to mine but joined so fast."
+
+                                  GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+In a tub float stemless apples, to be seized by the teeth of him
+desirous of having his love returned. If he is successful in
+bringing up the apple, his love-affair will end happily.
+
+    "The rosy apple's bobbing
+       Upon the mimic sea--
+     'T is tricksy and elusive,
+       And glides away from me.
+
+    "One moment it is dreaming
+       Beneath the candle's glare,
+     Then over wave and eddy
+       It glances here and there.
+
+    "And when at last I capture
+       The prize with joy aglow,
+     I sigh, may I this sunshine
+       Of golden rapture know
+
+    "When I essay to gather
+       In all her witchery
+     Love's sweetest rosy apple
+       On Love's uncertain sea."
+
+       MUNKITTRICK: _Hallowe'en Wish._
+
+An apple is peeled all in one piece, and the paring swung three
+times round the head and dropped behind the left shoulder. If it
+does not break, and is looked at over the shoulder it forms the
+initial of the true sweetheart's name.
+
+    "I pare this pippin round and round again,
+     My sweetheart's name to flourish on the plain:
+     I fling the unbroken paring o'er my head.
+     A perfect 'L' upon the ground is read."
+
+                                  GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+In the north of England was a unique custom, "the scadding of
+peas." A pea-pod was slit, a bean pushed inside, and the opening
+closed again. The full pods were boiled, and apportioned to be
+shelled and the peas eaten with butter and salt. The one finding
+the bean on his plate would be married first. Gay records another
+test with peas which is like the final trial made with kale-stalks.
+
+    "As peascods once I plucked I chanced to see
+     One that was closely filled with three times three;
+     Which when I crop'd, I safely home convey'd,
+     And o'er the door the spell in secret laid;--
+     The latch moved up, when who should first come in,
+     But in his proper person--Lubberkin."
+
+                                       GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+Candles, relics of the sacred fire, play an important part
+everywhere on Hallowe'en. In England too the lighted candle and the
+apple were fastened to the stick, and as it whirled, each person in
+turn sprang up and tried to bite the apple.
+
+    "Or catch th' elusive apple with a bound,
+     As with the taper it flew whizzing round."
+
+This was a rough game, more suited to boys' frolic than the ghostly
+divinations that preceded it. Those with energy to spare found
+material to exercise it on. In an old book there is a picture of a
+youth sitting on a stick placed across two stools. On one end of
+the stick is a lighted candle from which he is trying to light
+another in his hand. Beneath is a tub of water to receive him if he
+over-balances sideways. These games grew later into practical
+jokes.
+
+The use of a goblet may perhaps come from the story of "The Luck of
+Edenhall," a glass stolen from the fairies, and holding ruin for
+the House by whom it was stolen, if it should ever be broken. With
+ring and goblet this charm was tried: the ring, symbol of marriage,
+was suspended by a hair within a glass, and a name spelled out by
+beginning the alphabet over each time the ring struck the glass.
+
+When tired of activity and noise, the party gathered about a
+story-teller, or passed a bundle of fagots from hand to hand, each
+selecting one and reciting an installment of the tale till his
+stick burned to ashes.
+
+    "I tell ye the story this chill Hallowe'en,
+        For it suiteth the spirit-eve."
+
+                            COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+To induce prophetic dreams the wood-and-water test was tried in
+England also.
+
+    "Last Hallow Eve I looked my love to see,
+     And tried a spell to call her up to me.
+     With wood and water standing by my side
+     I dreamed a dream, and saw my own sweet bride."
+
+                                   GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+Though Hallowe'en is decidedly a country festival, in the
+seventeenth century young gentlemen in London chose a Master of the
+Revels, and held masques and dances with their friends on this
+night.
+
+In central and southern England the ecclesiastical side of
+Hallowtide is stressed.
+
+Bread or cake has till recently (1898) been as much a part of
+Hallowe'en preparations as plum pudding at Christmas. Probably this
+originated from an autumn baking of bread from the new grain. In
+Yorkshire each person gets a triangular seed-cake, and the evening
+is called "cake night."
+
+    "Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere,
+     An end of wheat-sowing we make for this yeare.
+     Remember you, therefore, though I do it not,
+     The seed-cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie-pot."
+
+       TUSSER: _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, 1580.
+
+Cakes appear also at the vigil of All Souls', the next day. At a
+gathering they lie in a heap for the guests to take. In return they
+are supposed to say prayers for the dead.
+
+        "A Soule-cake, a Soule-cake; have mercy on
+    all Christen souls for a Soule-cake."
+
+                                     _Old Saying._
+
+The poor in Staffordshire and Shropshire went about singing for
+soul-cakes or money, promising to pray and to spend the alms in
+masses for the dead. The cakes were called Soul-mass or "somas"
+cakes.
+
+    "Soul! Soul! for a soul-cake;
+     Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake.
+     One for Peter, two for Paul,
+     Three for them who made us all."
+
+                      _Notes and Queries._
+
+In Dorsetshire Hallowe'en was celebrated by the ringing of bells in
+memory of the dead. King Henry VIII and later Queen Elizabeth
+issued commands against this practice.
+
+In Lancashire in the early nineteenth century people used to go
+about begging for candles to drive away the gatherings of witches.
+If the lights were kept burning till midnight, no evil influence
+could remain near.
+
+In Derbyshire, central England, torches of straw were carried about
+the stacks on All Souls' Eve, not to drive away evil spirits, as in
+Scotland, but to light souls through Purgatory.
+
+Like the Bretons, the English have the superstition that the dead
+return on Hallowe'en.
+
+    "'Why do you wait at your door, woman,
+        Alone in the night?'
+     'I am waiting for one who will come, stranger,
+        To show him a light.
+      He will see me afar on the road,
+        And be glad at the sight.'
+
+    "'Have you no fear in your heart, woman,
+        To stand there alone?
+      There is comfort for you and kindly content
+        Beside the hearthstone.'
+      But she answered, 'No rest can I have
+        Till I welcome my own.'
+
+    "'Is it far he must travel to-night,
+        This man of your heart?'
+     'Strange lands that I know not, and pitiless seas
+        Have kept us apart,
+      And he travels this night to his home
+        Without guide, without chart.'
+
+    "'And has he companions to cheer him?'
+        'Aye, many,' she said.
+     'The candles are lighted, the hearthstones are swept,
+        The fires glow red.
+      We shall welcome them out of the night--
+        Our home-coming dead.'"
+
+                                      LETTS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[Illustration: THE WITCH OF THE WALNUT-TREE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+IN WALES
+
+
+In Wales the custom of fires persisted from the time of the Druid
+festival-days longer than in any other place. First sacrifices were
+burned in them; then instead of being burned to death, the
+creatures merely passed through the fire; and with the rise of
+Christianity fire was thought to be a protection against the evil
+power of the same gods.
+
+Pontypridd, in South Wales, was the Druid religious center of
+Wales. It is still marked by a stone circle and an altar on a hill.
+In after years it was believed that the stones were people changed
+to that form by the power of a witch.
+
+In North Wales the November Eve fire, which each family built in
+the most prominent place near the house, was called Coel Coeth.
+Into the dying fire each member of the family threw a white stone
+marked so that he could recognize it again. Circling about the fire
+hand-in-hand they said their prayers and went to bed. In the
+morning each searched for his stone, and if he could not find it,
+he believed that he would die within the next twelve months. This
+is still credited. There is now the custom also of watching the
+fires till the last spark dies, and instantly rushing down hill,
+"the devil (or the cutty black sow) take the hindmost." A
+Cardiganshire proverb says:
+
+    "A cutty[1] black sow
+     On every stile,
+     Spinning and carding
+     Every Allhallows' Eve."
+
+[1] Short-tailed.
+
+November Eve was called "Nos-Galan-Gaeof," the night of the winter
+Calends, that is, the night before the first day of winter. To the
+Welsh it was New Year's Eve.
+
+Welsh fairy tradition resembles that in the near-by countries.
+There is an old story of a man who lay down to sleep inside a
+fairy ring, a circle of greener grass where the fairies danced by
+night. The fairies carried him away and kept him seven years, and
+after he had been rescued from them he would neither eat nor speak.
+
+In the sea was the Otherworld, a
+
+    "Green fairy island reposing
+     In sunlight and beauty on ocean's calm breast."
+
+                            PARRY: _Welsh Melodies._
+
+This was the abode of the Druids, and hence of all supernatural
+beings, who were
+
+    "Something betwixt heaven and hell,
+     Something that neither stood nor fell."
+
+                     SCOTT: _The Monastery._
+
+As in other countries the fairies or pixies are to be met at
+crossroads, where happenings, such as funerals, may be witnessed
+weeks before they really occur.
+
+At the Hallow Eve supper parsnips and cakes are eaten, and nuts and
+apples roasted. A "puzzling jug" holds the ale. In the rim are
+three holes that seem merely ornamental. They are connected with
+the bottom of the jug by pipes through the handle, and the
+unwitting toper is well drenched unless he is clever enough to see
+that he must stop up two of the holes, and drink through the third.
+
+Spells are tried in Wales too with apples and nuts. There is
+ducking and snapping for apples. Nuts are thrown into the fire,
+denoting prosperity if they blaze brightly, misfortune if they pop,
+or smoulder and turn black.
+
+  "Old Pally threw on a nut. It flickered and then blazed up.
+  Maggee tossed one into the fire. It smouldered and gave no
+  light."
+
+                              MARKS: _All-Hallows Honeymoon._
+
+Fate is revealed by the three luggies and the ball of yarn thrown
+out of the window: Scotch and Irish charms. The leek takes the
+place of the cabbage in Scotland. Since King Cadwallo decorated his
+soldiers with leeks for their valor in a battle by a leek-garden,
+they have been held in high esteem in Wales. A girl sticks a knife
+among leeks at Hallowe'en, and walks backward out of the garden.
+She returns later to find that her future husband has picked up the
+knife and thrown it into the center of the leek-bed.
+
+Taking two long-stemmed roses, a girl goes to her room in silence.
+She twines the stems together, naming one for her sweetheart and
+the other for herself, and thinking this rhyme:
+
+    "Twine, twine, and intertwine.
+     Let his love be wholly mine.
+       If his heart be kind and true,
+       Deeper grow his rose's hue."
+
+She can see, by watching closely, her lover's rose grow darker.
+
+The sacred ash figures in one charm. The party of young people seek
+an even-leaved sprig of ash. The first who finds one calls out
+"cyniver." If a boy calls out first, the first girl who finds
+another perfect shoot bears the name of the boy's future wife.
+
+Dancing and singing to the music of the harp close the evening.
+
+Instead of leaving stones in the fire to determine who are to die,
+people now go to church to see by the light of a candle held in the
+hand the spirits of those marked for death, or to hear the names
+called. The wind "blowing over the feet of the corpses" howls about
+the doors of those who will not be alive next Hallowe'en.
+
+On the Eve of All Souls' Day, twenty-four hours after Hallowe'en,
+children in eastern Wales go from house to house singing for
+
+    "An apple or a pear, a plum or a cherry,
+     Or any good thing to make us merry."
+
+It is a time when charity is given freely to the poor. On this
+night and the next day, fires are burned, as in England, to light
+souls through Purgatory, and prayers are made for a good wheat
+harvest next year by the Welsh, who keep the forms of religion very
+devoutly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE
+
+
+The Celts had been taught by their priests that the soul is
+immortal. When the body died the spirit passed instantly into
+another existence in a country close at hand. We remember that the
+Otherworld of the British Isles, peopled by the banished Tuatha and
+all superhuman beings, was either in caves in the earth, as in
+Ireland, or in an island like the English Avalon. By giving a
+mortal one of their magic apples to eat, fairies could entice him
+whither they would, and at last away into their country.
+
+In the Irish story of Nera (q. v.), the corpse of the criminal is
+the cause of Nera's being lured into the cave. So the dead have the
+same power as fairies, and live in the same place. On May Eve and
+November Eve the dead and the fairies hold their revels together
+and make excursions together. If a young person died, he was said
+to be called away by the fairies. The Tuatha may not have been a
+race of gods, but merely the early Celts, who grew to godlike
+proportions as the years raised a mound of lore and legends for
+their pedestal. So they might really be only the dead, and not of
+superhuman nature.
+
+In the fourth century A. D., the men of England were hard pressed
+by the Picts and Scots from the northern border, and were helped in
+their need by the Teutons. When this tribe saw the fair country of
+the Britons they decided to hold it for themselves. After they had
+driven out the northern tribes, in the fifth century, when King
+Arthur was reigning in Cornwall, they drove out those whose cause
+they had fought. So the Britons were scattered to the mountains of
+Wales, to Cornwall, and across the Channel to Armorica, a part of
+France, which they named Brittany after their home-land. In lower
+Brittany, out of the zone of French influence, a language something
+like Welsh or old British is still spoken, and many of the Celtic
+beliefs were retained more untouched than in Britain, not clear of
+paganism till the seventeenth century. Here especially did
+Christianity have to adapt the old belief to her own ends.
+
+Gaul, as we have seen from Cæsar's account, had been one of the
+chief seats of Druidical belief. The religious center was Carnutes,
+now Chartrain. The rites of sacrifice survived in the same forms as
+in the British Isles. In the fields of Deux-Sèvres fires were built
+of stubble, ferns, leaves, and thorns, and the people danced about
+them and burned nuts in them. On St. John's Day animals were burned
+in the fires to secure the cattle from disease. This was continued
+down into the seventeenth century.
+
+The pagan belief that lasted the longest in Brittany, and is by no
+means dead yet, was the cult of the dead. Cæsar said that the Celts
+of Gaul traced their ancestry from the god of death, whom he called
+Dispater. Now figures of l'Ankou, a skeleton armed with a spear,
+can be seen in most villages of Brittany. This mindfulness of
+death was strengthened by the sight of the prehistoric cairns of
+stones on hilltops, the ancient altars of the Druids, and dolmens,
+formed of one flat rock resting like a roof on two others set up on
+end with a space between them, ancient tombs; and by the Bretons
+being cut off from the rest of France by the nature of the country,
+and shut in among the uplands, black and misty in November, and
+blown over by chill Atlantic winds. Under a seeming dull
+indifference and melancholy the Bretons conceal a lively
+imagination, and no place has a greater wealth of legendary
+literature.
+
+What fairies, dwarfs, pixies, and the like are to the Celts of
+other places, the spirits of the dead are to the Celts of Brittany.
+They possess the earth on Christmas, St. John's Day, and All
+Saints'. In Finistère, that western point of France, there is a
+saying that on the Eve of All Souls' "there are more dead in every
+house than sands on the shore." The dead have the power to charm
+mortals and take them away, and to foretell the future. They must
+not be spoken of directly, any more than the fairies of the
+Scottish border, or met with, for fear of evil results.
+
+By the Bretons of the sixth century the near-by island of Britain,
+which they could just see on clear days, was called the Otherworld.
+An historian, Procopius, tells how the people nearest Britain were
+exempted from paying tribute to the Franks, because they were
+subject to nightly summons to ferry the souls of the dead across in
+their boats, and deliver them into the hands of the keeper of
+souls. Farther inland a black bog seemed to be the entrance to an
+otherworld underground. One location which combined the ideas of an
+island and a cave was a city buried in the sea. The people imagined
+they could hear the bells of Ker-Is ringing, and joyous music
+sounding, for though this was a city of the dead, it resembled the
+fairy palaces of Ireland, and was ruled by King Grallon and his
+fair daughter Dahut, who could lure mortals away by her beauty and
+enchantments.
+
+The approach of winter is believed to drive like the flocks, the
+souls of the dead from their cold cheerless graves to the food and
+warmth of home. This is why November Eve, the night before the
+first day of winter, was made sacred to them.
+
+    "When comes the harvest of the year
+     Before the scythe the wheat will fall."
+
+                BOTREL: _Songs of Brittany._
+
+The harvest-time reminded the Bretons of the garnering by that
+reaper, Death. On November Eve milk is poured on graves, feasts and
+candles set out on the tables, and fires lighted on the hearths to
+welcome the spirits of departed kinsfolk and friends.
+
+In France from the twelfth to the fourteenth century stone
+buildings like lighthouses were erected in cemeteries. They were
+twenty or thirty feet high, with lanterns on top. On Hallowe'en
+they were kept burning to safeguard the people from the fear of
+night-wandering spirits and the dead, so they were called
+"lanternes des morts."
+
+The cemetery is the social center of the Breton village. It is at
+once meeting-place, playground, park, and church. The tombs that
+outline the hills make the place seem one vast cemetery. On All
+Souls' Eve in the mid-nineteenth century the "procession of tombs"
+was held. All formed a line and walked about the cemetery, calling
+the names of those who were dead, as they approached their
+resting-places. The record was carefully remembered, so that not
+one should seem to be forgotten.
+
+"We live with our dead," say the Bretons. First on the Eve of All
+Souls' comes the religious service, "black vespers." The
+blessedness of death is praised, the sorrows and shortness of life
+dwelt upon. After a common prayer all go out to the cemetery to
+pray separately, each by the graves of his kin, or to the "place of
+bones," where the remains of those long dead are thrown all
+together in one tomb. They can be seen behind gratings, by the
+people as they pass, and rows of skulls at the sides of the
+entrance can be touched. In these tombs are Latin inscriptions
+meaning: "Remember thou must die," "To-day to me, and to-morrow to
+thee," and others reminding the reader of his coming death.
+
+From the cemetery the people go to a house or an inn which is the
+gathering-place for the night, singing or talking loudly on the
+road to warn the dead who are hastening home, lest they may meet.
+Reunions of families take place on this night, in the spirit of the
+Roman feast of the dead, the Feralia, of which Ovid wrote:
+
+  "After the visit to the tombs and to the ancestors who are no
+  longer with us, it is pleasant to turn towards the living; after
+  the loss of so many, it is pleasant to behold those who remain of
+  our blood, and to reckon up the generations of our descendants."
+
+                                                           _Fasti._
+
+A toast is drunk to the memory of the departed. The men sit about
+the fireplace smoking or weaving baskets; the women apart, knitting
+or spinning by the light of the fire and one candle. The children
+play with their gifts of apples and nuts. As the hour grows later,
+and mysterious noises begin to be heard about the house, and a
+curtain sways in a draught, the thoughts of the company already
+centred upon the dead find expression in words, and each has a tale
+to tell of an adventure with some friend or enemy who has died.
+
+The dead are thought to take up existence where they left it off,
+working at the same trades, remembering their old debts, likes and
+dislikes, even wearing the same clothes they wore in life. Most of
+them stay not in some distant, definite Otherworld, but frequent
+the scenes of their former life. They never trespass upon daylight,
+and it is dangerous to meet them at night, because they are very
+ready to punish any slight to their memory, such as selling their
+possessions or forgetting the hospitality due them. L'Ankou will
+come to get a supply of shavings if the coffins are not lined with
+them to make a softer resting-place for the dead bodies.
+
+The lively Celtic imagination turns the merest coincidence into an
+encounter with a spirit, and the poetic temperament of the
+narrators clothes the stories with vividness and mystery. They tell
+how the presence of a ghost made the midsummer air so cold that
+even wood did not burn, and of groans and footsteps underground as
+long as the ghost is displeased with what his relatives are doing.
+
+Just before midnight a bell-man goes about the streets to give
+warning of the hour when the spirits will arrive.
+
+  "They will sit where we sat, and will talk of us as we talked of
+  them: in the gray of the morning only will they go away."
+
+                                     LE BRAZ: _Night of the Dead._
+
+The supper for the souls is then set out. The poor who live in the
+mountains have only black corn, milk, and smoked bacon to offer,
+but it is given freely. Those who can afford it spread on a white
+cloth dishes of clotted milk, hot pancakes, and mugs of cider.
+
+After all have retired to lie with both eyes shut tight lest they
+see one of the guests, death-singers make their rounds, chanting
+under the windows:
+
+    "You are comfortably lying in your bed,
+     But with the poor dead it is otherwise;
+     You are stretched softly in your bed
+     While the poor souls are wandering abroad.
+
+    "A white sheet and five planks,
+     A bundle of straw beneath the head,
+     Five feet of earth above
+     Are all the worldly goods we own."
+
+                  LE BRAZ: _Night of the Dead._
+
+The tears of their deserted friends disturb the comfort of the
+dead, and sometimes they appear to tell those in sorrow that their
+shrouds are always wet from the tears shed on their graves.
+
+Wakened by the dirge of the death-singers the people rise and pray
+for the souls of the departed.
+
+Divination has little part in the annals of the evening, but one in
+Finistère is recorded. Twenty-five new needles are laid in a dish,
+and named, and water is poured upon them. Those who cross are
+enemies.
+
+In France is held a typical Continental celebration of All Saints'
+and All Souls'. On October 31st the children go asking for flowers
+to decorate the graves, and to adorn the church. At night bells
+ring to usher in All Saints'. On the day itself the churches are
+decorated gaily with flowers, candles, and banners, and a special
+service is held. On the second day of November the light and color
+give way to black drapings, funeral songs, and prayers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES
+
+
+The Teutons, that race of northern peoples called by the Romans,
+"barbarians," comprised the Goths and Vandals who lived in
+Scandinavia, and the Germans who dwelt north of Italy and east of
+Gaul.
+
+The nature of the northern country was such that the people could
+not get a living by peaceful agriculture. So it was natural that in
+the intervals of cattle-tending they should explore the seas all
+about, and ravage neighboring lands. The Romans and the Gauls
+experienced this in the centuries just before and after Christ, and
+England from the eighth to the tenth centuries. Such a life made
+the Norsemen adventurous, hardy, warlike, independent, and quick of
+action, while the Celts were by nature more slothful and fond of
+peaceful social gatherings, though of quicker intellect and wit.
+
+Like the Greeks and Romans, the Teutons had twelve gods and
+goddesses, among whom were Odin or Wotan, the king, and his wife
+Freya, queen of beauty and love. Idun guarded the apples of
+immortality, which the gods ate to keep them eternally young. The
+chief difference in Teutonic mythology was the presence of an evil
+god, Loki. Like Vulcan, Loki was a god of fire, like him, Loki was
+lame because he had been cast out of heaven. Loki was always
+plotting against the other gods, as Lucifer, after being banished
+from Heaven by God, plotted against him and his people, and became
+Satan, "the enemy."
+
+      "Him the Almighty Power
+    Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky
+    With hideous ruin and combustion down
+    To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
+    In adamantine chains and penal fire,
+    Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."
+
+                         MILTON: _Paradise Lost._
+
+It was this god of evil in Teutonic myth who was responsible for
+the death of the bright beautiful sun-god, Baldur. Mistletoe was
+the only thing in the world which had not sworn not to harm Baldur.
+Loki knew this, and gave a twig of mistletoe to Baldur's blind
+brother, Hodur, and Hodur cast it at Baldur and "unwitting slew"
+him. Vali, a younger brother of Baldur, avenged him by killing
+Hodur. Hodur is darkness and Baldur light; they are brothers; the
+light falls a victim to blind darkness, who reigns until a younger
+brother, the sun of the next day, rises to slay him in turn.
+
+Below these gods, all nature was peopled with divinities. There
+were elves of two kinds: black elves, called trolls, who were
+frost-spirits, and guarded treasure (seeds) in the ground; and
+white elves, who lived in mid-heaven, and danced on the earth in
+fairy rings, where a mortal entering died. Will-o'-the-wisps
+hovered over swamps to mislead travellers, and jack-o'-lanterns,
+the spirits of murderers, walked the earth near the places of their
+crimes.
+
+The Otherworlds of the Teutons were Valhalla, the abode of the
+heroes whom death had found on the battlefield, and Niflheim, "the
+misty realm," secure from the cold outside, ruled over by Queen
+Hel. Valkyries, warlike women who rode through the air on swift
+horses, seized the heroes from the field of slaughter, and took
+them to the halls of Valhalla, where they enjoyed daily combats,
+long feasts, and drinking-bouts, music and story-telling.
+
+The sacred tree of the Druids was the oak; that of the Teutonic
+priests the ash. The flat disk of the earth was believed to be
+supported by a great ash-tree, Yggdrasil,
+
+    "An ash know I standing,
+     Named Yggdrasil,
+     A stately tree sprinkled
+     With water the purest;
+     Thence come the dewdrops
+     That fall in the dales;
+     Ever-blooming, it stands
+     O'er the Urdar-fountain."
+
+       _Völuspa saga._ (Blackwell _trans._)
+
+guarded by three fates, Was, Will, and Shall Be. The name of Was
+means the past, of Will, the power, howbeit small, which men have
+over present circumstances, and Shall Be, the future over which man
+has no control. Vurdh, the name of the latter, gives us the word
+"weird," which means fate or fateful. The three Weird Sisters in
+_Macbeth_ are seeresses.
+
+Besides the ash, other trees and shrubs were believed to have
+peculiar powers, which they have kept, with some changes of
+meaning, to this day. The elder (elves' grave), the hawthorn, and
+the juniper, were sacred to supernatural powers.
+
+The priests of the Teutons sacrificed prisoners of war in
+consecrated groves, to Tyr, god of the sword. The victims were not
+burned alive, as by the Druids, but cut and torn terribly, and
+their dead bodies burned. From these sacrifices auspices were
+taken. A man's innocence or guilt was manifested by gods to men
+through ordeals by fire; walking upon red-hot ploughshares, holding
+a heated bar of iron, or thrusting the hands into red-hot
+gauntlets, or into boiling water. If after a certain number of
+days no burns appeared the person was declared innocent. If a
+suspected man, thrown into the water, floated he was guilty; if he
+sank, he was acquitted.
+
+The rites of the Celts were done in secret, and it was forbidden
+that they be written down. Those of the Teutons were commemorated
+in Edda and Saga (poetry and prose).
+
+In the far north the shortness of summer and the length of winter
+so impressed the people that when they made a story about it they
+told of a maiden, the Spring, put to sleep, and guarded, along with
+a hoard of treasure, by a ring of fire. One knight only could break
+through the flames, awaken her and seize the treasure. He is the
+returning sun, and the treasure he gets possession of is the wealth
+of summer vegetation. So there is the story of Brynhild, pricked by
+the "sleep-thorn" of her father, Wotan, and sleeping until Sigurd
+wakens her. They marry, but soon Sigurd has to give her up to
+Gunnar, the relentless winter, and Gunnar cannot rest until he has
+killed Sigurd, and reigns undisturbed. Grimms' story of Rapunzel,
+the princess who was shut up by a winter witch, and of Briar-Rose,
+pricked by a witch's spindle, and sleeping inside a hedge which
+blooms with spring at the knight's approach, mean likewise the
+struggle between summer and winter.
+
+The chief festivals of the Teutonic year were held at Midsummer and
+Midwinter. May-Day, the very beginning of spring, was celebrated by
+May-ridings, when winter and spring, personified by two warriors,
+engaged in a combat in which Winter, the fur-clad king of ice and
+snow, was defeated. It was then that the sacred fire had been
+kindled, and the sacrificial feast held. Judgments were rendered
+then.
+
+The summer solstice was marked by bonfires, like those of the Celts
+on May Eve and Midsummer. They were kindled in an open place or on
+a hill, and the ceremonies held about them were similar to the
+Celtic. As late as the eighteenth century these same customs were
+observed in Iceland.
+
+A May-pole wreathed with magical herbs is erected as the center of
+the dance in Sweden, and in Norway a child chosen May-bride is
+followed by a procession as at a real wedding. This is a symbol of
+the wedding of sun and earth deities in the spring. The May-pole,
+probably imported from Celtic countries, is used at Midsummer
+because the spring does not begin in the north before June.
+
+Yule-tide in December celebrated the sun's turning back, and was
+marked by banquets and gayety. A chief feature of all these feasts
+was the drinking of toasts to the gods, with vows and prayers.
+
+By the sixth century Christianity had supplanted Druidism in the
+British Isles. It was the ninth before Christianity made much
+progress in Scandinavia. After King Olaf had converted his nation,
+the toasts which had been drunk to the pagan gods were kept in
+honor of Christian saints; for instance, those to Freya were now
+drunk to the Virgin Mary or to St. Gertrude.
+
+The "wetting of the sark-sleeve," that custom of Scotland and
+Ireland, was in its earliest form a rite to Freya as the northern
+goddess of love. To secure her aid in a love-affair, a maid would
+wash in a running stream a piece of fine linen--for Freya was fond
+of personal adornment--and would hang it before the fire to dry an
+hour before midnight. At half-past eleven she must turn it, and at
+twelve her lover's apparition would appear to her, coming in at the
+half-open door.
+
+  "The wind howled through the leafless boughs, and there was every
+  appearance of an early and severe winter, as indeed befell. Long
+  before eleven o'clock all was hushed and quiet within the house,
+  and indeed without (nothing was heard), except the cold wind
+  which howled mournfully in gusts. The house was an old farmhouse,
+  and we sat in the large kitchen with its stone floor, awaiting
+  the first stroke of the eleventh hour. It struck at last, and
+  then all pale and trembling we hung the garment before the fire
+  which we had piled up with wood, and set the door ajar, for that
+  was an essential point. The door was lofty and opened upon the
+  farmyard, through which there was a kind of thoroughfare, very
+  seldom used, it is true, and at each end of it there was a gate
+  by which wayfarers occasionally passed to shorten the way. There
+  we sat without speaking a word, shivering with cold and fear,
+  listening to the clock which went slowly, tick, tick, and
+  occasionally starting as the door creaked on its hinges, or a
+  half-burnt billet fell upon the hearth. My sister was ghastly
+  white, as white as the garment which was drying before the fire.
+  And now half an hour had elapsed and it was time to turn.... This
+  we did, I and my sister, without saying a word, and then we again
+  sank on our chairs on either side of the fire. I was tired, and
+  as the clock went tick-a-tick, I began to feel myself dozing. I
+  did doze, I believe. All of a sudden I sprang up. The clock was
+  striking one, two, but ere it could give the third chime, mercy
+  upon us! we heard the gate slam to with a tremendous noise...."
+
+  "Well, and what happened then?"
+
+  "Happened! before I could recover myself, my sister had sprung to
+  the door, and both locked and bolted it. The next moment she was
+  in convulsions. I scarcely knew what happened; and yet it
+  appeared to me for a moment that something pressed against the
+  door with a low moaning sound. Whether it was the wind or not, I
+  can't say. I shall never forget that night. About two hours
+  later, my father came home. He had been set upon by a highwayman
+  whom he beat off."
+
+                                                BORROW: _Lavengro._
+
+Freya and Odin especially had had power over the souls of the dead.
+When Christianity turned all the old gods into spirits of evil,
+these two were accused especially of possessing unlawful learning,
+as having knowledge of the hidden matters of death. This unlawful
+wisdom is the first accusation that has always been brought against
+witches. A mirror is often used to contain it. Such are the
+crystals of the astrologers, and the looking-glasses which on
+Hallowe'en materialize wishes.
+
+From that time in the Middle Ages when witches were first heard of,
+it has nearly always been women who were accused. Women for the
+most part were the priests in the old days: it was a woman to whom
+Apollo at Delphi breathed his oracles. In all times it has been
+women who plucked herbs and concocted drinks of healing and
+refreshment. So it was very easy to imagine that they experimented
+with poisons and herbs of magic power under the guidance of the now
+evil gods. If they were so directed, they must go on occasions to
+consult with their masters. The idea arose of a witches' Sabbath,
+when women were enabled by evil means to fly away, and adore in
+secret the gods from whom the rest of the world had turned. There
+were such meeting-places all over Europe. They had been places of
+sacrifice, of judgment, or of wells and springs considered holy
+under the old religion, and whither the gods had now been banished.
+The most famous was the Blocksberg in the Hartz mountains in
+Germany.
+
+    "Dame Baubo first, to lead the crew!
+     A tough old sow and the mother thereon,
+     Then follow the witches, every one."
+
+          GOETHE: _Faust._ (Taylor _trans._)
+
+In Norway the mountains above Bergen were a resort, and the
+Dovrefeld, once the home of the trolls.
+
+                "It's easy to slip in here,
+    But outward the Dovre-King's gate opens not."
+
+            IBSEN: _Peer Gynt._ (Archer _trans._)
+
+In Italy the witches met under a walnut tree near Benevento; in
+France, in Puy de Dome; in Spain, near Seville.
+
+In these night-ridings Odin was the leader of a wild hunt. In
+stormy, blustering autumn weather
+
+    "The wonted roar was up among the woods."
+
+                             MILTON: _Comus._
+
+Odin rode in pursuit of shadowy deer with the Furious Host behind
+him. A ghostly huntsman of a later age was Dietrich von Bern,
+doomed to hunt till the Judgment Day.
+
+Frau Venus in Wagner's _Tannhäuser_ held her revels in an
+underground palace in the Horselberg in Thuringia, Germany. This
+was one of the seats of Holda, the goddess of spring. Venus herself
+is like the Christian conception of Freya and Hel. She gathers
+about her a throng of nymphs, sylphs, and those she has lured into
+the mountain by intoxicating music and promises. "The enchanting
+sounds enticed only those in whose hearts wild sensuous longings
+had already taken root." Of these Tannhäuser is one. He has stayed
+a year, but it seems to him only one day. Already he is tired of
+the rosy light and eternal music and languor, and longs for the
+fresh green world of action he once knew. He fears that he has
+forfeited his soul's salvation by being there at all, but cries,
+
+    "Salvation rests for me in Mary!"
+
+                WAGNER: _Tannhäuser._
+
+At the holy name Venus and her revellers vanish, and Tannhäuser
+finds himself in a meadow, hears the tinkling herd-bells, and a
+shepherd's voice singing,
+
+    "Frau Holda, goddess of the spring,
+       Steps forth from the mountains old;
+     She comes, and all the brooklets sing,
+       And fled is winter's cold.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Play, play, my pipe, your lightest lay,
+     For spring has come, and merry May!"
+
+             _Tannhäuser._ (Huckel _trans._)
+
+praising the goddess in her blameless state.
+
+By the fifteenth century Satan, taking the place of the gods,
+assumed control of the evil creatures. Now that witches were the
+followers of the Devil, they wrote their names in his book, and
+were carried away by him for the revels by night. A new witch was
+pricked with a needle to initiate her into his company. At the
+party the Devil was adored with worship due to God alone. Dancing,
+a device of the pagans, and hence considered wholly wicked, was
+indulged in to unseemly lengths. In 1883 in Sweden it was believed
+that dances were held about the sanctuaries of the ancient gods,
+and that whoever stopped to watch were caught by the dancers and
+whirled away. If they profaned holy days by this dancing, they were
+doomed to keep it up for a year.
+
+At the witches' Sabbath the Devil himself sometimes appeared as a
+goat, and the witches were attended by cats, owls, bats, and
+cuckoos, because these creatures had once been sacred to Freya. At
+the feast horse-flesh, once the food of the gods at banquets, was
+eaten. The broth for the feast was brewed in a kettle held over the
+fire by a tripod, like that which supported the seat of Apollo's
+priestess at Delphi. The kettle may be a reminder of the one Thor
+got, which gave to each guest whatever food he asked of it, or it
+may be merely that used in brewing the herb-remedies which women
+made before they were thought to practise witchcraft. In the kettle
+were cooked mixtures which caused storms and shipwrecks, plagues,
+and blights. No salt was eaten, for that was a wholesome substance.
+
+The witches of Germany did not have prophetic power; those of
+Scandinavia, like the Norse Fates, did have it. The troll-wives of
+Scandinavia were like the witches of Germany--they were cannibals,
+especially relishing children, like the witch in _Hansel and
+Grethel_.
+
+From the fourteenth to the eighteenth century all through Europe
+and the new world people thought to be witches, and hence in the
+devil's service, were persecuted. It was believed that they were
+able to take the form of beasts. A wolf or other animal is caught
+in a trap or shot, and disappears. Later an old woman who lives
+alone in the woods is found suffering from a similar wound. She is
+then declared to be a witch.
+
+  "There was once an old castle in the middle of a vast thick wood;
+  in it lived an old woman quite alone, and she was a witch. By day
+  she made herself into a cat or a screech-owl, but regularly at
+  night she became a human being again."
+
+                                   GRIMM: _Jorinda and Joringel._
+
+"Hares found on May morning are witches and should be stoned,"
+reads an old superstition. "If you tease a cat on May Eve, it will
+turn into a witch and hurt you."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WALPURGIS NIGHT
+
+
+Walpurga was a British nun who went to Germany in the eighth
+century to found holy houses. After a pious life she was buried at
+Eichstatt, where it is said a healing oil trickled from her
+rock-tomb. This miracle reminded men of the fruitful dew which fell
+from the manes of the Valkyries' horses, and when one of the days
+sacred to her came on May first, the wedding-day of Frau Holda and
+the sun-god, the people thought of her as a Valkyrie, and
+identified her with Holda. As, like a Valkyrie, she rode armed on
+her steed, she scattered, like Holda, spring flowers and fruitful
+dew upon the fields and vales. When these deities fell into
+disrepute, Walpurga too joined the pagan train that swept the sky
+on the eve of May first, and afterwards on mountain-tops to
+sacrifice and to adore Holda, as the priests had sacrificed for a
+prosperous season and a bountiful harvest.
+
+So this night was called Walpurgis Night, when evil beings were
+abroad, and with them human worshippers who still guarded the old
+faith in secret.
+
+This is very like the occasion of November Eve, which shared with
+May first Celtic manifestations of evil. Witches complete the list
+of supernatural beings which are out on Hallowe'en. All are to be
+met at crossroads, with harm to the beholders. A superstition goes,
+that if one wishes to see witches, he must put on his clothes wrong
+side out, and creep backward to a crossroads, or wear wild radish,
+on May Eve.
+
+On Walpurgis Night precaution must be taken against witches who may
+harm cattle. The stable doors are locked and sealed with three
+crosses. Sprigs of ash, hawthorn, juniper, and elder, once sacred
+to the pagan gods, are now used as a protection against them.
+Horseshoes are nailed prongs up on the threshold or over the door.
+Holy bells are hung on the cows to scare away the witches, and they
+are guided to pasture by a goad which has been blessed. Shots are
+fired over the cornfield. If one wishes, he may hide in the corn
+and hear what will happen for a year.
+
+Signs and omens on Walpurgis Night have more weight than at other
+times except on St. John's Day.
+
+    "On Walpurgis Night rain
+     Makes good crops of autumn grain,"
+
+but rain on May Day is harmful to them.
+
+[Illustration: THE WITCHES' DANCE (VALPURGISNACHT.)
+
+_From Painting by Von Kreling._]
+
+Lovers try omens on this eve, as they do in Scotland on Hallowe'en.
+If you sleep with one stocking on, you will find on May morning in
+the toe a hair the color of your sweetheart's. Girls try to find
+out the temperament of their husbands-to-be by keeping a linen
+thread for three days near an image of the Madonna, and at midnight
+on May Eve pulling it apart, saying:
+
+    "Thread, I pull thee;
+     Walpurga, I pray thee,
+     That thou show to me
+     What my husband's like to be."
+
+They judge of his disposition by the thread's being strong or
+easily broken, soft or tightly woven.
+
+Dew on the morning of May first makes girls who wash in it
+beautiful.
+
+    "The fair maid who on the first of May
+     Goes to the fields at break of day
+       And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree
+       Will ever after handsome be."
+
+               _Encyclopedia of Superstitions._
+
+A heavy dew on this morning presages a good "butter-year." You will
+find fateful initials printed in dew on a handkerchief that has
+been left out all the night of April thirtieth. On May Day girls
+invoke the cuckoo:
+
+    "Cuckoo! cuckoo! on the bough,
+     Tell me truly, tell me how
+     Many years there will be
+     Till a husband comes to me."
+
+Then they count the calls of the cuckoo until he pauses again.
+
+If a man wears clothes made of yarn spun on Walpurgis Night to the
+May-shooting, he will always hit the bull's-eye, for the Devil
+gives away to those he favors, "freikugeln," bullets which always
+hit the mark.
+
+On Walpurgis Night as on Hallowe'en strange things may happen to
+one. Zschokke tells a story of a Walpurgis Night dream that is more
+a vision than a dream. Led to be unfaithful to his wife, a man
+murders the husband of a former sweetheart; to escape capture he
+fires a haystack, from which a whole village is kindled. In his
+flight he enters an empty carriage, and drives away madly, crushing
+the owner under the wheels. He finds that the dead man is his own
+brother. Faced by the person whom he believes to be the Devil,
+responsible for his misfortunes, the wretched man is ready to
+worship him if he will protect him. He finds that the seeming Devil
+is in reality his guardian-angel who sent him this dream that he
+might learn the depths of wickedness lying unfathomed in his
+heart, waiting an opportunity to burst out.
+
+Both May Eve and St. John's Eve are times of freedom and
+unrestraint. People are filled with a sort of madness which makes
+them unaccountable for their deeds.
+
+  "For you see, pastor, within every one of us a spark of paganism
+  is glowing. It has outlasted the thousand years since the old
+  Teutonic times. Once a year it flames up high, and we call it St.
+  John's Fire. Once a year comes Free-night. Yes, truly,
+  Free-night. Then the witches, laughing scornfully, ride to
+  Blocksberg, upon the mountain-top, on their broomsticks, the same
+  broomsticks with which at other times their witchcraft is whipped
+  out of them,--then the whole wild company skims along the forest
+  way,--and then the wild desires awaken in our hearts which life
+  has not fulfilled."
+
+                    SUDERMANN: _St. John's Fire._ (Porter _trans._)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
+
+
+Only the Celts and the Teutons celebrate an occasion actually like
+our Hallowe'en. The countries of southern Europe make of it a
+religious vigil, like that already described in France.
+
+In Italy on the night of All Souls', the spirits of the dead are
+thought to be abroad, as in Brittany. They may mingle with living
+people, and not be remarked. The _Miserere_ is heard in all the
+cities. As the people pass dressed in black, bells are rung on
+street corners to remind them to pray for the souls of the dead. In
+Naples the skeletons in the funeral vaults are dressed up, and the
+place visited on All Souls' Day. In Salerno before the people go to
+the all-night service at church they set out a banquet for the
+dead. If any food is left in the morning, evil is in store for the
+house.
+
+    "Hark! Hark to the wind! 'T is the night, they say,
+     When all souls come back from the far away--
+     The dead, forgotten this many a day!
+
+    "And the dead remembered--ay! long and well--
+     And the little children whose spirits dwell
+     In God's green garden of asphodel.
+
+    "Have you reached the country of all content,
+     O souls we know, since the day you went
+     From this time-worn world, where your years were spent?
+
+    "Would you come back to the sun and the rain,
+     The sweetness, the strife, the thing we call pain,
+     And then unravel life's tangle again?
+
+    "I lean to the dark--Hush!--was it a sigh?
+     Or the painted vine-leaves that rustled by?
+     Or only a night-bird's echoing cry?"
+
+                                      SHEARD: _Hallowe'en._
+
+In Malta bells are rung, prayers said, and mourning worn on All
+Souls' Day. Graves are decorated, and the inscriptions on tombs
+read and reread. For the poor is prepared an All Souls' dinner, as
+cakes are given to the poor in England and Wales. The custom of
+decorating graves with flowers and offering flowers to the dead
+comes from the crowning of the dead by the ancients with
+short-lived blooms, to signify the brevity of life.
+
+In Spain at dark on Hallowe'en cakes and nuts are laid on graves to
+bribe the spirits not to disturb the vigils of the saints.
+
+In Germany the graves of the dead are decorated with flowers and
+lights, on the first and second of November. To drive away ghosts
+from a church a key or a wand must be struck three times against a
+bier. An All Souls' divination in Germany is a girl's going out and
+asking the first young man she meets his name. Her husband's will
+be like it. If she walks thrice about a church and makes a wish,
+she will see it fulfilled.
+
+Belgian children build shrines in front of their homes with
+figures of the Madonna and candles, and beg for money to buy cakes.
+As many cakes as one eats, so many souls he frees from Purgatory.
+
+The races of northern Europe believed that the dead returned, and
+were grieved at the lamentations of their living relatives. The
+same belief was found in Brittany, and among the American Indians.
+
+    "Think of this, O Hiawatha!
+     Speak of it to all the people,
+     That henceforward and forever
+     They no more with lamentations
+     Sadden souls of the departed
+     In the Islands of the Blessèd."
+
+             LONGFELLOW: _Hiawatha._
+
+The Chinese fear the dead and the dragons of the air. They devote
+the first three weeks in April to visiting the graves of their
+ancestors, and laying baskets of offerings on them. The great
+dragon, Feng-Shin, flies scattering blessings upon the houses. His
+path is straight, unless he meets with some building. Then he turns
+aside, and the owner of the too lofty edifice misses the blessing.
+
+At Nikko, Japan, where there are many shrines to the spirits of the
+dead, masques are held to entertain the ghosts who return on
+Midsummer Day. Every street is lined with lighted lanterns, and the
+spirits are sent back to the otherworld in straw boats lit with
+lanterns, and floated down the river. To see ghosts in Japan one
+must put one hundred rush-lights into a large lantern, and repeat
+one hundred lines of poetry, taking one light out at the end of
+each line; or go out into the dark with one light and blow it out.
+Ghosts are identified with witches. They come back especially on
+moonlit nights.
+
+  "On moonlight nights, when the coast-wind whispers in the
+  branches of the tree, O-Matsue and Teoyo may sometimes be seen,
+  with bamboo rakes in their hands, gathering together the needles
+  of the fir."
+
+                             RINDER: _Great Fir-Tree of Takasago._
+
+There is a Chinese saying that a mirror is the soul of a woman. A
+pretty story is told of a girl whose mother before she died gave
+her a mirror, saying:
+
+"Now after I am dead, if you think longingly of me, take out the
+thing that you will find inside this box, and look at it. When you
+do so my spirit will meet yours, and you will be comforted." When
+she was lonely or her stepmother was harsh with her, the girl went
+to her room and looked earnestly into the mirror. She saw there
+only her own face, but it was so much like her mother's that she
+believed it was hers indeed, and was consoled. When the stepmother
+learned what it was her daughter cherished so closely, her heart
+softened toward the lonely girl, and her life was made easier.
+
+By the Arabs spirits were called Djinns (or genii). They came from
+fire, and looked like men or beasts. They might be good or evil,
+beautiful or horrible, and could disappear from mortal sight at
+will. Nights when they were abroad, it behooved men to stay under
+cover.
+
+    "Ha! They are on us, close without!
+       Shut tight the shelter where we lie;
+     With hideous din the monster rout,
+       Dragon and vampire, fill the sky."
+
+                        HUGO: _The Djinns._
+
+[Illustration: FORTUNE-TELLING.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA
+
+
+In Colonial days Hallowe'en was not celebrated much in America.
+Some English still kept the customs of the old world, such as
+apple-ducking and snapping, and girls tried the apple-paring charm
+to reveal their lovers' initials, and the comb-and-mirror test to
+see their faces. Ballads were sung and ghost-stories told, for the
+dead were thought to return on Hallowe'en.
+
+  "There was a young officer in Phips's company at the time of the
+  finding of the Spanish treasure-ship, who had gone mad at the
+  sight of the bursting sacks that the divers had brought up from
+  the sea, as the gold coins covered the deck. This man had once
+  lived in the old stone house on the 'faire greene lane,' and a
+  report had gone out that his spirit still visited it, and caused
+  discordant noises. Once ... on a gusty November evening, when the
+  clouds were scudding over the moon, a hall-door had blown open
+  with a shrieking draft and a force that caused the floor to
+  tremble."
+
+                             BUTTERWORTH: _Hallowe'en Reformation._
+
+Elves, goblins, and fairies are native on American soil. The
+Indians believed in evil _manitous_, some of whom were water-gods
+who exacted tribute from all who passed over their lakes. Henry
+Hudson and his fellow-explorers haunted as mountain-trolls the
+Catskill range. Like Ossian and so many other visitors to the
+Otherworld, Rip Van Winkle is lured into the strange gathering,
+thinks that he passes the night there, wakes, and goes home to find
+that twenty years have whitened his hair, rusted his gun, and
+snatched from life many of his boon-companions.
+
+  "My gun must have cotched the rheumatix too. Now that's too bad.
+  Them fellows have gone and stolen my good gun, and leave me this
+  rusty old barrel.
+
+  "Why, is that the village of Falling Waters that I see? Why, the
+  place is more than twice the size it was last night--I----
+
+  "I don't know whether I am dreaming, or sleeping, or waking."
+
+                                      JEFFERSON: _Rip Van Winkle._
+
+The persecution of witches, prevalent in Europe, reached this side
+of the Atlantic in the seventeenth century.
+
+    "This sudden burst of wickedness and crime
+     Was but the common madness of the time,
+     When in all lands, that lie within the sound
+     Of Sabbath bells, a witch was burned or drowned."
+
+         LONGFELLOW: _Giles Corey of the Salem Farms._
+
+Men and women who had enemies to accuse them of evil knowledge and
+the power to cause illness in others, were hanged or pressed to
+death by heavy weights. Such sicknesses they could cause by keeping
+a waxen image, and sticking pins or nails into it, or melting it
+before the fire. The person whom they hated would be in torture, or
+would waste away like the waxen doll. Witches' power to injure and
+to prophesy came from the Devil, who marked them with a
+needle-prick. Such marks were sought as evidence at trials.
+
+"Witches' eyes are coals of fire from the pit." They were attended
+by black cats, owls, bats, and toads.
+
+Iron, as being a product of fire, was a protection against them, as
+against evil spirits everywhere. It had especial power when in the
+shape of a horseshoe.
+
+    "This horseshoe will I nail upon the threshold.
+     There, ye night-hags and witches that torment
+     The neighborhood, ye shall not enter here."
+
+       LONGFELLOW: _Giles Corey of the Salem Farms._
+
+The holiday-time of elves, witches, and ghosts is Hallowe'en. It is
+not believed in here except by some children, who people the dark
+with bogies who will carry them away if they are naughty.
+
+    "Onc't they was a little boy wouldn't say his prayers--
+     An' when he went to bed at night, away upstairs,
+     His mammy heerd him holler, an' his daddy heerd him bawl,
+     An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wasn't there at all!
+
+     An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an'
+        press,
+     An' seeked him up the chimbley-flue, an' ever'wheres, I guess;
+     But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout!
+     An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you, ef you don't watch out!"
+
+                                     RILEY: _Little Orphant Annie._
+
+Negroes are very superstitious, putting faith in all sorts of
+supernatural beings.
+
+    "Blame my trap! how de wind do blow;
+     And dis is das de night for de witches, sho!
+     Dey's trouble going to waste when de ole slut whine,
+     An' you hear de cat a-spittin' when de moon don't shine."
+
+                               RILEY: _When de Folks is Gone._
+
+While the original customs of Hallowe'en are being forgotten more
+and more across the ocean, Americans have fostered them, and are
+making this an occasion something like what it must have been in
+its best days overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States
+are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries.
+All superstitions, everyday ones, and those pertaining to Christmas
+and New Year's, have special value on Hallowe'en.
+
+It is a night of ghostly and merry revelry. Mischievous spirits
+choose it for carrying off gates and other objects, and hiding them
+or putting them out of reach.
+
+  "Dear me, Polly, I wonder what them boys will be up to to-night.
+  I do hope they'll not put the gate up on the shed as they did
+  last year."
+
+                                  WRIGHT: _Tom's Hallowe'en Joke._
+
+Bags filled with flour sprinkle the passers-by. Door-bells are rung
+and mysterious raps sounded on doors, things thrown into halls, and
+knobs stolen. Such sports mean no more at Hallowe'en than the
+tricks played the night before the Fourth of July have to do with
+the Declaration of Independence. We see manifested on all such
+occasions the spirit of "Free-night" of which George von Hartwig
+speaks so enthusiastically in _St. John's Fire_ (page 141).
+
+Hallowe'en parties are the real survival of the ancient merrymakings.
+They are prepared for in secret. Guests are not to divulge the fact
+that they are invited. Often they come masked, as ghosts or witches.
+
+The decorations make plain the two elements of the festival.
+For the centerpiece of the table there may be a hollowed pumpkin,
+filled with apples and nuts and other fruits of harvest, or
+a pumpkin-chariot drawn by field-mice. So it is clear that this
+is a harvest-party, like Pomona's feast. In the coach rides a
+witch, representing the other element, of magic and prophecy.
+Jack-o'-lanterns, with which the room is lighted, are hollowed
+pumpkins with candles inside. The candle-light shines through holes
+cut like features. So the lantern becomes a bogy, and is held up at
+a window to frighten those inside. Corn-stalks from the garden
+stand in clumps about the room. A frieze of witches on broomsticks,
+with cats, bats, and owls surmounts the fireplace, perhaps. A full
+moon shines over all, and a caldron on a tripod holds fortunes
+tied in nut-shells. The prevailing colors are yellow and black: a
+deep yellow is the color of most ripe grain and fruit; black stands
+for black magic and demoniac influence. Ghosts and skulls and
+cross-bones, symbols of death, startle the beholder. Since
+Hallowe'en is a time for lovers to learn their fate, hearts and
+other sentimental tokens are used to good effect, as the Scotch
+lads of Burns's time wore love-knots.
+
+Having marched to the dining-room to the time of a dirge, the
+guests find before them plain, hearty fare; doughnuts, gingerbread,
+cider, popcorn, apples, and nuts honored by time. The Hallowe'en
+cake has held the place of honor since the beginning here in
+America. A ring, key, thimble, penny, and button baked in it
+foretell respectively speedy marriage, a journey, spinsterhood,
+wealth, and bachelorhood.
+
+  "Polly was going to be married, Jennie was going on a long
+  journey, and you--down went the knife against something hard. The
+  girls crowded round. You had a hurt in your throat, and there,
+  there, in your slice, was the horrid, hateful, big brass thimble.
+  It was more than you could bear--soaking, dripping wet, and an
+  old maid!"
+
+                                        BRADLEY: _Different Party._
+
+[Illustration: A WITCH TABLE.
+
+AN OWL TABLE.
+
+HALLOWE'EN TABLES, I.]
+
+The kitchen is the best place for the rough games and after-supper
+charms.
+
+On the stems of the apples which are to be dipped for may be tied
+names; for the boys in one tub, for the girls in another. Each
+searcher of the future must draw out with his teeth an apple with a
+name which will be like that of his future mate.
+
+A variation of the Irish snap-apple is a hoop hung by strings from
+the ceiling, round which at intervals are placed bread, apples,
+cakes, peppers, candies, and candles. The strings are twisted, then
+let go, and as the hoop revolves, each may step up and get a bite
+from whatever comes to him. By the taste he determines what the
+character of his married life will be,--whether wholesome, acid,
+soft, fiery, or sweet. Whoever bites the candle is twice
+unfortunate, for he must pay a forfeit too. An apple and a bag of
+flour are placed on the ends of a stick, and whoever dares to seize
+a mouthful of apple must risk being blinded by flour. Apples are
+suspended one to a string in a doorway. As they swing, each guest
+tries to secure his apple. To blow out a candle as it revolves on a
+stick requires attention and accuracy of aim.
+
+[Illustration: A WITCHES'-CALDRON TABLE.
+
+A BLACK-CAT TABLE.
+
+HALLOWE'EN TABLES, II.]
+
+The one who first succeeds in threading a needle as he sits on a
+round bottle on the floor, will be first married. Twelve candles
+are lighted, and placed at convenient distances on the floor in a
+row. As the guest leaps over them, the first he blows out will
+indicate his wedding-month. One candle only placed on the floor and
+blown out in the same way means a year of wretchedness ahead. If it
+still burns, it presages a year of joy.
+
+Among the quieter tests some of the most common are tried with
+apple-seeds. As in England a pair of seeds named for two lovers are
+stuck on brow or eyelids. The one who sticks longer is the true,
+the one who soon falls, the disloyal sweetheart. Seeds are used in
+this way to tell also whether one is to be a traveler or a
+stay-at-home. Apple-seeds are twice ominous, partaking of both
+apple and nut nature. Even the number of seeds found in a core has
+meaning. If you put them upon the palm of your hand, and strike it
+with the other, the number remaining will tell you how many letters
+you will receive in a fortnight. With twelve seeds and the names of
+twelve friends, the old rhyme may be repeated:
+
+    "One I love,
+     Two I love,
+     Three I love, I say;
+     Four I love with all my heart:
+     Five I cast away.
+     Six he loves,
+     Seven she loves,
+     Eight they both love;
+     Nine he comes,
+     Ten he tarries,
+     Eleven he courts, and
+     Twelve he marries."
+
+Nuts are burned in the open fire. It is generally agreed that the
+one for whom the first that pops is named, loves.
+
+    "If he loves me, pop and fly;
+     If he hates me, live and die."
+
+Often the superstition connected therewith is forgotten in the
+excitement of the moment.
+
+    "When ebery one among us toe de smallest pickaninny
+     Would huddle in de chimbley cohnah's glow,
+     Toe listen toe dem chilly win's ob ole Novembah's
+     Go a-screechin' lack a spook around de huts,
+     'Twell de pickaninnies' fingahs gits to shakin' o'er de embahs,
+     An' dey laik ter roas' dey knuckles 'stead o' nuts."
+
+                                  IN WERNER'S _Readings, Number 31_.
+
+Letters of the alphabet are carved on a pumpkin. Fate guides the
+hand of the blindfolded seeker to the fateful initial which he
+stabs with a pin. Letters cut out of paper are sprinkled on water
+in a tub. They form groups from which any one with imagination may
+spell out names.
+
+Girls walk down cellar backward with a candle in one hand and a
+looking-glass in the other, expecting to see a face in the glass.
+
+    "Last night 't was witching Hallowe'en,
+       Dearest; an apple russet-brown
+       I pared, and thrice above my crown
+     Whirled the long skin; they watched it keen;
+       I flung it far; they laughed and cried me shame--
+       Dearest, there lay the letter of your name.
+
+    "Took I the mirror then, and crept
+       Down, down the creaking narrow stair;
+       The milk-pans caught my candle's flare
+     And mice walked soft and spiders slept.
+       I spoke the spell, and stood the magic space,
+       Dearest--and in the glass I saw your face!
+
+    "And then I stole out in the night
+       Alone; the frogs piped sweet and loud,
+       The moon looked through a ragged cloud.
+     Thrice round the house I sped me light,
+       Dearest; and there, methought--charm of my charms!
+       You met me, kissed me, took me to your arms!"
+
+                                     OPPER: _The Charms._
+
+There are many mirror-tests. A girl who sits before a mirror at
+midnight on Hallowe'en combing her hair and eating an apple will
+see the face of her true love reflected in the glass. Standing so
+that through a window she may see the moon in a glass she holds,
+she counts the number of reflections to find out how many pleasant
+things will happen to her in the next twelve months. Alabama has
+taken over the Scotch mirror test in its entirety.
+
+A girl with a looking-glass in her hand steps backward from the
+door out into the yard. Saying:
+
+    "Round and round, O stars so fair!
+     Ye travel, and search out everywhere.
+     I pray you, sweet stars, now show to me,
+     This night, who my future husband shall be!"
+
+she goes to meet her fate.
+
+  "So Leslie backed out at the door, and we shut it upon her. The
+  instant after, we heard a great laugh. Off the piazza she had
+  stepped backward directly against two gentlemen coming in.
+
+  "Doctor Ingleside was one, coming to get his supper; the other
+  was a friend of his.... 'Doctor John Hautayne,' he said,
+  introducing him by his full name."
+
+                                            WHITNEY: _We Girls._
+
+A custom that is a reminder of the lighted boats sent down-stream
+in Japan to bear away the souls of the dead, is that which makes
+use of nut-shell boats. These have tiny candles fastened in them,
+are lighted, and named, and set adrift on a tub of water. If they
+cling to the side, their namesakes will lead a quiet life. Some
+will float together. Some will collide and be shipwrecked. Others
+will bear steadily toward a goal though the waves are rocked in a
+tempest. Their behavior is significant. The candle which burns
+longest belongs to the one who will marry first.
+
+The Midsummer wheel which was rolled down into the Moselle River in
+France, and meant, if the flames that wreathed it were not
+extinguished, that the grape-harvest would be abundant, has
+survived in the fortune wheel which is rolled about from one guest
+to another, and brings a gift to each.
+
+The actions of cats on Hallowe'en betoken good or bad luck. If a
+cat sits quietly beside any one, he will enjoy a peaceful,
+prosperous life; if one rubs against him, it brings good luck,
+doubly good if one jumps into his lap. If a cat yawns near you on
+Hallowe'en, be alert and do not let opportunity slip by you. If a
+cat runs from you, you have a secret which will be revealed in
+seven days.
+
+Different states have put interpretations of their own on the
+commonest charms. In Massachusetts the one who first draws an apple
+from the tub with his teeth will be first married. If a girl steals
+a cabbage, she will see her future husband as she pulls it up, or
+meet him as she goes home. If these fail, she must put the cabbage
+over the door and watch to see whom it falls on, for him she is to
+marry. A button concealed in mashed potato brings misfortune to the
+finder. The names of three men are written on slips of paper, and
+enclosed in three balls of meal. The one that rises first when they
+are thrown into water will disclose the sought-for name.
+
+Maine has borrowed the yarn-test from Scotland. A ball is thrown
+into a barn or cellar, and wound off on the hand. The lover will
+come and help to wind. Girls in New Hampshire place in a row three
+dishes with earth, water, and a ring in them, respectively. The one
+who blindfolded touches earth will soon die; water, will never
+marry; the ring, will soon be wedded.
+
+To dream of the future on Hallowe'en in Pennsylvania, one must go
+out of the front door backward, pick up dust or grass, wrap it in
+paper, and put it under his pillow.
+
+In Maryland girls see their future husbands by a rite similar to
+the Scotch "wetting of the sark-sleeve." They put an egg to roast,
+and open wide all the doors and windows. The man they seek will
+come in and turn the egg. At supper girls stand behind the chairs,
+knowing that the ones they are to marry will come to sit in front
+of them.
+
+The South has always been famous for its hospitality and good
+times. On Hallowe'en a miniature Druid-fire burns in a bowl on the
+table. In the blazing alcohol are put fortunes wrapped in tin-foil,
+figs, orange-peel, raisins, almonds, and dates. The one who
+snatches the best will meet his sweetheart inside of a year, and
+all may try for a fortune from the flames. The origin of this
+custom was the taking of omens from the death-struggles of
+creatures burning in the fire of sacrifice.
+
+Another Southern custom is adapted from one of Brittany. Needles
+are named and floated in a dish of water. Those which cling side by
+side are lovers.
+
+Good fortune is in store for the one who wins an apple from the
+tub, or against whose glass a ring suspended by a hair strikes with
+a sharp chime.
+
+A very elaborate charm is tried in Newfoundland. As the clock
+strikes midnight a girl puts the twenty-six letters of the
+alphabet, cut from paper, into a pure-white bowl which has been
+touched by the lips of a new-born babe only. After saying:
+
+    "Kind fortune, tell me where is he
+     Who my future lord shall be;
+     From this bowl all that I claim
+     Is to know my sweetheart's name."
+
+she puts the bowl into a safe place until morning. Then she is
+blindfolded and picks out the same number of letters as there are
+in her own name, and spells another from them.
+
+In New Brunswick, instead of an apple, a hard-boiled egg without
+salt is eaten before a mirror, with the same result. In Canada a
+thread is held over a lamp. The number that can be counted slowly
+before the thread parts, is the number of years before the one who
+counts will marry.
+
+In the United States a hair is thrown to the winds with the stanza
+chanted:
+
+    "I pluck this lock of hair off my head
+     To tell whence comes the one I shall wed.
+     Fly, silken hair, fly all the world around,
+     Until you reach the spot where my true love is found."
+
+The direction in which the hair floats is prophetic.
+
+The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions,
+and hold a Scotch party, using Burns's poem _Hallowe'en_ as a
+guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom
+that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.
+"Cyniver" has been borrowed from Wales, and the "dumb-cake" from
+the Hebrides. In the Scotch custom of cabbage-stalk pulling, if the
+stalk comes up easily, the husband or wife will be easy to win. The
+melted-lead test to show the occupation of the husband-to-be has
+been adopted in the United States. If the metal cools in round
+drops, the tester will never marry, or her husband will have no
+profession. White of egg is used in the same way. Like the Welsh
+test is that of filling the mouth with water, and walking round the
+house until one meets one's fate. An adaptation of the Scottish
+"three luggies" is the row of four dishes holding dirt, water, a
+ring, and a rag. The dirt means divorce, the water, a trip across
+the ocean, the ring, marriage, the rag, no marriage at all.
+
+After the charms have been tried, fagots are passed about, and by
+the eerie light of burning salt and alcohol, ghost stories are
+told, each concluding his installment as his fagot withers into
+ashes. Sometimes the cabbage stalks used in the omens take the
+place of fagots.
+
+To induce prophetic dreams salt, in quantities from a pinch to an
+egg full, is eaten before one goes to bed.
+
+  "'Miss Jeanette, that's such a fine trick! You must swallow a
+  salt herring in three bites, bones and all, and not drink a drop
+  till the apparition of your future spouse comes in the night to
+  offer you a drink of water.'"
+
+                                        ADAMS: _Chrissie's Fate._
+
+If, after taking three doses of salt two minutes apart, a girl goes
+to bed backward, lies on her right side, and does not move till
+morning, she is sure to have eventful dreams. Pills made of a
+hazelnut, a walnut, and nutmeg grated together and mixed with
+butter and sugar cause dreams: if of gold, the husband will be
+rich; if of noise, a tradesman; if of thunder and lightning, a
+traveler. As in Ireland bay-leaves on or under a man's pillow cause
+him to dream of his sweetheart. Also
+
+    "Turn your boots toward the street,
+     Leave your garters on your feet,
+     Put your stockings on your head,
+     You'll dream of the one you're going to wed."
+
+Lemon-peel carried all day and rubbed on the bed-posts at night
+will cause an apparition to bring the dreaming girl two lemons. For
+quiet sleep and the fulfilment of any wish eat before going to bed
+on Hallowe'en a piece of dry bread.
+
+A far more interesting development of the Hallowe'en idea than
+these innocent but colorless superstitions, is promised by the
+pageant at Fort Worth, Texas, on October thirty-first, 1916. In the
+masque and pageant of the afternoon four thousand school children
+took part. At night scenes from the pageant were staged on floats
+which passed along the streets. The subject was _Preparedness for_
+_Peace_, and comprised scenes from American history in which peace
+played an honorable part. Such were: the conference of William Penn
+and the Quakers with the Indians, and the opening of the East to
+American trade. This is not a subject limited to performances at
+Hallowtide. May there not be written and presented in America a
+truly Hallowe'en pageant, illustrating and befitting its noble
+origin, and making its place secure among the holidays of the
+year?
+
+
+
+
+               HALLOWE'EN
+
+    Bring forth the raisins and the nuts--
+    To-night All-Hallows' Spectre struts
+        Along the moonlit way.
+    No time is this for tear or sob,
+    Or other woes our joys to rob,
+    But time for Pippin and for Bob,
+        And Jack-o'-lantern gay.
+
+    Come forth, ye lass and trousered kid,
+    From prisoned mischief raise the lid,
+        And lift it good and high.
+    Leave grave old Wisdom in the lurch,
+    Set Folly on a lofty perch,
+    Nor fear the awesome rod of birch
+        When dawn illumes the sky.
+
+    'Tis night for revel, set apart
+    To reillume the darkened heart,
+        And rout the hosts of Dole.
+    'Tis night when Goblin, Elf, and Fay,
+    Come dancing in their best array
+    To prank and royster on the way,
+        And ease the troubled soul.
+
+    The ghosts of all things, past parade,
+    Emerging from the mist and shade
+        That hid them from our gaze,
+    And full of song and ringing mirth,
+    In one glad moment of rebirth,
+    Again they walk the ways of earth,
+        As in the ancient days.
+
+    The beacon light shines on the hill,
+    The will-o'-wisps the forests fill
+        With flashes filched from noon;
+    And witches on their broomsticks spry
+    Speed here and yonder in the sky,
+    And lift their strident voices high
+        Unto the Hunter's moon.
+
+    The air resounds with tuneful notes
+    From myriads of straining throats,
+        All hailing Folly Queen;
+    So join the swelling choral throng,
+    Forget your sorrow and your wrong,
+    In one glad hour of joyous song
+        To honor Hallowe'en.
+
+       J. K. BANGS _in Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910_.
+
+
+
+
+        HALLOWE'EN FAILURE
+
+    Who's dat peekin' in de do'?
+        Set mah heart a-beatin'!
+    Thought I see' a spook for sho
+        On mah way to meetin'.
+    Heerd a rustlin' all aroun',
+        Trees all sort o' jiggled;
+    An' along de frosty groun'
+        Funny shadders wriggled.
+
+    Who's dat by de winder-sill?
+        Gittin' sort o' skeery;
+    Feets is feelin' kind o' chill,
+        Eyes is sort o' teary.
+    'Most as nervous as a coon
+        When de dawgs is barkin',
+    Er a widder when some spoon
+        Comes along a-sparkin'.
+
+    Whass dat creepin' up de road,
+        Quiet like a ferret,
+    Hoppin' sof'ly as a toad?
+        Maybe hit's a sperrit!
+    Lordy! hope dey ain't no ghos'
+        Come to tell me howdy.
+    I ain't got no use for those
+        Fantoms damp an' cloudy.
+
+    Whass dat standin' by de fence
+        Wid its eyes a-yearnin',
+    Drivin' out mah common-sense
+        Wid its glances burnin'?
+    Don't dass skeercely go to bed
+        Wid dem spookses roun' me.
+    Ain't no res' fo' dis yere head
+        When dem folks surroun' me.
+
+    Whass dat groanin' soun' I hear
+        Off dar by de gyardin?
+    Lordy! Lordy! Lordy dear,
+        Grant dis sinner pardon!
+    I won't nebber--I declar'
+        Ef it ain't my Sammy!
+    Sambo, what yo' doin' dar?
+        Yo' can't skeer yo' mammy!
+
+       CARLYLE SMITH _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910_.
+
+
+
+
+               HALLOWE'EN
+
+    Pixie, kobold, elf, and sprite
+    All are on their rounds to-night,--
+      In the wan moon's silver ray
+      Thrives their helter-skelter play.
+
+    Fond of cellar, barn, or stack
+    True unto the almanac,
+      They present to credulous eyes
+      Strange hobgoblin mysteries.
+
+    Cabbage-stumps--straws wet with dew--
+    Apple-skins, and chestnuts too,
+      And a mirror for some lass
+      Show what wonders come to pass.
+
+    Doors they move, and gates they hide
+    Mischiefs that on moonbeams ride
+      Are their deeds,--and, by their spells,
+      Love records its oracles.
+
+    Don't we all, of long ago
+    By the ruddy fireplace glow,
+      In the kitchen and the hall,
+      Those queer, coof-like pranks recall?
+
+    Eery shadows were they then--
+    But to-night they come again;
+      Were we once more but sixteen
+      Precious would be Hallowe'en.
+
+       JOEL BENTON _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896_.
+
+
+[Illustration: NO HALLOWE'EN WITHOUT A JACK-O'-LANTERN.]
+
+
+
+
+              HALLOWE'EN
+
+    A gypsy flame is on the hearth,
+    Sign of this carnival of mirth.
+      Through the dun fields and from the glade
+      Flash merry folk in masquerade--
+        It is the witching Hallowe'en.
+
+    Pale tapers glimmer in the sky,
+    The dead and dying leaves go by;
+      Dimly across the faded green
+      Strange shadows, stranger shades, are seen--
+        It is the mystic Hallowe'en.
+
+    Soft gusts of love and memory
+    Beat at the heart reproachfully;
+      The lights that burn for those who die
+      Were flickering low, let them flare high--
+        It is the haunting Hallowe'en.
+
+       A. F. MURRAY _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+Magazine References to Hallowe'en Entertainments
+
+
+CHARADES:
+
+     Charades, menu, tests. H. Bazar, 32:894.
+
+CHILDREN'S PARTIES:
+
+     Fortune games for very little children. St. N., 23:33.
+     Hallowe'en fortunes for boys and girls. Delin., 66:631.
+     Masquerade, games, tests. W. H. C., 35:43.
+     Decorations. W. H. C., 36:34.
+     Old-fashioned games. St. N., 35:51.
+     Children's celebration of Hallowe'en. St. N., 32:1124.
+
+CHURCH PARTIES:
+
+     Mystic party. L. H. J., 22:57.
+     For Young People's Soc. L. H. J., 26:34.
+     "Phantom fair." W. H. C., 39:32.
+
+CLUB PARTIES:
+
+     For Country Club. Invitation. Costumes. Supper. Dance.
+          W. H. C., 41:30.
+     "Candle-light café." W. H. C., 42. Oct., 1915.
+
+COSTUMES:
+
+     Delin., 78:258.
+
+COUNTRY-HOUSE PARTY:
+
+     Country Life, 18:624.
+
+DANCES:
+
+     Dances, drills, costumes. Delin., 78:258.
+     Hallowe'en party. W. H. C., 40:39.
+     Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+
+DECORATIONS AND FAVORS:
+
+     Autumn-leaf decorations and prizes. Delin., 64:638.
+     Cobweb party. Delin., 91:44.
+     Hall: Handicraft for handy girls.
+     Place-cards, verses. L. H. J., 28:50.
+                          L. H. J., 31:40.
+                          H. Bazar, 39:1046.
+                          L. H. J., 20:48.
+                          L. H. J., 16:38.
+     Cinderella party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+     Favors. H. Bazar, 45:516.
+     Nut favors. W. H. C., 32:53.
+     Original decorations. W. H. C., 32:32.
+     Fads and frills. W. H. C., 32:24.
+
+GAMES AND FORTUNES:
+
+     Witchery games for Hallowe'en. Delin., 64:576.
+                                  H. Bazar., 33:1650.
+                                  L. H. J., 20:48.
+                                  L. H. J., 25:58.
+     Blain: Games for Hallowe'en.
+     Quaint customs. H. Bazar, 46:578.
+                     H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     Witches' think cap. L. H. J., 32:29.
+     Hallowe'en happenings. St. N., 35:51.
+
+INVITATIONS:
+
+     H. Bazar, 33:1650.
+
+PARTIES (miscellaneous):
+
+     H. Bazar, 28 pt. 2:841.
+     H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     L. H. J., 29:105.
+     L. H. J., 30:103.
+     Nut-crack night party. H. Bazar, 41:1106.
+     Nut-crack party. H. Bazar, 38:1092.
+     Novel party. W. H. C., 31:42.
+     Yarn party. L. H. J., 26:63.
+     L. H. J., 23:68.
+     L. H. J., 14:25.
+     Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+     Novel party with musical accompaniment. Musician, 18:665.
+     Cotter's Saturday night. W. H. C., 38:40.
+     "Ghosts I have met" party. Pantomime. W. H. C., 37:27.
+     Two jolly affairs. W. H. C., 39:32.
+     Tryst of witches. Good H., 53:463.
+     Tam o' Shanter party. Delin., 85:26.
+     Jolly good time. Delin., 74:367.
+     Hints for Hallowe'en hilarities. L. H. J., 27:46.
+     Jolly party. L. H. J., 19:41.
+     Hallowe'en fun. L. H. J., 33:33.
+     Pumpkin stunt party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.
+     Character party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.
+
+SCHOOL PARTIES:
+
+     "Cotter's Saturday night." W. H. C., 38:40.
+     High school party. W. H. C., 42:34.
+     How the college girl celebrates Hallowe'en. W. H. C., 31:16.
+
+SUPPERS, TABLE DECORATIONS, MENUS:
+
+     Hallowe'en suppers.  H. Bazar, 35:1670.
+                          H. Bazar, 37:1063.
+                          L. H. J., 24:78.
+                          L. H. J., 16:38.
+                          W. H. C., 40:39.
+                          W. H. C., 43:35.
+                          H. Bazar, 44:641.
+                          H. Bazar, 45:507.
+     Hallowe'en party table. L. H. J., 29:44.
+                             H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     Hallowe'en supper. Good H., 53:569.
+
+The pages refer always to the October number of the year.
+
+
+
+
+Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      TITLE                     AUTHOR             SOURCE
+
+ _All Hallowe'en_ (story)                     All the Year Round,
+                                                   60:347
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (story)       Hopper        Eng. Illus. Mag., 18:225
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (story)       Lyall         Temple Bar., 124:379
+ _Black cat_ (story)            Poe
+ _Boogah Man_                   Dunbar        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Brier-Rose_ (story)           Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Broomstick brigade_           J. T. Wagner  6 Barclay St., N. Y. City
+ _Bud's fairy tale_ (poem)      Riley         Child-world
+ Children's Play with musical
+         accompaniment                           Musician, 16:693
+ _Corn-song_ (poem)             Whittier
+ _Elder-tree mother_ (story)    Andersen      Fairy tales
+ _Fairies_ (poem)               Allingham
+ _Fairy and witch_ (play)       Nelson        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Feast of the little lanterns_
+       (operetta)               Bliss
+ _Fisherman and the genie_                   _Arabian Nights_
+                      (story)
+ _Ghost_ (story)                O'Connor
+ _Ghosts I have met_            Bangs
+ _Ghost's touch_ (story)        Collins
+ _Golden arm_ (story)           Clemens      _How to tell a story_
+ _Goblin stone_ (play)          Wickes        Child's Book, p. 127
+ _Guess who_ (song and drill)   Murray        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Hallowe'en adventure_         McDonald      Canad. Mag., 12:61
+                      (story)
+
+ _Hallowe'en adventure_         Koogle        Eldridge Entertainment
+                  (play)                           House
+ _Hallowe'en frolic_            Cone          St. N. 20 pt. 1:15
+                  (poem)
+ _Haunted gale_ (play)          Wormwood      Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _House in the wood_            Grimm         Fairy tales
+                  (story)
+ _Little Butterkin_             Asbjornsen   _Fairy tales from the
+                  (story)                           far north_
+ _Little Donna Juana_           Brooks
+                  (story)
+ _Mother Goose recital_                       Musician, 21:633
+ _Nix of the mill-pond_         Grimm         Fairy tales
+                  (story)
+ _Peter Pan in Kensington_      Barrie
+          _Gardens_ (story)
+ _Rapunzel_ (story)             Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Red shoes_ (story)            Andersen      Fairy tales
+ _Scarecrows a-roaming_                       Eldridge Entertainment
+                  (play)                           House
+ _Seein' things_ (poem)         Field         Love songs of childhood
+ _Snow-white_ (story)           Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Straw phantom_ (pantomime)    Blackall      St. N., 44:1133
+ _Testing of Sir Gawayne_       Merington    _Festival plays_,
+                   (play)                          p. 211
+ _Voyage of Bran_               Meyer
+ _Walpurgisnight_ (story)       Zschokke
+ _Wind in the rose-bush_        Freeman
+                       (story)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO QUOTATIONS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ TITLE                    |AUTHOR     |PAGE   |SOURCE
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _All-hallows honeymoon_  |           |       |New Eng. Magazine,
+    (story)               |Marks      |104    |  37:308
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (poem)  |Marks, J.P.|31-32  |
+ _Ancient Irish_          |O'Curry    |7      |
+ _Ballad of Tam Lin_      |           |65     |Child's Ballads
+ _Battle of the trees_    |Taliesin   |7      |_Neo-druidical heresy_
+ _Caractacus_ (poem)      |Mason      |11     |
+ _Celtic twilight_ (poem  |           |       |
+   in introduction to)    |Yeats      |58     |
+ _Charms_ (poem)          |Opper      |161    |Munsey, 30:285
+ _Comus_ (play)           |Milton     |131    |
+ _Cuchulain of Muirthemne_|Gregory    |37-38- |
+                          |           |39     |
+ _Cuchulain's sick-bed_   |           |42     |
+ _Death of the flowers_   |Bryant     |18-19  |
+     (poem)               |           |       |
+ _Different party_        |Bradley    |156-157|Harper's Bazar, 41:131
+     (story)              |           |       |
+ _Dinnsenchus of Mag      |           |21     |_Neo-druidical heresy_
+    Slecht_               |           |       |
+ _Djinns_ (poem)          |Hugo       |148    |
+ _Druid song of Cathvah_  |           |       |
+     (poem)               |Todhunter  |9      |
+ _Expedition of Nera_     |           |44     |
+ "Fair maid who"          |           |139    |Encyc. of Superstitions
+ _Fairy-faith in Celtic   |           |       |
+    countries_            |Wentz      |48-49  |
+ _Fairy fiddler_ (poem)   |Hopper     |64     |
+ _Fasti_                  |Ovid       |114    |
+ _Faust_ (play)           |Goethe     |130    |
+ _First winter song_      |           |       |
+        (poem)            |Graves     |16     |
+ "Five hundred points"    |Tusser     |98     |
+ _Giles Corey of the Salem|           |       |
+    Farms_ (play)         |Longfellow |151-152|
+ _Golden Legend_          |De Voragine|30     |
+ _Great fir-tree of       |           |       |
+    Takasago_ (story)     |Rinder     |146    |_Old-world Japan_
+ "Green fairy island"     |Parry      |103    |Welsh Melodies
+ _Hag_ (poem)             |Herrick    |66-67  |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Burns      |73-74- |
+                          |           |75     |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Coxe       |18-19- |
+                          |           |88-89- |
+                          |           |96     |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Letts      |99-100 |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Sheard     |143    |Canadian mag., 36:33
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Bangs      |172-173|Harper's Weekly, Nov.
+                          |           |       |  5, 1910
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Benton     |176-177|Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  31, 1896
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Murray     |178    |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  30, 1909
+ _Hallowe'en Failure_     |Smith      |175    |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+      (poem)              |           |       |  29, 1910
+ _Hallowe'en or Christie's|Adams      |169    |Scribner's, 3:26
+     fate_ (story)        |           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en in Ireland_  |Trant      |51     |_Dewdrops and Diamonds_
+ _Hallowe'en Fantasy_     |Pyle       |49     |Harper's Bazar, 31, pt.
+      (play),             |           |       |  2: 947
+    (Priest and the Piper)|           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en reformation_ |Butterworth|149-150|Century, 27:48
+       (story)            |           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en wish_ (poem) |Munkittrick|93-94  |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  27, 1900
+ _Hiawatha_ (poem)        |Longfellow |145    |
+ _Immortal Hour_ (play)   |Sharp      |39-40- |Fortn. Rev. 74:867
+                          |           |41     |
+ _Jorinda and Joringel_   |Grimm      |135    |Grimm's Fairy Tales
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _L'Allegro_ (poem)       |Milton     |86     |
+ _Land of Heart's Desire_ |           |36-43- |
+      (play)              |Yeats      |45-47  |
+ _Lavengro_ (story)       |Borrow     |129    |
+ _Little Orphant Annie_   |Riley      |152-153|
+ _Loch Garman_            |O'Ciarain  |36     |
+ _Lycidas_ (poem)         |Milton     |85     |
+ _Macbeth_ (play)         |Shakspere  |89     |
+ _Monastery_ (story)      |Scott      |62-63- |
+                          |           |76-103 |
+ _Night of the dead_      |Le Braz    |116-117|_Legend of the dead_
+ "On nuts burning"        |Graydon    |91-92  |
+ _On the morning of       |           |       |
+    Christ's  nativity_   |           |       |
+      (poem)              |Milton     |28     |
+ _Paradise Lost_ (poem)   |Milton     |120    |
+ _Passing of Arthur_      |Tennyson   |84     |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ _Pastorals_ (poem)       |Gay        |74-75- |
+                          |           |92-93- |
+                          |           |94-95- |
+                          |           |97     |
+ _Peer Gynt_ (play)       |Ibsen      |131    |
+ _Peter and Wendy_ (story)|Barrie     |64     |
+ _Polyolbion_ (poem)      |Drayton    |10     |
+ _Pomona_ (poem)          |Morris     |23     |
+ _Rip Van Winkle_ (play)  |Jefferson  |150-151|
+ _Robin Goodfellow_ (poem)|Johnson    |86     |
+ _St. John's Eve_ (poem)  |Kickham    |12     |
+ _St. John's Fire_ (play) |Sudermann  |141    |
+ _St. Swithin's Chair_    |           |       |
+      (poem)              |Scott      |69     |
+ "Soul, soul"             |           |98     |Notes and Queries
+ _Spell_ (poem)           |Gay        |91     |
+ _Splores of a Hallowe'en_|           |       |
+      (poem)              |Dick       |72     |
+ _Sunken bell_ (play)     |Hauptmann  |14     |
+ _Tale of Hallowe'en_     |           |       |
+      (story)             |           |76     |Leisure Hour, 23:765
+ _Tam Glen_ (poem)        |Burns      |79     |
+ _Tam o' Shanter_ (poem)  |Burns      |67-68  |
+ _Tannhäuser_ (play)      |Wagner     |132-133|
+ _Tempest_ (play)         |Shakspere  |67     |
+ _Three-fold chronicle_   |Sharp      |54-56  |Harper's, 73:842
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _Tom's Hallowe'en joke_  |Wright     |154    |_Dewdrops and Diamonds_
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _Twig of thorn_ (play)   |Warren     |44-45  |
+ _Vertumnus and Pomona_   |Ovid       |24     |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ _Völuspa_ (poem)         |           |122    |
+ _We girls_ (story)       |Whitney    |162-163|
+ "When comes the harvest" |Botrel     |112    |_Songs of Brittany_
+ _When de folks is gone_  |Riley      |153    |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ "When ebery one"         |           |160    |Werner's Readings,
+                          |           |       |   No. 31
+ _Wild huntsman_ (poem)   |Scott      |90     |
+ _Willie Baird_ (poem)    |Buchanan   |70     |
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+     Aberdeenshire, 60
+
+     Adder-stone, (serpent's-egg badge), 11, 27
+
+     Ailill, 36-38, 39
+
+     Ale, 80, 103
+
+     All Hallows Eve, 29, 88, 102, 106. See also Hallowe'en
+
+     All Saints', 4, 29-30, 110, 118, 126
+
+     All Souls', 4, 30-31, 98-99, 106, 110, 113, 118, 142, 144
+
+     Alphabet, 96, 160, 166-167
+
+     America, 149, 153
+
+     Anaxarete, 24
+
+     Angus, 36, 38-39
+
+     Ankou, 109, 115
+
+     Apollo, 1, 129, 134
+
+     Apparitions. See Ghosts
+
+     Apples, 23, 26, 50-53, 72, 77-78, 92, 95, 103-104, 106-107, 115,
+          120, 149, 155, 157-158, 161, 162, 164, 166
+
+     Apple-island, 85
+
+     Apple-seeds, 92-93, 158-159
+
+     Arabs, 147
+
+     Ariel, 87
+
+     Armorica, 108
+
+     Arthur, King, 84, 108
+
+     Ash-tree, 63, 105, 122, 137;
+       berries of, 29
+
+     Ashes, 56, 60, 68, 83
+
+     Augury. See Omens
+
+     August, Roman festival in, 25-26
+
+     August first, Celtic festival of, 15
+
+     Augustus, 27
+
+     Avilion (Avalon), 84-85, 107
+
+     Ayrshire, 68
+
+
+     Baal, 8, 12-13, 17
+
+     Baal-fire, 12
+
+     Baldur, 120-121
+
+     Balmoral, 61
+
+     Barra, 79
+
+     Bats, 134, 152, 155
+
+     Bay-leaves, 170
+
+     Bean, 94
+
+     Bedivere, 84
+
+     Belgian, 144
+
+     Beltaine, 12, 79
+
+     Bells, 99, 111, 116, 118, 132, 137, 142, 154
+
+     Benevento, 131
+
+     Bergen, 130
+
+     Black, 156
+
+     Black sheep, 17, 50
+
+     Black sow, 102
+
+     "Black vespers," 113
+
+     Blindfolded seekers, 33, 70, 73, 77-78, 83, 160
+
+     Blocksberg, 130, 141
+
+     Boats, 146, 163
+
+     Bochica, 1
+
+     Bonfires, 3, 8-9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 50, 59-61, 101-102, 125;
+       to light through Purgatory, 31, 106;
+       to protect from evil, 29, 101
+
+     Boniface, 29
+
+     Border, Scottish, 62, 81, 111
+
+     Bretons, 99, 110-111
+
+     Briar, 57
+
+     Briar-Rose, 125
+
+     Bride, 36
+
+     Britain, 5-6, 27, 87, 109, 111
+
+     British Isles, 5, 107, 109, 126
+
+     Brittany, 108-109, 142, 145, 166
+
+     Brynhild, 124
+
+     Buchan, 59
+
+     Button, 156, 164
+
+
+     Cabbages, 53-54, 70-72, 77, 95, 104, 164, 168-169
+
+     Cadwallo, King, 104
+
+     Caer, 38
+
+     Cæsar, 5-8, 109
+
+     Cake, 13, 33, 79, 97-98, 103, 144, 145, 156
+
+     Callcannon, 51
+
+     Canada, 167
+
+     Candlemas Day, 88
+
+     Candles, 50, 53, 55, 59, 69, 80, 95-96, 99, 112, 118, 145, 155,
+          158, 163
+
+     Cardiganshire, 102
+
+     Carnutes, 109
+
+     Cat, 11, 49, 66, 68, 134, 152, 155, 164
+
+     Catskill Mts., 150
+
+     _Celtic twilight_, 58
+
+     Celts, classes of, 5;
+       beliefs, 6, 15, 18, 30, 33, 79, 82, 107-110, 124, 125, 142;
+       characteristics of, 115, 119
+
+     Cemeteries, 54-55, 113-114, 142
+
+     Changelings, 35-36, 86
+
+     Charms. See Omens
+
+     Chartrain, 109
+
+     Cherokees, 3
+
+     Chinese, 145
+
+     Christ, 4-5, 27, 119
+
+     Christian religion, 3, 27-31, 50, 59, 83, 101, 109, 126, 129;
+       in Britain, 27, 129;
+       in Ireland, 42;
+       in Brittany, 109;
+       in Scandinavia, 126
+
+     Christmas, 3, 97, 110, 154
+
+     Church, 3-4, 30-31, 80, 89, 113, 118, 143, 144;
+       festivals, 3
+
+     Circle, 8
+
+     Claudius, 27
+
+     Cluny, 30
+
+     Coel Coeth, 101
+
+     Coins, 51-52, 72, 156
+
+     Colonies, 149
+
+     Columb Kill. See St. Colomba
+
+     Connaught, 35
+
+     Continent, 3, 118
+
+     Corn, 138;
+       -stalks, 155
+
+     Cornwall, 85, 108
+
+     Creed, 55
+
+     Crom Croich (Cruaich), 20-21
+
+     Cross, sun-symbol, 8;
+       Christian, 29, 42, 63, 137;
+       -roads, 65, 103, 137
+
+     Cruachan, 35, 37
+
+     Cuchulain, 41-42, 84
+
+     Cuckoos, 134, 139-140
+
+     Cyniver, 105, 168
+
+
+     Dagda, 39
+
+     Dahut, 111
+
+     Dance, 3, 44, 56, 61, 67, 80, 81-82, 103, 106, 126, 133
+
+     Danann. See Tuatha De Danann
+
+     Danu, 20
+
+     Dathi, 43
+
+     Dead, 19-20, 30, 37, 98-99, 109-117, 129, 142 _et seq._;
+       return, 4, 99, 107, 114-117, 145, 146, 149;
+       disturbed by weeping, 117, 145
+
+     Death, 10, 112, 156;
+       Lord of. See Saman.
+       Samhain associated with, 20-21, 30-31;
+       prophesied, 52, 57, 60, 65, 83, 102, 106
+
+     Decoration of graves, 118, 144
+
+     Delphi, 129, 134
+
+     Derbyshire, 99
+
+     Deux-Sèvres, 109
+
+     Devil, 43, 50, 55, 57, 66-68, 89, 102, 133-135, 140
+
+     Dew, 136, 139
+
+     Dietrich von Bern, 131
+
+     Dishes, 73, 83, 104, 165, 168
+
+     Dispater, 109
+
+     Dissatisfied, 39-40, 57-58, 132, 141
+
+     Djinns, 147-148
+
+     Doll, wax, 151
+
+     Dolmens, 110
+
+     Dorsetshire, 99
+
+     Dovrefeld, 130
+
+     Dragon, 145
+
+     Dreams, 140;
+       prophetic, 14, 57, 79, 165, 169
+
+     Drink, 57, 79
+
+     Druid, meaning, 6-7;
+       draught, 42;
+       festivals, 11, 26, 101;
+       lamps, 73;
+       stone, 11;
+       stones, 110;
+       wand, 7;
+       -fire, 50, 166
+
+     Druids, 9-11, 29, 42-43, 92, 103, 109-110, 122-123, 126;
+       as priests, 5-6;
+       powers of, 7, 27
+
+     "Drus," 6
+
+     Dumb-cake, 80, 168
+
+     Dwarfs, 110
+
+
+     Earth, 54, 83, 165
+
+     Edane, 47. See also Etain
+
+     Edda, 124
+
+     Egg, 165, 167;
+       white of, 77-78, 168;
+       -shells, 36
+
+     Egyptian beliefs, 1, 18
+
+     Eichstatt, 136
+
+     Elder, 123, 137
+
+     Elizabeth, Queen, 99
+
+     Elm, 63
+
+     Elves, 121, 149, 152
+
+     Emer, 42
+
+     England, 87, 89, 97, 99, 106, 108, 119, 144
+
+     English, 149
+
+     Eochaidh, 39-40
+
+     Episcopalians, 30
+
+     Eriskay, 81
+
+     Etain, 39-40
+
+     Ethal, 38
+
+     Europe, 87, 130, 135, 142, 145
+
+     Excalibur, 84
+
+     Exorcism, 9, 29, 42
+
+
+     Fagots, 96, 169
+
+     Fairies, 6, 44, 46, 49, 61-65, 81-82, 84-85, 96, 103, 107, 110,
+          149
+
+     Fand, 41-42
+
+     Fates, 89, 123, 134
+
+     Feast, of dead, 116, 143;
+       of poor, 144
+
+     Feng-Shin, 145
+
+     Feralia, 114
+
+     Fern, 14, 59
+
+     Finistère, 110, 117
+
+     Fir Bolgs, 20
+
+     Fire, 21, 23, 45, 123-125;
+       -god, 120;
+       spirits of, 147
+
+     Fires, 11, 17, 28-29, 50, 52, 101, 109, 112. See also Bonfires
+
+     _Flamina_, 25
+
+     Flour, 52, 57, 154, 158
+
+     Flowers, 118, 144
+
+     Fomor, 20, 35
+
+     Footprints, 57, 60, 83
+
+     "Forced-fire," 17
+
+     Fort Worth, 170
+
+     Forts, fairy, 37, 44, 46
+
+     France, 108, 110, 112, 118, 131, 142
+
+     Franks, 111
+
+     "Free-night," 141, 154
+
+     Freya, 120, 127, 129, 131, 134
+
+     "Furious Host," 131
+
+     Future, questions about, 34, 69
+
+
+     Gabriel Ratchets, 90
+
+     Gaul, 5-6, 27, 109, 119
+
+     Germans, 119
+
+     Germany, 130, 131, 134, 136, 144
+
+     Ghosts, 49, 63, 69, 76-77, 88, 116, 127, 144, 146, 152, 155.
+          See also Dead
+
+     Glass, 10-11, 96, 166
+
+     Gnomes, 48
+
+     Goat, 67-68, 134
+
+     Goblin, 35-36, 61, 64, 149, 153
+
+     Gods of Ireland. See Tuatha De Danann
+
+     "Good Neighbors," 63
+
+     "Good People," 45, 49
+
+     Goths, 119
+
+     Grallon, 111
+
+     Great Britain. See Britain
+
+     Greek, 1, 5, 6, 30, 85, 120
+
+     Gregory, 29-30
+
+     Guleesh, 46
+
+     Gunnar, 124
+
+
+     Hair, 77, 96, 138, 166-167
+
+     Hallowe'en, 3-4, 35, 43, 46, 49-50, 61, 64-66, 68, 72, 79, 81,
+          85, 89, 90, 95-96, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 129, 138, 140,
+          142, 144, 149, 152, 154, 164, 165, 170;
+       pagan, 3, 21;
+       charms at, 26, 33, 53, 56;
+       born on, 54, 62
+
+     _Hallowe'en_, poem, 70, 168
+
+     _Hansel and Grethel_, 134
+
+     Hares, 135
+
+     Hartz Mts., 130
+
+     Harvest, 3-4, 15, 17, 25, 30-31, 34, 59, 69, 97, 106, 112, 137,
+          155
+
+     Hawthorn, 123, 137
+
+     Hazel, 85
+
+     Hearts, 156
+
+     Hebrides, 79
+
+     Hel, 122, 131
+
+     Hemp, 14, 33, 53, 74
+
+     Henry VIII, 99
+
+     Henry Hudson, 150
+
+     Herbs, 46-47, 53, 66, 126, 129-130
+
+     Herne the Hunter, 90
+
+     Herodotus, 5
+
+     Hesperides, 85
+
+     Highlands, 59, 65, 77
+
+     Hodur, 121
+
+     Holda, 131-132, 136
+
+     Holiday, 61
+
+     Hollow Land, 41
+
+     Holly, 63
+
+     Hoop, 157
+
+     Horselberg, 131
+
+     Horseshoes, 138, 152
+
+     Horus, 1
+
+     Husking-bees, 3
+
+
+     Iceland, 125
+
+     Idun, 120
+
+     Immortality, 10, 85, 107, 120
+
+     Indians, 3, 145, 150
+
+     Invocation, 21, 92
+
+     Iona, 50
+
+     Iphis, 24
+
+     Ireland 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 20, 35, 48-50, 59, 62, 72-73, 78-80,
+          104, 107, 127, 170;
+       belief in fairies, 6, 35
+
+     Irish Sea, 20
+
+     Iron, 152
+
+     Italy, 119, 131, 142
+
+     Ivy, 57
+
+
+     Jack-o'-lantern, 49-50, 69, 121, 155
+
+     Japan, 2, 146
+
+     Jokes, 154
+
+     Jonah, 13
+
+     Juniper, 123, 137
+
+     Jupiter, 8
+
+
+     Kale. See Cabbages
+
+     Kensington Gardens, 64
+
+     Ker-Is, 111
+
+     Kettle, 89, 134, 155
+
+     Key, 55, 72, 144, 156
+
+
+     Laeg, 42
+
+     "Lambswool," 51
+
+     Lammas, 28
+
+     Lancashire, 99
+
+     Land of Heart's Desire, 36
+
+     Land of Youth, 40
+
+     "Lanterns of the dead," 112
+
+     Lanterns in Japan, 146
+
+     Latin. See Rome
+
+     Lead-melting, 55-56, 77, 168
+
+     Leek, 104-105
+
+     Legends, origin of, 2
+
+     Lemons, 170
+
+     Leprechauns, 48
+
+     Lewis, 80
+
+     Liban, 41
+
+     Lincolnshire, 89
+
+     "Little People," 48-49, 85
+
+     "Livelong," 53
+
+     Loki, 120
+
+     London, 97
+
+     Lords of Misrule, 88
+
+     Love-knots, 156
+
+     Lucifer, 120
+
+     "Luck of Edenhall," 96
+
+     Luggies. See Dishes
+
+     Lugh, 14-15
+
+     Lugnasad, 15, 28, 33
+
+
+     _Macbeth_, 123
+
+     Magic, 7, 15, 155;
+       black, 28, 156
+
+     Maine, 165
+
+     Malt, 80
+
+     Malta, 144
+
+     Man, Isle of, 20, 82
+
+     Manitous, 150
+
+     Mars, 8
+
+     Martinmas, 62
+
+     Mary, Virgin, 29, 126, 132, 138, 145
+
+     Mary Avenel, 62
+
+     Maryland, 165
+
+     Massachusetts, 164
+
+     Master of the Revels, 97
+
+     May-bride, 126
+
+     May Eve and Day, 4, 11-13, 29, 33, 45, 47, 107, 125, 135, 136,
+          _et seq._;
+       -fires, 13, 61;
+       -pole, 126;
+       -ridings, 125;
+       -shooting, 140
+
+     Meal, 83, 164
+
+     Meath, 15, 17
+
+     Medb, 36, 39
+
+     Meg, 68
+
+     "Men of Peace," 63
+
+     Mercury, 8, 15
+
+     Midir, 39-41
+
+     Middle Ages, 129
+
+     Midsummer, 3, 11, 20, 28, 33, 53, 125, 146
+
+     Milk, 45, 51, 112
+
+     Minerva, 8
+
+     Mirror, 85, 129, 146-147, 149, 161-162
+
+     _Miserere_, 142
+
+     Mistletoe, 7, 40, 120
+
+     Modred, 84
+
+     Mona, 27
+
+     _Monastery_, 62
+
+     Moon, 40, 74, 76, 77, 146, 155, 162
+
+     Moray, 59
+
+     Moytura, 20, 22, 35
+
+     Music, 36, 39-40, 43-47, 56, 64, 67, 87, 111
+
+     Myths, origin of, 2
+
+
+     Naples, 142
+
+     Needles, 117, 133, 151, 158, 166
+
+     Negroes, 153
+
+     Nera, 37, 107
+
+     Net, 83
+
+     Neverland, 64
+
+     New Brunswick, 167
+
+     New Hampshire, 165
+
+     New Year, 82, 102, 154. See also Year's end
+
+     New Year's Day, 17
+
+     Niflheim, 122
+
+     Nikko, 146
+
+     Norse, 80, 82, 119, 134
+
+     Norway, 1, 126, 130
+
+     "Nos Galan Gaeof," 102
+
+     November, Eve, 33, 35, 37, 44, 50, 59, 79, 101-102, 107, 112,
+          137;
+       first, 4, 11, 16, 25-26, 137, 144;
+       in Rome, 30;
+       second, 30, 118, 144
+
+     Nuts, 26, 33, 50-52, 73, 90-92, 103-104, 109, 115, 144, 155,
+          159-160, 169
+
+
+     Oak, 6-7, 27, 40, 122
+
+     Oats, 55, 77
+
+     Oatmeal cakes, 79
+
+     Obsession, 44
+
+     October 31st, 4, 10, 17, 50, 82, 85, 118
+
+     Odin, 120, 124, 129, 131
+
+     "Oidhche Shamhna," 50
+
+     Olaf, 126
+
+     Omens, 14, 22, 26, 50-52, 104, 117, 137;
+       from sacrifices, 9, 17, 33, 123, 166;
+       evil, 28
+
+     Oonah, 45
+
+     Ops, 23
+
+     Ordeal, 9, 123-124
+
+     Osiris, 1, 18
+
+     Ossian, 47-48, 150
+
+     Ostia, 25
+
+     Otherworld, 19, 39, 42, 47, 84, 103, 107, 111, 115, 121, 146, 150
+
+     Ovid, 24, 114
+
+     Owls, 134, 152, 155
+
+
+     Paddy Beg, 46-47
+
+     Paddy More, 46-47
+
+     Paganism, 30, 35, 59, 109, 141
+
+     Pageant, 170
+
+     Pantheon, 29
+
+     Paradise, 31
+
+     Partholon, 13
+
+     Parties, Hallowe'en, 155
+
+     Peace, 171
+
+     Peas, 92, 94
+
+     Pelagius, 83
+
+     Pennsylvania, 165
+
+     Perthshire, 59
+
+     Peru, 1
+
+     Peter Pan, 63-64
+
+     Ph[oe]nicians, 5
+
+     Picts, 108
+
+     Piper, fairy, 43-44, 64, 87
+
+     Pixies, 103, 110
+
+     Pomona, 4, 23-26, 50, 85, 155
+
+     Pontypridd, 101
+
+     _Preparedness for Peace_, 170
+
+     Procopius, 111
+
+     Prophets,
+       Druids as, 9, 43;
+       witches as, 89, 134, 151
+
+     Pumpkins, 155, 160
+
+     Purgatory, 31, 99, 106, 145
+
+     Puy de Dome, 131
+
+     "Puzzling-jug," 103-104
+
+
+     Races, 15, 26
+
+     Rapunzel, 125
+
+     Red Mike, 54, 62
+
+     Rick, 55
+
+     Ring, 51-52, 55, 72, 96, 156, 165, 168
+
+     Rip Van Winkle, 150
+
+     Rome, 8, 23-30, 114, 119-120;
+       relations to Druids, 27;
+       All Saints' in, 32
+
+     Roses, 105
+
+     Rowan. See Ash-tree
+
+
+     Sacrifices, 20, 109, 137;
+       to Baal, 8-9,  11-13, 17, 101;
+       omens from, 33;
+       to Tyr, 123
+
+     St. Augustine, 83
+
+     St. Bridget, 45
+
+     St. Colomba, 50
+
+     St. Gertrude, 126
+
+     St. John's Day and Eve, 3, 28, 109, 110, 137, 141
+
+     St. Kilda, 79
+
+     St. Michael, 85
+
+     St. Ninian, 83
+
+     St. Odilo, 30
+
+     St. Patrick, 5, 43, 83
+
+     Saga, 124
+
+     Salerno, 142
+
+     Salt, 57, 67, 79, 82, 83, 134, 169
+
+     Saman, 10, 31, 50, 80
+
+     Samhain (Sáveen), 16, 18, 20-22, 26, 31, 35-36, 38, 40-41, 43,
+          48, 59, 65, 82
+
+     Samhnagan, 60
+
+     Samhanach, 64
+
+     Sark. See Shirt
+
+     Satan, 120, 133
+
+     Sauin. See Samhain
+
+     Scandinavia, 119, 126, 134
+
+     Scotland, 59, 78, 79, 81, 82, 99, 104, 127, 156;
+       belief in fairies in, 6, 62-64
+
+     Scots, 108
+
+     Seasons, 1
+
+     Seaweed, 80
+
+     Secrecy, 45, 77-78, 124, 155;
+       in Druid rites, 9-10, 124
+
+     Seed-cake, 97
+
+     Seeds, 14, 92, 121
+
+     Serpent's-egg. See Adder-stone
+
+     Seville, 131
+
+     Shee, 39
+
+     Shirt-sleeve, wetting the, 56, 78-79, 126-129, 165
+
+     Shoe, 77, 170
+
+     Shony, 80
+
+     Shropshire, 98
+
+     "Sid," 37, 49. See also Forts
+
+     Sigurd, 124
+
+     Sîtou, 18
+
+     Sleep, 39, 47, 87, 124-125
+
+     Sloe, 52, 85
+
+     Snakes. See Adder-stone
+
+     Snap-apple. See Apples
+
+     Sol, 1
+
+     Soul-cakes. See Cake
+
+     South, 165
+
+     South Uist, 81
+
+     Sowens, 79
+
+     Spain, 131, 144
+
+     Spectre Huntsman, 90
+
+     Spirits, 6, 20, 103;
+       abroad, 14, 22, 31, 35, 44, 48;
+       evil, 4, 18, 20, 56, 63, 87, 99, 129
+
+     Staffordshire, 98
+
+     Stones, 60, 101-102, 106, 109
+
+     Stories, 81, 96, 149, 169
+
+     Straw, 77, 99
+
+     Strunt, 79
+
+     "Summer's end," 3-4, 11-12, 16, 25, 44
+
+     Sun-god, 1-3, 8, 15, 44, 84-85, 87, 120-121, 124, 126, 136;
+       -worship, 21;
+       -wise, 3, 17, 60, 67
+
+     Superstitions, 33, 62, 83, 135, 153-154
+
+     Swans, 38-39, 41
+
+     Swastika, 8
+
+     Sweden, 126, 133
+
+     Symbols, 7-8, 28
+
+
+     Tam o' Shanter, 68-69, 89
+
+     Tannhäuser, 131-133
+
+     Tara, 17, 21, 43, 48, 59
+
+     _Tempest_, 87
+
+     Teuton, 108, 124, 142
+
+     Teutonic, 4, 125
+
+     Thanksgiving, 3-4;
+       for harvest, 59
+
+     Thimble, 51, 72, 83, 156
+
+     Thor, 134
+
+     Thorn, 45
+
+     Thread, 138, 167
+
+     Thuringia, 131
+
+     Tiberius, 27
+
+     Tigernmas, 20-21
+
+     "Tin Islands," 5
+
+     Tlactga, 17
+
+     Toads, 152
+
+     Toasts, 126
+
+     Todmorden, 90
+
+     Torches, 14, 60-61, 68, 99
+
+     Tree-worship, 7-8, 92, 123
+
+     Trefoil, 8, 29
+
+     Trinity, 29
+
+     Tripod, 65, 134, 155
+
+     Trolls, 121, 130, 150
+
+     Tuatha De Danann, 20, 29, 38-39, 43, 48-50, 107-108
+
+     Tub, 53, 93, 96, 160;
+       apples in. See Apples
+
+     Tyr, 123
+
+
+     United States, 153
+
+
+     Valhalla, 121-122
+
+     Vali, 121
+
+     Valkyries, 122, 136
+
+     Vandals, 119
+
+     Venus, 131-132
+
+     Vertumnus, 24-25
+
+     Vortumnalia, 25
+
+     Vulcan, 120
+
+     Vurdh, 123
+
+
+     Wales, 27, 101, 105, 106, 108, 144, 168;
+       belief in fairies in, 6
+
+     Walnut-tree, 92
+
+     Walpurga, 136
+
+     Ward, Hill of. See Tara
+
+     Water, 57, 68, 97, 165
+
+     Wedding of sun and earth, 126, 136
+
+     "Weird Sisters," 123
+
+     Wendy, 64
+
+     Wheel,
+       sun-symbol, 8, 13, 17;
+       of fortune, 163
+
+     White Lady, 62
+
+     Wild Huntsman, 90, 131
+
+     Will-o'-the-wisps, 121
+
+     Windsor Forest, 90
+
+     Winnowing, 75-76
+
+     Winter, first day of, 18, 44, 87, 102, 112
+
+     Witches, 4, 60-61, 65-69, 89, 99, 101, 129-131, 133-135, 146, 155
+
+     Witchcraft, 4, 81, 89, 134
+
+     Wood, 52, 57, 97
+
+     Wotan. See Odin
+
+
+     Yarn, 55, 75, 104, 140, 165
+
+     Year's end, 10, 17-18, 84
+
+     Yellow, 156
+
+     Yggdrasil, 122
+
+     Yorkshire, 97
+
+     Yule, 3, 126
+
+
+     Zschokke, 140
+
+
+
+
+     TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+     Represented the "oe" ligature as [oe].
+
+     Adjusted placement of footnotes.
+
+     Page 88: Retained alternate spelling of "Candelmas" in quoted
+              material versus standard spelling in index.
+
+     Page 182: Standardized punctuation.
+
+     Pages 191 & 194: Standardized index cross-reference words.
+
+     Page 204: Standardized spelling of "sick-bed."
+
+     Page 207: Standardized spelling of _Völuspa_.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+<pre>
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+Author: Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2007 [EBook #20644]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF HALLOWE'EN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/illus-frontis.jpg" name="FRONTIS" id="FRONTIS">
+<img src="images/illus-frontis-tn.jpg" width="400" height="263" class="plain" alt="Hallowe&#39;en Festivities. From an Old English Print." title="Hallowe&#39;en Festivities. From an Old English Print." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Hallowe&#39;en Festivities.</span><br /><i>From an Old English Print.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>The<br />
+Book of Hallowe'en</h1><p><br /></p>
+
+<h4>By</h4>
+<h3>RUTH EDNA KELLEY, A. M.<br />
+<i>Lynn Public Library</i></h3>
+<p><br /></p>
+<h5><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></h5><p><br /></p>
+
+<h4>BOSTON<br />
+LOTHROP, LEE &amp; SHEPARD CO.</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h5>Published, August, 1919</h5>
+<p><br /></p><div class="center">
+<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><span class="smcap">COPYRIGHT</span>, 1919,<br />
+<span class="smcap">By Lothrop, Lee &amp; Shepard Co.</span><br /></b></span>
+<hr class="fm" style="width: 5%; color: black;" />
+<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><i>All Rights Reserved</i><br /></b></span>
+<hr class="fm" style="width: 5%; color: black;" />
+<span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>The Book of Hallowe'en</b></span></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+<h5>Norwood Press<br />
+BERWICK &amp; SMITH CO.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Norwood, Mass.</span><br />
+U. S. A.</h5>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>To my Mother and the memory of my Father<br />
+        who inspired and encouraged me<br />
+            in the writing of this<br />
+                   book</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii" href="#Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>This book is intended to give the reader
+an account of the origin and history of
+Hallowe'en, how it absorbed some customs
+belonging to other days in the year,&mdash;such as
+May Day, Midsummer, and Christmas. The
+context is illustrated by selections from ancient
+and modern poetry and prose, related to
+Hallowe'en ideas.</p>
+
+<p>Those who wish suggestions for readings,
+recitations, plays, and parties, will find the
+lists in the appendix useful, in addition to the
+books on entertainments and games to be
+found in any public library.</p>
+
+<p>Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs.
+E. P. Dutton &amp; Company for permission to
+use the poem entitled "Hallowe'en" from
+"The Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by
+W. M. Letts; to Messrs. Longmans, Green &amp;
+Company for the poem "Pomona," by William
+Morris; and to the Editors of <i>The Independent</i>
+for the use of five poems.</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">
+RUTH EDNA KELLEY.<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lynn</span>, <i>1919</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix" href="#Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" width="550" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<col style="width:5%;" />
+<col style="width:80%;" />
+<col style="width:15%;" />
+
+<tr><td>CHAP.</td><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Sun-Worship. The Sources of Hallowe'en</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Celts: Their Religion and Festivals</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Samhain</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Pomona</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Coming of Christianity. All Saints'. All Souls'</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Origin and Character of Hallowe'en Omens</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Ireland</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs And Customs in Scotland</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap"> and the Hebrides</span></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in England and Man</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Wales</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en Beliefs and Customs in Brittany and France</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">The Teutonic Religion. Witches</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Walpurgis Night</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">More Hallowtide Beliefs and Customs</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td> <span class="smcap">Hallowe'en in America</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x" href="#Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">"Four Poems"</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Magazine References To Hallowe'en Entertainments</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Index to Quotations</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi" href="#Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+<table border="0" width="400" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<col style="width:80%;" />
+<col style="width:20%;" />
+
+<tr><td>Hallowe'en Festivities</td><td align="right"><i><a href="#FRONTIS">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">facing page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>In Hallowe'en Time</td><td align="right"><a href="#TIME">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Witch of the Walnut-Tree</td><td align="right"><a href="#WALNUT">100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Witches' Dance (<i>Valpurgisnacht</i>)</td><td align="right"><a href="#DANCE">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fortune-Telling</td><td align="right"><a href="#FORTUNE">148</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hallowe'en Tables, I</td><td align="right"><a href="#W_TABLE">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hallowe'en Tables, II</td><td align="right"><a href="#CALDRON">158</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-lantern</td><td align="right"><a href="#JACKOLANTERN">178</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>The Book of Hallowe'en</h1>
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" href="#Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF
+HALLOWE'EN</h3>
+
+
+<p>If we could ask one of the old-world
+pagans whom he revered as his greatest
+gods, he would be sure to name among them
+the sun-god; calling him Apollo if he were a
+Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or Osiris; if
+of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the
+sun is the center of the physical universe, so
+all primitive peoples made it the hub about
+which their religion revolved, nearly always
+believing it a living person to whom they
+could say prayers and offer sacrifices, who
+directed their lives and destinies, and could
+even snatch men from earthly existence to
+dwell for a time with him, as it draws the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2" href="#Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+water from lakes and seas.</p>
+
+<p>In believing this they followed an instinct
+of all early peoples, a desire to make persons
+of the great powers of nature, such as the
+world of growing things, mountains and
+water, the sun, moon, and stars; and a wish
+for these gods they had made to take an interest
+in and be part of their daily life. The
+next step was making stories about them to
+account for what was seen; so arose myths
+and legends.</p>
+
+<p>The sun has always marked out work-time
+and rest, divided the year into winter idleness,
+seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has
+always been responsible for all the beauty and
+goodness of the earth; it is itself splendid to
+look upon. It goes away and stays longer
+and longer, leaving the land in cold and
+gloom; it returns bringing the long fair days
+and resurrection of spring. A Japanese
+legend tells how the hidden sun was lured
+out by an image made of a copper plate with
+saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and
+a fire kindled, dancing, and prayers; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" href="#Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+round the earth in North America the Cherokees
+believed they brought the sun back upon
+its northward path by the same means of
+rousing its curiosity, so that it would come
+out to see its counterpart and find out what
+was going on.</p>
+
+<p>All the more important church festivals are
+survivals of old rites to the sun. "How
+many times the Church has decanted the new
+wine of Christianity into the old bottles of
+heathendom." Yule-tide, the pagan Christmas,
+celebrated the sun's turning north, and
+the old midsummer holiday is still kept in
+Ireland and on the Continent as St. John's
+Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance
+about them from east to west as the sun appears
+to move. The pagan Hallowe'en at the
+end of summer was a time of grief for the decline
+of the sun's glory, as well as a harvest
+festival of thanksgiving to him for having
+ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly
+had husking-bees when the ears had been
+garnered, and now keep our own Thanksgiving
+by eating of our winter store in praise of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" href="#Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+God who gives us our increase.</p>
+
+<p>Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit, lends
+us the harvest element of Hallowe'en; the
+Celtic day of "summer's end" was a time
+when spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the
+gods whom Christ dethroned joined the ill-omened
+throng; the Church festivals of All
+Saints' and All Souls' coming at the same
+time of year&mdash;the first of November&mdash;contributed
+the idea of the return of the dead;
+and the Teutonic May Eve assemblage of
+witches brought its hags and their attendant
+beasts to help celebrate the night of
+October 31st.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" href="#Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND
+FESTIVALS</h3>
+
+
+<p>The first reference to Great Britain in European
+annals of which we know was the
+statement in the fifth century <span class="smcap">b. c.</span> of the
+Greek historian Herodotus, that Ph&#339;nician
+sailors went to the British Isles for tin. He
+called them the "Tin Islands." The people
+with whom these sailors traded must have
+been Celts, for they were the first inhabitants
+of Britain who worked in metal instead of
+stone.</p>
+
+<p>The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries
+before Christ came. There is a tradition
+in Ireland that they first arrived there
+in 270 <span class="smcap">b. c.</span>, seven hundred years before St.
+Patrick. The account of them written by
+Julius C&aelig;sar half a century before Christ
+speaks mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing
+them into two ruling classes who kept the
+people almost in a state of slavery; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" href="#Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+knights, who waged war, and the Druids who
+had charge of worship and sacrifices, and were
+in addition physicians, historians, teachers,
+scientists, and judges.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar says that this cult originated in
+Britain, and was transferred to Gaul. Gaul
+and Britain had one religion and one language,
+and might even have one king, so that
+what C&aelig;sar wrote of Gallic Druids must have
+been true of British.</p>
+
+<p>The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and
+stream, and feared the powers of evil, as did
+the Greeks and all other early races. Very
+much of their primitive belief has been kept,
+so that to Scotch, Irish, and Welsh peasantry
+brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound in tiny
+supernatural beings, who may work them
+good or evil, lead them astray by flickering
+lights, or charm them into seven years' servitude
+unless they are bribed to show favor.</p>
+
+<p>The name "Druid" is derived from the
+Celtic word "druidh," meaning "sage," connected
+with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The rapid oak-tree&mdash;<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" href="#Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Before him heaven and earth quake:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stout door-keeper against the foe.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In every land his name is mine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Taliesin</span>: <i>Battle of the Trees</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>for the oak was held sacred by them as a
+symbol of the omnipotent god, upon whom
+they depended for life like the mistletoe growing
+upon it. Their ceremonies were held in
+oak-groves.</p>
+
+<p>Later from their name a word meaning
+"magician" was formed, showing that these
+priests had gained the reputation of being
+dealers in magic.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Druid followed him and suddenly, as
+we are told, struck him with a druidic wand, or
+according to one version, flung at him a tuft of
+grass over which he had pronounced a druidical
+incantation."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">O'Curry</span>: <i>Ancient Irish</i>.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>They dealt in symbols, common objects to
+which was given by the interposition of
+spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8" href="#Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+power to produce certain effects. Since they
+were tree-worshippers, trees and plants were
+thought to have peculiar powers.</p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar provides them with a galaxy of Roman
+divinities, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and
+Minerva, who of course were worshipped
+under their native names. Their chief god
+was Baal, of whom they believed the sun the
+visible emblem. They represented him by
+lowlier tokens, such as circles and wheels.
+The trefoil, changed into a figure composed
+of three winged feet radiating from a center,
+represented the swiftness of the sun's journey.
+The cross too was a symbol of the sun, being
+the appearance of its light shining upon dew
+or stream, making to the half-closed eye
+little bright crosses. One form of the cross
+was the swastika.</p>
+
+<p>To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals
+or prisoners of war, often burning them alive
+in wicker images. These bonfires lighted on
+the hills were meant to urge the god to protect
+and bless the crops and herds. From
+the appearance of the victims sacrificed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" href="#Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+them, omens were taken that foretold the future.
+The gods and other supernatural
+powers in answer to prayer were thought to
+signify their will by omens, and also by the
+following methods: the ordeal, in which the
+innocence or guilt of a person was shown by
+the way the god permitted him to endure fire
+or other torture; exorcism, the driving out of
+demons by saying mysterious words or names
+over them. Becoming skilled in interpreting
+the will of the gods, the Druids came to be
+known as prophets.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"O Deirdr&eacute;, terrible child,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For thee, red star of our ruin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Great weeping shall be in Eri&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thy feet shall trample the mighty<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Todhunter</span>: <i>Druid song of Cathvah</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>They kept their lore for the most part a
+secret, forbidding it to be written, passing it
+down by word of mouth. They taught the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" href="#Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+immortality of the soul, that it passed from
+one body to another at death.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They instantly again do other bodies take&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Drayton</span>: <i>Polyolbion</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>They believed that on the last night of the old
+year (October 31st) the lord of death gathered
+together the souls of all those who had died
+in the passing year and had been condemned
+to live in the bodies of animals, to decree
+what forms they should inhabit for the next
+twelve months. He could be coaxed to give
+lighter sentences by gifts and prayers.</p>
+
+<p>The badge of the initiated Druid was a
+glass ball reported to be made in summer of
+the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests
+as the snakes tossed it into the air.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And the potent adder-stone<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" href="#Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When in undulating twine<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The foaming snakes prolific join."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Mason</span>: <i>Caractacus.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It was real glass, blown by the Druids themselves.
+It was supposed to aid the wearer in
+winning lawsuits and securing the favor of
+kings.</p>
+
+<p>An animal sacred to the Druids was the cat.</p>
+
+<p>"A slender black cat reclining on a chain
+of old silver" guarded treasure in the old
+days. For a long time cats were dreaded by
+the people because they thought human beings
+had been changed to that form by evil
+means.</p>
+
+<p>The chief festivals of the Druids fell on four
+days, celebrating phases of the sun's career.
+Fires of sacrifice were lighted especially at
+spring and midsummer holidays, by exception
+on November 1st.</p>
+
+<p>May Day and November Day were the
+more important, the beginning and end of
+summer, yet neither equinoxes nor solstices.
+The time was divided then not according to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" href="#Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+sowing and reaping, but by the older method
+of reckoning from when the herds were turned
+out to pasture in the spring and brought into
+the fold again at the approach of winter&mdash;by
+a pastoral rather than an agricultural people.</p>
+
+<p>On the night before Beltaine ("Baal-fire"),
+the first of May, fires were burned to Baal to
+celebrate the return of the sun bringing
+summer. Before sunrise the houses were
+decked with garlands to gladden the sun
+when he appeared; a rite which has survived
+in "going maying." The May-Day fires were
+used for purification. Cattle were singed by
+being led near the flames, and sometimes bled
+that their blood might be offered as a sacrifice
+for a prosperous season.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">"When lo! a flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A wavy flame of ruddy light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leaped up, the farmyard fence above.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And while his children's shout rang high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His cows the farmer slowly drove<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Across the blaze,&mdash;he knew not why."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Kickham</span>: <i>St. John's Eve</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A cake was baked in the fire with one piece<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" href="#Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+blacked with charcoal. Whoever got the
+black piece was thereby marked for sacrifice
+to Baal, so that, as the ship proceeded in
+safety after Jonah was cast overboard, the
+affairs of the group about the May-Eve fire
+might prosper when it was purged of the
+one whom Baal designated by lot. Later
+only the symbol of offering was used, the
+victim being forced to leap thrice over the
+flames.</p>
+
+<p>In history it was the day of the coming of
+good. Partholon, the discoverer and promoter
+of Ireland, came thither from the other
+world to stay three hundred years. The gods
+themselves, the deliverers of Ireland, first
+arrived there "through the air" on May
+Day.</p>
+
+<p>June 21st, the day of the summer solstice,
+the height of the sun's power, was marked by
+midnight fires of joy and by dances. These
+were believed to strengthen the sun's heat.
+A blazing wheel to represent the sun was
+rolled down hill.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"A happy thought.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" href="#Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Give me this cart-wheel.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I'll have it tied with ropes and smeared with pitch,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when it's lighted, I will roll it down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The steepest hillside."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hauptmann</span>: <i>Sunken Bell</i>.<br />
+<span class="i0">(Lewisohn <i>trans.</i>)<br /></span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Spirits were believed to be abroad, and torches
+were carried about the fields to protect them
+from invasion. Charms were tried on that
+night with seeds of fern and hemp, and
+dreams were believed to be prophetic.</p>
+
+<p>Lugh, in old Highland speech "the summer
+sun"</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"The hour may hither drift<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When at the last, amid the o'erwearied Shee&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Weary of long delight and deathless joys&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One you shall love may fade before your eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before your eyes may fade, and be as mist<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caught in the sunny hollow of Lu's hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lord of the Day."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>had for father one of the gods and for mother
+the daughter of a chief of the enemy. Hence
+he possessed some good and some evil tendencies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" href="#Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+He may be the Celtic Mercury, for
+they were alike skilled in magic and alchemy,
+in deception, successful in combats with
+demons, the bringers of new strength and
+cleansing to the nation. He said farewell to
+power on the first of August, and his foster-mother
+had died on that day, so then it was
+he set his feast-day. The occasion was called
+"Lugnasad," "the bridal of Lugh" and the
+earth, whence the harvest should spring. It
+was celebrated by the offering of the first
+fruits of harvest, and by races and athletic
+sports. In Meath, Ireland, this continued
+down into the nineteenth century, with dancing
+and horse-racing the first week of August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" href="#Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h3>SAMHAIN</h3>
+
+
+<p>On November first was Samhain ("summer's
+end").</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Take my tidings:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Stags contend;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Snows descend&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Summer's end!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A chill wind raging,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sun low keeping,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Swift to set<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O'er seas high sweeping.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Dull red the fern;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shapes are shadows;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wild geese mourn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O'er misty meadows.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Keen cold limes each weaker wing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Icy times&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Such I sing!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Take my tidings."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Graves</span>: <i>First Winter Song</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Then the flocks were driven in, and men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" href="#Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+first had leisure after harvest toil. Fires
+were built as a thanksgiving to Baal for
+harvest. The old fire on the altar was
+quenched before the night of October 31st,
+and the new one made, as were all sacred
+fires, by friction. It was called "forced-fire."
+A wheel and a spindle were used:
+the wheel, the sun symbol, was turned from
+east to west, sunwise. The sparks were
+caught in tow, blazed upon the altar, and
+were passed on to light the hilltop fires.
+The new fire was given next morning, New
+Year's Day, by the priests to the people to
+light their hearths, where all fires had been
+extinguished. The blessed fire was thought
+to protect the year through the home it
+warmed. In Ireland the altar was Tlactga,
+on the hill of Ward in Meath, where sacrifices,
+especially black sheep, were burnt in the new
+fire. From the death struggles and look of
+the creatures omens for the future year were
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>The year was over, and the sun's life of a
+year was done. The Celts thought that at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" href="#Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+this time the sun fell a victim for six months
+to the powers of winter darkness. In Egyptian
+mythology one of the sun-gods, Osiris,
+was slain at a banquet by his brother S&icirc;tou,
+the god of darkness. On the anniversary of
+the murder, the first day of winter, no Egyptian
+would begin any new business for fear of
+bad luck, since the spirit of evil was then in
+power.</p>
+
+<p>From the idea that the sun suffered from
+his enemies on this day grew the association
+of Samhain with death.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the wither'd leaves lie dead;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub the jay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the gloomy day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" href="#Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">And the wild rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the yellow sun-flower by the brook in autumn beauty stood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till fell the frost from the cold clear heaven, as falls the plague on men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade, and glen."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Bryant</span>: <i>Death of the Flowers</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the same state as those who are dead,
+are those who have never lived, dwelling right
+in the world, but invisible to most mortals at
+most times. Seers could see them at any time,
+and if very many were abroad at once others
+might get a chance to watch them too.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There is a world in which we dwell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And yet a world invisible.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And do not think that naught can be<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Save only what with eyes ye see:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I tell ye that, this very hour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Had but your sight a spirit's power,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ye would be looking, eye to eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">At a terrific company."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>These supernatural spirits ruled the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" href="#Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+There were two classes: the Tuatha De
+Danann, "the people of the goddess Danu,"
+gods of light and life; and spirits of darkness
+and evil. The Tuatha had their chief seat on
+the Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish
+Sea, and brought under their power the
+islands about them. On a Midsummer Day
+they vanquished the Fir Bolgs and gained
+most of Ireland, by the battle of Moytura.</p>
+
+<p>A long time afterwards&mdash;perhaps 1000 <span class="smcap">b. c.</span>&mdash;the
+Fomor, sea-demons, after destroying
+nearly all their enemies by plagues, exacted
+from those remaining, as tribute, "a third
+part of their corn, a third part of their milk,
+and a third part of their children." This tax
+was paid on Samhain. It was on the week
+before Samhain that the Fomor landed upon
+Ireland. On the eve of Samhain the gods
+met them in the second battle of Moytura, and
+they were driven back into the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>As Tigernmas, a mythical king of Ireland,
+was sacrificing "the firstlings of every issue,
+and the scions of every clan" to Crom Croich,
+the king idol, and lay prostrate before the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21" href="#Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+image, he and three-fourths of his men mysteriously
+disappeared.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">"Then came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tigernmas, the prince of Tara yonder<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Hallowe'en with many hosts.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A cause of grief to them was the deed.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dead were the men<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Bamba's host, without happy strength<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Around Tigernmas, the destructive man of the north,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the worship of Crom Cruaich. 'T was no luck for them.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For I have learnt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Except one-fourth of the keen Gaels,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not a man alive&mdash;lasting the snare!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Escaped without death in his mouth."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht</i> (Meyer <i>trans.</i>).<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This was direct invocation, but the fire rites
+which were continued so long afterwards were
+really only worshipping the sun by proxy, in
+his nearest likeness, fire.</p>
+
+<p>Samhain was then a day sacred to the
+death of the sun, on which had been paid a
+sacrifice of death to evil powers. Though
+overcome at Moytura evil was ascendant at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22" href="#Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+Samhain. Methods of finding out the will
+of spirits and the future naturally worked
+better then, charms and invocations had more
+power, for the spirits were near to help, if care
+was taken not to anger them, and due honors
+paid.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23" href="#Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>POMONA</h3>
+
+
+<p>Ops was the Latin goddess of plenty.
+Single parts of her province were taken over
+by various other divinities, among whom was
+Pomona (<i>pomorum patrona</i>, "she who cares
+for fruits"). She is represented as a maiden
+with fruit in her arms and a pruning-knife in
+her hand.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I am the ancient apple-queen.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As once I was so am I now&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For evermore a hope unseen<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Betwixt the blossom and the bough.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ah, where's the river's hidden gold!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And where's the windy grave of Troy?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet come I as I came of old,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From out the heart of summer's joy."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Morris</span>: <i>Pomona</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Many Roman poets told stories about her, the
+best known being by Ovid, who says that she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24" href="#Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+was wooed by many orchard-gods, but preferred
+to remain unmarried. Among her
+suitors was Vertumnus ("the changer"), the
+god of the turning year, who had charge of
+the exchange of trade, the turning of river
+channels, and chiefly of the change in nature
+from flower to ripe fruit. True to his character
+he took many forms to gain Pomona's
+love. Now he was a ploughman (spring),
+now a fisherman (summer), now a reaper
+(autumn).</p>
+
+<p>At last he took the likeness of an old
+woman (winter), and went to gossip with
+Pomona. After sounding her mind and
+finding her averse to marriage, the woman
+pleaded for Vertumnus's success.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+"Is not he the first to have the fruits which
+are thy delight? And does he not hold thy
+gifts in his joyous right hand?"
+<p class="cite"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span>: <i>Vertumnus and Pomona</i>.<br /></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then the crone told her the story of Anaxarete
+who was so cold to her lover Iphis that
+he hanged himself, and she at the window<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25" href="#Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+watching his funeral train pass by was
+changed to a marble statue. Advising
+Pomona to avoid such a fate, Vertumnus
+donned his proper form, that of a handsome
+young man, and Pomona, moved by the story
+and his beauty, yielded and became his wife.</p>
+
+<p>Vertumnus had a statue in the Tuscan Way
+in Rome, and a temple. His festival, the
+Vortumnalia, was held on the 23d of August,
+when the summer began to wane. Garlands
+and garden produce were offered to him.</p>
+
+<p>Pomona had been assigned one of the
+fifteen <i>flamina</i>, priests whose duty it was to
+kindle the fire for special sacrifices. She had
+a grove near Ostia where a harvest festival
+was held about November first. Not much is
+known of the ceremonies, but from the
+similar August holiday much may be deduced.
+Then the deities of fire and water
+were propitiated that their disfavor might
+not ruin the crops. On Pomona's day doubtless
+thanks was rendered them for their aid
+to the harvest. An offering of first-fruits was
+made in August; in November the winter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26" href="#Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+store of nuts and apples was opened. The
+horses released from toil contended in races.</p>
+
+<p>From Pomona's festival nuts and apples,
+from the Druidic Samhain the supernatural
+element, combined to give later generations
+the charms and omens from nuts and apples
+which are made trial of at Hallowe'en.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27" href="#Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'</h3>
+
+
+<p>The great power which the Druids exercised
+over their people interfered with the
+Roman rule of Britain. Converts were being
+made at Rome. Augustus forbade Romans
+to became initiated, Tiberius banished the
+priestly clan and their adherents from Gaul,
+and Claudius utterly stamped out the belief
+there, and put to death a Roman knight for
+wearing the serpent's-egg badge to win a lawsuit.
+Forbidden to practise their rites in
+Britain, the Druids fled to the isle of Mona,
+near the coast of Wales. The Romans pursued
+them, and in 61 <span class="smcap">a. d.</span> they were slaughtered
+and their oak groves cut down. During
+the next three centuries the cult was stifled to
+death, and the Christian religion substituted.</p>
+
+<p>It was believed that at Christ's advent the
+pagan gods either died or were banished.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The lonely mountains o'er<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28" href="#Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">And the resounding shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From haunted spring and dale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Edged with poplar pale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The parting genius is with sighing sent.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With flower-inwoven tresses torn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>On the Morning of Christ's Nativity.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Christian Fathers explained all oracles
+and omens by saying that there was something
+in them, but that they were the work
+of the evil one. The miraculous power they
+seemed to possess worked "black magic."</p>
+
+<p>It was a long, hard effort to make men see
+that their gods had all the time been wrong,
+and harder still to root out the age-long
+growth of rite and symbol. But on the old
+religion might be grafted new names; Midsummer
+was dedicated to the birth of Saint
+John; Lugnasad became Lammas. The fires
+belonging to these times of year were retained,
+their old significance forgotten or reconsecrated.
+The rowan, or mountain ash, whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29" href="#Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+berries had been the food of the Tuatha, now
+exorcised those very beings. The trefoil
+signified the Trinity, and the cross no longer
+the rays of the sun on water, but the cross of
+Calvary. The fires which had been built
+to propitiate the god and consume his sacrifices
+to induce him to protect them were
+now lighted to protect the people from the
+same god, declared to be an evil mischief-maker.
+In time the autumn festival of the
+Druids became the vigil of All Hallows or All
+Saints' Day.</p>
+
+<p>All Saints' was first suggested in the fourth
+century, when the Christians were no longer
+persecuted, in memory of all the saints, since
+there were too many for each to have a
+special day on the church calendar. A day
+in May was chosen by Pope Boniface IV in
+610 for consecrating the Pantheon, the old
+Roman temple of all the gods, to the Virgin
+and all the saints and martyrs. Pope
+Gregory III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter's
+to the same, and that day was made compulsory
+in 835 by Pope Gregory IV, as All<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30" href="#Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+Saints'. The day was changed from May to
+November so that the crowds that thronged
+to Rome for the services might be fed from
+the harvest bounty. It is celebrated with
+a special service in the Greek and Roman
+churches and by Episcopalians.</p>
+
+<p>In the tenth century St. Odilo, Bishop of
+Cluny, instituted a day of prayer and special
+masses for the souls of the dead. He had
+been told that a hermit dwelling near a cave</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"heard the voices and howlings of devils, which
+complained strongly because that the souls of
+them that were dead were taken away from
+their hands by alms and by prayers."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">De Voragine</span>: <i>Golden Legend.</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>This day became All Souls', and was set for
+November 2d.</p>
+
+<p>It is very appropriate that the Celtic festival
+when the spirits of the dead and the supernatural
+powers held a carnival of triumph
+over the god of light, should be followed by
+All Saints' and All Souls'. The church holy-days
+were celebrated by bonfires to light souls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31" href="#Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+through Purgatory to Paradise, as they had
+lighted the sun to his death on Samhain. On
+both occasions there were prayers: the pagan
+petitions to the lord of death for a pleasant
+dwelling-place for the souls of departed
+friends; and the Christian for their speedy
+deliverance from torture. They have in common
+the celebrating of death: the one, of the
+sun; the other, of mortals: of harvest: the
+one, of crops; the other, of sacred memories.
+They are kept by revelry and joy: first, to
+cheer men and make them forget the malign
+influences abroad; second, because as the
+saints in heaven rejoice over one repentant
+sinner, we should rejoice over those who, after
+struggles and sufferings past, have entered
+into everlasting glory.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Yet were the fields in bud.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the harvest,&mdash;when shall it rise again<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Up through the fire and flood?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32" href="#Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i2">Was it not all to save<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Harvest of bread?&mdash;Harvest of men?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the bright years, wave on wave?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>"Search not, search not, my way-worn;</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Search neither weald nor wave.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>One is their heavy reaping-time</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>To the earth, that is one wide grave."</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Marks</span>: <i>All Souls' Eve.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33" href="#Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN
+OMENS</h3>
+
+
+<p>The custom of making tests to learn the
+future comes from the old system of augury
+from sacrifice. Who sees in the nuts thrown
+into the fire, turning in the heat, blazing and
+growing black, the writhing victim of an old-time
+sacrifice to an idol?</p>
+
+<p>Many superstitions and charms were believed
+to be active at any time, but all those
+and numerous special ones worked best on
+November Eve. All the tests of all the Celtic
+festivals have been allotted to Hallowe'en.
+Cakes from the May Eve fire, hemp-seed and
+prophetic dreams from Midsummer, games
+and sports from Lugnasad have survived in
+varied forms.</p>
+
+<p>Tests are very often tried blindfold, so that
+the seeker may be guided by fate. Many are
+mystic&mdash;to evoke apparitions from the past or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34" href="#Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+future. Others are tried with harvest grains
+and fruits. Because skill and undivided attention
+is needed to carry them through successfully,
+many have degenerated into mere
+contests of skill, have lost their meaning, and
+become rough games.</p>
+
+<p>Answers are sought to questions about one's
+future career; chiefly to: when and whom
+shall I marry? what will be my profession
+and degree of wealth, and when shall I die?</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/illus-34.jpg" name="TIME" id="TIME">
+<img src="images/illus-34-tn.jpg" width="400" height="255" class="plain" alt="In Hallowe&#39;en Time." title="In Hallowe&#39;en Time." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">In Hallowe&#39;en Time.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35" href="#Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND</h3>
+
+
+<p>Ireland has a literature of Hallowe'en, or
+"Samhain," as it used to be called. Most of
+it was written between the seventh and the
+twelfth centuries, but the events were thought
+to have happened while paganism still ruled
+in Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>The evil powers that came out at Samhain
+lived the rest of the time in the cave of
+Cruachan in Connaught, the province which
+was given to the wicked Fomor after the
+battle of Moytura. This cave was called the
+"hell-gate of Ireland," and was unlocked on
+November Eve to let out spirits and copper-colored
+birds which killed the farm animals.
+They also stole babies, leaving in their place
+changelings, goblins who were old in wickedness
+while still in the cradle, possessing
+superhuman cunning and skill in music.
+One way of getting rid of these demon children
+was to ill-treat them so that their people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36" href="#Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+would come for them, bringing the right ones
+back; or one might boil egg-shells in the
+sight of the changeling, who would declare
+his demon nature by saying that in his centuries
+of life he had never seen such a thing
+before.</p>
+
+<p>Brides too were stolen.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"You shall go with me, newly married bride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gaze upon a merrier multitude;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">White-armed Nuala and &AElig;ngus of the birds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Feacra of the hurtling foam, and him<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who is the ruler of the western host,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Finvarra, and the Land of Heart's Desire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where beauty has no ebb, decay no flood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But joy is wisdom, time an endless song."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the first century <span class="smcap">b. c.</span> lived Ailill and
+his queen Medb. As they were celebrating
+their Samhain feast in the palace,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Three days before Samhain at all times,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And three days after, by ancient custom<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did the hosts of high aspiration<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Continue to feast for the whole week."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">O'Ciarain</span>: <i>Loch Garman.</i><br />
+</p>
+<p>they offered a reward to the man who should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37" href="#Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+tie a bundle of twigs about the feet of a criminal
+who had been hanged by the gate. It
+was dangerous to go near dead bodies on
+November Eve, but a bold young man named
+Nera dared it, and tied the twigs successfully.
+As he turned to go he saw</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"the whole of the palace as if on fire before
+him, and the heads of the people of it lying on
+the ground, and then he thought he saw an
+army going into the hill of Cruachan, and he
+followed after the army."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Gregory</span>: <i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne.</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The door was shut. Nera was married to a
+fairy woman, who betrayed her kindred by
+sending Nera to warn King Ailill of the intended
+attack upon his palace the next
+November Eve. Nera bore summer fruits
+with him to prove that he had been in the
+fairy <i>sid</i>. The next November Eve, when the
+doors were opened Ailill entered and discovered
+the crown, emblem of power, took it
+away, and plundered the treasury. Nera
+never returned again to the homes of men.</p>
+
+<p>Another story of about the same time was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38" href="#Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+that of Angus, the son of a Tuatha god, to
+whom in a dream a beautiful maiden appeared.
+He wasted away with love for her,
+and searched the country for a girl who
+should look like her. At last he saw in a
+meadow among a hundred and fifty maidens,
+each with a chain of silver about her neck,
+one who was like the beauty of his dream.
+She wore a golden chain about her throat,
+and was the daughter of King Ethal Anbual.
+King Ethal's palace was stormed by Ailill,
+and he was forced to give up his daughter.
+He gave as a reason for withholding his consent
+so long, that on Samhain Princess Caer
+changed from a maiden to a swan, and back
+again the next year.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And when the time came Angus went to the
+loch, and he saw the three times fifty white
+birds there with their silver chains about their
+necks, and Angus stood in a man's shape at the
+edge of the loch, and he called to the girl:
+'Come and speak with me, O Caer!'</p>
+
+<p>"'Who is calling me?' said Caer.</p>
+
+<p>"'Angus calls you,' he said, 'and if you do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39" href="#Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+come, I swear by my word I will not hinder
+you from going into the loch again.'"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Gregory</span>: <i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne.</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>She came, and he changed to a swan likewise,
+and they flew away to King Dagda's
+palace, where every one who heard their sweet
+singing was charmed into a sleep of three days
+and three nights.</p>
+
+<p>Princess Etain, of the race of the Tuatha,
+and wife of Midir, was born again as the
+daughter of Queen Medb, the wife of Ailill.
+She remembers a little of the land from which
+she came, is never quite happy,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"But sometimes&mdash;sometimes&mdash;tell me: have you heard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By dusk or moonset have you never heard<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sweet voices, delicate music? Never seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The passage of the lordly beautiful ones<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Men call the Shee?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>even when she wins the love of King Eochaidh.
+When they have been married a year,
+there comes Midir from the Land of Youth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40" href="#Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+By winning a game of chess from the King,
+he gets anything he may ask, and prays to see
+the Queen. When he sees her he sings a song
+of longing to her, and Eochaidh is troubled
+because it is Samhain, and he knows the great
+power the hosts of the air "have then over
+those who wish for happiness."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Etain, speak!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What is the song the harper sings, what tongue<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is this he speaks? for in no Gaelic lands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is speech like this upon the lips of men.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No word of all these honey-dripping words<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is known to me. Beware, beware the words<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brewed in the moonshine under ancient oaks<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">White with pale banners of the mistletoe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Twined round them in their slow and stately death.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It is the feast of S&aacute;veen" (Samhain).<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In vain Eochaidh pleads with her to stay
+with him. She has already forgotten all but
+Midir and the life so long ago in the Land of
+Youth.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"In the Land of Youth<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41" href="#Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i2">There are pleasant places;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Green meadows, woods,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Swift grey-blue waters.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There is no age there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor any sorrow.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As the stars in heaven<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are the cattle in the valleys.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Great rivers wander<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through flowery plains.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Streams of milk, of mead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Streams of strong ale.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There is no hunger<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And no thirst<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the Hollow Land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the Land of Youth."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Immortal Hour.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>She and Midir fly away in the form of two
+swans, linked by a chain of gold.</p>
+
+<p>Cuchulain, hopelessly sick of a strange illness
+brought on by Fand and Liban, fairy
+sisters, was visited the day before Samhain by
+a messenger, who promised to cure him if he
+would go to the Otherworld. Cuchulain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42" href="#Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+could not make up his mind to go, but sent
+Laeg, his charioteer. Such glorious reports
+did Laeg bring back from the Otherworld,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"If all Erin were mine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the kingship of yellow Bregia,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I would give it, no trifling deed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To dwell for aye in the place I reached."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>Cuchulain's Sick-bed.</i> (Meyer <i>trans</i>.)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>that Cuchulain went thither, and championed
+the people there against their enemies. He
+stayed a month with the fairy Fand. Emer,
+his wife at home, was beset with jealousy, and
+plotted against Fand, who had followed her
+hero home. Fand in fear returned to her deserted
+husband, Emer was given a Druidic
+drink to drown her jealousy, and Cuchulain
+another to forget his infatuation, and they
+lived happily afterward.</p>
+
+<p>Even after Christianity was made the vital
+religion in Ireland, it was believed that places
+not exorcised by prayers and by the sign of
+the cross, were still haunted by Druids. As
+late as the fifth century the Druids kept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43" href="#Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+their skill in fortune-telling. King Dathi
+got a Druid to foretell what would happen to
+him from one Hallowe'en to the next, and
+the prophecy came true. Their religion was
+now declared evil, and all evil or at any rate
+suspicious beings were assigned to them or to
+the devil as followers.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<i>Maire Bruin:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are not they, likewise, the children of God?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Father Hart:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Colleen, they are the children of the fiend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And they have power until the end of Time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When God shall fight with them a great pitched battle<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And hack them into pieces."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The power of fairy music was so great that
+St. Patrick himself was put to sleep by a
+minstrel who appeared to him on the day
+before Samhain. The Tuatha De Danann,
+angered at the renegade people who no longer
+did them honor, sent another minstrel, who
+after laying the ancient religious seat Tara
+under a twenty-three years' charm, burned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44" href="#Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+up the city with his fiery breath.</p>
+
+<p>These infamous spirits dwelt in grassy
+mounds, called "forts," which were the
+entrances to underground palaces full of
+treasure, where was always music and dancing.
+These treasure-houses were open only
+on November Eve</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For the fairy mounds of Erinn are always<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">opened about Hallowe'en."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>Expedition of Nera.</i> (Meyer <i>trans</i>.)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>when the throngs of spirits, fairies, and goblins
+trooped out for revels about the country.
+The old Druid idea of obsession, the besieging
+of a person by an evil spirit, was
+practised by them at that time.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This is the first day of the winter, and to-day the<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hosts of the Air are in their greatest power."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Warren</span>: <i>Twig of Thorn.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>If the fairies wished to seize a mortal&mdash;which
+power they had as the sun-god could take
+men to himself&mdash;they caused him to give
+them certain tokens by which he delivered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45" href="#Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+himself into their hands. They might be
+milk and fire&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<i>Maire Bruin:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A little queer old woman cloaked in green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who came to beg a porringer of milk.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Bridget Bruin:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The good people go asking milk and fire<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Upon May Eve&mdash;woe to the house that gives,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For they have power over it for a year."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>or one might receive a fairy thorn such as
+Oonah brings home, which shrivels up at the
+touch of St. Bridget's image;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Oh, ever since I kept the twig of thorn and
+hid it, I have seen strange things, and heard
+strange laughter and far voices calling."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Warren</span>: <i>Twig of Thorn.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>or one might be lured by music as he stopped
+near the fort to watch the dancing, for the
+revels were held in secret, as those of the
+Druids had been, and no one could look on
+them unaffected.</p>
+
+<p>A story is told of Paddy More, a great stout<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46" href="#Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+uncivil churl, and Paddy Beg, a cheerful little
+hunchback. The latter, seeing lights and
+hearing music, paused by a mound, and was
+invited in. Urged to tell stories, he complied;
+he danced as spryly as he could for
+his deformity; he sang, and made himself so
+agreeable that the fairies decided to take the
+hump off his back, and send him home a
+straight manly fellow. The next Hallowe'en
+who should come by the same place but
+Paddy More, and he stopped likewise to spy
+at the merrymaking. He too was called in,
+but would not dance politely, added no stories
+nor songs. The fairies clapped Paddy Beg's
+hump on his back, and dismissed him under
+a double burden of discomfort.</p>
+
+<p>A lad called Guleesh, listening outside a
+fort on Hallowe'en heard the spirits speaking
+of the fatal illness of his betrothed, the
+daughter of the King of France. They said
+that if Guleesh but knew it, he might boil an
+herb that grew by his door and give it to
+the princess and make her well. Joyfully
+Guleesh hastened home, prepared the herb,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47" href="#Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+and cured the royal girl.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes people did not have the luck to
+return, but were led away to a realm of perpetual
+youth and music.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<i>Father Hart.</i> What are you reading?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Maire Bruin.</i> How a Princess Edane,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A daughter of a King of Ireland, heard<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A voice singing on a May Eve like this,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And followed, half awake and half asleep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Until she came into the land of faery,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and godly and grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and crafty and wise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where nobody gets old and bitter of tongue;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And she is still there, busied with a dance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Deep in the dewy shadow of a wood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or where stars walk upon a mountain-top."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite3"><span class="smcap">Yeats</span>: <i>Land of Heart's Desire.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>If one returned, he found that the space
+which seemed to him but one night, had been
+many years, and with the touch of earthly
+sod the age he had postponed suddenly
+weighed him down. Ossian, released from
+fairyland after three hundred years dalliance
+there, rode back to his own country on horseback.
+He saw men imprisoned under a block<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48" href="#Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+of marble and others trying to lift the stone.
+As he leaned over to aid them the girth
+broke. With the touch of earth "straightway
+the white horse fled away on his way home,
+and Ossian became aged, decrepit, and blind."</p>
+
+<p>No place as much as Ireland has kept the
+belief in all sorts of supernatural spirits
+abroad among its people. From the time
+when on the hill of Ward, near Tara, in
+pre-Christian days, the sacrifices were burned and
+the Tuatha were thought to appear on Samhain,
+to as late as 1910, testimony to actual
+appearances of the "little people" is to be
+found.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Among the usually invisible races which I
+have seen in Ireland, I distinguish five classes.
+There are the Gnomes, who are earth-spirits, and
+who seem to be a sorrowful race. I once saw
+some of them distinctly on the side of Ben Bulbin.
+They had rather round heads and dark
+thick-set bodies, and in stature were about two
+and one-half feet. The Leprechauns are different,
+being full of mischief, though they, too, are
+small. I followed a Leprechaun from the town
+of Wicklow out to the Carraig Sidhe, "Rock of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49" href="#Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+the Fairies," a distance of half a mile or more,
+where he disappeared. He had a very merry
+face, and beckoned to me with his finger. A
+third class are the Little People, who, unlike the
+Gnomes and Leprechauns, are quite good-looking;
+and they are very small. The Good People
+are tall, beautiful beings, as tall as ourselves....
+They direct the magnetic currents of
+the earth. The Gods are really the Tuatha De
+Danann, and they are much taller than our race.'"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Wentz</span>: <i>Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The sight of apparitions on Hallowe'en is
+believed to be fatal to the beholder.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"One night my lady's soul walked along the
+wall like a cat. Long Tom Bowman beheld her
+and that day week fell he into the well and was
+drowned."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Pyle</span>: <i>Priest and the Piper.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>One version of the Jack-o'-lantern story
+comes from Ireland. A stingy man named
+Jack was for his inhospitality barred from all
+hope of heaven, and because of practical jokes
+on the Devil was locked out of hell. Until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50" href="#Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+the Judgment Day he is condemned to walk
+the earth with a lantern to light his way.</p>
+
+<p>The place of the old lord of the dead, the
+Tuatha god Saman, to whom vigil was kept
+and prayers said on November Eve for the
+good of departed souls, was taken in Christian
+times by St. Colomba or Columb Kill, the
+founder of a monastery in Iona in the fifth
+century. In the seventeenth century the
+Irish peasants went about begging money and
+goodies for a feast, and demanding in the
+name of Columb Kill that fatted calves and
+black sheep be prepared. In place of the
+Druid fires, candles were collected and lighted
+on Hallowe'en, and prayers for the souls of
+the givers said before them. The name of
+Saman is kept in the title "Oidhche
+Shamhna," "vigil of Saman," by which the
+night of October 31st was until recently called
+in Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>There are no Hallowe'en bonfires in Ireland
+now, but charms and tests are tried. Apples
+and nuts, the treasure of Pomona, figure
+largely in these. They are representative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51" href="#Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+winter fruits, the commonest. They can be
+gathered late and kept all winter.</p>
+
+<p>A popular drink at the Hallowe'en gathering
+in the eighteenth century was milk in
+which crushed roasted apples had been mixed.
+It was called lambs'-wool (perhaps from "La
+Mas Ubhal," "the day of the apple fruit").
+At the Hallowe'en supper "callcannon,"
+mashed potatoes, parsnips, and chopped
+onions, is indispensable. A ring is buried
+in it, and the one who finds it in his portion
+will be married in a year, or if he is already
+married, will be lucky.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They had colcannon, and the funniest things
+were found in it&mdash;tiny dolls, mice, a pig made of
+china, silver sixpences, a thimble, a ring, and
+lots of other things. After supper was over all
+went into the big play-room, and dived for
+apples in a tub of water, fished for prizes in a
+basin of flour; then there were games&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Trant</span>: <i>Hallowe'en in Ireland.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>A coin betokened to the finder wealth; the
+thimble, that he would never marry.</p>
+
+<p>A ring and a nut are baked in a cake. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52" href="#Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+ring of course means early marriage, the nut
+signifies that its finder will marry a widow or
+a widower. If the kernel is withered, no
+marriage at all is prophesied. In Roscommon,
+in central Ireland, a coin, a sloe, and a
+bit of wood were baked in a cake. The one
+getting the sloe would live longest, the one
+getting the wood was destined to die within
+the year.</p>
+
+<p>A mould of flour turned out on the table
+held similar tokens. Each person cut off a
+slice with a knife, and drew out his prize with
+his teeth.</p>
+
+<p>After supper the tests were tried. In the
+last century nut-shells were burned. The
+best-known nut test is made as follows: three
+nuts are named for a girl and two sweethearts.
+If one burns steadily with the girl's
+nut, that lover is faithful to her, but if either
+hers or one of the other nuts starts away,
+there will be no happy friendship between
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Apples are snapped from the end of a stick
+hung parallel to the floor by a twisted cord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53" href="#Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+which whirls the stick rapidly when it is let
+go. Care has to be taken not to bite the
+candle burning on the other end. Sometimes
+this test is made easier by dropping the
+apples into a tub of water and diving for
+them, or piercing them with a fork dropped
+straight down.</p>
+
+<p>Green herbs called "livelong" were plucked
+by the children and hung up on Midsummer
+Eve. If a plant was found to be still green
+on Hallowe'en, the one who had hung it up
+would prosper for the year, but if it had
+turned yellow or had died, the child would
+also die.</p>
+
+<p>Hemp-seed is sown across three furrows, the
+sower repeating: "Hemp-seed, I saw thee,
+hemp-seed, I saw thee; and her that is to be
+my true love, come after me and draw thee."
+On looking back over his shoulder he will see
+the apparition of his future wife in the act of
+gathering hemp.</p>
+
+<p>Seven cabbage stalks were named for any
+seven of the company, then pulled up, and
+the guests asked to come out, and "see their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54" href="#Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+sowls."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"One, two, three, and up to seven;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If all are white, all go to heaven;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If one is black as Murtagh's evil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He'll soon be screechin' wi' the devil."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Red Mike "was a queer one from his birth,
+an' no wonder, for he first saw the light
+atween dusk an' dark o' a Hallowe'en Eve."
+When the cabbage test was tried at a party
+where Mike was present, six stalks were found
+to be white, but Mike's was "all black an'
+fowl wi' worms an' slugs, an' wi' a real bad
+smell ahint it." Angered at the ridicule he
+received, he cried: "I've the gift o' the night,
+I have, an' on this day my curse can blast
+whatever I choose." At that the priest
+showed Mike a crucifix, and he ran away
+howling, and disappeared through a bog into
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig"><span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Threefold Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+<p>Twelve of the party may learn their future,
+if one gets a clod of earth from the churchyard
+sets up twelve candles in it, lights and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55" href="#Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+names them. The fortune of each will be like
+that of the candle-light named for him,&mdash;steady,
+wavering, or soon in darkness.</p>
+
+<p>A ball of blue yarn was thrown out of the
+window by a girl who held fast to the end.
+She wound it over on her hand from left to
+right, saying the Creed backwards. When she
+had nearly finished, she expected the yarn
+would be held. She must ask "Who holds?"
+and the wind would sigh her sweetheart's name
+in at the window.</p>
+
+<p>In some charms the devil was invoked
+directly. If one walked about a rick nine
+times with a rake, saying, "I rake this rick
+in the devil's name," a vision would come
+and take away the rake.</p>
+
+<p>If one went out with nine grains of oats in
+his mouth, and walked about until he heard a
+girl's name called or mentioned, he would
+know the name of his future wife, for they
+would be the same.</p>
+
+<p>Lead is melted, and poured through a key
+or a ring into cold water. The form each
+spoonful takes in cooling indicates the occupation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56" href="#Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+of the future husband of the girl who
+poured it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Now something like a horse would cause the
+jubilant maiden to call out, 'A dragoon!' Now
+some dim resemblance to a helmet would suggest
+a handsome member of the mounted
+police; or a round object with a spike would
+seem a ship, and this of course meant a sailor;
+or a cow would suggest a cattle-dealer, or a
+plough a farmer."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Sharp</span>: <i>Threefold Chronicle.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>After the future had been searched, a piper
+played a jig, to which all danced merrily with
+a loud noise to scare away the evil spirits.</p>
+
+<p>Just before midnight was the time to go
+out "alone and unperceived" to a south-running
+brook, dip a shirt-sleeve in it, bring it
+home and hang it by the fire to dry. One
+must go to bed, but watch till midnight for a
+sight of the destined mate who would come
+to turn the shirt to dry the other side.</p>
+
+<p>Ashes were raked smooth on the hearth at
+bedtime on Hallowe'en, and the next morning
+examined for footprints. If one was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57" href="#Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+turned from the door, guests or a marriage was
+prophesied; if toward the door, a death.</p>
+
+<p>To have prophetic dreams a girl should
+search for a briar grown into a hoop, creep
+through thrice in the name of the devil, cut
+it in silence, and go to bed with it under her
+pillow. A boy should cut ten ivy leaves,
+throw away one and put the rest under his
+head before he slept.</p>
+
+<p>If a girl leave beside her bed a glass of
+water with a sliver of wood in it, and say before
+she falls asleep:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Husband mine that is to be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Come this night and rescue me,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>she will dream of falling off a bridge into the
+water, and of being saved at the last minute
+by the spirit of her future husband. To receive
+a drink from his hand she must eat a
+cake of flour, soot, and salt before she goes to
+bed.</p>
+
+<p>The Celtic spirit of yearning for the unknown,
+retained nowhere else as much as in
+Ireland, is expressed very beautifully by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58" href="#Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+poet Yeats in the introduction to his <i>Celtic
+Twilight</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The host is riding from Knocknarea<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And over the grave of Clooth-na-bare;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Caolte tossing his burning hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Niam calling: 'Away, come away;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'And brood no more where the fire is bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Filling thy heart with a mortal dream;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For breasts are heaving and eyes a-gleam:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Away, come away to the dim twilight<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Arms are heaving and lips apart;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And if any gaze on our rushing band,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We come between him and the deed of his hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We come between him and the hope of his heart.'<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The host is rushing twixt night and day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And where is there hope or deed as fair?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Caolte tossing his burning hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Niam calling: 'Away, come away.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59" href="#Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>IN SCOTLAND AND THE HEBRIDES</h3>
+
+
+<p>As in Ireland the Scotch Baal festival of
+November was called Samhain. Western
+Scotland, lying nearest Tara, center alike of
+pagan and Christian religion in Ireland, was
+colonized by both the people and the customs
+of eastern Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>The November Eve fires which in Ireland
+either died out or were replaced by candles
+were continued in Scotland. In Buchan,
+where was the altar-source of the Samhain
+fire, bonfires were lighted on hilltops in the
+eighteenth century; and in Moray the idea of
+fires of thanksgiving for harvest was kept
+to as late as 1866. All through the
+eighteenth century in the Highlands and in
+Perthshire torches of heath, broom, flax, or
+ferns were carried about the fields and villages
+by each family, with the intent to cause
+good crops in succeeding years. The course<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60" href="#Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+about the fields was sunwise, to have a good
+influence. Brought home at dark, the torches
+were thrown down in a heap, and made a fire.
+This blaze was called "Samhnagan," "of rest
+and pleasure." There was much competition
+to have the largest fire. Each person put in
+one stone to make a circle about it. The
+young people ran about with burning brands.
+Supper was eaten out-of-doors, and games
+played. After the fire had burned out, ashes
+were raked over the stones. In the morning
+each sought his pebble, and if he found it
+misplaced, harmed, or a footprint marked
+near it in the ashes, he believed he should die
+in a year.</p>
+
+<p>In Aberdeenshire boys went about the
+villages saying: "Ge's a peat t' burn the
+witches." They were thought to be out stealing
+milk and harming cattle. Torches used
+to counteract them were carried from west to
+east, against the sun. This ceremony grew
+into a game, when a fire was built by one
+party, attacked by another, and defended. As
+in the May fires of purification the lads lay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61" href="#Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+down in the smoke close by, or ran about and
+jumped over the flames. As the fun grew
+wilder they flung burning peats at each other,
+scattered the ashes with their feet, and hurried
+from one fire to another to have a part in
+scattering as many as possible before they died
+out.</p>
+
+<p>In 1874, at Balmoral, a royal celebration of
+Hallowe'en was recorded. Royalty, tenants,
+and servants bore torches through the grounds
+and round the estates. In front of the castle
+was a heap of stuff saved for the occasion.
+The torches were thrown on. When the fire
+was burning its liveliest, a hobgoblin appeared,
+drawing in a car the figure of a witch,
+surrounded by fairies carrying lances. The
+people formed a circle about the fire, and the
+witch was tossed in. Then there were dances
+to the music of bag-pipes.</p>
+
+<p>It was the time of year when servants
+changed masters or signed up anew under the
+old ones. They might enjoy a holiday before
+resuming work. So they sang:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This is Hallaeven,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62" href="#Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">The morn is Halladay;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nine free nichts till Martinmas,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As soon they'll wear away."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Children born on Hallowe'en could see and
+converse with supernatural powers more
+easily than others. In Ireland, evil relations
+caused Red Mike's downfall (q. v.). For Scotland
+Mary Avenel, in Scott's <i>Monastery</i>, is the
+classic example.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And touching the bairn, it's weel kenn'd she
+was born on Hallowe'en, and they that are born
+on Hallowe'en whiles see mair than ither folk."</p></div>
+
+<p>There is no hint of dark relations, but rather
+of a clear-sightedness which lays bare truths,
+even those concealed in men's breasts. Mary
+Avenel sees the spirit of her father after he
+has been dead for years. The White Lady of
+Avenel is her peculiar guardian.</p>
+
+<p>The Scottish Border, where Mary lived, is
+the seat of many superstitions and other
+worldly beliefs. The fairies of Scotland are
+more terrible than those of Ireland, as the
+dells and streams and woods are of greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63" href="#Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+grandeur, and the character of the people
+more serious. It is unlucky to name the
+fairies, here as elsewhere, except by such
+placating titles as "Good Neighbors" or "Men
+of Peace." Rowan, elm, and holly are a protection
+against them.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have tied red thread round the bairns'
+throats, and given ilk ane of them a riding-wand
+of rowan-tree, forbye sewing up a slip of witch-elm
+into their doublets; and I wish to know of
+your reverence if there be onything mair that a
+lone woman can do in the matter of ghosts and
+fairies?&mdash;be here! that I should have named
+their unlucky names twice ower!"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>Monastery.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>"The sign of the cross disarmeth all evil
+spirits."</p>
+
+<p>These spirits of the air have not human
+feelings or motives. They are conscienceless.
+In this respect Peter Pan is an immortal fairy
+as well as an immortal child. While like a
+child he resents injustice in horrified silence,
+like a fairy he acts with no sense of responsibility.
+When he saves Wendy's brother from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64" href="#Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+falling as they fly,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"You felt it was his cleverness that interested
+him, and not the saving of human life."</p>
+
+<p class="cite4">
+<span class="smcap">Barrie</span>: <i>Peter and Wendy.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The world in which Peter lived was so near
+the Kensington Gardens that he could see
+them through the bridge as he sat on the
+shore of the Neverland. Yet for a long time
+he could not get to them.</p>
+
+<p>Peter is a fairy piper who steals away the
+souls of children.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"No man alive has seen me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But women hear me play,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sometimes at door or window,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fiddling the souls away&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The child's soul and the colleen's<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Out of the covering clay."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hopper</span>: <i>Fairy Fiddler.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>On Hallowe'en all traditional spirits are
+abroad. The Scotch invented the idea of a
+"Samhanach," a goblin who comes out just
+at "Samhain." It is he who in Ireland steals<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65" href="#Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+children. The fairies pass at crossroads,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"But the night is Hallowe'en, lady,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The morn is Hallowday;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then win me, win me, and ye will,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For weel I wot ye may.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Just at the mirk and midnight hour<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The fairy folk will ride.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And they that wad their true-love win,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">At Miles Cross they maun bide."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>Ballad of Tam Lin.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and in the Highlands whoever took a three-legged
+stool to where three crossroads met,
+and sat upon it at midnight, would hear the
+names of those who were to die in a year.
+He might bring with him articles of dress,
+and as each name was pronounced throw one
+garment to the fairies. They would be so
+pleased by this gift that they would repeal
+the sentence of death.</p>
+
+<p>Even people who seemed to be like their
+neighbors every day could for this night fly
+away and join the other beings in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66" href="#Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+revels.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This is the nicht o' Hallowe'en<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When a' the witchie may be seen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Some o' them black, some o' them green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Some o' them like a turkey bean."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A witches' party was conducted in this way.
+The wretched women who had sold their
+souls to the Devil, left a stick in bed which
+by evil means was made to have their likeness,
+and, anointed with the fat of murdered
+babies flew off up the chimney on a broomstick
+with cats attendant. Burns tells the
+story of a company of witches pulling ragwort
+by the roadside, getting each astride her ragwort
+with the summons "Up horsie!" and
+flying away.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"The hag is astride<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">This night for a ride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The devils and she together:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Through thick and through thin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Now out and now in,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though ne'er so foul be the weather.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"A thorn or a burr<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67" href="#Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i4">She takes for a spur,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With a lash of the bramble she rides now.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Through brake and through briers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">O'er ditches and mires,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She follows the spirit that guides now."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Herrick</span>: <i>The Hag.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The meeting-place was arranged by the Devil,
+who sometimes rode there on a goat. At
+their supper no bread or salt was eaten; they
+drank out of horses' skulls, and danced, sometimes
+back to back, sometimes from west to
+east, for the dances at the ancient Baal festivals
+were from east to west, and it was evil
+and ill-omened to move the other way. For
+this dance the Devil played a bag-pipe made
+of a hen's skull and cats' tails.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There sat Auld Nick, in shape o' beast;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A tousie tyke, black, grim, and large,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To gie them music was his charge:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He screw'd the pipes and gart them skirl,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till roof and rafters a' did dirl."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam o' Shanter.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ring.</p></div>
+<p>The light for the revelry came from a torch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68" href="#Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+flaring between the horns of the Devil's steed
+the goat, and at the close the ashes were
+divided for the witches to use in incantations.
+People imagined that cats who had been up
+all night on Hallowe'en were tired out the
+next morning.</p>
+
+<p>Tam o' Shanter who was watching such a
+dance</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"By Alloway's auld haunted kirk"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>in Ayrshire, could not resist calling out at the
+antics of a neighbor whom he recognized, and
+was pursued by the witches. He urged his
+horse to top-speed,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And win the key-stane of the brig;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There at them thou thy tail may toss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A running stream they dare na cross!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam o' Shanter.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>but poor Meg had no tail thereafter to toss at
+them, for though she saved her rider, she was
+only her tail's length beyond the middle of
+the bridge when the foremost witch grasped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69" href="#Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+it and seared it to a stub.</p>
+
+<p>Such witches might be questioned about
+the past or future.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"He that dare sit on St. Swithin's Chair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When the Night-Hag wings the troubled air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Questions three, when he speaks the spell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He may ask, and she must tell."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>St. Swithin's Chair.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Children make of themselves bogies on this
+evening, carrying the largest turnips they can
+save from harvest, hollowed out and carved
+into the likeness of a fearsome face, with teeth
+and forehead blacked, and lighted by a candle
+fastened inside.</p>
+
+<p>If the spirit of a person simply appears
+without being summoned, and the person is
+still alive, it means that he is in danger. If
+he comes toward the one to whom he appears
+the danger is over. If he seems to go away,
+he is dying.</p>
+
+<p>An apparition from the future especially is
+sought on Hallowe'en. It is a famous time
+for divination in love affairs. A typical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70" href="#Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+eighteenth century party in western Scotland
+is described by Robert Burns.</p>
+
+<p>Cabbages are important in Scotch superstition.
+Children believe that if they pile
+cabbage-stalks round the doors and windows
+of the house, the fairies will bring them a
+new brother or sister.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And often when in his old-fashioned way<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He questioned me,...<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who made the stars? and if within his hand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He caught and held one, would his fingers burn?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If I, the gray-haired dominie, was dug<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From out a cabbage-garden such as he<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was found in&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Buchanan</span>: <i>Willie Baird.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Kale-pulling came first on the program in
+Burns's <i>Hallowe'en</i>. Just the single and unengaged
+went out hand in hand blindfolded
+to the cabbage-garden. They pulled the first
+stalk they came upon, brought it back to the
+house, and were unbandaged. The size and
+shape of the stalk indicated the appearance
+of the future husband or wife.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Maybe you would rather not pull a stalk<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71" href="#Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+that was tall and straight and strong&mdash;that
+would mean Alastair? Maybe you would
+rather find you had got hold of a withered old
+stump with a lot of earth at the root&mdash;a decrepit
+old man with plenty of money in the bank? Or
+maybe you are wishing for one that is slim and
+supple and not so tall&mdash;for one that might mean
+Johnnie Semple."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Black</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Wraith.</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>A close white head meant an old husband, an
+open green head a young one. His disposition
+would be like the taste of the stem. To
+determine his name, the stalks were hung
+over the door, and the number of one's stalk
+in the row noted. If Jessie put hers up third
+from the beginning, and the third man who
+passed through the doorway under it was
+named Alan, her husband's first name would
+be Alan. This is practised only a little now
+among farmers. It has special virtue if the
+cabbage has been stolen from the garden of an
+unmarried person.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the pith of a cabbage-stalk was
+pushed out, the hole filled with tow, which
+was set afire and blown through keyholes on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72" href="#Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+Hallowe'en.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Their runts clean through and through were bored,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stuffed with raivelins fou,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And like a chimley when on fire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each could the reek outspue.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Jock through the key-hole sent a cloud<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That reached across the house,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While in below the door reek rushed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like water through a sluice."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Dick</span>: <i>Splores of a Hallowe'en.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Cabbage-broth was a regular dish at the
+Hallowe'en feast. Mashed potatoes, as in Ireland,
+or a dish of meal and milk holds symbolic
+objects&mdash;a ring, a thimble, and a coin.
+In the cake are baked a ring and a key. The
+ring signifies to the possessor marriage, and
+the key a journey.</p>
+
+<p>Apple-ducking is still a universal custom
+in Scotland. A sixpence is sometimes dropped
+into the tub or stuck into an apple to make
+the reward greater. The contestants must
+keep their hands behind their backs.</p>
+
+<p>Nuts are put before the fire in pairs, instead<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73" href="#Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+of by threes as in Ireland, and named for a lover
+and his lass. If they burn to ashes together,
+long happy married life is destined for the
+lovers. If they crackle or start away from
+each other, dissension and separation are
+ahead.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Jean slips in twa, wi' tentie<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> e'e;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Wha 't was, she wadna tell;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But this is <i>Jock</i>, an' this is <i>me</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">She says in to hersel;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He bleez'd owre her, an' she owre him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As they wad never mair part;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till fuff! he started up the lum,<a name="FNanchor_2_3" id="FNanchor_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_3" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Jean had e'en a sair heart<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">To see't that night."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Careful.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_3" id="Footnote_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_3"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Chimney.</p></div>
+
+<p>Three "luggies," bowls with handles like
+the Druid lamps, were filled, one with clean,
+one with dirty water, and one left empty.
+The person wishing to know his fate in marriage
+was blindfolded, turned about thrice,
+and put down his left hand. If he dipped it
+into the clean water, he would marry a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74" href="#Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+maiden; if into the dirty, a widow; if into
+the empty dish, not at all. He tried until he
+got the same result twice. The dishes were
+changed about each time.</p>
+
+<p>This spell still remains, as does that of
+hemp-seed sowing. One goes out alone with
+a handful of hemp-seed, sows it across ridges
+of ploughed land, and harrows it with anything
+convenient, perhaps with a broom.
+Having said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"Hemp-seed, I saw thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' her that is to be my lass<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Come after me an' draw thee&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>he looks behind him to see his sweetheart
+gathering hemp. This should be tried just at
+midnight with the moon behind.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"At even o' Hallowmas no sleep I sought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I scattered round the seed on every side,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And three times three in trembling accents cried,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75" href="#Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Who shall my true-love be, the crop shall mow.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A spell that has been discontinued is
+throwing the clue of blue yarn into the kiln-pot,
+instead of out of the window, as in Ireland.
+As it is wound backward, something
+holds it. The winder must ask, "Wha
+hauds?" to hear the name of her future sweetheart.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"An' ay she win't, an' ay she swat&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I wat she made nae jaukin;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till something held within the pat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Guid Lord! but she was quakin!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But whether 't was the Deil himsel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or whether 't was a bauk-en'<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or whether it was Andrew Bell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">She did na wait on talkin<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To speir<a name="FNanchor_2_5" id="FNanchor_2_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_5" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> that night."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_4"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cross-beam.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_5" id="Footnote_2_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_5"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Ask.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another spell not commonly tried now is
+winnowing three measures of imaginary corn,
+as one stands in the barn alone with both
+doors open to let the spirits that come in go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76" href="#Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+out again freely. As one finishes the motions,
+the apparition of the future husband will
+come in at one door and pass out at the other.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'I had not winnowed the last weight clean
+out, and the moon was shining bright upon the
+floor, when in stalked the presence of my dear
+Simon Glendinning, that is now happy. I never
+saw him plainer in my life than I did that
+moment; he held up an arrow as he passed me,
+and I swarf'd awa' wi' fright.... But
+mark the end o' 't, Tibb: we were married, and
+the grey-goose wing was the death o' him
+after a'.'"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>The Monastery.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>At times other prophetic appearances were
+seen.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Just as she was at the wark, what does she
+see in the moonlicht but her ain coffin moving
+between the doors instead of the likeness of a
+gudeman! and as sure's death she was in her
+coffin before the same time next year."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Anon</span>: <i>Tale of Hallowe'en.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Formerly a stack of beans, oats, or barley
+was measured round with the arms against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77" href="#Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+sun. At the end of the third time the
+arms would enclose the vision of the future
+husband or wife.</p>
+
+<p>Kale-pulling, apple-snapping, and lead-melting
+(see Ireland) are social rites, but
+many were to be tried alone and in secret. A
+Highland divination was tried with a shoe,
+held by the tip, and thrown over the house.
+The person will journey in the direction the
+toe points out. If it falls sole up, it means
+bad luck.</p>
+
+<p>Girls would pull a straw each out of a
+thatch in Broadsea, and would take it to an
+old woman in Fraserburgh. The seeress
+would break the straw and find within it a
+hair the color of the lover's-to-be. Blindfolded
+they plucked heads of oats, and counted
+the number of grains to find out how many
+children they would have. If the tip was
+perfect, not broken or gone, they would be
+married honorably.</p>
+
+<p>Another way of determining the number
+of children was to drop the white of an egg
+into a glass of water. The number of divisions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78" href="#Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+was the number sought. White of egg
+is held with water in the mouth, like the
+grains of oats in Ireland, while one takes a
+walk to hear mentioned the name of his future
+wife. Names are written on papers, and
+laid upon the chimney-piece. Fate guides
+the hand of a blindfolded man to the slip
+which bears his sweetheart's name.</p>
+
+<p>A Hallowe'en mirror is made by the rays
+of the moon shining into a looking-glass. If
+a girl goes secretly into a room at midnight
+between October and November, sits down at
+the mirror, and cuts an apple into nine slices,
+holding each on the point of a knife before
+she eats it, she may see in the moonlit glass
+the image of her lover looking over her left
+shoulder, and asking for the last piece of
+apple.</p>
+
+<p>The wetting of the sark-sleeve in a south-running
+burn where "three lairds' lands
+meet," and carrying it home to dry before the
+fire, was really a Scotch custom, but has already
+been described in Ireland.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The last Hallowe'en I was waukin<a name="FNanchor_1_6" id="FNanchor_1_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_6" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79" href="#Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i2">My droukit<a name="FNanchor_2_7" id="FNanchor_2_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_7" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> sark-sleeve, as ye kin&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His likeness came up the house staukin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the very grey breeks o' Tam Glen!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Burns</span>: <i>Tam Glen.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_6" id="Footnote_1_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_6"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Watching.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_7" id="Footnote_2_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_7"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Drenched.</p></div>
+
+<p>Just before breaking up, the crowd of young
+people partook of sowens, oatmeal porridge
+cakes with butter, and strunt, a liquor, as they
+hoped for good luck throughout the year.</p>
+
+<p>The Hebrides, Scottish islands off the western
+coast, have Hallowe'en traditions of their
+own, as well as many borrowed from Ireland
+and Scotland. Barra, isolated near the end
+of the island chain, still celebrates the Celtic
+days, Beltaine and November Eve.</p>
+
+<p>In the Hebrides is the Irish custom of eating
+on Hallowe'en a cake of meal and salt, or
+a salt herring, bones and all, to dream of some
+one bringing a drink of water. Not a word
+must be spoken, nor a drop of water drunk
+till the dream comes.</p>
+
+<p>In St. Kilda a large triangular cake is baked
+which must be all eaten up before morning.</p>
+
+<p>A curious custom that prevailed in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80" href="#Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+island of Lewis in the eighteenth century was
+the worship of Shony, a sea-god with a Norse
+name. His ceremonies were similar to those
+paid to Saman in Ireland, but more picturesque.
+Ale was brewed at church from
+malt brought collectively by the people. One
+took a cupful in his hand, and waded out
+into the sea up to his waist, saying as he
+poured it out: "Shony, I give you this cup
+of ale, hoping that you'll be so kind as to
+send us plenty of sea-ware, for enriching our
+ground the ensuing year." The party returned
+to the church, waited for a given
+signal when a candle burning on the altar
+was blown out. Then they went out into the
+fields, and drank ale with dance and song.</p>
+
+<p>The "dumb cake" originated in Lewis.
+Girls were each apportioned a small piece of
+dough, mixed with any but spring water.
+They kneaded it with their left thumbs,
+in silence. Before midnight they pricked
+initials on them with a new pin, and put
+them by the fire to bake. The girls withdrew
+to the farther end of the room, still in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81" href="#Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+silence. At midnight each lover was expected
+to enter and lay his hand on the cake
+marked with his initials.</p>
+
+<p>In South Uist and Eriskay on Hallowe'en
+fairies are out, a source of terror to those they
+meet.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Hallowe'en will come, will come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Witchcraft will be set a-going,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fairies will be at full speed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Running in every pass.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Avoid the road, children, children."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But for the most part this belief has died out
+on Scottish land, except near the Border, and
+Hallowe'en is celebrated only by stories and
+jokes and games, songs and dances.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82" href="#Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>IN ENGLAND AND MAN</h3>
+
+
+<p>Man especially has a treasury of fairy
+tradition, Celtic and Norse combined. Manx
+fairies too dwell in the middle world, since
+they are fit for neither heaven nor hell. Even
+now Manx people think they see circles of
+light in the late October midnight, and little
+folk dancing within.</p>
+
+<p>Longest of all in Man was Sauin (Samhain)
+considered New Year's Day. According to
+the old style of reckoning time it came on
+November 12.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"To-night is New Year's night.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Hogunnaa!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>Mummers' Song.</i></p>
+
+<p>As in Scotland the servants' year ends with
+October.</p>
+
+<p>New Year tests for finding out the future
+were tried on Sauin. To hear her sweetheart's
+name a girl took a mouthful of water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83" href="#Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+and two handfuls of salt, and sat down at a
+door. The first name she heard mentioned
+was the wished-for one. The three dishes
+proclaimed the fate of the blindfolded seeker
+as in Scotland. Each was blindfolded and
+touched one of several significant objects&mdash;meal
+for prosperity, earth for death, a net for
+tangled fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>Before retiring each filled a thimble with
+salt, and emptied it out in a little mound on
+a plate, remembering his own. If any heap
+were found fallen over by morning, the person
+it represented was destined to die in a
+year. The Manx looked for prints in the
+smooth-strewn ashes on the hearth, as the
+Scotch did, and gave the same interpretation.</p>
+
+<p>There had been Christian churches in
+Britain as early as 300 <span class="smcap">a. d.</span>, and Christian
+missionaries, St. Ninian, Pelagius, and St.
+Patrick, were active in the next century, and
+in the course of time St. Augustine. Still the
+old superstitions persisted, as they always do
+when they have grown up with the people.</p>
+
+<p>King Arthur, who was believed to have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84" href="#Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+reigned in the fifth century, may be a personification
+of the sun-god. He comes from
+the Otherworld, his magic sword Excalibur is
+brought thence to him, he fights twelve battles,
+in number like the months, and is
+wounded to death by evil Modred, once his
+own knight. He passes in a boat, attended
+by his fairy sister and two other queens,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'To the island-valley of Avilion;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor ever wind blows loudly; but it lies<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea&mdash;&mdash;'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Tennyson</span>: <i>Passing of Arthur.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The hope of being healed there is like that
+given to Cuchulain (q. v.), to persuade him to
+visit the fairy kingdom. Arthur was expected
+to come again sometime, as the sun renews
+his course. As he disappeared from the sight
+of Bedivere, the last of his knights,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The new sun rose bringing the new year."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><i>Ibid.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Avilion means "apple-island." It was like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85" href="#Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+the Hesperides of Greek mythology, the
+western islands where grew the golden apples
+of immortality.</p>
+
+<p>In Cornwall after the sixth century, the
+sun-god became St. Michael, and the eastern
+point where he appeared St. Michael's seat.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Where the great vision of the guarded mount<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Looks toward Namancos, and Bayona's hold."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Lycidas</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>As fruit to Pomona, so berries were devoted
+to fairies. They would not let any one cut a
+blackthorn shoot on Hallowe'en. In Cornwall
+sloes and blackberries were considered
+unfit to eat after the fairies had passed by, because
+all the goodness was extracted. So they
+were eaten to heart's content on October 31st,
+and avoided thereafter. Hazels, because they
+were thought to contain wisdom and knowledge,
+were also sacred.</p>
+
+<p>Besides leaving berries for the "Little
+People," food was set out for them on Hallowe'en,
+and on other occasions. They rewarded
+this hospitality by doing an extraordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86" href="#Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+amount of work.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"&mdash;how the drudging goblin sweat<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To earn his cream-bowl duly set,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That ten day-laborers could not end.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then lies him down the lubbar fiend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stretcht out all the chimney's length<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Basks at the fire his hairy strength."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>L'Allegro.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Such sprites did not scruple to pull away
+the chair as one was about to sit down, to
+pinch, or even to steal children and leave
+changelings in their places. The first hint
+of dawn drove them back to their haunts.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When larks 'gin sing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Away we fling;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And babes new borne steal as we go,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And elfe in bed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We leave instead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Jonson</span>: <i>Robin Goodfellow.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Soulless and without gratitude or memory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87" href="#Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+spirits of the air may be, like Ariel in <i>The
+Tempest</i>. He, like the fairy harpers of Ireland,
+puts men to sleep with his music.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<i>Sebastian</i>. What, art thou waking?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Antonio</i>. Do you not hear me speak?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Sebastian</i>. I do; and, surely,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It is a sleepy language; and thou speak'st<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Out of thy sleep: What is it thou didst say?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This is a strange repose, to be asleep<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With eyes wide open; standing, speaking, moving,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And yet so fast asleep."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: <i>The Tempest.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The people of England, in common with
+those who lived in the other countries of Great
+Britain and in Europe, dreaded the coming
+of winter not only on account of the cold and
+loneliness, but because they believed that at
+this time the powers of evil were abroad and
+ascendant. This belief harked back to the
+old idea that the sun had been vanquished by
+his enemies in the late autumn. It was to
+forget the fearful influences about them that
+the English kept festival so much in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88" href="#Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+winter-time. The Lords of Misrule, leaders
+of the revelry, "beginning their rule on All
+Hallow Eve, continued the same till the morrow
+after the Feast of the Purification, commonlie
+called Candelmas day: In all of
+which space there were fine and subtle disguisinges,
+Maskes, and Mummeries." This
+was written of King Henry IV's court at
+Eltham, in 1401, and is true of centuries before
+and after. They gathered about the fire
+and made merry while the October tempests
+whirled the leaves outside, and shrieked round
+the house like ghosts and demons on a mad
+carousal.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The autumn wind&mdash;oh hear it howl:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Without&mdash;October's tempests scowl,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As he troops away on the raving wind!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And leaveth dry leaves in his path behind.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Tis the night&mdash;the night<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the graves' delight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the warlock<a name="FNanchor_1_8" id="FNanchor_1_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_8" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> are at their play!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ye think that without<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89" href="#Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">The wild winds shout,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But no, it is they&mdash;it is they!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_8" id="Footnote_1_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_8"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Devils.</p></div>
+
+<p>Witchcraft&mdash;the origin of which will be
+traced farther on&mdash;had a strong following in
+England. The three witches in <i>Macbeth</i> are
+really fates who foretell the future, but they
+have a kettle in which they boil</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Fillet of a fenny snake,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Eye of newt, and toe of frog,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For a charm of powerful trouble&mdash;&mdash;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: <i>Macbeth</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>They connect themselves thereby with those
+evil creatures who pursued Tam o' Shanter,
+and were servants of the Devil. In 1892 in
+Lincolnshire, people believed that if they
+looked in through the church door on Hallowe'en
+they would see the Devil preaching
+his doctrines from the pulpit, and inscribing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90" href="#Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+the names of new witches in his book.</p>
+
+<p>The Spectre Huntsman, known in Windsor
+Forest as Herne the Hunter, and in Todmorden
+as Gabriel Ratchets, was the spirit of an
+ungodly hunter who for his crimes was condemned
+to lead the chase till the Judgment
+Day. In a storm on Hallowe'en is heard the
+belling of his hounds.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Still, still shall last the dreadful chase<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Till time itself shall have an end;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By day they scour earth's cavern'd space,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">At midnight's witching hour, ascend.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This is the horn, the hound, and horse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That oft the lated peasant hears:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Appall'd, he signs the frequent cross,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When the wild din invades his ears."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>Wild Huntsman.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the north of England Hallowe'en was
+called "nut-crack" and "snap-apple night."
+It was celebrated by "young people and sweethearts."</p>
+
+<p>A variation of the nut test is, naming
+two for two lovers before they are put before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91" href="#Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+the fire to roast. The unfaithful lover's
+nut cracks and jumps away, the loyal burns
+with a steady ardent flame to ashes.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That in a flame of brightest color blaz'd;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As blaz'd the nut, so may thy passion grow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For 't was thy nut that did so brightly glow."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>The Spell</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>If they jump toward each other, they will be
+rivals. If one of the nuts has been named for
+the girl and burns quietly with a lover's nut,
+they will live happily together. If they are
+restless, there is trouble ahead.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"These glowing nuts are emblems true<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of what in human life we view;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ill-matched couple fret and fume,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thus in strife themselves consume,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or from each other wildly start<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with a noise forever part.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But see the happy, happy pair<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of genuine love and truth sincere;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With mutual fondness, while they burn<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92" href="#Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Still to each other kindly turn:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And as the vital sparks decay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Together gently sink away.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till, life's fierce ordeal being past,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their mingled ashes rest at last."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Graydon</span>: <i>On Nuts Burning, Allhallows Eve.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes peas on a hot shovel are used instead.</p>
+
+<p>Down the centuries from the Druid tree-worship
+comes the spell of the walnut-tree.
+It is circled thrice, with the invocation: "Let
+her that is to be my true-love bring me some
+walnuts;" and directly a spirit will be seen
+in the tree gathering nuts.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Last Hallow Eve I sought a walnut-tree,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In hope my true Love's face that I might see;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Three times I called, three times I walked apace;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then in the tree I saw my true Love's face."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The seeds of apples were used in many trials.
+Two stuck on cheeks or eyelids indicated by
+the time they clung the faithfulness of the
+friends named for them.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"See from the core two kernels brown I take:<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93" href="#Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">This on my cheek for Lubberkin is worn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Booby Clod on t'other side is borne;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But Booby Clod soon drops upon the ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A certain token that his love's unsound;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While Lubberkin sticks firmly to the last.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh! were his lips to mine but joined so fast."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In a tub float stemless apples, to be seized
+by the teeth of him desirous of having his
+love returned. If he is successful in bringing
+up the apple, his love-affair will end happily.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The rosy apple's bobbing<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Upon the mimic sea&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'T is tricksy and elusive,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And glides away from me.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"One moment it is dreaming<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beneath the candle's glare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then over wave and eddy<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It glances here and there.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And when at last I capture<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The prize with joy aglow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I sigh, may I this sunshine<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of golden rapture know<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When I essay to gather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94" href="#Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In all her witchery<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Love's sweetest rosy apple<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On Love's uncertain sea."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Munkittrick</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Wish.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>An apple is peeled all in one piece, and the
+paring swung three times round the head and
+dropped behind the left shoulder. If it does
+not break, and is looked at over the shoulder
+it forms the initial of the true sweetheart's
+name.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I pare this pippin round and round again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My sweetheart's name to flourish on the plain:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I fling the unbroken paring o'er my head.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A perfect 'L' upon the ground is read."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the north of England was a unique
+custom, "the scadding of peas." A pea-pod
+was slit, a bean pushed inside, and the opening
+closed again. The full pods were boiled,
+and apportioned to be shelled and the peas
+eaten with butter and salt. The one finding
+the bean on his plate would be married first.
+Gay records another test with peas which is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95" href="#Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+like the final trial made with kale-stalks.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"As peascods once I plucked I chanced to see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One that was closely filled with three times three;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which when I crop'd, I safely home convey'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And o'er the door the spell in secret laid;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The latch moved up, when who should first come in,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But in his proper person&mdash;Lubberkin."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Candles, relics of the sacred fire, play an
+important part everywhere on Hallowe'en.
+In England too the lighted candle and the
+apple were fastened to the stick, and as it
+whirled, each person in turn sprang up and
+tried to bite the apple.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Or catch th' elusive apple with a bound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As with the taper it flew whizzing round."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This was a rough game, more suited to boys'
+frolic than the ghostly divinations that preceded
+it. Those with energy to spare found
+material to exercise it on. In an old book
+there is a picture of a youth sitting on a stick
+placed across two stools. On one end of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96" href="#Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+stick is a lighted candle from which he is
+trying to light another in his hand. Beneath
+is a tub of water to receive him if he over-balances
+sideways. These games grew later
+into practical jokes.</p>
+
+<p>The use of a goblet may perhaps come from
+the story of "The Luck of Edenhall," a glass
+stolen from the fairies, and holding ruin for
+the House by whom it was stolen, if it should
+ever be broken. With ring and goblet this
+charm was tried: the ring, symbol of marriage,
+was suspended by a hair within a glass,
+and a name spelled out by beginning the
+alphabet over each time the ring struck the
+glass.</p>
+
+<p>When tired of activity and noise, the party
+gathered about a story-teller, or passed a
+bundle of fagots from hand to hand, each
+selecting one and reciting an installment of
+the tale till his stick burned to ashes.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I tell ye the story this chill Hallowe'en,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For it suiteth the spirit-eve."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Coxe</span>: <i>Hallowe'en</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>To induce prophetic dreams the wood-and-water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97" href="#Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+test was tried in England also.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Last Hallow Eve I looked my love to see,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And tried a spell to call her up to me.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With wood and water standing by my side<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I dreamed a dream, and saw my own sweet bride."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Pastorals.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Though Hallowe'en is decidedly a country
+festival, in the seventeenth century young
+gentlemen in London chose a Master of the
+Revels, and held masques and dances with
+their friends on this night.</p>
+
+<p>In central and southern England the
+ecclesiastical side of Hallowtide is stressed.</p>
+
+<p>Bread or cake has till recently (1898) been
+as much a part of Hallowe'en preparations as
+plum pudding at Christmas. Probably this
+originated from an autumn baking of bread
+from the new grain. In Yorkshire each person
+gets a triangular seed-cake, and the evening
+is called "cake night."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98" href="#Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">An end of wheat-sowing we make for this yeare.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Remember you, therefore, though I do it not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The seed-cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie-pot."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Tusser</span>: <i>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</i>, 1580.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Cakes appear also at the vigil of All Souls',
+the next day. At a gathering they lie in a
+heap for the guests to take. In return they
+are supposed to say prayers for the dead.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A Soule-cake, a Soule-cake; have mercy on<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">all Christen souls for a Soule-cake."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><i>Old Saying.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The poor in Staffordshire and Shropshire
+went about singing for soul-cakes or money,
+promising to pray and to spend the alms in
+masses for the dead. The cakes were called
+Soul-mass or "somas" cakes.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Soul! Soul! for a soul-cake;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One for Peter, two for Paul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Three for them who made us all."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>Notes and Queries.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In Dorsetshire Hallowe'en was celebrated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99" href="#Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+by the ringing of bells in memory of the dead.
+King Henry VIII and later Queen Elizabeth
+issued commands against this practice.</p>
+
+<p>In Lancashire in the early nineteenth century
+people used to go about begging for candles
+to drive away the gatherings of witches.
+If the lights were kept burning till midnight,
+no evil influence could remain near.</p>
+
+<p>In Derbyshire, central England, torches of
+straw were carried about the stacks on All
+Souls' Eve, not to drive away evil spirits, as
+in Scotland, but to light souls through Purgatory.</p>
+
+<p>Like the Bretons, the English have the superstition
+that the dead return on Hallowe'en.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Why do you wait at your door, woman,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Alone in the night?'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'I am waiting for one who will come, stranger,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To show him a light.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He will see me afar on the road,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And be glad at the sight.'<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Have you no fear in your heart, woman,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To stand there alone?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There is comfort for you and kindly content<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100" href="#Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i2">Beside the hearthstone.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But she answered, 'No rest can I have<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Till I welcome my own.'<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Is it far he must travel to-night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This man of your heart?'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Strange lands that I know not, and pitiless seas<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Have kept us apart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he travels this night to his home<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Without guide, without chart.'<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'And has he companions to cheer him?'<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Aye, many,' she said.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'The candles are lighted, the hearthstones are swept,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The fires glow red.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We shall welcome them out of the night&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our home-coming dead.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Letts</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 281px;">
+<a href="images/illus-100.jpg" name="WALNUT" id="WALNUT">
+<img src="images/illus-100-tn.jpg" width="281" height="400" class="plain" alt="The Witch of the Walnut-Tree." title="The Witch of the Walnut-Tree." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Witch of the Walnut-Tree.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101" href="#Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>IN WALES</h3>
+
+
+<p>In Wales the custom of fires persisted from
+the time of the Druid festival-days longer
+than in any other place. First sacrifices were
+burned in them; then instead of being burned
+to death, the creatures merely passed through
+the fire; and with the rise of Christianity fire
+was thought to be a protection against the
+evil power of the same gods.</p>
+
+<p>Pontypridd, in South Wales, was the Druid
+religious center of Wales. It is still marked
+by a stone circle and an altar on a hill. In
+after years it was believed that the stones
+were people changed to that form by the
+power of a witch.</p>
+
+<p>In North Wales the November Eve fire,
+which each family built in the most prominent
+place near the house, was called Coel
+Coeth. Into the dying fire each member of
+the family threw a white stone marked so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102" href="#Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+that he could recognize it again. Circling
+about the fire hand-in-hand they said their
+prayers and went to bed. In the morning
+each searched for his stone, and if he could
+not find it, he believed that he would die
+within the next twelve months. This is still
+credited. There is now the custom also of
+watching the fires till the last spark dies, and
+instantly rushing down hill, "the devil (or
+the cutty black sow) take the hindmost." A
+Cardiganshire proverb says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A cutty<a name="FNanchor_1_9" id="FNanchor_1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> black sow<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On every stile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spinning and carding<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Every Allhallows' Eve."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_9"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Short-tailed.</p></div>
+
+<p>November Eve was called "Nos-Galan-Gaeof,"
+the night of the winter Calends, that
+is, the night before the first day of winter.
+To the Welsh it was New Year's Eve.</p>
+
+<p>Welsh fairy tradition resembles that in the
+near-by countries. There is an old story of a
+man who lay down to sleep inside a fairy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103" href="#Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+ring, a circle of greener grass where the fairies
+danced by night. The fairies carried him
+away and kept him seven years, and after he
+had been rescued from them he would neither
+eat nor speak.</p>
+
+<p>In the sea was the Otherworld, a</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Green fairy island reposing<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In sunlight and beauty on ocean's calm breast."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Parry</span>: <i>Welsh Melodies.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This was the abode of the Druids, and hence
+of all supernatural beings, who were</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Something betwixt heaven and hell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Something that neither stood nor fell."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Scott</span>: <i>The Monastery.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>As in other countries the fairies or pixies are
+to be met at crossroads, where happenings,
+such as funerals, may be witnessed weeks before
+they really occur.</p>
+
+<p>At the Hallow Eve supper parsnips and
+cakes are eaten, and nuts and apples roasted.
+A "puzzling jug" holds the ale. In the rim
+are three holes that seem merely ornamental.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104" href="#Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+They are connected with the bottom of the
+jug by pipes through the handle, and the unwitting
+toper is well drenched unless he is
+clever enough to see that he must stop up
+two of the holes, and drink through the
+third.</p>
+
+<p>Spells are tried in Wales too with apples
+and nuts. There is ducking and snapping
+for apples. Nuts are thrown into the fire,
+denoting prosperity if they blaze brightly,
+misfortune if they pop, or smoulder and turn
+black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Old Pally threw on a nut. It flickered and
+then blazed up. Maggee tossed one into the
+fire. It smouldered and gave no light."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Marks</span>: <i>All-Hallows Honeymoon.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Fate is revealed by the three luggies and
+the ball of yarn thrown out of the window:
+Scotch and Irish charms. The leek takes the
+place of the cabbage in Scotland. Since King
+Cadwallo decorated his soldiers with leeks for
+their valor in a battle by a leek-garden, they
+have been held in high esteem in Wales. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105" href="#Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+girl sticks a knife among leeks at Hallowe'en,
+and walks backward out of the garden. She
+returns later to find that her future husband
+has picked up the knife and thrown it into
+the center of the leek-bed.</p>
+
+<p>Taking two long-stemmed roses, a girl goes
+to her room in silence. She twines the stems
+together, naming one for her sweetheart and
+the other for herself, and thinking this
+rhyme:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Twine, twine, and intertwine.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let his love be wholly mine.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If his heart be kind and true,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Deeper grow his rose's hue."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>She can see, by watching closely, her lover's
+rose grow darker.</p>
+
+<p>The sacred ash figures in one charm. The
+party of young people seek an even-leaved
+sprig of ash. The first who finds one calls
+out "cyniver." If a boy calls out first, the
+first girl who finds another perfect shoot
+bears the name of the boy's future wife.</p>
+
+<p>Dancing and singing to the music of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106" href="#Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+harp close the evening.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of leaving stones in the fire to
+determine who are to die, people now go to
+church to see by the light of a candle held in
+the hand the spirits of those marked for
+death, or to hear the names called. The
+wind "blowing over the feet of the corpses"
+howls about the doors of those who will not
+be alive next Hallowe'en.</p>
+
+<p>On the Eve of All Souls' Day, twenty-four
+hours after Hallowe'en, children in eastern
+Wales go from house to house singing for</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"An apple or a pear, a plum or a cherry,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or any good thing to make us merry."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is a time when charity is given freely to
+the poor. On this night and the next day,
+fires are burned, as in England, to light souls
+through Purgatory, and prayers are made for
+a good wheat harvest next year by the Welsh,
+who keep the forms of religion very devoutly.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107" href="#Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Celts had been taught by their priests
+that the soul is immortal. When the body
+died the spirit passed instantly into another
+existence in a country close at hand. We remember
+that the Otherworld of the British
+Isles, peopled by the banished Tuatha and all
+superhuman beings, was either in caves in the
+earth, as in Ireland, or in an island like the
+English Avalon. By giving a mortal one of
+their magic apples to eat, fairies could entice
+him whither they would, and at last away
+into their country.</p>
+
+<p>In the Irish story of Nera (q. v.), the corpse
+of the criminal is the cause of Nera's being
+lured into the cave. So the dead have the
+same power as fairies, and live in the same
+place. On May Eve and November Eve the
+dead and the fairies hold their revels together
+and make excursions together. If a young
+person died, he was said to be called away by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108" href="#Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+the fairies. The Tuatha may not have been
+a race of gods, but merely the early Celts, who
+grew to godlike proportions as the years raised
+a mound of lore and legends for their pedestal.
+So they might really be only the dead,
+and not of superhuman nature.</p>
+
+<p>In the fourth century <span class="smcap">a. d.</span>, the men of
+England were hard pressed by the Picts and
+Scots from the northern border, and were
+helped in their need by the Teutons. When
+this tribe saw the fair country of the Britons
+they decided to hold it for themselves. After
+they had driven out the northern tribes, in
+the fifth century, when King Arthur was
+reigning in Cornwall, they drove out those
+whose cause they had fought. So the Britons
+were scattered to the mountains of Wales, to
+Cornwall, and across the Channel to Armorica,
+a part of France, which they named
+Brittany after their home-land. In lower
+Brittany, out of the zone of French influence,
+a language something like Welsh or old
+British is still spoken, and many of the Celtic
+beliefs were retained more untouched than in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109" href="#Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+Britain, not clear of paganism till the seventeenth
+century. Here especially did Christianity
+have to adapt the old belief to her own
+ends.</p>
+
+<p>Gaul, as we have seen from C&aelig;sar's account,
+had been one of the chief seats of Druidical
+belief. The religious center was Carnutes,
+now Chartrain. The rites of sacrifice survived
+in the same forms as in the British
+Isles. In the fields of Deux-S&egrave;vres fires were
+built of stubble, ferns, leaves, and thorns, and
+the people danced about them and burned
+nuts in them. On St. John's Day animals
+were burned in the fires to secure the cattle
+from disease. This was continued down into
+the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>The pagan belief that lasted the longest in
+Brittany, and is by no means dead yet, was
+the cult of the dead. C&aelig;sar said that the
+Celts of Gaul traced their ancestry from the
+god of death, whom he called Dispater. Now
+figures of l'Ankou, a skeleton armed with a
+spear, can be seen in most villages of Brittany.
+This mindfulness of death was strengthened<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110" href="#Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+by the sight of the prehistoric cairns of stones
+on hilltops, the ancient altars of the Druids,
+and dolmens, formed of one flat rock resting
+like a roof on two others set up on end with
+a space between them, ancient tombs; and by
+the Bretons being cut off from the rest of
+France by the nature of the country, and shut
+in among the uplands, black and misty in
+November, and blown over by chill Atlantic
+winds. Under a seeming dull indifference
+and melancholy the Bretons conceal a lively
+imagination, and no place has a greater
+wealth of legendary literature.</p>
+
+<p>What fairies, dwarfs, pixies, and the like
+are to the Celts of other places, the spirits of
+the dead are to the Celts of Brittany. They
+possess the earth on Christmas, St. John's
+Day, and All Saints'. In Finist&egrave;re, that
+western point of France, there is a saying that
+on the Eve of All Souls' "there are more
+dead in every house than sands on the shore."
+The dead have the power to charm mortals
+and take them away, and to foretell the future.
+They must not be spoken of directly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111" href="#Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+any more than the fairies of the Scottish
+border, or met with, for fear of evil results.</p>
+
+<p>By the Bretons of the sixth century the
+near-by island of Britain, which they could
+just see on clear days, was called the Otherworld.
+An historian, Procopius, tells how the
+people nearest Britain were exempted from
+paying tribute to the Franks, because they
+were subject to nightly summons to ferry the
+souls of the dead across in their boats, and deliver
+them into the hands of the keeper of
+souls. Farther inland a black bog seemed to
+be the entrance to an otherworld underground.
+One location which combined the
+ideas of an island and a cave was a city buried
+in the sea. The people imagined they could
+hear the bells of Ker-Is ringing, and joyous
+music sounding, for though this was a city
+of the dead, it resembled the fairy palaces of
+Ireland, and was ruled by King Grallon and
+his fair daughter Dahut, who could lure
+mortals away by her beauty and enchantments.</p>
+
+<p>The approach of winter is believed to drive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112" href="#Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+like the flocks, the souls of the dead from
+their cold cheerless graves to the food and
+warmth of home. This is why November
+Eve, the night before the first day of winter,
+was made sacred to them.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When comes the harvest of the year<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before the scythe the wheat will fall."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Botrel</span>: <i>Songs of Brittany.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The harvest-time reminded the Bretons of the
+garnering by that reaper, Death. On November
+Eve milk is poured on graves, feasts and
+candles set out on the tables, and fires lighted
+on the hearths to welcome the spirits of departed
+kinsfolk and friends.</p>
+
+<p>In France from the twelfth to the fourteenth
+century stone buildings like lighthouses were
+erected in cemeteries. They were twenty or
+thirty feet high, with lanterns on top. On
+Hallowe'en they were kept burning to safeguard
+the people from the fear of night-wandering
+spirits and the dead, so they were
+called "lanternes des morts."</p>
+
+<p>The cemetery is the social center of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113" href="#Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+Breton village. It is at once meeting-place,
+playground, park, and church. The tombs
+that outline the hills make the place seem
+one vast cemetery. On All Souls' Eve in the
+mid-nineteenth century the "procession of
+tombs" was held. All formed a line and
+walked about the cemetery, calling the names
+of those who were dead, as they approached
+their resting-places. The record was carefully
+remembered, so that not one should seem to
+be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>"We live with our dead," say the Bretons.
+First on the Eve of All Souls' comes the religious
+service, "black vespers." The blessedness
+of death is praised, the sorrows and
+shortness of life dwelt upon. After a common
+prayer all go out to the cemetery to pray
+separately, each by the graves of his kin, or to
+the "place of bones," where the remains of
+those long dead are thrown all together in
+one tomb. They can be seen behind gratings,
+by the people as they pass, and rows of skulls
+at the sides of the entrance can be touched.
+In these tombs are Latin inscriptions meaning:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114" href="#Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+"Remember thou must die," "To-day to
+me, and to-morrow to thee," and others reminding
+the reader of his coming death.</p>
+
+<p>From the cemetery the people go to a house
+or an inn which is the gathering-place for the
+night, singing or talking loudly on the road
+to warn the dead who are hastening home,
+lest they may meet. Reunions of families
+take place on this night, in the spirit of the
+Roman feast of the dead, the Feralia, of which
+Ovid wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"After the visit to the tombs and to the ancestors
+who are no longer with us, it is pleasant
+to turn towards the living; after the loss of so
+many, it is pleasant to behold those who remain
+of our blood, and to reckon up the generations
+of our descendants."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<i>Fasti.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>A toast is drunk to the memory of the departed.
+The men sit about the fireplace smoking
+or weaving baskets; the women apart,
+knitting or spinning by the light of the fire
+and one candle. The children play with
+their gifts of apples and nuts. As the hour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115" href="#Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+grows later, and mysterious noises begin to
+be heard about the house, and a curtain sways
+in a draught, the thoughts of the company
+already centred upon the dead find expression
+in words, and each has a tale to tell of
+an adventure with some friend or enemy who
+has died.</p>
+
+<p>The dead are thought to take up existence
+where they left it off, working at the same
+trades, remembering their old debts, likes and
+dislikes, even wearing the same clothes they
+wore in life. Most of them stay not in
+some distant, definite Otherworld, but frequent
+the scenes of their former life. They never
+trespass upon daylight, and it is dangerous to
+meet them at night, because they are very
+ready to punish any slight to their memory,
+such as selling their possessions or forgetting
+the hospitality due them. L'Ankou will
+come to get a supply of shavings if the coffins
+are not lined with them to make a softer
+resting-place for the dead bodies.</p>
+
+<p>The lively Celtic imagination turns the
+merest coincidence into an encounter with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116" href="#Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+spirit, and the poetic temperament of the
+narrators clothes the stories with vividness
+and mystery. They tell how the presence of
+a ghost made the midsummer air so cold that
+even wood did not burn, and of groans and
+footsteps underground as long as the ghost is
+displeased with what his relatives are doing.</p>
+
+<p>Just before midnight a bell-man goes about
+the streets to give warning of the hour when
+the spirits will arrive.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They will sit where we sat, and will talk of
+us as we talked of them: in the gray of the
+morning only will they go away."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Le Braz</span>: <i>Night of the Dead.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The supper for the souls is then set out.
+The poor who live in the mountains have
+only black corn, milk, and smoked bacon to
+offer, but it is given freely. Those who can
+afford it spread on a white cloth dishes of
+clotted milk, hot pancakes, and mugs of
+cider.</p>
+
+<p>After all have retired to lie with both eyes
+shut tight lest they see one of the guests,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117" href="#Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+death-singers make their rounds, chanting
+under the windows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"You are comfortably lying in your bed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But with the poor dead it is otherwise;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You are stretched softly in your bed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While the poor souls are wandering abroad.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A white sheet and five planks,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A bundle of straw beneath the head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Five feet of earth above<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are all the worldly goods we own."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Le Braz</span>: <i>Night of the Dead.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The tears of their deserted friends disturb the
+comfort of the dead, and sometimes they appear
+to tell those in sorrow that their shrouds
+are always wet from the tears shed on their
+graves.</p>
+
+<p>Wakened by the dirge of the death-singers
+the people rise and pray for the souls of the
+departed.</p>
+
+<p>Divination has little part in the annals of
+the evening, but one in Finist&egrave;re is recorded.
+Twenty-five new needles are laid in a dish,
+and named, and water is poured upon them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118" href="#Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+Those who cross are enemies.</p>
+
+<p>In France is held a typical Continental
+celebration of All Saints' and All Souls'. On
+October 31st the children go asking for flowers
+to decorate the graves, and to adorn the
+church. At night bells ring to usher in All
+Saints'. On the day itself the churches are
+decorated gaily with flowers, candles, and
+banners, and a special service is held. On
+the second day of November the light and
+color give way to black drapings, funeral
+songs, and prayers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119" href="#Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Teutons, that race of northern peoples
+called by the Romans, "barbarians," comprised
+the Goths and Vandals who lived in
+Scandinavia, and the Germans who dwelt
+north of Italy and east of Gaul.</p>
+
+<p>The nature of the northern country was
+such that the people could not get a living by
+peaceful agriculture. So it was natural that
+in the intervals of cattle-tending they should
+explore the seas all about, and ravage neighboring
+lands. The Romans and the Gauls
+experienced this in the centuries just before
+and after Christ, and England from the eighth
+to the tenth centuries. Such a life made the
+Norsemen adventurous, hardy, warlike, independent,
+and quick of action, while the Celts
+were by nature more slothful and fond of
+peaceful social gatherings, though of quicker
+intellect and wit.</p>
+
+<p>Like the Greeks and Romans, the Teutons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120" href="#Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+had twelve gods and goddesses, among whom
+were Odin or Wotan, the king, and his wife
+Freya, queen of beauty and love. Idun
+guarded the apples of immortality, which the
+gods ate to keep them eternally young. The
+chief difference in Teutonic mythology was
+the presence of an evil god, Loki. Like Vulcan,
+Loki was a god of fire, like him, Loki was
+lame because he had been cast out of heaven.
+Loki was always plotting against the other
+gods, as Lucifer, after being banished from
+Heaven by God, plotted against him and his
+people, and became Satan, "the enemy."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"Him the Almighty Power<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With hideous ruin and combustion down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To bottomless perdition, there to dwell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In adamantine chains and penal fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Paradise Lost.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It was this god of evil in Teutonic myth
+who was responsible for the death of the
+bright beautiful sun-god, Baldur. Mistletoe
+was the only thing in the world which had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121" href="#Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+not sworn not to harm Baldur. Loki knew
+this, and gave a twig of mistletoe to Baldur's
+blind brother, Hodur, and Hodur cast it at
+Baldur and "unwitting slew" him. Vali, a
+younger brother of Baldur, avenged him by
+killing Hodur. Hodur is darkness and Baldur
+light; they are brothers; the light falls a
+victim to blind darkness, who reigns until a
+younger brother, the sun of the next day,
+rises to slay him in turn.</p>
+
+<p>Below these gods, all nature was peopled
+with divinities. There were elves of two
+kinds: black elves, called trolls, who were
+frost-spirits, and guarded treasure (seeds) in
+the ground; and white elves, who lived in
+mid-heaven, and danced on the earth in fairy
+rings, where a mortal entering died. Will-o'-the-wisps
+hovered over swamps to mislead
+travellers, and jack-o'-lanterns, the spirits of
+murderers, walked the earth near the places
+of their crimes.</p>
+
+<p>The Otherworlds of the Teutons were Valhalla,
+the abode of the heroes whom death
+had found on the battlefield, and Niflheim,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122" href="#Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+"the misty realm," secure from the cold outside,
+ruled over by Queen Hel. Valkyries,
+warlike women who rode through the air on
+swift horses, seized the heroes from the field
+of slaughter, and took them to the halls of
+Valhalla, where they enjoyed daily combats,
+long feasts, and drinking-bouts, music and
+story-telling.</p>
+
+<p>The sacred tree of the Druids was the oak;
+that of the Teutonic priests the ash. The flat
+disk of the earth was believed to be supported
+by a great ash-tree, Yggdrasil,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"An ash know I standing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Named Yggdrasil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A stately tree sprinkled<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With water the purest;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thence come the dewdrops<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That fall in the dales;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ever-blooming, it stands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O'er the Urdar-fountain."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><i>V&ouml;luspa saga.</i> (Blackwell <i>trans.</i>)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>guarded by three fates, Was, Will, and Shall
+Be. The name of Was means the past, of
+Will, the power, howbeit small, which men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123" href="#Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+have over present circumstances, and Shall
+Be, the future over which man has no control.
+Vurdh, the name of the latter, gives us
+the word "weird," which means fate or fateful.
+The three Weird Sisters in <i>Macbeth</i> are
+seeresses.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the ash, other trees and shrubs were
+believed to have peculiar powers, which they
+have kept, with some changes of meaning, to
+this day. The elder (elves' grave), the hawthorn,
+and the juniper, were sacred to supernatural
+powers.</p>
+
+<p>The priests of the Teutons sacrificed prisoners
+of war in consecrated groves, to Tyr,
+god of the sword. The victims were not
+burned alive, as by the Druids, but cut and
+torn terribly, and their dead bodies burned.
+From these sacrifices auspices were taken. A
+man's innocence or guilt was manifested by
+gods to men through ordeals by fire; walking
+upon red-hot ploughshares, holding a heated
+bar of iron, or thrusting the hands into red-hot
+gauntlets, or into boiling water. If after
+a certain number of days no burns appeared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124" href="#Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+the person was declared innocent. If a suspected
+man, thrown into the water, floated
+he was guilty; if he sank, he was acquitted.</p>
+
+<p>The rites of the Celts were done in secret,
+and it was forbidden that they be written
+down. Those of the Teutons were commemorated
+in Edda and Saga (poetry and prose).</p>
+
+<p>In the far north the shortness of summer
+and the length of winter so impressed the
+people that when they made a story about it
+they told of a maiden, the Spring, put to
+sleep, and guarded, along with a hoard of
+treasure, by a ring of fire. One knight only
+could break through the flames, awaken her
+and seize the treasure. He is the returning
+sun, and the treasure he gets possession of is
+the wealth of summer vegetation. So there
+is the story of Brynhild, pricked by the
+"sleep-thorn" of her father, Wotan, and
+sleeping until Sigurd wakens her. They
+marry, but soon Sigurd has to give her up to
+Gunnar, the relentless winter, and Gunnar
+cannot rest until he has killed Sigurd, and
+reigns undisturbed. Grimms' story of Rapunzel,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125" href="#Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+the princess who was shut up by a
+winter witch, and of Briar-Rose, pricked by a
+witch's spindle, and sleeping inside a hedge
+which blooms with spring at the knight's approach,
+mean likewise the struggle between
+summer and winter.</p>
+
+<p>The chief festivals of the Teutonic year were
+held at Midsummer and Midwinter. May-Day,
+the very beginning of spring, was celebrated
+by May-ridings, when winter and
+spring, personified by two warriors, engaged
+in a combat in which Winter, the fur-clad
+king of ice and snow, was defeated. It was
+then that the sacred fire had been kindled,
+and the sacrificial feast held. Judgments
+were rendered then.</p>
+
+<p>The summer solstice was marked by bonfires,
+like those of the Celts on May Eve and
+Midsummer. They were kindled in an open
+place or on a hill, and the ceremonies held
+about them were similar to the Celtic. As
+late as the eighteenth century these same
+customs were observed in Iceland.</p>
+
+<p>A May-pole wreathed with magical herbs is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126" href="#Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+erected as the center of the dance in Sweden,
+and in Norway a child chosen May-bride is
+followed by a procession as at a real wedding.
+This is a symbol of the wedding of sun
+and earth deities in the spring. The May-pole,
+probably imported from Celtic countries,
+is used at Midsummer because the spring
+does not begin in the north before June.</p>
+
+<p>Yule-tide in December celebrated the sun's
+turning back, and was marked by banquets
+and gayety. A chief feature of all these
+feasts was the drinking of toasts to the gods,
+with vows and prayers.</p>
+
+<p>By the sixth century Christianity had supplanted
+Druidism in the British Isles. It was
+the ninth before Christianity made much progress
+in Scandinavia. After King Olaf had
+converted his nation, the toasts which had
+been drunk to the pagan gods were kept in
+honor of Christian saints; for instance, those
+to Freya were now drunk to the Virgin Mary
+or to St. Gertrude.</p>
+
+<p>The "wetting of the sark-sleeve," that
+custom of Scotland and Ireland, was in its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127" href="#Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+earliest form a rite to Freya as the northern
+goddess of love. To secure her aid in a love-affair,
+a maid would wash in a running stream
+a piece of fine linen&mdash;for Freya was fond of
+personal adornment&mdash;and would hang it before
+the fire to dry an hour before midnight.
+At half-past eleven she must turn it, and at
+twelve her lover's apparition would appear to
+her, coming in at the half-open door.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The wind howled through the leafless
+boughs, and there was every appearance of an
+early and severe winter, as indeed befell. Long
+before eleven o'clock all was hushed and quiet
+within the house, and indeed without (nothing
+was heard), except the cold wind which howled
+mournfully in gusts. The house was an old
+farmhouse, and we sat in the large kitchen with
+its stone floor, awaiting the first stroke of the
+eleventh hour. It struck at last, and then all
+pale and trembling we hung the garment before
+the fire which we had piled up with wood, and
+set the door ajar, for that was an essential point.
+The door was lofty and opened upon the farmyard,
+through which there was a kind of
+thoroughfare, very seldom used, it is true, and
+at each end of it there was a gate by which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128" href="#Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+wayfarers occasionally passed to shorten the
+way. There we sat without speaking a word,
+shivering with cold and fear, listening to the
+clock which went slowly, tick, tick, and occasionally
+starting as the door creaked on its
+hinges, or a half-burnt billet fell upon the
+hearth. My sister was ghastly white, as white
+as the garment which was drying before the
+fire. And now half an hour had elapsed and
+it was time to turn.... This we did,
+I and my sister, without saying a word, and
+then we again sank on our chairs on either
+side of the fire. I was tired, and as the clock
+went tick-a-tick, I began to feel myself dozing.
+I did doze, I believe. All of a sudden I sprang
+up. The clock was striking one, two, but ere it
+could give the third chime, mercy upon us! we
+heard the gate slam to with a tremendous
+noise...."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, and what happened then?"</p>
+
+<p>"Happened! before I could recover myself,
+my sister had sprung to the door, and both
+locked and bolted it. The next moment she
+was in convulsions. I scarcely knew what happened;
+and yet it appeared to me for a moment
+that something pressed against the door with a
+low moaning sound. Whether it was the wind
+or not, I can't say. I shall never forget that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129" href="#Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+night. About two hours later, my father came
+home. He had been set upon by a highwayman
+whom he beat off."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Borrow</span>: <i>Lavengro</i>.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Freya and Odin especially had had power
+over the souls of the dead. When Christianity
+turned all the old gods into spirits of
+evil, these two were accused especially of possessing
+unlawful learning, as having knowledge
+of the hidden matters of death. This
+unlawful wisdom is the first accusation that
+has always been brought against witches. A
+mirror is often used to contain it. Such are
+the crystals of the astrologers, and the looking-glasses
+which on Hallowe'en materialize
+wishes.</p>
+
+<p>From that time in the Middle Ages when
+witches were first heard of, it has nearly
+always been women who were accused.
+Women for the most part were the priests in
+the old days: it was a woman to whom
+Apollo at Delphi breathed his oracles. In all
+times it has been women who plucked herbs
+and concocted drinks of healing and refreshment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130" href="#Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+So it was very easy to imagine that
+they experimented with poisons and herbs of
+magic power under the guidance of the now
+evil gods. If they were so directed, they
+must go on occasions to consult with their
+masters. The idea arose of a witches' Sabbath,
+when women were enabled by evil
+means to fly away, and adore in secret the
+gods from whom the rest of the world had
+turned. There were such meeting-places all
+over Europe. They had been places of sacrifice,
+of judgment, or of wells and springs considered
+holy under the old religion, and
+whither the gods had now been banished.
+The most famous was the Blocksberg in the
+Hartz mountains in Germany.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Dame Baubo first, to lead the crew!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A tough old sow and the mother thereon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then follow the witches, every one."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Goethe</span>: <i>Faust.</i> (Taylor <i>trans.</i>)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In Norway the mountains above Bergen were
+a resort, and the Dovrefeld, once the home of
+the trolls.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">"It's easy to slip in here,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131" href="#Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">But outward the Dovre-King's gate opens not."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Ibsen</span>: <i>Peer Gynt</i>. (Archer <i>trans.</i>)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In Italy the witches met under a walnut tree
+near Benevento; in France, in Puy de Dome;
+in Spain, near Seville.</p>
+
+<p>In these night-ridings Odin was the leader
+of a wild hunt. In stormy, blustering autumn
+weather</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The wonted roar was up among the woods."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Milton</span>: <i>Comus</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Odin rode in pursuit of shadowy deer with
+the Furious Host behind him. A ghostly
+huntsman of a later age was Dietrich von
+Bern, doomed to hunt till the Judgment Day.</p>
+
+<p>Frau Venus in Wagner's <i>Tannh&auml;user</i> held
+her revels in an underground palace in the
+Horselberg in Thuringia, Germany. This
+was one of the seats of Holda, the goddess of
+spring. Venus herself is like the Christian
+conception of Freya and Hel. She gathers
+about her a throng of nymphs, sylphs, and
+those she has lured into the mountain by intoxicating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132" href="#Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+music and promises. "The enchanting
+sounds enticed only those in whose
+hearts wild sensuous longings had already
+taken root." Of these Tannh&auml;user is one.
+He has stayed a year, but it seems to him
+only one day. Already he is tired of the rosy
+light and eternal music and languor, and
+longs for the fresh green world of action he
+once knew. He fears that he has forfeited
+his soul's salvation by being there at all, but
+cries,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Salvation rests for me in Mary!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Wagner</span>: <i>Tannh&auml;user</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>At the holy name Venus and her revellers
+vanish, and Tannh&auml;user finds himself in a
+meadow, hears the tinkling herd-bells, and a
+shepherd's voice singing,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Frau Holda, goddess of the spring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Steps forth from the mountains old;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She comes, and all the brooklets sing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And fled is winter's cold.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+&nbsp;*&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; *
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Play, play, my pipe, your lightest lay,<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133" href="#Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">For spring has come, and merry May!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><i>Tannh&auml;user.</i> (Huckel <i>trans.</i>)<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>praising the goddess in her blameless state.</p>
+
+<p>By the fifteenth century Satan, taking the
+place of the gods, assumed control of the evil
+creatures. Now that witches were the followers
+of the Devil, they wrote their names
+in his book, and were carried away by him
+for the revels by night. A new witch was
+pricked with a needle to initiate her into his
+company. At the party the Devil was adored
+with worship due to God alone. Dancing, a
+device of the pagans, and hence considered
+wholly wicked, was indulged in to unseemly
+lengths. In 1883 in Sweden it was believed
+that dances were held about the sanctuaries
+of the ancient gods, and that whoever
+stopped to watch were caught by the dancers
+and whirled away. If they profaned holy
+days by this dancing, they were doomed to
+keep it up for a year.</p>
+
+<p>At the witches' Sabbath the Devil himself
+sometimes appeared as a goat, and the witches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134" href="#Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+were attended by cats, owls, bats, and cuckoos,
+because these creatures had once been sacred
+to Freya. At the feast horse-flesh, once the
+food of the gods at banquets, was eaten. The
+broth for the feast was brewed in a kettle
+held over the fire by a tripod, like that which
+supported the seat of Apollo's priestess at
+Delphi. The kettle may be a reminder of the
+one Thor got, which gave to each guest whatever
+food he asked of it, or it may be merely
+that used in brewing the herb-remedies which
+women made before they were thought to
+practise witchcraft. In the kettle were cooked
+mixtures which caused storms and shipwrecks,
+plagues, and blights. No salt was
+eaten, for that was a wholesome substance.</p>
+
+<p>The witches of Germany did not have prophetic
+power; those of Scandinavia, like the
+Norse Fates, did have it. The troll-wives of
+Scandinavia were like the witches of Germany&mdash;they
+were cannibals, especially relishing
+children, like the witch in <i>Hansel and Grethel</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From the fourteenth to the eighteenth century
+all through Europe and the new world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135" href="#Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+people thought to be witches, and hence in
+the devil's service, were persecuted. It was
+believed that they were able to take the form
+of beasts. A wolf or other animal is caught
+in a trap or shot, and disappears. Later an
+old woman who lives alone in the woods is
+found suffering from a similar wound. She
+is then declared to be a witch.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was once an old castle in the middle
+of a vast thick wood; in it lived an old woman
+quite alone, and she was a witch. By day she
+made herself into a cat or a screech-owl, but
+regularly at night she became a human being
+again."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Grimm</span>: <i>Jorinda and Joringel</i>.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>"Hares found on May morning are witches
+and should be stoned," reads an old superstition.
+"If you tease a cat on May Eve, it will
+turn into a witch and hurt you."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136" href="#Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>WALPURGIS NIGHT</h3>
+
+
+<p>Walpurga was a British nun who went to
+Germany in the eighth century to found holy
+houses. After a pious life she was buried at
+Eichstatt, where it is said a healing oil
+trickled from her rock-tomb. This miracle
+reminded men of the fruitful dew which fell
+from the manes of the Valkyries' horses, and
+when one of the days sacred to her came on
+May first, the wedding-day of Frau Holda and
+the sun-god, the people thought of her as a
+Valkyrie, and identified her with Holda.
+As, like a Valkyrie, she rode armed on her
+steed, she scattered, like Holda, spring flowers
+and fruitful dew upon the fields and vales.
+When these deities fell into disrepute, Walpurga
+too joined the pagan train that swept
+the sky on the eve of May first, and
+afterwards on mountain-tops to sacrifice and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137" href="#Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+to adore Holda, as the priests had sacrificed
+for a prosperous season and a bountiful harvest.</p>
+
+<p>So this night was called Walpurgis Night,
+when evil beings were abroad, and with them
+human worshippers who still guarded the old
+faith in secret.</p>
+
+<p>This is very like the occasion of November
+Eve, which shared with May first Celtic manifestations
+of evil. Witches complete the list
+of supernatural beings which are out on Hallowe'en.
+All are to be met at crossroads, with
+harm to the beholders. A superstition goes,
+that if one wishes to see witches, he must put
+on his clothes wrong side out, and creep backward
+to a crossroads, or wear wild radish, on
+May Eve.</p>
+
+<p>On Walpurgis Night precaution must be
+taken against witches who may harm cattle.
+The stable doors are locked and sealed with
+three crosses. Sprigs of ash, hawthorn, juniper,
+and elder, once sacred to the pagan gods,
+are now used as a protection against them.
+Horseshoes are nailed prongs up on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138" href="#Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+threshold or over the door. Holy bells are
+hung on the cows to scare away the witches,
+and they are guided to pasture by a goad
+which has been blessed. Shots are fired over
+the cornfield. If one wishes, he may hide in
+the corn and hear what will happen for a
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Signs and omens on Walpurgis Night have
+more weight than at other times except on St.
+John's Day.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"On Walpurgis Night rain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Makes good crops of autumn grain,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>but rain on May Day is harmful to them.</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;">
+<a href="images/illus-138.jpg" name="DANCE" id="DANCE">
+<img src="images/illus-138-tn.jpg" width="307" height="400" class="plain" alt="The Witches&#39; Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.) From Painting by Von Kreling." title="The Witches&#39; Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.) From Painting by Von Kreling." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Witches&#39; Dance. (Valpurgisnacht.)</span><br /><i>From Painting by Von Kreling.</i></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lovers try omens on this eve, as they do in
+Scotland on Hallowe'en. If you sleep with
+one stocking on, you will find on May morning
+in the toe a hair the color of your sweetheart's.
+Girls try to find out the temperament
+of their husbands-to-be by keeping a
+linen thread for three days near an image of
+the Madonna, and at midnight on May Eve
+pulling it apart, saying:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thread, I pull thee;<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139" href="#Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Walpurga, I pray thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That thou show to me<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What my husband's like to be."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>They judge of his disposition by the thread's
+being strong or easily broken, soft or tightly
+woven.</p>
+
+<p>Dew on the morning of May first makes
+girls who wash in it beautiful.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The fair maid who on the first of May<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Goes to the fields at break of day<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Will ever after handsome be."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><i>Encyclopedia of Superstitions.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A heavy dew on this morning presages a good
+"butter-year." You will find fateful initials
+printed in dew on a handkerchief that has
+been left out all the night of April thirtieth.
+On May Day girls invoke the cuckoo:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Cuckoo! cuckoo! on the bough,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tell me truly, tell me how<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Many years there will be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till a husband comes to me."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then they count the calls of the cuckoo until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140" href="#Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+he pauses again.</p>
+
+<p>If a man wears clothes made of yarn spun
+on Walpurgis Night to the May-shooting, he
+will always hit the bull's-eye, for the Devil
+gives away to those he favors, "freikugeln,"
+bullets which always hit the mark.</p>
+
+<p>On Walpurgis Night as on Hallowe'en
+strange things may happen to one. Zschokke
+tells a story of a Walpurgis Night dream that
+is more a vision than a dream. Led to be
+unfaithful to his wife, a man murders the
+husband of a former sweetheart; to escape
+capture he fires a haystack, from which a
+whole village is kindled. In his flight he
+enters an empty carriage, and drives away
+madly, crushing the owner under the wheels.
+He finds that the dead man is his own brother.
+Faced by the person whom he believes to be
+the Devil, responsible for his misfortunes, the
+wretched man is ready to worship him if he
+will protect him. He finds that the seeming
+Devil is in reality his guardian-angel who
+sent him this dream that he might learn the
+depths of wickedness lying unfathomed in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141" href="#Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+heart, waiting an opportunity to burst out.</p>
+
+<p>Both May Eve and St. John's Eve are times
+of freedom and unrestraint. People are filled
+with a sort of madness which makes them
+unaccountable for their deeds.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"For you see, pastor, within every one of us
+a spark of paganism is glowing. It has outlasted
+the thousand years since the old Teutonic
+times. Once a year it flames up high, and we
+call it St. John's Fire. Once a year comes Free-night.
+Yes, truly, Free-night. Then the witches,
+laughing scornfully, ride to Blocksberg, upon
+the mountain-top, on their broomsticks, the
+same broomsticks with which at other times
+their witchcraft is whipped out of them,&mdash;then
+the whole wild company skims along the forest
+way,&mdash;and then the wild desires awaken in our
+hearts which life has not fulfilled."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Sudermann</span>: <i>St. John's Fire</i>. (Porter <i>trans.</i>)
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142" href="#Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h3>MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND
+CUSTOMS</h3>
+
+<p>Only the Celts and the Teutons celebrate
+an occasion actually like our Hallowe'en.
+The countries of southern Europe make of it
+a religious vigil, like that already described
+in France.</p>
+
+<p>In Italy on the night of All Souls', the
+spirits of the dead are thought to be abroad,
+as in Brittany. They may mingle with living
+people, and not be remarked. The
+<i>Miserere</i> is heard in all the cities. As the
+people pass dressed in black, bells are rung
+on street corners to remind them to pray for
+the souls of the dead. In Naples the skeletons
+in the funeral vaults are dressed up, and the
+place visited on All Souls' Day. In Salerno
+before the people go to the all-night service at
+church they set out a banquet for the dead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143" href="#Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+If any food is left in the morning, evil is in
+store for the house.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Hark! Hark to the wind! 'T is the night, they say,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When all souls come back from the far away&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dead, forgotten this many a day!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And the dead remembered&mdash;ay! long and well&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the little children whose spirits dwell<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In God's green garden of asphodel.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Have you reached the country of all content,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O souls we know, since the day you went<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From this time-worn world, where your years were spent?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Would you come back to the sun and the rain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sweetness, the strife, the thing we call pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And then unravel life's tangle again?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I lean to the dark&mdash;Hush!&mdash;was it a sigh?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or the painted vine-leaves that rustled by?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or only a night-bird's echoing cry?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Sheard</span>: <i>Hallowe'en.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In Malta bells are rung, prayers said, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144" href="#Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+mourning worn on All Souls' Day. Graves
+are decorated, and the inscriptions on tombs
+read and reread. For the poor is prepared an
+All Souls' dinner, as cakes are given to the
+poor in England and Wales. The custom of
+decorating graves with flowers and offering
+flowers to the dead comes from the crowning
+of the dead by the ancients with short-lived
+blooms, to signify the brevity of life.</p>
+
+<p>In Spain at dark on Hallowe'en cakes and
+nuts are laid on graves to bribe the spirits not
+to disturb the vigils of the saints.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany the graves of the dead are
+decorated with flowers and lights, on the first
+and second of November. To drive away
+ghosts from a church a key or a wand must
+be struck three times against a bier. An All
+Souls' divination in Germany is a girl's going
+out and asking the first young man she meets
+his name. Her husband's will be like it. If
+she walks thrice about a church and makes a
+wish, she will see it fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>Belgian children build shrines in front of
+their homes with figures of the Madonna and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145" href="#Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+candles, and beg for money to buy cakes. As
+many cakes as one eats, so many souls he
+frees from Purgatory.</p>
+
+<p>The races of northern Europe believed that
+the dead returned, and were grieved at the
+lamentations of their living relatives. The
+same belief was found in Brittany, and among
+the American Indians.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Think of this, O Hiawatha!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Speak of it to all the people,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That henceforward and forever<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They no more with lamentations<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sadden souls of the departed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the Islands of the Bless&egrave;d."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Hiawatha</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese fear the dead and the dragons
+of the air. They devote the first three weeks
+in April to visiting the graves of their ancestors,
+and laying baskets of offerings on
+them. The great dragon, Feng-Shin, flies
+scattering blessings upon the houses. His
+path is straight, unless he meets with some
+building. Then he turns aside, and the
+owner of the too lofty edifice misses the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146" href="#Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+blessing.</p>
+
+<p>At Nikko, Japan, where there are many
+shrines to the spirits of the dead, masques are
+held to entertain the ghosts who return on
+Midsummer Day. Every street is lined with
+lighted lanterns, and the spirits are sent back
+to the otherworld in straw boats lit with
+lanterns, and floated down the river. To see
+ghosts in Japan one must put one hundred
+rush-lights into a large lantern, and repeat
+one hundred lines of poetry, taking one light
+out at the end of each line; or go out into
+the dark with one light and blow it out.
+Ghosts are identified with witches. They
+come back especially on moonlit nights.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On moonlight nights, when the coast-wind
+whispers in the branches of the tree, O-Matsue
+and Teoyo may sometimes be seen, with bamboo
+rakes in their hands, gathering together the
+needles of the fir."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Rinder</span>: <i>Great Fir-Tree of Takasago.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>There is a Chinese saying that a mirror is
+the soul of a woman. A pretty story is told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147" href="#Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+of a girl whose mother before she died gave
+her a mirror, saying:</p>
+
+<p>"Now after I am dead, if you think longingly
+of me, take out the thing that you
+will find inside this box, and look at it.
+When you do so my spirit will meet yours,
+and you will be comforted." When she was
+lonely or her stepmother was harsh with her,
+the girl went to her room and looked earnestly
+into the mirror. She saw there only
+her own face, but it was so much like her
+mother's that she believed it was hers indeed,
+and was consoled. When the stepmother
+learned what it was her daughter cherished
+so closely, her heart softened toward the
+lonely girl, and her life was made easier.</p>
+
+<p>By the Arabs spirits were called Djinns (or
+genii). They came from fire, and looked
+like men or beasts. They might be good or
+evil, beautiful or horrible, and could disappear
+from mortal sight at will. Nights when they
+were abroad, it behooved men to stay under
+cover.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ha! They are on us, close without!<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148" href="#Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i2">Shut tight the shelter where we lie;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With hideous din the monster rout,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dragon and vampire, fill the sky."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Hugo</span>: <i>The Djinns.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/illus-148.jpg" name="FORTUNE" id="FORTUNE">
+<img src="images/illus-148-tn.jpg" width="400" height="273" class="plain" alt="Fortune-Telling." title="Fortune-Telling." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fortune-Telling.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149" href="#Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h3>HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA</h3>
+
+
+<p>In Colonial days Hallowe'en was not celebrated
+much in America. Some English still
+kept the customs of the old world, such as
+apple-ducking and snapping, and girls tried
+the apple-paring charm to reveal their lovers'
+initials, and the comb-and-mirror test to see
+their faces. Ballads were sung and ghost-stories
+told, for the dead were thought to return
+on Hallowe'en.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There was a young officer in Phips's company
+at the time of the finding of the Spanish
+treasure-ship, who had gone mad at the sight of
+the bursting sacks that the divers had brought
+up from the sea, as the gold coins covered the
+deck. This man had once lived in the old stone
+house on the 'faire greene lane,' and a report
+had gone out that his spirit still visited it, and
+caused discordant noises. Once ... on a
+gusty November evening, when the clouds were
+scudding over the moon, a hall-door had blown
+open with a shrieking draft and a force that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150" href="#Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+caused the floor to tremble."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Butterworth</span>: <i>Hallowe'en Reformation.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Elves, goblins, and fairies are native on
+American soil. The Indians believed in evil
+<i>manitous</i>, some of whom were water-gods who
+exacted tribute from all who passed over their
+lakes. Henry Hudson and his fellow-explorers
+haunted as mountain-trolls the Catskill
+range. Like Ossian and so many other
+visitors to the Otherworld, Rip Van Winkle
+is lured into the strange gathering, thinks
+that he passes the night there, wakes, and
+goes home to find that twenty years have
+whitened his hair, rusted his gun, and
+snatched from life many of his boon-companions.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"My gun must have cotched the rheumatix
+too. Now that's too bad. Them fellows have
+gone and stolen my good gun, and leave me this
+rusty old barrel.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, is that the village of Falling Waters
+that I see? Why, the place is more than twice
+the size it was last night&mdash;I&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know whether I am dreaming, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151" href="#Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+sleeping, or waking."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Jefferson</span>: <i>Rip Van Winkle</i>.<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The persecution of witches, prevalent in
+Europe, reached this side of the Atlantic in
+the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This sudden burst of wickedness and crime<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was but the common madness of the time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When in all lands, that lie within the sound<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Sabbath bells, a witch was burned or drowned."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Men and women who had enemies to accuse
+them of evil knowledge and the power to
+cause illness in others, were hanged or pressed
+to death by heavy weights. Such sicknesses
+they could cause by keeping a waxen image,
+and sticking pins or nails into it, or melting
+it before the fire. The person whom they
+hated would be in torture, or would waste
+away like the waxen doll. Witches' power
+to injure and to prophesy came from the
+Devil, who marked them with a needle-prick.
+Such marks were sought as evidence at trials.</p>
+
+<p>"Witches' eyes are coals of fire from the pit."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152" href="#Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+They were attended by black cats, owls, bats,
+and toads.</p>
+
+<p>Iron, as being a product of fire, was a protection
+against them, as against evil spirits
+everywhere. It had especial power when in
+the shape of a horseshoe.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This horseshoe will I nail upon the threshold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There, ye night-hags and witches that torment<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The neighborhood, ye shall not enter here."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Longfellow</span>: <i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The holiday-time of elves, witches, and
+ghosts is Hallowe'en. It is not believed in
+here except by some children, who people the
+dark with bogies who will carry them away
+if they are naughty.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Onc't they was a little boy wouldn't say his prayers&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' when he went to bed at night, away upstairs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His mammy heerd him holler, an' his daddy heerd him bawl,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wasn't there at all!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an' press,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153" href="#Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' seeked him up the chimbley-flue, an' ever'wheres, I guess;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you, ef you don't watch out!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Riley</span>: <i>Little Orphant Annie.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Negroes are very superstitious, putting faith
+in all sorts of supernatural beings.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Blame my trap! how de wind do blow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dis is das de night for de witches, sho!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dey's trouble going to waste when de ole slut whine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' you hear de cat a-spittin' when de moon don't shine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Riley</span>: <i>When de Folks is Gone</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>While the original customs of Hallowe'en
+are being forgotten more and more across the
+ocean, Americans have fostered them, and are
+making this an occasion something like what
+it must have been in its best days overseas.
+All Hallowe'en customs in the United States
+are borrowed directly or adapted from those
+of other countries. All superstitions, everyday<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154" href="#Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+ones, and those pertaining to Christmas
+and New Year's, have special value on Hallowe'en.</p>
+
+<p>It is a night of ghostly and merry revelry.
+Mischievous spirits choose it for carrying off
+gates and other objects, and hiding them or
+putting them out of reach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dear me, Polly, I wonder what them boys
+will be up to to-night. I do hope they'll not put
+the gate up on the shed as they did last year."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Wright</span>: <i>Tom's Hallowe'en Joke</i>.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Bags filled with flour sprinkle the passers-by.
+Door-bells are rung and mysterious raps
+sounded on doors, things thrown into halls,
+and knobs stolen. Such sports mean no more
+at Hallowe'en than the tricks played the
+night before the Fourth of July have to do
+with the Declaration of Independence. We
+see manifested on all such occasions the spirit
+of "Free-night" of which George von Hartwig
+speaks so enthusiastically in <i>St. John's
+Fire</i> (page 141).</p>
+
+<p>Hallowe'en parties are the real survival of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155" href="#Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+the ancient merrymakings. They are prepared
+for in secret. Guests are not to divulge
+the fact that they are invited. Often they
+come masked, as ghosts or witches.</p>
+
+<p>The decorations make plain the two elements
+of the festival. For the centerpiece of
+the table there may be a hollowed pumpkin,
+filled with apples and nuts and other fruits of
+harvest, or a pumpkin-chariot drawn by field-mice.
+So it is clear that this is a harvest-party,
+like Pomona's feast. In the coach rides
+a witch, representing the other element, of
+magic and prophecy. Jack-o'-lanterns, with
+which the room is lighted, are hollowed
+pumpkins with candles inside. The candle-light
+shines through holes cut like features.
+So the lantern becomes a bogy, and is held up
+at a window to frighten those inside. Corn-stalks
+from the garden stand in clumps about
+the room. A frieze of witches on broomsticks,
+with cats, bats, and owls surmounts the
+fireplace, perhaps. A full moon shines over
+all, and a caldron on a tripod holds fortunes
+tied in nut-shells. The prevailing colors are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156" href="#Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+yellow and black: a deep yellow is the color
+of most ripe grain and fruit; black stands for
+black magic and demoniac influence. Ghosts
+and skulls and cross-bones, symbols of death,
+startle the beholder. Since Hallowe'en is a
+time for lovers to learn their fate, hearts and
+other sentimental tokens are used to good
+effect, as the Scotch lads of Burns's time wore
+love-knots.</p>
+
+<p>Having marched to the dining-room to the
+time of a dirge, the guests find before them
+plain, hearty fare; doughnuts, gingerbread,
+cider, popcorn, apples, and nuts honored by
+time. The Hallowe'en cake has held the
+place of honor since the beginning here in
+America. A ring, key, thimble, penny, and
+button baked in it foretell respectively speedy
+marriage, a journey, spinsterhood, wealth,
+and bachelorhood.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Polly was going to be married, Jennie was
+going on a long journey, and you&mdash;down went
+the knife against something hard. The girls
+crowded round. You had a hurt in your throat,
+and there, there, in your slice, was the horrid,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157" href="#Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+hateful, big brass thimble. It was more than
+you could bear&mdash;soaking, dripping wet, and an
+old maid!"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Bradley</span>: <i>Different Party</i>.
+</p></div>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<a href="images/illus-156a.jpg" name="W_TABLE" id="W_TABLE">
+<img src="images/illus-156a-tn.jpg" width="200" height="189" class="plain" alt="A Witch Table." title="A Witch Table." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Witch Table.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<a href="images/illus-156b.jpg">
+<img src="images/illus-156b-tn.jpg" width="200" height="157" class="plain" alt="An Owl Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, I." title="An Owl Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, I." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Owl Table.<br />Hallowe&#39;en Tables, I.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The kitchen is the best place for the rough
+games and after-supper charms.</p>
+
+<p>On the stems of the apples which are to be
+dipped for may be tied names; for the boys
+in one tub, for the girls in another. Each
+searcher of the future must draw out with his
+teeth an apple with a name which will be
+like that of his future mate.</p>
+
+<p>A variation of the Irish snap-apple is a
+hoop hung by strings from the ceiling, round
+which at intervals are placed bread, apples,
+cakes, peppers, candies, and candles. The
+strings are twisted, then let go, and as the
+hoop revolves, each may step up and get a
+bite from whatever comes to him. By the
+taste he determines what the character of his
+married life will be,&mdash;whether wholesome,
+acid, soft, fiery, or sweet. Whoever bites the
+candle is twice unfortunate, for he must pay
+a forfeit too. An apple and a bag of flour are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158" href="#Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+placed on the ends of a stick, and whoever
+dares to seize a mouthful of apple must risk
+being blinded by flour. Apples are suspended
+one to a string in a doorway. As they swing,
+each guest tries to secure his apple. To blow
+out a candle as it revolves on a stick requires
+attention and accuracy of aim.</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<a href="images/illus-158a.jpg" name="CALDRON" id="CALDRON">
+<img src="images/illus-158a-tn.jpg" width="200" height="178" class="plain" alt="A Witches&#39;-Caldron Table." title="A Witches&#39;-Caldron Table." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Witches&#39;-Caldron Table.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<a href="images/illus-158b.jpg">
+<img src="images/illus-158b-tn.jpg" width="200" height="188" class="plain" alt="A Black-Cat Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, II." title="A Black-Cat Table. Hallowe&#39;en Tables, II." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Black-Cat Table.<br />Hallowe&#39;en Tables, II.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The one who first succeeds in threading a
+needle as he sits on a round bottle on the
+floor, will be first married. Twelve candles
+are lighted, and placed at convenient distances
+on the floor in a row. As the guest leaps
+over them, the first he blows out will indicate
+his wedding-month. One candle only placed
+on the floor and blown out in the same way
+means a year of wretchedness ahead. If it
+still burns, it presages a year of joy.</p>
+
+<p>Among the quieter tests some of the most
+common are tried with apple-seeds. As in
+England a pair of seeds named for two lovers
+are stuck on brow or eyelids. The one who
+sticks longer is the true, the one who soon
+falls, the disloyal sweetheart. Seeds are used
+in this way to tell also whether one is to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159" href="#Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+a traveler or a stay-at-home. Apple-seeds are
+twice ominous, partaking of both apple and
+nut nature. Even the number of seeds found
+in a core has meaning. If you put them
+upon the palm of your hand, and strike it
+with the other, the number remaining will
+tell you how many letters you will receive in
+a fortnight. With twelve seeds and the
+names of twelve friends, the old rhyme may
+be repeated:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"One I love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Two I love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Three I love, I say;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Four I love with all my heart:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Five I cast away.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Six he loves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Seven she loves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eight they both love;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nine he comes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ten he tarries,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eleven he courts, and<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Twelve he marries."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Nuts are burned in the open fire. It is generally
+agreed that the one for whom the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160" href="#Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+that pops is named, loves.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"If he loves me, pop and fly;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If he hates me, live and die."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Often the superstition connected therewith is
+forgotten in the excitement of the moment.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"When ebery one among us toe de smallest pickaninny<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Would huddle in de chimbley cohnah's glow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toe listen toe dem chilly win's ob ole Novembah's<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Go a-screechin' lack a spook around de huts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twell de pickaninnies' fingahs gits to shakin' o'er de embahs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' dey laik ter roas' dey knuckles 'stead o' nuts."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">In Werner's</span> <i>Readings, Number 31</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Letters of the alphabet are carved on a
+pumpkin. Fate guides the hand of the blindfolded
+seeker to the fateful initial which he
+stabs with a pin. Letters cut out of paper
+are sprinkled on water in a tub. They form
+groups from which any one with imagination
+may spell out names.</p>
+
+<p>Girls walk down cellar backward with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161" href="#Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+candle in one hand and a looking-glass in the
+other, expecting to see a face in the glass.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Last night 't was witching Hallowe'en,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dearest; an apple russet-brown<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I pared, and thrice above my crown<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whirled the long skin; they watched it keen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I flung it far; they laughed and cried me shame&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dearest, there lay the letter of your name.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Took I the mirror then, and crept<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Down, down the creaking narrow stair;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The milk-pans caught my candle's flare<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And mice walked soft and spiders slept.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">I spoke the spell, and stood the magic space,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dearest&mdash;and in the glass I saw your face!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And then I stole out in the night<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Alone; the frogs piped sweet and loud,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The moon looked through a ragged cloud.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thrice round the house I sped me light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dearest; and there, methought&mdash;charm of my charms!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">You met me, kissed me, took me to your arms!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite25"><span class="smcap">Opper</span>: <i>The Charms</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>There are many mirror-tests. A girl who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162" href="#Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+sits before a mirror at midnight on Hallowe'en
+combing her hair and eating an apple will see
+the face of her true love reflected in the glass.
+Standing so that through a window she may
+see the moon in a glass she holds, she counts
+the number of reflections to find out how
+many pleasant things will happen to her in
+the next twelve months. Alabama has taken
+over the Scotch mirror test in its entirety.</p>
+
+<p>A girl with a looking-glass in her hand
+steps backward from the door out into the
+yard. Saying:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Round and round, O stars so fair!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye travel, and search out everywhere.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I pray you, sweet stars, now show to me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This night, who my future husband shall be!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>she goes to meet her fate.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"So Leslie backed out at the door, and we
+shut it upon her. The instant after, we heard a
+great laugh. Off the piazza she had stepped
+backward directly against two gentlemen coming
+in.</p>
+
+<p>"Doctor Ingleside was one, coming to get his
+supper; the other was a friend of his.... 'Doctor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163" href="#Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+John Hautayne,' he said, introducing
+him by his full name."</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Whitney</span>: <i>We Girls.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>A custom that is a reminder of the lighted
+boats sent down-stream in Japan to bear away
+the souls of the dead, is that which makes use
+of nut-shell boats. These have tiny candles
+fastened in them, are lighted, and named, and
+set adrift on a tub of water. If they cling to
+the side, their namesakes will lead a quiet
+life. Some will float together. Some will
+collide and be shipwrecked. Others will bear
+steadily toward a goal though the waves are
+rocked in a tempest. Their behavior is
+significant. The candle which burns longest
+belongs to the one who will marry first.</p>
+
+<p>The Midsummer wheel which was rolled
+down into the Moselle River in France, and
+meant, if the flames that wreathed it were not
+extinguished, that the grape-harvest would be
+abundant, has survived in the fortune wheel
+which is rolled about from one guest to another,
+and brings a gift to each.</p>
+
+<p>The actions of cats on Hallowe'en betoken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164" href="#Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+good or bad luck. If a cat sits quietly beside
+any one, he will enjoy a peaceful, prosperous
+life; if one rubs against him, it brings good
+luck, doubly good if one jumps into his
+lap. If a cat yawns near you on Hallowe'en,
+be alert and do not let opportunity
+slip by you. If a cat runs from you, you
+have a secret which will be revealed in seven
+days.</p>
+
+<p>Different states have put interpretations of
+their own on the commonest charms. In
+Massachusetts the one who first draws an
+apple from the tub with his teeth will be first
+married. If a girl steals a cabbage, she will
+see her future husband as she pulls it up, or
+meet him as she goes home. If these fail, she
+must put the cabbage over the door and
+watch to see whom it falls on, for him she is
+to marry. A button concealed in mashed
+potato brings misfortune to the finder. The
+names of three men are written on slips of
+paper, and enclosed in three balls of meal.
+The one that rises first when they are
+thrown into water will disclose the sought-for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165" href="#Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+name.</p>
+
+<p>Maine has borrowed the yarn-test from
+Scotland. A ball is thrown into a barn or
+cellar, and wound off on the hand. The
+lover will come and help to wind. Girls in
+New Hampshire place in a row three dishes
+with earth, water, and a ring in them, respectively.
+The one who blindfolded touches
+earth will soon die; water, will never marry;
+the ring, will soon be wedded.</p>
+
+<p>To dream of the future on Hallowe'en in
+Pennsylvania, one must go out of the front
+door backward, pick up dust or grass, wrap
+it in paper, and put it under his pillow.</p>
+
+<p>In Maryland girls see their future husbands
+by a rite similar to the Scotch "wetting of the
+sark-sleeve." They put an egg to roast, and
+open wide all the doors and windows. The
+man they seek will come in and turn the egg.
+At supper girls stand behind the chairs, knowing
+that the ones they are to marry will come
+to sit in front of them.</p>
+
+<p>The South has always been famous for its
+hospitality and good times. On Hallowe'en a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166" href="#Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+miniature Druid-fire burns in a bowl on the
+table. In the blazing alcohol are put fortunes
+wrapped in tin-foil, figs, orange-peel, raisins,
+almonds, and dates. The one who snatches
+the best will meet his sweetheart inside of a
+year, and all may try for a fortune from the
+flames. The origin of this custom was the
+taking of omens from the death-struggles of
+creatures burning in the fire of sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>Another Southern custom is adapted from
+one of Brittany. Needles are named and
+floated in a dish of water. Those which cling
+side by side are lovers.</p>
+
+<p>Good fortune is in store for the one who
+wins an apple from the tub, or against whose
+glass a ring suspended by a hair strikes with
+a sharp chime.</p>
+
+<p>A very elaborate charm is tried in Newfoundland.
+As the clock strikes midnight a
+girl puts the twenty-six letters of the alphabet,
+cut from paper, into a pure-white bowl which
+has been touched by the lips of a new-born
+babe only. After saying:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Kind fortune, tell me where is he<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167" href="#Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></span>
+<span class="i0">Who my future lord shall be;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From this bowl all that I claim<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is to know my sweetheart's name."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>she puts the bowl into a safe place until morning.
+Then she is blindfolded and picks out
+the same number of letters as there are in her
+own name, and spells another from them.</p>
+
+<p>In New Brunswick, instead of an apple, a
+hard-boiled egg without salt is eaten before a
+mirror, with the same result. In Canada a
+thread is held over a lamp. The number
+that can be counted slowly before the thread
+parts, is the number of years before the one
+who counts will marry.</p>
+
+<p>In the United States a hair is thrown to the
+winds with the stanza chanted:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I pluck this lock of hair off my head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To tell whence comes the one I shall wed.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fly, silken hair, fly all the world around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Until you reach the spot where my true love is found."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The direction in which the hair floats is
+prophetic.</p>
+
+<p>The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168" href="#Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party,
+using Burns's poem <i>Hallowe'en</i> as a guide; or
+to go a-souling as the English used. In short,
+no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en
+is out of fashion now. "Cyniver" has
+been borrowed from Wales, and the "dumb-cake"
+from the Hebrides. In the Scotch
+custom of cabbage-stalk pulling, if the stalk
+comes up easily, the husband or wife will be
+easy to win. The melted-lead test to show
+the occupation of the husband-to-be has been
+adopted in the United States. If the metal
+cools in round drops, the tester will never
+marry, or her husband will have no profession.
+White of egg is used in the same way.
+Like the Welsh test is that of filling the
+mouth with water, and walking round the
+house until one meets one's fate. An adaptation
+of the Scottish "three luggies" is the
+row of four dishes holding dirt, water, a ring,
+and a rag. The dirt means divorce, the
+water, a trip across the ocean, the ring, marriage,
+the rag, no marriage at all.</p>
+
+<p>After the charms have been tried, fagots are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169" href="#Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+passed about, and by the eerie light of burning
+salt and alcohol, ghost stories are told,
+each concluding his installment as his fagot
+withers into ashes. Sometimes the cabbage
+stalks used in the omens take the place of
+fagots.</p>
+
+<p>To induce prophetic dreams salt, in quantities
+from a pinch to an egg full, is eaten before
+one goes to bed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Miss Jeanette, that's such a fine trick!
+You must swallow a salt herring in three bites,
+bones and all, and not drink a drop till the apparition
+of your future spouse comes in the night
+to offer you a drink of water.'"</p>
+
+<p class="cite">
+<span class="smcap">Adams</span>: <i>Chrissie's Fate</i>.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>If, after taking three doses of salt two
+minutes apart, a girl goes to bed backward,
+lies on her right side, and does not move till
+morning, she is sure to have eventful dreams.
+Pills made of a hazelnut, a walnut, and nutmeg
+grated together and mixed with butter
+and sugar cause dreams: if of gold, the husband
+will be rich; if of noise, a tradesman;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170" href="#Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+if of thunder and lightning, a traveler. As
+in Ireland bay-leaves on or under a man's
+pillow cause him to dream of his sweetheart.
+Also</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Turn your boots toward the street,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leave your garters on your feet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Put your stockings on your head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You'll dream of the one you're going to wed."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Lemon-peel carried all day and rubbed on the
+bed-posts at night will cause an apparition to
+bring the dreaming girl two lemons. For
+quiet sleep and the fulfilment of any wish eat
+before going to bed on Hallowe'en a piece of
+dry bread.</p>
+
+<p>A far more interesting development of the
+Hallowe'en idea than these innocent but
+colorless superstitions, is promised by the
+pageant at Fort Worth, Texas, on October
+thirty-first, 1916. In the masque and pageant
+of the afternoon four thousand school children
+took part. At night scenes from the pageant
+were staged on floats which passed along the
+streets. The subject was <i>Preparedness for</i>
+<i>Peace</i>, and comprised scenes from American<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171" href="#Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+history in which peace played an honorable
+part. Such were: the conference of William
+Penn and the Quakers with the Indians, and
+the opening of the East to American trade.
+This is not a subject limited to performances
+at Hallowtide. May there not be written and
+presented in America a truly Hallowe'en
+pageant, illustrating and befitting its noble
+origin, and making its place secure among
+the holidays of the year?</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 85%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172" href="#Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Bring forth the raisins and the nuts&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To-night All-Hallows' Spectre struts<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Along the moonlit way.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No time is this for tear or sob,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or other woes our joys to rob,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But time for Pippin and for Bob,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Jack-o'-lantern gay.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Come forth, ye lass and trousered kid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From prisoned mischief raise the lid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And lift it good and high.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leave grave old Wisdom in the lurch,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Set Folly on a lofty perch,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor fear the awesome rod of birch<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When dawn illumes the sky.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Tis night for revel, set apart<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To reillume the darkened heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And rout the hosts of Dole.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis night when Goblin, Elf, and Fay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Come dancing in their best array<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To prank and royster on the way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And ease the troubled soul.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The ghosts of all things, past parade,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173" href="#Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Emerging from the mist and shade<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That hid them from our gaze,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And full of song and ringing mirth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In one glad moment of rebirth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Again they walk the ways of earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As in the ancient days.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The beacon light shines on the hill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The will-o'-wisps the forests fill<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With flashes filched from noon;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And witches on their broomsticks spry<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Speed here and yonder in the sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lift their strident voices high<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Unto the Hunter's moon.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The air resounds with tuneful notes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From myriads of straining throats,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All hailing Folly Queen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So join the swelling choral throng,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forget your sorrow and your wrong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In one glad hour of joyous song<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To honor Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">J. K. Bangs</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 85%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174" href="#Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN FAILURE</b></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Who's dat peekin' in de do'?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Set mah heart a-beatin'!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thought I see' a spook for sho<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On mah way to meetin'.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heerd a rustlin' all aroun',<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Trees all sort o' jiggled;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An' along de frosty groun'<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Funny shadders wriggled.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Who's dat by de winder-sill?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Gittin' sort o' skeery;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Feets is feelin' kind o' chill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Eyes is sort o' teary.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Most as nervous as a coon<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When de dawgs is barkin',<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Er a widder when some spoon<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Comes along a-sparkin'.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Whass dat creepin' up de road,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Quiet like a ferret,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hoppin' sof'ly as a toad?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Maybe hit's a sperrit!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lordy! hope dey ain't no ghos'<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175" href="#Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+<span class="i2">Come to tell me howdy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I ain't got no use for those<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fantoms damp an' cloudy.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Whass dat standin' by de fence<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Wid its eyes a-yearnin',<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drivin' out mah common-sense<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Wid its glances burnin'?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Don't dass skeercely go to bed<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Wid dem spookses roun' me.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ain't no res' fo' dis yere head<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When dem folks surroun' me.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Whass dat groanin' soun' I hear<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Off dar by de gyardin?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lordy! Lordy! Lordy dear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Grant dis sinner pardon!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I won't nebber&mdash;I declar'<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ef it ain't my Sammy!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sambo, what yo' doin' dar?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Yo' can't skeer yo' mammy!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Carlyle Smith</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 85%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176" href="#Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Pixie, kobold, elf, and sprite<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All are on their rounds to-night,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the wan moon's silver ray<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thrives their helter-skelter play.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Fond of cellar, barn, or stack<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">True unto the almanac,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They present to credulous eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Strange hobgoblin mysteries.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cabbage-stumps&mdash;straws wet with dew&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Apple-skins, and chestnuts too,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And a mirror for some lass<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Show what wonders come to pass.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Doors they move, and gates they hide<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mischiefs that on moonbeams ride<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are their deeds,&mdash;and, by their spells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Love records its oracles.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Don't we all, of long ago<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177" href="#Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">By the ruddy fireplace glow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the kitchen and the hall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Those queer, coof-like pranks recall?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Eery shadows were they then&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But to-night they come again;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Were we once more but sixteen<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Precious would be Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">Joel Benton</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896</i>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;">
+<a href="images/illus-178.jpg" name="JACKOLANTERN" id="JACKOLANTERN">
+<img src="images/illus-178-tn.jpg" width="287" height="400" class="plain" alt="No Hallowe&#39;en without a Jack-o&#39;-Lantern." title="No Hallowe&#39;en without a Jack-o&#39;-Lantern." /></a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">No Hallowe&#39;en without<br />a Jack-o&#39;-Lantern.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 85%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178" href="#Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span style="font-size: 16pt"><b>HALLOWE'EN</b></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A gypsy flame is on the hearth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sign of this carnival of mirth.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through the dun fields and from the glade<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Flash merry folk in masquerade&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It is the witching Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Pale tapers glimmer in the sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dead and dying leaves go by;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dimly across the faded green<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Strange shadows, stranger shades, are seen&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It is the mystic Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Soft gusts of love and memory<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beat at the heart reproachfully;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The lights that burn for those who die<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Were flickering low, let them flare high&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It is the haunting Hallowe'en.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="cite2"><span class="smcap">A. F. Murray</span> <i>in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 85%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179" href="#Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Magazine References to Hallowe'en Entertainments</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">Charades</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Charades, menu, tests.   H. Bazar, 32:894.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Children's Parties</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortune games for very little children. St.  N., 23:33.<br />
+Hallowe'en fortunes for boys and girls. Delin., 66:631.<br />
+Masquerade, games, tests. W. H. C., 35:43.<br />
+Decorations. W. H. C., 36:34.<br />
+Old-fashioned games. St. N., 35:51.<br />
+Children's celebration of Hallowe'en. St. N., 32:1124.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Church Parties</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Mystic party. L. H. J., 22:57.<br />
+For Young People's Soc. L. H. J., 26:34.<br />
+"Phantom fair."  W. H. C., 39:32.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Club Parties</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+For Country Club. Invitation. Costumes. Supper. Dance.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">W. H. C., 41:30.</span><br />
+"Candle-light caf&eacute;." W. H. C., 42. Oct., 1915.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Costumes</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Delin., 78:258.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Country-House Party</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Country Life, 18:624.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dances</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Dances, drills, costumes. Delin., 78:258.<br />
+Hallowe'en party. W. H. C., 40:39.<br />
+Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Decorations and Favors</span>:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180" href="#Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+Autumn-leaf decorations and prizes.  Delin., 64:638.<br />
+Cobweb party. Delin., 91:44.<br />
+Hall: Handicraft for handy girls.<br />
+Place-cards, verses. L. H. J., 28:50.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 31:40.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 39:1046.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 20:48.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 16:38.</span><br />
+Cinderella party.  W. H. C., 34:30.<br />
+Favors. H. Bazar, 45:516.<br />
+Nut favors. W. H. C., 32:53.<br />
+Original decorations. W. H. C., 32:32.<br />
+Fads and frills. W. H. C., 32:24.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Games and Fortunes</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Witchery games for Hallowe'en. Delin., 64:576.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">H. Bazar., 33:1650.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">L. H. J., 20:48.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">L. H. J., 25:58.</span><br />
+Blain: Games for Hallowe'en.<br />
+Quaint customs. H. Bazar, 46:578.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">H. Bazar, 32:894.</span><br />
+Witches' think cap. L. H. J., 32:29.<br />
+Hallowe'en happenings. St. N., 35:51.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Invitations</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+H. Bazar, 33:1650.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Parties</span> (miscellaneous):</p>
+
+<p>
+H. Bazar, 28 pt. 2:841.<br />
+H. Bazar, 32:894.<br />
+L. H. J., 29:105.<br />
+L. H. J., 30:103.<br />
+Nut-crack night party. H. Bazar, 41:1106.<br />
+Nut-crack party. H. Bazar, 38:1092.<br />
+Novel party. W. H. C., 31:42.<br />
+Yarn party. L. H. J., 26:63.<br />
+L. H. J., 23:68.<br />
+L. H. J., 14:25.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181" href="#Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.<br />
+Novel party with musical accompaniment. Musician, 18:665.<br />
+Cotter's Saturday night. W. H. C., 38:40.<br />
+"Ghosts I have met" party. Pantomime. W. H. C., 37:27.<br />
+Two jolly affairs. W. H. C., 39:32.<br />
+Tryst of witches. Good H., 53:463.<br />
+Tam o' Shanter party. Delin., 85:26.<br />
+Jolly good time. Delin., 74:367.<br />
+Hints for Hallowe'en hilarities. L. H. J., 27:46.<br />
+Jolly party. L. H. J., 19:41.<br />
+Hallowe'en fun. L. H. J., 33:33.<br />
+Pumpkin stunt party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.<br />
+Character party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">School Parties</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+"Cotter's Saturday night." W. H. C., 38:40.<br />
+High school party. W. H. C., 42:34.<br />
+How the college girl celebrates Hallowe'en. W. H. C., 31:16.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Suppers, Table Decorations, Menus</span>:</p>
+
+<p>
+Hallowe'en suppers.  H. Bazar, 35:1670.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 37:1063.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 24:78.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">L. H. J., 16:38.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">W. H. C., 40:39.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">W. H. C., 43:35.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 44:641.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">H. Bazar, 45:507.</span><br />
+Hallowe'en party table. L. H. J., 29:44.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">H. Bazar, 32:894.</span><br />
+Hallowe'en supper. Good H., 53:569.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The pages refer always to the October number of
+the year.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182" href="#Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays</h2>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">TITLE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">AUTHOR</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">SOURCE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>All Hallowe'en</i> (story)</td><td></td><td align='left'>All the Year Round, 60:347</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Hopper</td><td align='left'>Eng. Illus. Mag., 18:225</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Lyall</td><td align='left'>Temple Bar., 124:379</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Black cat</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Poe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Boogah Man</i></td><td align='left'>Dunbar</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Brier-Rose</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Broomstick brigade</i></td><td align='left'>J. T. Wagner</td><td align='left'>6 Barclay St., N. Y. City</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Bud's fairy tale</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='left'>Child-world</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Children's Play with musical<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; accompaniment</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left' valign='top'>Musician, 16:693</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Corn-song</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Whittier</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Elder-tree mother</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Andersen</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairies</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Allingham</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy and witch</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Nelson</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Feast of the little lanterns</i><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (operetta)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Bliss</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Fisherman and the genie</i> (story)</td><td></td><td align='left'><i>Arabian Nights</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghost</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>O'Connor</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghosts I have met</i></td><td align='left'>Bangs</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Ghost's touch</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Collins</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Golden arm</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Clemens</td><td align='left'><i>How to tell a story</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Goblin stone</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wickes</td><td align='left'>Child's Book, p. 127</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Guess who</i> (song and drill)</td><td align='left'>Murray</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en adventure</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>McDonald</td><td align='left'>Canad. Mag., 12:61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en adventure</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Koogle</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183" href="#Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en frolic</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Cone</td><td align='left'>St. N. 20 pt. 1:15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Haunted gale</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wormwood</td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>House in the wood</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Butterkin</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Asbjornsen</td><td align='left'><i>Fairy tales from the far north</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Donna Juana</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Brooks</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Mother Goose recital</i></td><td align='left'>Musician, 21:633</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Nix of the mill-pond</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Peter Pan in Kensington<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gardens</i> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Barrie</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Rapunzel</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Red shoes</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Andersen</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Scarecrows a-roaming</i> (play)</td><td></td><td align='left'>Eldridge Entertainment House</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Seein' things</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Field</td><td align='left'>Love songs of childhood</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Snow-white</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='left'>Fairy tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Straw phantom</i> (pantomime)</td><td align='left'>Blackall</td><td align='left'>St. N., 44:1133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Testing of Sir Gawayne</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Merington</td><td align='left'><i>Festival plays</i>,  p. 211</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Voyage of Bran</i></td><td align='left'>Meyer</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Walpurgisnight</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Zschokke</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Wind in the rose-bush</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Freeman</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184" href="#Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX TO QUOTATIONS</h2>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Quotations Index">
+<tr><td align='center'><span class="smcap">TITLE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">AUTHOR</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">PAGE</span></td><td align='center'><span class="smcap">SOURCE</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>All-hallows honeymoon</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Marks</td><td align='right'>104</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;New Eng. Magazine, 37:308</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>All Souls' Eve</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Marks, J. P.</td><td align='right'>31-32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Ancient Irish</i></td><td align='left'>O'Curry</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Ballad of Tam Lin</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>65</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Child's Ballads</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Battle of the trees</i></td><td align='left'>Taliesin</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Neo-druidical heresy</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Caractacus</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Mason</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Celtic twilight</i><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; (poem in introduction to)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Yeats</td><td align='right' valign='top'>58</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Charms</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Opper</td><td align='right'>161</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Munsey, 30:285</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Comus</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Cuchulain of Muirthemne</i></td><td align='left'>Gregory</td><td align='right'>37-38-39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Cuchulain's sick-bed</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>42</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Death of the flowers</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Bryant</td><td align='right'>18-19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Different party</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Bradley</td><td align='right'>156-157</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Bazar, 41:131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Neo-druidical heresy</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Djinns</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Hugo</td><td align='right'>148</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Druid song of Cathvah</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Todhunter</td><td align='right'>9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Expedition of Nera</i></td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"Fair maid who"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>139</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Encyc. of Superstitions</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy-faith in Celtic countries</i></td><td align='left'>Wentz</td><td align='right'>48-49</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Fairy fiddler</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Hopper</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Fasti</i></td><td align='left'>Ovid</td><td align='right'>114</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Faust</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Goethe</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>First winter song</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Graves</td><td align='right'>16</td><td></td><td align='left' valign="top"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185" href="#Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"Five hundred points"</td><td align='left'>Tusser</td><td align='right'>98</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Giles Corey of the Salem Farms</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (play)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Longfellow</td><td align='right' valign='top'>151-152</td><td align='left'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Golden Legend</i></td><td align='left'>De Voragine</td><td align='right'>30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Great fir-tree of Takasago</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'> Rinder</td><td align='right' valign='top'>146</td><td align='left' valign='top'>&nbsp;<i>Old-world Japan</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"Green fairy island"</td><td align='left'>Parry</td><td align='right'>103</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Welsh Melodies</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hag</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Herrick</td><td align='right'>66-67</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>73-74-75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Coxe</td><td align='right'>18-19-88-<br />89-96</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Letts</td><td align='right'>99-100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Sheard</td><td align='right'>143</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Canadian mag., 36:33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Bangs</td><td align='right'>172-173</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Benton</td><td align='right'>176-177</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Murray</td><td align='right'>178</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en Failure</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Smith</td><td align='right'>175</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en or Christie's fate</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Adams</td><td align='right' valign='top'>169</td><td align='left' valign='top'>&nbsp;Scribner's, 3:26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en in Ireland</i></td><td align='left'>Trant</td><td align='right'>51</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Dewdrops and Diamonds</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en Fantasy</i> (play),<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (Priest and the Piper)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Pyle</td><td align='right' valign='top'>49</td><td align='left' valign='top'>&nbsp;Harper's Bazar, 31, pt. 2: 947</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en reformation</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Butterworth</td><td align='right'>149-150</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Century, 27:48</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hallowe'en wish</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Munkittrick</td><td align='right'>93-94</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's Weekly, Oct. 27, 1900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Hiawatha</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Longfellow</td><td align='right'>145</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Immortal Hour</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Sharp</td><td align='right'>39-40-41</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Fortn. Rev. 74:867</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Jorinda and Joringel</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Grimm</td><td align='right'>135</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Grimm's Fairy Tales</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>L'Allegro</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>86</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Land of Heart's Desire</i> (play)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Yeats</td><td align='right'>36-43-45-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186" href="#Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span><br />47</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Lavengro</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Borrow</td><td align='right'>129</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Little Orphant Annie</i></td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='right'>152-153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Loch Garman</i></td><td align='left'>O'Ciarain</td><td align='right'>36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Lycidas</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Macbeth</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Shakspere</td><td align='right'>89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Monastery</i> (story)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Scott</td><td align='right'>62-63-76-<br />103</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Night of the dead</i></td><td align='left'>Le Braz</td><td align='right'>116-117</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Legend of the dead</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"On nuts burning"</td><td align='left'>Graydon</td><td align='right'>91-92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>On the morning of Christ's<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; nativity</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Milton</td><td align='right' valign='top'>28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Paradise Lost</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Milton</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Passing of Arthur</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Tennyson</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Pastorals</i> (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Gay</td><td align='right'>74-75-92-<br />93-94-95-<br />97</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Peer Gynt</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Ibsen</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Peter and Wendy</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Barrie</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Polyolbion</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Drayton</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Pomona</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Morris</td><td align='right'>23</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Rip Van Winkle</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Jefferson</td><td align='right'>150-151</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Robin Goodfellow</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Johnson</td><td align='right'>86</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>St. John's Eve</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Kickham</td><td align='right'>12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>St. John's Fire</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Sudermann</td><td align='right'>141</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>St. Swithin's Chair</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Scott</td><td align='right'>69</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"Soul, soul"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>98</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Notes and Queries</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Spell</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Gay</td><td align='right'>91</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Splores of a Hallowe'en</i><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; (poem)</td><td align='left' valign='top'>Dick</td><td align='right' valign='top'>72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Sunken bell</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Hauptmann</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Tale of Hallowe'en</i> (story)</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>76</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Leisure Hour, 23:765</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Tam Glen</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Tam o' Shanter</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Burns</td><td align='right'>67-68</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Tannh&auml;user</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Wagner</td><td align='right'>132-133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Tempest</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Shakspere</td><td align='right'>67</td><td align='left'></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Three-fold chronicle</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Sharp</td><td align='right'>54-56</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Harper's, 73:842<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187" href="#Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Tom's Hallowe'en joke</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Wright</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Dewdrops and Diamonds</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Twig of thorn</i> (play)</td><td align='left'>Warren</td><td align='right'>44-45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Vertumnus and Pomona</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Ovid</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>V&ouml;luspa</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>122</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>We girls</i> (story)</td><td align='left'>Whitney</td><td align='right'>162-163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"When comes the harvest"</td><td align='left'>Botrel</td><td align='right'>112</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;<i>Songs of Brittany</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>When de folks is gone</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Riley</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"When ebery one"</td><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;Werner's Readings, No. 31</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Wild huntsman</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Scott</td><td align='right'>90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Willie Baird</i> (poem)</td><td align='left'>Buchanan</td><td align='right'>70</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188" href="#Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+<table style="width:75%;" border="0" summary="ABC jumps">
+	<tr>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_A">A</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_B">B</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_C">C</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_D">D</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_E">E</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_F">F</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_G">G</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_H">H</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_I">I</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_J">J</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_K">K</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_L">L</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_M">M</a></td>
+	        <td>  <a href="#IX_N">N</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_O">O</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_P">P</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_R">R</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_S">S</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_T">T</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_U">U</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_V">V</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_W">W</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Y">Y</a></td>
+		<td>  <a href="#IX_Z">Z</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<div class="index">
+<p><br /></p>
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_A" name="IX_A"></a><span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /></li>
+<li><a name="Adder-stone" id="Adder-stone"></a>Adder-stone, (serpent's-egg badge), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
+<li>Ailill, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ale, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>All Hallows Eve, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. See also <a href="#Halloween">Hallowe'en</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>All Saints', <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>All Souls', <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Alphabet, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>America, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Anaxarete, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Angus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ankou, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Apollo, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Apparitions. See <a href="#Ghosts">Ghosts</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Apples" id="Apples"></a>Apples, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Apple-island, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Apple-seeds, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Arabs, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ariel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Armorica, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Arthur, King, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Ash-tree" id="Ash-tree"></a>Ash-tree, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>berries of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Ashes, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Augury. See <a href="#Omens">Omens</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>August, Roman festival in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>August first, Celtic festival of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Augustus, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Avilion (Avalon), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ayrshire, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_B" name="IX_B"></a><span class="smcap">Baal</span>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Baal-fire, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Baldur, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Balmoral, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Barra, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bats, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bay-leaves, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bean, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bedivere, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Belgian, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Beltaine, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bells, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Benevento, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bergen, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Black, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Black sheep, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Black sow, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Black vespers," <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Blindfolded seekers, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Blocksberg, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Boats, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bochica, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Bonfires" id="Bonfires"></a>Bonfires, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>to light through Purgatory, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>to protect from evil, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Boniface, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Border, Scottish, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bretons, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Briar, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Briar-Rose, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Bride, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Britain" id="Britain"></a>Britain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>British Isles, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189" href="#Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>Brittany, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Brynhild, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Buchan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Button, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_C" name="IX_C"></a><a name="Cabbages" id="Cabbages"></a><span class="smcap">Cabbages</span>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cadwallo, King, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Caer, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>C&aelig;sar, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Cake" id="Cake"></a>Cake, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Callcannon, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Canada, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Candlemas Day, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Candles, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cardiganshire, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Carnutes, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cat, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Catskill Mts., <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Celtic twilight</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Celts, classes of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>beliefs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>characteristics of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Cemeteries, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Changelings, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Charms. See <a href="#Omens">Omens</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Chartrain, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cherokees, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Chinese, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Christ, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Christian religion, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>in Britain, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>in Ireland, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>in Brittany, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>in Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Christmas, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Church, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>festivals, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Circle, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Claudius, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cluny, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Coel Coeth, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Coins, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Colonies, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Columb Kill. See <a href="#St_Colomba">St. Colomba</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Connaught, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Continent, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Corn, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+  <li>-stalks, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Cornwall, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Creed, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Crom Croich (Cruaich), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cross, sun-symbol, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>Christian, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-roads, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Cruachan, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cuchulain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cuckoos, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Cyniver, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_D" name="IX_D"></a><span class="smcap">Dagda</span>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dahut, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dance, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Danann. See <a href="#Tuatha_De_Danann">Tuatha De Danann</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Danu, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dathi, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Dead" id="Dead"></a>Dead, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>return, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>disturbed by weeping, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Death, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>Lord of. See Saman.<br /></li>
+  <li>Samhain associated with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>prophesied, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Decoration of graves, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Delphi, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Deux-S&egrave;vres, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Devil, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dew, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dietrich von Bern, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Dishes" id="Dishes"></a>Dishes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dispater, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dissatisfied, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Djinns, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Doll, wax, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dolmens, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190" href="#Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>Dorsetshire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dovrefeld, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dragon, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dreams, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>prophetic, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Drink, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Druid, meaning, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>draught, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>festivals, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>lamps, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>stone, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>stones, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>wand, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-fire, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Druids, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>as priests, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>powers of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>"Drus," <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dumb-cake, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Dwarfs, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_E" name="IX_E"></a><span class="smcap">Earth</span>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Edane, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>. See also <a href="#Etain">Etain</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Edda, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Egg, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>white of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-shells, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Egyptian beliefs, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Eichstatt, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Elder, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Elm, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Elves, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Emer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>English, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Eochaidh, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Episcopalians, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Eriskay, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Etain" id="Etain"></a>Etain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ethal, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Europe, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Excalibur, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Exorcism, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_F" name="IX_F"></a><span class="smcap">Fagots</span>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fairies, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fand, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fates, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Feast, of dead, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>of poor, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Feng-Shin, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Feralia, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fern, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Finist&egrave;re, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fir Bolgs, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fire, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>-god, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>spirits of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Fires, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, 112. See also <a href="#Bonfires">Bonfires</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Flamina</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Flour, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Flowers, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fomor, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Footprints, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Forced-fire," <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Fort Worth, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Forts" id="Forts"></a>Forts, fairy, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>France, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Franks, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Free-night," <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Freya, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Furious Host," <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Future, questions about, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_G" name="IX_G"></a><span class="smcap">Gabriel Ratchets</span>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Gaul, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Germans, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Germany, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Ghosts" id="Ghosts"></a>Ghosts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, 155. See also <a href="#Dead">Dead</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Glass, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Gnomes, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Goat, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Goblin, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Gods of Ireland. See <a href="#Tuatha_De_Danann">Tuatha De Danann</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Good Neighbors," <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Good People," 45, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Goths, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Grallon, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Great Britain. See <a href="#Britain">Britain</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Greek, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Gregory, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191" href="#Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Guleesh, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Gunnar, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_H" name="IX_H"></a><span class="smcap">Hair</span>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Halloween" id="Halloween"></a>Hallowe'en, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-<a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>pagan, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>charms at, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>born on, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li><i>Hallowe'en</i>, poem, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Hansel and Grethel</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hares, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hartz Mts., <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Harvest, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hazel, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hearts, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hebrides, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hemp, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Henry Hudson, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Herbs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Herne the Hunter, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Herodotus, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hesperides, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Highlands, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hodur, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Holda, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Holiday, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hollow Land, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Holly, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Hoop, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Horselberg, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Horseshoes, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Horus, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Husking-bees, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_I" name="IX_I"></a><span class="smcap">Iceland</span>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Idun, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Immortality, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Indians, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Invocation, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Iona, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Iphis, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ireland <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>belief in fairies, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Irish Sea, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Iron, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Italy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ivy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_J" name="IX_J"></a><span class="smcap">Jack-o'-lantern</span>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Japan, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Jokes, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Jonah, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Juniper, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Jupiter, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_K" name="IX_K"></a><span class="smcap">Kale</span>. See <a href="#Cabbages">Cabbages</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Kensington Gardens, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ker-Is, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Kettle, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Key, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_L" name="IX_L"></a><span class="smcap">Laeg</span>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Lambswool," <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lammas, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lancashire, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Land of Heart's Desire, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Land of Youth, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Lanterns of the dead," <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lanterns in Japan, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Latin. See <a href="#Rome">Rome</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lead-melting, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Leek, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Legends, origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lemons, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Leprechauns, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lewis, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Liban, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lincolnshire, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Little People," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Livelong," <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Loki, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>London, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lords of Misrule, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Love-knots, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192" href="#Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>Lucifer, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Luck of Edenhall," <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Luggies. See <a href="#Dishes">Dishes</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lugh, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Lugnasad, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_M" name="IX_M"></a><span class="smcap"><i>Macbeth</i></span>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Magic, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>black, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Maine, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Malt, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Malta, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Man, Isle of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Manitous, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mars, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Martinmas, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mary, Virgin, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mary Avenel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Maryland, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Master of the Revels, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>May-bride, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>May Eve and Day, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+  <li>-fires, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-pole, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-ridings, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-shooting, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Meal, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Meath, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Medb, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Meg, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Men of Peace," <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mercury, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Midir, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Middle Ages, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Midsummer, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Milk, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Minerva, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mirror, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Miserere</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mistletoe, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Modred, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Mona, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Monastery</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Moon, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Moray, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Moytura, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Music, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Myths, origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_N" name="IX_N"></a><span class="smcap">Naples</span>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Needles, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Negroes, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Nera, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Net, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Neverland, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>New Brunswick, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>New Year, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, 154. See also <a href="#Years_end">Year's end</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>New Year's Day, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Niflheim, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Nikko, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Norse, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Norway, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Nos Galan Gaeof," <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>November, Eve, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>first, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>in Rome, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>second, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Nuts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_O" name="IX_O"></a><span class="smcap">Oak</span>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Oats, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Oatmeal cakes, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Obsession, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>October 31st, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Odin" id="Odin"></a>Odin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Oidhche Shamhna," <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Olaf, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Omens" id="Omens"></a>Omens, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>from sacrifices, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>evil, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Oonah, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ops, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ordeal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Osiris, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ossian, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193" href="#Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>Ostia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Otherworld, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ovid, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Owls, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_P" name="IX_P"></a><span class="smcap">Paddy Beg</span>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Paddy More, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Paganism, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pageant, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pantheon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Paradise, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Partholon, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Parties, Hallowe'en, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Peace, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Peas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pelagius, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Perthshire, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Peru, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Peter Pan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ph&#339;nicians, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Picts, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Piper, fairy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pixies, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pomona, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Pontypridd, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Preparedness for Peace</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Procopius, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Prophets,<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>Druids as, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>witches as, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Pumpkins, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Purgatory, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Puy de Dome, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Puzzling-jug," <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_R" name="IX_R"></a><span class="smcap">Races</span>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Rapunzel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Red Mike, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Rick, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ring, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Rip Van Winkle, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Rome" id="Rome"></a>Rome, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>relations to Druids, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>All Saints' in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Roses, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Rowan. See <a href="#Ash-tree">Ash-tree</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_S" name="IX_S"></a><span class="smcap">Sacrifices</span>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>to Baal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>,&nbsp; <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>omens from, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>to Tyr, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>St. Augustine, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Bridget, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="St_Colomba" id="St_Colomba"></a>St. Colomba, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Gertrude, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. John's Day and Eve, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Kilda, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Michael, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Ninian, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Odilo, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>St. Patrick, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Saga, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Salerno, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Salt, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Saman, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Samhain" id="Samhain"></a>Samhain (S&aacute;veen), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Samhnagan, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Samhanach, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sark. See <a href="#Shirt">Shirt</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Satan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sauin. See <a href="#Samhain">Samhain</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>belief in fairies in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Scots, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Seasons, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Seaweed, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Secrecy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>in Druid rites, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Seed-cake, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Seeds, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Serpent's-egg. See <a href="#Adder-stone">Adder-stone</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Seville, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Shee, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Shirt" id="Shirt"></a>Shirt-sleeve, wetting the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Shoe, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Shony, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Shropshire, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Sid," <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. See also <a href="#Forts">Forts</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194" href="#Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>Sigurd, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>S&icirc;tou, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sleep, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sloe, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Snakes. See <a href="#Adder-stone">Adder-stone</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Snap-apple. See <a href="#Apples">Apples</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sol, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Soul-cakes. See <a href="#Cake">Cake</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>South, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>South Uist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sowens, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Spain, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Spectre Huntsman, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Spirits, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>abroad, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>evil, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Staffordshire, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Stones, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Stories, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Straw, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Strunt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Summer's end," <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sun-god, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+  <li>-worship, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>-wise, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Superstitions, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Swans, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Swastika, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Sweden, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Symbols, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_T" name="IX_T"></a><span class="smcap">Tam o' Shanter</span>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tannh&auml;user, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Tara" id="Tara"></a>Tara, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><i>Tempest</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Teuton, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Teutonic, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Thanksgiving, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>for harvest, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Thimble, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Thor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Thorn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Thread, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Thuringia, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tiberius, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tigernmas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Tin Islands," <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tlactga, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Toads, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Toasts, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Todmorden, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Torches, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tree-worship, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Trefoil, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Trinity, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tripod, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Trolls, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Tuatha_De_Danann" id="Tuatha_De_Danann"></a>Tuatha De Danann, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Tub, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>apples in. See <a href="#Apples">Apples</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Tyr, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_U" name="IX_U"></a><span class="smcap">United States</span>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_V" name="IX_V"></a><span class="smcap">Valhalla</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Vali, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Valkyries, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Vandals, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Venus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Vertumnus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Vortumnalia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Vulcan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Vurdh, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_W" name="IX_W"></a><span class="smcap">Wales</span>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>belief in fairies in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>Walnut-tree, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Walpurga, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Ward, Hill of. See <a href="#Tara">Tara</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Water, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Wedding of sun and earth, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>"Weird Sisters," <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Wendy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Wheel,<br />
+  <ul class="IX">
+  <li>sun-symbol, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /></li>
+  <li>of fortune, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li>
+  </ul></li>
+
+<li>White Lady, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Wild Huntsman, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Will-o'-the-wisps, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Windsor Forest, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Winnowing, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195" href="#Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>Winter, first day of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Witches, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Witchcraft, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Wood, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Wotan. See <a href="#Odin">Odin</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+<br />
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_Y" name="IX_Y"></a><span class="smcap">Yarn</span>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /></li>
+
+<li><a name="Years_end" id="Years_end"></a>Year's end, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Yggdrasil, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li>
+
+<li>Yule, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+<li><a id="IX_Z" name="IX_Z"></a><span class="smcap">Zschokke</span>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" summary="Transcriber's Notes">
+<tr><td align='left'><h3>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h3>
+<p>Adjusted placement of footnotes.</p>
+<p>Page 88: Retained irregular spelling of "Candelmas" in quoted material
+versus standard spelling in index.</p>
+<p>Page 182: Standardized punctuation.</p>
+<p>Pages 191 &amp; 194: Standardized index cross-reference words.</p>
+<p>Page 204: Standardized spelling of "sick-bed."</p>
+<p>Page 207: Standardized spelling of <i>V&ouml;luspa</i>.</p></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #20644 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20644)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+Author: Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2007 [EBook #20644]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF HALLOWE'EN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HALLOWE'EN FESTIVITIES.
+
+_From an Old English Print_]
+
+
+
+                   The
+             Book of Hallowe'en
+
+                    By
+
+           RUTH EDNA KELLEY, A. M.
+
+            _Lynn Public Library_
+
+               _ILLUSTRATED_
+
+                  BOSTON
+
+          LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             Published, August, 1919
+
+                COPYRIGHT, 1919,
+          BY LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
+
+             _All Rights Reserved_
+
+             The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+                 Norwood Press
+               BERWICK & SMITH CO.
+                 NORWOOD, MASS.
+                    U. S. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _To my Mother and the memory of my Father
+          who inspired and encouraged me
+              in the writing of this
+                     book_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This book is intended to give the reader an account of the origin
+and history of Hallowe'en, how it absorbed some customs belonging
+to other days in the year,--such as May Day, Midsummer, and
+Christmas. The context is illustrated by selections from ancient
+and modern poetry and prose, related to Hallowe'en ideas.
+
+Those who wish suggestions for readings, recitations, plays, and
+parties, will find the lists in the appendix useful, in addition to
+the books on entertainments and games to be found in any public
+library.
+
+Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Company
+for permission to use the poem entitled "Hallowe'en" from "The
+Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by W. M. Letts; to Messrs.
+Longmans, Green & Company for the poem "Pomona," by William Morris;
+and to the Editors of _The Independent_ for the use of five poems.
+
+                                                  RUTH EDNA KELLEY.
+
+                                                  LYNN, _1919_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                      PAGE
+
+I. SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE'EN                     1
+
+II. THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS                   5
+
+III. SAMHAIN                                                 16
+
+IV. POMONA                                                   23
+
+V. THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'       27
+
+VI. ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN OMENS                 33
+
+VII. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND               35
+
+VIII. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN SCOTLAND
+      AND THE HEBRIDES                                       59
+
+IX. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN ENGLAND AND MAN        82
+
+X. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN WALES                  101
+
+XI. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE   107
+
+XII. THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES                         119
+
+XIII. WALPURGIS NIGHT                                       136
+
+XIV. MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS                    142
+
+XV. HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA                                   149
+
+    "FOUR POEMS"                                            172
+
+    MAGAZINE REFERENCES TO HALLOWE'EN ENTERTAINMENTS        179
+
+    SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF READINGS, RECITATIONS, AND PLAYS  182
+
+    INDEX TO QUOTATIONS                                     184
+
+    INDEX                                                   188
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+Hallowe'en Festivities               _Frontispiece_
+                                        FACING PAGE
+In Hallowe'en Time                               34
+
+The Witch of the Walnut-Tree                    100
+
+The Witches' Dance (_Valpurgisnacht_)           138
+
+Fortune-Telling                                 148
+
+Hallowe'en Tables, I                            156
+
+Hallowe'en Tables, II                           158
+
+No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-lantern         178
+
+
+
+
+The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE'EN
+
+
+If we could ask one of the old-world pagans whom he revered as his
+greatest gods, he would be sure to name among them the sun-god;
+calling him Apollo if he were a Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or
+Osiris; if of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the sun is the
+center of the physical universe, so all primitive peoples made it
+the hub about which their religion revolved, nearly always
+believing it a living person to whom they could say prayers and
+offer sacrifices, who directed their lives and destinies, and could
+even snatch men from earthly existence to dwell for a time with
+him, as it draws the water from lakes and seas.
+
+In believing this they followed an instinct of all early peoples, a
+desire to make persons of the great powers of nature, such as the
+world of growing things, mountains and water, the sun, moon, and
+stars; and a wish for these gods they had made to take an interest
+in and be part of their daily life. The next step was making
+stories about them to account for what was seen; so arose myths and
+legends.
+
+The sun has always marked out work-time and rest, divided the year
+into winter idleness, seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has always
+been responsible for all the beauty and goodness of the earth; it
+is itself splendid to look upon. It goes away and stays longer and
+longer, leaving the land in cold and gloom; it returns bringing the
+long fair days and resurrection of spring. A Japanese legend tells
+how the hidden sun was lured out by an image made of a copper plate
+with saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and a fire kindled,
+dancing, and prayers; and round the earth in North America the
+Cherokees believed they brought the sun back upon its northward
+path by the same means of rousing its curiosity, so that it would
+come out to see its counterpart and find out what was going on.
+
+All the more important church festivals are survivals of old rites
+to the sun. "How many times the Church has decanted the new wine of
+Christianity into the old bottles of heathendom." Yule-tide, the
+pagan Christmas, celebrated the sun's turning north, and the old
+midsummer holiday is still kept in Ireland and on the Continent as
+St. John's Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance about them
+from east to west as the sun appears to move. The pagan Hallowe'en
+at the end of summer was a time of grief for the decline of the
+sun's glory, as well as a harvest festival of thanksgiving to him
+for having ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly had
+husking-bees when the ears had been garnered, and now keep our own
+Thanksgiving by eating of our winter store in praise of God who
+gives us our increase.
+
+Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit, lends us the harvest element of
+Hallowe'en; the Celtic day of "summer's end" was a time when
+spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the gods whom Christ dethroned
+joined the ill-omened throng; the Church festivals of All Saints'
+and All Souls' coming at the same time of year--the first of
+November--contributed the idea of the return of the dead; and the
+Teutonic May Eve assemblage of witches brought its hags and their
+attendant beasts to help celebrate the night of October 31st.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS
+
+
+The first reference to Great Britain in European annals of which we
+know was the statement in the fifth century B. C. of the Greek
+historian Herodotus, that Ph[oe]nician sailors went to the British
+Isles for tin. He called them the "Tin Islands." The people with
+whom these sailors traded must have been Celts, for they were the
+first inhabitants of Britain who worked in metal instead of stone.
+
+The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries before Christ came.
+There is a tradition in Ireland that they first arrived there in
+270 B. C., seven hundred years before St. Patrick. The account of
+them written by Julius C�sar half a century before Christ speaks
+mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing them into two ruling classes
+who kept the people almost in a state of slavery; the knights, who
+waged war, and the Druids who had charge of worship and sacrifices,
+and were in addition physicians, historians, teachers, scientists,
+and judges.
+
+C�sar says that this cult originated in Britain, and was
+transferred to Gaul. Gaul and Britain had one religion and one
+language, and might even have one king, so that what C�sar wrote of
+Gallic Druids must have been true of British.
+
+The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and stream, and feared the
+powers of evil, as did the Greeks and all other early races. Very
+much of their primitive belief has been kept, so that to Scotch,
+Irish, and Welsh peasantry brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound
+in tiny supernatural beings, who may work them good or evil, lead
+them astray by flickering lights, or charm them into seven years'
+servitude unless they are bribed to show favor.
+
+The name "Druid" is derived from the Celtic word "druidh," meaning
+"sage," connected with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"
+
+    "The rapid oak-tree--
+     Before him heaven and earth quake:
+     Stout door-keeper against the foe.
+     In every land his name is mine."
+
+        TALIESIN: _Battle of the Trees._
+
+for the oak was held sacred by them as a symbol of the omnipotent
+god, upon whom they depended for life like the mistletoe growing
+upon it. Their ceremonies were held in oak-groves.
+
+Later from their name a word meaning "magician" was formed, showing
+that these priests had gained the reputation of being dealers in
+magic.
+
+  "The Druid followed him and suddenly, as we are told, struck him
+  with a druidic wand, or according to one version, flung at him a
+  tuft of grass over which he had pronounced a druidical
+  incantation."
+
+                                        O'CURRY: _Ancient Irish._
+
+They dealt in symbols, common objects to which was given by the
+interposition of spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and
+power to produce certain effects. Since they were tree-worshippers,
+trees and plants were thought to have peculiar powers.
+
+C�sar provides them with a galaxy of Roman divinities, Mercury,
+Mars, Jupiter, and Minerva, who of course were worshipped under
+their native names. Their chief god was Baal, of whom they believed
+the sun the visible emblem. They represented him by lowlier tokens,
+such as circles and wheels. The trefoil, changed into a figure
+composed of three winged feet radiating from a center, represented
+the swiftness of the sun's journey. The cross too was a symbol of
+the sun, being the appearance of its light shining upon dew or
+stream, making to the half-closed eye little bright crosses. One
+form of the cross was the swastika.
+
+To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals or prisoners of war,
+often burning them alive in wicker images. These bonfires lighted
+on the hills were meant to urge the god to protect and bless the
+crops and herds. From the appearance of the victims sacrificed in
+them, omens were taken that foretold the future. The gods and other
+supernatural powers in answer to prayer were thought to signify
+their will by omens, and also by the following methods: the ordeal,
+in which the innocence or guilt of a person was shown by the way
+the god permitted him to endure fire or other torture; exorcism,
+the driving out of demons by saying mysterious words or names over
+them. Becoming skilled in interpreting the will of the gods, the
+Druids came to be known as prophets.
+
+    "O Deirdr�, terrible child,
+     For thee, red star of our ruin,
+     Great weeping shall be in Eri--
+     Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.
+
+    *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Thy feet shall trample the mighty
+     Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."
+
+        TODHUNTER: _Druid song of Cathvah._
+
+They kept their lore for the most part a secret, forbidding it to
+be written, passing it down by word of mouth. They taught the
+immortality of the soul, that it passed from one body to another at
+death.
+
+    "If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites,
+     And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites,
+     When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake
+     They instantly again do other bodies take----"
+
+                                            DRAYTON: _Polyolbion._
+
+They believed that on the last night of the old year (October 31st)
+the lord of death gathered together the souls of all those who had
+died in the passing year and had been condemned to live in the
+bodies of animals, to decree what forms they should inhabit for the
+next twelve months. He could be coaxed to give lighter sentences by
+gifts and prayers.
+
+The badge of the initiated Druid was a glass ball reported to be
+made in summer of the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests
+as the snakes tossed it into the air.
+
+    "And the potent adder-stone
+     Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon
+     When in undulating twine
+     The foaming snakes prolific join."
+
+                   MASON: _Caractacus._
+
+It was real glass, blown by the Druids themselves. It was supposed
+to aid the wearer in winning lawsuits and securing the favor of
+kings.
+
+An animal sacred to the Druids was the cat.
+
+"A slender black cat reclining on a chain of old silver" guarded
+treasure in the old days. For a long time cats were dreaded by the
+people because they thought human beings had been changed to that
+form by evil means.
+
+The chief festivals of the Druids fell on four days, celebrating
+phases of the sun's career. Fires of sacrifice were lighted
+especially at spring and midsummer holidays, by exception on
+November 1st.
+
+May Day and November Day were the more important, the beginning and
+end of summer, yet neither equinoxes nor solstices. The time was
+divided then not according to sowing and reaping, but by the older
+method of reckoning from when the herds were turned out to pasture
+in the spring and brought into the fold again at the approach of
+winter--by a pastoral rather than an agricultural people.
+
+On the night before Beltaine ("Baal-fire"), the first of May, fires
+were burned to Baal to celebrate the return of the sun bringing
+summer. Before sunrise the houses were decked with garlands to
+gladden the sun when he appeared; a rite which has survived in
+"going maying." The May-Day fires were used for purification.
+Cattle were singed by being led near the flames, and sometimes bled
+that their blood might be offered as a sacrifice for a prosperous
+season.
+
+      "When lo! a flame,
+    A wavy flame of ruddy light
+    Leaped up, the farmyard fence above.
+    And while his children's shout rang high,
+    His cows the farmer slowly drove
+    Across the blaze,--he knew not why."
+
+                   KICKHAM: _St. John's Eve._
+
+A cake was baked in the fire with one piece blacked with charcoal.
+Whoever got the black piece was thereby marked for sacrifice to
+Baal, so that, as the ship proceeded in safety after Jonah was cast
+overboard, the affairs of the group about the May-Eve fire might
+prosper when it was purged of the one whom Baal designated by lot.
+Later only the symbol of offering was used, the victim being forced
+to leap thrice over the flames.
+
+In history it was the day of the coming of good. Partholon, the
+discoverer and promoter of Ireland, came thither from the other
+world to stay three hundred years. The gods themselves, the
+deliverers of Ireland, first arrived there "through the air" on May
+Day.
+
+June 21st, the day of the summer solstice, the height of the sun's
+power, was marked by midnight fires of joy and by dances. These
+were believed to strengthen the sun's heat. A blazing wheel to
+represent the sun was rolled down hill.
+
+      "A happy thought.
+    Give me this cart-wheel.
+    I'll have it tied with ropes and smeared with pitch,
+    And when it's lighted, I will roll it down
+    The steepest hillside."
+
+                               HAUPTMANN: _Sunken Bell._
+                               (Lewisohn _trans._)
+
+Spirits were believed to be abroad, and torches were carried about
+the fields to protect them from invasion. Charms were tried on that
+night with seeds of fern and hemp, and dreams were believed to be
+prophetic.
+
+Lugh, in old Highland speech "the summer sun"
+
+      "The hour may hither drift
+    When at the last, amid the o'erwearied Shee--
+    Weary of long delight and deathless joys--
+    One you shall love may fade before your eyes,
+    Before your eyes may fade, and be as mist
+    Caught in the sunny hollow of Lu's hand,
+    Lord of the Day."
+
+                           SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+had for father one of the gods and for mother the daughter of a
+chief of the enemy. Hence he possessed some good and some evil
+tendencies. He may be the Celtic Mercury, for they were alike
+skilled in magic and alchemy, in deception, successful in combats
+with demons, the bringers of new strength and cleansing to the
+nation. He said farewell to power on the first of August, and his
+foster-mother had died on that day, so then it was he set his
+feast-day. The occasion was called "Lugnasad," "the bridal of Lugh"
+and the earth, whence the harvest should spring. It was celebrated
+by the offering of the first fruits of harvest, and by races and
+athletic sports. In Meath, Ireland, this continued down into the
+nineteenth century, with dancing and horse-racing the first week of
+August.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+SAMHAIN
+
+
+On November first was Samhain ("summer's end").
+
+    "Take my tidings:
+       Stags contend;
+       Snows descend--
+       Summer's end!
+
+    "A chill wind raging,
+       The sun low keeping,
+       Swift to set
+     O'er seas high sweeping.
+
+    "Dull red the fern;
+       Shapes are shadows;
+     Wild geese mourn
+     O'er misty meadows.
+
+    "Keen cold limes each weaker wing,
+       Icy times--
+       Such I sing!
+       Take my tidings."
+
+          GRAVES: _First Winter Song._
+
+Then the flocks were driven in, and men first had leisure after
+harvest toil. Fires were built as a thanksgiving to Baal for
+harvest. The old fire on the altar was quenched before the night of
+October 31st, and the new one made, as were all sacred fires, by
+friction. It was called "forced-fire." A wheel and a spindle were
+used: the wheel, the sun symbol, was turned from east to west,
+sunwise. The sparks were caught in tow, blazed upon the altar, and
+were passed on to light the hilltop fires. The new fire was given
+next morning, New Year's Day, by the priests to the people to light
+their hearths, where all fires had been extinguished. The blessed
+fire was thought to protect the year through the home it warmed. In
+Ireland the altar was Tlactga, on the hill of Ward in Meath, where
+sacrifices, especially black sheep, were burnt in the new fire.
+From the death struggles and look of the creatures omens for the
+future year were taken.
+
+The year was over, and the sun's life of a year was done. The
+Celts thought that at this time the sun fell a victim for six
+months to the powers of winter darkness. In Egyptian mythology one
+of the sun-gods, Osiris, was slain at a banquet by his brother
+S�tou, the god of darkness. On the anniversary of the murder, the
+first day of winter, no Egyptian would begin any new business for
+fear of bad luck, since the spirit of evil was then in power.
+
+From the idea that the sun suffered from his enemies on this day
+grew the association of Samhain with death.
+
+    "The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year,
+     Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere.
+     Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the wither'd leaves lie dead;
+     They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread.
+     The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub the jay
+     And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the gloomy day.
+
+    "The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago,
+     And the wild rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow:
+     But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood,
+     And the yellow sun-flower by the brook in autumn beauty stood,
+     Till fell the frost from the cold clear heaven, as falls the
+         plague on men,
+     And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade,
+         and glen."
+
+                                       BRYANT: _Death of the Flowers._
+
+In the same state as those who are dead, are those who have never
+lived, dwelling right in the world, but invisible to most mortals
+at most times. Seers could see them at any time, and if very many
+were abroad at once others might get a chance to watch them too.
+
+    "There is a world in which we dwell,
+     And yet a world invisible.
+       And do not think that naught can be
+       Save only what with eyes ye see:
+     I tell ye that, this very hour,
+     Had but your sight a spirit's power,
+       Ye would be looking, eye to eye,
+       At a terrific company."
+
+                       COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+These supernatural spirits ruled the dead. There were two classes:
+the Tuatha De Danann, "the people of the goddess Danu," gods of
+light and life; and spirits of darkness and evil. The Tuatha had
+their chief seat on the Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish
+Sea, and brought under their power the islands about them. On a
+Midsummer Day they vanquished the Fir Bolgs and gained most of
+Ireland, by the battle of Moytura.
+
+A long time afterwards--perhaps 1000 B. C.--the Fomor, sea-demons,
+after destroying nearly all their enemies by plagues, exacted from
+those remaining, as tribute, "a third part of their corn, a third
+part of their milk, and a third part of their children." This tax
+was paid on Samhain. It was on the week before Samhain that the
+Fomor landed upon Ireland. On the eve of Samhain the gods met them
+in the second battle of Moytura, and they were driven back into the
+ocean.
+
+As Tigernmas, a mythical king of Ireland, was sacrificing "the
+firstlings of every issue, and the scions of every clan" to Crom
+Croich, the king idol, and lay prostrate before the image, he and
+three-fourths of his men mysteriously disappeared.
+
+      "Then came
+    Tigernmas, the prince of Tara yonder
+    On Hallowe'en with many hosts.
+    A cause of grief to them was the deed.
+    Dead were the men
+    Of Bamba's host, without happy strength
+    Around Tigernmas, the destructive man of the north,
+    From the worship of Crom Cruaich. 'T was no luck for them.
+    For I have learnt,
+    Except one-fourth of the keen Gaels,
+    Not a man alive--lasting the snare!
+    Escaped without death in his mouth."
+
+                 _Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht_ (Meyer _trans._).
+
+This was direct invocation, but the fire rites which were continued
+so long afterwards were really only worshipping the sun by proxy,
+in his nearest likeness, fire.
+
+Samhain was then a day sacred to the death of the sun, on which had
+been paid a sacrifice of death to evil powers. Though overcome at
+Moytura evil was ascendant at Samhain. Methods of finding out the
+will of spirits and the future naturally worked better then, charms
+and invocations had more power, for the spirits were near to help,
+if care was taken not to anger them, and due honors paid.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+POMONA
+
+
+Ops was the Latin goddess of plenty. Single parts of her province
+were taken over by various other divinities, among whom was Pomona
+(_pomorum patrona_, "she who cares for fruits"). She is represented
+as a maiden with fruit in her arms and a pruning-knife in her hand.
+
+    "I am the ancient apple-queen.
+       As once I was so am I now--
+     For evermore a hope unseen
+       Betwixt the blossom and the bough.
+
+    "Ah, where's the river's hidden gold!
+       And where's the windy grave of Troy?
+     Yet come I as I came of old,
+       From out the heart of summer's joy."
+
+                          MORRIS: _Pomona._
+
+Many Roman poets told stories about her, the best known being by
+Ovid, who says that she was wooed by many orchard-gods, but
+preferred to remain unmarried. Among her suitors was Vertumnus
+("the changer"), the god of the turning year, who had charge of the
+exchange of trade, the turning of river channels, and chiefly of
+the change in nature from flower to ripe fruit. True to his
+character he took many forms to gain Pomona's love. Now he was a
+ploughman (spring), now a fisherman (summer), now a reaper
+(autumn).
+
+At last he took the likeness of an old woman (winter), and went to
+gossip with Pomona. After sounding her mind and finding her averse
+to marriage, the woman pleaded for Vertumnus's success.
+
+    "Is not he the first to have the fruits which
+     are thy delight? And does he not hold thy
+     gifts in his joyous right hand?"
+
+                    OVID: _Vertumnus and Pomona._
+
+Then the crone told her the story of Anaxarete who was so cold to
+her lover Iphis that he hanged himself, and she at the window
+watching his funeral train pass by was changed to a marble statue.
+Advising Pomona to avoid such a fate, Vertumnus donned his proper
+form, that of a handsome young man, and Pomona, moved by the story
+and his beauty, yielded and became his wife.
+
+Vertumnus had a statue in the Tuscan Way in Rome, and a temple. His
+festival, the Vortumnalia, was held on the 23d of August, when the
+summer began to wane. Garlands and garden produce were offered to
+him.
+
+Pomona had been assigned one of the fifteen _flamina_, priests
+whose duty it was to kindle the fire for special sacrifices. She
+had a grove near Ostia where a harvest festival was held about
+November first. Not much is known of the ceremonies, but from the
+similar August holiday much may be deduced. Then the deities of
+fire and water were propitiated that their disfavor might not ruin
+the crops. On Pomona's day doubtless thanks was rendered them for
+their aid to the harvest. An offering of first-fruits was made in
+August; in November the winter store of nuts and apples was opened.
+The horses released from toil contended in races.
+
+From Pomona's festival nuts and apples, from the Druidic Samhain
+the supernatural element, combined to give later generations the
+charms and omens from nuts and apples which are made trial of at
+Hallowe'en.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'
+
+
+The great power which the Druids exercised over their people
+interfered with the Roman rule of Britain. Converts were being made
+at Rome. Augustus forbade Romans to became initiated, Tiberius
+banished the priestly clan and their adherents from Gaul, and
+Claudius utterly stamped out the belief there, and put to death a
+Roman knight for wearing the serpent's-egg badge to win a lawsuit.
+Forbidden to practise their rites in Britain, the Druids fled to
+the isle of Mona, near the coast of Wales. The Romans pursued them,
+and in 61 A. D. they were slaughtered and their oak groves cut
+down. During the next three centuries the cult was stifled to
+death, and the Christian religion substituted.
+
+It was believed that at Christ's advent the pagan gods either died
+or were banished.
+
+    "The lonely mountains o'er
+     And the resounding shore
+       A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament.
+     From haunted spring and dale,
+     Edged with poplar pale,
+       The parting genius is with sighing sent.
+     With flower-inwoven tresses torn
+     The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn."
+
+               MILTON: _On the Morning of Christ's Nativity._
+
+The Christian Fathers explained all oracles and omens by saying
+that there was something in them, but that they were the work of
+the evil one. The miraculous power they seemed to possess worked
+"black magic."
+
+It was a long, hard effort to make men see that their gods had all
+the time been wrong, and harder still to root out the age-long
+growth of rite and symbol. But on the old religion might be grafted
+new names; Midsummer was dedicated to the birth of Saint John;
+Lugnasad became Lammas. The fires belonging to these times of year
+were retained, their old significance forgotten or reconsecrated.
+The rowan, or mountain ash, whose berries had been the food of the
+Tuatha, now exorcised those very beings. The trefoil signified the
+Trinity, and the cross no longer the rays of the sun on water, but
+the cross of Calvary. The fires which had been built to propitiate
+the god and consume his sacrifices to induce him to protect them
+were now lighted to protect the people from the same god, declared
+to be an evil mischief-maker. In time the autumn festival of the
+Druids became the vigil of All Hallows or All Saints' Day.
+
+All Saints' was first suggested in the fourth century, when the
+Christians were no longer persecuted, in memory of all the saints,
+since there were too many for each to have a special day on the
+church calendar. A day in May was chosen by Pope Boniface IV in 610
+for consecrating the Pantheon, the old Roman temple of all the
+gods, to the Virgin and all the saints and martyrs. Pope Gregory
+III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter's to the same, and that day was
+made compulsory in 835 by Pope Gregory IV, as All Saints'. The day
+was changed from May to November so that the crowds that thronged
+to Rome for the services might be fed from the harvest bounty. It
+is celebrated with a special service in the Greek and Roman
+churches and by Episcopalians.
+
+In the tenth century St. Odilo, Bishop of Cluny, instituted a day
+of prayer and special masses for the souls of the dead. He had been
+told that a hermit dwelling near a cave
+
+  "heard the voices and howlings of devils, which complained
+  strongly because that the souls of them that were dead were taken
+  away from their hands by alms and by prayers."
+
+                                       DE VORAGINE: _Golden Legend._
+
+This day became All Souls', and was set for November 2d.
+
+It is very appropriate that the Celtic festival when the spirits of
+the dead and the supernatural powers held a carnival of triumph
+over the god of light, should be followed by All Saints' and All
+Souls'. The church holy-days were celebrated by bonfires to light
+souls through Purgatory to Paradise, as they had lighted the sun to
+his death on Samhain. On both occasions there were prayers: the
+pagan petitions to the lord of death for a pleasant dwelling-place
+for the souls of departed friends; and the Christian for their
+speedy deliverance from torture. They have in common the
+celebrating of death: the one, of the sun; the other, of mortals:
+of harvest: the one, of crops; the other, of sacred memories. They
+are kept by revelry and joy: first, to cheer men and make them
+forget the malign influences abroad; second, because as the saints
+in heaven rejoice over one repentant sinner, we should rejoice over
+those who, after struggles and sufferings past, have entered into
+everlasting glory.
+
+    "Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,
+       Yet were the fields in bud.
+     And the harvest,--when shall it rise again
+       Up through the fire and flood?
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,
+       Was it not all to save
+     Harvest of bread?--Harvest of men?
+       And the bright years, wave on wave?
+
+    _"Search not, search not, my way-worn;
+       Search neither weald nor wave.
+     One is their heavy reaping-time
+       To the earth, that is one wide grave."_
+
+                       MARKS: _All Souls' Eve._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN OMENS
+
+
+The custom of making tests to learn the future comes from the old
+system of augury from sacrifice. Who sees in the nuts thrown into
+the fire, turning in the heat, blazing and growing black, the
+writhing victim of an old-time sacrifice to an idol?
+
+Many superstitions and charms were believed to be active at any
+time, but all those and numerous special ones worked best on
+November Eve. All the tests of all the Celtic festivals have been
+allotted to Hallowe'en. Cakes from the May Eve fire, hemp-seed and
+prophetic dreams from Midsummer, games and sports from Lugnasad
+have survived in varied forms.
+
+Tests are very often tried blindfold, so that the seeker may be
+guided by fate. Many are mystic--to evoke apparitions from the
+past or future. Others are tried with harvest grains and fruits.
+Because skill and undivided attention is needed to carry them
+through successfully, many have degenerated into mere contests of
+skill, have lost their meaning, and become rough games.
+
+Answers are sought to questions about one's future career; chiefly
+to: when and whom shall I marry? what will be my profession and
+degree of wealth, and when shall I die?
+
+[Illustration: IN HALLOWE'EN TIME.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND
+
+
+Ireland has a literature of Hallowe'en, or "Samhain," as it used to
+be called. Most of it was written between the seventh and the
+twelfth centuries, but the events were thought to have happened
+while paganism still ruled in Ireland.
+
+The evil powers that came out at Samhain lived the rest of the time
+in the cave of Cruachan in Connaught, the province which was given
+to the wicked Fomor after the battle of Moytura. This cave was
+called the "hell-gate of Ireland," and was unlocked on November Eve
+to let out spirits and copper-colored birds which killed the farm
+animals. They also stole babies, leaving in their place
+changelings, goblins who were old in wickedness while still in the
+cradle, possessing superhuman cunning and skill in music. One way
+of getting rid of these demon children was to ill-treat them so
+that their people would come for them, bringing the right ones
+back; or one might boil egg-shells in the sight of the changeling,
+who would declare his demon nature by saying that in his centuries
+of life he had never seen such a thing before.
+
+Brides too were stolen.
+
+    "You shall go with me, newly married bride,
+     And gaze upon a merrier multitude;
+     White-armed Nuala and �ngus of the birds,
+     And Feacra of the hurtling foam, and him
+     Who is the ruler of the western host,
+     Finvarra, and the Land of Heart's Desire,
+     Where beauty has no ebb, decay no flood,
+     But joy is wisdom, time an endless song."
+
+               YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+In the first century B. C. lived Ailill and his queen Medb. As they
+were celebrating their Samhain feast in the palace,
+
+    "Three days before Samhain at all times,
+     And three days after, by ancient custom
+     Did the hosts of high aspiration
+     Continue to feast for the whole week."
+
+                   O'CIARAIN: _Loch Garman._
+
+they offered a reward to the man who should tie a bundle of twigs
+about the feet of a criminal who had been hanged by the gate. It
+was dangerous to go near dead bodies on November Eve, but a bold
+young man named Nera dared it, and tied the twigs successfully. As
+he turned to go he saw
+
+  "the whole of the palace as if on fire before him, and the heads
+  of the people of it lying on the ground, and then he thought he
+  saw an army going into the hill of Cruachan, and he followed
+  after the army."
+
+                              GREGORY: _Cuchulain of Muirthemne._
+
+The door was shut. Nera was married to a fairy woman, who betrayed
+her kindred by sending Nera to warn King Ailill of the intended
+attack upon his palace the next November Eve. Nera bore summer
+fruits with him to prove that he had been in the fairy _sid_. The
+next November Eve, when the doors were opened Ailill entered and
+discovered the crown, emblem of power, took it away, and plundered
+the treasury. Nera never returned again to the homes of men.
+
+Another story of about the same time was that of Angus, the son of
+a Tuatha god, to whom in a dream a beautiful maiden appeared. He
+wasted away with love for her, and searched the country for a girl
+who should look like her. At last he saw in a meadow among a
+hundred and fifty maidens, each with a chain of silver about her
+neck, one who was like the beauty of his dream. She wore a golden
+chain about her throat, and was the daughter of King Ethal Anbual.
+King Ethal's palace was stormed by Ailill, and he was forced to
+give up his daughter. He gave as a reason for withholding his
+consent so long, that on Samhain Princess Caer changed from a
+maiden to a swan, and back again the next year.
+
+  "And when the time came Angus went to the loch, and he saw the
+  three times fifty white birds there with their silver chains
+  about their necks, and Angus stood in a man's shape at the edge
+  of the loch, and he called to the girl: 'Come and speak with me,
+  O Caer!'
+
+  "'Who is calling me?' said Caer.
+
+  "'Angus calls you,' he said, 'and if you do come, I swear by my
+  word I will not hinder you from going into the loch again.'"
+
+                              GREGORY: _Cuchulain of Muirthemne._
+
+She came, and he changed to a swan likewise, and they flew away to
+King Dagda's palace, where every one who heard their sweet singing
+was charmed into a sleep of three days and three nights.
+
+Princess Etain, of the race of the Tuatha, and wife of Midir, was
+born again as the daughter of Queen Medb, the wife of Ailill. She
+remembers a little of the land from which she came, is never quite
+happy,
+
+    "But sometimes--sometimes--tell me: have you heard,
+     By dusk or moonset have you never heard
+     Sweet voices, delicate music? Never seen
+     The passage of the lordly beautiful ones
+     Men call the Shee?"
+
+                                SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+even when she wins the love of King Eochaidh. When they have been
+married a year, there comes Midir from the Land of Youth. By
+winning a game of chess from the King, he gets anything he may ask,
+and prays to see the Queen. When he sees her he sings a song of
+longing to her, and Eochaidh is troubled because it is Samhain, and
+he knows the great power the hosts of the air "have then over those
+who wish for happiness."
+
+    "Etain, speak!
+     What is the song the harper sings, what tongue
+     Is this he speaks? for in no Gaelic lands
+     Is speech like this upon the lips of men.
+     No word of all these honey-dripping words
+     Is known to me. Beware, beware the words
+     Brewed in the moonshine under ancient oaks
+     White with pale banners of the mistletoe
+     Twined round them in their slow and stately death.
+     It is the feast of S�veen" (Samhain).
+
+                                SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+In vain Eochaidh pleads with her to stay with him. She has already
+forgotten all but Midir and the life so long ago in the Land of
+Youth.
+
+    "In the Land of Youth
+       There are pleasant places;
+     Green meadows, woods,
+       Swift grey-blue waters.
+
+    "There is no age there,
+       Nor any sorrow.
+     As the stars in heaven
+       Are the cattle in the valleys.
+
+    "Great rivers wander
+       Through flowery plains.
+     Streams of milk, of mead,
+       Streams of strong ale.
+
+    "There is no hunger
+       And no thirst
+     In the Hollow Land,
+       In the Land of Youth."
+
+              SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+She and Midir fly away in the form of two swans, linked by a chain
+of gold.
+
+Cuchulain, hopelessly sick of a strange illness brought on by Fand
+and Liban, fairy sisters, was visited the day before Samhain by a
+messenger, who promised to cure him if he would go to the
+Otherworld. Cuchulain could not make up his mind to go, but sent
+Laeg, his charioteer. Such glorious reports did Laeg bring back
+from the Otherworld,
+
+    "If all Erin were mine,
+        And the kingship of yellow Bregia,
+     I would give it, no trifling deed,
+        To dwell for aye in the place I reached."
+
+         _Cuchulain's Sick-bed._ (Meyer _trans._)
+
+that Cuchulain went thither, and championed the people there
+against their enemies. He stayed a month with the fairy Fand. Emer,
+his wife at home, was beset with jealousy, and plotted against
+Fand, who had followed her hero home. Fand in fear returned to her
+deserted husband, Emer was given a Druidic drink to drown her
+jealousy, and Cuchulain another to forget his infatuation, and they
+lived happily afterward.
+
+Even after Christianity was made the vital religion in Ireland, it
+was believed that places not exorcised by prayers and by the sign
+of the cross, were still haunted by Druids. As late as the fifth
+century the Druids kept their skill in fortune-telling. King Dathi
+got a Druid to foretell what would happen to him from one
+Hallowe'en to the next, and the prophecy came true. Their religion
+was now declared evil, and all evil or at any rate suspicious
+beings were assigned to them or to the devil as followers.
+
+    "_Maire Bruin:_
+          Are not they, likewise, the children of God?
+
+     _Father Hart:_
+          Colleen, they are the children of the fiend,
+          And they have power until the end of Time,
+          When God shall fight with them a great pitched battle
+          And hack them into pieces."
+
+                               YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+The power of fairy music was so great that St. Patrick himself was
+put to sleep by a minstrel who appeared to him on the day before
+Samhain. The Tuatha De Danann, angered at the renegade people who
+no longer did them honor, sent another minstrel, who after laying
+the ancient religious seat Tara under a twenty-three years' charm,
+burned up the city with his fiery breath.
+
+These infamous spirits dwelt in grassy mounds, called "forts,"
+which were the entrances to underground palaces full of treasure,
+where was always music and dancing. These treasure-houses were open
+only on November Eve
+
+    "For the fairy mounds of Erinn are always
+     opened about Hallowe'en."
+
+       _Expedition of Nera._ (Meyer _trans._)
+
+when the throngs of spirits, fairies, and goblins trooped out for
+revels about the country. The old Druid idea of obsession, the
+besieging of a person by an evil spirit, was practised by them at
+that time.
+
+    "This is the first day of the winter, and to-day the
+     Hosts of the Air are in their greatest power."
+
+                                WARREN: _Twig of Thorn._
+
+If the fairies wished to seize a mortal--which power they had as
+the sun-god could take men to himself--they caused him to give
+them certain tokens by which he delivered himself into their hands.
+They might be milk and fire--
+
+    "_Maire Bruin:_
+          A little queer old woman cloaked in green,
+          Who came to beg a porringer of milk.
+
+     _Bridget Bruin:_
+          The good people go asking milk and fire
+          Upon May Eve--woe to the house that gives,
+          For they have power over it for a year."
+
+                    YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+or one might receive a fairy thorn such as Oonah brings home, which
+shrivels up at the touch of St. Bridget's image;
+
+  "Oh, ever since I kept the twig of thorn and hid it, I have seen
+  strange things, and heard strange laughter and far voices
+  calling."
+
+                                        WARREN: _Twig of Thorn._
+
+or one might be lured by music as he stopped near the fort to watch
+the dancing, for the revels were held in secret, as those of the
+Druids had been, and no one could look on them unaffected.
+
+A story is told of Paddy More, a great stout uncivil churl, and
+Paddy Beg, a cheerful little hunchback. The latter, seeing lights
+and hearing music, paused by a mound, and was invited in. Urged to
+tell stories, he complied; he danced as spryly as he could for his
+deformity; he sang, and made himself so agreeable that the fairies
+decided to take the hump off his back, and send him home a straight
+manly fellow. The next Hallowe'en who should come by the same place
+but Paddy More, and he stopped likewise to spy at the merrymaking.
+He too was called in, but would not dance politely, added no
+stories nor songs. The fairies clapped Paddy Beg's hump on his
+back, and dismissed him under a double burden of discomfort.
+
+A lad called Guleesh, listening outside a fort on Hallowe'en heard
+the spirits speaking of the fatal illness of his betrothed, the
+daughter of the King of France. They said that if Guleesh but knew
+it, he might boil an herb that grew by his door and give it to the
+princess and make her well. Joyfully Guleesh hastened home,
+prepared the herb, and cured the royal girl.
+
+Sometimes people did not have the luck to return, but were led away
+to a realm of perpetual youth and music.
+
+    "_Father Hart._ What are you reading?
+
+     _Maire Bruin._ How a Princess Edane,
+          A daughter of a King of Ireland, heard
+          A voice singing on a May Eve like this,
+          And followed, half awake and half asleep,
+          Until she came into the land of faery,
+          Where nobody gets old and godly and grave,
+          Where nobody gets old and crafty and wise,
+          Where nobody gets old and bitter of tongue;
+          And she is still there, busied with a dance,
+          Deep in the dewy shadow of a wood,
+          Or where stars walk upon a mountain-top."
+
+                      YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+If one returned, he found that the space which seemed to him but
+one night, had been many years, and with the touch of earthly sod
+the age he had postponed suddenly weighed him down. Ossian,
+released from fairyland after three hundred years dalliance there,
+rode back to his own country on horseback. He saw men imprisoned
+under a block of marble and others trying to lift the stone. As he
+leaned over to aid them the girth broke. With the touch of earth
+"straightway the white horse fled away on his way home, and Ossian
+became aged, decrepit, and blind."
+
+No place as much as Ireland has kept the belief in all sorts of
+supernatural spirits abroad among its people. From the time when on
+the hill of Ward, near Tara, in pre-Christian days, the sacrifices
+were burned and the Tuatha were thought to appear on Samhain, to as
+late as 1910, testimony to actual appearances of the "little
+people" is to be found.
+
+  "'Among the usually invisible races which I have seen in Ireland,
+  I distinguish five classes. There are the Gnomes, who are
+  earth-spirits, and who seem to be a sorrowful race. I once saw
+  some of them distinctly on the side of Ben Bulbin. They had
+  rather round heads and dark thick-set bodies, and in stature were
+  about two and one-half feet. The Leprechauns are different, being
+  full of mischief, though they, too, are small. I followed a
+  Leprechaun from the town of Wicklow out to the Carraig Sidhe,
+  "Rock of the Fairies," a distance of half a mile or more, where
+  he disappeared. He had a very merry face, and beckoned to me with
+  his finger. A third class are the Little People, who, unlike the
+  Gnomes and Leprechauns, are quite good-looking; and they are very
+  small. The Good People are tall, beautiful beings, as tall as
+  ourselves.... They direct the magnetic currents of the earth. The
+  Gods are really the Tuatha De Danann, and they are much taller
+  than our race.'"
+
+                         WENTZ: _Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries._
+
+The sight of apparitions on Hallowe'en is believed to be fatal to
+the beholder.
+
+  "One night my lady's soul walked along the wall like a cat. Long
+  Tom Bowman beheld her and that day week fell he into the well and
+  was drowned."
+
+                                      PYLE: _Priest and the Piper._
+
+One version of the Jack-o'-lantern story comes from Ireland. A
+stingy man named Jack was for his inhospitality barred from all
+hope of heaven, and because of practical jokes on the Devil was
+locked out of hell. Until the Judgment Day he is condemned to walk
+the earth with a lantern to light his way.
+
+The place of the old lord of the dead, the Tuatha god Saman, to
+whom vigil was kept and prayers said on November Eve for the good
+of departed souls, was taken in Christian times by St. Colomba or
+Columb Kill, the founder of a monastery in Iona in the fifth
+century. In the seventeenth century the Irish peasants went about
+begging money and goodies for a feast, and demanding in the name of
+Columb Kill that fatted calves and black sheep be prepared. In
+place of the Druid fires, candles were collected and lighted on
+Hallowe'en, and prayers for the souls of the givers said before
+them. The name of Saman is kept in the title "Oidhche Shamhna,"
+"vigil of Saman," by which the night of October 31st was until
+recently called in Ireland.
+
+There are no Hallowe'en bonfires in Ireland now, but charms and
+tests are tried. Apples and nuts, the treasure of Pomona, figure
+largely in these. They are representative winter fruits, the
+commonest. They can be gathered late and kept all winter.
+
+A popular drink at the Hallowe'en gathering in the eighteenth
+century was milk in which crushed roasted apples had been mixed. It
+was called lambs'-wool (perhaps from "La Mas Ubhal," "the day of
+the apple fruit"). At the Hallowe'en supper "callcannon," mashed
+potatoes, parsnips, and chopped onions, is indispensable. A ring is
+buried in it, and the one who finds it in his portion will be
+married in a year, or if he is already married, will be lucky.
+
+  "They had colcannon, and the funniest things were found in
+  it--tiny dolls, mice, a pig made of china, silver sixpences, a
+  thimble, a ring, and lots of other things. After supper was over
+  all went into the big play-room, and dived for apples in a tub of
+  water, fished for prizes in a basin of flour; then there were
+  games----"
+
+                                   TRANT: _Hallowe'en in Ireland._
+
+A coin betokened to the finder wealth; the thimble, that he would
+never marry.
+
+A ring and a nut are baked in a cake. The ring of course means
+early marriage, the nut signifies that its finder will marry a
+widow or a widower. If the kernel is withered, no marriage at all
+is prophesied. In Roscommon, in central Ireland, a coin, a sloe,
+and a bit of wood were baked in a cake. The one getting the sloe
+would live longest, the one getting the wood was destined to die
+within the year.
+
+A mould of flour turned out on the table held similar tokens. Each
+person cut off a slice with a knife, and drew out his prize with
+his teeth.
+
+After supper the tests were tried. In the last century nut-shells
+were burned. The best-known nut test is made as follows: three nuts
+are named for a girl and two sweethearts. If one burns steadily
+with the girl's nut, that lover is faithful to her, but if either
+hers or one of the other nuts starts away, there will be no happy
+friendship between them.
+
+Apples are snapped from the end of a stick hung parallel to the
+floor by a twisted cord which whirls the stick rapidly when it is
+let go. Care has to be taken not to bite the candle burning on the
+other end. Sometimes this test is made easier by dropping the
+apples into a tub of water and diving for them, or piercing them
+with a fork dropped straight down.
+
+Green herbs called "livelong" were plucked by the children and hung
+up on Midsummer Eve. If a plant was found to be still green on
+Hallowe'en, the one who had hung it up would prosper for the year,
+but if it had turned yellow or had died, the child would also die.
+
+Hemp-seed is sown across three furrows, the sower repeating:
+"Hemp-seed, I saw thee, hemp-seed, I saw thee; and her that is to
+be my true love, come after me and draw thee." On looking back over
+his shoulder he will see the apparition of his future wife in the
+act of gathering hemp.
+
+Seven cabbage stalks were named for any seven of the company, then
+pulled up, and the guests asked to come out, and "see their
+sowls."
+
+    "One, two, three, and up to seven;
+     If all are white, all go to heaven;
+       If one is black as Murtagh's evil,
+       He'll soon be screechin' wi' the devil."
+
+Red Mike "was a queer one from his birth, an' no wonder, for he
+first saw the light atween dusk an' dark o' a Hallowe'en Eve." When
+the cabbage test was tried at a party where Mike was present, six
+stalks were found to be white, but Mike's was "all black an' fowl
+wi' worms an' slugs, an' wi' a real bad smell ahint it." Angered at
+the ridicule he received, he cried: "I've the gift o' the night, I
+have, an' on this day my curse can blast whatever I choose." At
+that the priest showed Mike a crucifix, and he ran away howling,
+and disappeared through a bog into the ground.
+
+                                   SHARP: _Threefold Chronicle._
+
+Twelve of the party may learn their future, if one gets a clod of
+earth from the churchyard sets up twelve candles in it, lights and
+names them. The fortune of each will be like that of the
+candle-light named for him,--steady, wavering, or soon in darkness.
+
+A ball of blue yarn was thrown out of the window by a girl who held
+fast to the end. She wound it over on her hand from left to right,
+saying the Creed backwards. When she had nearly finished, she
+expected the yarn would be held. She must ask "Who holds?" and the
+wind would sigh her sweetheart's name in at the window.
+
+In some charms the devil was invoked directly. If one walked about
+a rick nine times with a rake, saying, "I rake this rick in the
+devil's name," a vision would come and take away the rake.
+
+If one went out with nine grains of oats in his mouth, and walked
+about until he heard a girl's name called or mentioned, he would
+know the name of his future wife, for they would be the same.
+
+Lead is melted, and poured through a key or a ring into cold water.
+The form each spoonful takes in cooling indicates the occupation
+of the future husband of the girl who poured it.
+
+  "Now something like a horse would cause the jubilant maiden to
+  call out, 'A dragoon!' Now some dim resemblance to a helmet would
+  suggest a handsome member of the mounted police; or a round
+  object with a spike would seem a ship, and this of course meant a
+  sailor; or a cow would suggest a cattle-dealer, or a plough a
+  farmer."
+
+                                   SHARP: _Threefold Chronicle._
+
+After the future had been searched, a piper played a jig, to which
+all danced merrily with a loud noise to scare away the evil
+spirits.
+
+Just before midnight was the time to go out "alone and unperceived"
+to a south-running brook, dip a shirt-sleeve in it, bring it home
+and hang it by the fire to dry. One must go to bed, but watch till
+midnight for a sight of the destined mate who would come to turn
+the shirt to dry the other side.
+
+Ashes were raked smooth on the hearth at bedtime on Hallowe'en, and
+the next morning examined for footprints. If one was turned from
+the door, guests or a marriage was prophesied; if toward the door,
+a death.
+
+To have prophetic dreams a girl should search for a briar grown
+into a hoop, creep through thrice in the name of the devil, cut it
+in silence, and go to bed with it under her pillow. A boy should
+cut ten ivy leaves, throw away one and put the rest under his head
+before he slept.
+
+If a girl leave beside her bed a glass of water with a sliver of
+wood in it, and say before she falls asleep:
+
+    "Husband mine that is to be,
+     Come this night and rescue me,"
+
+she will dream of falling off a bridge into the water, and of being
+saved at the last minute by the spirit of her future husband. To
+receive a drink from his hand she must eat a cake of flour, soot,
+and salt before she goes to bed.
+
+The Celtic spirit of yearning for the unknown, retained nowhere
+else as much as in Ireland, is expressed very beautifully by the
+poet Yeats in the introduction to his _Celtic Twilight_.
+
+    "The host is riding from Knocknarea
+       And over the grave of Clooth-na-bare;
+       Caolte tossing his burning hair,
+     And Niam calling: 'Away, come away;
+
+    "'And brood no more where the fire is bright,
+       Filling thy heart with a mortal dream;
+       For breasts are heaving and eyes a-gleam:
+     Away, come away to the dim twilight
+
+    "'Arms are heaving and lips apart;
+       And if any gaze on our rushing band,
+       We come between him and the deed of his hand,
+     We come between him and the hope of his heart.'
+
+    "The host is rushing twixt night and day,
+       And where is there hope or deed as fair?
+       Caolte tossing his burning hair,
+     And Niam calling: 'Away, come away.'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+IN SCOTLAND AND THE HEBRIDES
+
+
+As in Ireland the Scotch Baal festival of November was called
+Samhain. Western Scotland, lying nearest Tara, center alike of
+pagan and Christian religion in Ireland, was colonized by both the
+people and the customs of eastern Ireland.
+
+The November Eve fires which in Ireland either died out or were
+replaced by candles were continued in Scotland. In Buchan, where
+was the altar-source of the Samhain fire, bonfires were lighted on
+hilltops in the eighteenth century; and in Moray the idea of fires
+of thanksgiving for harvest was kept to as late as 1866. All
+through the eighteenth century in the Highlands and in Perthshire
+torches of heath, broom, flax, or ferns were carried about the
+fields and villages by each family, with the intent to cause good
+crops in succeeding years. The course about the fields was sunwise,
+to have a good influence. Brought home at dark, the torches were
+thrown down in a heap, and made a fire. This blaze was called
+"Samhnagan," "of rest and pleasure." There was much competition to
+have the largest fire. Each person put in one stone to make a
+circle about it. The young people ran about with burning brands.
+Supper was eaten out-of-doors, and games played. After the fire had
+burned out, ashes were raked over the stones. In the morning each
+sought his pebble, and if he found it misplaced, harmed, or a
+footprint marked near it in the ashes, he believed he should die in
+a year.
+
+In Aberdeenshire boys went about the villages saying: "Ge's a peat
+t' burn the witches." They were thought to be out stealing milk and
+harming cattle. Torches used to counteract them were carried from
+west to east, against the sun. This ceremony grew into a game, when
+a fire was built by one party, attacked by another, and defended.
+As in the May fires of purification the lads lay down in the smoke
+close by, or ran about and jumped over the flames. As the fun grew
+wilder they flung burning peats at each other, scattered the ashes
+with their feet, and hurried from one fire to another to have a
+part in scattering as many as possible before they died out.
+
+In 1874, at Balmoral, a royal celebration of Hallowe'en was
+recorded. Royalty, tenants, and servants bore torches through the
+grounds and round the estates. In front of the castle was a heap of
+stuff saved for the occasion. The torches were thrown on. When the
+fire was burning its liveliest, a hobgoblin appeared, drawing in a
+car the figure of a witch, surrounded by fairies carrying lances.
+The people formed a circle about the fire, and the witch was tossed
+in. Then there were dances to the music of bag-pipes.
+
+It was the time of year when servants changed masters or signed up
+anew under the old ones. They might enjoy a holiday before resuming
+work. So they sang:
+
+    "This is Hallaeven,
+     The morn is Halladay;
+     Nine free nichts till Martinmas,
+     As soon they'll wear away."
+
+Children born on Hallowe'en could see and converse with
+supernatural powers more easily than others. In Ireland, evil
+relations caused Red Mike's downfall (q. v.). For Scotland Mary
+Avenel, in Scott's _Monastery_, is the classic example.
+
+  "And touching the bairn, it's weel kenn'd she was born on
+  Hallowe'en, and they that are born on Hallowe'en whiles see mair
+  than ither folk."
+
+There is no hint of dark relations, but rather of a
+clear-sightedness which lays bare truths, even those concealed in
+men's breasts. Mary Avenel sees the spirit of her father after he
+has been dead for years. The White Lady of Avenel is her peculiar
+guardian.
+
+The Scottish Border, where Mary lived, is the seat of many
+superstitions and other worldly beliefs. The fairies of Scotland
+are more terrible than those of Ireland, as the dells and streams
+and woods are of greater grandeur, and the character of the people
+more serious. It is unlucky to name the fairies, here as elsewhere,
+except by such placating titles as "Good Neighbors" or "Men of
+Peace." Rowan, elm, and holly are a protection against them.
+
+  "I have tied red thread round the bairns' throats, and given ilk
+  ane of them a riding-wand of rowan-tree, forbye sewing up a slip
+  of witch-elm into their doublets; and I wish to know of your
+  reverence if there be onything mair that a lone woman can do in
+  the matter of ghosts and fairies?--be here! that I should have
+  named their unlucky names twice ower!"
+
+                                             SCOTT: _Monastery._
+
+"The sign of the cross disarmeth all evil spirits."
+
+These spirits of the air have not human feelings or motives. They
+are conscienceless. In this respect Peter Pan is an immortal fairy
+as well as an immortal child. While like a child he resents
+injustice in horrified silence, like a fairy he acts with no sense
+of responsibility. When he saves Wendy's brother from falling as
+they fly,
+
+  "You felt it was his cleverness that interested him, and not the
+  saving of human life."
+
+                                        BARRIE: _Peter and Wendy._
+
+The world in which Peter lived was so near the Kensington Gardens
+that he could see them through the bridge as he sat on the shore of
+the Neverland. Yet for a long time he could not get to them.
+
+Peter is a fairy piper who steals away the souls of children.
+
+    "No man alive has seen me,
+       But women hear me play,
+     Sometimes at door or window,
+       Fiddling the souls away--
+     The child's soul and the colleen's
+       Out of the covering clay."
+
+               HOPPER: _Fairy Fiddler._
+
+On Hallowe'en all traditional spirits are abroad. The Scotch
+invented the idea of a "Samhanach," a goblin who comes out just at
+"Samhain." It is he who in Ireland steals children. The fairies
+pass at crossroads,
+
+    "But the night is Hallowe'en, lady,
+       The morn is Hallowday;
+     Then win me, win me, and ye will,
+       For weel I wot ye may.
+
+    "Just at the mirk and midnight hour
+       The fairy folk will ride.
+     And they that wad their true-love win,
+       At Miles Cross they maun bide."
+
+                       _Ballad of Tam Lin._
+
+and in the Highlands whoever took a three-legged stool to where
+three crossroads met, and sat upon it at midnight, would hear the
+names of those who were to die in a year. He might bring with him
+articles of dress, and as each name was pronounced throw one
+garment to the fairies. They would be so pleased by this gift that
+they would repeal the sentence of death.
+
+Even people who seemed to be like their neighbors every day could
+for this night fly away and join the other beings in their revels.
+
+    "This is the nicht o' Hallowe'en
+     When a' the witchie may be seen;
+     Some o' them black, some o' them green,
+     Some o' them like a turkey bean."
+
+A witches' party was conducted in this way. The wretched women who
+had sold their souls to the Devil, left a stick in bed which by
+evil means was made to have their likeness, and, anointed with the
+fat of murdered babies flew off up the chimney on a broomstick with
+cats attendant. Burns tells the story of a company of witches
+pulling ragwort by the roadside, getting each astride her ragwort
+with the summons "Up horsie!" and flying away.
+
+       "The hag is astride
+        This night for a ride,
+    The devils and she together:
+        Through thick and through thin,
+        Now out and now in,
+    Though ne'er so foul be the weather.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+        "A thorn or a burr
+         She takes for a spur,
+    With a lash of the bramble she rides now.
+         Through brake and through briers,
+         O'er ditches and mires,
+    She follows the spirit that guides now."
+
+                          HERRICK: _The Hag._
+
+The meeting-place was arranged by the Devil, who sometimes rode
+there on a goat. At their supper no bread or salt was eaten; they
+drank out of horses' skulls, and danced, sometimes back to back,
+sometimes from west to east, for the dances at the ancient Baal
+festivals were from east to west, and it was evil and ill-omened to
+move the other way. For this dance the Devil played a bag-pipe made
+of a hen's skull and cats' tails.
+
+    "There sat Auld Nick, in shape o' beast;
+     A tousie tyke, black, grim, and large,
+     To gie them music was his charge:
+     He screw'd the pipes and gart them skirl,
+     Till roof and rafters a' did dirl."[1]
+
+                      BURNS: _Tam o' Shanter._
+
+[1] Ring.
+
+The light for the revelry came from a torch flaring between the
+horns of the Devil's steed the goat, and at the close the ashes
+were divided for the witches to use in incantations. People
+imagined that cats who had been up all night on Hallowe'en were
+tired out the next morning.
+
+Tam o' Shanter who was watching such a dance
+
+    "By Alloway's auld haunted kirk"
+
+in Ayrshire, could not resist calling out at the antics of a
+neighbor whom he recognized, and was pursued by the witches. He
+urged his horse to top-speed,
+
+    "Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg,
+     And win the key-stane of the brig;
+     There at them thou thy tail may toss,
+     A running stream they dare na cross!"
+
+                  BURNS: _Tam o' Shanter._
+
+but poor Meg had no tail thereafter to toss at them, for though she
+saved her rider, she was only her tail's length beyond the middle
+of the bridge when the foremost witch grasped it and seared it to
+a stub.
+
+Such witches might be questioned about the past or future.
+
+    "He that dare sit on St. Swithin's Chair,
+     When the Night-Hag wings the troubled air,
+     Questions three, when he speaks the spell,
+     He may ask, and she must tell."
+
+                  SCOTT: _St. Swithin's Chair._
+
+Children make of themselves bogies on this evening, carrying the
+largest turnips they can save from harvest, hollowed out and carved
+into the likeness of a fearsome face, with teeth and forehead
+blacked, and lighted by a candle fastened inside.
+
+If the spirit of a person simply appears without being summoned,
+and the person is still alive, it means that he is in danger. If he
+comes toward the one to whom he appears the danger is over. If he
+seems to go away, he is dying.
+
+An apparition from the future especially is sought on Hallowe'en.
+It is a famous time for divination in love affairs. A typical
+eighteenth century party in western Scotland is described by Robert
+Burns.
+
+Cabbages are important in Scotch superstition. Children believe
+that if they pile cabbage-stalks round the doors and windows of the
+house, the fairies will bring them a new brother or sister.
+
+    "And often when in his old-fashioned way
+     He questioned me,...
+     Who made the stars? and if within his hand
+     He caught and held one, would his fingers burn?
+     If I, the gray-haired dominie, was dug
+     From out a cabbage-garden such as he
+     Was found in----"
+
+                           BUCHANAN: _Willie Baird._
+
+Kale-pulling came first on the program in Burns's _Hallowe'en_.
+Just the single and unengaged went out hand in hand blindfolded to
+the cabbage-garden. They pulled the first stalk they came upon,
+brought it back to the house, and were unbandaged. The size and
+shape of the stalk indicated the appearance of the future husband
+or wife.
+
+  "Maybe you would rather not pull a stalk that was tall and
+  straight and strong--that would mean Alastair? Maybe you would
+  rather find you had got hold of a withered old stump with a lot
+  of earth at the root--a decrepit old man with plenty of money in
+  the bank? Or maybe you are wishing for one that is slim and
+  supple and not so tall--for one that might mean Johnnie Semple."
+
+                                       BLACK: _Hallowe'en Wraith._
+
+A close white head meant an old husband, an open green head a young
+one. His disposition would be like the taste of the stem. To
+determine his name, the stalks were hung over the door, and the
+number of one's stalk in the row noted. If Jessie put hers up third
+from the beginning, and the third man who passed through the
+doorway under it was named Alan, her husband's first name would be
+Alan. This is practised only a little now among farmers. It has
+special virtue if the cabbage has been stolen from the garden of an
+unmarried person.
+
+Sometimes the pith of a cabbage-stalk was pushed out, the hole
+filled with tow, which was set afire and blown through keyholes on
+Hallowe'en.
+
+    "Their runts clean through and through were bored,
+     And stuffed with raivelins fou,
+     And like a chimley when on fire
+     Each could the reek outspue.
+
+    "Jock through the key-hole sent a cloud
+     That reached across the house,
+     While in below the door reek rushed
+     Like water through a sluice."
+
+                      DICK: _Splores of a Hallowe'en._
+
+Cabbage-broth was a regular dish at the Hallowe'en feast. Mashed
+potatoes, as in Ireland, or a dish of meal and milk holds symbolic
+objects--a ring, a thimble, and a coin. In the cake are baked a
+ring and a key. The ring signifies to the possessor marriage, and
+the key a journey.
+
+Apple-ducking is still a universal custom in Scotland. A sixpence
+is sometimes dropped into the tub or stuck into an apple to make
+the reward greater. The contestants must keep their hands behind
+their backs.
+
+Nuts are put before the fire in pairs, instead of by threes as in
+Ireland, and named for a lover and his lass. If they burn to ashes
+together, long happy married life is destined for the lovers. If
+they crackle or start away from each other, dissension and
+separation are ahead.
+
+    "Jean slips in twa, wi' tentie[1] e'e;
+       Wha 't was, she wadna tell;
+     But this is _Jock_, an' this is _me_,
+       She says in to hersel;
+     He bleez'd owre her, an' she owre him,
+       As they wad never mair part;
+     Till fuff! he started up the lum,[2]
+     And Jean had e'en a sair heart
+                  To see't that night."
+
+                      BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Careful.
+
+[2] Chimney.
+
+Three "luggies," bowls with handles like the Druid lamps, were
+filled, one with clean, one with dirty water, and one left empty.
+The person wishing to know his fate in marriage was blindfolded,
+turned about thrice, and put down his left hand. If he dipped it
+into the clean water, he would marry a maiden; if into the dirty, a
+widow; if into the empty dish, not at all. He tried until he got
+the same result twice. The dishes were changed about each time.
+
+This spell still remains, as does that of hemp-seed sowing. One
+goes out alone with a handful of hemp-seed, sows it across ridges
+of ploughed land, and harrows it with anything convenient, perhaps
+with a broom. Having said:
+
+         "Hemp-seed, I saw thee,
+    An' her that is to be my lass
+          Come after me an' draw thee----"
+
+                      BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+he looks behind him to see his sweetheart gathering hemp. This
+should be tried just at midnight with the moon behind.
+
+    "At even o' Hallowmas no sleep I sought,
+     But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought.
+     I scattered round the seed on every side,
+     And three times three in trembling accents cried,
+    'This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow,
+     Who shall my true-love be, the crop shall mow.'"
+
+                                     GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+A spell that has been discontinued is throwing the clue of blue
+yarn into the kiln-pot, instead of out of the window, as in
+Ireland. As it is wound backward, something holds it. The winder
+must ask, "Wha hauds?" to hear the name of her future sweetheart.
+
+    "An' ay she win't, an' ay she swat--
+       I wat she made nae jaukin;
+     Till something held within the pat,
+       Guid Lord! but she was quakin!
+     But whether 't was the Deil himsel,
+       Or whether 't was a bauk-en'[1]
+     Or whether it was Andrew Bell,
+       She did na wait on talkin
+         To speir[2] that night."
+
+                    BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Cross-beam.
+
+[2] Ask.
+
+Another spell not commonly tried now is winnowing three measures of
+imaginary corn, as one stands in the barn alone with both doors
+open to let the spirits that come in go out again freely. As one
+finishes the motions, the apparition of the future husband will
+come in at one door and pass out at the other.
+
+  "'I had not winnowed the last weight clean out, and the moon was
+  shining bright upon the floor, when in stalked the presence of my
+  dear Simon Glendinning, that is now happy. I never saw him
+  plainer in my life than I did that moment; he held up an arrow as
+  he passed me, and I swarf'd awa' wi' fright.... But mark the end
+  o' 't, Tibb: we were married, and the grey-goose wing was the
+  death o' him after a'.'"
+
+                                            SCOTT: _The Monastery._
+
+At times other prophetic appearances were seen.
+
+  "Just as she was at the wark, what does she see in the moonlicht
+  but her ain coffin moving between the doors instead of the
+  likeness of a gudeman! and as sure's death she was in her coffin
+  before the same time next year."
+
+                                       ANON: _Tale of Hallowe'en._
+
+Formerly a stack of beans, oats, or barley was measured round with
+the arms against sun. At the end of the third time the arms would
+enclose the vision of the future husband or wife.
+
+Kale-pulling, apple-snapping, and lead-melting (see Ireland) are
+social rites, but many were to be tried alone and in secret. A
+Highland divination was tried with a shoe, held by the tip, and
+thrown over the house. The person will journey in the direction the
+toe points out. If it falls sole up, it means bad luck.
+
+Girls would pull a straw each out of a thatch in Broadsea, and
+would take it to an old woman in Fraserburgh. The seeress would
+break the straw and find within it a hair the color of the
+lover's-to-be. Blindfolded they plucked heads of oats, and counted
+the number of grains to find out how many children they would have.
+If the tip was perfect, not broken or gone, they would be married
+honorably.
+
+Another way of determining the number of children was to drop the
+white of an egg into a glass of water. The number of divisions was
+the number sought. White of egg is held with water in the mouth,
+like the grains of oats in Ireland, while one takes a walk to hear
+mentioned the name of his future wife. Names are written on papers,
+and laid upon the chimney-piece. Fate guides the hand of a
+blindfolded man to the slip which bears his sweetheart's name.
+
+A Hallowe'en mirror is made by the rays of the moon shining into a
+looking-glass. If a girl goes secretly into a room at midnight
+between October and November, sits down at the mirror, and cuts an
+apple into nine slices, holding each on the point of a knife before
+she eats it, she may see in the moonlit glass the image of her
+lover looking over her left shoulder, and asking for the last piece
+of apple.
+
+The wetting of the sark-sleeve in a south-running burn where "three
+lairds' lands meet," and carrying it home to dry before the fire,
+was really a Scotch custom, but has already been described in
+Ireland.
+
+    "The last Hallowe'en I was waukin[1]
+       My droukit[2] sark-sleeve, as ye kin--
+     His likeness came up the house staukin,
+       And the very grey breeks o' Tam Glen!"
+
+                           BURNS: _Tam Glen._
+
+[1] Watching.
+
+[2] Drenched.
+
+Just before breaking up, the crowd of young people partook of
+sowens, oatmeal porridge cakes with butter, and strunt, a liquor,
+as they hoped for good luck throughout the year.
+
+The Hebrides, Scottish islands off the western coast, have
+Hallowe'en traditions of their own, as well as many borrowed from
+Ireland and Scotland. Barra, isolated near the end of the island
+chain, still celebrates the Celtic days, Beltaine and November Eve.
+
+In the Hebrides is the Irish custom of eating on Hallowe'en a cake
+of meal and salt, or a salt herring, bones and all, to dream of
+some one bringing a drink of water. Not a word must be spoken, nor
+a drop of water drunk till the dream comes.
+
+In St. Kilda a large triangular cake is baked which must be all
+eaten up before morning.
+
+A curious custom that prevailed in the island of Lewis in the
+eighteenth century was the worship of Shony, a sea-god with a Norse
+name. His ceremonies were similar to those paid to Saman in
+Ireland, but more picturesque. Ale was brewed at church from malt
+brought collectively by the people. One took a cupful in his hand,
+and waded out into the sea up to his waist, saying as he poured it
+out: "Shony, I give you this cup of ale, hoping that you'll be so
+kind as to send us plenty of sea-ware, for enriching our ground the
+ensuing year." The party returned to the church, waited for a given
+signal when a candle burning on the altar was blown out. Then they
+went out into the fields, and drank ale with dance and song.
+
+The "dumb cake" originated in Lewis. Girls were each apportioned a
+small piece of dough, mixed with any but spring water. They kneaded
+it with their left thumbs, in silence. Before midnight they pricked
+initials on them with a new pin, and put them by the fire to bake.
+The girls withdrew to the farther end of the room, still in silence.
+At midnight each lover was expected to enter and lay his hand on
+the cake marked with his initials.
+
+In South Uist and Eriskay on Hallowe'en fairies are out, a source
+of terror to those they meet.
+
+    "Hallowe'en will come, will come,
+     Witchcraft will be set a-going,
+     Fairies will be at full speed,
+     Running in every pass.
+     Avoid the road, children, children."
+
+But for the most part this belief has died out on Scottish land,
+except near the Border, and Hallowe'en is celebrated only by
+stories and jokes and games, songs and dances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+IN ENGLAND AND MAN
+
+
+Man especially has a treasury of fairy tradition, Celtic and Norse
+combined. Manx fairies too dwell in the middle world, since they
+are fit for neither heaven nor hell. Even now Manx people think
+they see circles of light in the late October midnight, and little
+folk dancing within.
+
+Longest of all in Man was Sauin (Samhain) considered New Year's
+Day. According to the old style of reckoning time it came on
+November 12.
+
+    "To-night is New Year's night.
+        Hogunnaa!"
+                  _Mummers' Song._
+
+As in Scotland the servants' year ends with October.
+
+New Year tests for finding out the future were tried on Sauin. To
+hear her sweetheart's name a girl took a mouthful of water and two
+handfuls of salt, and sat down at a door. The first name she heard
+mentioned was the wished-for one. The three dishes proclaimed the
+fate of the blindfolded seeker as in Scotland. Each was blindfolded
+and touched one of several significant objects--meal for
+prosperity, earth for death, a net for tangled fortunes.
+
+Before retiring each filled a thimble with salt, and emptied it out
+in a little mound on a plate, remembering his own. If any heap were
+found fallen over by morning, the person it represented was
+destined to die in a year. The Manx looked for prints in the
+smooth-strewn ashes on the hearth, as the Scotch did, and gave the
+same interpretation.
+
+There had been Christian churches in Britain as early as 300 A. D.,
+and Christian missionaries, St. Ninian, Pelagius, and St. Patrick,
+were active in the next century, and in the course of time St.
+Augustine. Still the old superstitions persisted, as they always do
+when they have grown up with the people.
+
+King Arthur, who was believed to have reigned in the fifth century,
+may be a personification of the sun-god. He comes from the
+Otherworld, his magic sword Excalibur is brought thence to him, he
+fights twelve battles, in number like the months, and is wounded to
+death by evil Modred, once his own knight. He passes in a boat,
+attended by his fairy sister and two other queens,
+
+    "'To the island-valley of Avilion;
+      Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
+      Nor ever wind blows loudly; but it lies
+      Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns
+      And bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea----'"
+
+                        TENNYSON: _Passing of Arthur._
+
+The hope of being healed there is like that given to Cuchulain (q.
+v.), to persuade him to visit the fairy kingdom. Arthur was
+expected to come again sometime, as the sun renews his course. As
+he disappeared from the sight of Bedivere, the last of his knights,
+
+    "The new sun rose bringing the new year."
+
+                                      _Ibid._
+
+Avilion means "apple-island." It was like the Hesperides of Greek
+mythology, the western islands where grew the golden apples of
+immortality.
+
+In Cornwall after the sixth century, the sun-god became St.
+Michael, and the eastern point where he appeared St. Michael's
+seat.
+
+    "Where the great vision of the guarded mount
+     Looks toward Namancos, and Bayona's hold."
+
+                              MILTON: _Lycidas._
+
+As fruit to Pomona, so berries were devoted to fairies. They would
+not let any one cut a blackthorn shoot on Hallowe'en. In Cornwall
+sloes and blackberries were considered unfit to eat after the
+fairies had passed by, because all the goodness was extracted. So
+they were eaten to heart's content on October 31st, and avoided
+thereafter. Hazels, because they were thought to contain wisdom and
+knowledge, were also sacred.
+
+Besides leaving berries for the "Little People," food was set out
+for them on Hallowe'en, and on other occasions. They rewarded this
+hospitality by doing an extraordinary amount of work.
+
+    "--how the drudging goblin sweat
+     To earn his cream-bowl duly set,
+     When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
+     His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn
+     That ten day-laborers could not end.
+     Then lies him down the lubbar fiend,
+     And stretcht out all the chimney's length
+     Basks at the fire his hairy strength."
+
+                          MILTON: _L'Allegro._
+
+Such sprites did not scruple to pull away the chair as one was
+about to sit down, to pinch, or even to steal children and leave
+changelings in their places. The first hint of dawn drove them back
+to their haunts.
+
+    "When larks 'gin sing,
+     Away we fling;
+       And babes new borne steal as we go,
+     And elfe in bed
+     We leave instead,
+       And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!"
+
+               JONSON: _Robin Goodfellow._
+
+Soulless and without gratitude or memory spirits of the air may be,
+like Ariel in _The Tempest_. He, like the fairy harpers of Ireland,
+puts men to sleep with his music.
+
+    "_Sebastian._ What, art thou waking?
+
+     _Antonio._ Do you not hear me speak?
+
+     _Sebastian._ I do; and, surely,
+          It is a sleepy language; and thou speak'st
+          Out of thy sleep: What is it thou didst say?
+          This is a strange repose, to be asleep
+          With eyes wide open; standing, speaking, moving,
+          And yet so fast asleep."
+
+                                 SHAKSPERE: _The Tempest._
+
+The people of England, in common with those who lived in the other
+countries of Great Britain and in Europe, dreaded the coming of
+winter not only on account of the cold and loneliness, but because
+they believed that at this time the powers of evil were abroad and
+ascendant. This belief harked back to the old idea that the sun had
+been vanquished by his enemies in the late autumn. It was to forget
+the fearful influences about them that the English kept festival
+so much in the winter-time. The Lords of Misrule, leaders of the
+revelry, "beginning their rule on All Hallow Eve, continued the
+same till the morrow after the Feast of the Purification, commonlie
+called Candelmas day: In all of which space there were fine and
+subtle disguisinges, Maskes, and Mummeries." This was written of
+King Henry IV's court at Eltham, in 1401, and is true of centuries
+before and after. They gathered about the fire and made merry while
+the October tempests whirled the leaves outside, and shrieked round
+the house like ghosts and demons on a mad carousal.
+
+    "The autumn wind--oh hear it howl:
+     Without--October's tempests scowl,
+     As he troops away on the raving wind!
+     And leaveth dry leaves in his path behind.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+      "'Tis the night--the night
+        Of the graves' delight,
+          And the warlock[1] are at their play!
+
+        Ye think that without
+        The wild winds shout,
+          But no, it is they--it is they!"
+
+                            COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Devils.
+
+Witchcraft--the origin of which will be traced farther on--had a
+strong following in England. The three witches in _Macbeth_ are
+really fates who foretell the future, but they have a kettle in
+which they boil
+
+    "Fillet of a fenny snake,
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Eye of newt, and toe of frog,
+     Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,
+     Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,
+     Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,
+     For a charm of powerful trouble----"
+
+                    SHAKSPERE: _Macbeth._
+
+They connect themselves thereby with those evil creatures who
+pursued Tam o' Shanter, and were servants of the Devil. In 1892 in
+Lincolnshire, people believed that if they looked in through the
+church door on Hallowe'en they would see the Devil preaching his
+doctrines from the pulpit, and inscribing the names of new witches
+in his book.
+
+The Spectre Huntsman, known in Windsor Forest as Herne the Hunter,
+and in Todmorden as Gabriel Ratchets, was the spirit of an ungodly
+hunter who for his crimes was condemned to lead the chase till the
+Judgment Day. In a storm on Hallowe'en is heard the belling of his
+hounds.
+
+    "Still, still shall last the dreadful chase
+       Till time itself shall have an end;
+     By day they scour earth's cavern'd space,
+       At midnight's witching hour, ascend.
+
+    "This is the horn, the hound, and horse,
+       That oft the lated peasant hears:
+     Appall'd, he signs the frequent cross,
+       When the wild din invades his ears."
+
+                        SCOTT: _Wild Huntsman._
+
+In the north of England Hallowe'en was called "nut-crack" and
+"snap-apple night." It was celebrated by "young people and
+sweethearts."
+
+A variation of the nut test is, naming two for two lovers before
+they are put before the fire to roast. The unfaithful lover's nut
+cracks and jumps away, the loyal burns with a steady ardent flame
+to ashes.
+
+    "Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,
+     And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name.
+     This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,
+     That in a flame of brightest color blaz'd;
+     As blaz'd the nut, so may thy passion grow,
+     For 't was thy nut that did so brightly glow."
+
+                                  GAY: _The Spell._
+
+If they jump toward each other, they will be rivals. If one of the
+nuts has been named for the girl and burns quietly with a lover's
+nut, they will live happily together. If they are restless, there
+is trouble ahead.
+
+    "These glowing nuts are emblems true
+     Of what in human life we view;
+     The ill-matched couple fret and fume,
+     And thus in strife themselves consume,
+     Or from each other wildly start
+     And with a noise forever part.
+     But see the happy, happy pair
+     Of genuine love and truth sincere;
+
+     With mutual fondness, while they burn
+     Still to each other kindly turn:
+     And as the vital sparks decay,
+     Together gently sink away.
+     Till, life's fierce ordeal being past,
+     Their mingled ashes rest at last."
+
+       GRAYDON: _On Nuts Burning, Allhallows Eve._
+
+Sometimes peas on a hot shovel are used instead.
+
+Down the centuries from the Druid tree-worship comes the spell of
+the walnut-tree. It is circled thrice, with the invocation: "Let
+her that is to be my true-love bring me some walnuts;" and directly
+a spirit will be seen in the tree gathering nuts.
+
+    "Last Hallow Eve I sought a walnut-tree,
+     In hope my true Love's face that I might see;
+     Three times I called, three times I walked apace;
+     Then in the tree I saw my true Love's face."
+
+                                     GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+The seeds of apples were used in many trials. Two stuck on cheeks
+or eyelids indicated by the time they clung the faithfulness of the
+friends named for them.
+
+    "See from the core two kernels brown I take:
+     This on my cheek for Lubberkin is worn,
+     And Booby Clod on t'other side is borne;
+     But Booby Clod soon drops upon the ground,
+     A certain token that his love's unsound;
+     While Lubberkin sticks firmly to the last.
+     Oh! were his lips to mine but joined so fast."
+
+                                  GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+In a tub float stemless apples, to be seized by the teeth of him
+desirous of having his love returned. If he is successful in
+bringing up the apple, his love-affair will end happily.
+
+    "The rosy apple's bobbing
+       Upon the mimic sea--
+     'T is tricksy and elusive,
+       And glides away from me.
+
+    "One moment it is dreaming
+       Beneath the candle's glare,
+     Then over wave and eddy
+       It glances here and there.
+
+    "And when at last I capture
+       The prize with joy aglow,
+     I sigh, may I this sunshine
+       Of golden rapture know
+
+    "When I essay to gather
+       In all her witchery
+     Love's sweetest rosy apple
+       On Love's uncertain sea."
+
+       MUNKITTRICK: _Hallowe'en Wish._
+
+An apple is peeled all in one piece, and the paring swung three
+times round the head and dropped behind the left shoulder. If it
+does not break, and is looked at over the shoulder it forms the
+initial of the true sweetheart's name.
+
+    "I pare this pippin round and round again,
+     My sweetheart's name to flourish on the plain:
+     I fling the unbroken paring o'er my head.
+     A perfect 'L' upon the ground is read."
+
+                                  GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+In the north of England was a unique custom, "the scadding of
+peas." A pea-pod was slit, a bean pushed inside, and the opening
+closed again. The full pods were boiled, and apportioned to be
+shelled and the peas eaten with butter and salt. The one finding
+the bean on his plate would be married first. Gay records another
+test with peas which is like the final trial made with kale-stalks.
+
+    "As peascods once I plucked I chanced to see
+     One that was closely filled with three times three;
+     Which when I crop'd, I safely home convey'd,
+     And o'er the door the spell in secret laid;--
+     The latch moved up, when who should first come in,
+     But in his proper person--Lubberkin."
+
+                                       GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+Candles, relics of the sacred fire, play an important part
+everywhere on Hallowe'en. In England too the lighted candle and the
+apple were fastened to the stick, and as it whirled, each person in
+turn sprang up and tried to bite the apple.
+
+    "Or catch th' elusive apple with a bound,
+     As with the taper it flew whizzing round."
+
+This was a rough game, more suited to boys' frolic than the ghostly
+divinations that preceded it. Those with energy to spare found
+material to exercise it on. In an old book there is a picture of a
+youth sitting on a stick placed across two stools. On one end of
+the stick is a lighted candle from which he is trying to light
+another in his hand. Beneath is a tub of water to receive him if he
+over-balances sideways. These games grew later into practical
+jokes.
+
+The use of a goblet may perhaps come from the story of "The Luck of
+Edenhall," a glass stolen from the fairies, and holding ruin for
+the House by whom it was stolen, if it should ever be broken. With
+ring and goblet this charm was tried: the ring, symbol of marriage,
+was suspended by a hair within a glass, and a name spelled out by
+beginning the alphabet over each time the ring struck the glass.
+
+When tired of activity and noise, the party gathered about a
+story-teller, or passed a bundle of fagots from hand to hand, each
+selecting one and reciting an installment of the tale till his
+stick burned to ashes.
+
+    "I tell ye the story this chill Hallowe'en,
+        For it suiteth the spirit-eve."
+
+                            COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+To induce prophetic dreams the wood-and-water test was tried in
+England also.
+
+    "Last Hallow Eve I looked my love to see,
+     And tried a spell to call her up to me.
+     With wood and water standing by my side
+     I dreamed a dream, and saw my own sweet bride."
+
+                                   GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+Though Hallowe'en is decidedly a country festival, in the
+seventeenth century young gentlemen in London chose a Master of the
+Revels, and held masques and dances with their friends on this
+night.
+
+In central and southern England the ecclesiastical side of
+Hallowtide is stressed.
+
+Bread or cake has till recently (1898) been as much a part of
+Hallowe'en preparations as plum pudding at Christmas. Probably this
+originated from an autumn baking of bread from the new grain. In
+Yorkshire each person gets a triangular seed-cake, and the evening
+is called "cake night."
+
+    "Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere,
+     An end of wheat-sowing we make for this yeare.
+     Remember you, therefore, though I do it not,
+     The seed-cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie-pot."
+
+       TUSSER: _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, 1580.
+
+Cakes appear also at the vigil of All Souls', the next day. At a
+gathering they lie in a heap for the guests to take. In return they
+are supposed to say prayers for the dead.
+
+        "A Soule-cake, a Soule-cake; have mercy on
+    all Christen souls for a Soule-cake."
+
+                                     _Old Saying._
+
+The poor in Staffordshire and Shropshire went about singing for
+soul-cakes or money, promising to pray and to spend the alms in
+masses for the dead. The cakes were called Soul-mass or "somas"
+cakes.
+
+    "Soul! Soul! for a soul-cake;
+     Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake.
+     One for Peter, two for Paul,
+     Three for them who made us all."
+
+                      _Notes and Queries._
+
+In Dorsetshire Hallowe'en was celebrated by the ringing of bells in
+memory of the dead. King Henry VIII and later Queen Elizabeth
+issued commands against this practice.
+
+In Lancashire in the early nineteenth century people used to go
+about begging for candles to drive away the gatherings of witches.
+If the lights were kept burning till midnight, no evil influence
+could remain near.
+
+In Derbyshire, central England, torches of straw were carried about
+the stacks on All Souls' Eve, not to drive away evil spirits, as in
+Scotland, but to light souls through Purgatory.
+
+Like the Bretons, the English have the superstition that the dead
+return on Hallowe'en.
+
+    "'Why do you wait at your door, woman,
+        Alone in the night?'
+     'I am waiting for one who will come, stranger,
+        To show him a light.
+      He will see me afar on the road,
+        And be glad at the sight.'
+
+    "'Have you no fear in your heart, woman,
+        To stand there alone?
+      There is comfort for you and kindly content
+        Beside the hearthstone.'
+      But she answered, 'No rest can I have
+        Till I welcome my own.'
+
+    "'Is it far he must travel to-night,
+        This man of your heart?'
+     'Strange lands that I know not, and pitiless seas
+        Have kept us apart,
+      And he travels this night to his home
+        Without guide, without chart.'
+
+    "'And has he companions to cheer him?'
+        'Aye, many,' she said.
+     'The candles are lighted, the hearthstones are swept,
+        The fires glow red.
+      We shall welcome them out of the night--
+        Our home-coming dead.'"
+
+                                      LETTS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[Illustration: THE WITCH OF THE WALNUT-TREE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+IN WALES
+
+
+In Wales the custom of fires persisted from the time of the Druid
+festival-days longer than in any other place. First sacrifices were
+burned in them; then instead of being burned to death, the
+creatures merely passed through the fire; and with the rise of
+Christianity fire was thought to be a protection against the evil
+power of the same gods.
+
+Pontypridd, in South Wales, was the Druid religious center of
+Wales. It is still marked by a stone circle and an altar on a hill.
+In after years it was believed that the stones were people changed
+to that form by the power of a witch.
+
+In North Wales the November Eve fire, which each family built in
+the most prominent place near the house, was called Coel Coeth.
+Into the dying fire each member of the family threw a white stone
+marked so that he could recognize it again. Circling about the fire
+hand-in-hand they said their prayers and went to bed. In the
+morning each searched for his stone, and if he could not find it,
+he believed that he would die within the next twelve months. This
+is still credited. There is now the custom also of watching the
+fires till the last spark dies, and instantly rushing down hill,
+"the devil (or the cutty black sow) take the hindmost." A
+Cardiganshire proverb says:
+
+    "A cutty[1] black sow
+     On every stile,
+     Spinning and carding
+     Every Allhallows' Eve."
+
+[1] Short-tailed.
+
+November Eve was called "Nos-Galan-Gaeof," the night of the winter
+Calends, that is, the night before the first day of winter. To the
+Welsh it was New Year's Eve.
+
+Welsh fairy tradition resembles that in the near-by countries.
+There is an old story of a man who lay down to sleep inside a
+fairy ring, a circle of greener grass where the fairies danced by
+night. The fairies carried him away and kept him seven years, and
+after he had been rescued from them he would neither eat nor speak.
+
+In the sea was the Otherworld, a
+
+    "Green fairy island reposing
+     In sunlight and beauty on ocean's calm breast."
+
+                            PARRY: _Welsh Melodies._
+
+This was the abode of the Druids, and hence of all supernatural
+beings, who were
+
+    "Something betwixt heaven and hell,
+     Something that neither stood nor fell."
+
+                     SCOTT: _The Monastery._
+
+As in other countries the fairies or pixies are to be met at
+crossroads, where happenings, such as funerals, may be witnessed
+weeks before they really occur.
+
+At the Hallow Eve supper parsnips and cakes are eaten, and nuts and
+apples roasted. A "puzzling jug" holds the ale. In the rim are
+three holes that seem merely ornamental. They are connected with
+the bottom of the jug by pipes through the handle, and the
+unwitting toper is well drenched unless he is clever enough to see
+that he must stop up two of the holes, and drink through the third.
+
+Spells are tried in Wales too with apples and nuts. There is
+ducking and snapping for apples. Nuts are thrown into the fire,
+denoting prosperity if they blaze brightly, misfortune if they pop,
+or smoulder and turn black.
+
+  "Old Pally threw on a nut. It flickered and then blazed up.
+  Maggee tossed one into the fire. It smouldered and gave no
+  light."
+
+                              MARKS: _All-Hallows Honeymoon._
+
+Fate is revealed by the three luggies and the ball of yarn thrown
+out of the window: Scotch and Irish charms. The leek takes the
+place of the cabbage in Scotland. Since King Cadwallo decorated his
+soldiers with leeks for their valor in a battle by a leek-garden,
+they have been held in high esteem in Wales. A girl sticks a knife
+among leeks at Hallowe'en, and walks backward out of the garden.
+She returns later to find that her future husband has picked up the
+knife and thrown it into the center of the leek-bed.
+
+Taking two long-stemmed roses, a girl goes to her room in silence.
+She twines the stems together, naming one for her sweetheart and
+the other for herself, and thinking this rhyme:
+
+    "Twine, twine, and intertwine.
+     Let his love be wholly mine.
+       If his heart be kind and true,
+       Deeper grow his rose's hue."
+
+She can see, by watching closely, her lover's rose grow darker.
+
+The sacred ash figures in one charm. The party of young people seek
+an even-leaved sprig of ash. The first who finds one calls out
+"cyniver." If a boy calls out first, the first girl who finds
+another perfect shoot bears the name of the boy's future wife.
+
+Dancing and singing to the music of the harp close the evening.
+
+Instead of leaving stones in the fire to determine who are to die,
+people now go to church to see by the light of a candle held in the
+hand the spirits of those marked for death, or to hear the names
+called. The wind "blowing over the feet of the corpses" howls about
+the doors of those who will not be alive next Hallowe'en.
+
+On the Eve of All Souls' Day, twenty-four hours after Hallowe'en,
+children in eastern Wales go from house to house singing for
+
+    "An apple or a pear, a plum or a cherry,
+     Or any good thing to make us merry."
+
+It is a time when charity is given freely to the poor. On this
+night and the next day, fires are burned, as in England, to light
+souls through Purgatory, and prayers are made for a good wheat
+harvest next year by the Welsh, who keep the forms of religion very
+devoutly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE
+
+
+The Celts had been taught by their priests that the soul is
+immortal. When the body died the spirit passed instantly into
+another existence in a country close at hand. We remember that the
+Otherworld of the British Isles, peopled by the banished Tuatha and
+all superhuman beings, was either in caves in the earth, as in
+Ireland, or in an island like the English Avalon. By giving a
+mortal one of their magic apples to eat, fairies could entice him
+whither they would, and at last away into their country.
+
+In the Irish story of Nera (q. v.), the corpse of the criminal is
+the cause of Nera's being lured into the cave. So the dead have the
+same power as fairies, and live in the same place. On May Eve and
+November Eve the dead and the fairies hold their revels together
+and make excursions together. If a young person died, he was said
+to be called away by the fairies. The Tuatha may not have been a
+race of gods, but merely the early Celts, who grew to godlike
+proportions as the years raised a mound of lore and legends for
+their pedestal. So they might really be only the dead, and not of
+superhuman nature.
+
+In the fourth century A. D., the men of England were hard pressed
+by the Picts and Scots from the northern border, and were helped in
+their need by the Teutons. When this tribe saw the fair country of
+the Britons they decided to hold it for themselves. After they had
+driven out the northern tribes, in the fifth century, when King
+Arthur was reigning in Cornwall, they drove out those whose cause
+they had fought. So the Britons were scattered to the mountains of
+Wales, to Cornwall, and across the Channel to Armorica, a part of
+France, which they named Brittany after their home-land. In lower
+Brittany, out of the zone of French influence, a language something
+like Welsh or old British is still spoken, and many of the Celtic
+beliefs were retained more untouched than in Britain, not clear of
+paganism till the seventeenth century. Here especially did
+Christianity have to adapt the old belief to her own ends.
+
+Gaul, as we have seen from C�sar's account, had been one of the
+chief seats of Druidical belief. The religious center was Carnutes,
+now Chartrain. The rites of sacrifice survived in the same forms as
+in the British Isles. In the fields of Deux-S�vres fires were built
+of stubble, ferns, leaves, and thorns, and the people danced about
+them and burned nuts in them. On St. John's Day animals were burned
+in the fires to secure the cattle from disease. This was continued
+down into the seventeenth century.
+
+The pagan belief that lasted the longest in Brittany, and is by no
+means dead yet, was the cult of the dead. C�sar said that the Celts
+of Gaul traced their ancestry from the god of death, whom he called
+Dispater. Now figures of l'Ankou, a skeleton armed with a spear,
+can be seen in most villages of Brittany. This mindfulness of
+death was strengthened by the sight of the prehistoric cairns of
+stones on hilltops, the ancient altars of the Druids, and dolmens,
+formed of one flat rock resting like a roof on two others set up on
+end with a space between them, ancient tombs; and by the Bretons
+being cut off from the rest of France by the nature of the country,
+and shut in among the uplands, black and misty in November, and
+blown over by chill Atlantic winds. Under a seeming dull
+indifference and melancholy the Bretons conceal a lively
+imagination, and no place has a greater wealth of legendary
+literature.
+
+What fairies, dwarfs, pixies, and the like are to the Celts of
+other places, the spirits of the dead are to the Celts of Brittany.
+They possess the earth on Christmas, St. John's Day, and All
+Saints'. In Finist�re, that western point of France, there is a
+saying that on the Eve of All Souls' "there are more dead in every
+house than sands on the shore." The dead have the power to charm
+mortals and take them away, and to foretell the future. They must
+not be spoken of directly, any more than the fairies of the
+Scottish border, or met with, for fear of evil results.
+
+By the Bretons of the sixth century the near-by island of Britain,
+which they could just see on clear days, was called the Otherworld.
+An historian, Procopius, tells how the people nearest Britain were
+exempted from paying tribute to the Franks, because they were
+subject to nightly summons to ferry the souls of the dead across in
+their boats, and deliver them into the hands of the keeper of
+souls. Farther inland a black bog seemed to be the entrance to an
+otherworld underground. One location which combined the ideas of an
+island and a cave was a city buried in the sea. The people imagined
+they could hear the bells of Ker-Is ringing, and joyous music
+sounding, for though this was a city of the dead, it resembled the
+fairy palaces of Ireland, and was ruled by King Grallon and his
+fair daughter Dahut, who could lure mortals away by her beauty and
+enchantments.
+
+The approach of winter is believed to drive like the flocks, the
+souls of the dead from their cold cheerless graves to the food and
+warmth of home. This is why November Eve, the night before the
+first day of winter, was made sacred to them.
+
+    "When comes the harvest of the year
+     Before the scythe the wheat will fall."
+
+                BOTREL: _Songs of Brittany._
+
+The harvest-time reminded the Bretons of the garnering by that
+reaper, Death. On November Eve milk is poured on graves, feasts and
+candles set out on the tables, and fires lighted on the hearths to
+welcome the spirits of departed kinsfolk and friends.
+
+In France from the twelfth to the fourteenth century stone
+buildings like lighthouses were erected in cemeteries. They were
+twenty or thirty feet high, with lanterns on top. On Hallowe'en
+they were kept burning to safeguard the people from the fear of
+night-wandering spirits and the dead, so they were called
+"lanternes des morts."
+
+The cemetery is the social center of the Breton village. It is at
+once meeting-place, playground, park, and church. The tombs that
+outline the hills make the place seem one vast cemetery. On All
+Souls' Eve in the mid-nineteenth century the "procession of tombs"
+was held. All formed a line and walked about the cemetery, calling
+the names of those who were dead, as they approached their
+resting-places. The record was carefully remembered, so that not
+one should seem to be forgotten.
+
+"We live with our dead," say the Bretons. First on the Eve of All
+Souls' comes the religious service, "black vespers." The
+blessedness of death is praised, the sorrows and shortness of life
+dwelt upon. After a common prayer all go out to the cemetery to
+pray separately, each by the graves of his kin, or to the "place of
+bones," where the remains of those long dead are thrown all
+together in one tomb. They can be seen behind gratings, by the
+people as they pass, and rows of skulls at the sides of the
+entrance can be touched. In these tombs are Latin inscriptions
+meaning: "Remember thou must die," "To-day to me, and to-morrow to
+thee," and others reminding the reader of his coming death.
+
+From the cemetery the people go to a house or an inn which is the
+gathering-place for the night, singing or talking loudly on the
+road to warn the dead who are hastening home, lest they may meet.
+Reunions of families take place on this night, in the spirit of the
+Roman feast of the dead, the Feralia, of which Ovid wrote:
+
+  "After the visit to the tombs and to the ancestors who are no
+  longer with us, it is pleasant to turn towards the living; after
+  the loss of so many, it is pleasant to behold those who remain of
+  our blood, and to reckon up the generations of our descendants."
+
+                                                           _Fasti._
+
+A toast is drunk to the memory of the departed. The men sit about
+the fireplace smoking or weaving baskets; the women apart, knitting
+or spinning by the light of the fire and one candle. The children
+play with their gifts of apples and nuts. As the hour grows later,
+and mysterious noises begin to be heard about the house, and a
+curtain sways in a draught, the thoughts of the company already
+centred upon the dead find expression in words, and each has a tale
+to tell of an adventure with some friend or enemy who has died.
+
+The dead are thought to take up existence where they left it off,
+working at the same trades, remembering their old debts, likes and
+dislikes, even wearing the same clothes they wore in life. Most of
+them stay not in some distant, definite Otherworld, but frequent
+the scenes of their former life. They never trespass upon daylight,
+and it is dangerous to meet them at night, because they are very
+ready to punish any slight to their memory, such as selling their
+possessions or forgetting the hospitality due them. L'Ankou will
+come to get a supply of shavings if the coffins are not lined with
+them to make a softer resting-place for the dead bodies.
+
+The lively Celtic imagination turns the merest coincidence into an
+encounter with a spirit, and the poetic temperament of the
+narrators clothes the stories with vividness and mystery. They tell
+how the presence of a ghost made the midsummer air so cold that
+even wood did not burn, and of groans and footsteps underground as
+long as the ghost is displeased with what his relatives are doing.
+
+Just before midnight a bell-man goes about the streets to give
+warning of the hour when the spirits will arrive.
+
+  "They will sit where we sat, and will talk of us as we talked of
+  them: in the gray of the morning only will they go away."
+
+                                     LE BRAZ: _Night of the Dead._
+
+The supper for the souls is then set out. The poor who live in the
+mountains have only black corn, milk, and smoked bacon to offer,
+but it is given freely. Those who can afford it spread on a white
+cloth dishes of clotted milk, hot pancakes, and mugs of cider.
+
+After all have retired to lie with both eyes shut tight lest they
+see one of the guests, death-singers make their rounds, chanting
+under the windows:
+
+    "You are comfortably lying in your bed,
+     But with the poor dead it is otherwise;
+     You are stretched softly in your bed
+     While the poor souls are wandering abroad.
+
+    "A white sheet and five planks,
+     A bundle of straw beneath the head,
+     Five feet of earth above
+     Are all the worldly goods we own."
+
+                  LE BRAZ: _Night of the Dead._
+
+The tears of their deserted friends disturb the comfort of the
+dead, and sometimes they appear to tell those in sorrow that their
+shrouds are always wet from the tears shed on their graves.
+
+Wakened by the dirge of the death-singers the people rise and pray
+for the souls of the departed.
+
+Divination has little part in the annals of the evening, but one in
+Finist�re is recorded. Twenty-five new needles are laid in a dish,
+and named, and water is poured upon them. Those who cross are
+enemies.
+
+In France is held a typical Continental celebration of All Saints'
+and All Souls'. On October 31st the children go asking for flowers
+to decorate the graves, and to adorn the church. At night bells
+ring to usher in All Saints'. On the day itself the churches are
+decorated gaily with flowers, candles, and banners, and a special
+service is held. On the second day of November the light and color
+give way to black drapings, funeral songs, and prayers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES
+
+
+The Teutons, that race of northern peoples called by the Romans,
+"barbarians," comprised the Goths and Vandals who lived in
+Scandinavia, and the Germans who dwelt north of Italy and east of
+Gaul.
+
+The nature of the northern country was such that the people could
+not get a living by peaceful agriculture. So it was natural that in
+the intervals of cattle-tending they should explore the seas all
+about, and ravage neighboring lands. The Romans and the Gauls
+experienced this in the centuries just before and after Christ, and
+England from the eighth to the tenth centuries. Such a life made
+the Norsemen adventurous, hardy, warlike, independent, and quick of
+action, while the Celts were by nature more slothful and fond of
+peaceful social gatherings, though of quicker intellect and wit.
+
+Like the Greeks and Romans, the Teutons had twelve gods and
+goddesses, among whom were Odin or Wotan, the king, and his wife
+Freya, queen of beauty and love. Idun guarded the apples of
+immortality, which the gods ate to keep them eternally young. The
+chief difference in Teutonic mythology was the presence of an evil
+god, Loki. Like Vulcan, Loki was a god of fire, like him, Loki was
+lame because he had been cast out of heaven. Loki was always
+plotting against the other gods, as Lucifer, after being banished
+from Heaven by God, plotted against him and his people, and became
+Satan, "the enemy."
+
+      "Him the Almighty Power
+    Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky
+    With hideous ruin and combustion down
+    To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
+    In adamantine chains and penal fire,
+    Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."
+
+                         MILTON: _Paradise Lost._
+
+It was this god of evil in Teutonic myth who was responsible for
+the death of the bright beautiful sun-god, Baldur. Mistletoe was
+the only thing in the world which had not sworn not to harm Baldur.
+Loki knew this, and gave a twig of mistletoe to Baldur's blind
+brother, Hodur, and Hodur cast it at Baldur and "unwitting slew"
+him. Vali, a younger brother of Baldur, avenged him by killing
+Hodur. Hodur is darkness and Baldur light; they are brothers; the
+light falls a victim to blind darkness, who reigns until a younger
+brother, the sun of the next day, rises to slay him in turn.
+
+Below these gods, all nature was peopled with divinities. There
+were elves of two kinds: black elves, called trolls, who were
+frost-spirits, and guarded treasure (seeds) in the ground; and
+white elves, who lived in mid-heaven, and danced on the earth in
+fairy rings, where a mortal entering died. Will-o'-the-wisps
+hovered over swamps to mislead travellers, and jack-o'-lanterns,
+the spirits of murderers, walked the earth near the places of their
+crimes.
+
+The Otherworlds of the Teutons were Valhalla, the abode of the
+heroes whom death had found on the battlefield, and Niflheim, "the
+misty realm," secure from the cold outside, ruled over by Queen
+Hel. Valkyries, warlike women who rode through the air on swift
+horses, seized the heroes from the field of slaughter, and took
+them to the halls of Valhalla, where they enjoyed daily combats,
+long feasts, and drinking-bouts, music and story-telling.
+
+The sacred tree of the Druids was the oak; that of the Teutonic
+priests the ash. The flat disk of the earth was believed to be
+supported by a great ash-tree, Yggdrasil,
+
+    "An ash know I standing,
+     Named Yggdrasil,
+     A stately tree sprinkled
+     With water the purest;
+     Thence come the dewdrops
+     That fall in the dales;
+     Ever-blooming, it stands
+     O'er the Urdar-fountain."
+
+       _V�luspa saga._ (Blackwell _trans._)
+
+guarded by three fates, Was, Will, and Shall Be. The name of Was
+means the past, of Will, the power, howbeit small, which men have
+over present circumstances, and Shall Be, the future over which man
+has no control. Vurdh, the name of the latter, gives us the word
+"weird," which means fate or fateful. The three Weird Sisters in
+_Macbeth_ are seeresses.
+
+Besides the ash, other trees and shrubs were believed to have
+peculiar powers, which they have kept, with some changes of
+meaning, to this day. The elder (elves' grave), the hawthorn, and
+the juniper, were sacred to supernatural powers.
+
+The priests of the Teutons sacrificed prisoners of war in
+consecrated groves, to Tyr, god of the sword. The victims were not
+burned alive, as by the Druids, but cut and torn terribly, and
+their dead bodies burned. From these sacrifices auspices were
+taken. A man's innocence or guilt was manifested by gods to men
+through ordeals by fire; walking upon red-hot ploughshares, holding
+a heated bar of iron, or thrusting the hands into red-hot
+gauntlets, or into boiling water. If after a certain number of
+days no burns appeared the person was declared innocent. If a
+suspected man, thrown into the water, floated he was guilty; if he
+sank, he was acquitted.
+
+The rites of the Celts were done in secret, and it was forbidden
+that they be written down. Those of the Teutons were commemorated
+in Edda and Saga (poetry and prose).
+
+In the far north the shortness of summer and the length of winter
+so impressed the people that when they made a story about it they
+told of a maiden, the Spring, put to sleep, and guarded, along with
+a hoard of treasure, by a ring of fire. One knight only could break
+through the flames, awaken her and seize the treasure. He is the
+returning sun, and the treasure he gets possession of is the wealth
+of summer vegetation. So there is the story of Brynhild, pricked by
+the "sleep-thorn" of her father, Wotan, and sleeping until Sigurd
+wakens her. They marry, but soon Sigurd has to give her up to
+Gunnar, the relentless winter, and Gunnar cannot rest until he has
+killed Sigurd, and reigns undisturbed. Grimms' story of Rapunzel,
+the princess who was shut up by a winter witch, and of Briar-Rose,
+pricked by a witch's spindle, and sleeping inside a hedge which
+blooms with spring at the knight's approach, mean likewise the
+struggle between summer and winter.
+
+The chief festivals of the Teutonic year were held at Midsummer and
+Midwinter. May-Day, the very beginning of spring, was celebrated by
+May-ridings, when winter and spring, personified by two warriors,
+engaged in a combat in which Winter, the fur-clad king of ice and
+snow, was defeated. It was then that the sacred fire had been
+kindled, and the sacrificial feast held. Judgments were rendered
+then.
+
+The summer solstice was marked by bonfires, like those of the Celts
+on May Eve and Midsummer. They were kindled in an open place or on
+a hill, and the ceremonies held about them were similar to the
+Celtic. As late as the eighteenth century these same customs were
+observed in Iceland.
+
+A May-pole wreathed with magical herbs is erected as the center of
+the dance in Sweden, and in Norway a child chosen May-bride is
+followed by a procession as at a real wedding. This is a symbol of
+the wedding of sun and earth deities in the spring. The May-pole,
+probably imported from Celtic countries, is used at Midsummer
+because the spring does not begin in the north before June.
+
+Yule-tide in December celebrated the sun's turning back, and was
+marked by banquets and gayety. A chief feature of all these feasts
+was the drinking of toasts to the gods, with vows and prayers.
+
+By the sixth century Christianity had supplanted Druidism in the
+British Isles. It was the ninth before Christianity made much
+progress in Scandinavia. After King Olaf had converted his nation,
+the toasts which had been drunk to the pagan gods were kept in
+honor of Christian saints; for instance, those to Freya were now
+drunk to the Virgin Mary or to St. Gertrude.
+
+The "wetting of the sark-sleeve," that custom of Scotland and
+Ireland, was in its earliest form a rite to Freya as the northern
+goddess of love. To secure her aid in a love-affair, a maid would
+wash in a running stream a piece of fine linen--for Freya was fond
+of personal adornment--and would hang it before the fire to dry an
+hour before midnight. At half-past eleven she must turn it, and at
+twelve her lover's apparition would appear to her, coming in at the
+half-open door.
+
+  "The wind howled through the leafless boughs, and there was every
+  appearance of an early and severe winter, as indeed befell. Long
+  before eleven o'clock all was hushed and quiet within the house,
+  and indeed without (nothing was heard), except the cold wind
+  which howled mournfully in gusts. The house was an old farmhouse,
+  and we sat in the large kitchen with its stone floor, awaiting
+  the first stroke of the eleventh hour. It struck at last, and
+  then all pale and trembling we hung the garment before the fire
+  which we had piled up with wood, and set the door ajar, for that
+  was an essential point. The door was lofty and opened upon the
+  farmyard, through which there was a kind of thoroughfare, very
+  seldom used, it is true, and at each end of it there was a gate
+  by which wayfarers occasionally passed to shorten the way. There
+  we sat without speaking a word, shivering with cold and fear,
+  listening to the clock which went slowly, tick, tick, and
+  occasionally starting as the door creaked on its hinges, or a
+  half-burnt billet fell upon the hearth. My sister was ghastly
+  white, as white as the garment which was drying before the fire.
+  And now half an hour had elapsed and it was time to turn.... This
+  we did, I and my sister, without saying a word, and then we again
+  sank on our chairs on either side of the fire. I was tired, and
+  as the clock went tick-a-tick, I began to feel myself dozing. I
+  did doze, I believe. All of a sudden I sprang up. The clock was
+  striking one, two, but ere it could give the third chime, mercy
+  upon us! we heard the gate slam to with a tremendous noise...."
+
+  "Well, and what happened then?"
+
+  "Happened! before I could recover myself, my sister had sprung to
+  the door, and both locked and bolted it. The next moment she was
+  in convulsions. I scarcely knew what happened; and yet it
+  appeared to me for a moment that something pressed against the
+  door with a low moaning sound. Whether it was the wind or not, I
+  can't say. I shall never forget that night. About two hours
+  later, my father came home. He had been set upon by a highwayman
+  whom he beat off."
+
+                                                BORROW: _Lavengro._
+
+Freya and Odin especially had had power over the souls of the dead.
+When Christianity turned all the old gods into spirits of evil,
+these two were accused especially of possessing unlawful learning,
+as having knowledge of the hidden matters of death. This unlawful
+wisdom is the first accusation that has always been brought against
+witches. A mirror is often used to contain it. Such are the
+crystals of the astrologers, and the looking-glasses which on
+Hallowe'en materialize wishes.
+
+From that time in the Middle Ages when witches were first heard of,
+it has nearly always been women who were accused. Women for the
+most part were the priests in the old days: it was a woman to whom
+Apollo at Delphi breathed his oracles. In all times it has been
+women who plucked herbs and concocted drinks of healing and
+refreshment. So it was very easy to imagine that they experimented
+with poisons and herbs of magic power under the guidance of the now
+evil gods. If they were so directed, they must go on occasions to
+consult with their masters. The idea arose of a witches' Sabbath,
+when women were enabled by evil means to fly away, and adore in
+secret the gods from whom the rest of the world had turned. There
+were such meeting-places all over Europe. They had been places of
+sacrifice, of judgment, or of wells and springs considered holy
+under the old religion, and whither the gods had now been banished.
+The most famous was the Blocksberg in the Hartz mountains in
+Germany.
+
+    "Dame Baubo first, to lead the crew!
+     A tough old sow and the mother thereon,
+     Then follow the witches, every one."
+
+          GOETHE: _Faust._ (Taylor _trans._)
+
+In Norway the mountains above Bergen were a resort, and the
+Dovrefeld, once the home of the trolls.
+
+                "It's easy to slip in here,
+    But outward the Dovre-King's gate opens not."
+
+            IBSEN: _Peer Gynt._ (Archer _trans._)
+
+In Italy the witches met under a walnut tree near Benevento; in
+France, in Puy de Dome; in Spain, near Seville.
+
+In these night-ridings Odin was the leader of a wild hunt. In
+stormy, blustering autumn weather
+
+    "The wonted roar was up among the woods."
+
+                             MILTON: _Comus._
+
+Odin rode in pursuit of shadowy deer with the Furious Host behind
+him. A ghostly huntsman of a later age was Dietrich von Bern,
+doomed to hunt till the Judgment Day.
+
+Frau Venus in Wagner's _Tannh�user_ held her revels in an
+underground palace in the Horselberg in Thuringia, Germany. This
+was one of the seats of Holda, the goddess of spring. Venus herself
+is like the Christian conception of Freya and Hel. She gathers
+about her a throng of nymphs, sylphs, and those she has lured into
+the mountain by intoxicating music and promises. "The enchanting
+sounds enticed only those in whose hearts wild sensuous longings
+had already taken root." Of these Tannh�user is one. He has stayed
+a year, but it seems to him only one day. Already he is tired of
+the rosy light and eternal music and languor, and longs for the
+fresh green world of action he once knew. He fears that he has
+forfeited his soul's salvation by being there at all, but cries,
+
+    "Salvation rests for me in Mary!"
+
+                WAGNER: _Tannh�user._
+
+At the holy name Venus and her revellers vanish, and Tannh�user
+finds himself in a meadow, hears the tinkling herd-bells, and a
+shepherd's voice singing,
+
+    "Frau Holda, goddess of the spring,
+       Steps forth from the mountains old;
+     She comes, and all the brooklets sing,
+       And fled is winter's cold.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Play, play, my pipe, your lightest lay,
+     For spring has come, and merry May!"
+
+             _Tannh�user._ (Huckel _trans._)
+
+praising the goddess in her blameless state.
+
+By the fifteenth century Satan, taking the place of the gods,
+assumed control of the evil creatures. Now that witches were the
+followers of the Devil, they wrote their names in his book, and
+were carried away by him for the revels by night. A new witch was
+pricked with a needle to initiate her into his company. At the
+party the Devil was adored with worship due to God alone. Dancing,
+a device of the pagans, and hence considered wholly wicked, was
+indulged in to unseemly lengths. In 1883 in Sweden it was believed
+that dances were held about the sanctuaries of the ancient gods,
+and that whoever stopped to watch were caught by the dancers and
+whirled away. If they profaned holy days by this dancing, they were
+doomed to keep it up for a year.
+
+At the witches' Sabbath the Devil himself sometimes appeared as a
+goat, and the witches were attended by cats, owls, bats, and
+cuckoos, because these creatures had once been sacred to Freya. At
+the feast horse-flesh, once the food of the gods at banquets, was
+eaten. The broth for the feast was brewed in a kettle held over the
+fire by a tripod, like that which supported the seat of Apollo's
+priestess at Delphi. The kettle may be a reminder of the one Thor
+got, which gave to each guest whatever food he asked of it, or it
+may be merely that used in brewing the herb-remedies which women
+made before they were thought to practise witchcraft. In the kettle
+were cooked mixtures which caused storms and shipwrecks, plagues,
+and blights. No salt was eaten, for that was a wholesome substance.
+
+The witches of Germany did not have prophetic power; those of
+Scandinavia, like the Norse Fates, did have it. The troll-wives of
+Scandinavia were like the witches of Germany--they were cannibals,
+especially relishing children, like the witch in _Hansel and
+Grethel_.
+
+From the fourteenth to the eighteenth century all through Europe
+and the new world people thought to be witches, and hence in the
+devil's service, were persecuted. It was believed that they were
+able to take the form of beasts. A wolf or other animal is caught
+in a trap or shot, and disappears. Later an old woman who lives
+alone in the woods is found suffering from a similar wound. She is
+then declared to be a witch.
+
+  "There was once an old castle in the middle of a vast thick wood;
+  in it lived an old woman quite alone, and she was a witch. By day
+  she made herself into a cat or a screech-owl, but regularly at
+  night she became a human being again."
+
+                                   GRIMM: _Jorinda and Joringel._
+
+"Hares found on May morning are witches and should be stoned,"
+reads an old superstition. "If you tease a cat on May Eve, it will
+turn into a witch and hurt you."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WALPURGIS NIGHT
+
+
+Walpurga was a British nun who went to Germany in the eighth
+century to found holy houses. After a pious life she was buried at
+Eichstatt, where it is said a healing oil trickled from her
+rock-tomb. This miracle reminded men of the fruitful dew which fell
+from the manes of the Valkyries' horses, and when one of the days
+sacred to her came on May first, the wedding-day of Frau Holda and
+the sun-god, the people thought of her as a Valkyrie, and
+identified her with Holda. As, like a Valkyrie, she rode armed on
+her steed, she scattered, like Holda, spring flowers and fruitful
+dew upon the fields and vales. When these deities fell into
+disrepute, Walpurga too joined the pagan train that swept the sky
+on the eve of May first, and afterwards on mountain-tops to
+sacrifice and to adore Holda, as the priests had sacrificed for a
+prosperous season and a bountiful harvest.
+
+So this night was called Walpurgis Night, when evil beings were
+abroad, and with them human worshippers who still guarded the old
+faith in secret.
+
+This is very like the occasion of November Eve, which shared with
+May first Celtic manifestations of evil. Witches complete the list
+of supernatural beings which are out on Hallowe'en. All are to be
+met at crossroads, with harm to the beholders. A superstition goes,
+that if one wishes to see witches, he must put on his clothes wrong
+side out, and creep backward to a crossroads, or wear wild radish,
+on May Eve.
+
+On Walpurgis Night precaution must be taken against witches who may
+harm cattle. The stable doors are locked and sealed with three
+crosses. Sprigs of ash, hawthorn, juniper, and elder, once sacred
+to the pagan gods, are now used as a protection against them.
+Horseshoes are nailed prongs up on the threshold or over the door.
+Holy bells are hung on the cows to scare away the witches, and they
+are guided to pasture by a goad which has been blessed. Shots are
+fired over the cornfield. If one wishes, he may hide in the corn
+and hear what will happen for a year.
+
+Signs and omens on Walpurgis Night have more weight than at other
+times except on St. John's Day.
+
+    "On Walpurgis Night rain
+     Makes good crops of autumn grain,"
+
+but rain on May Day is harmful to them.
+
+[Illustration: THE WITCHES' DANCE (VALPURGISNACHT.)
+
+_From Painting by Von Kreling._]
+
+Lovers try omens on this eve, as they do in Scotland on Hallowe'en.
+If you sleep with one stocking on, you will find on May morning in
+the toe a hair the color of your sweetheart's. Girls try to find
+out the temperament of their husbands-to-be by keeping a linen
+thread for three days near an image of the Madonna, and at midnight
+on May Eve pulling it apart, saying:
+
+    "Thread, I pull thee;
+     Walpurga, I pray thee,
+     That thou show to me
+     What my husband's like to be."
+
+They judge of his disposition by the thread's being strong or
+easily broken, soft or tightly woven.
+
+Dew on the morning of May first makes girls who wash in it
+beautiful.
+
+    "The fair maid who on the first of May
+     Goes to the fields at break of day
+       And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree
+       Will ever after handsome be."
+
+               _Encyclopedia of Superstitions._
+
+A heavy dew on this morning presages a good "butter-year." You will
+find fateful initials printed in dew on a handkerchief that has
+been left out all the night of April thirtieth. On May Day girls
+invoke the cuckoo:
+
+    "Cuckoo! cuckoo! on the bough,
+     Tell me truly, tell me how
+     Many years there will be
+     Till a husband comes to me."
+
+Then they count the calls of the cuckoo until he pauses again.
+
+If a man wears clothes made of yarn spun on Walpurgis Night to the
+May-shooting, he will always hit the bull's-eye, for the Devil
+gives away to those he favors, "freikugeln," bullets which always
+hit the mark.
+
+On Walpurgis Night as on Hallowe'en strange things may happen to
+one. Zschokke tells a story of a Walpurgis Night dream that is more
+a vision than a dream. Led to be unfaithful to his wife, a man
+murders the husband of a former sweetheart; to escape capture he
+fires a haystack, from which a whole village is kindled. In his
+flight he enters an empty carriage, and drives away madly, crushing
+the owner under the wheels. He finds that the dead man is his own
+brother. Faced by the person whom he believes to be the Devil,
+responsible for his misfortunes, the wretched man is ready to
+worship him if he will protect him. He finds that the seeming Devil
+is in reality his guardian-angel who sent him this dream that he
+might learn the depths of wickedness lying unfathomed in his
+heart, waiting an opportunity to burst out.
+
+Both May Eve and St. John's Eve are times of freedom and
+unrestraint. People are filled with a sort of madness which makes
+them unaccountable for their deeds.
+
+  "For you see, pastor, within every one of us a spark of paganism
+  is glowing. It has outlasted the thousand years since the old
+  Teutonic times. Once a year it flames up high, and we call it St.
+  John's Fire. Once a year comes Free-night. Yes, truly,
+  Free-night. Then the witches, laughing scornfully, ride to
+  Blocksberg, upon the mountain-top, on their broomsticks, the same
+  broomsticks with which at other times their witchcraft is whipped
+  out of them,--then the whole wild company skims along the forest
+  way,--and then the wild desires awaken in our hearts which life
+  has not fulfilled."
+
+                    SUDERMANN: _St. John's Fire._ (Porter _trans._)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
+
+
+Only the Celts and the Teutons celebrate an occasion actually like
+our Hallowe'en. The countries of southern Europe make of it a
+religious vigil, like that already described in France.
+
+In Italy on the night of All Souls', the spirits of the dead are
+thought to be abroad, as in Brittany. They may mingle with living
+people, and not be remarked. The _Miserere_ is heard in all the
+cities. As the people pass dressed in black, bells are rung on
+street corners to remind them to pray for the souls of the dead. In
+Naples the skeletons in the funeral vaults are dressed up, and the
+place visited on All Souls' Day. In Salerno before the people go to
+the all-night service at church they set out a banquet for the
+dead. If any food is left in the morning, evil is in store for the
+house.
+
+    "Hark! Hark to the wind! 'T is the night, they say,
+     When all souls come back from the far away--
+     The dead, forgotten this many a day!
+
+    "And the dead remembered--ay! long and well--
+     And the little children whose spirits dwell
+     In God's green garden of asphodel.
+
+    "Have you reached the country of all content,
+     O souls we know, since the day you went
+     From this time-worn world, where your years were spent?
+
+    "Would you come back to the sun and the rain,
+     The sweetness, the strife, the thing we call pain,
+     And then unravel life's tangle again?
+
+    "I lean to the dark--Hush!--was it a sigh?
+     Or the painted vine-leaves that rustled by?
+     Or only a night-bird's echoing cry?"
+
+                                      SHEARD: _Hallowe'en._
+
+In Malta bells are rung, prayers said, and mourning worn on All
+Souls' Day. Graves are decorated, and the inscriptions on tombs
+read and reread. For the poor is prepared an All Souls' dinner, as
+cakes are given to the poor in England and Wales. The custom of
+decorating graves with flowers and offering flowers to the dead
+comes from the crowning of the dead by the ancients with
+short-lived blooms, to signify the brevity of life.
+
+In Spain at dark on Hallowe'en cakes and nuts are laid on graves to
+bribe the spirits not to disturb the vigils of the saints.
+
+In Germany the graves of the dead are decorated with flowers and
+lights, on the first and second of November. To drive away ghosts
+from a church a key or a wand must be struck three times against a
+bier. An All Souls' divination in Germany is a girl's going out and
+asking the first young man she meets his name. Her husband's will
+be like it. If she walks thrice about a church and makes a wish,
+she will see it fulfilled.
+
+Belgian children build shrines in front of their homes with
+figures of the Madonna and candles, and beg for money to buy cakes.
+As many cakes as one eats, so many souls he frees from Purgatory.
+
+The races of northern Europe believed that the dead returned, and
+were grieved at the lamentations of their living relatives. The
+same belief was found in Brittany, and among the American Indians.
+
+    "Think of this, O Hiawatha!
+     Speak of it to all the people,
+     That henceforward and forever
+     They no more with lamentations
+     Sadden souls of the departed
+     In the Islands of the Bless�d."
+
+             LONGFELLOW: _Hiawatha._
+
+The Chinese fear the dead and the dragons of the air. They devote
+the first three weeks in April to visiting the graves of their
+ancestors, and laying baskets of offerings on them. The great
+dragon, Feng-Shin, flies scattering blessings upon the houses. His
+path is straight, unless he meets with some building. Then he turns
+aside, and the owner of the too lofty edifice misses the blessing.
+
+At Nikko, Japan, where there are many shrines to the spirits of the
+dead, masques are held to entertain the ghosts who return on
+Midsummer Day. Every street is lined with lighted lanterns, and the
+spirits are sent back to the otherworld in straw boats lit with
+lanterns, and floated down the river. To see ghosts in Japan one
+must put one hundred rush-lights into a large lantern, and repeat
+one hundred lines of poetry, taking one light out at the end of
+each line; or go out into the dark with one light and blow it out.
+Ghosts are identified with witches. They come back especially on
+moonlit nights.
+
+  "On moonlight nights, when the coast-wind whispers in the
+  branches of the tree, O-Matsue and Teoyo may sometimes be seen,
+  with bamboo rakes in their hands, gathering together the needles
+  of the fir."
+
+                             RINDER: _Great Fir-Tree of Takasago._
+
+There is a Chinese saying that a mirror is the soul of a woman. A
+pretty story is told of a girl whose mother before she died gave
+her a mirror, saying:
+
+"Now after I am dead, if you think longingly of me, take out the
+thing that you will find inside this box, and look at it. When you
+do so my spirit will meet yours, and you will be comforted." When
+she was lonely or her stepmother was harsh with her, the girl went
+to her room and looked earnestly into the mirror. She saw there
+only her own face, but it was so much like her mother's that she
+believed it was hers indeed, and was consoled. When the stepmother
+learned what it was her daughter cherished so closely, her heart
+softened toward the lonely girl, and her life was made easier.
+
+By the Arabs spirits were called Djinns (or genii). They came from
+fire, and looked like men or beasts. They might be good or evil,
+beautiful or horrible, and could disappear from mortal sight at
+will. Nights when they were abroad, it behooved men to stay under
+cover.
+
+    "Ha! They are on us, close without!
+       Shut tight the shelter where we lie;
+     With hideous din the monster rout,
+       Dragon and vampire, fill the sky."
+
+                        HUGO: _The Djinns._
+
+[Illustration: FORTUNE-TELLING.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA
+
+
+In Colonial days Hallowe'en was not celebrated much in America.
+Some English still kept the customs of the old world, such as
+apple-ducking and snapping, and girls tried the apple-paring charm
+to reveal their lovers' initials, and the comb-and-mirror test to
+see their faces. Ballads were sung and ghost-stories told, for the
+dead were thought to return on Hallowe'en.
+
+  "There was a young officer in Phips's company at the time of the
+  finding of the Spanish treasure-ship, who had gone mad at the
+  sight of the bursting sacks that the divers had brought up from
+  the sea, as the gold coins covered the deck. This man had once
+  lived in the old stone house on the 'faire greene lane,' and a
+  report had gone out that his spirit still visited it, and caused
+  discordant noises. Once ... on a gusty November evening, when the
+  clouds were scudding over the moon, a hall-door had blown open
+  with a shrieking draft and a force that caused the floor to
+  tremble."
+
+                             BUTTERWORTH: _Hallowe'en Reformation._
+
+Elves, goblins, and fairies are native on American soil. The
+Indians believed in evil _manitous_, some of whom were water-gods
+who exacted tribute from all who passed over their lakes. Henry
+Hudson and his fellow-explorers haunted as mountain-trolls the
+Catskill range. Like Ossian and so many other visitors to the
+Otherworld, Rip Van Winkle is lured into the strange gathering,
+thinks that he passes the night there, wakes, and goes home to find
+that twenty years have whitened his hair, rusted his gun, and
+snatched from life many of his boon-companions.
+
+  "My gun must have cotched the rheumatix too. Now that's too bad.
+  Them fellows have gone and stolen my good gun, and leave me this
+  rusty old barrel.
+
+  "Why, is that the village of Falling Waters that I see? Why, the
+  place is more than twice the size it was last night--I----
+
+  "I don't know whether I am dreaming, or sleeping, or waking."
+
+                                      JEFFERSON: _Rip Van Winkle._
+
+The persecution of witches, prevalent in Europe, reached this side
+of the Atlantic in the seventeenth century.
+
+    "This sudden burst of wickedness and crime
+     Was but the common madness of the time,
+     When in all lands, that lie within the sound
+     Of Sabbath bells, a witch was burned or drowned."
+
+         LONGFELLOW: _Giles Corey of the Salem Farms._
+
+Men and women who had enemies to accuse them of evil knowledge and
+the power to cause illness in others, were hanged or pressed to
+death by heavy weights. Such sicknesses they could cause by keeping
+a waxen image, and sticking pins or nails into it, or melting it
+before the fire. The person whom they hated would be in torture, or
+would waste away like the waxen doll. Witches' power to injure and
+to prophesy came from the Devil, who marked them with a
+needle-prick. Such marks were sought as evidence at trials.
+
+"Witches' eyes are coals of fire from the pit." They were attended
+by black cats, owls, bats, and toads.
+
+Iron, as being a product of fire, was a protection against them, as
+against evil spirits everywhere. It had especial power when in the
+shape of a horseshoe.
+
+    "This horseshoe will I nail upon the threshold.
+     There, ye night-hags and witches that torment
+     The neighborhood, ye shall not enter here."
+
+       LONGFELLOW: _Giles Corey of the Salem Farms._
+
+The holiday-time of elves, witches, and ghosts is Hallowe'en. It is
+not believed in here except by some children, who people the dark
+with bogies who will carry them away if they are naughty.
+
+    "Onc't they was a little boy wouldn't say his prayers--
+     An' when he went to bed at night, away upstairs,
+     His mammy heerd him holler, an' his daddy heerd him bawl,
+     An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wasn't there at all!
+
+     An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an'
+        press,
+     An' seeked him up the chimbley-flue, an' ever'wheres, I guess;
+     But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout!
+     An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you, ef you don't watch out!"
+
+                                     RILEY: _Little Orphant Annie._
+
+Negroes are very superstitious, putting faith in all sorts of
+supernatural beings.
+
+    "Blame my trap! how de wind do blow;
+     And dis is das de night for de witches, sho!
+     Dey's trouble going to waste when de ole slut whine,
+     An' you hear de cat a-spittin' when de moon don't shine."
+
+                               RILEY: _When de Folks is Gone._
+
+While the original customs of Hallowe'en are being forgotten more
+and more across the ocean, Americans have fostered them, and are
+making this an occasion something like what it must have been in
+its best days overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States
+are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries.
+All superstitions, everyday ones, and those pertaining to Christmas
+and New Year's, have special value on Hallowe'en.
+
+It is a night of ghostly and merry revelry. Mischievous spirits
+choose it for carrying off gates and other objects, and hiding them
+or putting them out of reach.
+
+  "Dear me, Polly, I wonder what them boys will be up to to-night.
+  I do hope they'll not put the gate up on the shed as they did
+  last year."
+
+                                  WRIGHT: _Tom's Hallowe'en Joke._
+
+Bags filled with flour sprinkle the passers-by. Door-bells are rung
+and mysterious raps sounded on doors, things thrown into halls, and
+knobs stolen. Such sports mean no more at Hallowe'en than the
+tricks played the night before the Fourth of July have to do with
+the Declaration of Independence. We see manifested on all such
+occasions the spirit of "Free-night" of which George von Hartwig
+speaks so enthusiastically in _St. John's Fire_ (page 141).
+
+Hallowe'en parties are the real survival of the ancient merrymakings.
+They are prepared for in secret. Guests are not to divulge the fact
+that they are invited. Often they come masked, as ghosts or witches.
+
+The decorations make plain the two elements of the festival.
+For the centerpiece of the table there may be a hollowed pumpkin,
+filled with apples and nuts and other fruits of harvest, or
+a pumpkin-chariot drawn by field-mice. So it is clear that this
+is a harvest-party, like Pomona's feast. In the coach rides a
+witch, representing the other element, of magic and prophecy.
+Jack-o'-lanterns, with which the room is lighted, are hollowed
+pumpkins with candles inside. The candle-light shines through holes
+cut like features. So the lantern becomes a bogy, and is held up at
+a window to frighten those inside. Corn-stalks from the garden
+stand in clumps about the room. A frieze of witches on broomsticks,
+with cats, bats, and owls surmounts the fireplace, perhaps. A full
+moon shines over all, and a caldron on a tripod holds fortunes
+tied in nut-shells. The prevailing colors are yellow and black: a
+deep yellow is the color of most ripe grain and fruit; black stands
+for black magic and demoniac influence. Ghosts and skulls and
+cross-bones, symbols of death, startle the beholder. Since
+Hallowe'en is a time for lovers to learn their fate, hearts and
+other sentimental tokens are used to good effect, as the Scotch
+lads of Burns's time wore love-knots.
+
+Having marched to the dining-room to the time of a dirge, the
+guests find before them plain, hearty fare; doughnuts, gingerbread,
+cider, popcorn, apples, and nuts honored by time. The Hallowe'en
+cake has held the place of honor since the beginning here in
+America. A ring, key, thimble, penny, and button baked in it
+foretell respectively speedy marriage, a journey, spinsterhood,
+wealth, and bachelorhood.
+
+  "Polly was going to be married, Jennie was going on a long
+  journey, and you--down went the knife against something hard. The
+  girls crowded round. You had a hurt in your throat, and there,
+  there, in your slice, was the horrid, hateful, big brass thimble.
+  It was more than you could bear--soaking, dripping wet, and an
+  old maid!"
+
+                                        BRADLEY: _Different Party._
+
+[Illustration: A WITCH TABLE.
+
+AN OWL TABLE.
+
+HALLOWE'EN TABLES, I.]
+
+The kitchen is the best place for the rough games and after-supper
+charms.
+
+On the stems of the apples which are to be dipped for may be tied
+names; for the boys in one tub, for the girls in another. Each
+searcher of the future must draw out with his teeth an apple with a
+name which will be like that of his future mate.
+
+A variation of the Irish snap-apple is a hoop hung by strings from
+the ceiling, round which at intervals are placed bread, apples,
+cakes, peppers, candies, and candles. The strings are twisted, then
+let go, and as the hoop revolves, each may step up and get a bite
+from whatever comes to him. By the taste he determines what the
+character of his married life will be,--whether wholesome, acid,
+soft, fiery, or sweet. Whoever bites the candle is twice
+unfortunate, for he must pay a forfeit too. An apple and a bag of
+flour are placed on the ends of a stick, and whoever dares to seize
+a mouthful of apple must risk being blinded by flour. Apples are
+suspended one to a string in a doorway. As they swing, each guest
+tries to secure his apple. To blow out a candle as it revolves on a
+stick requires attention and accuracy of aim.
+
+[Illustration: A WITCHES'-CALDRON TABLE.
+
+A BLACK-CAT TABLE.
+
+HALLOWE'EN TABLES, II.]
+
+The one who first succeeds in threading a needle as he sits on a
+round bottle on the floor, will be first married. Twelve candles
+are lighted, and placed at convenient distances on the floor in a
+row. As the guest leaps over them, the first he blows out will
+indicate his wedding-month. One candle only placed on the floor and
+blown out in the same way means a year of wretchedness ahead. If it
+still burns, it presages a year of joy.
+
+Among the quieter tests some of the most common are tried with
+apple-seeds. As in England a pair of seeds named for two lovers are
+stuck on brow or eyelids. The one who sticks longer is the true,
+the one who soon falls, the disloyal sweetheart. Seeds are used in
+this way to tell also whether one is to be a traveler or a
+stay-at-home. Apple-seeds are twice ominous, partaking of both
+apple and nut nature. Even the number of seeds found in a core has
+meaning. If you put them upon the palm of your hand, and strike it
+with the other, the number remaining will tell you how many letters
+you will receive in a fortnight. With twelve seeds and the names of
+twelve friends, the old rhyme may be repeated:
+
+    "One I love,
+     Two I love,
+     Three I love, I say;
+     Four I love with all my heart:
+     Five I cast away.
+     Six he loves,
+     Seven she loves,
+     Eight they both love;
+     Nine he comes,
+     Ten he tarries,
+     Eleven he courts, and
+     Twelve he marries."
+
+Nuts are burned in the open fire. It is generally agreed that the
+one for whom the first that pops is named, loves.
+
+    "If he loves me, pop and fly;
+     If he hates me, live and die."
+
+Often the superstition connected therewith is forgotten in the
+excitement of the moment.
+
+    "When ebery one among us toe de smallest pickaninny
+     Would huddle in de chimbley cohnah's glow,
+     Toe listen toe dem chilly win's ob ole Novembah's
+     Go a-screechin' lack a spook around de huts,
+     'Twell de pickaninnies' fingahs gits to shakin' o'er de embahs,
+     An' dey laik ter roas' dey knuckles 'stead o' nuts."
+
+                                  IN WERNER'S _Readings, Number 31_.
+
+Letters of the alphabet are carved on a pumpkin. Fate guides the
+hand of the blindfolded seeker to the fateful initial which he
+stabs with a pin. Letters cut out of paper are sprinkled on water
+in a tub. They form groups from which any one with imagination may
+spell out names.
+
+Girls walk down cellar backward with a candle in one hand and a
+looking-glass in the other, expecting to see a face in the glass.
+
+    "Last night 't was witching Hallowe'en,
+       Dearest; an apple russet-brown
+       I pared, and thrice above my crown
+     Whirled the long skin; they watched it keen;
+       I flung it far; they laughed and cried me shame--
+       Dearest, there lay the letter of your name.
+
+    "Took I the mirror then, and crept
+       Down, down the creaking narrow stair;
+       The milk-pans caught my candle's flare
+     And mice walked soft and spiders slept.
+       I spoke the spell, and stood the magic space,
+       Dearest--and in the glass I saw your face!
+
+    "And then I stole out in the night
+       Alone; the frogs piped sweet and loud,
+       The moon looked through a ragged cloud.
+     Thrice round the house I sped me light,
+       Dearest; and there, methought--charm of my charms!
+       You met me, kissed me, took me to your arms!"
+
+                                     OPPER: _The Charms._
+
+There are many mirror-tests. A girl who sits before a mirror at
+midnight on Hallowe'en combing her hair and eating an apple will
+see the face of her true love reflected in the glass. Standing so
+that through a window she may see the moon in a glass she holds,
+she counts the number of reflections to find out how many pleasant
+things will happen to her in the next twelve months. Alabama has
+taken over the Scotch mirror test in its entirety.
+
+A girl with a looking-glass in her hand steps backward from the
+door out into the yard. Saying:
+
+    "Round and round, O stars so fair!
+     Ye travel, and search out everywhere.
+     I pray you, sweet stars, now show to me,
+     This night, who my future husband shall be!"
+
+she goes to meet her fate.
+
+  "So Leslie backed out at the door, and we shut it upon her. The
+  instant after, we heard a great laugh. Off the piazza she had
+  stepped backward directly against two gentlemen coming in.
+
+  "Doctor Ingleside was one, coming to get his supper; the other
+  was a friend of his.... 'Doctor John Hautayne,' he said,
+  introducing him by his full name."
+
+                                            WHITNEY: _We Girls._
+
+A custom that is a reminder of the lighted boats sent down-stream
+in Japan to bear away the souls of the dead, is that which makes
+use of nut-shell boats. These have tiny candles fastened in them,
+are lighted, and named, and set adrift on a tub of water. If they
+cling to the side, their namesakes will lead a quiet life. Some
+will float together. Some will collide and be shipwrecked. Others
+will bear steadily toward a goal though the waves are rocked in a
+tempest. Their behavior is significant. The candle which burns
+longest belongs to the one who will marry first.
+
+The Midsummer wheel which was rolled down into the Moselle River in
+France, and meant, if the flames that wreathed it were not
+extinguished, that the grape-harvest would be abundant, has
+survived in the fortune wheel which is rolled about from one guest
+to another, and brings a gift to each.
+
+The actions of cats on Hallowe'en betoken good or bad luck. If a
+cat sits quietly beside any one, he will enjoy a peaceful,
+prosperous life; if one rubs against him, it brings good luck,
+doubly good if one jumps into his lap. If a cat yawns near you on
+Hallowe'en, be alert and do not let opportunity slip by you. If a
+cat runs from you, you have a secret which will be revealed in
+seven days.
+
+Different states have put interpretations of their own on the
+commonest charms. In Massachusetts the one who first draws an apple
+from the tub with his teeth will be first married. If a girl steals
+a cabbage, she will see her future husband as she pulls it up, or
+meet him as she goes home. If these fail, she must put the cabbage
+over the door and watch to see whom it falls on, for him she is to
+marry. A button concealed in mashed potato brings misfortune to the
+finder. The names of three men are written on slips of paper, and
+enclosed in three balls of meal. The one that rises first when they
+are thrown into water will disclose the sought-for name.
+
+Maine has borrowed the yarn-test from Scotland. A ball is thrown
+into a barn or cellar, and wound off on the hand. The lover will
+come and help to wind. Girls in New Hampshire place in a row three
+dishes with earth, water, and a ring in them, respectively. The one
+who blindfolded touches earth will soon die; water, will never
+marry; the ring, will soon be wedded.
+
+To dream of the future on Hallowe'en in Pennsylvania, one must go
+out of the front door backward, pick up dust or grass, wrap it in
+paper, and put it under his pillow.
+
+In Maryland girls see their future husbands by a rite similar to
+the Scotch "wetting of the sark-sleeve." They put an egg to roast,
+and open wide all the doors and windows. The man they seek will
+come in and turn the egg. At supper girls stand behind the chairs,
+knowing that the ones they are to marry will come to sit in front
+of them.
+
+The South has always been famous for its hospitality and good
+times. On Hallowe'en a miniature Druid-fire burns in a bowl on the
+table. In the blazing alcohol are put fortunes wrapped in tin-foil,
+figs, orange-peel, raisins, almonds, and dates. The one who
+snatches the best will meet his sweetheart inside of a year, and
+all may try for a fortune from the flames. The origin of this
+custom was the taking of omens from the death-struggles of
+creatures burning in the fire of sacrifice.
+
+Another Southern custom is adapted from one of Brittany. Needles
+are named and floated in a dish of water. Those which cling side by
+side are lovers.
+
+Good fortune is in store for the one who wins an apple from the
+tub, or against whose glass a ring suspended by a hair strikes with
+a sharp chime.
+
+A very elaborate charm is tried in Newfoundland. As the clock
+strikes midnight a girl puts the twenty-six letters of the
+alphabet, cut from paper, into a pure-white bowl which has been
+touched by the lips of a new-born babe only. After saying:
+
+    "Kind fortune, tell me where is he
+     Who my future lord shall be;
+     From this bowl all that I claim
+     Is to know my sweetheart's name."
+
+she puts the bowl into a safe place until morning. Then she is
+blindfolded and picks out the same number of letters as there are
+in her own name, and spells another from them.
+
+In New Brunswick, instead of an apple, a hard-boiled egg without
+salt is eaten before a mirror, with the same result. In Canada a
+thread is held over a lamp. The number that can be counted slowly
+before the thread parts, is the number of years before the one who
+counts will marry.
+
+In the United States a hair is thrown to the winds with the stanza
+chanted:
+
+    "I pluck this lock of hair off my head
+     To tell whence comes the one I shall wed.
+     Fly, silken hair, fly all the world around,
+     Until you reach the spot where my true love is found."
+
+The direction in which the hair floats is prophetic.
+
+The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions,
+and hold a Scotch party, using Burns's poem _Hallowe'en_ as a
+guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom
+that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.
+"Cyniver" has been borrowed from Wales, and the "dumb-cake" from
+the Hebrides. In the Scotch custom of cabbage-stalk pulling, if the
+stalk comes up easily, the husband or wife will be easy to win. The
+melted-lead test to show the occupation of the husband-to-be has
+been adopted in the United States. If the metal cools in round
+drops, the tester will never marry, or her husband will have no
+profession. White of egg is used in the same way. Like the Welsh
+test is that of filling the mouth with water, and walking round the
+house until one meets one's fate. An adaptation of the Scottish
+"three luggies" is the row of four dishes holding dirt, water, a
+ring, and a rag. The dirt means divorce, the water, a trip across
+the ocean, the ring, marriage, the rag, no marriage at all.
+
+After the charms have been tried, fagots are passed about, and by
+the eerie light of burning salt and alcohol, ghost stories are
+told, each concluding his installment as his fagot withers into
+ashes. Sometimes the cabbage stalks used in the omens take the
+place of fagots.
+
+To induce prophetic dreams salt, in quantities from a pinch to an
+egg full, is eaten before one goes to bed.
+
+  "'Miss Jeanette, that's such a fine trick! You must swallow a
+  salt herring in three bites, bones and all, and not drink a drop
+  till the apparition of your future spouse comes in the night to
+  offer you a drink of water.'"
+
+                                        ADAMS: _Chrissie's Fate._
+
+If, after taking three doses of salt two minutes apart, a girl goes
+to bed backward, lies on her right side, and does not move till
+morning, she is sure to have eventful dreams. Pills made of a
+hazelnut, a walnut, and nutmeg grated together and mixed with
+butter and sugar cause dreams: if of gold, the husband will be
+rich; if of noise, a tradesman; if of thunder and lightning, a
+traveler. As in Ireland bay-leaves on or under a man's pillow cause
+him to dream of his sweetheart. Also
+
+    "Turn your boots toward the street,
+     Leave your garters on your feet,
+     Put your stockings on your head,
+     You'll dream of the one you're going to wed."
+
+Lemon-peel carried all day and rubbed on the bed-posts at night
+will cause an apparition to bring the dreaming girl two lemons. For
+quiet sleep and the fulfilment of any wish eat before going to bed
+on Hallowe'en a piece of dry bread.
+
+A far more interesting development of the Hallowe'en idea than
+these innocent but colorless superstitions, is promised by the
+pageant at Fort Worth, Texas, on October thirty-first, 1916. In the
+masque and pageant of the afternoon four thousand school children
+took part. At night scenes from the pageant were staged on floats
+which passed along the streets. The subject was _Preparedness for_
+_Peace_, and comprised scenes from American history in which peace
+played an honorable part. Such were: the conference of William Penn
+and the Quakers with the Indians, and the opening of the East to
+American trade. This is not a subject limited to performances at
+Hallowtide. May there not be written and presented in America a
+truly Hallowe'en pageant, illustrating and befitting its noble
+origin, and making its place secure among the holidays of the
+year?
+
+
+
+
+               HALLOWE'EN
+
+    Bring forth the raisins and the nuts--
+    To-night All-Hallows' Spectre struts
+        Along the moonlit way.
+    No time is this for tear or sob,
+    Or other woes our joys to rob,
+    But time for Pippin and for Bob,
+        And Jack-o'-lantern gay.
+
+    Come forth, ye lass and trousered kid,
+    From prisoned mischief raise the lid,
+        And lift it good and high.
+    Leave grave old Wisdom in the lurch,
+    Set Folly on a lofty perch,
+    Nor fear the awesome rod of birch
+        When dawn illumes the sky.
+
+    'Tis night for revel, set apart
+    To reillume the darkened heart,
+        And rout the hosts of Dole.
+    'Tis night when Goblin, Elf, and Fay,
+    Come dancing in their best array
+    To prank and royster on the way,
+        And ease the troubled soul.
+
+    The ghosts of all things, past parade,
+    Emerging from the mist and shade
+        That hid them from our gaze,
+    And full of song and ringing mirth,
+    In one glad moment of rebirth,
+    Again they walk the ways of earth,
+        As in the ancient days.
+
+    The beacon light shines on the hill,
+    The will-o'-wisps the forests fill
+        With flashes filched from noon;
+    And witches on their broomsticks spry
+    Speed here and yonder in the sky,
+    And lift their strident voices high
+        Unto the Hunter's moon.
+
+    The air resounds with tuneful notes
+    From myriads of straining throats,
+        All hailing Folly Queen;
+    So join the swelling choral throng,
+    Forget your sorrow and your wrong,
+    In one glad hour of joyous song
+        To honor Hallowe'en.
+
+       J. K. BANGS _in Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910_.
+
+
+
+
+        HALLOWE'EN FAILURE
+
+    Who's dat peekin' in de do'?
+        Set mah heart a-beatin'!
+    Thought I see' a spook for sho
+        On mah way to meetin'.
+    Heerd a rustlin' all aroun',
+        Trees all sort o' jiggled;
+    An' along de frosty groun'
+        Funny shadders wriggled.
+
+    Who's dat by de winder-sill?
+        Gittin' sort o' skeery;
+    Feets is feelin' kind o' chill,
+        Eyes is sort o' teary.
+    'Most as nervous as a coon
+        When de dawgs is barkin',
+    Er a widder when some spoon
+        Comes along a-sparkin'.
+
+    Whass dat creepin' up de road,
+        Quiet like a ferret,
+    Hoppin' sof'ly as a toad?
+        Maybe hit's a sperrit!
+    Lordy! hope dey ain't no ghos'
+        Come to tell me howdy.
+    I ain't got no use for those
+        Fantoms damp an' cloudy.
+
+    Whass dat standin' by de fence
+        Wid its eyes a-yearnin',
+    Drivin' out mah common-sense
+        Wid its glances burnin'?
+    Don't dass skeercely go to bed
+        Wid dem spookses roun' me.
+    Ain't no res' fo' dis yere head
+        When dem folks surroun' me.
+
+    Whass dat groanin' soun' I hear
+        Off dar by de gyardin?
+    Lordy! Lordy! Lordy dear,
+        Grant dis sinner pardon!
+    I won't nebber--I declar'
+        Ef it ain't my Sammy!
+    Sambo, what yo' doin' dar?
+        Yo' can't skeer yo' mammy!
+
+       CARLYLE SMITH _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910_.
+
+
+
+
+               HALLOWE'EN
+
+    Pixie, kobold, elf, and sprite
+    All are on their rounds to-night,--
+      In the wan moon's silver ray
+      Thrives their helter-skelter play.
+
+    Fond of cellar, barn, or stack
+    True unto the almanac,
+      They present to credulous eyes
+      Strange hobgoblin mysteries.
+
+    Cabbage-stumps--straws wet with dew--
+    Apple-skins, and chestnuts too,
+      And a mirror for some lass
+      Show what wonders come to pass.
+
+    Doors they move, and gates they hide
+    Mischiefs that on moonbeams ride
+      Are their deeds,--and, by their spells,
+      Love records its oracles.
+
+    Don't we all, of long ago
+    By the ruddy fireplace glow,
+      In the kitchen and the hall,
+      Those queer, coof-like pranks recall?
+
+    Eery shadows were they then--
+    But to-night they come again;
+      Were we once more but sixteen
+      Precious would be Hallowe'en.
+
+       JOEL BENTON _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896_.
+
+
+[Illustration: NO HALLOWE'EN WITHOUT A JACK-O'-LANTERN.]
+
+
+
+
+              HALLOWE'EN
+
+    A gypsy flame is on the hearth,
+    Sign of this carnival of mirth.
+      Through the dun fields and from the glade
+      Flash merry folk in masquerade--
+        It is the witching Hallowe'en.
+
+    Pale tapers glimmer in the sky,
+    The dead and dying leaves go by;
+      Dimly across the faded green
+      Strange shadows, stranger shades, are seen--
+        It is the mystic Hallowe'en.
+
+    Soft gusts of love and memory
+    Beat at the heart reproachfully;
+      The lights that burn for those who die
+      Were flickering low, let them flare high--
+        It is the haunting Hallowe'en.
+
+       A. F. MURRAY _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+Magazine References to Hallowe'en Entertainments
+
+
+CHARADES:
+
+     Charades, menu, tests. H. Bazar, 32:894.
+
+CHILDREN'S PARTIES:
+
+     Fortune games for very little children. St. N., 23:33.
+     Hallowe'en fortunes for boys and girls. Delin., 66:631.
+     Masquerade, games, tests. W. H. C., 35:43.
+     Decorations. W. H. C., 36:34.
+     Old-fashioned games. St. N., 35:51.
+     Children's celebration of Hallowe'en. St. N., 32:1124.
+
+CHURCH PARTIES:
+
+     Mystic party. L. H. J., 22:57.
+     For Young People's Soc. L. H. J., 26:34.
+     "Phantom fair." W. H. C., 39:32.
+
+CLUB PARTIES:
+
+     For Country Club. Invitation. Costumes. Supper. Dance.
+          W. H. C., 41:30.
+     "Candle-light caf�." W. H. C., 42. Oct., 1915.
+
+COSTUMES:
+
+     Delin., 78:258.
+
+COUNTRY-HOUSE PARTY:
+
+     Country Life, 18:624.
+
+DANCES:
+
+     Dances, drills, costumes. Delin., 78:258.
+     Hallowe'en party. W. H. C., 40:39.
+     Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+
+DECORATIONS AND FAVORS:
+
+     Autumn-leaf decorations and prizes. Delin., 64:638.
+     Cobweb party. Delin., 91:44.
+     Hall: Handicraft for handy girls.
+     Place-cards, verses. L. H. J., 28:50.
+                          L. H. J., 31:40.
+                          H. Bazar, 39:1046.
+                          L. H. J., 20:48.
+                          L. H. J., 16:38.
+     Cinderella party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+     Favors. H. Bazar, 45:516.
+     Nut favors. W. H. C., 32:53.
+     Original decorations. W. H. C., 32:32.
+     Fads and frills. W. H. C., 32:24.
+
+GAMES AND FORTUNES:
+
+     Witchery games for Hallowe'en. Delin., 64:576.
+                                  H. Bazar., 33:1650.
+                                  L. H. J., 20:48.
+                                  L. H. J., 25:58.
+     Blain: Games for Hallowe'en.
+     Quaint customs. H. Bazar, 46:578.
+                     H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     Witches' think cap. L. H. J., 32:29.
+     Hallowe'en happenings. St. N., 35:51.
+
+INVITATIONS:
+
+     H. Bazar, 33:1650.
+
+PARTIES (miscellaneous):
+
+     H. Bazar, 28 pt. 2:841.
+     H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     L. H. J., 29:105.
+     L. H. J., 30:103.
+     Nut-crack night party. H. Bazar, 41:1106.
+     Nut-crack party. H. Bazar, 38:1092.
+     Novel party. W. H. C., 31:42.
+     Yarn party. L. H. J., 26:63.
+     L. H. J., 23:68.
+     L. H. J., 14:25.
+     Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+     Novel party with musical accompaniment. Musician, 18:665.
+     Cotter's Saturday night. W. H. C., 38:40.
+     "Ghosts I have met" party. Pantomime. W. H. C., 37:27.
+     Two jolly affairs. W. H. C., 39:32.
+     Tryst of witches. Good H., 53:463.
+     Tam o' Shanter party. Delin., 85:26.
+     Jolly good time. Delin., 74:367.
+     Hints for Hallowe'en hilarities. L. H. J., 27:46.
+     Jolly party. L. H. J., 19:41.
+     Hallowe'en fun. L. H. J., 33:33.
+     Pumpkin stunt party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.
+     Character party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.
+
+SCHOOL PARTIES:
+
+     "Cotter's Saturday night." W. H. C., 38:40.
+     High school party. W. H. C., 42:34.
+     How the college girl celebrates Hallowe'en. W. H. C., 31:16.
+
+SUPPERS, TABLE DECORATIONS, MENUS:
+
+     Hallowe'en suppers.  H. Bazar, 35:1670.
+                          H. Bazar, 37:1063.
+                          L. H. J., 24:78.
+                          L. H. J., 16:38.
+                          W. H. C., 40:39.
+                          W. H. C., 43:35.
+                          H. Bazar, 44:641.
+                          H. Bazar, 45:507.
+     Hallowe'en party table. L. H. J., 29:44.
+                             H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     Hallowe'en supper. Good H., 53:569.
+
+The pages refer always to the October number of the year.
+
+
+
+
+Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      TITLE                     AUTHOR             SOURCE
+
+ _All Hallowe'en_ (story)                     All the Year Round,
+                                                   60:347
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (story)       Hopper        Eng. Illus. Mag., 18:225
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (story)       Lyall         Temple Bar., 124:379
+ _Black cat_ (story)            Poe
+ _Boogah Man_                   Dunbar        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Brier-Rose_ (story)           Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Broomstick brigade_           J. T. Wagner  6 Barclay St., N. Y. City
+ _Bud's fairy tale_ (poem)      Riley         Child-world
+ Children's Play with musical
+         accompaniment                           Musician, 16:693
+ _Corn-song_ (poem)             Whittier
+ _Elder-tree mother_ (story)    Andersen      Fairy tales
+ _Fairies_ (poem)               Allingham
+ _Fairy and witch_ (play)       Nelson        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Feast of the little lanterns_
+       (operetta)               Bliss
+ _Fisherman and the genie_                   _Arabian Nights_
+                      (story)
+ _Ghost_ (story)                O'Connor
+ _Ghosts I have met_            Bangs
+ _Ghost's touch_ (story)        Collins
+ _Golden arm_ (story)           Clemens      _How to tell a story_
+ _Goblin stone_ (play)          Wickes        Child's Book, p. 127
+ _Guess who_ (song and drill)   Murray        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Hallowe'en adventure_         McDonald      Canad. Mag., 12:61
+                      (story)
+
+ _Hallowe'en adventure_         Koogle        Eldridge Entertainment
+                  (play)                           House
+ _Hallowe'en frolic_            Cone          St. N. 20 pt. 1:15
+                  (poem)
+ _Haunted gale_ (play)          Wormwood      Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _House in the wood_            Grimm         Fairy tales
+                  (story)
+ _Little Butterkin_             Asbjornsen   _Fairy tales from the
+                  (story)                           far north_
+ _Little Donna Juana_           Brooks
+                  (story)
+ _Mother Goose recital_                       Musician, 21:633
+ _Nix of the mill-pond_         Grimm         Fairy tales
+                  (story)
+ _Peter Pan in Kensington_      Barrie
+          _Gardens_ (story)
+ _Rapunzel_ (story)             Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Red shoes_ (story)            Andersen      Fairy tales
+ _Scarecrows a-roaming_                       Eldridge Entertainment
+                  (play)                           House
+ _Seein' things_ (poem)         Field         Love songs of childhood
+ _Snow-white_ (story)           Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Straw phantom_ (pantomime)    Blackall      St. N., 44:1133
+ _Testing of Sir Gawayne_       Merington    _Festival plays_,
+                   (play)                          p. 211
+ _Voyage of Bran_               Meyer
+ _Walpurgisnight_ (story)       Zschokke
+ _Wind in the rose-bush_        Freeman
+                       (story)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO QUOTATIONS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ TITLE                    |AUTHOR     |PAGE   |SOURCE
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _All-hallows honeymoon_  |           |       |New Eng. Magazine,
+    (story)               |Marks      |104    |  37:308
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (poem)  |Marks, J.P.|31-32  |
+ _Ancient Irish_          |O'Curry    |7      |
+ _Ballad of Tam Lin_      |           |65     |Child's Ballads
+ _Battle of the trees_    |Taliesin   |7      |_Neo-druidical heresy_
+ _Caractacus_ (poem)      |Mason      |11     |
+ _Celtic twilight_ (poem  |           |       |
+   in introduction to)    |Yeats      |58     |
+ _Charms_ (poem)          |Opper      |161    |Munsey, 30:285
+ _Comus_ (play)           |Milton     |131    |
+ _Cuchulain of Muirthemne_|Gregory    |37-38- |
+                          |           |39     |
+ _Cuchulain's sick-bed_   |           |42     |
+ _Death of the flowers_   |Bryant     |18-19  |
+     (poem)               |           |       |
+ _Different party_        |Bradley    |156-157|Harper's Bazar, 41:131
+     (story)              |           |       |
+ _Dinnsenchus of Mag      |           |21     |_Neo-druidical heresy_
+    Slecht_               |           |       |
+ _Djinns_ (poem)          |Hugo       |148    |
+ _Druid song of Cathvah_  |           |       |
+     (poem)               |Todhunter  |9      |
+ _Expedition of Nera_     |           |44     |
+ "Fair maid who"          |           |139    |Encyc. of Superstitions
+ _Fairy-faith in Celtic   |           |       |
+    countries_            |Wentz      |48-49  |
+ _Fairy fiddler_ (poem)   |Hopper     |64     |
+ _Fasti_                  |Ovid       |114    |
+ _Faust_ (play)           |Goethe     |130    |
+ _First winter song_      |           |       |
+        (poem)            |Graves     |16     |
+ "Five hundred points"    |Tusser     |98     |
+ _Giles Corey of the Salem|           |       |
+    Farms_ (play)         |Longfellow |151-152|
+ _Golden Legend_          |De Voragine|30     |
+ _Great fir-tree of       |           |       |
+    Takasago_ (story)     |Rinder     |146    |_Old-world Japan_
+ "Green fairy island"     |Parry      |103    |Welsh Melodies
+ _Hag_ (poem)             |Herrick    |66-67  |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Burns      |73-74- |
+                          |           |75     |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Coxe       |18-19- |
+                          |           |88-89- |
+                          |           |96     |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Letts      |99-100 |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Sheard     |143    |Canadian mag., 36:33
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Bangs      |172-173|Harper's Weekly, Nov.
+                          |           |       |  5, 1910
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Benton     |176-177|Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  31, 1896
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Murray     |178    |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  30, 1909
+ _Hallowe'en Failure_     |Smith      |175    |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+      (poem)              |           |       |  29, 1910
+ _Hallowe'en or Christie's|Adams      |169    |Scribner's, 3:26
+     fate_ (story)        |           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en in Ireland_  |Trant      |51     |_Dewdrops and Diamonds_
+ _Hallowe'en Fantasy_     |Pyle       |49     |Harper's Bazar, 31, pt.
+      (play),             |           |       |  2: 947
+    (Priest and the Piper)|           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en reformation_ |Butterworth|149-150|Century, 27:48
+       (story)            |           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en wish_ (poem) |Munkittrick|93-94  |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  27, 1900
+ _Hiawatha_ (poem)        |Longfellow |145    |
+ _Immortal Hour_ (play)   |Sharp      |39-40- |Fortn. Rev. 74:867
+                          |           |41     |
+ _Jorinda and Joringel_   |Grimm      |135    |Grimm's Fairy Tales
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _L'Allegro_ (poem)       |Milton     |86     |
+ _Land of Heart's Desire_ |           |36-43- |
+      (play)              |Yeats      |45-47  |
+ _Lavengro_ (story)       |Borrow     |129    |
+ _Little Orphant Annie_   |Riley      |152-153|
+ _Loch Garman_            |O'Ciarain  |36     |
+ _Lycidas_ (poem)         |Milton     |85     |
+ _Macbeth_ (play)         |Shakspere  |89     |
+ _Monastery_ (story)      |Scott      |62-63- |
+                          |           |76-103 |
+ _Night of the dead_      |Le Braz    |116-117|_Legend of the dead_
+ "On nuts burning"        |Graydon    |91-92  |
+ _On the morning of       |           |       |
+    Christ's  nativity_   |           |       |
+      (poem)              |Milton     |28     |
+ _Paradise Lost_ (poem)   |Milton     |120    |
+ _Passing of Arthur_      |Tennyson   |84     |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ _Pastorals_ (poem)       |Gay        |74-75- |
+                          |           |92-93- |
+                          |           |94-95- |
+                          |           |97     |
+ _Peer Gynt_ (play)       |Ibsen      |131    |
+ _Peter and Wendy_ (story)|Barrie     |64     |
+ _Polyolbion_ (poem)      |Drayton    |10     |
+ _Pomona_ (poem)          |Morris     |23     |
+ _Rip Van Winkle_ (play)  |Jefferson  |150-151|
+ _Robin Goodfellow_ (poem)|Johnson    |86     |
+ _St. John's Eve_ (poem)  |Kickham    |12     |
+ _St. John's Fire_ (play) |Sudermann  |141    |
+ _St. Swithin's Chair_    |           |       |
+      (poem)              |Scott      |69     |
+ "Soul, soul"             |           |98     |Notes and Queries
+ _Spell_ (poem)           |Gay        |91     |
+ _Splores of a Hallowe'en_|           |       |
+      (poem)              |Dick       |72     |
+ _Sunken bell_ (play)     |Hauptmann  |14     |
+ _Tale of Hallowe'en_     |           |       |
+      (story)             |           |76     |Leisure Hour, 23:765
+ _Tam Glen_ (poem)        |Burns      |79     |
+ _Tam o' Shanter_ (poem)  |Burns      |67-68  |
+ _Tannh�user_ (play)      |Wagner     |132-133|
+ _Tempest_ (play)         |Shakspere  |67     |
+ _Three-fold chronicle_   |Sharp      |54-56  |Harper's, 73:842
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _Tom's Hallowe'en joke_  |Wright     |154    |_Dewdrops and Diamonds_
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _Twig of thorn_ (play)   |Warren     |44-45  |
+ _Vertumnus and Pomona_   |Ovid       |24     |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ _V�luspa_ (poem)         |           |122    |
+ _We girls_ (story)       |Whitney    |162-163|
+ "When comes the harvest" |Botrel     |112    |_Songs of Brittany_
+ _When de folks is gone_  |Riley      |153    |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ "When ebery one"         |           |160    |Werner's Readings,
+                          |           |       |   No. 31
+ _Wild huntsman_ (poem)   |Scott      |90     |
+ _Willie Baird_ (poem)    |Buchanan   |70     |
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+     Aberdeenshire, 60
+
+     Adder-stone, (serpent's-egg badge), 11, 27
+
+     Ailill, 36-38, 39
+
+     Ale, 80, 103
+
+     All Hallows Eve, 29, 88, 102, 106. See also Hallowe'en
+
+     All Saints', 4, 29-30, 110, 118, 126
+
+     All Souls', 4, 30-31, 98-99, 106, 110, 113, 118, 142, 144
+
+     Alphabet, 96, 160, 166-167
+
+     America, 149, 153
+
+     Anaxarete, 24
+
+     Angus, 36, 38-39
+
+     Ankou, 109, 115
+
+     Apollo, 1, 129, 134
+
+     Apparitions. See Ghosts
+
+     Apples, 23, 26, 50-53, 72, 77-78, 92, 95, 103-104, 106-107, 115,
+          120, 149, 155, 157-158, 161, 162, 164, 166
+
+     Apple-island, 85
+
+     Apple-seeds, 92-93, 158-159
+
+     Arabs, 147
+
+     Ariel, 87
+
+     Armorica, 108
+
+     Arthur, King, 84, 108
+
+     Ash-tree, 63, 105, 122, 137;
+       berries of, 29
+
+     Ashes, 56, 60, 68, 83
+
+     Augury. See Omens
+
+     August, Roman festival in, 25-26
+
+     August first, Celtic festival of, 15
+
+     Augustus, 27
+
+     Avilion (Avalon), 84-85, 107
+
+     Ayrshire, 68
+
+
+     Baal, 8, 12-13, 17
+
+     Baal-fire, 12
+
+     Baldur, 120-121
+
+     Balmoral, 61
+
+     Barra, 79
+
+     Bats, 134, 152, 155
+
+     Bay-leaves, 170
+
+     Bean, 94
+
+     Bedivere, 84
+
+     Belgian, 144
+
+     Beltaine, 12, 79
+
+     Bells, 99, 111, 116, 118, 132, 137, 142, 154
+
+     Benevento, 131
+
+     Bergen, 130
+
+     Black, 156
+
+     Black sheep, 17, 50
+
+     Black sow, 102
+
+     "Black vespers," 113
+
+     Blindfolded seekers, 33, 70, 73, 77-78, 83, 160
+
+     Blocksberg, 130, 141
+
+     Boats, 146, 163
+
+     Bochica, 1
+
+     Bonfires, 3, 8-9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 50, 59-61, 101-102, 125;
+       to light through Purgatory, 31, 106;
+       to protect from evil, 29, 101
+
+     Boniface, 29
+
+     Border, Scottish, 62, 81, 111
+
+     Bretons, 99, 110-111
+
+     Briar, 57
+
+     Briar-Rose, 125
+
+     Bride, 36
+
+     Britain, 5-6, 27, 87, 109, 111
+
+     British Isles, 5, 107, 109, 126
+
+     Brittany, 108-109, 142, 145, 166
+
+     Brynhild, 124
+
+     Buchan, 59
+
+     Button, 156, 164
+
+
+     Cabbages, 53-54, 70-72, 77, 95, 104, 164, 168-169
+
+     Cadwallo, King, 104
+
+     Caer, 38
+
+     C�sar, 5-8, 109
+
+     Cake, 13, 33, 79, 97-98, 103, 144, 145, 156
+
+     Callcannon, 51
+
+     Canada, 167
+
+     Candlemas Day, 88
+
+     Candles, 50, 53, 55, 59, 69, 80, 95-96, 99, 112, 118, 145, 155,
+          158, 163
+
+     Cardiganshire, 102
+
+     Carnutes, 109
+
+     Cat, 11, 49, 66, 68, 134, 152, 155, 164
+
+     Catskill Mts., 150
+
+     _Celtic twilight_, 58
+
+     Celts, classes of, 5;
+       beliefs, 6, 15, 18, 30, 33, 79, 82, 107-110, 124, 125, 142;
+       characteristics of, 115, 119
+
+     Cemeteries, 54-55, 113-114, 142
+
+     Changelings, 35-36, 86
+
+     Charms. See Omens
+
+     Chartrain, 109
+
+     Cherokees, 3
+
+     Chinese, 145
+
+     Christ, 4-5, 27, 119
+
+     Christian religion, 3, 27-31, 50, 59, 83, 101, 109, 126, 129;
+       in Britain, 27, 129;
+       in Ireland, 42;
+       in Brittany, 109;
+       in Scandinavia, 126
+
+     Christmas, 3, 97, 110, 154
+
+     Church, 3-4, 30-31, 80, 89, 113, 118, 143, 144;
+       festivals, 3
+
+     Circle, 8
+
+     Claudius, 27
+
+     Cluny, 30
+
+     Coel Coeth, 101
+
+     Coins, 51-52, 72, 156
+
+     Colonies, 149
+
+     Columb Kill. See St. Colomba
+
+     Connaught, 35
+
+     Continent, 3, 118
+
+     Corn, 138;
+       -stalks, 155
+
+     Cornwall, 85, 108
+
+     Creed, 55
+
+     Crom Croich (Cruaich), 20-21
+
+     Cross, sun-symbol, 8;
+       Christian, 29, 42, 63, 137;
+       -roads, 65, 103, 137
+
+     Cruachan, 35, 37
+
+     Cuchulain, 41-42, 84
+
+     Cuckoos, 134, 139-140
+
+     Cyniver, 105, 168
+
+
+     Dagda, 39
+
+     Dahut, 111
+
+     Dance, 3, 44, 56, 61, 67, 80, 81-82, 103, 106, 126, 133
+
+     Danann. See Tuatha De Danann
+
+     Danu, 20
+
+     Dathi, 43
+
+     Dead, 19-20, 30, 37, 98-99, 109-117, 129, 142 _et seq._;
+       return, 4, 99, 107, 114-117, 145, 146, 149;
+       disturbed by weeping, 117, 145
+
+     Death, 10, 112, 156;
+       Lord of. See Saman.
+       Samhain associated with, 20-21, 30-31;
+       prophesied, 52, 57, 60, 65, 83, 102, 106
+
+     Decoration of graves, 118, 144
+
+     Delphi, 129, 134
+
+     Derbyshire, 99
+
+     Deux-S�vres, 109
+
+     Devil, 43, 50, 55, 57, 66-68, 89, 102, 133-135, 140
+
+     Dew, 136, 139
+
+     Dietrich von Bern, 131
+
+     Dishes, 73, 83, 104, 165, 168
+
+     Dispater, 109
+
+     Dissatisfied, 39-40, 57-58, 132, 141
+
+     Djinns, 147-148
+
+     Doll, wax, 151
+
+     Dolmens, 110
+
+     Dorsetshire, 99
+
+     Dovrefeld, 130
+
+     Dragon, 145
+
+     Dreams, 140;
+       prophetic, 14, 57, 79, 165, 169
+
+     Drink, 57, 79
+
+     Druid, meaning, 6-7;
+       draught, 42;
+       festivals, 11, 26, 101;
+       lamps, 73;
+       stone, 11;
+       stones, 110;
+       wand, 7;
+       -fire, 50, 166
+
+     Druids, 9-11, 29, 42-43, 92, 103, 109-110, 122-123, 126;
+       as priests, 5-6;
+       powers of, 7, 27
+
+     "Drus," 6
+
+     Dumb-cake, 80, 168
+
+     Dwarfs, 110
+
+
+     Earth, 54, 83, 165
+
+     Edane, 47. See also Etain
+
+     Edda, 124
+
+     Egg, 165, 167;
+       white of, 77-78, 168;
+       -shells, 36
+
+     Egyptian beliefs, 1, 18
+
+     Eichstatt, 136
+
+     Elder, 123, 137
+
+     Elizabeth, Queen, 99
+
+     Elm, 63
+
+     Elves, 121, 149, 152
+
+     Emer, 42
+
+     England, 87, 89, 97, 99, 106, 108, 119, 144
+
+     English, 149
+
+     Eochaidh, 39-40
+
+     Episcopalians, 30
+
+     Eriskay, 81
+
+     Etain, 39-40
+
+     Ethal, 38
+
+     Europe, 87, 130, 135, 142, 145
+
+     Excalibur, 84
+
+     Exorcism, 9, 29, 42
+
+
+     Fagots, 96, 169
+
+     Fairies, 6, 44, 46, 49, 61-65, 81-82, 84-85, 96, 103, 107, 110,
+          149
+
+     Fand, 41-42
+
+     Fates, 89, 123, 134
+
+     Feast, of dead, 116, 143;
+       of poor, 144
+
+     Feng-Shin, 145
+
+     Feralia, 114
+
+     Fern, 14, 59
+
+     Finist�re, 110, 117
+
+     Fir Bolgs, 20
+
+     Fire, 21, 23, 45, 123-125;
+       -god, 120;
+       spirits of, 147
+
+     Fires, 11, 17, 28-29, 50, 52, 101, 109, 112. See also Bonfires
+
+     _Flamina_, 25
+
+     Flour, 52, 57, 154, 158
+
+     Flowers, 118, 144
+
+     Fomor, 20, 35
+
+     Footprints, 57, 60, 83
+
+     "Forced-fire," 17
+
+     Fort Worth, 170
+
+     Forts, fairy, 37, 44, 46
+
+     France, 108, 110, 112, 118, 131, 142
+
+     Franks, 111
+
+     "Free-night," 141, 154
+
+     Freya, 120, 127, 129, 131, 134
+
+     "Furious Host," 131
+
+     Future, questions about, 34, 69
+
+
+     Gabriel Ratchets, 90
+
+     Gaul, 5-6, 27, 109, 119
+
+     Germans, 119
+
+     Germany, 130, 131, 134, 136, 144
+
+     Ghosts, 49, 63, 69, 76-77, 88, 116, 127, 144, 146, 152, 155.
+          See also Dead
+
+     Glass, 10-11, 96, 166
+
+     Gnomes, 48
+
+     Goat, 67-68, 134
+
+     Goblin, 35-36, 61, 64, 149, 153
+
+     Gods of Ireland. See Tuatha De Danann
+
+     "Good Neighbors," 63
+
+     "Good People," 45, 49
+
+     Goths, 119
+
+     Grallon, 111
+
+     Great Britain. See Britain
+
+     Greek, 1, 5, 6, 30, 85, 120
+
+     Gregory, 29-30
+
+     Guleesh, 46
+
+     Gunnar, 124
+
+
+     Hair, 77, 96, 138, 166-167
+
+     Hallowe'en, 3-4, 35, 43, 46, 49-50, 61, 64-66, 68, 72, 79, 81,
+          85, 89, 90, 95-96, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 129, 138, 140,
+          142, 144, 149, 152, 154, 164, 165, 170;
+       pagan, 3, 21;
+       charms at, 26, 33, 53, 56;
+       born on, 54, 62
+
+     _Hallowe'en_, poem, 70, 168
+
+     _Hansel and Grethel_, 134
+
+     Hares, 135
+
+     Hartz Mts., 130
+
+     Harvest, 3-4, 15, 17, 25, 30-31, 34, 59, 69, 97, 106, 112, 137,
+          155
+
+     Hawthorn, 123, 137
+
+     Hazel, 85
+
+     Hearts, 156
+
+     Hebrides, 79
+
+     Hel, 122, 131
+
+     Hemp, 14, 33, 53, 74
+
+     Henry VIII, 99
+
+     Henry Hudson, 150
+
+     Herbs, 46-47, 53, 66, 126, 129-130
+
+     Herne the Hunter, 90
+
+     Herodotus, 5
+
+     Hesperides, 85
+
+     Highlands, 59, 65, 77
+
+     Hodur, 121
+
+     Holda, 131-132, 136
+
+     Holiday, 61
+
+     Hollow Land, 41
+
+     Holly, 63
+
+     Hoop, 157
+
+     Horselberg, 131
+
+     Horseshoes, 138, 152
+
+     Horus, 1
+
+     Husking-bees, 3
+
+
+     Iceland, 125
+
+     Idun, 120
+
+     Immortality, 10, 85, 107, 120
+
+     Indians, 3, 145, 150
+
+     Invocation, 21, 92
+
+     Iona, 50
+
+     Iphis, 24
+
+     Ireland 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 20, 35, 48-50, 59, 62, 72-73, 78-80,
+          104, 107, 127, 170;
+       belief in fairies, 6, 35
+
+     Irish Sea, 20
+
+     Iron, 152
+
+     Italy, 119, 131, 142
+
+     Ivy, 57
+
+
+     Jack-o'-lantern, 49-50, 69, 121, 155
+
+     Japan, 2, 146
+
+     Jokes, 154
+
+     Jonah, 13
+
+     Juniper, 123, 137
+
+     Jupiter, 8
+
+
+     Kale. See Cabbages
+
+     Kensington Gardens, 64
+
+     Ker-Is, 111
+
+     Kettle, 89, 134, 155
+
+     Key, 55, 72, 144, 156
+
+
+     Laeg, 42
+
+     "Lambswool," 51
+
+     Lammas, 28
+
+     Lancashire, 99
+
+     Land of Heart's Desire, 36
+
+     Land of Youth, 40
+
+     "Lanterns of the dead," 112
+
+     Lanterns in Japan, 146
+
+     Latin. See Rome
+
+     Lead-melting, 55-56, 77, 168
+
+     Leek, 104-105
+
+     Legends, origin of, 2
+
+     Lemons, 170
+
+     Leprechauns, 48
+
+     Lewis, 80
+
+     Liban, 41
+
+     Lincolnshire, 89
+
+     "Little People," 48-49, 85
+
+     "Livelong," 53
+
+     Loki, 120
+
+     London, 97
+
+     Lords of Misrule, 88
+
+     Love-knots, 156
+
+     Lucifer, 120
+
+     "Luck of Edenhall," 96
+
+     Luggies. See Dishes
+
+     Lugh, 14-15
+
+     Lugnasad, 15, 28, 33
+
+
+     _Macbeth_, 123
+
+     Magic, 7, 15, 155;
+       black, 28, 156
+
+     Maine, 165
+
+     Malt, 80
+
+     Malta, 144
+
+     Man, Isle of, 20, 82
+
+     Manitous, 150
+
+     Mars, 8
+
+     Martinmas, 62
+
+     Mary, Virgin, 29, 126, 132, 138, 145
+
+     Mary Avenel, 62
+
+     Maryland, 165
+
+     Massachusetts, 164
+
+     Master of the Revels, 97
+
+     May-bride, 126
+
+     May Eve and Day, 4, 11-13, 29, 33, 45, 47, 107, 125, 135, 136,
+          _et seq._;
+       -fires, 13, 61;
+       -pole, 126;
+       -ridings, 125;
+       -shooting, 140
+
+     Meal, 83, 164
+
+     Meath, 15, 17
+
+     Medb, 36, 39
+
+     Meg, 68
+
+     "Men of Peace," 63
+
+     Mercury, 8, 15
+
+     Midir, 39-41
+
+     Middle Ages, 129
+
+     Midsummer, 3, 11, 20, 28, 33, 53, 125, 146
+
+     Milk, 45, 51, 112
+
+     Minerva, 8
+
+     Mirror, 85, 129, 146-147, 149, 161-162
+
+     _Miserere_, 142
+
+     Mistletoe, 7, 40, 120
+
+     Modred, 84
+
+     Mona, 27
+
+     _Monastery_, 62
+
+     Moon, 40, 74, 76, 77, 146, 155, 162
+
+     Moray, 59
+
+     Moytura, 20, 22, 35
+
+     Music, 36, 39-40, 43-47, 56, 64, 67, 87, 111
+
+     Myths, origin of, 2
+
+
+     Naples, 142
+
+     Needles, 117, 133, 151, 158, 166
+
+     Negroes, 153
+
+     Nera, 37, 107
+
+     Net, 83
+
+     Neverland, 64
+
+     New Brunswick, 167
+
+     New Hampshire, 165
+
+     New Year, 82, 102, 154. See also Year's end
+
+     New Year's Day, 17
+
+     Niflheim, 122
+
+     Nikko, 146
+
+     Norse, 80, 82, 119, 134
+
+     Norway, 1, 126, 130
+
+     "Nos Galan Gaeof," 102
+
+     November, Eve, 33, 35, 37, 44, 50, 59, 79, 101-102, 107, 112,
+          137;
+       first, 4, 11, 16, 25-26, 137, 144;
+       in Rome, 30;
+       second, 30, 118, 144
+
+     Nuts, 26, 33, 50-52, 73, 90-92, 103-104, 109, 115, 144, 155,
+          159-160, 169
+
+
+     Oak, 6-7, 27, 40, 122
+
+     Oats, 55, 77
+
+     Oatmeal cakes, 79
+
+     Obsession, 44
+
+     October 31st, 4, 10, 17, 50, 82, 85, 118
+
+     Odin, 120, 124, 129, 131
+
+     "Oidhche Shamhna," 50
+
+     Olaf, 126
+
+     Omens, 14, 22, 26, 50-52, 104, 117, 137;
+       from sacrifices, 9, 17, 33, 123, 166;
+       evil, 28
+
+     Oonah, 45
+
+     Ops, 23
+
+     Ordeal, 9, 123-124
+
+     Osiris, 1, 18
+
+     Ossian, 47-48, 150
+
+     Ostia, 25
+
+     Otherworld, 19, 39, 42, 47, 84, 103, 107, 111, 115, 121, 146, 150
+
+     Ovid, 24, 114
+
+     Owls, 134, 152, 155
+
+
+     Paddy Beg, 46-47
+
+     Paddy More, 46-47
+
+     Paganism, 30, 35, 59, 109, 141
+
+     Pageant, 170
+
+     Pantheon, 29
+
+     Paradise, 31
+
+     Partholon, 13
+
+     Parties, Hallowe'en, 155
+
+     Peace, 171
+
+     Peas, 92, 94
+
+     Pelagius, 83
+
+     Pennsylvania, 165
+
+     Perthshire, 59
+
+     Peru, 1
+
+     Peter Pan, 63-64
+
+     Ph[oe]nicians, 5
+
+     Picts, 108
+
+     Piper, fairy, 43-44, 64, 87
+
+     Pixies, 103, 110
+
+     Pomona, 4, 23-26, 50, 85, 155
+
+     Pontypridd, 101
+
+     _Preparedness for Peace_, 170
+
+     Procopius, 111
+
+     Prophets,
+       Druids as, 9, 43;
+       witches as, 89, 134, 151
+
+     Pumpkins, 155, 160
+
+     Purgatory, 31, 99, 106, 145
+
+     Puy de Dome, 131
+
+     "Puzzling-jug," 103-104
+
+
+     Races, 15, 26
+
+     Rapunzel, 125
+
+     Red Mike, 54, 62
+
+     Rick, 55
+
+     Ring, 51-52, 55, 72, 96, 156, 165, 168
+
+     Rip Van Winkle, 150
+
+     Rome, 8, 23-30, 114, 119-120;
+       relations to Druids, 27;
+       All Saints' in, 32
+
+     Roses, 105
+
+     Rowan. See Ash-tree
+
+
+     Sacrifices, 20, 109, 137;
+       to Baal, 8-9,  11-13, 17, 101;
+       omens from, 33;
+       to Tyr, 123
+
+     St. Augustine, 83
+
+     St. Bridget, 45
+
+     St. Colomba, 50
+
+     St. Gertrude, 126
+
+     St. John's Day and Eve, 3, 28, 109, 110, 137, 141
+
+     St. Kilda, 79
+
+     St. Michael, 85
+
+     St. Ninian, 83
+
+     St. Odilo, 30
+
+     St. Patrick, 5, 43, 83
+
+     Saga, 124
+
+     Salerno, 142
+
+     Salt, 57, 67, 79, 82, 83, 134, 169
+
+     Saman, 10, 31, 50, 80
+
+     Samhain (S�veen), 16, 18, 20-22, 26, 31, 35-36, 38, 40-41, 43,
+          48, 59, 65, 82
+
+     Samhnagan, 60
+
+     Samhanach, 64
+
+     Sark. See Shirt
+
+     Satan, 120, 133
+
+     Sauin. See Samhain
+
+     Scandinavia, 119, 126, 134
+
+     Scotland, 59, 78, 79, 81, 82, 99, 104, 127, 156;
+       belief in fairies in, 6, 62-64
+
+     Scots, 108
+
+     Seasons, 1
+
+     Seaweed, 80
+
+     Secrecy, 45, 77-78, 124, 155;
+       in Druid rites, 9-10, 124
+
+     Seed-cake, 97
+
+     Seeds, 14, 92, 121
+
+     Serpent's-egg. See Adder-stone
+
+     Seville, 131
+
+     Shee, 39
+
+     Shirt-sleeve, wetting the, 56, 78-79, 126-129, 165
+
+     Shoe, 77, 170
+
+     Shony, 80
+
+     Shropshire, 98
+
+     "Sid," 37, 49. See also Forts
+
+     Sigurd, 124
+
+     S�tou, 18
+
+     Sleep, 39, 47, 87, 124-125
+
+     Sloe, 52, 85
+
+     Snakes. See Adder-stone
+
+     Snap-apple. See Apples
+
+     Sol, 1
+
+     Soul-cakes. See Cake
+
+     South, 165
+
+     South Uist, 81
+
+     Sowens, 79
+
+     Spain, 131, 144
+
+     Spectre Huntsman, 90
+
+     Spirits, 6, 20, 103;
+       abroad, 14, 22, 31, 35, 44, 48;
+       evil, 4, 18, 20, 56, 63, 87, 99, 129
+
+     Staffordshire, 98
+
+     Stones, 60, 101-102, 106, 109
+
+     Stories, 81, 96, 149, 169
+
+     Straw, 77, 99
+
+     Strunt, 79
+
+     "Summer's end," 3-4, 11-12, 16, 25, 44
+
+     Sun-god, 1-3, 8, 15, 44, 84-85, 87, 120-121, 124, 126, 136;
+       -worship, 21;
+       -wise, 3, 17, 60, 67
+
+     Superstitions, 33, 62, 83, 135, 153-154
+
+     Swans, 38-39, 41
+
+     Swastika, 8
+
+     Sweden, 126, 133
+
+     Symbols, 7-8, 28
+
+
+     Tam o' Shanter, 68-69, 89
+
+     Tannh�user, 131-133
+
+     Tara, 17, 21, 43, 48, 59
+
+     _Tempest_, 87
+
+     Teuton, 108, 124, 142
+
+     Teutonic, 4, 125
+
+     Thanksgiving, 3-4;
+       for harvest, 59
+
+     Thimble, 51, 72, 83, 156
+
+     Thor, 134
+
+     Thorn, 45
+
+     Thread, 138, 167
+
+     Thuringia, 131
+
+     Tiberius, 27
+
+     Tigernmas, 20-21
+
+     "Tin Islands," 5
+
+     Tlactga, 17
+
+     Toads, 152
+
+     Toasts, 126
+
+     Todmorden, 90
+
+     Torches, 14, 60-61, 68, 99
+
+     Tree-worship, 7-8, 92, 123
+
+     Trefoil, 8, 29
+
+     Trinity, 29
+
+     Tripod, 65, 134, 155
+
+     Trolls, 121, 130, 150
+
+     Tuatha De Danann, 20, 29, 38-39, 43, 48-50, 107-108
+
+     Tub, 53, 93, 96, 160;
+       apples in. See Apples
+
+     Tyr, 123
+
+
+     United States, 153
+
+
+     Valhalla, 121-122
+
+     Vali, 121
+
+     Valkyries, 122, 136
+
+     Vandals, 119
+
+     Venus, 131-132
+
+     Vertumnus, 24-25
+
+     Vortumnalia, 25
+
+     Vulcan, 120
+
+     Vurdh, 123
+
+
+     Wales, 27, 101, 105, 106, 108, 144, 168;
+       belief in fairies in, 6
+
+     Walnut-tree, 92
+
+     Walpurga, 136
+
+     Ward, Hill of. See Tara
+
+     Water, 57, 68, 97, 165
+
+     Wedding of sun and earth, 126, 136
+
+     "Weird Sisters," 123
+
+     Wendy, 64
+
+     Wheel,
+       sun-symbol, 8, 13, 17;
+       of fortune, 163
+
+     White Lady, 62
+
+     Wild Huntsman, 90, 131
+
+     Will-o'-the-wisps, 121
+
+     Windsor Forest, 90
+
+     Winnowing, 75-76
+
+     Winter, first day of, 18, 44, 87, 102, 112
+
+     Witches, 4, 60-61, 65-69, 89, 99, 101, 129-131, 133-135, 146, 155
+
+     Witchcraft, 4, 81, 89, 134
+
+     Wood, 52, 57, 97
+
+     Wotan. See Odin
+
+
+     Yarn, 55, 75, 104, 140, 165
+
+     Year's end, 10, 17-18, 84
+
+     Yellow, 156
+
+     Yggdrasil, 122
+
+     Yorkshire, 97
+
+     Yule, 3, 126
+
+
+     Zschokke, 140
+
+
+
+
+     TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+     Represented the "oe" ligature as [oe].
+
+     Adjusted placement of footnotes.
+
+     Page 88: Retained alternate spelling of "Candelmas" in quoted
+              material versus standard spelling in index.
+
+     Page 182: Standardized punctuation.
+
+     Pages 191 & 194: Standardized index cross-reference words.
+
+     Page 204: Standardized spelling of "sick-bed."
+
+     Page 207: Standardized spelling of _V�luspa_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+Author: Ruth Edna Kelley
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2007 [EBook #20644]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF HALLOWE'EN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Ted Garvin and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HALLOWE'EN FESTIVITIES.
+
+_From an Old English Print_]
+
+
+
+                   The
+             Book of Hallowe'en
+
+                    By
+
+           RUTH EDNA KELLEY, A. M.
+
+            _Lynn Public Library_
+
+               _ILLUSTRATED_
+
+                  BOSTON
+
+          LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+             Published, August, 1919
+
+                COPYRIGHT, 1919,
+          BY LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.
+
+             _All Rights Reserved_
+
+             The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+                 Norwood Press
+               BERWICK & SMITH CO.
+                 NORWOOD, MASS.
+                    U. S. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _To my Mother and the memory of my Father
+          who inspired and encouraged me
+              in the writing of this
+                     book_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This book is intended to give the reader an account of the origin
+and history of Hallowe'en, how it absorbed some customs belonging
+to other days in the year,--such as May Day, Midsummer, and
+Christmas. The context is illustrated by selections from ancient
+and modern poetry and prose, related to Hallowe'en ideas.
+
+Those who wish suggestions for readings, recitations, plays, and
+parties, will find the lists in the appendix useful, in addition to
+the books on entertainments and games to be found in any public
+library.
+
+Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Company
+for permission to use the poem entitled "Hallowe'en" from "The
+Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by W. M. Letts; to Messrs.
+Longmans, Green & Company for the poem "Pomona," by William Morris;
+and to the Editors of _The Independent_ for the use of five poems.
+
+                                                  RUTH EDNA KELLEY.
+
+                                                  LYNN, _1919_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                      PAGE
+
+I. SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE'EN                     1
+
+II. THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS                   5
+
+III. SAMHAIN                                                 16
+
+IV. POMONA                                                   23
+
+V. THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'       27
+
+VI. ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN OMENS                 33
+
+VII. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND               35
+
+VIII. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN SCOTLAND
+      AND THE HEBRIDES                                       59
+
+IX. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN ENGLAND AND MAN        82
+
+X. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN WALES                  101
+
+XI. HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE   107
+
+XII. THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES                         119
+
+XIII. WALPURGIS NIGHT                                       136
+
+XIV. MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS                    142
+
+XV. HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA                                   149
+
+    "FOUR POEMS"                                            172
+
+    MAGAZINE REFERENCES TO HALLOWE'EN ENTERTAINMENTS        179
+
+    SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF READINGS, RECITATIONS, AND PLAYS  182
+
+    INDEX TO QUOTATIONS                                     184
+
+    INDEX                                                   188
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+Hallowe'en Festivities               _Frontispiece_
+                                        FACING PAGE
+In Hallowe'en Time                               34
+
+The Witch of the Walnut-Tree                    100
+
+The Witches' Dance (_Valpurgisnacht_)           138
+
+Fortune-Telling                                 148
+
+Hallowe'en Tables, I                            156
+
+Hallowe'en Tables, II                           158
+
+No Hallowe'en without a Jack-o'-lantern         178
+
+
+
+
+The Book of Hallowe'en
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE'EN
+
+
+If we could ask one of the old-world pagans whom he revered as his
+greatest gods, he would be sure to name among them the sun-god;
+calling him Apollo if he were a Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or
+Osiris; if of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the sun is the
+center of the physical universe, so all primitive peoples made it
+the hub about which their religion revolved, nearly always
+believing it a living person to whom they could say prayers and
+offer sacrifices, who directed their lives and destinies, and could
+even snatch men from earthly existence to dwell for a time with
+him, as it draws the water from lakes and seas.
+
+In believing this they followed an instinct of all early peoples, a
+desire to make persons of the great powers of nature, such as the
+world of growing things, mountains and water, the sun, moon, and
+stars; and a wish for these gods they had made to take an interest
+in and be part of their daily life. The next step was making
+stories about them to account for what was seen; so arose myths and
+legends.
+
+The sun has always marked out work-time and rest, divided the year
+into winter idleness, seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has always
+been responsible for all the beauty and goodness of the earth; it
+is itself splendid to look upon. It goes away and stays longer and
+longer, leaving the land in cold and gloom; it returns bringing the
+long fair days and resurrection of spring. A Japanese legend tells
+how the hidden sun was lured out by an image made of a copper plate
+with saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and a fire kindled,
+dancing, and prayers; and round the earth in North America the
+Cherokees believed they brought the sun back upon its northward
+path by the same means of rousing its curiosity, so that it would
+come out to see its counterpart and find out what was going on.
+
+All the more important church festivals are survivals of old rites
+to the sun. "How many times the Church has decanted the new wine of
+Christianity into the old bottles of heathendom." Yule-tide, the
+pagan Christmas, celebrated the sun's turning north, and the old
+midsummer holiday is still kept in Ireland and on the Continent as
+St. John's Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance about them
+from east to west as the sun appears to move. The pagan Hallowe'en
+at the end of summer was a time of grief for the decline of the
+sun's glory, as well as a harvest festival of thanksgiving to him
+for having ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly had
+husking-bees when the ears had been garnered, and now keep our own
+Thanksgiving by eating of our winter store in praise of God who
+gives us our increase.
+
+Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit, lends us the harvest element of
+Hallowe'en; the Celtic day of "summer's end" was a time when
+spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the gods whom Christ dethroned
+joined the ill-omened throng; the Church festivals of All Saints'
+and All Souls' coming at the same time of year--the first of
+November--contributed the idea of the return of the dead; and the
+Teutonic May Eve assemblage of witches brought its hags and their
+attendant beasts to help celebrate the night of October 31st.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS
+
+
+The first reference to Great Britain in European annals of which we
+know was the statement in the fifth century B. C. of the Greek
+historian Herodotus, that Ph[oe]nician sailors went to the British
+Isles for tin. He called them the "Tin Islands." The people with
+whom these sailors traded must have been Celts, for they were the
+first inhabitants of Britain who worked in metal instead of stone.
+
+The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries before Christ came.
+There is a tradition in Ireland that they first arrived there in
+270 B. C., seven hundred years before St. Patrick. The account of
+them written by Julius Caesar half a century before Christ speaks
+mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing them into two ruling classes
+who kept the people almost in a state of slavery; the knights, who
+waged war, and the Druids who had charge of worship and sacrifices,
+and were in addition physicians, historians, teachers, scientists,
+and judges.
+
+Caesar says that this cult originated in Britain, and was
+transferred to Gaul. Gaul and Britain had one religion and one
+language, and might even have one king, so that what Caesar wrote of
+Gallic Druids must have been true of British.
+
+The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and stream, and feared the
+powers of evil, as did the Greeks and all other early races. Very
+much of their primitive belief has been kept, so that to Scotch,
+Irish, and Welsh peasantry brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound
+in tiny supernatural beings, who may work them good or evil, lead
+them astray by flickering lights, or charm them into seven years'
+servitude unless they are bribed to show favor.
+
+The name "Druid" is derived from the Celtic word "druidh," meaning
+"sage," connected with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"
+
+    "The rapid oak-tree--
+     Before him heaven and earth quake:
+     Stout door-keeper against the foe.
+     In every land his name is mine."
+
+        TALIESIN: _Battle of the Trees._
+
+for the oak was held sacred by them as a symbol of the omnipotent
+god, upon whom they depended for life like the mistletoe growing
+upon it. Their ceremonies were held in oak-groves.
+
+Later from their name a word meaning "magician" was formed, showing
+that these priests had gained the reputation of being dealers in
+magic.
+
+  "The Druid followed him and suddenly, as we are told, struck him
+  with a druidic wand, or according to one version, flung at him a
+  tuft of grass over which he had pronounced a druidical
+  incantation."
+
+                                        O'CURRY: _Ancient Irish._
+
+They dealt in symbols, common objects to which was given by the
+interposition of spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and
+power to produce certain effects. Since they were tree-worshippers,
+trees and plants were thought to have peculiar powers.
+
+Caesar provides them with a galaxy of Roman divinities, Mercury,
+Mars, Jupiter, and Minerva, who of course were worshipped under
+their native names. Their chief god was Baal, of whom they believed
+the sun the visible emblem. They represented him by lowlier tokens,
+such as circles and wheels. The trefoil, changed into a figure
+composed of three winged feet radiating from a center, represented
+the swiftness of the sun's journey. The cross too was a symbol of
+the sun, being the appearance of its light shining upon dew or
+stream, making to the half-closed eye little bright crosses. One
+form of the cross was the swastika.
+
+To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals or prisoners of war,
+often burning them alive in wicker images. These bonfires lighted
+on the hills were meant to urge the god to protect and bless the
+crops and herds. From the appearance of the victims sacrificed in
+them, omens were taken that foretold the future. The gods and other
+supernatural powers in answer to prayer were thought to signify
+their will by omens, and also by the following methods: the ordeal,
+in which the innocence or guilt of a person was shown by the way
+the god permitted him to endure fire or other torture; exorcism,
+the driving out of demons by saying mysterious words or names over
+them. Becoming skilled in interpreting the will of the gods, the
+Druids came to be known as prophets.
+
+    "O Deirdre, terrible child,
+     For thee, red star of our ruin,
+     Great weeping shall be in Eri--
+     Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.
+
+    *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Thy feet shall trample the mighty
+     Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."
+
+        TODHUNTER: _Druid song of Cathvah._
+
+They kept their lore for the most part a secret, forbidding it to
+be written, passing it down by word of mouth. They taught the
+immortality of the soul, that it passed from one body to another at
+death.
+
+    "If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites,
+     And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites,
+     When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake
+     They instantly again do other bodies take----"
+
+                                            DRAYTON: _Polyolbion._
+
+They believed that on the last night of the old year (October 31st)
+the lord of death gathered together the souls of all those who had
+died in the passing year and had been condemned to live in the
+bodies of animals, to decree what forms they should inhabit for the
+next twelve months. He could be coaxed to give lighter sentences by
+gifts and prayers.
+
+The badge of the initiated Druid was a glass ball reported to be
+made in summer of the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests
+as the snakes tossed it into the air.
+
+    "And the potent adder-stone
+     Gender'd 'fore the autumnal moon
+     When in undulating twine
+     The foaming snakes prolific join."
+
+                   MASON: _Caractacus._
+
+It was real glass, blown by the Druids themselves. It was supposed
+to aid the wearer in winning lawsuits and securing the favor of
+kings.
+
+An animal sacred to the Druids was the cat.
+
+"A slender black cat reclining on a chain of old silver" guarded
+treasure in the old days. For a long time cats were dreaded by the
+people because they thought human beings had been changed to that
+form by evil means.
+
+The chief festivals of the Druids fell on four days, celebrating
+phases of the sun's career. Fires of sacrifice were lighted
+especially at spring and midsummer holidays, by exception on
+November 1st.
+
+May Day and November Day were the more important, the beginning and
+end of summer, yet neither equinoxes nor solstices. The time was
+divided then not according to sowing and reaping, but by the older
+method of reckoning from when the herds were turned out to pasture
+in the spring and brought into the fold again at the approach of
+winter--by a pastoral rather than an agricultural people.
+
+On the night before Beltaine ("Baal-fire"), the first of May, fires
+were burned to Baal to celebrate the return of the sun bringing
+summer. Before sunrise the houses were decked with garlands to
+gladden the sun when he appeared; a rite which has survived in
+"going maying." The May-Day fires were used for purification.
+Cattle were singed by being led near the flames, and sometimes bled
+that their blood might be offered as a sacrifice for a prosperous
+season.
+
+      "When lo! a flame,
+    A wavy flame of ruddy light
+    Leaped up, the farmyard fence above.
+    And while his children's shout rang high,
+    His cows the farmer slowly drove
+    Across the blaze,--he knew not why."
+
+                   KICKHAM: _St. John's Eve._
+
+A cake was baked in the fire with one piece blacked with charcoal.
+Whoever got the black piece was thereby marked for sacrifice to
+Baal, so that, as the ship proceeded in safety after Jonah was cast
+overboard, the affairs of the group about the May-Eve fire might
+prosper when it was purged of the one whom Baal designated by lot.
+Later only the symbol of offering was used, the victim being forced
+to leap thrice over the flames.
+
+In history it was the day of the coming of good. Partholon, the
+discoverer and promoter of Ireland, came thither from the other
+world to stay three hundred years. The gods themselves, the
+deliverers of Ireland, first arrived there "through the air" on May
+Day.
+
+June 21st, the day of the summer solstice, the height of the sun's
+power, was marked by midnight fires of joy and by dances. These
+were believed to strengthen the sun's heat. A blazing wheel to
+represent the sun was rolled down hill.
+
+      "A happy thought.
+    Give me this cart-wheel.
+    I'll have it tied with ropes and smeared with pitch,
+    And when it's lighted, I will roll it down
+    The steepest hillside."
+
+                               HAUPTMANN: _Sunken Bell._
+                               (Lewisohn _trans._)
+
+Spirits were believed to be abroad, and torches were carried about
+the fields to protect them from invasion. Charms were tried on that
+night with seeds of fern and hemp, and dreams were believed to be
+prophetic.
+
+Lugh, in old Highland speech "the summer sun"
+
+      "The hour may hither drift
+    When at the last, amid the o'erwearied Shee--
+    Weary of long delight and deathless joys--
+    One you shall love may fade before your eyes,
+    Before your eyes may fade, and be as mist
+    Caught in the sunny hollow of Lu's hand,
+    Lord of the Day."
+
+                           SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+had for father one of the gods and for mother the daughter of a
+chief of the enemy. Hence he possessed some good and some evil
+tendencies. He may be the Celtic Mercury, for they were alike
+skilled in magic and alchemy, in deception, successful in combats
+with demons, the bringers of new strength and cleansing to the
+nation. He said farewell to power on the first of August, and his
+foster-mother had died on that day, so then it was he set his
+feast-day. The occasion was called "Lugnasad," "the bridal of Lugh"
+and the earth, whence the harvest should spring. It was celebrated
+by the offering of the first fruits of harvest, and by races and
+athletic sports. In Meath, Ireland, this continued down into the
+nineteenth century, with dancing and horse-racing the first week of
+August.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+SAMHAIN
+
+
+On November first was Samhain ("summer's end").
+
+    "Take my tidings:
+       Stags contend;
+       Snows descend--
+       Summer's end!
+
+    "A chill wind raging,
+       The sun low keeping,
+       Swift to set
+     O'er seas high sweeping.
+
+    "Dull red the fern;
+       Shapes are shadows;
+     Wild geese mourn
+     O'er misty meadows.
+
+    "Keen cold limes each weaker wing,
+       Icy times--
+       Such I sing!
+       Take my tidings."
+
+          GRAVES: _First Winter Song._
+
+Then the flocks were driven in, and men first had leisure after
+harvest toil. Fires were built as a thanksgiving to Baal for
+harvest. The old fire on the altar was quenched before the night of
+October 31st, and the new one made, as were all sacred fires, by
+friction. It was called "forced-fire." A wheel and a spindle were
+used: the wheel, the sun symbol, was turned from east to west,
+sunwise. The sparks were caught in tow, blazed upon the altar, and
+were passed on to light the hilltop fires. The new fire was given
+next morning, New Year's Day, by the priests to the people to light
+their hearths, where all fires had been extinguished. The blessed
+fire was thought to protect the year through the home it warmed. In
+Ireland the altar was Tlactga, on the hill of Ward in Meath, where
+sacrifices, especially black sheep, were burnt in the new fire.
+From the death struggles and look of the creatures omens for the
+future year were taken.
+
+The year was over, and the sun's life of a year was done. The
+Celts thought that at this time the sun fell a victim for six
+months to the powers of winter darkness. In Egyptian mythology one
+of the sun-gods, Osiris, was slain at a banquet by his brother
+Sitou, the god of darkness. On the anniversary of the murder, the
+first day of winter, no Egyptian would begin any new business for
+fear of bad luck, since the spirit of evil was then in power.
+
+From the idea that the sun suffered from his enemies on this day
+grew the association of Samhain with death.
+
+    "The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year,
+     Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere.
+     Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the wither'd leaves lie dead;
+     They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rabbit's tread.
+     The robin and the wren are flown, and from the shrub the jay
+     And from the wood-top calls the crow, through all the gloomy day.
+
+    "The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago,
+     And the wild rose and the orchis died amid the summer glow:
+     But on the hill the golden-rod, and the aster in the wood,
+     And the yellow sun-flower by the brook in autumn beauty stood,
+     Till fell the frost from the cold clear heaven, as falls the
+         plague on men,
+     And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland, glade,
+         and glen."
+
+                                       BRYANT: _Death of the Flowers._
+
+In the same state as those who are dead, are those who have never
+lived, dwelling right in the world, but invisible to most mortals
+at most times. Seers could see them at any time, and if very many
+were abroad at once others might get a chance to watch them too.
+
+    "There is a world in which we dwell,
+     And yet a world invisible.
+       And do not think that naught can be
+       Save only what with eyes ye see:
+     I tell ye that, this very hour,
+     Had but your sight a spirit's power,
+       Ye would be looking, eye to eye,
+       At a terrific company."
+
+                       COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+These supernatural spirits ruled the dead. There were two classes:
+the Tuatha De Danann, "the people of the goddess Danu," gods of
+light and life; and spirits of darkness and evil. The Tuatha had
+their chief seat on the Isle of Man, in the middle of the Irish
+Sea, and brought under their power the islands about them. On a
+Midsummer Day they vanquished the Fir Bolgs and gained most of
+Ireland, by the battle of Moytura.
+
+A long time afterwards--perhaps 1000 B. C.--the Fomor, sea-demons,
+after destroying nearly all their enemies by plagues, exacted from
+those remaining, as tribute, "a third part of their corn, a third
+part of their milk, and a third part of their children." This tax
+was paid on Samhain. It was on the week before Samhain that the
+Fomor landed upon Ireland. On the eve of Samhain the gods met them
+in the second battle of Moytura, and they were driven back into the
+ocean.
+
+As Tigernmas, a mythical king of Ireland, was sacrificing "the
+firstlings of every issue, and the scions of every clan" to Crom
+Croich, the king idol, and lay prostrate before the image, he and
+three-fourths of his men mysteriously disappeared.
+
+      "Then came
+    Tigernmas, the prince of Tara yonder
+    On Hallowe'en with many hosts.
+    A cause of grief to them was the deed.
+    Dead were the men
+    Of Bamba's host, without happy strength
+    Around Tigernmas, the destructive man of the north,
+    From the worship of Crom Cruaich. 'T was no luck for them.
+    For I have learnt,
+    Except one-fourth of the keen Gaels,
+    Not a man alive--lasting the snare!
+    Escaped without death in his mouth."
+
+                 _Dinnsenchus of Mag Slecht_ (Meyer _trans._).
+
+This was direct invocation, but the fire rites which were continued
+so long afterwards were really only worshipping the sun by proxy,
+in his nearest likeness, fire.
+
+Samhain was then a day sacred to the death of the sun, on which had
+been paid a sacrifice of death to evil powers. Though overcome at
+Moytura evil was ascendant at Samhain. Methods of finding out the
+will of spirits and the future naturally worked better then, charms
+and invocations had more power, for the spirits were near to help,
+if care was taken not to anger them, and due honors paid.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+POMONA
+
+
+Ops was the Latin goddess of plenty. Single parts of her province
+were taken over by various other divinities, among whom was Pomona
+(_pomorum patrona_, "she who cares for fruits"). She is represented
+as a maiden with fruit in her arms and a pruning-knife in her hand.
+
+    "I am the ancient apple-queen.
+       As once I was so am I now--
+     For evermore a hope unseen
+       Betwixt the blossom and the bough.
+
+    "Ah, where's the river's hidden gold!
+       And where's the windy grave of Troy?
+     Yet come I as I came of old,
+       From out the heart of summer's joy."
+
+                          MORRIS: _Pomona._
+
+Many Roman poets told stories about her, the best known being by
+Ovid, who says that she was wooed by many orchard-gods, but
+preferred to remain unmarried. Among her suitors was Vertumnus
+("the changer"), the god of the turning year, who had charge of the
+exchange of trade, the turning of river channels, and chiefly of
+the change in nature from flower to ripe fruit. True to his
+character he took many forms to gain Pomona's love. Now he was a
+ploughman (spring), now a fisherman (summer), now a reaper
+(autumn).
+
+At last he took the likeness of an old woman (winter), and went to
+gossip with Pomona. After sounding her mind and finding her averse
+to marriage, the woman pleaded for Vertumnus's success.
+
+    "Is not he the first to have the fruits which
+     are thy delight? And does he not hold thy
+     gifts in his joyous right hand?"
+
+                    OVID: _Vertumnus and Pomona._
+
+Then the crone told her the story of Anaxarete who was so cold to
+her lover Iphis that he hanged himself, and she at the window
+watching his funeral train pass by was changed to a marble statue.
+Advising Pomona to avoid such a fate, Vertumnus donned his proper
+form, that of a handsome young man, and Pomona, moved by the story
+and his beauty, yielded and became his wife.
+
+Vertumnus had a statue in the Tuscan Way in Rome, and a temple. His
+festival, the Vortumnalia, was held on the 23d of August, when the
+summer began to wane. Garlands and garden produce were offered to
+him.
+
+Pomona had been assigned one of the fifteen _flamina_, priests
+whose duty it was to kindle the fire for special sacrifices. She
+had a grove near Ostia where a harvest festival was held about
+November first. Not much is known of the ceremonies, but from the
+similar August holiday much may be deduced. Then the deities of
+fire and water were propitiated that their disfavor might not ruin
+the crops. On Pomona's day doubtless thanks was rendered them for
+their aid to the harvest. An offering of first-fruits was made in
+August; in November the winter store of nuts and apples was opened.
+The horses released from toil contended in races.
+
+From Pomona's festival nuts and apples, from the Druidic Samhain
+the supernatural element, combined to give later generations the
+charms and omens from nuts and apples which are made trial of at
+Hallowe'en.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE COMING OF CHRISTIANITY. ALL SAINTS'. ALL SOULS'
+
+
+The great power which the Druids exercised over their people
+interfered with the Roman rule of Britain. Converts were being made
+at Rome. Augustus forbade Romans to became initiated, Tiberius
+banished the priestly clan and their adherents from Gaul, and
+Claudius utterly stamped out the belief there, and put to death a
+Roman knight for wearing the serpent's-egg badge to win a lawsuit.
+Forbidden to practise their rites in Britain, the Druids fled to
+the isle of Mona, near the coast of Wales. The Romans pursued them,
+and in 61 A. D. they were slaughtered and their oak groves cut
+down. During the next three centuries the cult was stifled to
+death, and the Christian religion substituted.
+
+It was believed that at Christ's advent the pagan gods either died
+or were banished.
+
+    "The lonely mountains o'er
+     And the resounding shore
+       A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament.
+     From haunted spring and dale,
+     Edged with poplar pale,
+       The parting genius is with sighing sent.
+     With flower-inwoven tresses torn
+     The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn."
+
+               MILTON: _On the Morning of Christ's Nativity._
+
+The Christian Fathers explained all oracles and omens by saying
+that there was something in them, but that they were the work of
+the evil one. The miraculous power they seemed to possess worked
+"black magic."
+
+It was a long, hard effort to make men see that their gods had all
+the time been wrong, and harder still to root out the age-long
+growth of rite and symbol. But on the old religion might be grafted
+new names; Midsummer was dedicated to the birth of Saint John;
+Lugnasad became Lammas. The fires belonging to these times of year
+were retained, their old significance forgotten or reconsecrated.
+The rowan, or mountain ash, whose berries had been the food of the
+Tuatha, now exorcised those very beings. The trefoil signified the
+Trinity, and the cross no longer the rays of the sun on water, but
+the cross of Calvary. The fires which had been built to propitiate
+the god and consume his sacrifices to induce him to protect them
+were now lighted to protect the people from the same god, declared
+to be an evil mischief-maker. In time the autumn festival of the
+Druids became the vigil of All Hallows or All Saints' Day.
+
+All Saints' was first suggested in the fourth century, when the
+Christians were no longer persecuted, in memory of all the saints,
+since there were too many for each to have a special day on the
+church calendar. A day in May was chosen by Pope Boniface IV in 610
+for consecrating the Pantheon, the old Roman temple of all the
+gods, to the Virgin and all the saints and martyrs. Pope Gregory
+III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter's to the same, and that day was
+made compulsory in 835 by Pope Gregory IV, as All Saints'. The day
+was changed from May to November so that the crowds that thronged
+to Rome for the services might be fed from the harvest bounty. It
+is celebrated with a special service in the Greek and Roman
+churches and by Episcopalians.
+
+In the tenth century St. Odilo, Bishop of Cluny, instituted a day
+of prayer and special masses for the souls of the dead. He had been
+told that a hermit dwelling near a cave
+
+  "heard the voices and howlings of devils, which complained
+  strongly because that the souls of them that were dead were taken
+  away from their hands by alms and by prayers."
+
+                                       DE VORAGINE: _Golden Legend._
+
+This day became All Souls', and was set for November 2d.
+
+It is very appropriate that the Celtic festival when the spirits of
+the dead and the supernatural powers held a carnival of triumph
+over the god of light, should be followed by All Saints' and All
+Souls'. The church holy-days were celebrated by bonfires to light
+souls through Purgatory to Paradise, as they had lighted the sun to
+his death on Samhain. On both occasions there were prayers: the
+pagan petitions to the lord of death for a pleasant dwelling-place
+for the souls of departed friends; and the Christian for their
+speedy deliverance from torture. They have in common the
+celebrating of death: the one, of the sun; the other, of mortals:
+of harvest: the one, of crops; the other, of sacred memories. They
+are kept by revelry and joy: first, to cheer men and make them
+forget the malign influences abroad; second, because as the saints
+in heaven rejoice over one repentant sinner, we should rejoice over
+those who, after struggles and sufferings past, have entered into
+everlasting glory.
+
+    "Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,
+       Yet were the fields in bud.
+     And the harvest,--when shall it rise again
+       Up through the fire and flood?
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Mother, my Mother, Mother-Country,
+       Was it not all to save
+     Harvest of bread?--Harvest of men?
+       And the bright years, wave on wave?
+
+    _"Search not, search not, my way-worn;
+       Search neither weald nor wave.
+     One is their heavy reaping-time
+       To the earth, that is one wide grave."_
+
+                       MARKS: _All Souls' Eve._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF HALLOWE'EN OMENS
+
+
+The custom of making tests to learn the future comes from the old
+system of augury from sacrifice. Who sees in the nuts thrown into
+the fire, turning in the heat, blazing and growing black, the
+writhing victim of an old-time sacrifice to an idol?
+
+Many superstitions and charms were believed to be active at any
+time, but all those and numerous special ones worked best on
+November Eve. All the tests of all the Celtic festivals have been
+allotted to Hallowe'en. Cakes from the May Eve fire, hemp-seed and
+prophetic dreams from Midsummer, games and sports from Lugnasad
+have survived in varied forms.
+
+Tests are very often tried blindfold, so that the seeker may be
+guided by fate. Many are mystic--to evoke apparitions from the
+past or future. Others are tried with harvest grains and fruits.
+Because skill and undivided attention is needed to carry them
+through successfully, many have degenerated into mere contests of
+skill, have lost their meaning, and become rough games.
+
+Answers are sought to questions about one's future career; chiefly
+to: when and whom shall I marry? what will be my profession and
+degree of wealth, and when shall I die?
+
+[Illustration: IN HALLOWE'EN TIME.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+HALLOWE'EN BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS IN IRELAND
+
+
+Ireland has a literature of Hallowe'en, or "Samhain," as it used to
+be called. Most of it was written between the seventh and the
+twelfth centuries, but the events were thought to have happened
+while paganism still ruled in Ireland.
+
+The evil powers that came out at Samhain lived the rest of the time
+in the cave of Cruachan in Connaught, the province which was given
+to the wicked Fomor after the battle of Moytura. This cave was
+called the "hell-gate of Ireland," and was unlocked on November Eve
+to let out spirits and copper-colored birds which killed the farm
+animals. They also stole babies, leaving in their place
+changelings, goblins who were old in wickedness while still in the
+cradle, possessing superhuman cunning and skill in music. One way
+of getting rid of these demon children was to ill-treat them so
+that their people would come for them, bringing the right ones
+back; or one might boil egg-shells in the sight of the changeling,
+who would declare his demon nature by saying that in his centuries
+of life he had never seen such a thing before.
+
+Brides too were stolen.
+
+    "You shall go with me, newly married bride,
+     And gaze upon a merrier multitude;
+     White-armed Nuala and AEngus of the birds,
+     And Feacra of the hurtling foam, and him
+     Who is the ruler of the western host,
+     Finvarra, and the Land of Heart's Desire,
+     Where beauty has no ebb, decay no flood,
+     But joy is wisdom, time an endless song."
+
+               YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+In the first century B. C. lived Ailill and his queen Medb. As they
+were celebrating their Samhain feast in the palace,
+
+    "Three days before Samhain at all times,
+     And three days after, by ancient custom
+     Did the hosts of high aspiration
+     Continue to feast for the whole week."
+
+                   O'CIARAIN: _Loch Garman._
+
+they offered a reward to the man who should tie a bundle of twigs
+about the feet of a criminal who had been hanged by the gate. It
+was dangerous to go near dead bodies on November Eve, but a bold
+young man named Nera dared it, and tied the twigs successfully. As
+he turned to go he saw
+
+  "the whole of the palace as if on fire before him, and the heads
+  of the people of it lying on the ground, and then he thought he
+  saw an army going into the hill of Cruachan, and he followed
+  after the army."
+
+                              GREGORY: _Cuchulain of Muirthemne._
+
+The door was shut. Nera was married to a fairy woman, who betrayed
+her kindred by sending Nera to warn King Ailill of the intended
+attack upon his palace the next November Eve. Nera bore summer
+fruits with him to prove that he had been in the fairy _sid_. The
+next November Eve, when the doors were opened Ailill entered and
+discovered the crown, emblem of power, took it away, and plundered
+the treasury. Nera never returned again to the homes of men.
+
+Another story of about the same time was that of Angus, the son of
+a Tuatha god, to whom in a dream a beautiful maiden appeared. He
+wasted away with love for her, and searched the country for a girl
+who should look like her. At last he saw in a meadow among a
+hundred and fifty maidens, each with a chain of silver about her
+neck, one who was like the beauty of his dream. She wore a golden
+chain about her throat, and was the daughter of King Ethal Anbual.
+King Ethal's palace was stormed by Ailill, and he was forced to
+give up his daughter. He gave as a reason for withholding his
+consent so long, that on Samhain Princess Caer changed from a
+maiden to a swan, and back again the next year.
+
+  "And when the time came Angus went to the loch, and he saw the
+  three times fifty white birds there with their silver chains
+  about their necks, and Angus stood in a man's shape at the edge
+  of the loch, and he called to the girl: 'Come and speak with me,
+  O Caer!'
+
+  "'Who is calling me?' said Caer.
+
+  "'Angus calls you,' he said, 'and if you do come, I swear by my
+  word I will not hinder you from going into the loch again.'"
+
+                              GREGORY: _Cuchulain of Muirthemne._
+
+She came, and he changed to a swan likewise, and they flew away to
+King Dagda's palace, where every one who heard their sweet singing
+was charmed into a sleep of three days and three nights.
+
+Princess Etain, of the race of the Tuatha, and wife of Midir, was
+born again as the daughter of Queen Medb, the wife of Ailill. She
+remembers a little of the land from which she came, is never quite
+happy,
+
+    "But sometimes--sometimes--tell me: have you heard,
+     By dusk or moonset have you never heard
+     Sweet voices, delicate music? Never seen
+     The passage of the lordly beautiful ones
+     Men call the Shee?"
+
+                                SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+even when she wins the love of King Eochaidh. When they have been
+married a year, there comes Midir from the Land of Youth. By
+winning a game of chess from the King, he gets anything he may ask,
+and prays to see the Queen. When he sees her he sings a song of
+longing to her, and Eochaidh is troubled because it is Samhain, and
+he knows the great power the hosts of the air "have then over those
+who wish for happiness."
+
+    "Etain, speak!
+     What is the song the harper sings, what tongue
+     Is this he speaks? for in no Gaelic lands
+     Is speech like this upon the lips of men.
+     No word of all these honey-dripping words
+     Is known to me. Beware, beware the words
+     Brewed in the moonshine under ancient oaks
+     White with pale banners of the mistletoe
+     Twined round them in their slow and stately death.
+     It is the feast of Saveen" (Samhain).
+
+                                SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+In vain Eochaidh pleads with her to stay with him. She has already
+forgotten all but Midir and the life so long ago in the Land of
+Youth.
+
+    "In the Land of Youth
+       There are pleasant places;
+     Green meadows, woods,
+       Swift grey-blue waters.
+
+    "There is no age there,
+       Nor any sorrow.
+     As the stars in heaven
+       Are the cattle in the valleys.
+
+    "Great rivers wander
+       Through flowery plains.
+     Streams of milk, of mead,
+       Streams of strong ale.
+
+    "There is no hunger
+       And no thirst
+     In the Hollow Land,
+       In the Land of Youth."
+
+              SHARP: _Immortal Hour._
+
+She and Midir fly away in the form of two swans, linked by a chain
+of gold.
+
+Cuchulain, hopelessly sick of a strange illness brought on by Fand
+and Liban, fairy sisters, was visited the day before Samhain by a
+messenger, who promised to cure him if he would go to the
+Otherworld. Cuchulain could not make up his mind to go, but sent
+Laeg, his charioteer. Such glorious reports did Laeg bring back
+from the Otherworld,
+
+    "If all Erin were mine,
+        And the kingship of yellow Bregia,
+     I would give it, no trifling deed,
+        To dwell for aye in the place I reached."
+
+         _Cuchulain's Sick-bed._ (Meyer _trans._)
+
+that Cuchulain went thither, and championed the people there
+against their enemies. He stayed a month with the fairy Fand. Emer,
+his wife at home, was beset with jealousy, and plotted against
+Fand, who had followed her hero home. Fand in fear returned to her
+deserted husband, Emer was given a Druidic drink to drown her
+jealousy, and Cuchulain another to forget his infatuation, and they
+lived happily afterward.
+
+Even after Christianity was made the vital religion in Ireland, it
+was believed that places not exorcised by prayers and by the sign
+of the cross, were still haunted by Druids. As late as the fifth
+century the Druids kept their skill in fortune-telling. King Dathi
+got a Druid to foretell what would happen to him from one
+Hallowe'en to the next, and the prophecy came true. Their religion
+was now declared evil, and all evil or at any rate suspicious
+beings were assigned to them or to the devil as followers.
+
+    "_Maire Bruin:_
+          Are not they, likewise, the children of God?
+
+     _Father Hart:_
+          Colleen, they are the children of the fiend,
+          And they have power until the end of Time,
+          When God shall fight with them a great pitched battle
+          And hack them into pieces."
+
+                               YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+The power of fairy music was so great that St. Patrick himself was
+put to sleep by a minstrel who appeared to him on the day before
+Samhain. The Tuatha De Danann, angered at the renegade people who
+no longer did them honor, sent another minstrel, who after laying
+the ancient religious seat Tara under a twenty-three years' charm,
+burned up the city with his fiery breath.
+
+These infamous spirits dwelt in grassy mounds, called "forts,"
+which were the entrances to underground palaces full of treasure,
+where was always music and dancing. These treasure-houses were open
+only on November Eve
+
+    "For the fairy mounds of Erinn are always
+     opened about Hallowe'en."
+
+       _Expedition of Nera._ (Meyer _trans._)
+
+when the throngs of spirits, fairies, and goblins trooped out for
+revels about the country. The old Druid idea of obsession, the
+besieging of a person by an evil spirit, was practised by them at
+that time.
+
+    "This is the first day of the winter, and to-day the
+     Hosts of the Air are in their greatest power."
+
+                                WARREN: _Twig of Thorn._
+
+If the fairies wished to seize a mortal--which power they had as
+the sun-god could take men to himself--they caused him to give
+them certain tokens by which he delivered himself into their hands.
+They might be milk and fire--
+
+    "_Maire Bruin:_
+          A little queer old woman cloaked in green,
+          Who came to beg a porringer of milk.
+
+     _Bridget Bruin:_
+          The good people go asking milk and fire
+          Upon May Eve--woe to the house that gives,
+          For they have power over it for a year."
+
+                    YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+or one might receive a fairy thorn such as Oonah brings home, which
+shrivels up at the touch of St. Bridget's image;
+
+  "Oh, ever since I kept the twig of thorn and hid it, I have seen
+  strange things, and heard strange laughter and far voices
+  calling."
+
+                                        WARREN: _Twig of Thorn._
+
+or one might be lured by music as he stopped near the fort to watch
+the dancing, for the revels were held in secret, as those of the
+Druids had been, and no one could look on them unaffected.
+
+A story is told of Paddy More, a great stout uncivil churl, and
+Paddy Beg, a cheerful little hunchback. The latter, seeing lights
+and hearing music, paused by a mound, and was invited in. Urged to
+tell stories, he complied; he danced as spryly as he could for his
+deformity; he sang, and made himself so agreeable that the fairies
+decided to take the hump off his back, and send him home a straight
+manly fellow. The next Hallowe'en who should come by the same place
+but Paddy More, and he stopped likewise to spy at the merrymaking.
+He too was called in, but would not dance politely, added no
+stories nor songs. The fairies clapped Paddy Beg's hump on his
+back, and dismissed him under a double burden of discomfort.
+
+A lad called Guleesh, listening outside a fort on Hallowe'en heard
+the spirits speaking of the fatal illness of his betrothed, the
+daughter of the King of France. They said that if Guleesh but knew
+it, he might boil an herb that grew by his door and give it to the
+princess and make her well. Joyfully Guleesh hastened home,
+prepared the herb, and cured the royal girl.
+
+Sometimes people did not have the luck to return, but were led away
+to a realm of perpetual youth and music.
+
+    "_Father Hart._ What are you reading?
+
+     _Maire Bruin._ How a Princess Edane,
+          A daughter of a King of Ireland, heard
+          A voice singing on a May Eve like this,
+          And followed, half awake and half asleep,
+          Until she came into the land of faery,
+          Where nobody gets old and godly and grave,
+          Where nobody gets old and crafty and wise,
+          Where nobody gets old and bitter of tongue;
+          And she is still there, busied with a dance,
+          Deep in the dewy shadow of a wood,
+          Or where stars walk upon a mountain-top."
+
+                      YEATS: _Land of Heart's Desire._
+
+If one returned, he found that the space which seemed to him but
+one night, had been many years, and with the touch of earthly sod
+the age he had postponed suddenly weighed him down. Ossian,
+released from fairyland after three hundred years dalliance there,
+rode back to his own country on horseback. He saw men imprisoned
+under a block of marble and others trying to lift the stone. As he
+leaned over to aid them the girth broke. With the touch of earth
+"straightway the white horse fled away on his way home, and Ossian
+became aged, decrepit, and blind."
+
+No place as much as Ireland has kept the belief in all sorts of
+supernatural spirits abroad among its people. From the time when on
+the hill of Ward, near Tara, in pre-Christian days, the sacrifices
+were burned and the Tuatha were thought to appear on Samhain, to as
+late as 1910, testimony to actual appearances of the "little
+people" is to be found.
+
+  "'Among the usually invisible races which I have seen in Ireland,
+  I distinguish five classes. There are the Gnomes, who are
+  earth-spirits, and who seem to be a sorrowful race. I once saw
+  some of them distinctly on the side of Ben Bulbin. They had
+  rather round heads and dark thick-set bodies, and in stature were
+  about two and one-half feet. The Leprechauns are different, being
+  full of mischief, though they, too, are small. I followed a
+  Leprechaun from the town of Wicklow out to the Carraig Sidhe,
+  "Rock of the Fairies," a distance of half a mile or more, where
+  he disappeared. He had a very merry face, and beckoned to me with
+  his finger. A third class are the Little People, who, unlike the
+  Gnomes and Leprechauns, are quite good-looking; and they are very
+  small. The Good People are tall, beautiful beings, as tall as
+  ourselves.... They direct the magnetic currents of the earth. The
+  Gods are really the Tuatha De Danann, and they are much taller
+  than our race.'"
+
+                         WENTZ: _Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries._
+
+The sight of apparitions on Hallowe'en is believed to be fatal to
+the beholder.
+
+  "One night my lady's soul walked along the wall like a cat. Long
+  Tom Bowman beheld her and that day week fell he into the well and
+  was drowned."
+
+                                      PYLE: _Priest and the Piper._
+
+One version of the Jack-o'-lantern story comes from Ireland. A
+stingy man named Jack was for his inhospitality barred from all
+hope of heaven, and because of practical jokes on the Devil was
+locked out of hell. Until the Judgment Day he is condemned to walk
+the earth with a lantern to light his way.
+
+The place of the old lord of the dead, the Tuatha god Saman, to
+whom vigil was kept and prayers said on November Eve for the good
+of departed souls, was taken in Christian times by St. Colomba or
+Columb Kill, the founder of a monastery in Iona in the fifth
+century. In the seventeenth century the Irish peasants went about
+begging money and goodies for a feast, and demanding in the name of
+Columb Kill that fatted calves and black sheep be prepared. In
+place of the Druid fires, candles were collected and lighted on
+Hallowe'en, and prayers for the souls of the givers said before
+them. The name of Saman is kept in the title "Oidhche Shamhna,"
+"vigil of Saman," by which the night of October 31st was until
+recently called in Ireland.
+
+There are no Hallowe'en bonfires in Ireland now, but charms and
+tests are tried. Apples and nuts, the treasure of Pomona, figure
+largely in these. They are representative winter fruits, the
+commonest. They can be gathered late and kept all winter.
+
+A popular drink at the Hallowe'en gathering in the eighteenth
+century was milk in which crushed roasted apples had been mixed. It
+was called lambs'-wool (perhaps from "La Mas Ubhal," "the day of
+the apple fruit"). At the Hallowe'en supper "callcannon," mashed
+potatoes, parsnips, and chopped onions, is indispensable. A ring is
+buried in it, and the one who finds it in his portion will be
+married in a year, or if he is already married, will be lucky.
+
+  "They had colcannon, and the funniest things were found in
+  it--tiny dolls, mice, a pig made of china, silver sixpences, a
+  thimble, a ring, and lots of other things. After supper was over
+  all went into the big play-room, and dived for apples in a tub of
+  water, fished for prizes in a basin of flour; then there were
+  games----"
+
+                                   TRANT: _Hallowe'en in Ireland._
+
+A coin betokened to the finder wealth; the thimble, that he would
+never marry.
+
+A ring and a nut are baked in a cake. The ring of course means
+early marriage, the nut signifies that its finder will marry a
+widow or a widower. If the kernel is withered, no marriage at all
+is prophesied. In Roscommon, in central Ireland, a coin, a sloe,
+and a bit of wood were baked in a cake. The one getting the sloe
+would live longest, the one getting the wood was destined to die
+within the year.
+
+A mould of flour turned out on the table held similar tokens. Each
+person cut off a slice with a knife, and drew out his prize with
+his teeth.
+
+After supper the tests were tried. In the last century nut-shells
+were burned. The best-known nut test is made as follows: three nuts
+are named for a girl and two sweethearts. If one burns steadily
+with the girl's nut, that lover is faithful to her, but if either
+hers or one of the other nuts starts away, there will be no happy
+friendship between them.
+
+Apples are snapped from the end of a stick hung parallel to the
+floor by a twisted cord which whirls the stick rapidly when it is
+let go. Care has to be taken not to bite the candle burning on the
+other end. Sometimes this test is made easier by dropping the
+apples into a tub of water and diving for them, or piercing them
+with a fork dropped straight down.
+
+Green herbs called "livelong" were plucked by the children and hung
+up on Midsummer Eve. If a plant was found to be still green on
+Hallowe'en, the one who had hung it up would prosper for the year,
+but if it had turned yellow or had died, the child would also die.
+
+Hemp-seed is sown across three furrows, the sower repeating:
+"Hemp-seed, I saw thee, hemp-seed, I saw thee; and her that is to
+be my true love, come after me and draw thee." On looking back over
+his shoulder he will see the apparition of his future wife in the
+act of gathering hemp.
+
+Seven cabbage stalks were named for any seven of the company, then
+pulled up, and the guests asked to come out, and "see their
+sowls."
+
+    "One, two, three, and up to seven;
+     If all are white, all go to heaven;
+       If one is black as Murtagh's evil,
+       He'll soon be screechin' wi' the devil."
+
+Red Mike "was a queer one from his birth, an' no wonder, for he
+first saw the light atween dusk an' dark o' a Hallowe'en Eve." When
+the cabbage test was tried at a party where Mike was present, six
+stalks were found to be white, but Mike's was "all black an' fowl
+wi' worms an' slugs, an' wi' a real bad smell ahint it." Angered at
+the ridicule he received, he cried: "I've the gift o' the night, I
+have, an' on this day my curse can blast whatever I choose." At
+that the priest showed Mike a crucifix, and he ran away howling,
+and disappeared through a bog into the ground.
+
+                                   SHARP: _Threefold Chronicle._
+
+Twelve of the party may learn their future, if one gets a clod of
+earth from the churchyard sets up twelve candles in it, lights and
+names them. The fortune of each will be like that of the
+candle-light named for him,--steady, wavering, or soon in darkness.
+
+A ball of blue yarn was thrown out of the window by a girl who held
+fast to the end. She wound it over on her hand from left to right,
+saying the Creed backwards. When she had nearly finished, she
+expected the yarn would be held. She must ask "Who holds?" and the
+wind would sigh her sweetheart's name in at the window.
+
+In some charms the devil was invoked directly. If one walked about
+a rick nine times with a rake, saying, "I rake this rick in the
+devil's name," a vision would come and take away the rake.
+
+If one went out with nine grains of oats in his mouth, and walked
+about until he heard a girl's name called or mentioned, he would
+know the name of his future wife, for they would be the same.
+
+Lead is melted, and poured through a key or a ring into cold water.
+The form each spoonful takes in cooling indicates the occupation
+of the future husband of the girl who poured it.
+
+  "Now something like a horse would cause the jubilant maiden to
+  call out, 'A dragoon!' Now some dim resemblance to a helmet would
+  suggest a handsome member of the mounted police; or a round
+  object with a spike would seem a ship, and this of course meant a
+  sailor; or a cow would suggest a cattle-dealer, or a plough a
+  farmer."
+
+                                   SHARP: _Threefold Chronicle._
+
+After the future had been searched, a piper played a jig, to which
+all danced merrily with a loud noise to scare away the evil
+spirits.
+
+Just before midnight was the time to go out "alone and unperceived"
+to a south-running brook, dip a shirt-sleeve in it, bring it home
+and hang it by the fire to dry. One must go to bed, but watch till
+midnight for a sight of the destined mate who would come to turn
+the shirt to dry the other side.
+
+Ashes were raked smooth on the hearth at bedtime on Hallowe'en, and
+the next morning examined for footprints. If one was turned from
+the door, guests or a marriage was prophesied; if toward the door,
+a death.
+
+To have prophetic dreams a girl should search for a briar grown
+into a hoop, creep through thrice in the name of the devil, cut it
+in silence, and go to bed with it under her pillow. A boy should
+cut ten ivy leaves, throw away one and put the rest under his head
+before he slept.
+
+If a girl leave beside her bed a glass of water with a sliver of
+wood in it, and say before she falls asleep:
+
+    "Husband mine that is to be,
+     Come this night and rescue me,"
+
+she will dream of falling off a bridge into the water, and of being
+saved at the last minute by the spirit of her future husband. To
+receive a drink from his hand she must eat a cake of flour, soot,
+and salt before she goes to bed.
+
+The Celtic spirit of yearning for the unknown, retained nowhere
+else as much as in Ireland, is expressed very beautifully by the
+poet Yeats in the introduction to his _Celtic Twilight_.
+
+    "The host is riding from Knocknarea
+       And over the grave of Clooth-na-bare;
+       Caolte tossing his burning hair,
+     And Niam calling: 'Away, come away;
+
+    "'And brood no more where the fire is bright,
+       Filling thy heart with a mortal dream;
+       For breasts are heaving and eyes a-gleam:
+     Away, come away to the dim twilight
+
+    "'Arms are heaving and lips apart;
+       And if any gaze on our rushing band,
+       We come between him and the deed of his hand,
+     We come between him and the hope of his heart.'
+
+    "The host is rushing twixt night and day,
+       And where is there hope or deed as fair?
+       Caolte tossing his burning hair,
+     And Niam calling: 'Away, come away.'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+IN SCOTLAND AND THE HEBRIDES
+
+
+As in Ireland the Scotch Baal festival of November was called
+Samhain. Western Scotland, lying nearest Tara, center alike of
+pagan and Christian religion in Ireland, was colonized by both the
+people and the customs of eastern Ireland.
+
+The November Eve fires which in Ireland either died out or were
+replaced by candles were continued in Scotland. In Buchan, where
+was the altar-source of the Samhain fire, bonfires were lighted on
+hilltops in the eighteenth century; and in Moray the idea of fires
+of thanksgiving for harvest was kept to as late as 1866. All
+through the eighteenth century in the Highlands and in Perthshire
+torches of heath, broom, flax, or ferns were carried about the
+fields and villages by each family, with the intent to cause good
+crops in succeeding years. The course about the fields was sunwise,
+to have a good influence. Brought home at dark, the torches were
+thrown down in a heap, and made a fire. This blaze was called
+"Samhnagan," "of rest and pleasure." There was much competition to
+have the largest fire. Each person put in one stone to make a
+circle about it. The young people ran about with burning brands.
+Supper was eaten out-of-doors, and games played. After the fire had
+burned out, ashes were raked over the stones. In the morning each
+sought his pebble, and if he found it misplaced, harmed, or a
+footprint marked near it in the ashes, he believed he should die in
+a year.
+
+In Aberdeenshire boys went about the villages saying: "Ge's a peat
+t' burn the witches." They were thought to be out stealing milk and
+harming cattle. Torches used to counteract them were carried from
+west to east, against the sun. This ceremony grew into a game, when
+a fire was built by one party, attacked by another, and defended.
+As in the May fires of purification the lads lay down in the smoke
+close by, or ran about and jumped over the flames. As the fun grew
+wilder they flung burning peats at each other, scattered the ashes
+with their feet, and hurried from one fire to another to have a
+part in scattering as many as possible before they died out.
+
+In 1874, at Balmoral, a royal celebration of Hallowe'en was
+recorded. Royalty, tenants, and servants bore torches through the
+grounds and round the estates. In front of the castle was a heap of
+stuff saved for the occasion. The torches were thrown on. When the
+fire was burning its liveliest, a hobgoblin appeared, drawing in a
+car the figure of a witch, surrounded by fairies carrying lances.
+The people formed a circle about the fire, and the witch was tossed
+in. Then there were dances to the music of bag-pipes.
+
+It was the time of year when servants changed masters or signed up
+anew under the old ones. They might enjoy a holiday before resuming
+work. So they sang:
+
+    "This is Hallaeven,
+     The morn is Halladay;
+     Nine free nichts till Martinmas,
+     As soon they'll wear away."
+
+Children born on Hallowe'en could see and converse with
+supernatural powers more easily than others. In Ireland, evil
+relations caused Red Mike's downfall (q. v.). For Scotland Mary
+Avenel, in Scott's _Monastery_, is the classic example.
+
+  "And touching the bairn, it's weel kenn'd she was born on
+  Hallowe'en, and they that are born on Hallowe'en whiles see mair
+  than ither folk."
+
+There is no hint of dark relations, but rather of a
+clear-sightedness which lays bare truths, even those concealed in
+men's breasts. Mary Avenel sees the spirit of her father after he
+has been dead for years. The White Lady of Avenel is her peculiar
+guardian.
+
+The Scottish Border, where Mary lived, is the seat of many
+superstitions and other worldly beliefs. The fairies of Scotland
+are more terrible than those of Ireland, as the dells and streams
+and woods are of greater grandeur, and the character of the people
+more serious. It is unlucky to name the fairies, here as elsewhere,
+except by such placating titles as "Good Neighbors" or "Men of
+Peace." Rowan, elm, and holly are a protection against them.
+
+  "I have tied red thread round the bairns' throats, and given ilk
+  ane of them a riding-wand of rowan-tree, forbye sewing up a slip
+  of witch-elm into their doublets; and I wish to know of your
+  reverence if there be onything mair that a lone woman can do in
+  the matter of ghosts and fairies?--be here! that I should have
+  named their unlucky names twice ower!"
+
+                                             SCOTT: _Monastery._
+
+"The sign of the cross disarmeth all evil spirits."
+
+These spirits of the air have not human feelings or motives. They
+are conscienceless. In this respect Peter Pan is an immortal fairy
+as well as an immortal child. While like a child he resents
+injustice in horrified silence, like a fairy he acts with no sense
+of responsibility. When he saves Wendy's brother from falling as
+they fly,
+
+  "You felt it was his cleverness that interested him, and not the
+  saving of human life."
+
+                                        BARRIE: _Peter and Wendy._
+
+The world in which Peter lived was so near the Kensington Gardens
+that he could see them through the bridge as he sat on the shore of
+the Neverland. Yet for a long time he could not get to them.
+
+Peter is a fairy piper who steals away the souls of children.
+
+    "No man alive has seen me,
+       But women hear me play,
+     Sometimes at door or window,
+       Fiddling the souls away--
+     The child's soul and the colleen's
+       Out of the covering clay."
+
+               HOPPER: _Fairy Fiddler._
+
+On Hallowe'en all traditional spirits are abroad. The Scotch
+invented the idea of a "Samhanach," a goblin who comes out just at
+"Samhain." It is he who in Ireland steals children. The fairies
+pass at crossroads,
+
+    "But the night is Hallowe'en, lady,
+       The morn is Hallowday;
+     Then win me, win me, and ye will,
+       For weel I wot ye may.
+
+    "Just at the mirk and midnight hour
+       The fairy folk will ride.
+     And they that wad their true-love win,
+       At Miles Cross they maun bide."
+
+                       _Ballad of Tam Lin._
+
+and in the Highlands whoever took a three-legged stool to where
+three crossroads met, and sat upon it at midnight, would hear the
+names of those who were to die in a year. He might bring with him
+articles of dress, and as each name was pronounced throw one
+garment to the fairies. They would be so pleased by this gift that
+they would repeal the sentence of death.
+
+Even people who seemed to be like their neighbors every day could
+for this night fly away and join the other beings in their revels.
+
+    "This is the nicht o' Hallowe'en
+     When a' the witchie may be seen;
+     Some o' them black, some o' them green,
+     Some o' them like a turkey bean."
+
+A witches' party was conducted in this way. The wretched women who
+had sold their souls to the Devil, left a stick in bed which by
+evil means was made to have their likeness, and, anointed with the
+fat of murdered babies flew off up the chimney on a broomstick with
+cats attendant. Burns tells the story of a company of witches
+pulling ragwort by the roadside, getting each astride her ragwort
+with the summons "Up horsie!" and flying away.
+
+       "The hag is astride
+        This night for a ride,
+    The devils and she together:
+        Through thick and through thin,
+        Now out and now in,
+    Though ne'er so foul be the weather.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+        "A thorn or a burr
+         She takes for a spur,
+    With a lash of the bramble she rides now.
+         Through brake and through briers,
+         O'er ditches and mires,
+    She follows the spirit that guides now."
+
+                          HERRICK: _The Hag._
+
+The meeting-place was arranged by the Devil, who sometimes rode
+there on a goat. At their supper no bread or salt was eaten; they
+drank out of horses' skulls, and danced, sometimes back to back,
+sometimes from west to east, for the dances at the ancient Baal
+festivals were from east to west, and it was evil and ill-omened to
+move the other way. For this dance the Devil played a bag-pipe made
+of a hen's skull and cats' tails.
+
+    "There sat Auld Nick, in shape o' beast;
+     A tousie tyke, black, grim, and large,
+     To gie them music was his charge:
+     He screw'd the pipes and gart them skirl,
+     Till roof and rafters a' did dirl."[1]
+
+                      BURNS: _Tam o' Shanter._
+
+[1] Ring.
+
+The light for the revelry came from a torch flaring between the
+horns of the Devil's steed the goat, and at the close the ashes
+were divided for the witches to use in incantations. People
+imagined that cats who had been up all night on Hallowe'en were
+tired out the next morning.
+
+Tam o' Shanter who was watching such a dance
+
+    "By Alloway's auld haunted kirk"
+
+in Ayrshire, could not resist calling out at the antics of a
+neighbor whom he recognized, and was pursued by the witches. He
+urged his horse to top-speed,
+
+    "Now do thy speedy utmost, Meg,
+     And win the key-stane of the brig;
+     There at them thou thy tail may toss,
+     A running stream they dare na cross!"
+
+                  BURNS: _Tam o' Shanter._
+
+but poor Meg had no tail thereafter to toss at them, for though she
+saved her rider, she was only her tail's length beyond the middle
+of the bridge when the foremost witch grasped it and seared it to
+a stub.
+
+Such witches might be questioned about the past or future.
+
+    "He that dare sit on St. Swithin's Chair,
+     When the Night-Hag wings the troubled air,
+     Questions three, when he speaks the spell,
+     He may ask, and she must tell."
+
+                  SCOTT: _St. Swithin's Chair._
+
+Children make of themselves bogies on this evening, carrying the
+largest turnips they can save from harvest, hollowed out and carved
+into the likeness of a fearsome face, with teeth and forehead
+blacked, and lighted by a candle fastened inside.
+
+If the spirit of a person simply appears without being summoned,
+and the person is still alive, it means that he is in danger. If he
+comes toward the one to whom he appears the danger is over. If he
+seems to go away, he is dying.
+
+An apparition from the future especially is sought on Hallowe'en.
+It is a famous time for divination in love affairs. A typical
+eighteenth century party in western Scotland is described by Robert
+Burns.
+
+Cabbages are important in Scotch superstition. Children believe
+that if they pile cabbage-stalks round the doors and windows of the
+house, the fairies will bring them a new brother or sister.
+
+    "And often when in his old-fashioned way
+     He questioned me,...
+     Who made the stars? and if within his hand
+     He caught and held one, would his fingers burn?
+     If I, the gray-haired dominie, was dug
+     From out a cabbage-garden such as he
+     Was found in----"
+
+                           BUCHANAN: _Willie Baird._
+
+Kale-pulling came first on the program in Burns's _Hallowe'en_.
+Just the single and unengaged went out hand in hand blindfolded to
+the cabbage-garden. They pulled the first stalk they came upon,
+brought it back to the house, and were unbandaged. The size and
+shape of the stalk indicated the appearance of the future husband
+or wife.
+
+  "Maybe you would rather not pull a stalk that was tall and
+  straight and strong--that would mean Alastair? Maybe you would
+  rather find you had got hold of a withered old stump with a lot
+  of earth at the root--a decrepit old man with plenty of money in
+  the bank? Or maybe you are wishing for one that is slim and
+  supple and not so tall--for one that might mean Johnnie Semple."
+
+                                       BLACK: _Hallowe'en Wraith._
+
+A close white head meant an old husband, an open green head a young
+one. His disposition would be like the taste of the stem. To
+determine his name, the stalks were hung over the door, and the
+number of one's stalk in the row noted. If Jessie put hers up third
+from the beginning, and the third man who passed through the
+doorway under it was named Alan, her husband's first name would be
+Alan. This is practised only a little now among farmers. It has
+special virtue if the cabbage has been stolen from the garden of an
+unmarried person.
+
+Sometimes the pith of a cabbage-stalk was pushed out, the hole
+filled with tow, which was set afire and blown through keyholes on
+Hallowe'en.
+
+    "Their runts clean through and through were bored,
+     And stuffed with raivelins fou,
+     And like a chimley when on fire
+     Each could the reek outspue.
+
+    "Jock through the key-hole sent a cloud
+     That reached across the house,
+     While in below the door reek rushed
+     Like water through a sluice."
+
+                      DICK: _Splores of a Hallowe'en._
+
+Cabbage-broth was a regular dish at the Hallowe'en feast. Mashed
+potatoes, as in Ireland, or a dish of meal and milk holds symbolic
+objects--a ring, a thimble, and a coin. In the cake are baked a
+ring and a key. The ring signifies to the possessor marriage, and
+the key a journey.
+
+Apple-ducking is still a universal custom in Scotland. A sixpence
+is sometimes dropped into the tub or stuck into an apple to make
+the reward greater. The contestants must keep their hands behind
+their backs.
+
+Nuts are put before the fire in pairs, instead of by threes as in
+Ireland, and named for a lover and his lass. If they burn to ashes
+together, long happy married life is destined for the lovers. If
+they crackle or start away from each other, dissension and
+separation are ahead.
+
+    "Jean slips in twa, wi' tentie[1] e'e;
+       Wha 't was, she wadna tell;
+     But this is _Jock_, an' this is _me_,
+       She says in to hersel;
+     He bleez'd owre her, an' she owre him,
+       As they wad never mair part;
+     Till fuff! he started up the lum,[2]
+     And Jean had e'en a sair heart
+                  To see't that night."
+
+                      BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Careful.
+
+[2] Chimney.
+
+Three "luggies," bowls with handles like the Druid lamps, were
+filled, one with clean, one with dirty water, and one left empty.
+The person wishing to know his fate in marriage was blindfolded,
+turned about thrice, and put down his left hand. If he dipped it
+into the clean water, he would marry a maiden; if into the dirty, a
+widow; if into the empty dish, not at all. He tried until he got
+the same result twice. The dishes were changed about each time.
+
+This spell still remains, as does that of hemp-seed sowing. One
+goes out alone with a handful of hemp-seed, sows it across ridges
+of ploughed land, and harrows it with anything convenient, perhaps
+with a broom. Having said:
+
+         "Hemp-seed, I saw thee,
+    An' her that is to be my lass
+          Come after me an' draw thee----"
+
+                      BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+he looks behind him to see his sweetheart gathering hemp. This
+should be tried just at midnight with the moon behind.
+
+    "At even o' Hallowmas no sleep I sought,
+     But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought.
+     I scattered round the seed on every side,
+     And three times three in trembling accents cried,
+    'This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow,
+     Who shall my true-love be, the crop shall mow.'"
+
+                                     GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+A spell that has been discontinued is throwing the clue of blue
+yarn into the kiln-pot, instead of out of the window, as in
+Ireland. As it is wound backward, something holds it. The winder
+must ask, "Wha hauds?" to hear the name of her future sweetheart.
+
+    "An' ay she win't, an' ay she swat--
+       I wat she made nae jaukin;
+     Till something held within the pat,
+       Guid Lord! but she was quakin!
+     But whether 't was the Deil himsel,
+       Or whether 't was a bauk-en'[1]
+     Or whether it was Andrew Bell,
+       She did na wait on talkin
+         To speir[2] that night."
+
+                    BURNS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Cross-beam.
+
+[2] Ask.
+
+Another spell not commonly tried now is winnowing three measures of
+imaginary corn, as one stands in the barn alone with both doors
+open to let the spirits that come in go out again freely. As one
+finishes the motions, the apparition of the future husband will
+come in at one door and pass out at the other.
+
+  "'I had not winnowed the last weight clean out, and the moon was
+  shining bright upon the floor, when in stalked the presence of my
+  dear Simon Glendinning, that is now happy. I never saw him
+  plainer in my life than I did that moment; he held up an arrow as
+  he passed me, and I swarf'd awa' wi' fright.... But mark the end
+  o' 't, Tibb: we were married, and the grey-goose wing was the
+  death o' him after a'.'"
+
+                                            SCOTT: _The Monastery._
+
+At times other prophetic appearances were seen.
+
+  "Just as she was at the wark, what does she see in the moonlicht
+  but her ain coffin moving between the doors instead of the
+  likeness of a gudeman! and as sure's death she was in her coffin
+  before the same time next year."
+
+                                       ANON: _Tale of Hallowe'en._
+
+Formerly a stack of beans, oats, or barley was measured round with
+the arms against sun. At the end of the third time the arms would
+enclose the vision of the future husband or wife.
+
+Kale-pulling, apple-snapping, and lead-melting (see Ireland) are
+social rites, but many were to be tried alone and in secret. A
+Highland divination was tried with a shoe, held by the tip, and
+thrown over the house. The person will journey in the direction the
+toe points out. If it falls sole up, it means bad luck.
+
+Girls would pull a straw each out of a thatch in Broadsea, and
+would take it to an old woman in Fraserburgh. The seeress would
+break the straw and find within it a hair the color of the
+lover's-to-be. Blindfolded they plucked heads of oats, and counted
+the number of grains to find out how many children they would have.
+If the tip was perfect, not broken or gone, they would be married
+honorably.
+
+Another way of determining the number of children was to drop the
+white of an egg into a glass of water. The number of divisions was
+the number sought. White of egg is held with water in the mouth,
+like the grains of oats in Ireland, while one takes a walk to hear
+mentioned the name of his future wife. Names are written on papers,
+and laid upon the chimney-piece. Fate guides the hand of a
+blindfolded man to the slip which bears his sweetheart's name.
+
+A Hallowe'en mirror is made by the rays of the moon shining into a
+looking-glass. If a girl goes secretly into a room at midnight
+between October and November, sits down at the mirror, and cuts an
+apple into nine slices, holding each on the point of a knife before
+she eats it, she may see in the moonlit glass the image of her
+lover looking over her left shoulder, and asking for the last piece
+of apple.
+
+The wetting of the sark-sleeve in a south-running burn where "three
+lairds' lands meet," and carrying it home to dry before the fire,
+was really a Scotch custom, but has already been described in
+Ireland.
+
+    "The last Hallowe'en I was waukin[1]
+       My droukit[2] sark-sleeve, as ye kin--
+     His likeness came up the house staukin,
+       And the very grey breeks o' Tam Glen!"
+
+                           BURNS: _Tam Glen._
+
+[1] Watching.
+
+[2] Drenched.
+
+Just before breaking up, the crowd of young people partook of
+sowens, oatmeal porridge cakes with butter, and strunt, a liquor,
+as they hoped for good luck throughout the year.
+
+The Hebrides, Scottish islands off the western coast, have
+Hallowe'en traditions of their own, as well as many borrowed from
+Ireland and Scotland. Barra, isolated near the end of the island
+chain, still celebrates the Celtic days, Beltaine and November Eve.
+
+In the Hebrides is the Irish custom of eating on Hallowe'en a cake
+of meal and salt, or a salt herring, bones and all, to dream of
+some one bringing a drink of water. Not a word must be spoken, nor
+a drop of water drunk till the dream comes.
+
+In St. Kilda a large triangular cake is baked which must be all
+eaten up before morning.
+
+A curious custom that prevailed in the island of Lewis in the
+eighteenth century was the worship of Shony, a sea-god with a Norse
+name. His ceremonies were similar to those paid to Saman in
+Ireland, but more picturesque. Ale was brewed at church from malt
+brought collectively by the people. One took a cupful in his hand,
+and waded out into the sea up to his waist, saying as he poured it
+out: "Shony, I give you this cup of ale, hoping that you'll be so
+kind as to send us plenty of sea-ware, for enriching our ground the
+ensuing year." The party returned to the church, waited for a given
+signal when a candle burning on the altar was blown out. Then they
+went out into the fields, and drank ale with dance and song.
+
+The "dumb cake" originated in Lewis. Girls were each apportioned a
+small piece of dough, mixed with any but spring water. They kneaded
+it with their left thumbs, in silence. Before midnight they pricked
+initials on them with a new pin, and put them by the fire to bake.
+The girls withdrew to the farther end of the room, still in silence.
+At midnight each lover was expected to enter and lay his hand on
+the cake marked with his initials.
+
+In South Uist and Eriskay on Hallowe'en fairies are out, a source
+of terror to those they meet.
+
+    "Hallowe'en will come, will come,
+     Witchcraft will be set a-going,
+     Fairies will be at full speed,
+     Running in every pass.
+     Avoid the road, children, children."
+
+But for the most part this belief has died out on Scottish land,
+except near the Border, and Hallowe'en is celebrated only by
+stories and jokes and games, songs and dances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+IN ENGLAND AND MAN
+
+
+Man especially has a treasury of fairy tradition, Celtic and Norse
+combined. Manx fairies too dwell in the middle world, since they
+are fit for neither heaven nor hell. Even now Manx people think
+they see circles of light in the late October midnight, and little
+folk dancing within.
+
+Longest of all in Man was Sauin (Samhain) considered New Year's
+Day. According to the old style of reckoning time it came on
+November 12.
+
+    "To-night is New Year's night.
+        Hogunnaa!"
+                  _Mummers' Song._
+
+As in Scotland the servants' year ends with October.
+
+New Year tests for finding out the future were tried on Sauin. To
+hear her sweetheart's name a girl took a mouthful of water and two
+handfuls of salt, and sat down at a door. The first name she heard
+mentioned was the wished-for one. The three dishes proclaimed the
+fate of the blindfolded seeker as in Scotland. Each was blindfolded
+and touched one of several significant objects--meal for
+prosperity, earth for death, a net for tangled fortunes.
+
+Before retiring each filled a thimble with salt, and emptied it out
+in a little mound on a plate, remembering his own. If any heap were
+found fallen over by morning, the person it represented was
+destined to die in a year. The Manx looked for prints in the
+smooth-strewn ashes on the hearth, as the Scotch did, and gave the
+same interpretation.
+
+There had been Christian churches in Britain as early as 300 A. D.,
+and Christian missionaries, St. Ninian, Pelagius, and St. Patrick,
+were active in the next century, and in the course of time St.
+Augustine. Still the old superstitions persisted, as they always do
+when they have grown up with the people.
+
+King Arthur, who was believed to have reigned in the fifth century,
+may be a personification of the sun-god. He comes from the
+Otherworld, his magic sword Excalibur is brought thence to him, he
+fights twelve battles, in number like the months, and is wounded to
+death by evil Modred, once his own knight. He passes in a boat,
+attended by his fairy sister and two other queens,
+
+    "'To the island-valley of Avilion;
+      Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
+      Nor ever wind blows loudly; but it lies
+      Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns
+      And bowery hollows crown'd with summer sea----'"
+
+                        TENNYSON: _Passing of Arthur._
+
+The hope of being healed there is like that given to Cuchulain (q.
+v.), to persuade him to visit the fairy kingdom. Arthur was
+expected to come again sometime, as the sun renews his course. As
+he disappeared from the sight of Bedivere, the last of his knights,
+
+    "The new sun rose bringing the new year."
+
+                                      _Ibid._
+
+Avilion means "apple-island." It was like the Hesperides of Greek
+mythology, the western islands where grew the golden apples of
+immortality.
+
+In Cornwall after the sixth century, the sun-god became St.
+Michael, and the eastern point where he appeared St. Michael's
+seat.
+
+    "Where the great vision of the guarded mount
+     Looks toward Namancos, and Bayona's hold."
+
+                              MILTON: _Lycidas._
+
+As fruit to Pomona, so berries were devoted to fairies. They would
+not let any one cut a blackthorn shoot on Hallowe'en. In Cornwall
+sloes and blackberries were considered unfit to eat after the
+fairies had passed by, because all the goodness was extracted. So
+they were eaten to heart's content on October 31st, and avoided
+thereafter. Hazels, because they were thought to contain wisdom and
+knowledge, were also sacred.
+
+Besides leaving berries for the "Little People," food was set out
+for them on Hallowe'en, and on other occasions. They rewarded this
+hospitality by doing an extraordinary amount of work.
+
+    "--how the drudging goblin sweat
+     To earn his cream-bowl duly set,
+     When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
+     His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn
+     That ten day-laborers could not end.
+     Then lies him down the lubbar fiend,
+     And stretcht out all the chimney's length
+     Basks at the fire his hairy strength."
+
+                          MILTON: _L'Allegro._
+
+Such sprites did not scruple to pull away the chair as one was
+about to sit down, to pinch, or even to steal children and leave
+changelings in their places. The first hint of dawn drove them back
+to their haunts.
+
+    "When larks 'gin sing,
+     Away we fling;
+       And babes new borne steal as we go,
+     And elfe in bed
+     We leave instead,
+       And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!"
+
+               JONSON: _Robin Goodfellow._
+
+Soulless and without gratitude or memory spirits of the air may be,
+like Ariel in _The Tempest_. He, like the fairy harpers of Ireland,
+puts men to sleep with his music.
+
+    "_Sebastian._ What, art thou waking?
+
+     _Antonio._ Do you not hear me speak?
+
+     _Sebastian._ I do; and, surely,
+          It is a sleepy language; and thou speak'st
+          Out of thy sleep: What is it thou didst say?
+          This is a strange repose, to be asleep
+          With eyes wide open; standing, speaking, moving,
+          And yet so fast asleep."
+
+                                 SHAKSPERE: _The Tempest._
+
+The people of England, in common with those who lived in the other
+countries of Great Britain and in Europe, dreaded the coming of
+winter not only on account of the cold and loneliness, but because
+they believed that at this time the powers of evil were abroad and
+ascendant. This belief harked back to the old idea that the sun had
+been vanquished by his enemies in the late autumn. It was to forget
+the fearful influences about them that the English kept festival
+so much in the winter-time. The Lords of Misrule, leaders of the
+revelry, "beginning their rule on All Hallow Eve, continued the
+same till the morrow after the Feast of the Purification, commonlie
+called Candelmas day: In all of which space there were fine and
+subtle disguisinges, Maskes, and Mummeries." This was written of
+King Henry IV's court at Eltham, in 1401, and is true of centuries
+before and after. They gathered about the fire and made merry while
+the October tempests whirled the leaves outside, and shrieked round
+the house like ghosts and demons on a mad carousal.
+
+    "The autumn wind--oh hear it howl:
+     Without--October's tempests scowl,
+     As he troops away on the raving wind!
+     And leaveth dry leaves in his path behind.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+      "'Tis the night--the night
+        Of the graves' delight,
+          And the warlock[1] are at their play!
+
+        Ye think that without
+        The wild winds shout,
+          But no, it is they--it is they!"
+
+                            COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[1] Devils.
+
+Witchcraft--the origin of which will be traced farther on--had a
+strong following in England. The three witches in _Macbeth_ are
+really fates who foretell the future, but they have a kettle in
+which they boil
+
+    "Fillet of a fenny snake,
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Eye of newt, and toe of frog,
+     Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,
+     Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,
+     Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,
+     For a charm of powerful trouble----"
+
+                    SHAKSPERE: _Macbeth._
+
+They connect themselves thereby with those evil creatures who
+pursued Tam o' Shanter, and were servants of the Devil. In 1892 in
+Lincolnshire, people believed that if they looked in through the
+church door on Hallowe'en they would see the Devil preaching his
+doctrines from the pulpit, and inscribing the names of new witches
+in his book.
+
+The Spectre Huntsman, known in Windsor Forest as Herne the Hunter,
+and in Todmorden as Gabriel Ratchets, was the spirit of an ungodly
+hunter who for his crimes was condemned to lead the chase till the
+Judgment Day. In a storm on Hallowe'en is heard the belling of his
+hounds.
+
+    "Still, still shall last the dreadful chase
+       Till time itself shall have an end;
+     By day they scour earth's cavern'd space,
+       At midnight's witching hour, ascend.
+
+    "This is the horn, the hound, and horse,
+       That oft the lated peasant hears:
+     Appall'd, he signs the frequent cross,
+       When the wild din invades his ears."
+
+                        SCOTT: _Wild Huntsman._
+
+In the north of England Hallowe'en was called "nut-crack" and
+"snap-apple night." It was celebrated by "young people and
+sweethearts."
+
+A variation of the nut test is, naming two for two lovers before
+they are put before the fire to roast. The unfaithful lover's nut
+cracks and jumps away, the loyal burns with a steady ardent flame
+to ashes.
+
+    "Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,
+     And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name.
+     This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,
+     That in a flame of brightest color blaz'd;
+     As blaz'd the nut, so may thy passion grow,
+     For 't was thy nut that did so brightly glow."
+
+                                  GAY: _The Spell._
+
+If they jump toward each other, they will be rivals. If one of the
+nuts has been named for the girl and burns quietly with a lover's
+nut, they will live happily together. If they are restless, there
+is trouble ahead.
+
+    "These glowing nuts are emblems true
+     Of what in human life we view;
+     The ill-matched couple fret and fume,
+     And thus in strife themselves consume,
+     Or from each other wildly start
+     And with a noise forever part.
+     But see the happy, happy pair
+     Of genuine love and truth sincere;
+
+     With mutual fondness, while they burn
+     Still to each other kindly turn:
+     And as the vital sparks decay,
+     Together gently sink away.
+     Till, life's fierce ordeal being past,
+     Their mingled ashes rest at last."
+
+       GRAYDON: _On Nuts Burning, Allhallows Eve._
+
+Sometimes peas on a hot shovel are used instead.
+
+Down the centuries from the Druid tree-worship comes the spell of
+the walnut-tree. It is circled thrice, with the invocation: "Let
+her that is to be my true-love bring me some walnuts;" and directly
+a spirit will be seen in the tree gathering nuts.
+
+    "Last Hallow Eve I sought a walnut-tree,
+     In hope my true Love's face that I might see;
+     Three times I called, three times I walked apace;
+     Then in the tree I saw my true Love's face."
+
+                                     GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+The seeds of apples were used in many trials. Two stuck on cheeks
+or eyelids indicated by the time they clung the faithfulness of the
+friends named for them.
+
+    "See from the core two kernels brown I take:
+     This on my cheek for Lubberkin is worn,
+     And Booby Clod on t'other side is borne;
+     But Booby Clod soon drops upon the ground,
+     A certain token that his love's unsound;
+     While Lubberkin sticks firmly to the last.
+     Oh! were his lips to mine but joined so fast."
+
+                                  GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+In a tub float stemless apples, to be seized by the teeth of him
+desirous of having his love returned. If he is successful in
+bringing up the apple, his love-affair will end happily.
+
+    "The rosy apple's bobbing
+       Upon the mimic sea--
+     'T is tricksy and elusive,
+       And glides away from me.
+
+    "One moment it is dreaming
+       Beneath the candle's glare,
+     Then over wave and eddy
+       It glances here and there.
+
+    "And when at last I capture
+       The prize with joy aglow,
+     I sigh, may I this sunshine
+       Of golden rapture know
+
+    "When I essay to gather
+       In all her witchery
+     Love's sweetest rosy apple
+       On Love's uncertain sea."
+
+       MUNKITTRICK: _Hallowe'en Wish._
+
+An apple is peeled all in one piece, and the paring swung three
+times round the head and dropped behind the left shoulder. If it
+does not break, and is looked at over the shoulder it forms the
+initial of the true sweetheart's name.
+
+    "I pare this pippin round and round again,
+     My sweetheart's name to flourish on the plain:
+     I fling the unbroken paring o'er my head.
+     A perfect 'L' upon the ground is read."
+
+                                  GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+In the north of England was a unique custom, "the scadding of
+peas." A pea-pod was slit, a bean pushed inside, and the opening
+closed again. The full pods were boiled, and apportioned to be
+shelled and the peas eaten with butter and salt. The one finding
+the bean on his plate would be married first. Gay records another
+test with peas which is like the final trial made with kale-stalks.
+
+    "As peascods once I plucked I chanced to see
+     One that was closely filled with three times three;
+     Which when I crop'd, I safely home convey'd,
+     And o'er the door the spell in secret laid;--
+     The latch moved up, when who should first come in,
+     But in his proper person--Lubberkin."
+
+                                       GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+Candles, relics of the sacred fire, play an important part
+everywhere on Hallowe'en. In England too the lighted candle and the
+apple were fastened to the stick, and as it whirled, each person in
+turn sprang up and tried to bite the apple.
+
+    "Or catch th' elusive apple with a bound,
+     As with the taper it flew whizzing round."
+
+This was a rough game, more suited to boys' frolic than the ghostly
+divinations that preceded it. Those with energy to spare found
+material to exercise it on. In an old book there is a picture of a
+youth sitting on a stick placed across two stools. On one end of
+the stick is a lighted candle from which he is trying to light
+another in his hand. Beneath is a tub of water to receive him if he
+over-balances sideways. These games grew later into practical
+jokes.
+
+The use of a goblet may perhaps come from the story of "The Luck of
+Edenhall," a glass stolen from the fairies, and holding ruin for
+the House by whom it was stolen, if it should ever be broken. With
+ring and goblet this charm was tried: the ring, symbol of marriage,
+was suspended by a hair within a glass, and a name spelled out by
+beginning the alphabet over each time the ring struck the glass.
+
+When tired of activity and noise, the party gathered about a
+story-teller, or passed a bundle of fagots from hand to hand, each
+selecting one and reciting an installment of the tale till his
+stick burned to ashes.
+
+    "I tell ye the story this chill Hallowe'en,
+        For it suiteth the spirit-eve."
+
+                            COXE: _Hallowe'en._
+
+To induce prophetic dreams the wood-and-water test was tried in
+England also.
+
+    "Last Hallow Eve I looked my love to see,
+     And tried a spell to call her up to me.
+     With wood and water standing by my side
+     I dreamed a dream, and saw my own sweet bride."
+
+                                   GAY: _Pastorals._
+
+Though Hallowe'en is decidedly a country festival, in the
+seventeenth century young gentlemen in London chose a Master of the
+Revels, and held masques and dances with their friends on this
+night.
+
+In central and southern England the ecclesiastical side of
+Hallowtide is stressed.
+
+Bread or cake has till recently (1898) been as much a part of
+Hallowe'en preparations as plum pudding at Christmas. Probably this
+originated from an autumn baking of bread from the new grain. In
+Yorkshire each person gets a triangular seed-cake, and the evening
+is called "cake night."
+
+    "Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere,
+     An end of wheat-sowing we make for this yeare.
+     Remember you, therefore, though I do it not,
+     The seed-cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie-pot."
+
+       TUSSER: _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, 1580.
+
+Cakes appear also at the vigil of All Souls', the next day. At a
+gathering they lie in a heap for the guests to take. In return they
+are supposed to say prayers for the dead.
+
+        "A Soule-cake, a Soule-cake; have mercy on
+    all Christen souls for a Soule-cake."
+
+                                     _Old Saying._
+
+The poor in Staffordshire and Shropshire went about singing for
+soul-cakes or money, promising to pray and to spend the alms in
+masses for the dead. The cakes were called Soul-mass or "somas"
+cakes.
+
+    "Soul! Soul! for a soul-cake;
+     Pray, good mistress, for a soul-cake.
+     One for Peter, two for Paul,
+     Three for them who made us all."
+
+                      _Notes and Queries._
+
+In Dorsetshire Hallowe'en was celebrated by the ringing of bells in
+memory of the dead. King Henry VIII and later Queen Elizabeth
+issued commands against this practice.
+
+In Lancashire in the early nineteenth century people used to go
+about begging for candles to drive away the gatherings of witches.
+If the lights were kept burning till midnight, no evil influence
+could remain near.
+
+In Derbyshire, central England, torches of straw were carried about
+the stacks on All Souls' Eve, not to drive away evil spirits, as in
+Scotland, but to light souls through Purgatory.
+
+Like the Bretons, the English have the superstition that the dead
+return on Hallowe'en.
+
+    "'Why do you wait at your door, woman,
+        Alone in the night?'
+     'I am waiting for one who will come, stranger,
+        To show him a light.
+      He will see me afar on the road,
+        And be glad at the sight.'
+
+    "'Have you no fear in your heart, woman,
+        To stand there alone?
+      There is comfort for you and kindly content
+        Beside the hearthstone.'
+      But she answered, 'No rest can I have
+        Till I welcome my own.'
+
+    "'Is it far he must travel to-night,
+        This man of your heart?'
+     'Strange lands that I know not, and pitiless seas
+        Have kept us apart,
+      And he travels this night to his home
+        Without guide, without chart.'
+
+    "'And has he companions to cheer him?'
+        'Aye, many,' she said.
+     'The candles are lighted, the hearthstones are swept,
+        The fires glow red.
+      We shall welcome them out of the night--
+        Our home-coming dead.'"
+
+                                      LETTS: _Hallowe'en._
+
+[Illustration: THE WITCH OF THE WALNUT-TREE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+IN WALES
+
+
+In Wales the custom of fires persisted from the time of the Druid
+festival-days longer than in any other place. First sacrifices were
+burned in them; then instead of being burned to death, the
+creatures merely passed through the fire; and with the rise of
+Christianity fire was thought to be a protection against the evil
+power of the same gods.
+
+Pontypridd, in South Wales, was the Druid religious center of
+Wales. It is still marked by a stone circle and an altar on a hill.
+In after years it was believed that the stones were people changed
+to that form by the power of a witch.
+
+In North Wales the November Eve fire, which each family built in
+the most prominent place near the house, was called Coel Coeth.
+Into the dying fire each member of the family threw a white stone
+marked so that he could recognize it again. Circling about the fire
+hand-in-hand they said their prayers and went to bed. In the
+morning each searched for his stone, and if he could not find it,
+he believed that he would die within the next twelve months. This
+is still credited. There is now the custom also of watching the
+fires till the last spark dies, and instantly rushing down hill,
+"the devil (or the cutty black sow) take the hindmost." A
+Cardiganshire proverb says:
+
+    "A cutty[1] black sow
+     On every stile,
+     Spinning and carding
+     Every Allhallows' Eve."
+
+[1] Short-tailed.
+
+November Eve was called "Nos-Galan-Gaeof," the night of the winter
+Calends, that is, the night before the first day of winter. To the
+Welsh it was New Year's Eve.
+
+Welsh fairy tradition resembles that in the near-by countries.
+There is an old story of a man who lay down to sleep inside a
+fairy ring, a circle of greener grass where the fairies danced by
+night. The fairies carried him away and kept him seven years, and
+after he had been rescued from them he would neither eat nor speak.
+
+In the sea was the Otherworld, a
+
+    "Green fairy island reposing
+     In sunlight and beauty on ocean's calm breast."
+
+                            PARRY: _Welsh Melodies._
+
+This was the abode of the Druids, and hence of all supernatural
+beings, who were
+
+    "Something betwixt heaven and hell,
+     Something that neither stood nor fell."
+
+                     SCOTT: _The Monastery._
+
+As in other countries the fairies or pixies are to be met at
+crossroads, where happenings, such as funerals, may be witnessed
+weeks before they really occur.
+
+At the Hallow Eve supper parsnips and cakes are eaten, and nuts and
+apples roasted. A "puzzling jug" holds the ale. In the rim are
+three holes that seem merely ornamental. They are connected with
+the bottom of the jug by pipes through the handle, and the
+unwitting toper is well drenched unless he is clever enough to see
+that he must stop up two of the holes, and drink through the third.
+
+Spells are tried in Wales too with apples and nuts. There is
+ducking and snapping for apples. Nuts are thrown into the fire,
+denoting prosperity if they blaze brightly, misfortune if they pop,
+or smoulder and turn black.
+
+  "Old Pally threw on a nut. It flickered and then blazed up.
+  Maggee tossed one into the fire. It smouldered and gave no
+  light."
+
+                              MARKS: _All-Hallows Honeymoon._
+
+Fate is revealed by the three luggies and the ball of yarn thrown
+out of the window: Scotch and Irish charms. The leek takes the
+place of the cabbage in Scotland. Since King Cadwallo decorated his
+soldiers with leeks for their valor in a battle by a leek-garden,
+they have been held in high esteem in Wales. A girl sticks a knife
+among leeks at Hallowe'en, and walks backward out of the garden.
+She returns later to find that her future husband has picked up the
+knife and thrown it into the center of the leek-bed.
+
+Taking two long-stemmed roses, a girl goes to her room in silence.
+She twines the stems together, naming one for her sweetheart and
+the other for herself, and thinking this rhyme:
+
+    "Twine, twine, and intertwine.
+     Let his love be wholly mine.
+       If his heart be kind and true,
+       Deeper grow his rose's hue."
+
+She can see, by watching closely, her lover's rose grow darker.
+
+The sacred ash figures in one charm. The party of young people seek
+an even-leaved sprig of ash. The first who finds one calls out
+"cyniver." If a boy calls out first, the first girl who finds
+another perfect shoot bears the name of the boy's future wife.
+
+Dancing and singing to the music of the harp close the evening.
+
+Instead of leaving stones in the fire to determine who are to die,
+people now go to church to see by the light of a candle held in the
+hand the spirits of those marked for death, or to hear the names
+called. The wind "blowing over the feet of the corpses" howls about
+the doors of those who will not be alive next Hallowe'en.
+
+On the Eve of All Souls' Day, twenty-four hours after Hallowe'en,
+children in eastern Wales go from house to house singing for
+
+    "An apple or a pear, a plum or a cherry,
+     Or any good thing to make us merry."
+
+It is a time when charity is given freely to the poor. On this
+night and the next day, fires are burned, as in England, to light
+souls through Purgatory, and prayers are made for a good wheat
+harvest next year by the Welsh, who keep the forms of religion very
+devoutly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+IN BRITTANY AND FRANCE
+
+
+The Celts had been taught by their priests that the soul is
+immortal. When the body died the spirit passed instantly into
+another existence in a country close at hand. We remember that the
+Otherworld of the British Isles, peopled by the banished Tuatha and
+all superhuman beings, was either in caves in the earth, as in
+Ireland, or in an island like the English Avalon. By giving a
+mortal one of their magic apples to eat, fairies could entice him
+whither they would, and at last away into their country.
+
+In the Irish story of Nera (q. v.), the corpse of the criminal is
+the cause of Nera's being lured into the cave. So the dead have the
+same power as fairies, and live in the same place. On May Eve and
+November Eve the dead and the fairies hold their revels together
+and make excursions together. If a young person died, he was said
+to be called away by the fairies. The Tuatha may not have been a
+race of gods, but merely the early Celts, who grew to godlike
+proportions as the years raised a mound of lore and legends for
+their pedestal. So they might really be only the dead, and not of
+superhuman nature.
+
+In the fourth century A. D., the men of England were hard pressed
+by the Picts and Scots from the northern border, and were helped in
+their need by the Teutons. When this tribe saw the fair country of
+the Britons they decided to hold it for themselves. After they had
+driven out the northern tribes, in the fifth century, when King
+Arthur was reigning in Cornwall, they drove out those whose cause
+they had fought. So the Britons were scattered to the mountains of
+Wales, to Cornwall, and across the Channel to Armorica, a part of
+France, which they named Brittany after their home-land. In lower
+Brittany, out of the zone of French influence, a language something
+like Welsh or old British is still spoken, and many of the Celtic
+beliefs were retained more untouched than in Britain, not clear of
+paganism till the seventeenth century. Here especially did
+Christianity have to adapt the old belief to her own ends.
+
+Gaul, as we have seen from Caesar's account, had been one of the
+chief seats of Druidical belief. The religious center was Carnutes,
+now Chartrain. The rites of sacrifice survived in the same forms as
+in the British Isles. In the fields of Deux-Sevres fires were built
+of stubble, ferns, leaves, and thorns, and the people danced about
+them and burned nuts in them. On St. John's Day animals were burned
+in the fires to secure the cattle from disease. This was continued
+down into the seventeenth century.
+
+The pagan belief that lasted the longest in Brittany, and is by no
+means dead yet, was the cult of the dead. Caesar said that the Celts
+of Gaul traced their ancestry from the god of death, whom he called
+Dispater. Now figures of l'Ankou, a skeleton armed with a spear,
+can be seen in most villages of Brittany. This mindfulness of
+death was strengthened by the sight of the prehistoric cairns of
+stones on hilltops, the ancient altars of the Druids, and dolmens,
+formed of one flat rock resting like a roof on two others set up on
+end with a space between them, ancient tombs; and by the Bretons
+being cut off from the rest of France by the nature of the country,
+and shut in among the uplands, black and misty in November, and
+blown over by chill Atlantic winds. Under a seeming dull
+indifference and melancholy the Bretons conceal a lively
+imagination, and no place has a greater wealth of legendary
+literature.
+
+What fairies, dwarfs, pixies, and the like are to the Celts of
+other places, the spirits of the dead are to the Celts of Brittany.
+They possess the earth on Christmas, St. John's Day, and All
+Saints'. In Finistere, that western point of France, there is a
+saying that on the Eve of All Souls' "there are more dead in every
+house than sands on the shore." The dead have the power to charm
+mortals and take them away, and to foretell the future. They must
+not be spoken of directly, any more than the fairies of the
+Scottish border, or met with, for fear of evil results.
+
+By the Bretons of the sixth century the near-by island of Britain,
+which they could just see on clear days, was called the Otherworld.
+An historian, Procopius, tells how the people nearest Britain were
+exempted from paying tribute to the Franks, because they were
+subject to nightly summons to ferry the souls of the dead across in
+their boats, and deliver them into the hands of the keeper of
+souls. Farther inland a black bog seemed to be the entrance to an
+otherworld underground. One location which combined the ideas of an
+island and a cave was a city buried in the sea. The people imagined
+they could hear the bells of Ker-Is ringing, and joyous music
+sounding, for though this was a city of the dead, it resembled the
+fairy palaces of Ireland, and was ruled by King Grallon and his
+fair daughter Dahut, who could lure mortals away by her beauty and
+enchantments.
+
+The approach of winter is believed to drive like the flocks, the
+souls of the dead from their cold cheerless graves to the food and
+warmth of home. This is why November Eve, the night before the
+first day of winter, was made sacred to them.
+
+    "When comes the harvest of the year
+     Before the scythe the wheat will fall."
+
+                BOTREL: _Songs of Brittany._
+
+The harvest-time reminded the Bretons of the garnering by that
+reaper, Death. On November Eve milk is poured on graves, feasts and
+candles set out on the tables, and fires lighted on the hearths to
+welcome the spirits of departed kinsfolk and friends.
+
+In France from the twelfth to the fourteenth century stone
+buildings like lighthouses were erected in cemeteries. They were
+twenty or thirty feet high, with lanterns on top. On Hallowe'en
+they were kept burning to safeguard the people from the fear of
+night-wandering spirits and the dead, so they were called
+"lanternes des morts."
+
+The cemetery is the social center of the Breton village. It is at
+once meeting-place, playground, park, and church. The tombs that
+outline the hills make the place seem one vast cemetery. On All
+Souls' Eve in the mid-nineteenth century the "procession of tombs"
+was held. All formed a line and walked about the cemetery, calling
+the names of those who were dead, as they approached their
+resting-places. The record was carefully remembered, so that not
+one should seem to be forgotten.
+
+"We live with our dead," say the Bretons. First on the Eve of All
+Souls' comes the religious service, "black vespers." The
+blessedness of death is praised, the sorrows and shortness of life
+dwelt upon. After a common prayer all go out to the cemetery to
+pray separately, each by the graves of his kin, or to the "place of
+bones," where the remains of those long dead are thrown all
+together in one tomb. They can be seen behind gratings, by the
+people as they pass, and rows of skulls at the sides of the
+entrance can be touched. In these tombs are Latin inscriptions
+meaning: "Remember thou must die," "To-day to me, and to-morrow to
+thee," and others reminding the reader of his coming death.
+
+From the cemetery the people go to a house or an inn which is the
+gathering-place for the night, singing or talking loudly on the
+road to warn the dead who are hastening home, lest they may meet.
+Reunions of families take place on this night, in the spirit of the
+Roman feast of the dead, the Feralia, of which Ovid wrote:
+
+  "After the visit to the tombs and to the ancestors who are no
+  longer with us, it is pleasant to turn towards the living; after
+  the loss of so many, it is pleasant to behold those who remain of
+  our blood, and to reckon up the generations of our descendants."
+
+                                                           _Fasti._
+
+A toast is drunk to the memory of the departed. The men sit about
+the fireplace smoking or weaving baskets; the women apart, knitting
+or spinning by the light of the fire and one candle. The children
+play with their gifts of apples and nuts. As the hour grows later,
+and mysterious noises begin to be heard about the house, and a
+curtain sways in a draught, the thoughts of the company already
+centred upon the dead find expression in words, and each has a tale
+to tell of an adventure with some friend or enemy who has died.
+
+The dead are thought to take up existence where they left it off,
+working at the same trades, remembering their old debts, likes and
+dislikes, even wearing the same clothes they wore in life. Most of
+them stay not in some distant, definite Otherworld, but frequent
+the scenes of their former life. They never trespass upon daylight,
+and it is dangerous to meet them at night, because they are very
+ready to punish any slight to their memory, such as selling their
+possessions or forgetting the hospitality due them. L'Ankou will
+come to get a supply of shavings if the coffins are not lined with
+them to make a softer resting-place for the dead bodies.
+
+The lively Celtic imagination turns the merest coincidence into an
+encounter with a spirit, and the poetic temperament of the
+narrators clothes the stories with vividness and mystery. They tell
+how the presence of a ghost made the midsummer air so cold that
+even wood did not burn, and of groans and footsteps underground as
+long as the ghost is displeased with what his relatives are doing.
+
+Just before midnight a bell-man goes about the streets to give
+warning of the hour when the spirits will arrive.
+
+  "They will sit where we sat, and will talk of us as we talked of
+  them: in the gray of the morning only will they go away."
+
+                                     LE BRAZ: _Night of the Dead._
+
+The supper for the souls is then set out. The poor who live in the
+mountains have only black corn, milk, and smoked bacon to offer,
+but it is given freely. Those who can afford it spread on a white
+cloth dishes of clotted milk, hot pancakes, and mugs of cider.
+
+After all have retired to lie with both eyes shut tight lest they
+see one of the guests, death-singers make their rounds, chanting
+under the windows:
+
+    "You are comfortably lying in your bed,
+     But with the poor dead it is otherwise;
+     You are stretched softly in your bed
+     While the poor souls are wandering abroad.
+
+    "A white sheet and five planks,
+     A bundle of straw beneath the head,
+     Five feet of earth above
+     Are all the worldly goods we own."
+
+                  LE BRAZ: _Night of the Dead._
+
+The tears of their deserted friends disturb the comfort of the
+dead, and sometimes they appear to tell those in sorrow that their
+shrouds are always wet from the tears shed on their graves.
+
+Wakened by the dirge of the death-singers the people rise and pray
+for the souls of the departed.
+
+Divination has little part in the annals of the evening, but one in
+Finistere is recorded. Twenty-five new needles are laid in a dish,
+and named, and water is poured upon them. Those who cross are
+enemies.
+
+In France is held a typical Continental celebration of All Saints'
+and All Souls'. On October 31st the children go asking for flowers
+to decorate the graves, and to adorn the church. At night bells
+ring to usher in All Saints'. On the day itself the churches are
+decorated gaily with flowers, candles, and banners, and a special
+service is held. On the second day of November the light and color
+give way to black drapings, funeral songs, and prayers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE TEUTONIC RELIGION. WITCHES
+
+
+The Teutons, that race of northern peoples called by the Romans,
+"barbarians," comprised the Goths and Vandals who lived in
+Scandinavia, and the Germans who dwelt north of Italy and east of
+Gaul.
+
+The nature of the northern country was such that the people could
+not get a living by peaceful agriculture. So it was natural that in
+the intervals of cattle-tending they should explore the seas all
+about, and ravage neighboring lands. The Romans and the Gauls
+experienced this in the centuries just before and after Christ, and
+England from the eighth to the tenth centuries. Such a life made
+the Norsemen adventurous, hardy, warlike, independent, and quick of
+action, while the Celts were by nature more slothful and fond of
+peaceful social gatherings, though of quicker intellect and wit.
+
+Like the Greeks and Romans, the Teutons had twelve gods and
+goddesses, among whom were Odin or Wotan, the king, and his wife
+Freya, queen of beauty and love. Idun guarded the apples of
+immortality, which the gods ate to keep them eternally young. The
+chief difference in Teutonic mythology was the presence of an evil
+god, Loki. Like Vulcan, Loki was a god of fire, like him, Loki was
+lame because he had been cast out of heaven. Loki was always
+plotting against the other gods, as Lucifer, after being banished
+from Heaven by God, plotted against him and his people, and became
+Satan, "the enemy."
+
+      "Him the Almighty Power
+    Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky
+    With hideous ruin and combustion down
+    To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
+    In adamantine chains and penal fire,
+    Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms."
+
+                         MILTON: _Paradise Lost._
+
+It was this god of evil in Teutonic myth who was responsible for
+the death of the bright beautiful sun-god, Baldur. Mistletoe was
+the only thing in the world which had not sworn not to harm Baldur.
+Loki knew this, and gave a twig of mistletoe to Baldur's blind
+brother, Hodur, and Hodur cast it at Baldur and "unwitting slew"
+him. Vali, a younger brother of Baldur, avenged him by killing
+Hodur. Hodur is darkness and Baldur light; they are brothers; the
+light falls a victim to blind darkness, who reigns until a younger
+brother, the sun of the next day, rises to slay him in turn.
+
+Below these gods, all nature was peopled with divinities. There
+were elves of two kinds: black elves, called trolls, who were
+frost-spirits, and guarded treasure (seeds) in the ground; and
+white elves, who lived in mid-heaven, and danced on the earth in
+fairy rings, where a mortal entering died. Will-o'-the-wisps
+hovered over swamps to mislead travellers, and jack-o'-lanterns,
+the spirits of murderers, walked the earth near the places of their
+crimes.
+
+The Otherworlds of the Teutons were Valhalla, the abode of the
+heroes whom death had found on the battlefield, and Niflheim, "the
+misty realm," secure from the cold outside, ruled over by Queen
+Hel. Valkyries, warlike women who rode through the air on swift
+horses, seized the heroes from the field of slaughter, and took
+them to the halls of Valhalla, where they enjoyed daily combats,
+long feasts, and drinking-bouts, music and story-telling.
+
+The sacred tree of the Druids was the oak; that of the Teutonic
+priests the ash. The flat disk of the earth was believed to be
+supported by a great ash-tree, Yggdrasil,
+
+    "An ash know I standing,
+     Named Yggdrasil,
+     A stately tree sprinkled
+     With water the purest;
+     Thence come the dewdrops
+     That fall in the dales;
+     Ever-blooming, it stands
+     O'er the Urdar-fountain."
+
+       _Voeluspa saga._ (Blackwell _trans._)
+
+guarded by three fates, Was, Will, and Shall Be. The name of Was
+means the past, of Will, the power, howbeit small, which men have
+over present circumstances, and Shall Be, the future over which man
+has no control. Vurdh, the name of the latter, gives us the word
+"weird," which means fate or fateful. The three Weird Sisters in
+_Macbeth_ are seeresses.
+
+Besides the ash, other trees and shrubs were believed to have
+peculiar powers, which they have kept, with some changes of
+meaning, to this day. The elder (elves' grave), the hawthorn, and
+the juniper, were sacred to supernatural powers.
+
+The priests of the Teutons sacrificed prisoners of war in
+consecrated groves, to Tyr, god of the sword. The victims were not
+burned alive, as by the Druids, but cut and torn terribly, and
+their dead bodies burned. From these sacrifices auspices were
+taken. A man's innocence or guilt was manifested by gods to men
+through ordeals by fire; walking upon red-hot ploughshares, holding
+a heated bar of iron, or thrusting the hands into red-hot
+gauntlets, or into boiling water. If after a certain number of
+days no burns appeared the person was declared innocent. If a
+suspected man, thrown into the water, floated he was guilty; if he
+sank, he was acquitted.
+
+The rites of the Celts were done in secret, and it was forbidden
+that they be written down. Those of the Teutons were commemorated
+in Edda and Saga (poetry and prose).
+
+In the far north the shortness of summer and the length of winter
+so impressed the people that when they made a story about it they
+told of a maiden, the Spring, put to sleep, and guarded, along with
+a hoard of treasure, by a ring of fire. One knight only could break
+through the flames, awaken her and seize the treasure. He is the
+returning sun, and the treasure he gets possession of is the wealth
+of summer vegetation. So there is the story of Brynhild, pricked by
+the "sleep-thorn" of her father, Wotan, and sleeping until Sigurd
+wakens her. They marry, but soon Sigurd has to give her up to
+Gunnar, the relentless winter, and Gunnar cannot rest until he has
+killed Sigurd, and reigns undisturbed. Grimms' story of Rapunzel,
+the princess who was shut up by a winter witch, and of Briar-Rose,
+pricked by a witch's spindle, and sleeping inside a hedge which
+blooms with spring at the knight's approach, mean likewise the
+struggle between summer and winter.
+
+The chief festivals of the Teutonic year were held at Midsummer and
+Midwinter. May-Day, the very beginning of spring, was celebrated by
+May-ridings, when winter and spring, personified by two warriors,
+engaged in a combat in which Winter, the fur-clad king of ice and
+snow, was defeated. It was then that the sacred fire had been
+kindled, and the sacrificial feast held. Judgments were rendered
+then.
+
+The summer solstice was marked by bonfires, like those of the Celts
+on May Eve and Midsummer. They were kindled in an open place or on
+a hill, and the ceremonies held about them were similar to the
+Celtic. As late as the eighteenth century these same customs were
+observed in Iceland.
+
+A May-pole wreathed with magical herbs is erected as the center of
+the dance in Sweden, and in Norway a child chosen May-bride is
+followed by a procession as at a real wedding. This is a symbol of
+the wedding of sun and earth deities in the spring. The May-pole,
+probably imported from Celtic countries, is used at Midsummer
+because the spring does not begin in the north before June.
+
+Yule-tide in December celebrated the sun's turning back, and was
+marked by banquets and gayety. A chief feature of all these feasts
+was the drinking of toasts to the gods, with vows and prayers.
+
+By the sixth century Christianity had supplanted Druidism in the
+British Isles. It was the ninth before Christianity made much
+progress in Scandinavia. After King Olaf had converted his nation,
+the toasts which had been drunk to the pagan gods were kept in
+honor of Christian saints; for instance, those to Freya were now
+drunk to the Virgin Mary or to St. Gertrude.
+
+The "wetting of the sark-sleeve," that custom of Scotland and
+Ireland, was in its earliest form a rite to Freya as the northern
+goddess of love. To secure her aid in a love-affair, a maid would
+wash in a running stream a piece of fine linen--for Freya was fond
+of personal adornment--and would hang it before the fire to dry an
+hour before midnight. At half-past eleven she must turn it, and at
+twelve her lover's apparition would appear to her, coming in at the
+half-open door.
+
+  "The wind howled through the leafless boughs, and there was every
+  appearance of an early and severe winter, as indeed befell. Long
+  before eleven o'clock all was hushed and quiet within the house,
+  and indeed without (nothing was heard), except the cold wind
+  which howled mournfully in gusts. The house was an old farmhouse,
+  and we sat in the large kitchen with its stone floor, awaiting
+  the first stroke of the eleventh hour. It struck at last, and
+  then all pale and trembling we hung the garment before the fire
+  which we had piled up with wood, and set the door ajar, for that
+  was an essential point. The door was lofty and opened upon the
+  farmyard, through which there was a kind of thoroughfare, very
+  seldom used, it is true, and at each end of it there was a gate
+  by which wayfarers occasionally passed to shorten the way. There
+  we sat without speaking a word, shivering with cold and fear,
+  listening to the clock which went slowly, tick, tick, and
+  occasionally starting as the door creaked on its hinges, or a
+  half-burnt billet fell upon the hearth. My sister was ghastly
+  white, as white as the garment which was drying before the fire.
+  And now half an hour had elapsed and it was time to turn.... This
+  we did, I and my sister, without saying a word, and then we again
+  sank on our chairs on either side of the fire. I was tired, and
+  as the clock went tick-a-tick, I began to feel myself dozing. I
+  did doze, I believe. All of a sudden I sprang up. The clock was
+  striking one, two, but ere it could give the third chime, mercy
+  upon us! we heard the gate slam to with a tremendous noise...."
+
+  "Well, and what happened then?"
+
+  "Happened! before I could recover myself, my sister had sprung to
+  the door, and both locked and bolted it. The next moment she was
+  in convulsions. I scarcely knew what happened; and yet it
+  appeared to me for a moment that something pressed against the
+  door with a low moaning sound. Whether it was the wind or not, I
+  can't say. I shall never forget that night. About two hours
+  later, my father came home. He had been set upon by a highwayman
+  whom he beat off."
+
+                                                BORROW: _Lavengro._
+
+Freya and Odin especially had had power over the souls of the dead.
+When Christianity turned all the old gods into spirits of evil,
+these two were accused especially of possessing unlawful learning,
+as having knowledge of the hidden matters of death. This unlawful
+wisdom is the first accusation that has always been brought against
+witches. A mirror is often used to contain it. Such are the
+crystals of the astrologers, and the looking-glasses which on
+Hallowe'en materialize wishes.
+
+From that time in the Middle Ages when witches were first heard of,
+it has nearly always been women who were accused. Women for the
+most part were the priests in the old days: it was a woman to whom
+Apollo at Delphi breathed his oracles. In all times it has been
+women who plucked herbs and concocted drinks of healing and
+refreshment. So it was very easy to imagine that they experimented
+with poisons and herbs of magic power under the guidance of the now
+evil gods. If they were so directed, they must go on occasions to
+consult with their masters. The idea arose of a witches' Sabbath,
+when women were enabled by evil means to fly away, and adore in
+secret the gods from whom the rest of the world had turned. There
+were such meeting-places all over Europe. They had been places of
+sacrifice, of judgment, or of wells and springs considered holy
+under the old religion, and whither the gods had now been banished.
+The most famous was the Blocksberg in the Hartz mountains in
+Germany.
+
+    "Dame Baubo first, to lead the crew!
+     A tough old sow and the mother thereon,
+     Then follow the witches, every one."
+
+          GOETHE: _Faust._ (Taylor _trans._)
+
+In Norway the mountains above Bergen were a resort, and the
+Dovrefeld, once the home of the trolls.
+
+                "It's easy to slip in here,
+    But outward the Dovre-King's gate opens not."
+
+            IBSEN: _Peer Gynt._ (Archer _trans._)
+
+In Italy the witches met under a walnut tree near Benevento; in
+France, in Puy de Dome; in Spain, near Seville.
+
+In these night-ridings Odin was the leader of a wild hunt. In
+stormy, blustering autumn weather
+
+    "The wonted roar was up among the woods."
+
+                             MILTON: _Comus._
+
+Odin rode in pursuit of shadowy deer with the Furious Host behind
+him. A ghostly huntsman of a later age was Dietrich von Bern,
+doomed to hunt till the Judgment Day.
+
+Frau Venus in Wagner's _Tannhaeuser_ held her revels in an
+underground palace in the Horselberg in Thuringia, Germany. This
+was one of the seats of Holda, the goddess of spring. Venus herself
+is like the Christian conception of Freya and Hel. She gathers
+about her a throng of nymphs, sylphs, and those she has lured into
+the mountain by intoxicating music and promises. "The enchanting
+sounds enticed only those in whose hearts wild sensuous longings
+had already taken root." Of these Tannhaeuser is one. He has stayed
+a year, but it seems to him only one day. Already he is tired of
+the rosy light and eternal music and languor, and longs for the
+fresh green world of action he once knew. He fears that he has
+forfeited his soul's salvation by being there at all, but cries,
+
+    "Salvation rests for me in Mary!"
+
+                WAGNER: _Tannhaeuser._
+
+At the holy name Venus and her revellers vanish, and Tannhaeuser
+finds himself in a meadow, hears the tinkling herd-bells, and a
+shepherd's voice singing,
+
+    "Frau Holda, goddess of the spring,
+       Steps forth from the mountains old;
+     She comes, and all the brooklets sing,
+       And fled is winter's cold.
+
+     *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Play, play, my pipe, your lightest lay,
+     For spring has come, and merry May!"
+
+             _Tannhaeuser._ (Huckel _trans._)
+
+praising the goddess in her blameless state.
+
+By the fifteenth century Satan, taking the place of the gods,
+assumed control of the evil creatures. Now that witches were the
+followers of the Devil, they wrote their names in his book, and
+were carried away by him for the revels by night. A new witch was
+pricked with a needle to initiate her into his company. At the
+party the Devil was adored with worship due to God alone. Dancing,
+a device of the pagans, and hence considered wholly wicked, was
+indulged in to unseemly lengths. In 1883 in Sweden it was believed
+that dances were held about the sanctuaries of the ancient gods,
+and that whoever stopped to watch were caught by the dancers and
+whirled away. If they profaned holy days by this dancing, they were
+doomed to keep it up for a year.
+
+At the witches' Sabbath the Devil himself sometimes appeared as a
+goat, and the witches were attended by cats, owls, bats, and
+cuckoos, because these creatures had once been sacred to Freya. At
+the feast horse-flesh, once the food of the gods at banquets, was
+eaten. The broth for the feast was brewed in a kettle held over the
+fire by a tripod, like that which supported the seat of Apollo's
+priestess at Delphi. The kettle may be a reminder of the one Thor
+got, which gave to each guest whatever food he asked of it, or it
+may be merely that used in brewing the herb-remedies which women
+made before they were thought to practise witchcraft. In the kettle
+were cooked mixtures which caused storms and shipwrecks, plagues,
+and blights. No salt was eaten, for that was a wholesome substance.
+
+The witches of Germany did not have prophetic power; those of
+Scandinavia, like the Norse Fates, did have it. The troll-wives of
+Scandinavia were like the witches of Germany--they were cannibals,
+especially relishing children, like the witch in _Hansel and
+Grethel_.
+
+From the fourteenth to the eighteenth century all through Europe
+and the new world people thought to be witches, and hence in the
+devil's service, were persecuted. It was believed that they were
+able to take the form of beasts. A wolf or other animal is caught
+in a trap or shot, and disappears. Later an old woman who lives
+alone in the woods is found suffering from a similar wound. She is
+then declared to be a witch.
+
+  "There was once an old castle in the middle of a vast thick wood;
+  in it lived an old woman quite alone, and she was a witch. By day
+  she made herself into a cat or a screech-owl, but regularly at
+  night she became a human being again."
+
+                                   GRIMM: _Jorinda and Joringel._
+
+"Hares found on May morning are witches and should be stoned,"
+reads an old superstition. "If you tease a cat on May Eve, it will
+turn into a witch and hurt you."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+WALPURGIS NIGHT
+
+
+Walpurga was a British nun who went to Germany in the eighth
+century to found holy houses. After a pious life she was buried at
+Eichstatt, where it is said a healing oil trickled from her
+rock-tomb. This miracle reminded men of the fruitful dew which fell
+from the manes of the Valkyries' horses, and when one of the days
+sacred to her came on May first, the wedding-day of Frau Holda and
+the sun-god, the people thought of her as a Valkyrie, and
+identified her with Holda. As, like a Valkyrie, she rode armed on
+her steed, she scattered, like Holda, spring flowers and fruitful
+dew upon the fields and vales. When these deities fell into
+disrepute, Walpurga too joined the pagan train that swept the sky
+on the eve of May first, and afterwards on mountain-tops to
+sacrifice and to adore Holda, as the priests had sacrificed for a
+prosperous season and a bountiful harvest.
+
+So this night was called Walpurgis Night, when evil beings were
+abroad, and with them human worshippers who still guarded the old
+faith in secret.
+
+This is very like the occasion of November Eve, which shared with
+May first Celtic manifestations of evil. Witches complete the list
+of supernatural beings which are out on Hallowe'en. All are to be
+met at crossroads, with harm to the beholders. A superstition goes,
+that if one wishes to see witches, he must put on his clothes wrong
+side out, and creep backward to a crossroads, or wear wild radish,
+on May Eve.
+
+On Walpurgis Night precaution must be taken against witches who may
+harm cattle. The stable doors are locked and sealed with three
+crosses. Sprigs of ash, hawthorn, juniper, and elder, once sacred
+to the pagan gods, are now used as a protection against them.
+Horseshoes are nailed prongs up on the threshold or over the door.
+Holy bells are hung on the cows to scare away the witches, and they
+are guided to pasture by a goad which has been blessed. Shots are
+fired over the cornfield. If one wishes, he may hide in the corn
+and hear what will happen for a year.
+
+Signs and omens on Walpurgis Night have more weight than at other
+times except on St. John's Day.
+
+    "On Walpurgis Night rain
+     Makes good crops of autumn grain,"
+
+but rain on May Day is harmful to them.
+
+[Illustration: THE WITCHES' DANCE (VALPURGISNACHT.)
+
+_From Painting by Von Kreling._]
+
+Lovers try omens on this eve, as they do in Scotland on Hallowe'en.
+If you sleep with one stocking on, you will find on May morning in
+the toe a hair the color of your sweetheart's. Girls try to find
+out the temperament of their husbands-to-be by keeping a linen
+thread for three days near an image of the Madonna, and at midnight
+on May Eve pulling it apart, saying:
+
+    "Thread, I pull thee;
+     Walpurga, I pray thee,
+     That thou show to me
+     What my husband's like to be."
+
+They judge of his disposition by the thread's being strong or
+easily broken, soft or tightly woven.
+
+Dew on the morning of May first makes girls who wash in it
+beautiful.
+
+    "The fair maid who on the first of May
+     Goes to the fields at break of day
+       And washes in dew from the hawthorn tree
+       Will ever after handsome be."
+
+               _Encyclopedia of Superstitions._
+
+A heavy dew on this morning presages a good "butter-year." You will
+find fateful initials printed in dew on a handkerchief that has
+been left out all the night of April thirtieth. On May Day girls
+invoke the cuckoo:
+
+    "Cuckoo! cuckoo! on the bough,
+     Tell me truly, tell me how
+     Many years there will be
+     Till a husband comes to me."
+
+Then they count the calls of the cuckoo until he pauses again.
+
+If a man wears clothes made of yarn spun on Walpurgis Night to the
+May-shooting, he will always hit the bull's-eye, for the Devil
+gives away to those he favors, "freikugeln," bullets which always
+hit the mark.
+
+On Walpurgis Night as on Hallowe'en strange things may happen to
+one. Zschokke tells a story of a Walpurgis Night dream that is more
+a vision than a dream. Led to be unfaithful to his wife, a man
+murders the husband of a former sweetheart; to escape capture he
+fires a haystack, from which a whole village is kindled. In his
+flight he enters an empty carriage, and drives away madly, crushing
+the owner under the wheels. He finds that the dead man is his own
+brother. Faced by the person whom he believes to be the Devil,
+responsible for his misfortunes, the wretched man is ready to
+worship him if he will protect him. He finds that the seeming Devil
+is in reality his guardian-angel who sent him this dream that he
+might learn the depths of wickedness lying unfathomed in his
+heart, waiting an opportunity to burst out.
+
+Both May Eve and St. John's Eve are times of freedom and
+unrestraint. People are filled with a sort of madness which makes
+them unaccountable for their deeds.
+
+  "For you see, pastor, within every one of us a spark of paganism
+  is glowing. It has outlasted the thousand years since the old
+  Teutonic times. Once a year it flames up high, and we call it St.
+  John's Fire. Once a year comes Free-night. Yes, truly,
+  Free-night. Then the witches, laughing scornfully, ride to
+  Blocksberg, upon the mountain-top, on their broomsticks, the same
+  broomsticks with which at other times their witchcraft is whipped
+  out of them,--then the whole wild company skims along the forest
+  way,--and then the wild desires awaken in our hearts which life
+  has not fulfilled."
+
+                    SUDERMANN: _St. John's Fire._ (Porter _trans._)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+MORE HALLOWTIDE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
+
+
+Only the Celts and the Teutons celebrate an occasion actually like
+our Hallowe'en. The countries of southern Europe make of it a
+religious vigil, like that already described in France.
+
+In Italy on the night of All Souls', the spirits of the dead are
+thought to be abroad, as in Brittany. They may mingle with living
+people, and not be remarked. The _Miserere_ is heard in all the
+cities. As the people pass dressed in black, bells are rung on
+street corners to remind them to pray for the souls of the dead. In
+Naples the skeletons in the funeral vaults are dressed up, and the
+place visited on All Souls' Day. In Salerno before the people go to
+the all-night service at church they set out a banquet for the
+dead. If any food is left in the morning, evil is in store for the
+house.
+
+    "Hark! Hark to the wind! 'T is the night, they say,
+     When all souls come back from the far away--
+     The dead, forgotten this many a day!
+
+    "And the dead remembered--ay! long and well--
+     And the little children whose spirits dwell
+     In God's green garden of asphodel.
+
+    "Have you reached the country of all content,
+     O souls we know, since the day you went
+     From this time-worn world, where your years were spent?
+
+    "Would you come back to the sun and the rain,
+     The sweetness, the strife, the thing we call pain,
+     And then unravel life's tangle again?
+
+    "I lean to the dark--Hush!--was it a sigh?
+     Or the painted vine-leaves that rustled by?
+     Or only a night-bird's echoing cry?"
+
+                                      SHEARD: _Hallowe'en._
+
+In Malta bells are rung, prayers said, and mourning worn on All
+Souls' Day. Graves are decorated, and the inscriptions on tombs
+read and reread. For the poor is prepared an All Souls' dinner, as
+cakes are given to the poor in England and Wales. The custom of
+decorating graves with flowers and offering flowers to the dead
+comes from the crowning of the dead by the ancients with
+short-lived blooms, to signify the brevity of life.
+
+In Spain at dark on Hallowe'en cakes and nuts are laid on graves to
+bribe the spirits not to disturb the vigils of the saints.
+
+In Germany the graves of the dead are decorated with flowers and
+lights, on the first and second of November. To drive away ghosts
+from a church a key or a wand must be struck three times against a
+bier. An All Souls' divination in Germany is a girl's going out and
+asking the first young man she meets his name. Her husband's will
+be like it. If she walks thrice about a church and makes a wish,
+she will see it fulfilled.
+
+Belgian children build shrines in front of their homes with
+figures of the Madonna and candles, and beg for money to buy cakes.
+As many cakes as one eats, so many souls he frees from Purgatory.
+
+The races of northern Europe believed that the dead returned, and
+were grieved at the lamentations of their living relatives. The
+same belief was found in Brittany, and among the American Indians.
+
+    "Think of this, O Hiawatha!
+     Speak of it to all the people,
+     That henceforward and forever
+     They no more with lamentations
+     Sadden souls of the departed
+     In the Islands of the Blessed."
+
+             LONGFELLOW: _Hiawatha._
+
+The Chinese fear the dead and the dragons of the air. They devote
+the first three weeks in April to visiting the graves of their
+ancestors, and laying baskets of offerings on them. The great
+dragon, Feng-Shin, flies scattering blessings upon the houses. His
+path is straight, unless he meets with some building. Then he turns
+aside, and the owner of the too lofty edifice misses the blessing.
+
+At Nikko, Japan, where there are many shrines to the spirits of the
+dead, masques are held to entertain the ghosts who return on
+Midsummer Day. Every street is lined with lighted lanterns, and the
+spirits are sent back to the otherworld in straw boats lit with
+lanterns, and floated down the river. To see ghosts in Japan one
+must put one hundred rush-lights into a large lantern, and repeat
+one hundred lines of poetry, taking one light out at the end of
+each line; or go out into the dark with one light and blow it out.
+Ghosts are identified with witches. They come back especially on
+moonlit nights.
+
+  "On moonlight nights, when the coast-wind whispers in the
+  branches of the tree, O-Matsue and Teoyo may sometimes be seen,
+  with bamboo rakes in their hands, gathering together the needles
+  of the fir."
+
+                             RINDER: _Great Fir-Tree of Takasago._
+
+There is a Chinese saying that a mirror is the soul of a woman. A
+pretty story is told of a girl whose mother before she died gave
+her a mirror, saying:
+
+"Now after I am dead, if you think longingly of me, take out the
+thing that you will find inside this box, and look at it. When you
+do so my spirit will meet yours, and you will be comforted." When
+she was lonely or her stepmother was harsh with her, the girl went
+to her room and looked earnestly into the mirror. She saw there
+only her own face, but it was so much like her mother's that she
+believed it was hers indeed, and was consoled. When the stepmother
+learned what it was her daughter cherished so closely, her heart
+softened toward the lonely girl, and her life was made easier.
+
+By the Arabs spirits were called Djinns (or genii). They came from
+fire, and looked like men or beasts. They might be good or evil,
+beautiful or horrible, and could disappear from mortal sight at
+will. Nights when they were abroad, it behooved men to stay under
+cover.
+
+    "Ha! They are on us, close without!
+       Shut tight the shelter where we lie;
+     With hideous din the monster rout,
+       Dragon and vampire, fill the sky."
+
+                        HUGO: _The Djinns._
+
+[Illustration: FORTUNE-TELLING.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+HALLOWE'EN IN AMERICA
+
+
+In Colonial days Hallowe'en was not celebrated much in America.
+Some English still kept the customs of the old world, such as
+apple-ducking and snapping, and girls tried the apple-paring charm
+to reveal their lovers' initials, and the comb-and-mirror test to
+see their faces. Ballads were sung and ghost-stories told, for the
+dead were thought to return on Hallowe'en.
+
+  "There was a young officer in Phips's company at the time of the
+  finding of the Spanish treasure-ship, who had gone mad at the
+  sight of the bursting sacks that the divers had brought up from
+  the sea, as the gold coins covered the deck. This man had once
+  lived in the old stone house on the 'faire greene lane,' and a
+  report had gone out that his spirit still visited it, and caused
+  discordant noises. Once ... on a gusty November evening, when the
+  clouds were scudding over the moon, a hall-door had blown open
+  with a shrieking draft and a force that caused the floor to
+  tremble."
+
+                             BUTTERWORTH: _Hallowe'en Reformation._
+
+Elves, goblins, and fairies are native on American soil. The
+Indians believed in evil _manitous_, some of whom were water-gods
+who exacted tribute from all who passed over their lakes. Henry
+Hudson and his fellow-explorers haunted as mountain-trolls the
+Catskill range. Like Ossian and so many other visitors to the
+Otherworld, Rip Van Winkle is lured into the strange gathering,
+thinks that he passes the night there, wakes, and goes home to find
+that twenty years have whitened his hair, rusted his gun, and
+snatched from life many of his boon-companions.
+
+  "My gun must have cotched the rheumatix too. Now that's too bad.
+  Them fellows have gone and stolen my good gun, and leave me this
+  rusty old barrel.
+
+  "Why, is that the village of Falling Waters that I see? Why, the
+  place is more than twice the size it was last night--I----
+
+  "I don't know whether I am dreaming, or sleeping, or waking."
+
+                                      JEFFERSON: _Rip Van Winkle._
+
+The persecution of witches, prevalent in Europe, reached this side
+of the Atlantic in the seventeenth century.
+
+    "This sudden burst of wickedness and crime
+     Was but the common madness of the time,
+     When in all lands, that lie within the sound
+     Of Sabbath bells, a witch was burned or drowned."
+
+         LONGFELLOW: _Giles Corey of the Salem Farms._
+
+Men and women who had enemies to accuse them of evil knowledge and
+the power to cause illness in others, were hanged or pressed to
+death by heavy weights. Such sicknesses they could cause by keeping
+a waxen image, and sticking pins or nails into it, or melting it
+before the fire. The person whom they hated would be in torture, or
+would waste away like the waxen doll. Witches' power to injure and
+to prophesy came from the Devil, who marked them with a
+needle-prick. Such marks were sought as evidence at trials.
+
+"Witches' eyes are coals of fire from the pit." They were attended
+by black cats, owls, bats, and toads.
+
+Iron, as being a product of fire, was a protection against them, as
+against evil spirits everywhere. It had especial power when in the
+shape of a horseshoe.
+
+    "This horseshoe will I nail upon the threshold.
+     There, ye night-hags and witches that torment
+     The neighborhood, ye shall not enter here."
+
+       LONGFELLOW: _Giles Corey of the Salem Farms._
+
+The holiday-time of elves, witches, and ghosts is Hallowe'en. It is
+not believed in here except by some children, who people the dark
+with bogies who will carry them away if they are naughty.
+
+    "Onc't they was a little boy wouldn't say his prayers--
+     An' when he went to bed at night, away upstairs,
+     His mammy heerd him holler, an' his daddy heerd him bawl,
+     An' when they turn't the kivvers down, he wasn't there at all!
+
+     An' they seeked him in the rafter-room, an' cubby-hole, an'
+        press,
+     An' seeked him up the chimbley-flue, an' ever'wheres, I guess;
+     But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout!
+     An' the Gobble-uns 'll git you, ef you don't watch out!"
+
+                                     RILEY: _Little Orphant Annie._
+
+Negroes are very superstitious, putting faith in all sorts of
+supernatural beings.
+
+    "Blame my trap! how de wind do blow;
+     And dis is das de night for de witches, sho!
+     Dey's trouble going to waste when de ole slut whine,
+     An' you hear de cat a-spittin' when de moon don't shine."
+
+                               RILEY: _When de Folks is Gone._
+
+While the original customs of Hallowe'en are being forgotten more
+and more across the ocean, Americans have fostered them, and are
+making this an occasion something like what it must have been in
+its best days overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States
+are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries.
+All superstitions, everyday ones, and those pertaining to Christmas
+and New Year's, have special value on Hallowe'en.
+
+It is a night of ghostly and merry revelry. Mischievous spirits
+choose it for carrying off gates and other objects, and hiding them
+or putting them out of reach.
+
+  "Dear me, Polly, I wonder what them boys will be up to to-night.
+  I do hope they'll not put the gate up on the shed as they did
+  last year."
+
+                                  WRIGHT: _Tom's Hallowe'en Joke._
+
+Bags filled with flour sprinkle the passers-by. Door-bells are rung
+and mysterious raps sounded on doors, things thrown into halls, and
+knobs stolen. Such sports mean no more at Hallowe'en than the
+tricks played the night before the Fourth of July have to do with
+the Declaration of Independence. We see manifested on all such
+occasions the spirit of "Free-night" of which George von Hartwig
+speaks so enthusiastically in _St. John's Fire_ (page 141).
+
+Hallowe'en parties are the real survival of the ancient merrymakings.
+They are prepared for in secret. Guests are not to divulge the fact
+that they are invited. Often they come masked, as ghosts or witches.
+
+The decorations make plain the two elements of the festival.
+For the centerpiece of the table there may be a hollowed pumpkin,
+filled with apples and nuts and other fruits of harvest, or
+a pumpkin-chariot drawn by field-mice. So it is clear that this
+is a harvest-party, like Pomona's feast. In the coach rides a
+witch, representing the other element, of magic and prophecy.
+Jack-o'-lanterns, with which the room is lighted, are hollowed
+pumpkins with candles inside. The candle-light shines through holes
+cut like features. So the lantern becomes a bogy, and is held up at
+a window to frighten those inside. Corn-stalks from the garden
+stand in clumps about the room. A frieze of witches on broomsticks,
+with cats, bats, and owls surmounts the fireplace, perhaps. A full
+moon shines over all, and a caldron on a tripod holds fortunes
+tied in nut-shells. The prevailing colors are yellow and black: a
+deep yellow is the color of most ripe grain and fruit; black stands
+for black magic and demoniac influence. Ghosts and skulls and
+cross-bones, symbols of death, startle the beholder. Since
+Hallowe'en is a time for lovers to learn their fate, hearts and
+other sentimental tokens are used to good effect, as the Scotch
+lads of Burns's time wore love-knots.
+
+Having marched to the dining-room to the time of a dirge, the
+guests find before them plain, hearty fare; doughnuts, gingerbread,
+cider, popcorn, apples, and nuts honored by time. The Hallowe'en
+cake has held the place of honor since the beginning here in
+America. A ring, key, thimble, penny, and button baked in it
+foretell respectively speedy marriage, a journey, spinsterhood,
+wealth, and bachelorhood.
+
+  "Polly was going to be married, Jennie was going on a long
+  journey, and you--down went the knife against something hard. The
+  girls crowded round. You had a hurt in your throat, and there,
+  there, in your slice, was the horrid, hateful, big brass thimble.
+  It was more than you could bear--soaking, dripping wet, and an
+  old maid!"
+
+                                        BRADLEY: _Different Party._
+
+[Illustration: A WITCH TABLE.
+
+AN OWL TABLE.
+
+HALLOWE'EN TABLES, I.]
+
+The kitchen is the best place for the rough games and after-supper
+charms.
+
+On the stems of the apples which are to be dipped for may be tied
+names; for the boys in one tub, for the girls in another. Each
+searcher of the future must draw out with his teeth an apple with a
+name which will be like that of his future mate.
+
+A variation of the Irish snap-apple is a hoop hung by strings from
+the ceiling, round which at intervals are placed bread, apples,
+cakes, peppers, candies, and candles. The strings are twisted, then
+let go, and as the hoop revolves, each may step up and get a bite
+from whatever comes to him. By the taste he determines what the
+character of his married life will be,--whether wholesome, acid,
+soft, fiery, or sweet. Whoever bites the candle is twice
+unfortunate, for he must pay a forfeit too. An apple and a bag of
+flour are placed on the ends of a stick, and whoever dares to seize
+a mouthful of apple must risk being blinded by flour. Apples are
+suspended one to a string in a doorway. As they swing, each guest
+tries to secure his apple. To blow out a candle as it revolves on a
+stick requires attention and accuracy of aim.
+
+[Illustration: A WITCHES'-CALDRON TABLE.
+
+A BLACK-CAT TABLE.
+
+HALLOWE'EN TABLES, II.]
+
+The one who first succeeds in threading a needle as he sits on a
+round bottle on the floor, will be first married. Twelve candles
+are lighted, and placed at convenient distances on the floor in a
+row. As the guest leaps over them, the first he blows out will
+indicate his wedding-month. One candle only placed on the floor and
+blown out in the same way means a year of wretchedness ahead. If it
+still burns, it presages a year of joy.
+
+Among the quieter tests some of the most common are tried with
+apple-seeds. As in England a pair of seeds named for two lovers are
+stuck on brow or eyelids. The one who sticks longer is the true,
+the one who soon falls, the disloyal sweetheart. Seeds are used in
+this way to tell also whether one is to be a traveler or a
+stay-at-home. Apple-seeds are twice ominous, partaking of both
+apple and nut nature. Even the number of seeds found in a core has
+meaning. If you put them upon the palm of your hand, and strike it
+with the other, the number remaining will tell you how many letters
+you will receive in a fortnight. With twelve seeds and the names of
+twelve friends, the old rhyme may be repeated:
+
+    "One I love,
+     Two I love,
+     Three I love, I say;
+     Four I love with all my heart:
+     Five I cast away.
+     Six he loves,
+     Seven she loves,
+     Eight they both love;
+     Nine he comes,
+     Ten he tarries,
+     Eleven he courts, and
+     Twelve he marries."
+
+Nuts are burned in the open fire. It is generally agreed that the
+one for whom the first that pops is named, loves.
+
+    "If he loves me, pop and fly;
+     If he hates me, live and die."
+
+Often the superstition connected therewith is forgotten in the
+excitement of the moment.
+
+    "When ebery one among us toe de smallest pickaninny
+     Would huddle in de chimbley cohnah's glow,
+     Toe listen toe dem chilly win's ob ole Novembah's
+     Go a-screechin' lack a spook around de huts,
+     'Twell de pickaninnies' fingahs gits to shakin' o'er de embahs,
+     An' dey laik ter roas' dey knuckles 'stead o' nuts."
+
+                                  IN WERNER'S _Readings, Number 31_.
+
+Letters of the alphabet are carved on a pumpkin. Fate guides the
+hand of the blindfolded seeker to the fateful initial which he
+stabs with a pin. Letters cut out of paper are sprinkled on water
+in a tub. They form groups from which any one with imagination may
+spell out names.
+
+Girls walk down cellar backward with a candle in one hand and a
+looking-glass in the other, expecting to see a face in the glass.
+
+    "Last night 't was witching Hallowe'en,
+       Dearest; an apple russet-brown
+       I pared, and thrice above my crown
+     Whirled the long skin; they watched it keen;
+       I flung it far; they laughed and cried me shame--
+       Dearest, there lay the letter of your name.
+
+    "Took I the mirror then, and crept
+       Down, down the creaking narrow stair;
+       The milk-pans caught my candle's flare
+     And mice walked soft and spiders slept.
+       I spoke the spell, and stood the magic space,
+       Dearest--and in the glass I saw your face!
+
+    "And then I stole out in the night
+       Alone; the frogs piped sweet and loud,
+       The moon looked through a ragged cloud.
+     Thrice round the house I sped me light,
+       Dearest; and there, methought--charm of my charms!
+       You met me, kissed me, took me to your arms!"
+
+                                     OPPER: _The Charms._
+
+There are many mirror-tests. A girl who sits before a mirror at
+midnight on Hallowe'en combing her hair and eating an apple will
+see the face of her true love reflected in the glass. Standing so
+that through a window she may see the moon in a glass she holds,
+she counts the number of reflections to find out how many pleasant
+things will happen to her in the next twelve months. Alabama has
+taken over the Scotch mirror test in its entirety.
+
+A girl with a looking-glass in her hand steps backward from the
+door out into the yard. Saying:
+
+    "Round and round, O stars so fair!
+     Ye travel, and search out everywhere.
+     I pray you, sweet stars, now show to me,
+     This night, who my future husband shall be!"
+
+she goes to meet her fate.
+
+  "So Leslie backed out at the door, and we shut it upon her. The
+  instant after, we heard a great laugh. Off the piazza she had
+  stepped backward directly against two gentlemen coming in.
+
+  "Doctor Ingleside was one, coming to get his supper; the other
+  was a friend of his.... 'Doctor John Hautayne,' he said,
+  introducing him by his full name."
+
+                                            WHITNEY: _We Girls._
+
+A custom that is a reminder of the lighted boats sent down-stream
+in Japan to bear away the souls of the dead, is that which makes
+use of nut-shell boats. These have tiny candles fastened in them,
+are lighted, and named, and set adrift on a tub of water. If they
+cling to the side, their namesakes will lead a quiet life. Some
+will float together. Some will collide and be shipwrecked. Others
+will bear steadily toward a goal though the waves are rocked in a
+tempest. Their behavior is significant. The candle which burns
+longest belongs to the one who will marry first.
+
+The Midsummer wheel which was rolled down into the Moselle River in
+France, and meant, if the flames that wreathed it were not
+extinguished, that the grape-harvest would be abundant, has
+survived in the fortune wheel which is rolled about from one guest
+to another, and brings a gift to each.
+
+The actions of cats on Hallowe'en betoken good or bad luck. If a
+cat sits quietly beside any one, he will enjoy a peaceful,
+prosperous life; if one rubs against him, it brings good luck,
+doubly good if one jumps into his lap. If a cat yawns near you on
+Hallowe'en, be alert and do not let opportunity slip by you. If a
+cat runs from you, you have a secret which will be revealed in
+seven days.
+
+Different states have put interpretations of their own on the
+commonest charms. In Massachusetts the one who first draws an apple
+from the tub with his teeth will be first married. If a girl steals
+a cabbage, she will see her future husband as she pulls it up, or
+meet him as she goes home. If these fail, she must put the cabbage
+over the door and watch to see whom it falls on, for him she is to
+marry. A button concealed in mashed potato brings misfortune to the
+finder. The names of three men are written on slips of paper, and
+enclosed in three balls of meal. The one that rises first when they
+are thrown into water will disclose the sought-for name.
+
+Maine has borrowed the yarn-test from Scotland. A ball is thrown
+into a barn or cellar, and wound off on the hand. The lover will
+come and help to wind. Girls in New Hampshire place in a row three
+dishes with earth, water, and a ring in them, respectively. The one
+who blindfolded touches earth will soon die; water, will never
+marry; the ring, will soon be wedded.
+
+To dream of the future on Hallowe'en in Pennsylvania, one must go
+out of the front door backward, pick up dust or grass, wrap it in
+paper, and put it under his pillow.
+
+In Maryland girls see their future husbands by a rite similar to
+the Scotch "wetting of the sark-sleeve." They put an egg to roast,
+and open wide all the doors and windows. The man they seek will
+come in and turn the egg. At supper girls stand behind the chairs,
+knowing that the ones they are to marry will come to sit in front
+of them.
+
+The South has always been famous for its hospitality and good
+times. On Hallowe'en a miniature Druid-fire burns in a bowl on the
+table. In the blazing alcohol are put fortunes wrapped in tin-foil,
+figs, orange-peel, raisins, almonds, and dates. The one who
+snatches the best will meet his sweetheart inside of a year, and
+all may try for a fortune from the flames. The origin of this
+custom was the taking of omens from the death-struggles of
+creatures burning in the fire of sacrifice.
+
+Another Southern custom is adapted from one of Brittany. Needles
+are named and floated in a dish of water. Those which cling side by
+side are lovers.
+
+Good fortune is in store for the one who wins an apple from the
+tub, or against whose glass a ring suspended by a hair strikes with
+a sharp chime.
+
+A very elaborate charm is tried in Newfoundland. As the clock
+strikes midnight a girl puts the twenty-six letters of the
+alphabet, cut from paper, into a pure-white bowl which has been
+touched by the lips of a new-born babe only. After saying:
+
+    "Kind fortune, tell me where is he
+     Who my future lord shall be;
+     From this bowl all that I claim
+     Is to know my sweetheart's name."
+
+she puts the bowl into a safe place until morning. Then she is
+blindfolded and picks out the same number of letters as there are
+in her own name, and spells another from them.
+
+In New Brunswick, instead of an apple, a hard-boiled egg without
+salt is eaten before a mirror, with the same result. In Canada a
+thread is held over a lamp. The number that can be counted slowly
+before the thread parts, is the number of years before the one who
+counts will marry.
+
+In the United States a hair is thrown to the winds with the stanza
+chanted:
+
+    "I pluck this lock of hair off my head
+     To tell whence comes the one I shall wed.
+     Fly, silken hair, fly all the world around,
+     Until you reach the spot where my true love is found."
+
+The direction in which the hair floats is prophetic.
+
+The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions,
+and hold a Scotch party, using Burns's poem _Hallowe'en_ as a
+guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom
+that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.
+"Cyniver" has been borrowed from Wales, and the "dumb-cake" from
+the Hebrides. In the Scotch custom of cabbage-stalk pulling, if the
+stalk comes up easily, the husband or wife will be easy to win. The
+melted-lead test to show the occupation of the husband-to-be has
+been adopted in the United States. If the metal cools in round
+drops, the tester will never marry, or her husband will have no
+profession. White of egg is used in the same way. Like the Welsh
+test is that of filling the mouth with water, and walking round the
+house until one meets one's fate. An adaptation of the Scottish
+"three luggies" is the row of four dishes holding dirt, water, a
+ring, and a rag. The dirt means divorce, the water, a trip across
+the ocean, the ring, marriage, the rag, no marriage at all.
+
+After the charms have been tried, fagots are passed about, and by
+the eerie light of burning salt and alcohol, ghost stories are
+told, each concluding his installment as his fagot withers into
+ashes. Sometimes the cabbage stalks used in the omens take the
+place of fagots.
+
+To induce prophetic dreams salt, in quantities from a pinch to an
+egg full, is eaten before one goes to bed.
+
+  "'Miss Jeanette, that's such a fine trick! You must swallow a
+  salt herring in three bites, bones and all, and not drink a drop
+  till the apparition of your future spouse comes in the night to
+  offer you a drink of water.'"
+
+                                        ADAMS: _Chrissie's Fate._
+
+If, after taking three doses of salt two minutes apart, a girl goes
+to bed backward, lies on her right side, and does not move till
+morning, she is sure to have eventful dreams. Pills made of a
+hazelnut, a walnut, and nutmeg grated together and mixed with
+butter and sugar cause dreams: if of gold, the husband will be
+rich; if of noise, a tradesman; if of thunder and lightning, a
+traveler. As in Ireland bay-leaves on or under a man's pillow cause
+him to dream of his sweetheart. Also
+
+    "Turn your boots toward the street,
+     Leave your garters on your feet,
+     Put your stockings on your head,
+     You'll dream of the one you're going to wed."
+
+Lemon-peel carried all day and rubbed on the bed-posts at night
+will cause an apparition to bring the dreaming girl two lemons. For
+quiet sleep and the fulfilment of any wish eat before going to bed
+on Hallowe'en a piece of dry bread.
+
+A far more interesting development of the Hallowe'en idea than
+these innocent but colorless superstitions, is promised by the
+pageant at Fort Worth, Texas, on October thirty-first, 1916. In the
+masque and pageant of the afternoon four thousand school children
+took part. At night scenes from the pageant were staged on floats
+which passed along the streets. The subject was _Preparedness for_
+_Peace_, and comprised scenes from American history in which peace
+played an honorable part. Such were: the conference of William Penn
+and the Quakers with the Indians, and the opening of the East to
+American trade. This is not a subject limited to performances at
+Hallowtide. May there not be written and presented in America a
+truly Hallowe'en pageant, illustrating and befitting its noble
+origin, and making its place secure among the holidays of the
+year?
+
+
+
+
+               HALLOWE'EN
+
+    Bring forth the raisins and the nuts--
+    To-night All-Hallows' Spectre struts
+        Along the moonlit way.
+    No time is this for tear or sob,
+    Or other woes our joys to rob,
+    But time for Pippin and for Bob,
+        And Jack-o'-lantern gay.
+
+    Come forth, ye lass and trousered kid,
+    From prisoned mischief raise the lid,
+        And lift it good and high.
+    Leave grave old Wisdom in the lurch,
+    Set Folly on a lofty perch,
+    Nor fear the awesome rod of birch
+        When dawn illumes the sky.
+
+    'Tis night for revel, set apart
+    To reillume the darkened heart,
+        And rout the hosts of Dole.
+    'Tis night when Goblin, Elf, and Fay,
+    Come dancing in their best array
+    To prank and royster on the way,
+        And ease the troubled soul.
+
+    The ghosts of all things, past parade,
+    Emerging from the mist and shade
+        That hid them from our gaze,
+    And full of song and ringing mirth,
+    In one glad moment of rebirth,
+    Again they walk the ways of earth,
+        As in the ancient days.
+
+    The beacon light shines on the hill,
+    The will-o'-wisps the forests fill
+        With flashes filched from noon;
+    And witches on their broomsticks spry
+    Speed here and yonder in the sky,
+    And lift their strident voices high
+        Unto the Hunter's moon.
+
+    The air resounds with tuneful notes
+    From myriads of straining throats,
+        All hailing Folly Queen;
+    So join the swelling choral throng,
+    Forget your sorrow and your wrong,
+    In one glad hour of joyous song
+        To honor Hallowe'en.
+
+       J. K. BANGS _in Harper's Weekly, Nov. 5, 1910_.
+
+
+
+
+        HALLOWE'EN FAILURE
+
+    Who's dat peekin' in de do'?
+        Set mah heart a-beatin'!
+    Thought I see' a spook for sho
+        On mah way to meetin'.
+    Heerd a rustlin' all aroun',
+        Trees all sort o' jiggled;
+    An' along de frosty groun'
+        Funny shadders wriggled.
+
+    Who's dat by de winder-sill?
+        Gittin' sort o' skeery;
+    Feets is feelin' kind o' chill,
+        Eyes is sort o' teary.
+    'Most as nervous as a coon
+        When de dawgs is barkin',
+    Er a widder when some spoon
+        Comes along a-sparkin'.
+
+    Whass dat creepin' up de road,
+        Quiet like a ferret,
+    Hoppin' sof'ly as a toad?
+        Maybe hit's a sperrit!
+    Lordy! hope dey ain't no ghos'
+        Come to tell me howdy.
+    I ain't got no use for those
+        Fantoms damp an' cloudy.
+
+    Whass dat standin' by de fence
+        Wid its eyes a-yearnin',
+    Drivin' out mah common-sense
+        Wid its glances burnin'?
+    Don't dass skeercely go to bed
+        Wid dem spookses roun' me.
+    Ain't no res' fo' dis yere head
+        When dem folks surroun' me.
+
+    Whass dat groanin' soun' I hear
+        Off dar by de gyardin?
+    Lordy! Lordy! Lordy dear,
+        Grant dis sinner pardon!
+    I won't nebber--I declar'
+        Ef it ain't my Sammy!
+    Sambo, what yo' doin' dar?
+        Yo' can't skeer yo' mammy!
+
+       CARLYLE SMITH _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 29, 1910_.
+
+
+
+
+               HALLOWE'EN
+
+    Pixie, kobold, elf, and sprite
+    All are on their rounds to-night,--
+      In the wan moon's silver ray
+      Thrives their helter-skelter play.
+
+    Fond of cellar, barn, or stack
+    True unto the almanac,
+      They present to credulous eyes
+      Strange hobgoblin mysteries.
+
+    Cabbage-stumps--straws wet with dew--
+    Apple-skins, and chestnuts too,
+      And a mirror for some lass
+      Show what wonders come to pass.
+
+    Doors they move, and gates they hide
+    Mischiefs that on moonbeams ride
+      Are their deeds,--and, by their spells,
+      Love records its oracles.
+
+    Don't we all, of long ago
+    By the ruddy fireplace glow,
+      In the kitchen and the hall,
+      Those queer, coof-like pranks recall?
+
+    Eery shadows were they then--
+    But to-night they come again;
+      Were we once more but sixteen
+      Precious would be Hallowe'en.
+
+       JOEL BENTON _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 31, 1896_.
+
+
+[Illustration: NO HALLOWE'EN WITHOUT A JACK-O'-LANTERN.]
+
+
+
+
+              HALLOWE'EN
+
+    A gypsy flame is on the hearth,
+    Sign of this carnival of mirth.
+      Through the dun fields and from the glade
+      Flash merry folk in masquerade--
+        It is the witching Hallowe'en.
+
+    Pale tapers glimmer in the sky,
+    The dead and dying leaves go by;
+      Dimly across the faded green
+      Strange shadows, stranger shades, are seen--
+        It is the mystic Hallowe'en.
+
+    Soft gusts of love and memory
+    Beat at the heart reproachfully;
+      The lights that burn for those who die
+      Were flickering low, let them flare high--
+        It is the haunting Hallowe'en.
+
+       A. F. MURRAY _in Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+Magazine References to Hallowe'en Entertainments
+
+
+CHARADES:
+
+     Charades, menu, tests. H. Bazar, 32:894.
+
+CHILDREN'S PARTIES:
+
+     Fortune games for very little children. St. N., 23:33.
+     Hallowe'en fortunes for boys and girls. Delin., 66:631.
+     Masquerade, games, tests. W. H. C., 35:43.
+     Decorations. W. H. C., 36:34.
+     Old-fashioned games. St. N., 35:51.
+     Children's celebration of Hallowe'en. St. N., 32:1124.
+
+CHURCH PARTIES:
+
+     Mystic party. L. H. J., 22:57.
+     For Young People's Soc. L. H. J., 26:34.
+     "Phantom fair." W. H. C., 39:32.
+
+CLUB PARTIES:
+
+     For Country Club. Invitation. Costumes. Supper. Dance.
+          W. H. C., 41:30.
+     "Candle-light cafe." W. H. C., 42. Oct., 1915.
+
+COSTUMES:
+
+     Delin., 78:258.
+
+COUNTRY-HOUSE PARTY:
+
+     Country Life, 18:624.
+
+DANCES:
+
+     Dances, drills, costumes. Delin., 78:258.
+     Hallowe'en party. W. H. C., 40:39.
+     Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+
+DECORATIONS AND FAVORS:
+
+     Autumn-leaf decorations and prizes. Delin., 64:638.
+     Cobweb party. Delin., 91:44.
+     Hall: Handicraft for handy girls.
+     Place-cards, verses. L. H. J., 28:50.
+                          L. H. J., 31:40.
+                          H. Bazar, 39:1046.
+                          L. H. J., 20:48.
+                          L. H. J., 16:38.
+     Cinderella party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+     Favors. H. Bazar, 45:516.
+     Nut favors. W. H. C., 32:53.
+     Original decorations. W. H. C., 32:32.
+     Fads and frills. W. H. C., 32:24.
+
+GAMES AND FORTUNES:
+
+     Witchery games for Hallowe'en. Delin., 64:576.
+                                  H. Bazar., 33:1650.
+                                  L. H. J., 20:48.
+                                  L. H. J., 25:58.
+     Blain: Games for Hallowe'en.
+     Quaint customs. H. Bazar, 46:578.
+                     H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     Witches' think cap. L. H. J., 32:29.
+     Hallowe'en happenings. St. N., 35:51.
+
+INVITATIONS:
+
+     H. Bazar, 33:1650.
+
+PARTIES (miscellaneous):
+
+     H. Bazar, 28 pt. 2:841.
+     H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     L. H. J., 29:105.
+     L. H. J., 30:103.
+     Nut-crack night party. H. Bazar, 41:1106.
+     Nut-crack party. H. Bazar, 38:1092.
+     Novel party. W. H. C., 31:42.
+     Yarn party. L. H. J., 26:63.
+     L. H. J., 23:68.
+     L. H. J., 14:25.
+     Barn party. W. H. C., 34:30.
+     Novel party with musical accompaniment. Musician, 18:665.
+     Cotter's Saturday night. W. H. C., 38:40.
+     "Ghosts I have met" party. Pantomime. W. H. C., 37:27.
+     Two jolly affairs. W. H. C., 39:32.
+     Tryst of witches. Good H., 53:463.
+     Tam o' Shanter party. Delin., 85:26.
+     Jolly good time. Delin., 74:367.
+     Hints for Hallowe'en hilarities. L. H. J., 27:46.
+     Jolly party. L. H. J., 19:41.
+     Hallowe'en fun. L. H. J., 33:33.
+     Pumpkin stunt party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.
+     Character party. W. H. C., 45. Oct., 1917.
+
+SCHOOL PARTIES:
+
+     "Cotter's Saturday night." W. H. C., 38:40.
+     High school party. W. H. C., 42:34.
+     How the college girl celebrates Hallowe'en. W. H. C., 31:16.
+
+SUPPERS, TABLE DECORATIONS, MENUS:
+
+     Hallowe'en suppers.  H. Bazar, 35:1670.
+                          H. Bazar, 37:1063.
+                          L. H. J., 24:78.
+                          L. H. J., 16:38.
+                          W. H. C., 40:39.
+                          W. H. C., 43:35.
+                          H. Bazar, 44:641.
+                          H. Bazar, 45:507.
+     Hallowe'en party table. L. H. J., 29:44.
+                             H. Bazar, 32:894.
+     Hallowe'en supper. Good H., 53:569.
+
+The pages refer always to the October number of the year.
+
+
+
+
+Supplementary List of Readings, Recitations, and Plays
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      TITLE                     AUTHOR             SOURCE
+
+ _All Hallowe'en_ (story)                     All the Year Round,
+                                                   60:347
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (story)       Hopper        Eng. Illus. Mag., 18:225
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (story)       Lyall         Temple Bar., 124:379
+ _Black cat_ (story)            Poe
+ _Boogah Man_                   Dunbar        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Brier-Rose_ (story)           Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Broomstick brigade_           J. T. Wagner  6 Barclay St., N. Y. City
+ _Bud's fairy tale_ (poem)      Riley         Child-world
+ Children's Play with musical
+         accompaniment                           Musician, 16:693
+ _Corn-song_ (poem)             Whittier
+ _Elder-tree mother_ (story)    Andersen      Fairy tales
+ _Fairies_ (poem)               Allingham
+ _Fairy and witch_ (play)       Nelson        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Feast of the little lanterns_
+       (operetta)               Bliss
+ _Fisherman and the genie_                   _Arabian Nights_
+                      (story)
+ _Ghost_ (story)                O'Connor
+ _Ghosts I have met_            Bangs
+ _Ghost's touch_ (story)        Collins
+ _Golden arm_ (story)           Clemens      _How to tell a story_
+ _Goblin stone_ (play)          Wickes        Child's Book, p. 127
+ _Guess who_ (song and drill)   Murray        Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _Hallowe'en adventure_         McDonald      Canad. Mag., 12:61
+                      (story)
+
+ _Hallowe'en adventure_         Koogle        Eldridge Entertainment
+                  (play)                           House
+ _Hallowe'en frolic_            Cone          St. N. 20 pt. 1:15
+                  (poem)
+ _Haunted gale_ (play)          Wormwood      Eldridge Entertainment
+                                                   House
+ _House in the wood_            Grimm         Fairy tales
+                  (story)
+ _Little Butterkin_             Asbjornsen   _Fairy tales from the
+                  (story)                           far north_
+ _Little Donna Juana_           Brooks
+                  (story)
+ _Mother Goose recital_                       Musician, 21:633
+ _Nix of the mill-pond_         Grimm         Fairy tales
+                  (story)
+ _Peter Pan in Kensington_      Barrie
+          _Gardens_ (story)
+ _Rapunzel_ (story)             Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Red shoes_ (story)            Andersen      Fairy tales
+ _Scarecrows a-roaming_                       Eldridge Entertainment
+                  (play)                           House
+ _Seein' things_ (poem)         Field         Love songs of childhood
+ _Snow-white_ (story)           Grimm         Fairy tales
+ _Straw phantom_ (pantomime)    Blackall      St. N., 44:1133
+ _Testing of Sir Gawayne_       Merington    _Festival plays_,
+                   (play)                          p. 211
+ _Voyage of Bran_               Meyer
+ _Walpurgisnight_ (story)       Zschokke
+ _Wind in the rose-bush_        Freeman
+                       (story)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO QUOTATIONS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ TITLE                    |AUTHOR     |PAGE   |SOURCE
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _All-hallows honeymoon_  |           |       |New Eng. Magazine,
+    (story)               |Marks      |104    |  37:308
+ _All Souls' Eve_ (poem)  |Marks, J.P.|31-32  |
+ _Ancient Irish_          |O'Curry    |7      |
+ _Ballad of Tam Lin_      |           |65     |Child's Ballads
+ _Battle of the trees_    |Taliesin   |7      |_Neo-druidical heresy_
+ _Caractacus_ (poem)      |Mason      |11     |
+ _Celtic twilight_ (poem  |           |       |
+   in introduction to)    |Yeats      |58     |
+ _Charms_ (poem)          |Opper      |161    |Munsey, 30:285
+ _Comus_ (play)           |Milton     |131    |
+ _Cuchulain of Muirthemne_|Gregory    |37-38- |
+                          |           |39     |
+ _Cuchulain's sick-bed_   |           |42     |
+ _Death of the flowers_   |Bryant     |18-19  |
+     (poem)               |           |       |
+ _Different party_        |Bradley    |156-157|Harper's Bazar, 41:131
+     (story)              |           |       |
+ _Dinnsenchus of Mag      |           |21     |_Neo-druidical heresy_
+    Slecht_               |           |       |
+ _Djinns_ (poem)          |Hugo       |148    |
+ _Druid song of Cathvah_  |           |       |
+     (poem)               |Todhunter  |9      |
+ _Expedition of Nera_     |           |44     |
+ "Fair maid who"          |           |139    |Encyc. of Superstitions
+ _Fairy-faith in Celtic   |           |       |
+    countries_            |Wentz      |48-49  |
+ _Fairy fiddler_ (poem)   |Hopper     |64     |
+ _Fasti_                  |Ovid       |114    |
+ _Faust_ (play)           |Goethe     |130    |
+ _First winter song_      |           |       |
+        (poem)            |Graves     |16     |
+ "Five hundred points"    |Tusser     |98     |
+ _Giles Corey of the Salem|           |       |
+    Farms_ (play)         |Longfellow |151-152|
+ _Golden Legend_          |De Voragine|30     |
+ _Great fir-tree of       |           |       |
+    Takasago_ (story)     |Rinder     |146    |_Old-world Japan_
+ "Green fairy island"     |Parry      |103    |Welsh Melodies
+ _Hag_ (poem)             |Herrick    |66-67  |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Burns      |73-74- |
+                          |           |75     |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Coxe       |18-19- |
+                          |           |88-89- |
+                          |           |96     |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Letts      |99-100 |
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Sheard     |143    |Canadian mag., 36:33
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Bangs      |172-173|Harper's Weekly, Nov.
+                          |           |       |  5, 1910
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Benton     |176-177|Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  31, 1896
+ _Hallowe'en_ (poem)      |Murray     |178    |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  30, 1909
+ _Hallowe'en Failure_     |Smith      |175    |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+      (poem)              |           |       |  29, 1910
+ _Hallowe'en or Christie's|Adams      |169    |Scribner's, 3:26
+     fate_ (story)        |           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en in Ireland_  |Trant      |51     |_Dewdrops and Diamonds_
+ _Hallowe'en Fantasy_     |Pyle       |49     |Harper's Bazar, 31, pt.
+      (play),             |           |       |  2: 947
+    (Priest and the Piper)|           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en reformation_ |Butterworth|149-150|Century, 27:48
+       (story)            |           |       |
+ _Hallowe'en wish_ (poem) |Munkittrick|93-94  |Harper's Weekly, Oct.
+                          |           |       |  27, 1900
+ _Hiawatha_ (poem)        |Longfellow |145    |
+ _Immortal Hour_ (play)   |Sharp      |39-40- |Fortn. Rev. 74:867
+                          |           |41     |
+ _Jorinda and Joringel_   |Grimm      |135    |Grimm's Fairy Tales
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _L'Allegro_ (poem)       |Milton     |86     |
+ _Land of Heart's Desire_ |           |36-43- |
+      (play)              |Yeats      |45-47  |
+ _Lavengro_ (story)       |Borrow     |129    |
+ _Little Orphant Annie_   |Riley      |152-153|
+ _Loch Garman_            |O'Ciarain  |36     |
+ _Lycidas_ (poem)         |Milton     |85     |
+ _Macbeth_ (play)         |Shakspere  |89     |
+ _Monastery_ (story)      |Scott      |62-63- |
+                          |           |76-103 |
+ _Night of the dead_      |Le Braz    |116-117|_Legend of the dead_
+ "On nuts burning"        |Graydon    |91-92  |
+ _On the morning of       |           |       |
+    Christ's  nativity_   |           |       |
+      (poem)              |Milton     |28     |
+ _Paradise Lost_ (poem)   |Milton     |120    |
+ _Passing of Arthur_      |Tennyson   |84     |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ _Pastorals_ (poem)       |Gay        |74-75- |
+                          |           |92-93- |
+                          |           |94-95- |
+                          |           |97     |
+ _Peer Gynt_ (play)       |Ibsen      |131    |
+ _Peter and Wendy_ (story)|Barrie     |64     |
+ _Polyolbion_ (poem)      |Drayton    |10     |
+ _Pomona_ (poem)          |Morris     |23     |
+ _Rip Van Winkle_ (play)  |Jefferson  |150-151|
+ _Robin Goodfellow_ (poem)|Johnson    |86     |
+ _St. John's Eve_ (poem)  |Kickham    |12     |
+ _St. John's Fire_ (play) |Sudermann  |141    |
+ _St. Swithin's Chair_    |           |       |
+      (poem)              |Scott      |69     |
+ "Soul, soul"             |           |98     |Notes and Queries
+ _Spell_ (poem)           |Gay        |91     |
+ _Splores of a Hallowe'en_|           |       |
+      (poem)              |Dick       |72     |
+ _Sunken bell_ (play)     |Hauptmann  |14     |
+ _Tale of Hallowe'en_     |           |       |
+      (story)             |           |76     |Leisure Hour, 23:765
+ _Tam Glen_ (poem)        |Burns      |79     |
+ _Tam o' Shanter_ (poem)  |Burns      |67-68  |
+ _Tannhaeuser_ (play)      |Wagner     |132-133|
+ _Tempest_ (play)         |Shakspere  |67     |
+ _Three-fold chronicle_   |Sharp      |54-56  |Harper's, 73:842
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _Tom's Hallowe'en joke_  |Wright     |154    |_Dewdrops and Diamonds_
+      (story)             |           |       |
+ _Twig of thorn_ (play)   |Warren     |44-45  |
+ _Vertumnus and Pomona_   |Ovid       |24     |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ _Voeluspa_ (poem)         |           |122    |
+ _We girls_ (story)       |Whitney    |162-163|
+ "When comes the harvest" |Botrel     |112    |_Songs of Brittany_
+ _When de folks is gone_  |Riley      |153    |
+      (poem)              |           |       |
+ "When ebery one"         |           |160    |Werner's Readings,
+                          |           |       |   No. 31
+ _Wild huntsman_ (poem)   |Scott      |90     |
+ _Willie Baird_ (poem)    |Buchanan   |70     |
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+     Aberdeenshire, 60
+
+     Adder-stone, (serpent's-egg badge), 11, 27
+
+     Ailill, 36-38, 39
+
+     Ale, 80, 103
+
+     All Hallows Eve, 29, 88, 102, 106. See also Hallowe'en
+
+     All Saints', 4, 29-30, 110, 118, 126
+
+     All Souls', 4, 30-31, 98-99, 106, 110, 113, 118, 142, 144
+
+     Alphabet, 96, 160, 166-167
+
+     America, 149, 153
+
+     Anaxarete, 24
+
+     Angus, 36, 38-39
+
+     Ankou, 109, 115
+
+     Apollo, 1, 129, 134
+
+     Apparitions. See Ghosts
+
+     Apples, 23, 26, 50-53, 72, 77-78, 92, 95, 103-104, 106-107, 115,
+          120, 149, 155, 157-158, 161, 162, 164, 166
+
+     Apple-island, 85
+
+     Apple-seeds, 92-93, 158-159
+
+     Arabs, 147
+
+     Ariel, 87
+
+     Armorica, 108
+
+     Arthur, King, 84, 108
+
+     Ash-tree, 63, 105, 122, 137;
+       berries of, 29
+
+     Ashes, 56, 60, 68, 83
+
+     Augury. See Omens
+
+     August, Roman festival in, 25-26
+
+     August first, Celtic festival of, 15
+
+     Augustus, 27
+
+     Avilion (Avalon), 84-85, 107
+
+     Ayrshire, 68
+
+
+     Baal, 8, 12-13, 17
+
+     Baal-fire, 12
+
+     Baldur, 120-121
+
+     Balmoral, 61
+
+     Barra, 79
+
+     Bats, 134, 152, 155
+
+     Bay-leaves, 170
+
+     Bean, 94
+
+     Bedivere, 84
+
+     Belgian, 144
+
+     Beltaine, 12, 79
+
+     Bells, 99, 111, 116, 118, 132, 137, 142, 154
+
+     Benevento, 131
+
+     Bergen, 130
+
+     Black, 156
+
+     Black sheep, 17, 50
+
+     Black sow, 102
+
+     "Black vespers," 113
+
+     Blindfolded seekers, 33, 70, 73, 77-78, 83, 160
+
+     Blocksberg, 130, 141
+
+     Boats, 146, 163
+
+     Bochica, 1
+
+     Bonfires, 3, 8-9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 50, 59-61, 101-102, 125;
+       to light through Purgatory, 31, 106;
+       to protect from evil, 29, 101
+
+     Boniface, 29
+
+     Border, Scottish, 62, 81, 111
+
+     Bretons, 99, 110-111
+
+     Briar, 57
+
+     Briar-Rose, 125
+
+     Bride, 36
+
+     Britain, 5-6, 27, 87, 109, 111
+
+     British Isles, 5, 107, 109, 126
+
+     Brittany, 108-109, 142, 145, 166
+
+     Brynhild, 124
+
+     Buchan, 59
+
+     Button, 156, 164
+
+
+     Cabbages, 53-54, 70-72, 77, 95, 104, 164, 168-169
+
+     Cadwallo, King, 104
+
+     Caer, 38
+
+     Caesar, 5-8, 109
+
+     Cake, 13, 33, 79, 97-98, 103, 144, 145, 156
+
+     Callcannon, 51
+
+     Canada, 167
+
+     Candlemas Day, 88
+
+     Candles, 50, 53, 55, 59, 69, 80, 95-96, 99, 112, 118, 145, 155,
+          158, 163
+
+     Cardiganshire, 102
+
+     Carnutes, 109
+
+     Cat, 11, 49, 66, 68, 134, 152, 155, 164
+
+     Catskill Mts., 150
+
+     _Celtic twilight_, 58
+
+     Celts, classes of, 5;
+       beliefs, 6, 15, 18, 30, 33, 79, 82, 107-110, 124, 125, 142;
+       characteristics of, 115, 119
+
+     Cemeteries, 54-55, 113-114, 142
+
+     Changelings, 35-36, 86
+
+     Charms. See Omens
+
+     Chartrain, 109
+
+     Cherokees, 3
+
+     Chinese, 145
+
+     Christ, 4-5, 27, 119
+
+     Christian religion, 3, 27-31, 50, 59, 83, 101, 109, 126, 129;
+       in Britain, 27, 129;
+       in Ireland, 42;
+       in Brittany, 109;
+       in Scandinavia, 126
+
+     Christmas, 3, 97, 110, 154
+
+     Church, 3-4, 30-31, 80, 89, 113, 118, 143, 144;
+       festivals, 3
+
+     Circle, 8
+
+     Claudius, 27
+
+     Cluny, 30
+
+     Coel Coeth, 101
+
+     Coins, 51-52, 72, 156
+
+     Colonies, 149
+
+     Columb Kill. See St. Colomba
+
+     Connaught, 35
+
+     Continent, 3, 118
+
+     Corn, 138;
+       -stalks, 155
+
+     Cornwall, 85, 108
+
+     Creed, 55
+
+     Crom Croich (Cruaich), 20-21
+
+     Cross, sun-symbol, 8;
+       Christian, 29, 42, 63, 137;
+       -roads, 65, 103, 137
+
+     Cruachan, 35, 37
+
+     Cuchulain, 41-42, 84
+
+     Cuckoos, 134, 139-140
+
+     Cyniver, 105, 168
+
+
+     Dagda, 39
+
+     Dahut, 111
+
+     Dance, 3, 44, 56, 61, 67, 80, 81-82, 103, 106, 126, 133
+
+     Danann. See Tuatha De Danann
+
+     Danu, 20
+
+     Dathi, 43
+
+     Dead, 19-20, 30, 37, 98-99, 109-117, 129, 142 _et seq._;
+       return, 4, 99, 107, 114-117, 145, 146, 149;
+       disturbed by weeping, 117, 145
+
+     Death, 10, 112, 156;
+       Lord of. See Saman.
+       Samhain associated with, 20-21, 30-31;
+       prophesied, 52, 57, 60, 65, 83, 102, 106
+
+     Decoration of graves, 118, 144
+
+     Delphi, 129, 134
+
+     Derbyshire, 99
+
+     Deux-Sevres, 109
+
+     Devil, 43, 50, 55, 57, 66-68, 89, 102, 133-135, 140
+
+     Dew, 136, 139
+
+     Dietrich von Bern, 131
+
+     Dishes, 73, 83, 104, 165, 168
+
+     Dispater, 109
+
+     Dissatisfied, 39-40, 57-58, 132, 141
+
+     Djinns, 147-148
+
+     Doll, wax, 151
+
+     Dolmens, 110
+
+     Dorsetshire, 99
+
+     Dovrefeld, 130
+
+     Dragon, 145
+
+     Dreams, 140;
+       prophetic, 14, 57, 79, 165, 169
+
+     Drink, 57, 79
+
+     Druid, meaning, 6-7;
+       draught, 42;
+       festivals, 11, 26, 101;
+       lamps, 73;
+       stone, 11;
+       stones, 110;
+       wand, 7;
+       -fire, 50, 166
+
+     Druids, 9-11, 29, 42-43, 92, 103, 109-110, 122-123, 126;
+       as priests, 5-6;
+       powers of, 7, 27
+
+     "Drus," 6
+
+     Dumb-cake, 80, 168
+
+     Dwarfs, 110
+
+
+     Earth, 54, 83, 165
+
+     Edane, 47. See also Etain
+
+     Edda, 124
+
+     Egg, 165, 167;
+       white of, 77-78, 168;
+       -shells, 36
+
+     Egyptian beliefs, 1, 18
+
+     Eichstatt, 136
+
+     Elder, 123, 137
+
+     Elizabeth, Queen, 99
+
+     Elm, 63
+
+     Elves, 121, 149, 152
+
+     Emer, 42
+
+     England, 87, 89, 97, 99, 106, 108, 119, 144
+
+     English, 149
+
+     Eochaidh, 39-40
+
+     Episcopalians, 30
+
+     Eriskay, 81
+
+     Etain, 39-40
+
+     Ethal, 38
+
+     Europe, 87, 130, 135, 142, 145
+
+     Excalibur, 84
+
+     Exorcism, 9, 29, 42
+
+
+     Fagots, 96, 169
+
+     Fairies, 6, 44, 46, 49, 61-65, 81-82, 84-85, 96, 103, 107, 110,
+          149
+
+     Fand, 41-42
+
+     Fates, 89, 123, 134
+
+     Feast, of dead, 116, 143;
+       of poor, 144
+
+     Feng-Shin, 145
+
+     Feralia, 114
+
+     Fern, 14, 59
+
+     Finistere, 110, 117
+
+     Fir Bolgs, 20
+
+     Fire, 21, 23, 45, 123-125;
+       -god, 120;
+       spirits of, 147
+
+     Fires, 11, 17, 28-29, 50, 52, 101, 109, 112. See also Bonfires
+
+     _Flamina_, 25
+
+     Flour, 52, 57, 154, 158
+
+     Flowers, 118, 144
+
+     Fomor, 20, 35
+
+     Footprints, 57, 60, 83
+
+     "Forced-fire," 17
+
+     Fort Worth, 170
+
+     Forts, fairy, 37, 44, 46
+
+     France, 108, 110, 112, 118, 131, 142
+
+     Franks, 111
+
+     "Free-night," 141, 154
+
+     Freya, 120, 127, 129, 131, 134
+
+     "Furious Host," 131
+
+     Future, questions about, 34, 69
+
+
+     Gabriel Ratchets, 90
+
+     Gaul, 5-6, 27, 109, 119
+
+     Germans, 119
+
+     Germany, 130, 131, 134, 136, 144
+
+     Ghosts, 49, 63, 69, 76-77, 88, 116, 127, 144, 146, 152, 155.
+          See also Dead
+
+     Glass, 10-11, 96, 166
+
+     Gnomes, 48
+
+     Goat, 67-68, 134
+
+     Goblin, 35-36, 61, 64, 149, 153
+
+     Gods of Ireland. See Tuatha De Danann
+
+     "Good Neighbors," 63
+
+     "Good People," 45, 49
+
+     Goths, 119
+
+     Grallon, 111
+
+     Great Britain. See Britain
+
+     Greek, 1, 5, 6, 30, 85, 120
+
+     Gregory, 29-30
+
+     Guleesh, 46
+
+     Gunnar, 124
+
+
+     Hair, 77, 96, 138, 166-167
+
+     Hallowe'en, 3-4, 35, 43, 46, 49-50, 61, 64-66, 68, 72, 79, 81,
+          85, 89, 90, 95-96, 99, 103, 105, 106, 112, 129, 138, 140,
+          142, 144, 149, 152, 154, 164, 165, 170;
+       pagan, 3, 21;
+       charms at, 26, 33, 53, 56;
+       born on, 54, 62
+
+     _Hallowe'en_, poem, 70, 168
+
+     _Hansel and Grethel_, 134
+
+     Hares, 135
+
+     Hartz Mts., 130
+
+     Harvest, 3-4, 15, 17, 25, 30-31, 34, 59, 69, 97, 106, 112, 137,
+          155
+
+     Hawthorn, 123, 137
+
+     Hazel, 85
+
+     Hearts, 156
+
+     Hebrides, 79
+
+     Hel, 122, 131
+
+     Hemp, 14, 33, 53, 74
+
+     Henry VIII, 99
+
+     Henry Hudson, 150
+
+     Herbs, 46-47, 53, 66, 126, 129-130
+
+     Herne the Hunter, 90
+
+     Herodotus, 5
+
+     Hesperides, 85
+
+     Highlands, 59, 65, 77
+
+     Hodur, 121
+
+     Holda, 131-132, 136
+
+     Holiday, 61
+
+     Hollow Land, 41
+
+     Holly, 63
+
+     Hoop, 157
+
+     Horselberg, 131
+
+     Horseshoes, 138, 152
+
+     Horus, 1
+
+     Husking-bees, 3
+
+
+     Iceland, 125
+
+     Idun, 120
+
+     Immortality, 10, 85, 107, 120
+
+     Indians, 3, 145, 150
+
+     Invocation, 21, 92
+
+     Iona, 50
+
+     Iphis, 24
+
+     Ireland 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 20, 35, 48-50, 59, 62, 72-73, 78-80,
+          104, 107, 127, 170;
+       belief in fairies, 6, 35
+
+     Irish Sea, 20
+
+     Iron, 152
+
+     Italy, 119, 131, 142
+
+     Ivy, 57
+
+
+     Jack-o'-lantern, 49-50, 69, 121, 155
+
+     Japan, 2, 146
+
+     Jokes, 154
+
+     Jonah, 13
+
+     Juniper, 123, 137
+
+     Jupiter, 8
+
+
+     Kale. See Cabbages
+
+     Kensington Gardens, 64
+
+     Ker-Is, 111
+
+     Kettle, 89, 134, 155
+
+     Key, 55, 72, 144, 156
+
+
+     Laeg, 42
+
+     "Lambswool," 51
+
+     Lammas, 28
+
+     Lancashire, 99
+
+     Land of Heart's Desire, 36
+
+     Land of Youth, 40
+
+     "Lanterns of the dead," 112
+
+     Lanterns in Japan, 146
+
+     Latin. See Rome
+
+     Lead-melting, 55-56, 77, 168
+
+     Leek, 104-105
+
+     Legends, origin of, 2
+
+     Lemons, 170
+
+     Leprechauns, 48
+
+     Lewis, 80
+
+     Liban, 41
+
+     Lincolnshire, 89
+
+     "Little People," 48-49, 85
+
+     "Livelong," 53
+
+     Loki, 120
+
+     London, 97
+
+     Lords of Misrule, 88
+
+     Love-knots, 156
+
+     Lucifer, 120
+
+     "Luck of Edenhall," 96
+
+     Luggies. See Dishes
+
+     Lugh, 14-15
+
+     Lugnasad, 15, 28, 33
+
+
+     _Macbeth_, 123
+
+     Magic, 7, 15, 155;
+       black, 28, 156
+
+     Maine, 165
+
+     Malt, 80
+
+     Malta, 144
+
+     Man, Isle of, 20, 82
+
+     Manitous, 150
+
+     Mars, 8
+
+     Martinmas, 62
+
+     Mary, Virgin, 29, 126, 132, 138, 145
+
+     Mary Avenel, 62
+
+     Maryland, 165
+
+     Massachusetts, 164
+
+     Master of the Revels, 97
+
+     May-bride, 126
+
+     May Eve and Day, 4, 11-13, 29, 33, 45, 47, 107, 125, 135, 136,
+          _et seq._;
+       -fires, 13, 61;
+       -pole, 126;
+       -ridings, 125;
+       -shooting, 140
+
+     Meal, 83, 164
+
+     Meath, 15, 17
+
+     Medb, 36, 39
+
+     Meg, 68
+
+     "Men of Peace," 63
+
+     Mercury, 8, 15
+
+     Midir, 39-41
+
+     Middle Ages, 129
+
+     Midsummer, 3, 11, 20, 28, 33, 53, 125, 146
+
+     Milk, 45, 51, 112
+
+     Minerva, 8
+
+     Mirror, 85, 129, 146-147, 149, 161-162
+
+     _Miserere_, 142
+
+     Mistletoe, 7, 40, 120
+
+     Modred, 84
+
+     Mona, 27
+
+     _Monastery_, 62
+
+     Moon, 40, 74, 76, 77, 146, 155, 162
+
+     Moray, 59
+
+     Moytura, 20, 22, 35
+
+     Music, 36, 39-40, 43-47, 56, 64, 67, 87, 111
+
+     Myths, origin of, 2
+
+
+     Naples, 142
+
+     Needles, 117, 133, 151, 158, 166
+
+     Negroes, 153
+
+     Nera, 37, 107
+
+     Net, 83
+
+     Neverland, 64
+
+     New Brunswick, 167
+
+     New Hampshire, 165
+
+     New Year, 82, 102, 154. See also Year's end
+
+     New Year's Day, 17
+
+     Niflheim, 122
+
+     Nikko, 146
+
+     Norse, 80, 82, 119, 134
+
+     Norway, 1, 126, 130
+
+     "Nos Galan Gaeof," 102
+
+     November, Eve, 33, 35, 37, 44, 50, 59, 79, 101-102, 107, 112,
+          137;
+       first, 4, 11, 16, 25-26, 137, 144;
+       in Rome, 30;
+       second, 30, 118, 144
+
+     Nuts, 26, 33, 50-52, 73, 90-92, 103-104, 109, 115, 144, 155,
+          159-160, 169
+
+
+     Oak, 6-7, 27, 40, 122
+
+     Oats, 55, 77
+
+     Oatmeal cakes, 79
+
+     Obsession, 44
+
+     October 31st, 4, 10, 17, 50, 82, 85, 118
+
+     Odin, 120, 124, 129, 131
+
+     "Oidhche Shamhna," 50
+
+     Olaf, 126
+
+     Omens, 14, 22, 26, 50-52, 104, 117, 137;
+       from sacrifices, 9, 17, 33, 123, 166;
+       evil, 28
+
+     Oonah, 45
+
+     Ops, 23
+
+     Ordeal, 9, 123-124
+
+     Osiris, 1, 18
+
+     Ossian, 47-48, 150
+
+     Ostia, 25
+
+     Otherworld, 19, 39, 42, 47, 84, 103, 107, 111, 115, 121, 146, 150
+
+     Ovid, 24, 114
+
+     Owls, 134, 152, 155
+
+
+     Paddy Beg, 46-47
+
+     Paddy More, 46-47
+
+     Paganism, 30, 35, 59, 109, 141
+
+     Pageant, 170
+
+     Pantheon, 29
+
+     Paradise, 31
+
+     Partholon, 13
+
+     Parties, Hallowe'en, 155
+
+     Peace, 171
+
+     Peas, 92, 94
+
+     Pelagius, 83
+
+     Pennsylvania, 165
+
+     Perthshire, 59
+
+     Peru, 1
+
+     Peter Pan, 63-64
+
+     Ph[oe]nicians, 5
+
+     Picts, 108
+
+     Piper, fairy, 43-44, 64, 87
+
+     Pixies, 103, 110
+
+     Pomona, 4, 23-26, 50, 85, 155
+
+     Pontypridd, 101
+
+     _Preparedness for Peace_, 170
+
+     Procopius, 111
+
+     Prophets,
+       Druids as, 9, 43;
+       witches as, 89, 134, 151
+
+     Pumpkins, 155, 160
+
+     Purgatory, 31, 99, 106, 145
+
+     Puy de Dome, 131
+
+     "Puzzling-jug," 103-104
+
+
+     Races, 15, 26
+
+     Rapunzel, 125
+
+     Red Mike, 54, 62
+
+     Rick, 55
+
+     Ring, 51-52, 55, 72, 96, 156, 165, 168
+
+     Rip Van Winkle, 150
+
+     Rome, 8, 23-30, 114, 119-120;
+       relations to Druids, 27;
+       All Saints' in, 32
+
+     Roses, 105
+
+     Rowan. See Ash-tree
+
+
+     Sacrifices, 20, 109, 137;
+       to Baal, 8-9,  11-13, 17, 101;
+       omens from, 33;
+       to Tyr, 123
+
+     St. Augustine, 83
+
+     St. Bridget, 45
+
+     St. Colomba, 50
+
+     St. Gertrude, 126
+
+     St. John's Day and Eve, 3, 28, 109, 110, 137, 141
+
+     St. Kilda, 79
+
+     St. Michael, 85
+
+     St. Ninian, 83
+
+     St. Odilo, 30
+
+     St. Patrick, 5, 43, 83
+
+     Saga, 124
+
+     Salerno, 142
+
+     Salt, 57, 67, 79, 82, 83, 134, 169
+
+     Saman, 10, 31, 50, 80
+
+     Samhain (Saveen), 16, 18, 20-22, 26, 31, 35-36, 38, 40-41, 43,
+          48, 59, 65, 82
+
+     Samhnagan, 60
+
+     Samhanach, 64
+
+     Sark. See Shirt
+
+     Satan, 120, 133
+
+     Sauin. See Samhain
+
+     Scandinavia, 119, 126, 134
+
+     Scotland, 59, 78, 79, 81, 82, 99, 104, 127, 156;
+       belief in fairies in, 6, 62-64
+
+     Scots, 108
+
+     Seasons, 1
+
+     Seaweed, 80
+
+     Secrecy, 45, 77-78, 124, 155;
+       in Druid rites, 9-10, 124
+
+     Seed-cake, 97
+
+     Seeds, 14, 92, 121
+
+     Serpent's-egg. See Adder-stone
+
+     Seville, 131
+
+     Shee, 39
+
+     Shirt-sleeve, wetting the, 56, 78-79, 126-129, 165
+
+     Shoe, 77, 170
+
+     Shony, 80
+
+     Shropshire, 98
+
+     "Sid," 37, 49. See also Forts
+
+     Sigurd, 124
+
+     Sitou, 18
+
+     Sleep, 39, 47, 87, 124-125
+
+     Sloe, 52, 85
+
+     Snakes. See Adder-stone
+
+     Snap-apple. See Apples
+
+     Sol, 1
+
+     Soul-cakes. See Cake
+
+     South, 165
+
+     South Uist, 81
+
+     Sowens, 79
+
+     Spain, 131, 144
+
+     Spectre Huntsman, 90
+
+     Spirits, 6, 20, 103;
+       abroad, 14, 22, 31, 35, 44, 48;
+       evil, 4, 18, 20, 56, 63, 87, 99, 129
+
+     Staffordshire, 98
+
+     Stones, 60, 101-102, 106, 109
+
+     Stories, 81, 96, 149, 169
+
+     Straw, 77, 99
+
+     Strunt, 79
+
+     "Summer's end," 3-4, 11-12, 16, 25, 44
+
+     Sun-god, 1-3, 8, 15, 44, 84-85, 87, 120-121, 124, 126, 136;
+       -worship, 21;
+       -wise, 3, 17, 60, 67
+
+     Superstitions, 33, 62, 83, 135, 153-154
+
+     Swans, 38-39, 41
+
+     Swastika, 8
+
+     Sweden, 126, 133
+
+     Symbols, 7-8, 28
+
+
+     Tam o' Shanter, 68-69, 89
+
+     Tannhaeuser, 131-133
+
+     Tara, 17, 21, 43, 48, 59
+
+     _Tempest_, 87
+
+     Teuton, 108, 124, 142
+
+     Teutonic, 4, 125
+
+     Thanksgiving, 3-4;
+       for harvest, 59
+
+     Thimble, 51, 72, 83, 156
+
+     Thor, 134
+
+     Thorn, 45
+
+     Thread, 138, 167
+
+     Thuringia, 131
+
+     Tiberius, 27
+
+     Tigernmas, 20-21
+
+     "Tin Islands," 5
+
+     Tlactga, 17
+
+     Toads, 152
+
+     Toasts, 126
+
+     Todmorden, 90
+
+     Torches, 14, 60-61, 68, 99
+
+     Tree-worship, 7-8, 92, 123
+
+     Trefoil, 8, 29
+
+     Trinity, 29
+
+     Tripod, 65, 134, 155
+
+     Trolls, 121, 130, 150
+
+     Tuatha De Danann, 20, 29, 38-39, 43, 48-50, 107-108
+
+     Tub, 53, 93, 96, 160;
+       apples in. See Apples
+
+     Tyr, 123
+
+
+     United States, 153
+
+
+     Valhalla, 121-122
+
+     Vali, 121
+
+     Valkyries, 122, 136
+
+     Vandals, 119
+
+     Venus, 131-132
+
+     Vertumnus, 24-25
+
+     Vortumnalia, 25
+
+     Vulcan, 120
+
+     Vurdh, 123
+
+
+     Wales, 27, 101, 105, 106, 108, 144, 168;
+       belief in fairies in, 6
+
+     Walnut-tree, 92
+
+     Walpurga, 136
+
+     Ward, Hill of. See Tara
+
+     Water, 57, 68, 97, 165
+
+     Wedding of sun and earth, 126, 136
+
+     "Weird Sisters," 123
+
+     Wendy, 64
+
+     Wheel,
+       sun-symbol, 8, 13, 17;
+       of fortune, 163
+
+     White Lady, 62
+
+     Wild Huntsman, 90, 131
+
+     Will-o'-the-wisps, 121
+
+     Windsor Forest, 90
+
+     Winnowing, 75-76
+
+     Winter, first day of, 18, 44, 87, 102, 112
+
+     Witches, 4, 60-61, 65-69, 89, 99, 101, 129-131, 133-135, 146, 155
+
+     Witchcraft, 4, 81, 89, 134
+
+     Wood, 52, 57, 97
+
+     Wotan. See Odin
+
+
+     Yarn, 55, 75, 104, 140, 165
+
+     Year's end, 10, 17-18, 84
+
+     Yellow, 156
+
+     Yggdrasil, 122
+
+     Yorkshire, 97
+
+     Yule, 3, 126
+
+
+     Zschokke, 140
+
+
+
+
+     TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+     Represented the "oe" ligature as [oe].
+
+     Adjusted placement of footnotes.
+
+     Page 88: Retained alternate spelling of "Candelmas" in quoted
+              material versus standard spelling in index.
+
+     Page 182: Standardized punctuation.
+
+     Pages 191 & 194: Standardized index cross-reference words.
+
+     Page 204: Standardized spelling of "sick-bed."
+
+     Page 207: Standardized spelling of _Voeluspa_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Book of Hallowe'en, by Ruth Edna Kelley
+
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 01:24:36 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 01:24:36 -0700
commit	b0241886b417ea92dd250c86926fca6792ddfb47 (patch)
tree	cf7b9a2c8cf989d3e9256ee56b07b901a873a76a