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+Project Gutenberg's The De Coverley Papers, by Joseph Addison and Others
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The De Coverley Papers
+       From 'The Spectator'
+
+Author: Joseph Addison and Others
+
+Editor: Joseph H. Meek
+
+Release Date: February 22, 2007 [EBook #20648]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DE COVERLEY PAPERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  _The_ KINGS TREASURIES
+  OF LITERATURE
+
+  GENERAL EDITOR
+
+  SIR A. T. QUILLER COUCH
+
+  LONDON: J. M. DENT & SONS LTD
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: J. Addison.]
+
+
+
+
+  _THE_
+  DE COVERLEY
+  PAPERS
+  _FROM_
+  _'THE SPECTATOR'_
+
+  EDITED
+  _BY_
+  JOSEPH MEEK _M.A._
+
+
+
+
+  All rights reserved
+  by
+  J. M. DENT & SONS LTD
+  Aldine House · Bedford Street · London
+  Made in Great Britain
+  at
+  The Aldine Press · Letchworth · Herts
+  First published in this edition 1920
+  Last reprinted 1955
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+No character in our literature, not even Mr. Pickwick, has more endeared
+himself to successive generations of readers than Addison's Sir Roger de
+Coverley: there are many figures in drama and fiction of whom we feel
+that they are in a way personal friends of our own, that once introduced
+to us they remain a permanent part of our little world. It is the abiding
+glory of Dickens, it is one of Shakespeare's abiding glories, to have
+created many such: but we look to find these characters in the novel or
+the play: the essay by virtue of its limitations of space is unsuited for
+character-studies, and even in the subject of our present reading the
+difficulty of hunting the various Coverley Essays down in the great
+number of _Spectator_ Papers is some small drawback. But here before the
+birth of the modern English novel we have a full-length portrait of such
+a character as we have described, in addition to a number of other more
+sketchy but still convincing delineations of English types. We are
+brought into the society of a fine old-fashioned country gentleman,
+simple, generous, and upright, with just those touches of whimsicality
+and those lovable faults which go straight to our hearts: and all so
+charmingly described that these Essays have delighted all who have read
+them since they first began to appear on the breakfast-tables of the
+polite world in Queen Anne's day.
+
+"Addison's" Sir Roger we have called him, and be sure that honest Dick
+Steele, even if he drew the first outlines of the figure, would not bear
+us a grudge for so doing. Whoever first thought of Sir Roger, and however
+many little touches may have been added by other hands, he remains
+Addison's creation: and furthermore it does not matter a snap of the
+fingers whether any actual person served as the model from which the
+picture was taken. Of all the bootless quests that literary criticism can
+undertake, this search for "the original" is the least valuable. The
+artist's mind is a crucible which transmutes and re-creates: to vary the
+metaphor, the marble springs to life under the workman's hands: we can
+almost see it happening in these Essays: and we know how often enough a
+writer finds his own creation kicking over the traces, as it were, and
+becoming almost independent of his volition. There is no original for Sir
+Roger or Falstaff or Mr. Micawber: they may not have sprung Athena-like
+fully armed out of the author's head, and they may have been suggested by
+some one he had in mind. But once created they came into a full-blooded
+life with personalities entirely of their own.
+
+A vastly more useful quest, one in fact of absorbing interest, is the
+attempt to follow the artist's method, to trace the devices which he
+adopts to bring to our notice all those various traits by which we judge
+of character. The prose writer has this much advantage over the
+playwright, that he can represent his _dramatis personę_ in a greater
+number of different situations, and furthermore can criticise them and
+draw our special attention to what he wishes to have stressed: he can
+even say that such and such thoughts and motives are in their minds. Not
+so the dramatist: his space is limited and he is cribbed, cabined, and
+confined by having to give a convincing imitation of real life, where we
+cannot tell what is going on in the minds of even our most intimate
+friends. Thus the audience is often left uncertain of the purport of what
+it sees and hears: the ugly and inartistic convention of the aside must
+be used very sparingly if the play is to ring true; and so it is that we
+shall find voluminous discussions on the subject, for instance, of how
+Shakespeare meant such and such a character to be interpreted. It stands
+to reason that the character in fiction can to this same extent be more
+artificial. It is a test of the self-control and artistic restraint of
+the novelist if he can refrain from diving too deep into the unknown and
+arrogating to himself an impossibly full knowledge of the mental
+processes of other people. And now notice how Addison gives us just such
+revelations of the old Knight's character as the observant spectator
+would gather from friendly intercourse with him. We see Sir Roger at
+home, ruling his household and the village with a genial if somewhat
+autocratic sway: we see him in London, taking the cicerone who pilots him
+round Westminster Abbey for a monument of wit and learning: and so on and
+so forth. There is no need to catalogue these occasions: what we have
+said should suffice to point out a very fruitful line of study which may
+help the reader to a full appreciation of Addison's work. "Good wine
+needs no bush," and the Coverley Essays are good wine if ever there was
+such.
+
+The study of the style is also of the greatest value. Addison lived at a
+time when our modern English prose had recently found itself. We admire
+the splendour of the Miltonic style, and lose ourselves in the rich
+harmonies of Sir Thomas Browne's work; but after all prose is needed for
+ordinary every-day jog-trot purposes and must be clear and
+straightforward. It can still remain a very attractive instrument of
+speech or writing, and in Addison's hands it fulfilled to perfection the
+needs of the essay style. He avoids verbiage and excessive adornment, he
+is content to tell what he sees or knows or thinks as simply as possible
+(and even with a tendency towards the conversational), and he has an
+inimitable feeling for just the right word, just the most elegantly
+turned phrase and period. Do not imagine this sort of thing is the result
+of a mere gift for style: true, it could not happen without that, but
+neither can it happen without a great deal of careful thought, a
+scrupulous choice, and balancing of word against word, phrase against
+phrase. Because all this is done and because the result is so clear and
+runs so smoothly, it requires an effort on our part to realise the great
+amount of work involved: _Ars est celare artem_: and in such an essay as
+that describing the picture gallery in Sir Roger's house we can see the
+pictures in front of our eyes precisely because the description is so
+clear-cut, so free from unnecessary decoration, and yet so picturesque
+and attractive.
+
+A very short acquaintance will enable the reader to appreciate Addison's
+charming humour and sane grasp of character. The high moral tone of his
+work, the common-sense and broad culture and literary insight which
+caused the _Spectator_ to exert a profound influence over a dissolute
+age, these can only be seen by a more extended reading of the Essays, and
+those who are interested cannot do better than obtain some general
+selection such as that of Arnold.
+
+Biographical and historical details are somewhat outside the scope of the
+present Essay. A short Chronological Table is appended, and the reader
+cannot be too strongly recommended to study Johnson's Life of Addison,
+which is one of the best of the Lives of the Poets, and in which the
+literary criticism is in Johnson's best vein. And Thackeray's _Esmond_
+contains some delightful passages introducing Richard Steele and his
+entourage, with an interesting scene in Addison's lodgings. It is perhaps
+as well to mention that the _Spectator_ grew out of Addison's
+collaboration with Steele in a similar periodical entitled the _Tatler_.
+There were several writers besides these two concerned in the
+_Spectator_, notably Budgell. (The letters at the end of most of the
+papers are signatures: C., L., I. and O. are the marks of Addison's work,
+R. and T. of Steele's, and X. of Budgell's.) We have stories of Addison's
+resentment of their tampering with his favourite character; it is even
+said that he killed the Knight off in his annoyance at one paper which
+represented him in an unfitting situation. We cannot judge of the truth
+of such stories. In any case it was Addison who controlled the whole
+tenor and policy of the paper, wisely steering as clear as possible of
+politics, and thereby broadening his appeal and reaching a wider public,
+and it was Addison's kindly and mellow criticism of life that informed
+the whole work. His remaining literary productions, popular at the time,
+have receded into the background: but the _Spectator_ will keep his name
+alive as long as English literature survives.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(In this selection only those essays have been chosen which bear directly
+on Sir Roger or the _Spectator_ Club: several have been omitted which
+refer to him only _en passant_ or as a peg on which to hang some
+disquisition, and also one other which is wholly out of keeping with Sir
+Roger's character.)
+
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
+
+  1672.            Birth of Addison and Steele.
+  1697.            Addison elected Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.
+  1701, 3, 5, 22.  Steele's Plays.
+  1702.            Accession of Queen Anne.
+  1704.            Addison's _Campaign_ (poem celebrating Blenheim).
+  1706.            Addison's _Rosamond_ (opera).
+  1709-11.         Steele's _Tatler_.
+  1711-12-14.      The _Spectator_.
+  1713.            Addison's _Cato_ (play).
+  1714.            Accession of George I.
+  1717.            Addison appointed Secretary of State.
+  1719.            Death of Addison.
+  1729.            Death of Steele.
+
+
+
+
+THE DE COVERLEY PAPERS
+
+
+
+
+NO. 1. THURSDAY, MARCH 1, 1710-11
+
+    _Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dart lucem
+    Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat._
+
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._ ver. 143.
+
+    One with a flash begins, and ends in smoke;
+    The other out of smoke brings glorious light,
+    And (without raising expectation high)
+    Surprises us with dazzling miracles.
+
+    ROSCOMMON.
+
+
+I have observed, that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure, until
+he knows whether the writer of it be a black[1] or a fair man, of a mild
+or choleric[2] disposition, married or a bachelor, with other particulars
+of the like nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of
+an author. To gratify this curiosity, which is so natural to a reader, I
+design this paper and my next as prefatory discourses to my following
+writings, and shall give some account in them of the several persons that
+are engaged in this work. As the chief trouble of compiling,
+digesting[3], and correcting will fall to my share, I must do myself the
+justice to open the work with my own history.
+
+I was born to a small hereditary estate, which, according to the
+tradition of the village where it lies, was bounded by the same hedges
+and ditches in William the Conqueror's time that it is at present, and
+has been delivered down from father to son whole and entire, without the
+loss or acquisition of a single field or meadow, during the space of six
+hundred years. There runs a story in the family, that before my birth my
+mother dreamt that she was brought to bed of a judge: whether this might
+proceed from a lawsuit which was then depending[4] in the family, or my
+father's being a justice of the peace, I cannot determine; for I am not
+so vain as to think it presaged any dignity that I should arrive at in my
+future life, though that was the interpretation which the neighbourhood
+put upon it. The gravity of my behaviour at my very first appearance in
+the world, and all the time that I sucked, seemed to favour my mother's
+dream: for, as she has often told me, I threw away my rattle before I was
+two months old, and would not make use of my coral until they had taken
+away the bells from it.
+
+As for the rest of my infancy, there being nothing in it remarkable, I
+shall pass it over in silence. I find, that, during my nonage[5], I had
+the reputation of a very sullen youth, but was always a favourite of my
+schoolmaster, who used to say, that my parts[6] were solid, and would
+wear well. I had not been long at the University, before I distinguished
+myself by a most profound silence; for during the space of eight years,
+excepting in the public exercises[7] of the college, I scarce uttered the
+quantity of an hundred words; and indeed do not remember that I ever
+spoke three sentences together in my whole life. Whilst I was in this
+learned body, I applied myself with so much diligence to my studies, that
+there are very few celebrated books, either in the learned or the modern
+tongues, which I am not acquainted with.
+
+Upon the death of my father, I was resolved to travel into foreign
+countries, and therefore left the University, with the character of an
+odd unaccountable fellow, that had a great deal of learning, if I would
+but show it. An insatiable thirst after knowledge carried me into all the
+countries of Europe, in which there was anything new or strange to be
+seen; nay, to such a degree was my curiosity raised, that having read the
+controversies of some great men concerning the antiquities of Egypt, I
+made a voyage to Grand Cairo, on purpose to take the measure of a
+pyramid: and, as soon as I had set myself right in that particular,
+returned to my native country with great satisfaction.
+
+I have passed my latter years in this city, where I am frequently seen in
+most public places, though there are not above half a dozen of my select
+friends that know me; of whom my next paper shall give a more particular
+account. There is no place of general resort, wherein I do not often make
+my appearance; sometimes I am seen thrusting my head into a round of
+politicians at Will's[8], and listening with great attention to the
+narratives that are made in those little circular audiences. Sometimes I
+smoke a pipe at Child's[8], and, whilst I seem attentive to nothing but
+the _Postman_[9], overhear the conversation of every table in the room. I
+appear on Sunday nights at St. James's[8] coffee-house, and sometimes
+join the little committee of politics in the inner room, as one who comes
+there to hear and improve. My face is likewise very well known at the
+Grecian[8], the Cocoa-Tree, and in the theatres both of Drury Lane and
+the Hay-Market. I have been taken for a merchant upon the Exchange for
+above these ten years, and sometimes pass for a Jew in the assembly of
+stock-jobbers at Jonathan's: in short, wherever I see a cluster of
+people, I always mix with them, though I never open my lips but in my own
+club.
+
+Thus I live in the world rather as a spectator of mankind, than as one of
+the species, by which means I have made myself a speculative statesman,
+soldier, merchant, and artisan, without ever meddling with any practical
+part in life. I am very well versed in the theory of a husband or a
+father, and can discern the errors in the economy[10], business, and
+diversion of others, better than those who are engaged in them, as
+standers-by discover blots[11], which are apt to escape those who are in
+the game. I never espoused any party with violence, and am resolved to
+observe an exact neutrality between the Whigs and Tories, unless I shall
+be forced to declare myself by the hostilities of either side. In short,
+I have acted in all the parts of my life as a looker-on, which is the
+character I intend to preserve in this paper.
+
+I have given the reader just so much of my history and character, as to
+let him see I am not altogether unqualified for the business I have
+undertaken. As for other particulars in my life and adventures, I shall
+insert them in following papers, as I shall see occasion. In the
+meantime, when I consider how much I have seen, read, and heard, I begin
+to blame my own taciturnity; and, since I have neither time nor
+inclination to communicate the fulness of my heart in speech, I am
+resolved to do it in writing, and to print myself out, if possible,
+before I die. I have been often told by my friends, that it is pity so
+many useful discoveries which I have made should be in the possession of
+a silent man. For this reason, therefore, I shall publish a sheet-full of
+thoughts every morning, for the benefit of my contemporaries; and if I
+can any way contribute to the diversion or improvement of the country in
+which I live, I shall leave it, when I am summoned out of it, with the
+secret satisfaction of thinking that I have not lived in vain.
+
+There are three very material points which I have not spoken to[12] in
+this paper; and which, for several important reasons, I must keep to
+myself, at least for some time: I mean, an account of my name, my age,
+and my lodgings. I must confess, I would gratify my reader in anything
+that is reasonable; but as for these three particulars, though I am
+sensible they might tend very much to the embellishment of my paper, I
+cannot yet come to a resolution of communicating them to the public. They
+would indeed draw me out of that obscurity which I have enjoyed for many
+years, and expose me in public places to several salutes and civilities,
+which have been always very disagreeable to me; for the greatest pain I
+can suffer, is the being talked to, and being stared at. It is for this
+reason likewise, that I keep my complexion[13] and dress as very great
+secrets; though it is not impossible, but I may make discoveries[14] of
+both in the progress of the work I have undertaken.
+
+After having been thus particular upon myself, I shall, in to-morrow's
+paper, give an account of those gentlemen who are concerned with me in
+this work; for, as I have before intimated, a plan of it is laid and
+concerted (as all other matters of importance are) in a club. However, as
+my friends have engaged me to stand in the front, those who have a mind
+to correspond with me, may direct their letters to the _Spectator_, at
+Mr. Buckley's in Little Britain. For I must further acquaint the reader,
+that, though our club meets only on Tuesdays and Thursdays, we have
+appointed a committee to sit every night, for the inspection of all such
+papers as may contribute to the advancement of the public weal.
+
+  C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Black._ Dark.
+
+[2] _Choleric._ Liable to anger.
+
+[3] _Digesting._ Arranging methodically.
+
+[4] _Depending._ Modern English _pending_.
+
+[5] _Nonage._ Minority.
+
+[6] _Parts._ Powers.
+
+[7] _Public exercises._ Examinations for degrees at Oxford and Cambridge
+formerly took the form of public debates.
+
+[8] _Will's_, _Child's_, _St. James's_, _Grecian_. Coffee-houses; all
+these, and the cocoa-houses too, tended to become the special haunts of
+members of some particular party, profession, etc.; _e.g._, Will's was
+literary, St. James's Whig.
+
+[9] _Postman._ A weekly newspaper.
+
+[10] _Economy._ Household management.
+
+[11] _Blots._ Exposed pieces in backgammon.
+
+[12] _Spoken to._ Referred to.
+
+[13] _Complexion._ Countenance.
+
+[14] _Discoveries._ Disclosures.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 2. FRIDAY, MARCH 2
+
+                _Ast alii sex
+    Et plures uno conclamant ore._
+
+    JUV. _Sat._ vii. ver. 167.
+
+    Six more at least join their consenting voice.
+
+
+The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient
+descent, a baronet, his name is Sir Roger de Coverley. His
+great-grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is
+called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted with
+the parts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very
+singular in his behaviour, but his singularities proceed from his good
+sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world, only as he
+thinks the world is in the wrong. However this humour creates him no
+enemies, for he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being
+unconfined to modes and forms, makes him but the readier and more capable
+to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town, he lives in
+Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor by reason he was
+crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow of the next county to him.
+Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you call a Fine Gentleman,
+had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege[15],
+fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and kicked Bully Dawson[16]
+in a public coffee-house for calling him youngster. But being ill-used by
+the above-mentioned widow, he was very serious for a year and a half; and
+though, his temper being naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he
+grew careless of himself, and never dressed[17] afterwards. He continues
+to wear a coat and doublet of the same cut that were in fashion at the
+time of his repulse, which, in his merry humours, he tells us, has been
+in and out twelve times since he first wore it. He is now in his
+fifty-sixth year, cheerful, gay, and hearty; keeps a good house both in
+town and country; a great lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful
+cast in his behaviour, that he is rather beloved than esteemed. His
+tenants grow rich, his servants look satisfied, all the young women
+profess love to him, and the young men are glad of his company: when he
+comes into a house he calls the servants by their names, and talks all
+the way upstairs to a visit. I must not omit, that Sir Roger is a justice
+of the Quorum[18]; that he fills the chair at a quarter-session with
+great abilities, and three months ago gained universal applause by
+explaining a passage in the Game Act[19].
+
+The gentleman next in esteem and authority among us, is another bachelor,
+who is a member of the Inner Temple; a man of great probity, wit, and
+understanding; but he has chosen his place of residence rather to obey
+the direction of an old humoursome[20] father, than in pursuit of his own
+inclinations. He was placed there to study the laws of the land, and is
+the most learned of any of the house in those of the stage. Aristotle and
+Longinus[21] are much better understood by him than Littleton or
+Coke[22]. The father sends up every post questions relating to
+marriage-articles, leases, and tenures, in the neighbourhood; all which
+questions he agrees with an attorney to answer and take care of in the
+lump. He is studying the passions themselves, when he should be inquiring
+into the debates among men which arise from them. He knows the argument
+of each of the orations of Demosthenes and Tully[23], but not one case in
+the reports of our own courts. No one ever took him for a fool, but none,
+except his intimate friends, know he has a great deal of wit[24]. This
+turn makes him at once both disinterested and agreeable: as few of his
+thoughts are drawn from business, they are most of them fit for
+conversation. His taste of books is a little too just for the age he
+lives in; he has read all, but approves of very few. His familiarity with
+the customs, manners, actions, and writings of the ancients, makes him a
+very delicate observer of what occurs to him in the present world. He is
+an excellent critic, and the time of the play is his hour of business;
+exactly at five he passes through New Inn, crosses through Russell Court,
+and takes a turn at Will's until the play begins; he has his shoes rubbed
+and his periwig powdered at the barber's as you go into the Rose[25]. It
+is for the good of the audience when he is at a play, for the actors have
+an ambition to please him.
+
+The person of next consideration is Sir Andrew Freeport, a merchant of
+great eminence in the city of London. A person of indefatigable industry,
+strong reason, and great experience. His notions of trade are noble and
+generous, and (as every rich man has usually some sly way of jesting,
+which would make no great figure were he not a rich man) he calls the sea
+the British Common. He is acquainted with commerce in all its parts, and
+will tell you that it is a stupid and barbarous way to extend dominion by
+arms; for true power is to be got by arts and industry. He will often
+argue, that if this part of our trade were well cultivated, we should
+gain from one nation; and if another, from another. I have heard him
+prove, that diligence makes more lasting acquisitions than valour, and
+that sloth has ruined more nations than the sword. He abounds in several
+frugal maxims, amongst which the greatest favourite is, "A penny saved is
+a penny got." A general trader of good sense is pleasanter company than a
+general scholar; and Sir Andrew having a natural unaffected eloquence,
+the perspicuity of his discourse gives the same pleasure that wit would
+in another man. He has made his fortunes himself; and says that England
+may be richer than other kingdoms, by as plain methods as he himself is
+richer than other men; though, at the same time, I can say this of him,
+that there is not a point in the compass but blows home a ship in which
+he is an owner.
+
+Next to Sir Andrew in the club-room sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of
+great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of
+those that deserve very well, but are very awkward at putting their
+talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them. He
+was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in
+several engagements, and at several sieges; but having a small estate of
+his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life
+in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a
+courtier, as well as a soldier. I have heard him often lament, that in a
+profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence
+should get the better of modesty. When he has talked to this purpose, I
+never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left
+the world[26] because he was not fit for it. A strict honesty and an even
+regular behaviour, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press
+through crowds, who endeavour at the same end with himself, the favour of
+a commander. He will however, in his way of talk, excuse generals, for
+not disposing according to men's desert, or inquiring into it: For, says
+he, that great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break
+through to come at me, as I have to come at him: Therefore he will
+conclude, that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military
+way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the
+importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own
+vindication[27]. He says it is a civil[28] cowardice to be backward in
+asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow
+in attacking when it is your duty. With this candour does the gentleman
+speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his
+conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many
+adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company;
+for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the
+utmost degree below him; nor ever too obsequious, from an habit of
+obeying men highly above him.
+
+But that our society may not appear a set of humorists[29], unacquainted
+with the gallantries and pleasures of the age, we have among us the
+gallant Will Honeycomb, a gentleman who, according to his years, should
+be in the decline of his life, but having ever been very careful of his
+person, and always had a very easy fortune, time has made but a very
+little impression, either by wrinkles on his forehead, or traces in his
+brain. His person is well turned[30], of a good height. He is very ready
+at that sort of discourse with which men usually entertain women. He has
+all his life dressed very well, and remembers habits[31] as others do
+men. He can smile when one speaks to him, and laughs easily. He knows the
+history of every mode, and can inform you from which of the French ladies
+our wives and daughters had this manner of curling their hair, that way
+of placing their hoods, and whose vanity to show her foot made that part
+of the dress so short in such a year. In a word, all his conversation and
+knowledge have been in the female world: as other men of his age will
+take notice to you what such a minister said upon such and such an
+occasion, he will tell you when the Duke of Monmouth danced at court,
+such a woman was then smitten, another was taken with him at the head of
+his troop in the Park. In all these important relations, he has ever
+about the same time received a kind glance or a blow of a fan from some
+celebrated beauty, mother of the present Lord Such-a-one. This way of
+talking of his very much enlivens the conversation among us of a more
+sedate turn; and I find there is not one of the company, but myself, who
+rarely speak at all, but speaks of him as of that sort of man who is
+usually called a well-bred Fine Gentleman. To conclude his character,
+where women are not concerned, he is an honest worthy man.
+
+I cannot tell whether I am to account him whom I am next to speak of, as
+one of our company; for he visits us but seldom, but, when he does, it
+adds to every man else a new enjoyment of himself. He is a clergyman, a
+very philosophic man, of general learning, great sanctity of life, and
+the most exact good breeding. He has the misfortune to be of a very weak
+constitution, and consequently cannot accept of such cares and business
+as preferments in his function would oblige him to: he is therefore among
+divines what a chamber-counsellor[32] is among lawyers. The probity of
+his mind, and the integrity of his life, create him followers, as being
+eloquent or loud advances others. He seldom introduces the subject he
+speaks upon; but we are so far gone in years, that he observes when he is
+among us, an earnestness to have him fall on some divine topic[33], which
+he always treats with much authority, as one who has no interests in this
+world, as one who is hastening to the object of all his wishes, and
+conceives hope from his decays and infirmities. These are my ordinary
+companions.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] _Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege._ Well-known leaders of
+fashion and dissipation.
+
+[16] _Bully Dawson._ A notorious swaggerer and sharper.
+
+[17] _Dressed._ _I.e._, fashionably.
+
+[18] _Quorum._ Panel of magistrates.
+
+[19] _Game Act._ Laws dating from very early times and regulating the
+licence to kill game.
+
+[20] _Humoursome._ Capricious.
+
+[21] _Aristotle and Longinus._ Aristotle's _Poetics_ and Longinus on the
+_Sublime_ are classics of literary criticism.
+
+[22] _Littleton or Coke._ Famous writers on law.
+
+[23] _Demosthenes and Tully._ Demosthenes and M. Tullius Cicero, the
+great orators of Athens and Rome respectively.
+
+[24] _Wit._ Cleverness.
+
+[25] _The Rose._ The Rose tavern was frequented by actors.
+
+[26] _The world._ _I.e._, of public life.
+
+[27] _Own vindication._ Self-assertion.
+
+[28] _Civil._ Civilian.
+
+[29] _Humorists._ Eccentrics.
+
+[30] _Turned._ Shaped.
+
+[31] _Habits._ Clothes; _i.e._, fashions.
+
+[32] _Chamber-counsellor._ Barrister whose practice is confined to
+consultations.
+
+[33] _Divine topic._ Topic of divinity.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 106. MONDAY, JULY 2
+
+                    _Hinc tibi copia
+    Manabit ad plenum, benigno
+      Ruris honorum opulenta cornu._
+
+    HOR. _Od._ xvii. l. i. ver. 14.
+
+            Here to thee shall plenty flow,
+    And all her riches show.
+    To raise the honour of the quiet plain.
+
+    CREECH.
+
+
+Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de Coverley
+to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week accompanied him
+thither, and am settled with him for some time at his country-house,
+where I intend to form several of my ensuing speculations. Sir Roger, who
+is very well acquainted with my humour[34], lets me rise and go to bed
+when I please, dine at his own table or in my chamber as I think fit, sit
+still and say nothing without bidding me be merry. When the gentlemen of
+the country come to see him, he only shows me at a distance: as I have
+been walking in his fields, I have observed them stealing a sight of me
+over an hedge, and have heard the Knight desiring them not to let me see
+them, for that I hated to be stared at.
+
+I am the more at ease in Sir Roger's family, because it consists of sober
+and staid persons; for, as the Knight is the best master in the world, he
+seldom changes his servants; and as he is beloved by all about him, his
+servants never care for leaving him; by this means his domestics are all
+in years, and grown old with their master. You would take his _valet de
+chambre_ for his brother, his butler is grey-headed, his groom is one of
+the gravest men that I have ever seen, and his coachman has the looks of
+a privy counsellor. You see the goodness of the master even in the old
+house-dog, and in a grey pad[35] that is kept in the stable with great
+care and tenderness out of regard to his past services, though he has
+been useless for several years.
+
+I could not but observe, with a great deal of pleasure, the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my friend's
+arrival at his country seat. Some of them could not refrain from tears at
+the sight of their old master; every one of them pressed forward to do
+something for him, and seemed discouraged if they were not employed. At
+the same time the good old Knight, with a mixture of the father and the
+master of the family, tempered the inquiries after his own affairs with
+several kind questions relating to themselves. This humanity and
+good-nature engages everybody to him, so that when he is pleasant
+upon[36] any of them, all his family are in good humour, and none so much
+as the person whom he diverts himself with: on the contrary, if he
+coughs, or betrays any infirmity of old age, it is easy for a stander-by
+to observe a secret concern in the looks of all his servants.
+
+[Illustration: 'Every one of them press'd forward to do something for
+him.']
+
+My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler, who
+is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow-servants,
+wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often heard their
+master talk of me as of his particular friend.
+
+My chief companion, when Sir Roger is diverting himself in the woods or
+the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir Roger, and has
+lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years. This
+gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very regular
+life, and obliging conversation[37]: he heartily loves Sir Roger, and
+knows that he is very much in the old Knight's esteem, so that he lives
+in the family rather as a relation than a dependent.
+
+I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir Roger, amidst
+all his good qualities, is something of an humorist[38]; and that his
+virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a certain
+extravagance, which makes them particularly _his_, and distinguishes them
+from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it is generally very
+innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation highly agreeable, and
+more delightful than the same degree of sense and virtue would appear in
+their common and ordinary colours. As I was walking with him last night,
+he asked me how I liked the good man whom I have just now mentioned? And
+without staying for my answer, told me, that he was afraid of being
+insulted with Latin and Greek at his own table; for which reason he
+desired a particular friend of his at the University to find him out a
+clergyman rather of plain sense than much learning, of a good aspect, a
+clear voice, a sociable temper, and, if possible, a man that understood a
+little of backgammon. My friend, says Sir Roger, found me out this
+gentleman, who, besides the endowments required of him, is, they tell me,
+a good scholar, though he does not show it: I have given him the
+parsonage of the parish; and because I know his value, have settled upon
+him a good annuity for life. If he outlives me, he shall find that he was
+higher in my esteem than perhaps he thinks he is. He has now been with me
+thirty years; and though he does not know I have taken notice of it, has
+never in all that time asked anything of me for himself, though he is
+every day soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my
+tenants, his parishioners. There has not been a law-suit in the parish
+since he has lived among them: if any dispute arises they apply
+themselves to him for the decision; if they do not acquiesce in his
+judgment, which I think never happened above once or twice at most, they
+appeal to me. At his first settling with me, I made him a present of all
+the good sermons which have been printed in English, and only begged of
+him that every Sunday he would pronounce one of them in the pulpit.
+Accordingly, he has digested[39] them into such a series, that they
+follow one another naturally, and make a continued system of practical
+divinity.
+
+As Sir Roger was going on in his story, the gentleman we were talking of
+came up to us; and upon the Knight's asking him who preached to-morrow
+(for it was Saturday night,) told us, the Bishop of St. Asaph in the
+morning, and Dr. South in the afternoon. He then showed us his list of
+preachers for the whole year, where I saw with a great deal of pleasure
+Archbishop Tillotson, Bishop Saunderson, Dr. Barrow, Dr. Calamy, with
+several living authors who have published discourses of practical
+divinity. I no sooner saw this venerable man in the pulpit, but I very
+much approved of my friend's insisting upon the qualifications of a good
+aspect and a clear voice; for I was so charmed with the gracefulness of
+his figure and delivery, as well as with the discourses he pronounced,
+that I think I never passed any time more to my satisfaction. A sermon
+repeated after this manner, is like the composition of a poet in the
+mouth of a graceful actor.
+
+I could heartily wish that more of our country clergy would follow this
+example; and, instead of wasting their spirits in laborious compositions
+of their own, would endeavour after a handsome elocution[40], and all
+those other talents that are proper to enforce what has been penned by
+greater masters. This would not only be more easy to themselves, but more
+edifying to the people.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[34] _Humour._ Disposition.
+
+[35] _Pad._ Easy-paced horse.
+
+[36] _Is pleasant upon._ Jokes with; chaffs.
+
+[37] _Conversation._ Manner of conducting oneself in intercourse.
+Compare note on p. 40.
+
+[38] _Humorist._ Whimsical person.
+
+[39] _Digested._ Arranged.
+
+[40] _Handsome elocution._ Good style of delivery.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 107. TUESDAY, JULY 3
+
+    _Aesopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici,
+    Servumque collocārunt aeterna in basi,
+    Patere honoris scirent ut cunctis viam._
+
+    PHĘDR. _Epilog._ l. 2.
+
+    The Athenians erected a large statue to Ęsop, and placed him,
+    though a slave, on a lasting pedestal; to show, that the way to
+    honour lies open indifferently to all.
+
+
+The reception, manner of attendance, undisturbed freedom and quiet, which
+I meet with here in the country, has confirmed me in the opinion I always
+had, that the general corruption of manners in servants is owing to the
+conduct of masters. The aspect of every one in the family[41] carries so
+much satisfaction, that it appears he knows the happy lot which has
+befallen him in being a member of it. There is one particular which I
+have seldom seen but at Sir Roger's; it is usual in all other places,
+that servants fly from the parts of the house through which their master
+is passing; on the contrary, here they industriously[42] place themselves
+in his way; and it is on both sides, as it were, understood as a visit
+when the servants appear without calling. This proceeds from the humane
+and equal temper of the man of the house, who also perfectly well knows
+how to enjoy a great estate, with such economy as ever to be much
+beforehand[43]. This makes his own mind untroubled, and consequently
+unapt to vent peevish expressions, or give passionate or inconsistent
+orders to those about him. Thus respect and love go together; and a
+certain cheerfulness in performance of their duty is the particular
+distinction of the lower part of this family. When a servant is called
+before his master, he does not come with an expectation to hear himself
+rated for some trivial fault, threatened to be stripped[44] or used with
+any other unbecoming language, which mean masters often give to worthy
+servants; but it is often to know what road he took, that he came so
+readily back according to order; whether he passed by such a ground; if
+the old man who rents it is in good health; or whether he gave Sir
+Roger's love to him, or the like.
+
+A man who preserves a respect, founded on his benevolence to his
+dependents, lives rather like a prince than a master in his family; his
+orders are received as favours, rather than duties; and the distinction
+of approaching him is part of the reward for executing what is commanded
+by him.
+
+There is another circumstance in which my friend excels in his
+management, which is the manner of rewarding his servants: he has ever
+been of opinion, that giving his cast clothes to be worn by valets has a
+very ill effect upon little minds, and creates a silly sense of equality
+between the parties, in persons affected only with outward things. I have
+heard him often pleasant on this occasion[45], and describe a young
+gentleman abusing his man in that coat, which a month or two before was
+the most pleasing distinction he was conscious of in himself. He would
+turn his discourse still more pleasantly upon the ladies' bounties of
+this kind; and I have heard him say he knew a fine woman, who distributed
+rewards and punishments in giving becoming or unbecoming dresses to her
+maids.
+
+But my good friend is above these little instances of good-will, in
+bestowing only trifles on his servants; a good servant to him is sure of
+having it in his choice very soon of being no servant at all. As I
+before observed, he is so good an husband[46], and knows so thoroughly
+that the skill of the purse is the cardinal virtue of this life: I say,
+he knows so well that frugality is the support of generosity, that he can
+often spare a large fine[47] when a tenement falls, and give that
+settlement to a good servant, who has a mind to go into the world, or
+make a stranger pay the fine to that servant, for his more comfortable
+maintenance, if he stays in his service.
+
+A man of honour and generosity considers it would be miserable to himself
+to have no will but that of another, though it were of the best person
+breathing, and for that reason goes on as fast as he is able to put his
+servants into independent livelihoods. The greatest part of Sir Roger's
+estate is tenanted by persons who have served himself or his ancestors.
+It was to me extremely pleasant to observe the visitants from several
+parts to welcome his arrival in the country; and all the difference that
+I could take notice of between the late servants who came to see him, and
+those who stayed in the family, was, that these latter were looked upon
+as finer gentlemen and better courtiers.
+
+This manumission[48] and placing them in a way of livelihood, I look upon
+as only what is due to a good servant, which encouragement will make his
+successor be as diligent, as humble, and as ready as he was. There is
+something wonderful in the narrowness of those minds, which can be
+pleased, and be barren of bounty to those who please them.
+
+One might, on this occasion, recount the sense that great persons in all
+ages have had of the merit of their dependents, and the heroic services
+which men have done their masters in the extremity of their fortunes; and
+shown, to their undone[49] patrons, that fortune was all the
+difference[50] between them; but as I design this my speculation only as
+a gentle admonition to thankless masters, I shall not go out of the
+occurrences of common life, but assert it as a general observation, that
+I never saw but in Sir Roger's family, and one or two more, good servants
+treated as they ought to be. Sir Roger's kindness extends to their
+children's children, and this very morning he sent his coachman's
+grandson to prentice. I shall conclude this paper with an account of a
+picture in his gallery, where there are many which will deserve my future
+observation.
+
+At the very upper end of this handsome structure I saw the portraiture of
+two young men standing in a river, the one naked, the other in a livery.
+The person supported seemed half dead, but still so much alive as to show
+in his face exquisite joy and love towards the other. I thought the
+fainting figure resembled my friend Sir Roger; and looking at the butler,
+who stood by me, for an account of it, he informed me that the person in
+the livery was a servant of Sir Roger's, who stood on the shore while
+his master was swimming, and observing him taken with some sudden
+illness, and sink under water, jumped in and saved him. He told me Sir
+Roger took off the dress[51] he was in as soon as he came home, and by a
+great bounty at that time, followed by his favour ever since, had made
+him master of that pretty seat which we saw at a distance as we came to
+this house. I remembered indeed Sir Roger said there lived a very worthy
+gentleman, to whom he was highly obliged, without mentioning anything
+further. Upon my looking a little dissatisfied at some part of the
+picture, my attendant informed me that it was against Sir Roger's will,
+and at the earnest request of the gentleman himself, that he was drawn in
+the habit[52] in which he had saved his master.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] _Family._ Family in its original Latin meaning of _household_.
+
+[42] _Industriously._ On purpose.
+
+[43] _With such economy ... beforehand._ With such thrift as always to
+be well within his income.
+
+[44] _Stripped._ Discharged.
+
+[45] _Pleasant on this occasion._ Joking on this topic.
+
+[46] _So good an husband._ So thrifty a man.
+
+[47] _Fine._ Premium paid by new tenant to landlord.
+
+[48] _Manumission._ Release from service.
+
+[49] _Undone._ Ruined.
+
+[50] _All the difference._ The only difference.
+
+[51] _Took off the dress._ Dress = livery: _i.e._, would not allow him
+to remain a servant.
+
+[52] _Habit._ Dress.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 108. WEDNESDAY, JULY 4
+
+    _Gratis anhelans, multa agenda nihil agens._
+
+    PHĘDR. _Fab._ v. 1. 2.
+
+    Out of breath to no purpose, and very busy about nothing.
+
+
+As I was yesterday morning walking with Sir Roger before his house, a
+country fellow brought him a huge fish, which, he told him, Mr. William
+Wimble had caught that very morning; and that he presented it, with his
+service to him, and intended to come and dine with him. At the same time
+he delivered a letter which my friend read to me as soon as the messenger
+left him.
+
+     SIR ROGER,
+
+     I desire you to accept of a jack[53], which is the best I have
+     caught this season. I intend to come and stay with you a week, and
+     see how the perch bite in the Black River. I observed with some
+     concern, the last time I saw you upon the bowling-green, that your
+     whip wanted a lash to it; I will bring half a dozen with me that I
+     twisted last week, which I hope will serve you all the time you are
+     in the country. I have not been out of the saddle for six days last
+     past, having been at Eton with Sir John's eldest son. He takes to
+     his learning hugely. I am, Sir,
+
+     Your humble servant,
+     WILL WIMBLE.
+
+This extraordinary letter, and message that accompanied it, made me very
+curious to know the character and quality of the gentleman who sent them;
+which I found to be as follows. Will Wimble is younger brother to a
+baronet, and descended of the ancient family of the Wimbles. He is now
+between forty and fifty; but, being bred to no business and born to no
+estate, he generally lives with his elder brother as superintendent of
+his game. He hunts a pack of dogs better than any man in the country, and
+is very famous for finding out a hare. He is extremely well-versed in all
+the little handicrafts of an idle man: he makes a May-fly to a miracle;
+and furnishes the whole country[54] with angle-rods. As he is a
+good-natured officious[55] fellow, and very much esteemed upon account of
+his family, he is a welcome guest at every house, and keeps up a good
+correspondence[56] among all the gentlemen about him. He carries a
+tulip-root in his pocket from one to another, or exchanges a puppy
+between a couple of friends that live perhaps in the opposite sides of
+the county. Will is a particular favourite of all the young heirs, whom
+he frequently obliges with a net that he has weaved, or a setting dog
+that he has made[57] himself: he now and then presents a pair of garters
+of his own knitting to their mothers or sisters; and raises a great deal
+of mirth among them, by inquiring as often as he meets them _how they
+wear_? These gentleman-like manufactures and obliging little humours make
+Will the darling of the country.
+
+Sir Roger was proceeding in the character of him, when we saw him make up
+to us with two or three hazel-twigs in his hand, that he had cut in Sir
+Roger's woods, as he came through them in his way to the house. I was
+very much pleased to observe on one side the hearty and sincere welcome
+with which Sir Roger received him, and on the other, the secret joy which
+his guest discovered[58] at sight of the good old Knight. After the first
+salutes were over, Will desired Sir Roger to lend him one of his servants
+to carry a set of shuttlecocks he had with him in a little box to a lady
+that lived about a mile off, to whom it seems he had promised such a
+present for above this half-year. Sir Roger's back was no sooner turned,
+but honest Will began to tell me of a large cock pheasant that he had
+sprung in one of the neighbouring woods, with two or three other
+adventures of the same nature. Odd and uncommon characters are the game
+that I look for, and most delight in; for which reason I was as much
+pleased with the novelty of the person that talked to me, as he could be
+for his life with the springing of a pheasant, and therefore listened to
+him with more than ordinary attention.
+
+In the midst of his discourse the bell rung to dinner, where the
+gentleman I have been speaking of had the pleasure of seeing the huge
+jack, he had caught, served up for the first dish in a most sumptuous
+manner. Upon our sitting down to it he gave us a long account how he had
+hooked it, played with it, foiled[59] it, and at length drew it out upon
+the bank, with several other particulars that lasted all the first
+course. A dish of wild-fowl that came afterwards furnished conversation
+for the rest of the dinner, which concluded with a late invention of
+Will's for improving the quail-pipe[60].
+
+Upon withdrawing into my room after dinner, I was secretly touched with
+compassion towards the honest gentleman that had dined with us; and could
+not but consider with a great deal of concern, how so good an heart and
+such busy hands were wholly employed in trifles; that so much humanity
+should be so little beneficial to others, and so much industry so little
+advantageous to himself. The same temper of mind and application to
+affairs, might have recommended him to the public esteem, and have raised
+his fortune in another station of life. What good to his country or
+himself might not a trader or merchant have done with such useful though
+ordinary qualifications?
+
+Will Wimble's is the case of many a younger brother of a great family,
+who had rather see their children starve like gentlemen, than thrive in a
+trade or profession that is beneath their quality. This humour[61] fills
+several parts of Europe with pride and beggary. It is the happiness of a
+trading nation, like ours, that the younger sons, though incapable of any
+liberal art or profession, may be placed in such a way of life, as may
+perhaps enable them to vie with the best of their family: accordingly we
+find several citizens that were launched into the world with narrow
+fortunes, rising by an honest industry to greater estates than those of
+their elder brothers. It is not improbable but Will was formerly tried at
+divinity, law, or physic; and that, finding his genius did not lie that
+way, his parents gave him up at length to his own inventions; but
+certainly, however improper he might have been for studies of a higher
+nature, he was perfectly well turned[62] for the occupations of trade and
+commerce. As I think this is a point which cannot be too much
+inculcated, I shall desire my reader to compare what I have here written
+with what I have said in my twenty-first speculation.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] _Jack._ Pike.
+
+[54] _Country._ Country-side.
+
+[55] _Officious._ Obliging.
+
+[56] _Correspondence._ Inter-communication.
+
+[57] _Made._ Trained.
+
+[58] _Discovered._ Showed.
+
+[59] _Foiled._ Rendered helpless.
+
+[60] _Quail-pipe._ Device for decoying quails.
+
+[61] _Humour._ Prejudice.
+
+[62] _Turned._ Fitted by nature.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 109. THURSDAY, JULY 5
+
+    _Abnormis sapiens._
+
+    HOR. _Sat._ ii. l. 2. ver. 3.
+
+    Of plain good sense, untutor'd in the schools.
+
+
+I was this morning walking in the gallery when Sir Roger entered at the
+end opposite to me, and advancing towards me, said he was glad to meet me
+among his relations the De Coverleys, and hoped I liked the
+conversation[63] of so much good company, who were as silent as myself. I
+knew he alluded to the pictures, and as he is a gentleman who does not a
+little value himself upon his ancient descent, I expected he would give
+me some account of them. We were now arrived at the upper end of the
+gallery, when the Knight faced towards one of the pictures, and, as we
+stood before it, he entered into the matter, after his blunt way of
+saying things, as they occur to his imagination, without regular
+introduction, or care to preserve the appearance of chain of thought.
+
+"It is," said he, "worth while to consider the force of dress; and how
+the persons of one age differ from those of another, merely by that only.
+One may observe also, that the general fashion of one age has been
+followed by one particular set of people in another, and by them
+preserved from one generation to another. Thus the vast jetting[64] coat
+and small bonnet, which was the habit in Harry the Seventh's time, is
+kept on in the yeomen of the guard; not without a good and politic view,
+because they look a foot taller, and a foot and an half broader: besides
+that the cap leaves the face expanded, and consequently more terrible,
+and fitter to stand at the entrances of palaces.
+
+"This predecessor of ours, you see, is dressed after this manner, and his
+cheeks would be no larger than mine, were he in a hat as I am. He was the
+last man that won a prize in the tilt-yard (which is now a common street
+before Whitehall). You see the broken lance that lies there by his right
+foot; he shivered that lance of his adversary all to pieces; and bearing
+himself, look you, sir, in this manner, at the same time he came within
+the target[65] of the gentleman who rode against him, and taking him with
+incredible force before him on the pommel of his saddle, he in that
+manner rid the tournament[66] over, with an air that showed he did it
+rather to perform the rule of the lists, than expose his enemy; however,
+it appeared he knew how to make use of a victory, and with a gentle trot
+he marched up to a gallery where their mistress sat (for they were
+rivals) and let him down with laudable courtesy and pardonable
+insolence[67]. I don't know but it might be exactly where the
+coffee-house is now.
+
+"You are to know this my ancestor was not only of a military genius, but
+fit also for the arts of peace, for he played on the bass-viol[68] as well
+as any gentleman at court; you see where his viol hangs by his basket-hilt
+sword. The action at the tilt-yard you may be sure won the fair lady, who
+was a maid of honour, and the greatest beauty of her time; here she stands
+the next picture. You see, sir, my great-great-great-grandmother has on
+the new-fashioned petticoat, except that the modern is gathered at the
+waist: my grandmother appears as if she stood in a large drum, whereas
+the ladies now walk as if they were in a go-cart. For all[69] this lady
+was bred at court, she became an excellent country wife, she brought ten
+children, and when I show you the library, you shall see in her own hand
+(allowing for the difference of the language) the best receipt now in
+England both for an hasty-pudding and a white-pot.
+
+"If you please to fall back a little, because it is necessary to look at
+the three next pictures at one view: these are three sisters. She on the
+right hand, who is so beautiful, died a maid; the next to her, still
+handsomer, had the same fate, against her will; this homely thing in the
+middle had both their portions added to her own, and was stolen by a
+neighbouring gentleman, a man of stratagem and resolution, for he
+poisoned three mastiffs to come at her, and knocked down two
+deer-stealers in carrying her off. Misfortunes happen in all families:
+the theft of this romp and so much money, was no great matter to our
+estate. But the next heir that possessed it was this soft gentleman, whom
+you see there: observe the small buttons, the little boots, the laces,
+the slashes[70] about his clothes, and above all the posture he is drawn
+in, (which to be sure was his own choosing;) you see he sits with one
+hand on a desk writing and looking as it were another way, like an easy
+writer, or a sonneteer: he was one of those that had too much wit to know
+how to live in the world; he was a man of no justice, but great good
+manners; he ruined everybody that had anything to do with him, but never
+said a rude thing in his life; the most indolent person in the world, he
+would sign a deed that passed away half his estate with his gloves on,
+but would not put on his hat before a lady if it were to save his
+country. He is said to be the first that made love by squeezing the hand.
+He left the estate with ten thousand pounds debt upon it, but however by
+all hands I have been informed that he was every way the finest gentleman
+in the world. That debt lay heavy on our house for one generation, but it
+was retrieved by a gift from that honest man you see there, a citizen of
+our name, but nothing at all akin to us. I know Sir Andrew Freeport has
+said behind my back, that this man was descended from one of the ten
+children of the maid of honour I showed you above; but it was never made
+out. We winked at the thing indeed, because money was wanting at that
+time."
+
+Here I saw my friend a little embarrassed, and turned my face to the next
+portraiture.
+
+Sir Roger went on with his account of the gallery in the following
+manner. "This man" (pointing to him I looked at) "I take to be the honour
+of our house, Sir Humphrey de Coverley; he was in his dealings as
+punctual as a tradesman, and as generous as a gentleman. He would have
+thought himself as much undone by breaking his word, as if it were to be
+followed by bankruptcy. He served his country as knight of this shire[71]
+to his dying day. He found it no easy matter to maintain an integrity in
+his words and actions, even in things that regarded the offices which
+were incumbent upon him, in the care of his own affairs and relations of
+life, and therefore dreaded (though he had great talents) to go into
+employments of state, where he must be exposed to the snares of ambition.
+Innocence of life and great ability were the distinguishing parts of his
+character; the latter, he had often observed, had led to the destruction
+of the former, and used frequently to lament that great and good had not
+the same signification. He was an excellent husbandman, but had resolved
+not to exceed such a degree[72] of wealth; all above it he bestowed in
+secret bounties many years after the sum he aimed at for his own use was
+attained. Yet he did not slacken his industry, but to a decent old age
+spent the life and fortune which was superfluous to himself, in the
+service of his friends and neighbours."
+
+Here we were called to dinner, and Sir Roger ended the discourse of[73]
+this gentleman, by telling me, as we followed the servant, that this his
+ancestor was a brave man, and narrowly escaped being killed in the civil
+wars; "For," said he, "he was sent out of the field upon a private
+message, the day before the battle of Worcester." The whim[74] of
+narrowly escaping by having been within a day of danger, with other
+matters above mentioned, mixed with good sense, left me at a loss whether
+I was more delighted with my friend's wisdom or simplicity.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[63] _Conversation._ Intercourse with. Compare note on p. 28.
+
+[64] _Jetting._ Bulging.
+
+[65] _Target._ Targe or small shield.
+
+[66] _Tournament._ Lists.
+
+[67] _Insolence._ Triumph.
+
+[68] _Bass-viol._ Violoncello.
+
+[69] _For all._ In spite of the fact that.
+
+[70] _Slashes._ Ornamental slits in a doublet, etc.
+
+[71] _Knight of this shire._ M.P. for the county.
+
+[72] _Such a degree._ A fixed amount.
+
+[73] _Discourse of._ Discourse about.
+
+[74] _Whim._ Absurd notion.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 110. FRIDAY, JULY 6
+
+    _Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent._
+
+    VIRG. _Ęn._ ii. ver. 755.
+
+    All things are full of horror and affright,
+    And dreadful ev'n the silence of the night.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+At a little distance from Sir Roger's house, among the ruins of an old
+abbey, there is a long walk of aged elms; which are shot up so very high,
+that when one passes under them, the rooks and crows that rest upon the
+tops of them seem to be cawing in another region. I am very much
+delighted with this sort of noise, which I consider as a kind of natural
+prayer to that Being who supplies the wants of his whole creation, and
+who, in the beautiful language of the Psalms, feedeth the young ravens
+that call upon him. I like this retirement the better, because of an ill
+report it lies under of being _haunted_; for which reason (as I have been
+told in the family) no living creature ever walks in it besides the
+chaplain. My good friend the butler desired me with a very grave face not
+to venture myself in it after sunset, for that one of the footmen had
+been almost frighted out of his wits by a spirit that appeared to him in
+the shape of a black horse without an head; to which he added, that about
+a month ago one of the maids coming home late that way with a pail of
+milk upon her head, heard such a rustling among the bushes that she let
+it fall.
+
+I was taking a walk in this place last night between the hours of nine
+and ten, and could not but fancy it one of the most proper scenes in the
+world for a ghost to appear in. The ruins of the abbey are scattered up
+and down on every side, and half covered with ivy and elder bushes, the
+harbours of several solitary birds which seldom make their appearance
+till the dusk of the evening. The place was formerly a churchyard, and
+has still several marks in it of graves and burying-places. There is such
+an echo among the old ruins and vaults, that if you stamp but a little
+louder than ordinary, you hear the sound repeated. At the same time the
+walk of elms, with the croaking of the ravens which from time to time are
+heard from the tops of them, looks exceeding solemn and venerable. These
+objects naturally raise seriousness and attention; and when night
+heightens the awfulness of the place, and pours out her supernumerary[75]
+horrors upon everything in it, I do not at all wonder that weak minds
+fill it with spectres and apparitions.
+
+Mr. Locke, in his chapter of the Association of Ideas, has very
+curious[76] remarks to show how, by the prejudice of education[77], one
+idea often introduces into the mind a whole set that bear no resemblance
+to one another in the nature of things. Among several examples of this
+kind, he produces the following instance. "The ideas of goblins and
+sprites have really no more to do with darkness than light: yet let but a
+foolish maid inculcate these often on the mind of a child, and raise them
+there together, possibly he shall never be able to separate them again so
+long as he lives; but darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those
+frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear
+the one than the other."
+
+As I was walking in this solitude, where the dusk of the evening
+conspired with so many other occasions of terror, I observed a cow
+grazing not far from me, which an imagination that was apt to startle
+might easily have construed into a black horse without an head: and I
+dare say the poor footman lost his wits upon some such trivial occasion.
+
+My friend Sir Roger has often told me with a good deal of mirth, that at
+his first coming to his estate he found three parts of his house
+altogether useless; that the best room in it had the reputation of being
+haunted, and by that means[78] was locked up; that noises had been heard
+in his long gallery, so that he could not get a servant to enter it after
+eight o'clock at night; that the door of one of the chambers was nailed
+up, because there went a story in the family that a butler had formerly
+hanged himself in it; and that his mother, who lived to a great age, had
+shut up half the rooms in the house, in which either her husband, a son,
+or daughter had died. The Knight seeing his habitation reduced to so
+small a compass, and himself in a manner shut out of his own house, upon
+the death of his mother ordered all the apartments to be flung open, and
+exorcised[79] by his chaplain, who lay in every room one after another,
+and by that means dissipated the fears which had so long reigned in the
+family.
+
+I should not have been thus particular upon these ridiculous horrors, did
+not I find them so very much prevail in all parts of the country. At the
+same time I think a person who is thus terrified with the imagination of
+ghosts and spectres, much more reasonable than one who, contrary to the
+reports of all historians sacred and profane, ancient and modern, and to
+the traditions of all nations, thinks the appearance of spirits fabulous
+and groundless: could not I give myself up to this general testimony of
+mankind, I should to the relations of particular persons who are now
+living, and whom I cannot distrust in other matters of fact. I might here
+add, that not only the historians, to whom we may join the poets, but
+likewise the philosophers of antiquity have favoured this opinion.
+Lucretius[80] himself, though by the course of his philosophy he was
+obliged to maintain that the soul did not exist separate from the body,
+makes no doubt of the reality of apparitions, and that men have often
+appeared after their death. This I think very remarkable. He was so
+pressed[81] with the matter of fact which he could not have the
+confidence to deny, that he was forced to account for it by one of the
+most absurd unphilosophical notions that was ever started. He tells us,
+that the surfaces of all bodies are perpetually flying off from their
+respective bodies, one after another; and that these surfaces or thin
+cases, that included each other whilst they were joined in the body like
+the coats of an onion, are sometimes seen entire when they are separated
+from it; by which means we often behold the shapes and shadows of persons
+who are either dead or absent.
+
+I shall dismiss this paper with a story out of Josephus, not so much for
+the sake of the story itself as for the moral reflections with which the
+author concludes it, and which I shall here set down in his own words.
+"Glaphyra the daughter of King Archelaus, after the death of her two
+first husbands (being married to a third, who was brother to her first
+husband, and so passionately in love with her that he turned off his
+former wife to make room for this marriage) had a very odd kind of dream.
+She fancied that she saw her first husband coming towards her, and that
+she embraced him with great tenderness; when in the midst of the pleasure
+which she expressed at the sight of him, he reproached her after the
+following manner: 'Glaphyra,' says he, 'thou hast made good the old
+saying, That women are not to be trusted. Was not I the husband of thy
+virginity? Have I not children by thee? How couldst thou forget our loves
+so far as to enter into a second marriage, and after that into a third,
+nay to take for thy husband a man who has so shamefully crept into the
+bed of his brother? However, for the sake of our passed loves, I shall
+free thee from thy present reproach, and make thee mine for ever.'
+Glaphyra told this dream to several women of her acquaintance, and died
+soon after. I thought this story might not be impertinent in this place,
+wherein I speak of those kings: besides that the example deserves to be
+taken notice of, as it contains a most certain proof of the immortality
+of the soul, and of Divine Providence. If any man thinks these facts
+incredible, let him enjoy his own opinion to himself, but let him not
+endeavour to disturb the belief of others, who by instances of this
+nature are excited to the study of virtue."
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[75] _Supernumerary._ Additional.
+
+[76] _Curious._ Interesting.
+
+[77] _Prejudice of education._ Bent given to the mind by education.
+
+[78] _By that means._ Because of that.
+
+[79] _Exorcised._ Delivered from supernatural influence.
+
+[80] _Lucretius._ Roman philosopher-poet: 95-52 B.C.
+
+[81] _Pressed._ Compelled.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 112. MONDAY, JULY 9
+
+    [Greek: Athanatous men prōta theous, nomō hōs diakeitai,
+    Tima.]
+
+    PYTHAG.
+
+    First, in obedience to thy country's rites,
+    Worship the immortal Gods.
+
+
+I am always very well pleased with a country Sunday; and think, if
+keeping holy the seventh day were only[82] a human institution, it would
+be the best method that could have been thought of for the polishing and
+civilising of mankind. It is certain the country people would soon
+degenerate into a kind of savages and barbarians, were there not such
+frequent returns of a stated time, in which the whole village meet
+together with their best faces, and in their cleanliest habits, to
+converse with one another upon indifferent subjects, hear their duties
+explained to them, and join together in adoration of the Supreme Being.
+Sunday clears away the rust of the whole week, not only as it refreshes
+in their minds the notions of religion, but as it puts both the sexes
+upon appearing[83] in their most agreeable forms, and exerting all such
+qualities as are apt to give them a figure in the eye of the village. A
+country fellow distinguishes himself as much in the churchyard, as a
+citizen does upon the 'Change, the whole parish politics being generally
+discussed in that place, either after sermon or before the bell rings.
+
+My friend Sir Roger, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside
+of his church with several texts of his own choosing: he has likewise
+given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion-table at his
+own expense. He has often told me, that at his coming to his estate he
+found his parishioners very irregular; and that, in order to make them
+kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and
+a common-prayer-book; and at the same time employed an itinerant
+singing-master, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct
+them rightly in the tunes of the psalms; upon which they now very much
+value themselves, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that I
+have ever heard.
+
+As Sir Roger is landlord to the whole congregation, he keeps them in very
+good order, and will suffer nobody to sleep in it besides himself; for,
+if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at sermon, upon
+recovering out of it he stands up and looks about him, and if he sees
+anybody else nodding, either wakes them himself, or sends his servants to
+them. Several other of the old Knight's particularities[84] break out
+upon these occasions: sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the
+singing psalms, half a minute after the rest of the congregation have
+done with it; sometimes, when he is pleased with the matter of his
+devotion, he pronounces "Amen" three or four times to the same prayer;
+and sometimes stands up when everybody else is upon their knees, to count
+the congregation, or see if any of his tenants are missing.
+
+I was yesterday very much surprised to hear my old friend, in the midst
+of the service, calling out to one John Matthews to mind what he was
+about, and not disturb the congregation. This John Matthews it seems is
+remarkable for being an idle fellow, and at that time was kicking his
+heels for his diversion. This authority of the Knight, though exerted in
+that odd manner which accompanies him in all circumstances of life, has a
+very good effect upon the parish, who are not polite enough to see
+anything ridiculous in his behaviour; besides that, the general good
+sense and worthiness of his character makes his friends observe these
+little singularities as foils, that rather set off than blemish his good
+qualities.
+
+As soon as the sermon is finished, nobody presumes to stir till Sir Roger
+is gone out of the church. The Knight walks down from his seat in the
+chancel between a double row of his tenants, that stand bowing to him on
+each side; and every now and then inquires how such an one's wife, or
+mother, or son, or father do, whom he does not see at church; which is
+understood as a secret reprimand to the person that is absent.
+
+The chaplain has often told me, that upon a catechising day, when Sir
+Roger has been pleased with a boy that answers well, he has ordered a
+bible to be given him next day for his encouragement; and sometimes
+accompanies it with a flitch of bacon to his mother. Sir Roger, has
+likewise added five pounds a year to the clerk's place: and that he may
+encourage the young fellows to make themselves perfect in the church
+service, has promised upon the death of the present incumbent[85], who is
+very old, to bestow it according to merit.
+
+The fair understanding between Sir Roger and his chaplain, and their
+mutual concurrence in doing good, is the more remarkable, because the
+very next village is famous for the differences and contentions that
+arise between the parson and the squire, who live in a perpetual state of
+war. The parson is always preaching at the squire, and the squire to be
+revenged on the parson never comes to church. The squire has made all his
+tenants atheists and tithe-stealers; while the parson instructs them
+every Sunday in the dignity of his order, and insinuates to them in
+almost every sermon, that he is a better man than his patron. In short,
+matters are come to such an extremity, that the squire has not said his
+prayers either in public or private this half-year; and that the parson
+threatens him, if he does not mend his manners, to pray for him in the
+face of the whole congregation.
+
+Feuds of this nature, though too frequent in the country, are very fatal
+to the ordinary people; who are so used to be dazzled with riches, that
+they pay as much deference to the understanding of a man of an estate, as
+of a man of learning; and are very hardly brought to regard any truth,
+how important soever it may be, that is preached to them, when they know
+there are several men of five hundred a year, who do not believe it.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[82] _Only._ Merely.
+
+[83] _Puts both the sexes upon appearing._ Impels them to appear.
+
+[84] _Particularities._ Peculiarities.
+
+[85] _Incumbent._ Holder of the post.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 113. TUESDAY, JULY 10
+
+    _Haerent infixi pectore vultus._
+
+    VIRG. _Ęn._ iv. ver. 4.
+
+    Her looks were deep imprinted in his heart.
+
+
+In my first description of the company in which I pass most of my time,
+it may be remembered that I mentioned a great affliction which my friend
+Sir Roger had met with in his youth; which was no less than a
+disappointment in love. It happened this evening that we fell into a very
+pleasing walk at a distance from his house: as soon as we came into it,
+"It is," quoth the good old man, looking round him with a smile, "very
+hard, that any part of my land should be settled[86] upon one who has
+used me so ill as the perverse widow did; and yet I am sure I could not
+see a sprig of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should
+reflect upon her and her severity. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. You are to know this was the place wherein I used
+to muse upon her; and by that custom I can never come into it, but the
+same tender sentiments revive in my mind, as if I had actually walked
+with that beautiful creature under these shades. I have been fool enough
+to carve her name on the bark of several of these trees; so unhappy is
+the condition of men in love, to attempt the removing of their passions
+by the methods which serve only to imprint it deeper. She has certainly
+the finest hand of any woman in the world."
+
+Here followed a profound silence; and I was not displeased to observe my
+friend falling so naturally into a discourse, which I had ever before
+taken notice he industriously avoided. After a very long pause he entered
+upon an account of this great circumstance in his life, with an air which
+I thought raised my idea of him above what I had ever had before; and
+gave me the picture of that cheerful mind of his, before it received that
+stroke which has ever since affected his words and actions. But he went
+on as follows.
+
+"I came to my estate in my twenty-second year, and resolved to follow the
+steps of the most worthy of my ancestors who have inhabited this spot of
+earth before me, in all the methods of hospitality and good
+neighbourhood, for the sake of my fame; and in country sports and
+recreations, for the sake of my health. In my twenty-third year I was
+obliged to serve as sheriff of the county; and, in my servants, officers,
+and whole equipage, indulged the pleasure of a young man (who did not
+think ill of his own person) in taking that public occasion of showing my
+figure and behaviour to advantage. You may easily imagine to yourself
+what appearance I made, who am pretty tall, rid[87] well, and was very
+well dressed, at the head of a whole county, with music before me, a
+feather in my hat, and my horse well bitted. I can assure you I was not a
+little pleased with the kind looks and glances I had from all the
+balconies and windows as I rode to the hall where the assizes were held.
+But when I came there, a beautiful creature in a widow's habit sat in
+court, to hear the event of a cause concerning her dower[88]. This
+commanding creature (who was born for the destruction of all who behold
+her) put on such a resignation in her countenance, and bore the whispers
+of all around the court, with such a pretty uneasiness, I warrant you,
+and then recovered herself from one eye to another, till she was
+perfectly confused by meeting something so wistful in all she
+encountered, that at last, with a murrain to her, she cast her bewitching
+eye upon me. I no sooner met it, but I bowed like a great surprised
+booby; and knowing her cause to be the first which came on, I cried, like
+a captivated calf as I was, 'Make way for the defendant's witnesses.'
+This sudden partiality made all the county immediately see the sheriff
+was also become a slave to the fine widow. During the time her cause was
+upon trial, she behaved herself, I warrant you, with such a deep
+attention to her business, took opportunities to have little billets
+handed to her counsel, then would be in such a pretty confusion,
+occasioned, you must know, by acting before so much company, that not
+only I, but the whole court was prejudiced in her favour; and all that
+the next heir to her husband had to urge, was thought so groundless and
+frivolous, that when it came to her counsel to reply, there was not half
+so much said as every one besides in the court thought he could have
+urged to her advantage. You must understand, sir, this perverse woman is
+one of those unaccountable creatures, that secretly rejoice in the
+admiration of men, but indulge themselves in no further consequences.
+Hence it is that she has ever had a train of admirers, and she removes
+from her slaves in town to those in the country, according to the seasons
+of the year. She is a reading lady, and far gone in the pleasures of
+friendship: she is always accompanied by a confidant, who is witness to
+her daily protestations against our sex, and consequently a bar to her
+first steps towards love, upon the strength of her own maxims and
+declarations.
+
+[Illustration: She began a Discourse to me concerning Love and Honour]
+
+"However, I must needs say this accomplished mistress of mine has
+distinguished me above the rest, and has been known to declare Sir Roger
+de Coverley was the tamest and most humane[89] of all the brutes in the
+country. I was told she said so, by one who thought he rallied[90] me;
+but upon the strength of this slender encouragement of being thought
+least detestable, I made new liveries, new-paired my coach-horses, sent
+them all to town to be bitted, and taught to throw their legs well, and
+move all together, before I pretended[91] to cross the country, and wait
+upon her. As soon as I thought my retinue suitable to the character of my
+fortune and youth, I set out from hence to make my addresses. The
+particular skill of this lady has ever been to inflame your wishes, and
+yet command respect. To make her mistress of this art, she has a greater
+share of knowledge, wit, and good sense, than is usual even among men of
+merit. Then she is beautiful beyond the race of women. If you will not
+let her go on with a certain artifice with her eyes, and the skill of
+beauty, she will arm herself with her real charms, and strike you with
+admiration instead of desire. It is certain that if you were to behold
+the whole woman, there is that dignity in her aspect, that composure in
+her motion, that complacency in her manner, that if her form makes you
+hope, her merit makes you fear. But then again she is such a desperate
+scholar, that no country gentleman can approach her without being a jest.
+As I was going to tell you, when I came to her house I was admitted to
+her presence with great civility; at the same time she placed herself to
+be first seen by me in such an attitude, as I think you call the posture
+of a picture, that she discovered[92] new charms, and I at last came
+towards her with such an awe as made me speechless. This she no sooner
+observed but she made her advantage of it, and began a discourse to me
+concerning love and honour, as they both are followed by pretenders, and
+the real votaries to them. When she discussed these points in a
+discourse, which I verily believe was as learned as the best philosopher
+in Europe could possibly make, she asked me whether she was so happy as
+to fall in with my sentiments on these important particulars. Her
+confidant sat by her, and upon my being in the last[93] confusion and
+silence, this malicious _aide_ of hers turning to her says, 'I am very
+glad to observe Sir Roger pauses upon this subject, and seems resolved to
+deliver all his sentiments upon the matter when he pleases to speak.'
+They both kept their countenances, and after I had sat half an hour
+meditating how to behave before such profound casuists, I rose up and
+took my leave. Chance has since that time thrown me very often in her
+way, and she as often has directed a discourse to me which I do not
+understand. This barbarity has kept me ever at a distance from the most
+beautiful object my eyes ever beheld. It is thus also she deals with all
+mankind, and you must make love to her, as you would conquer the sphinx,
+by posing her[94]. But were she like other women, and that there were any
+talking to her, how constant must the pleasure of that man be, who would
+converse with a creature--But, after all, you may be sure her heart is
+fixed on some one or other; and yet I have been credibly informed--but
+who can believe half that is said? After she had done speaking to me, she
+put her hand to her bosom and adjusted her tucker. Then she cast her eyes
+a little down, upon my beholding her too earnestly. They say she sings
+excellently: her voice in her ordinary speech has something in it
+inexpressibly sweet. You must know I dined with her at a public table the
+day after I first saw her, and she helped me to some tansy in the eye of
+all the gentlemen in the country. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. I can assure you, sir, were you to behold her,
+you would be in the same condition; for as her speech is music, her form
+is angelic. But I find I grow irregular[95] while I am talking of her;
+but indeed it would be stupidity to be unconcerned at such perfection. Oh
+the excellent creature! she is as inimitable to all women, as she is
+inaccessible to all men."
+
+I found my friend begin to rave, and insensibly[96] led him towards the
+house, that we might be joined by some other company; and am convinced
+that the widow is the secret cause of all that inconsistency which
+appears in some parts of my friend's discourse, though he has so much
+command of himself as not directly to mention her, yet according to that
+of Martial[97], which one knows not how to render into English, _Dum
+tacet hanc loquitur_. I shall end this paper with that whole epigram,
+which represents with much humour my honest friend's condition.
+
+    _Quicquid agit Rufus, nihil est, nisi Naevia Rufo,
+      Si gaudet, si flet, si tacet, hanc loquitur:
+    Coenat, propinat, poscit, negat, annuit, una est
+      Naevia; si non sit Naevia, mutus erit.
+    Scriberet hesternā patri cłm luce salutem,
+      Naevia lux, inquit, Naevia numen, ave._
+
+    _Epig._ lxix. l. 1.
+
+    Let Rufus weep, rejoice, stand, sit, or walk,
+    Still he can nothing but of Nęvia talk;
+    Let him eat, drink, ask questions, or dispute,
+    Still he must speak of Nęvia, or be mute.
+    He writ to his father, ending with this line,
+    I am, my lovely Nęvia, ever thine.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[86] _Settled._ An obscure expression. Possibly it means "bound up
+with."
+
+[87] _Rid._ Rode.
+
+[88] _Dower._ Widow's portion of her husband's property.
+
+[89] _Humane._ Civilised.
+
+[90] _Rallied._ Bantered.
+
+[91] _Pretended._ Presumed.
+
+[92] _Discovered._ Displayed.
+
+[93] _Last._ Utmost.
+
+[94] _Conquer the sphinx, by posing her._ Reference to the story of
+Oedipus, who answered the riddle of the Sphinx, whereupon she destroyed
+herself. "Pose" her, _i.e._, with a problem she cannot solve.
+
+[95] _Irregular._ Incoherent.
+
+[96] _Insensibly._ Without his noticing it.
+
+[97] _Martial._ Latin satirist: 41-104 A.D.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 115. THURSDAY, JULY 12
+
+    _Ut sit mens sana in corpore sano._
+
+    JUV. _Sat._ x. ver. 356.
+
+    A healthy body and a mind at ease.
+
+
+Bodily labour is of two kinds, either that which a man submits to for his
+livelihood, or that which he undergoes for his pleasure. The latter of
+them generally changes the name of labour for that of exercise, but
+differs only from ordinary labour as it rises from another motive.
+
+A country life abounds in both these kinds of labour, and for that reason
+gives a man a greater stock of health, and consequently a more perfect
+enjoyment of himself, than any other way of life. I consider the body as
+a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, a bundle of
+pipes and strainers, fitted to one another after so wonderful a manner as
+to make a proper engine for the soul to work with. This description does
+not only comprehend the bowels, bones, tendons, veins, nerves, and
+arteries, but every muscle and every ligature, which is a composition of
+fibres, that are so many imperceptible tubes or pipes interwoven on all
+sides with invisible glands or strainers.
+
+This general idea of a human body, without considering it in its niceties
+of anatomy, lets us see how absolutely necessary labour is for the right
+preservation of it. There must be frequent motions and agitations, to
+mix, digest, and separate the juices contained in it, as well as to clear
+and cleanse that infinitude of pipes and strainers of which it is
+composed, and to give their solid parts a more firm and lasting tone.
+Labour or exercise ferments the humours, casts them into their proper
+channels, throws off redundancies, and helps nature in those secret
+distributions, without which the body cannot subsist in its vigour, nor
+the soul act with cheerfulness.
+
+I might here mention the effects which this has upon all the faculties of
+the mind, by keeping the understanding clear, the imagination untroubled,
+and refining those spirits that are necessary for the proper exertion of
+our intellectual faculties, during the present laws of union between soul
+and body. It is to a neglect in this particular[98], that we must ascribe
+the spleen[99], which is so frequent in men of studious and sedentary
+tempers, as well as the vapours[99] to which those of the other sex are
+so often subject.
+
+Had not exercise been absolutely necessary for our well-being, nature
+would not have made the body so proper for it, by giving such an activity
+to the limbs, and such a pliancy to every part as necessarily produce
+these compressions, extensions, contortions, dilatations, and all other
+kinds of motions that are necessary for the preservation of such a system
+of tubes and glands as has been before mentioned. And that we might not
+want inducements to engage us in such an exercise of the body as is
+proper for its welfare, it is so ordered that nothing valuable can be
+procured without it. Not to mention riches and honour, even food and
+raiment are not to be come at without the toil of the hands and sweat of
+the brows. Providence furnishes materials, but expects that we should
+work them up ourselves. The earth must be laboured before it gives its
+increase, and when it is forced into its several products, how many hands
+must they pass through before they are fit for use? Manufactures, trade,
+and agriculture, naturally employ more than nineteen parts of the species
+in twenty; and as for those who are not obliged to labour, by the
+condition[100] in which they are born, they are more miserable than the
+rest of mankind, unless they indulge themselves in that voluntary labour
+which goes by the name of exercise.
+
+My friend Sir Roger has been an indefatigable man in business of this
+kind, and has hung several parts of his house with the trophies of his
+former labours. The walls of his great hall are covered with the horns of
+several kinds of deer that he has killed in the chase, which he thinks
+the most valuable furniture of his house, as they afford him frequent
+topics of discourse, and show that he has not been idle. At the lower end
+of the hall is a large otter's skin stuffed with hay, which his mother
+ordered to be hung up in that manner, and the Knight looks upon it with
+great satisfaction, because it seems he was but nine years old when his
+dog killed him. A little room adjoining to the hall is a kind of arsenal
+filled with guns of several sizes and inventions, with which the Knight
+has made great havoc in the woods, and destroyed many thousands of
+pheasants, partridges and woodcocks. His stable doors are patched[101]
+with noses that belonged to foxes of the Knight's own hunting down. Sir
+Roger showed me one of them, that for distinction sake has a brass nail
+struck through it, which cost him about fifteen hours' riding, carried
+him through half a dozen counties, killed him a brace of geldings, and
+lost above half his dogs. This the Knight looks upon as one of the
+greatest exploits of his life. The perverse widow, whom I have given some
+account of, was the death of several foxes; for Sir Roger has told me
+that in the course of his amours[102] he patched the western door of his
+stable. Whenever the widow was cruel, the foxes were sure to pay for it.
+In proportion as his passion for the widow abated and old age came on, he
+left off fox-hunting; but a hare is not yet safe that sits within ten
+miles of his house.
+
+There is no kind of exercise which I would so recommend to my readers of
+both sexes as this of riding, as there is none which so much conduces to
+health, and is every way accommodated to the body, according to the
+_idea_ which I have given of it. Doctor Sydenham is very lavish in its
+praises; and if the English reader will see the mechanical effects of it
+described at length, he may find them in a book published not many years
+since, under the title of _Medicina Gymnastica_. For my own part, when I
+am in town, for want of these opportunities, I exercise myself an hour
+every morning upon a dumb bell that is placed in a corner of my room, and
+pleases me the more because it does everything I require of it in the
+most profound silence. My landlady and her daughters are so well
+acquainted with my hours of exercise, that they never come into my room
+to disturb me whilst I am ringing.
+
+When I was some years younger than I am at present, I used to employ
+myself in a more laborious diversion, which I learned from a Latin
+treatise of exercises that is written with great erudition: it is there
+called the [Greek: skiomachia], or the fighting with a man's own shadow,
+and consists in the brandishing of two short sticks grasped in each hand,
+and loaden with plugs of lead at either end. This opens the chest,
+exercises the limbs, and gives a man all the pleasure of boxing, without
+the blows. I could wish that several learned men would lay out that time
+which they employ in controversies and disputes about nothing, in this
+method of fighting with their own shadows. It might conduce very much to
+evaporate the spleen, which makes them uneasy[103] to the public as well
+as to themselves.
+
+To conclude, as I am a compound of soul and body, I consider myself as
+obliged to a double scheme of duties; and think I have not fulfilled the
+business of the day when I do not thus employ the one in labour and
+exercise, as well as the other in study and contemplation.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[98] _Particular._ Respect.
+
+[99] _Spleen_, _vapours_. Attacks of depression or melancholy.
+
+[100] _Condition._ Rank.
+
+[101] _Patched._ Decorated.
+
+[102] _Amours._ Courtship.
+
+[103] _Uneasy._ Trying.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 116. FRIDAY, JULY 13
+
+              _Vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron,
+    Taygetique canes._
+
+    VIRG. _Georg._ iii. ver. 43.
+
+    The echoing hills and chiding hounds invite.
+
+
+Those who have searched into human nature observe that nothing so much
+shows the nobleness of the soul as that its felicity consists in action.
+Every man has such an active principle in him, that he will find out
+something to employ himself upon, in whatever place or state of life he
+is posted. I have heard of a gentleman who was under close confinement in
+the Bastile seven years; during which time he amused himself in
+scattering a few small pins about his chamber, gathering them up again,
+and placing them in different figures on the arm of a great chair. He
+often told his friends afterwards, that unless he had found out this
+piece of exercise, he verily believed he should have lost his senses.
+
+After what has been said, I need not inform my readers that Sir Roger,
+with whose character I hope they are at present pretty well acquainted,
+has in his youth gone through the whole course of those rural diversions
+which the country abounds in; and which seem to be extremely well suited
+to that laborious industry a man may observe here in a far greater degree
+than in towns and cities. I have before hinted at some of my friend's
+exploits: he has in his youthful days taken forty coveys of partridges
+in a season; and tired many a salmon with a line consisting but of a
+single hair. The constant thanks and good wishes of the neighbourhood
+always attended him, on account of his remarkable enmity towards foxes;
+having destroyed more of those vermin in one year, than it was thought
+the whole country could have produced. Indeed the Knight does not scruple
+to own among his most intimate friends, that in order to establish his
+reputation this way, he has secretly sent for great numbers of them out
+of other counties, which he used to turn loose about the country by
+night, that he might the better signalise himself in their destruction
+the next day. His hunting horses were the finest and best managed[104] in
+all these parts: his tenants are still full of the praises of a grey
+stone-horse[105] that unhappily staked[106] himself several years since,
+and was buried with great solemnity in the orchard.
+
+Sir Roger, being at present too old for fox-hunting, to keep himself in
+action, has disposed of his beagles and got a pack of stop-hounds[107].
+What these want in speed, he endeavours to make amends for by the
+deepness of their mouths[108] and the variety of their notes, which are
+suited in such manner to each other, that the whole cry[109] makes up a
+complete concert. He is so nice[110] in this particular, that a
+gentleman having made him a present of a very fine hound the other day,
+the Knight returned it by the servant with a great many expressions of
+civility; but desired him to tell his master, that the dog he had sent
+was indeed a most excellent bass, but that at present he only wanted a
+counter-tenor[111]. Could I believe my friend had ever read Shakespeare,
+I should certainly conclude he had taken the hint from Theseus in the
+_Midsummer Night's Dream_.
+
+    My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
+    So flu'd, so sanded; and their heads are hung
+    With ears that sweep away the morning dew.
+    Crook-knee'd and dew-lap'd like Thessalian bulls,
+    Slow in pursuit, but match'd in mouths like bells,
+    Each under each: a cry more tuneable
+    Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn.
+
+Sir Roger is so keen at this sport, that he has been out almost every day
+since I came down; and upon the chaplain's offering to lend me his easy
+pad, I was prevailed on yesterday morning to make one of the company. I
+was extremely pleased, as we rid along, to observe the general
+benevolence[112] of all the neighbourhood towards my friend. The farmer's
+sons thought themselves happy if they could open a gate for the good old
+Knight as he passed by; which he generally requited with a nod or a
+smile, and a kind inquiry after their fathers and uncles.
+
+After we had rid about a mile from home, we came upon a large heath, and
+the sportsmen began to beat. They had done so for some time, when as I
+was at a little distance from the rest of the company, I saw a hare pop
+out from a small furze-brake almost under my horse's feet. I marked the
+way she took, which I endeavoured to make the company sensible of by
+extending my arm; but to no purpose, until Sir Roger, who knows that none
+of my extraordinary motions are insignificant, rode up to me, and asked
+me if puss was gone that way? Upon my answering "Yes," he immediately
+called in the dogs, and put them upon the scent. As they were going off,
+I heard one of the country fellows muttering to his companion, "That it
+was a wonder they had not lost all their sport, for want of the silent
+gentleman's crying 'Stole away[113].'"
+
+This, with my aversion to leaping hedges, made me withdraw to a rising
+ground, from whence I could have the pleasure of the whole chase, without
+the fatigue of keeping in with the hounds. The hare immediately threw
+them above a mile behind her; but I was pleased to find, that instead of
+running straight forwards, or, in hunter's language, flying the country,
+as I was afraid she might have done, she wheeled about, and described a
+sort of circle round the hill where I had taken my station, in such
+manner as gave me a very distinct view of the sport. I could see her
+first pass by, and the dogs some time afterwards unravelling the whole
+track she had made, and following her through all her doubles. I was at
+the same time delighted in observing that deference which the rest of
+the pack paid to each particular hound, according to the character he had
+acquired amongst them: if they were at a fault, and an old hound of
+reputation opened but once, he was immediately followed by the whole cry;
+while a raw dog, or one who was a noted liar, might have yelped his heart
+out without being taken notice of.
+
+The hare now, after having squatted two or three times, and been put up
+again as often, came still nearer to the place where she was at first
+started. The dogs pursued her, and these were followed by the jolly
+Knight, who rode upon a white gelding, encompassed by his tenants and
+servants, and cheering his hounds with all the gaiety of five and twenty.
+One of the sportsmen rode up to me, and told me that he was sure the
+chase was almost at an end, because the old dogs, which had hitherto lain
+behind, now headed the pack. The fellow was in the right. Our hare took a
+large field just under us, followed by the full cry in view. I must
+confess the brightness of the weather, the cheerfulness of everything
+around me, the chiding of the hounds, which was returned upon us in a
+double echo from two neighbouring hills, with the hallooing of the
+sportsmen and the sounding of the horn, lifted my spirits into a most
+lively pleasure, which I freely indulged because I knew it was innocent.
+If I was under any concern, it was on the account of the poor hare, that
+was now quite spent and almost within the reach of her enemies; when the
+huntsman, getting forward, threw down his pole[114] before the dogs.
+They were now within eight yards of that game which they had been
+pursuing for almost as many hours; yet on the signal before mentioned
+they all made a sudden stand, and though they continued opening as much
+as before, durst not once attempt to pass beyond the pole. At the same
+time Sir Roger rode forward, and alighting, took up the hare in his arms;
+which he soon delivered to one of his servants, with an order, if she
+could be kept alive, to let her go in his great orchard; where it seems
+he has several of these prisoners of war, who live together in a very
+comfortable captivity. I was highly pleased to see the discipline of the
+pack, and the good nature of the Knight, who could not find in his heart
+to murder a creature that had given him so much diversion.
+
+[Illustration: Chearing his Hounds with all the Gaiety of Five and
+Twenty]
+
+As we were returning home, I remembered that Monsieur Paschal[115] in his
+most excellent discourse on "the misery of man," tells us, that "all our
+endeavours after greatness proceed from nothing but a desire of being
+surrounded by a multitude of persons and affairs that may hinder us from
+looking into ourselves, which is a view we cannot bear." He afterwards
+goes on to show that our love of sports comes from the same reason, and
+is particularly severe upon hunting. "What," says he, "unless it be to
+drown thought, can make men throw away so much time and pains upon a
+silly animal, which they might buy cheaper in the market?" The foregoing
+reflection is certainly just, when a man suffers his whole mind to be
+drawn into his sports, and altogether loses himself in the woods; but
+does not affect those who propose a far more laudable end for this
+exercise; I mean, the preservation of health, and keeping all the organs
+of the soul in a condition to execute her orders. Had that incomparable
+person, whom I last quoted, been a little more indulgent to himself in
+this point, the world might probably have enjoyed him much longer:
+whereas, through too great an application to his studies in his youth, he
+contracted that ill habit[116] of body, which, after a tedious sickness,
+carried him off in the fortieth year of his age; and the whole history we
+have of his life till that time, is but one continued account of the
+behaviour of a noble soul struggling under innumerable pains and
+distempers.
+
+For my own part, I intend to hunt twice a week during my stay with Sir
+Roger; and shall prescribe the moderate use of this exercise to all my
+country friends, as the best kind of physic for mending a bad
+constitution, and preserving a good one.
+
+I cannot do this better, than in the following lines out of Mr. Dryden:--
+
+    The first physicians by debauch were made;
+    Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade.
+    By chase our long-liv'd fathers earn'd their food;
+    Toil strung the nerves, and purifi'd the blood;
+    But we their sons, a pamper'd race of men,
+    Are dwindled down to threescore years and ten.
+    Better to hunt in fields for health unbought,
+    Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.
+    The wise for cure on exercise depend;
+    God never made his work for man to mend.
+
+  X.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[104] _Managed._ Trained.
+
+[105] _Stone-horse._ Stallion.
+
+[106] _Staked._ Impaled.
+
+[107] _Stop-hounds._ Hounds trained to go slowly and stop at a signal
+from the huntsman.
+
+[108] _Mouths._ Cry.
+
+[109] _Cry._ Pack.
+
+[110] _Nice._ Precise, fastidious.
+
+[111] _Counter-tenor._ Alto.
+
+[112] _Benevolence._ Good-will.
+
+[113] _Stole away._ The correct hunting cry which the Spectator should
+have given.
+
+[114] _Pole._ A leaping-pole carried by the huntsman, who was on foot,
+and thrown by him as a signal to the hounds to stop.
+
+[115] _Monsieur Paschal._ French philosopher: 1622-62.
+
+[116] _Habit._ Constitution.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 117. SATURDAY, JULY 14
+
+    _Ipsi sibi somnia fingunt._
+
+    VIRG. _Ecl._ viii. ver. 108.
+
+    Their own imaginations they deceive.
+
+
+There are some opinions in which a man should stand neuter[117], without
+engaging[118] his assent to one side or the other. Such a hovering faith
+as this, which refuses to settle upon any determination[119], is
+absolutely necessary in a mind that is careful to avoid errors and
+prepossessions. When the arguments press equally on both sides in matters
+that are indifferent to us, the safest method is to give up ourselves to
+neither.
+
+It is with this temper of mind that I consider the subject of witchcraft.
+When I hear the relations that are made from all parts of the world, not
+only from Norway and Lapland, from the East and West Indies, but from
+every particular nation in Europe, I cannot forbear thinking that there
+is such an intercourse and commerce with evil spirits, as that which we
+express by the name of witchcraft. But when I consider that the ignorant
+and credulous parts of the world abound most in these relations, and that
+the persons among us, who are supposed to engage in such an infernal
+commerce, are people of a weak understanding and crazed imagination, and
+at the same time reflect upon the many impostures and delusions of this
+nature that have been detected in all ages, I endeavour to suspend my
+belief till I hear more certain accounts than any which have yet come to
+my knowledge. In short, when I consider the question whether there are
+such persons in the world as those we call witches, my mind is divided
+between the two opposite opinions; or rather, (to speak my thoughts
+freely) I believe in general that there is, and has been such a thing as
+witchcraft; but, at the same time, can give no credit to any particular
+instance of it.
+
+I am engaged in this speculation by some occurrences that I met with
+yesterday, which I shall give my reader an account of at large. As I was
+walking with my friend Sir Roger by the side of one of his woods, an old
+woman applied herself to me for my charity. Her dress and figure put me
+in mind of the following description in Otway:--
+
+      In a close lane as I pursu'd my journey,
+    I spy'd a wrinkled Hag, with age grown double,
+    Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself.
+    Her eyes with scalding rheum were gall'd and red;
+    Cold palsy shook her head; her hands seem'd wither'd;
+    And on her crooked shoulders had she wrapp'd
+    The tatter'd remnants of an old strip'd hanging,
+    Which serv'd to keep her carcase from the cold:
+    So there was nothing of a piece about her.
+    Her lower weeds were all o'er coarsely patch'd
+    With diff'rent-colour'd rags, black, red, white, yellow,
+    And seem'd to speak variety of wretchedness.
+
+As I was musing on this description, and comparing it with the object
+before me, the Knight told me, that this very old woman had the
+reputation of a witch all over the country, that her lips were observed
+to be always in motion, and that there was not a switch about her house
+which her neighbours did not believe had carried her several hundreds of
+miles. If she chanced to stumble, they always found sticks or straws that
+lay in the figure of a cross before her. If she made any mistake at
+church, and cried Amen in a wrong place, they never failed to conclude
+that she was saying her prayers backwards. There was not a maid in the
+parish that would take a pin of her, though she should offer a bag of
+money with it. She goes by the name of Moll White, and has made the
+country ring with several imaginary exploits which are palmed upon her.
+If the dairy-maid does not make the butter come so soon as she would have
+it, Moll White is at the bottom of the churn. If a horse sweats in the
+stable, Moll White has been upon his back. If a hare makes an unexpected
+escape from the hounds, the huntsman curses Moll White. "Nay," (says Sir
+Roger) "I have known the master of the pack, upon such an occasion, send
+one of his servants to see if Moll White had been out that morning."
+
+[Illustration: Moll White]
+
+This account raised my curiosity so far, that I begged my friend Sir
+Roger to go with me into her hovel, which stood in a solitary corner
+under the side of the wood. Upon our first entering Sir Roger winked to
+me, and pointed at something that stood behind the door, which, upon
+looking that way, I found to be an old broomstaff. At the same time he
+whispered me in the ear to take notice of a tabby cat that sat in the
+chimney-corner, which, as the old Knight told me, lay under as bad a
+report as Moll White herself; for, besides that Moll is said often to
+accompany her in the same shape, the cat is reported to have spoken twice
+or thrice in her life, and to have played several pranks above the
+capacity of an ordinary cat.
+
+I was secretly concerned to see human nature in so much wretchedness and
+disgrace, but at the same time could not forbear smiling to hear Sir
+Roger, who is a little puzzled about the old woman, advising her as a
+justice of peace to avoid all communication with the Devil, and never to
+hurt any of her neighbour's cattle. We concluded our visit with a bounty,
+which was very acceptable.
+
+In our return home Sir Roger told me, that old Moll had been often
+brought before him for making children spit pins, and giving maids the
+nightmare; and that the country people would be tossing her into a pond,
+and trying experiments with her every day, if it was not for him and his
+chaplain.
+
+I have since found, upon inquiry, that Sir Roger was several times
+staggered with the reports that had been brought him concerning this old
+woman, and would frequently have bound her over to the county sessions,
+had not his chaplain with much ado persuaded him to the contrary.
+
+I have been the more particular[120] in this account, because I hear
+there is scarce a village in England that has not a Moll White in it.
+When an old woman begins to dote, and grow chargeable to a parish, she
+is generally turned into a witch, and fills the whole country with
+extravagant fancies, imaginary distempers, and terrifying dreams. In the
+meantime, the poor wretch that is the innocent occasion of so many evils
+begins to be frighted at herself, and sometimes confesses secret
+commerce[121] and familiarities that her imagination forms in a delirious
+old age. This frequently cuts off charity from the greatest objects of
+compassion, and inspires people with a malevolence towards those poor
+decrepit parts of our species, in whom human nature is defaced by
+infirmity and dotage.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[117] _Neuter._ Neutral.
+
+[118] _Engaging._ Binding.
+
+[119] _Determination._ Fixed opinion.
+
+[120] _Been the more particular._ Given fuller details.
+
+[121] _Commerce._ Intercourse.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 118. MONDAY, JULY 16
+
+    _Haeret lateri lethalis arundo._
+
+    VIRG. _Ęn._ iv. ver. 73.
+
+                              The fatal dart
+    Sticks in his side, and rankles in his heart.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+This agreeable seat is surrounded with so many pleasing walks, which are
+struck out of a wood, in the midst of which the house stands, that one
+can hardly ever be weary of rambling from one labyrinth of delight to
+another. To one used to live in a city the charms of the country are so
+exquisite, that the mind is lost in a certain transport which raises us
+above ordinary life, and is yet not strong enough to be inconsistent with
+tranquillity. This state of mind was I in, ravished with the murmur of
+waters, the whisper of breezes, the singing of birds; and whether I
+looked up to the heavens, down to the earth, or turned on the prospects
+around me, still struck with new sense of pleasure; when I found by the
+voice of my friend, who walked by me, that we had insensibly strolled
+into the grove sacred to the widow. "This woman," says he, "is of all
+others the most unintelligible; she either designs to marry, or she does
+not. What is the most perplexing of all, is, that she doth not either say
+to her lovers she has any resolution against that condition of life in
+general, or that she banishes them; but, conscious of her own merit, she
+permits their addresses, without fear of any ill consequence, or want of
+respect, from their rage or despair. She has that in her aspect, against
+which it is impossible to offend. A man whose thoughts are constantly
+bent upon so agreeable an object, must be excused if the ordinary
+occurrences in conversation[122] are below his attention. I call her
+indeed perverse; but, alas! why do I call her so? Because her superior
+merit is such, that I cannot approach her without awe, that my heart is
+checked by too much esteem: I am angry that her charms are not more
+acceptable, that I am more inclined to worship than salute[123] her: how
+often have I wished her unhappy, that I might have an opportunity of
+serving her? and how often troubled in that very imagination, at giving
+her the pain of being obliged? Well, I have led a miserable life in
+secret upon her account; but fancy she would have condescended to have
+some regard for me, if it had not been for that watchful animal her
+confidant.
+
+"Of all persons under the sun" (continued he, calling me by my name) "be
+sure to set a mark upon confidants: they are of all people the most
+impertinent. What is most pleasant[124] to observe in them, is, that they
+assume to themselves the merit of the persons whom they have in their
+custody. Orestilla is a great fortune, and in wonderful danger of
+surprises, therefore full of suspicions of the least indifferent thing,
+particularly careful of new acquaintance, and of growing too familiar
+with the old. Themista, her favourite woman, is every whit as careful of
+whom she speaks to, and what she says. Let the ward be a beauty, her
+confidant shall treat you with an air of distance; let her be a fortune,
+and she assumes the suspicious behaviour of her friend and patroness.
+Thus it is that very many of our unmarried women of distinction, are to
+all intents and purposes married, except the consideration of[125]
+different sexes. They are directly under the conduct of their whisperer;
+and think they are in a state of freedom, while they can prate with one
+of these attendants of all men in general, and still avoid the man they
+most like. You do not see one heiress in a hundred whose fate does not
+turn upon this circumstance of choosing a confidant. Thus it is that the
+lady is addressed to, presented[126] and flattered, only by proxy, in her
+woman. In my case, how is it possible that--" Sir Roger was proceeding in
+his harangue, when we heard the voice of one speaking very importunately,
+and repeating these words, "What, not one smile?" We followed the sound
+till we came to a close thicket, on the other side of which we saw a
+young woman sitting as it were in a personated sullenness[127], just over
+a transparent fountain. Opposite to her stood Mr. William, Sir Roger's
+master of the game[128]. The Knight whispered me, "Hist! these are
+lovers." The huntsman looking earnestly at the shadow of the young maiden
+in the stream, "Oh thou dear picture, if thou couldst remain there in the
+absence of that fair creature whom you represent in the water, how
+willingly could I stand here satisfied for ever, without troubling my
+dear Betty herself with any mention of her unfortunate William, whom she
+is angry with: but alas! when she pleases to be gone, thou wilt also
+vanish--yet let me talk to thee while thou dost stay. Tell my dearest
+Betty thou dost not more depend upon her, than does her William: her
+absence will make away with me as well as thee. If she offers to remove
+thee, I will jump into these waves to lay hold on thee; herself, her own
+dear person, I must never embrace again.--Still do you hear me without
+one smile--It is too much to bear--" He had no sooner spoke these words,
+but he made an offer of throwing himself into the water: at which his
+mistress started up, and at the next instant he jumped across the
+fountain and met her in an embrace. She, half recovering from her fright,
+said, in the most charming voice imaginable, and with a tone of
+complaint, "I thought how well you would drown yourself. No, no, you
+won't drown yourself till you have taken your leave of Susan Holiday."
+The huntsman, with a tenderness that spoke the most passionate love, and
+with his cheek close to hers, whispered the softest vows of fidelity in
+her ear, and cried, "Don't, my dear, believe a word Kate Willow says; she
+is spiteful, and makes stories because she loves to hear me talk to
+herself for your sake." "Look you there," quoth Sir Roger, "do you see
+there, all mischief comes from confidants! But let us not interrupt them;
+the maid is honest, and the man dares not be otherwise, for he knows I
+loved her father: I will interpose in this matter, and hasten the
+wedding. Kate Willow is a witty mischievous wench in the neighbourhood,
+who was a beauty, and makes me hope I shall see the perverse widow in her
+condition. She was so flippant with her answers to all the honest fellows
+that came near her, and so very vain of her beauty, that she has valued
+herself upon her charms till they are ceased. She therefore now makes it
+her business to prevent other young women from being more discreet than
+she was herself: however, the saucy thing said the other day well
+enough, 'Sir Roger and I must make a match, for we are both despised by
+those we loved.' The hussy has a great deal of power wherever she comes,
+and has her share of cunning.
+
+"However, when I reflect upon this woman, I do not know whether in the
+main I am the worse for having loved her: whenever she is recalled to my
+imagination my youth returns, and I feel a forgotten warmth in my veins.
+This affliction in my life has streaked all my conduct with a softness,
+of which I should otherwise have been incapable. It is, perhaps, to this
+dear image in my heart owing that I am apt to relent, that I easily
+forgive, and that many desirable things are grown into my temper, which I
+should not have arrived at by better motives than the thought of being
+one day hers. I am pretty well satisfied such a passion as I have had is
+never well cured; and, between you and me, I am often apt to imagine it
+has had some whimsical[129] effect upon my brain: for I frequently find,
+that in my most serious discourse I let fall some comical familiarity of
+speech, or odd phrase, that makes the company laugh; however, I cannot
+but allow she is a most excellent woman. When she is in the country I
+warrant she does not run into dairies, but reads upon[130] the nature of
+plants; but has a glass-hive, and comes into the garden out of books to
+see them work, and observe the policies[131] of their commonwealth. She
+understands everything. I would give ten pounds to hear her argue with
+my friend Sir Andrew Freeport about trade. No, no, for all she looks so
+innocent as it were, take my word for it she is no fool."
+
+  T.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[122] _Conversation._ General intercourse.
+
+[123] _Salute._ Kiss.
+
+[124] _Pleasant._ Ludicrous.
+
+[125] _Except the consideration of._ Except in respect of.
+
+[126] _Presented._ _I.e._, with gifts.
+
+[127] _Personated sullenness._ Pretended, or possibly the image of,
+sullenness.
+
+[128] _Master of the game._ Huntsman.
+
+[129] _Whimsical._ Fantastic.
+
+[130] _Upon._ About.
+
+[131] _Policies._ Organisation.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 122. FRIDAY, JULY 20
+
+    _Comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo est._
+
+    PUBL. SYR. _Frag._
+
+    An agreeable companion upon the road is as good as a coach.
+
+
+A man's first care should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart;
+his next, to escape the censures of the world: if the last interferes
+with the former, it ought to be entirely neglected; but otherwise there
+cannot be a greater satisfaction to an honest mind, than to see those
+approbations which it gives itself seconded by the applauses of the
+public: a man is more sure of his conduct, when the verdict he passes
+upon his own behaviour is thus warranted and confirmed by the opinion of
+all that know him.
+
+My worthy friend Sir Roger is one of those who is not only at peace
+within himself, but beloved and esteemed by all about him. He receives a
+suitable tribute for his universal benevolence to mankind, in the returns
+of affection and good-will, which are paid him by every one that lives
+within his neighbourhood. I lately met with two or three odd instances of
+that general respect which is shown to the good old Knight. He would
+needs carry Will Wimble and myself with him to the county assizes: as we
+were upon the road Will Wimble joined a couple of plain men who rid
+before us, and conversed with them for some time; during which my friend
+Sir Roger acquainted me with their characters.
+
+"The first of them," says he, "that has a spaniel by his side, is a
+yeoman of about an hundred pounds a year, an honest man: he is just
+within the Game Act[132], and qualified to kill an hare or a pheasant: he
+knocks down a dinner with his gun twice or thrice a week; and by that
+means lives much cheaper than those who have not so good an estate as
+himself. He would be a good neighbour if he did not destroy so many
+partridges: in short, he is a very sensible man; shoots flying; and has
+been several times foreman of the petty jury.
+
+"The other that rides along with him is Tom Touchy, a fellow famous for
+taking the law of everybody. There is not one in the town where he lives
+that he has not sued at the quarter sessions. The rogue had once the
+impudence to go to law with the widow. His head is full of costs,
+damages, and ejectments: he plagued a couple of honest gentlemen so long
+for a trespass in breaking one of his hedges, till he was forced to sell
+the ground it inclosed to defray the charges of the prosecution: his
+father left him fourscore pounds a year; but he has cast and been
+cast[133] so often, that he is not now worth thirty. I suppose he is
+going upon the old business of the willow tree."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As Sir Roger was giving me this account of Tom Touchy, Will Wimble and
+his two companions stopped short till we came up to them. After having
+paid their respects to Sir Roger, Will told him that Mr. Touchy and he
+must appeal to him upon a dispute that arose between them. Will it seems
+had been giving his fellow-traveller an account of his angling one day in
+such a hole; when Tom Touchy, instead of hearing out his story, told him
+that Mr. Such-a-one, if he pleased, might take the law of him for fishing
+in that part of the river. My friend Sir Roger heard them both, upon a
+round trot[134]; and after having paused some time told them, with the
+air of a man who would not give his judgment rashly, that much might be
+said on both sides. They were neither of them dissatisfied with the
+Knight's determination, because neither of them found himself in the
+wrong by it: upon which we made the best of our way to the assizes.
+
+The court was sat before Sir Roger came; but notwithstanding all the
+justices had taken their places upon the bench, they made room for the
+old Knight at the head of them; who for his reputation in the county took
+occasion to whisper in the judge's ear, "That he was glad his Lordship
+had met with so much good weather in his circuit." I was listening to the
+proceeding of the court with much attention, and infinitely pleased with
+that great appearance and solemnity which so properly accompanies such a
+public administration of our laws; when, after about an hour's sitting, I
+observed to my great surprise, in the midst of a trial, that my friend
+Sir Roger was getting up to speak. I was in some pain for him, till I
+found he had acquitted himself of two or three sentences, with a look of
+much business and great intrepidity.
+
+Upon his first rising the court was hushed, and a general whisper ran
+among the country people, that Sir Roger was up. The speech he made was
+so little to the purpose, that I shall not trouble my readers with an
+account of it; and I believe was not so much designed by the Knight
+himself to inform the court, as to give him a figure in my eye, and keep
+up his credit in the country.
+
+I was highly delighted, when the court rose, to see the gentlemen of the
+country gathering about my old friend, and striving who should compliment
+him most; at the same time that the ordinary people gazed upon him at a
+distance, not a little admiring his courage, that was not afraid to speak
+to the judge.
+
+In our return home we met with a very odd accident[135]; which I cannot
+forbear relating, because it shows how desirous all who know Sir Roger
+are of giving him marks of their esteem. When we were arrived upon the
+verge of his estate, we stopped at a little inn to rest ourselves and our
+horses. The man of the house had it seems been formerly a servant in the
+Knight's family; and to do honour to his old master, had some time since,
+unknown to Sir Roger, put him up in a sign-post before the door; so that
+the Knight's head had hung out upon the road about a week before he
+himself knew anything of the matter. As soon as Sir Roger was acquainted
+with it, finding that his servant's indiscretion proceeded wholly from
+affection and good-will, he only told him that he had made him too high a
+compliment; and when the fellow seemed to think that could hardly be,
+added with a more decisive look, "That it was too great an honour for any
+man under a duke"; but told him at the same time that it might be altered
+with a very few touches, and that he himself would be at the charge[136]
+of it. Accordingly they got a painter by the Knight's directions to add
+a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little aggravation[137] of the
+features to change it into the Saracen's Head. I should not have known
+this story had not the innkeeper, upon Sir Roger's alighting, told him in
+my hearing, "That his honour's head was brought back last night with the
+alterations that he had ordered to be made in it." Upon this my friend,
+with his usual cheerfulness, related the particulars above mentioned, and
+ordered the head to be brought into the room. I could not forbear
+discovering greater expressions of mirth than ordinary upon the
+appearance of this monstrous face, under which, notwithstanding it was
+made to frown and stare in a most extraordinary manner, I could still
+discover a distant resemblance of my old friend. Sir Roger upon seeing me
+laugh, desired me to tell him truly if I thought it possible for people
+to know him in that disguise. I at first kept my usual silence; but upon
+the Knight's conjuring[138] me to tell him whether it was not still more
+like himself than a Saracen, I composed my countenance in the best manner
+I could, and replied, that much might be said on both sides.
+
+These several adventures, with the Knight's behaviour in them, gave me as
+pleasant a day as ever I met with in any of my travels.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[132] _Game Act._ See note on p. 19.
+
+[133] _Cast and been cast._ Won and lost his case.
+
+[134] _Upon a round trot._ While trotting briskly.
+
+[135] _Accident._ Incident.
+
+[136] _Charge._ Expense.
+
+[137] _Aggravation._ Exaggeration.
+
+[138] _Conjuring._ Adjuring, entreating.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 130. MONDAY, JULY 30
+
+                      _Semperque recentes
+    Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto._
+
+    VIRG. _Ęn._ vii. ver. 748.
+
+    Hunting their sport, and plund'ring was their trade.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+As I was yesterday riding out in the fields with my friend Sir Roger, we
+saw at a little distance from us a troop of gipsies. Upon the first
+discovery of them, my friend was in some doubt whether he should not
+exert[139] the Justice of the Peace upon such a band of lawless vagrants;
+but not having his clerk with him, who is a necessary counsellor on these
+occasions, and fearing that his poultry might fare the worse for it, he
+let the thought drop: but at the same time gave me a particular account
+of the mischiefs they do in the country, in stealing people's goods and
+spoiling their servants. "If a stray piece of linen hangs upon an hedge,"
+says Sir Roger, "they are sure to have it; if the hog loses his way in
+the fields, it is ten to one but he becomes their prey; our geese cannot
+live in peace for them; if a man prosecutes them with severity, his
+hen-roost is sure to pay for it: they generally straggle into these parts
+about this time of the year; and set the heads of our servant-maids so
+agog for husbands, that we do not expect to have any business done as it
+should be whilst they are in the country. I have an honest dairy-maid
+who crosses their hands with a piece of silver every summer, and never
+fails being promised the handsomest young fellow in the parish for her
+pains. Your friend the butler has been fool enough to be seduced by them;
+and though he is sure to lose a knife, a fork, or a spoon every time his
+fortune is told him, generally shuts himself up in the pantry with an old
+gipsy for above half an hour once in a twelvemonth. Sweethearts are the
+things they live upon, which they bestow very plentifully upon all those
+that apply themselves to them. You see now and then some handsome young
+jades among them: the sluts have very often white teeth and black eyes."
+
+[Illustration: Told him, That he had a Widow in his Line of Life]
+
+Sir Roger observing that I listened with great attention to his account
+of a people who were so entirely new to me, told me, that if I would they
+should tell us our fortunes. As I was very well pleased with the Knight's
+proposal, we rid up and communicated our hands to them. A Cassandra[140]
+of the crew, after having examined my lines very diligently, told me,
+that I loved a pretty maid in a corner[141], that I was a good woman's
+man, with some other particulars which I do not think proper to relate.
+My friend Sir Roger alighted from his horse, and exposing his palm to two
+or three that stood by him, they crumpled it into all shapes, and
+diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made in it; when one of
+them, who was older and more sunburnt than the rest, told him, that he
+had a widow in his line of life: upon which the Knight cried, "Go, go,
+you are an idle baggage"; and at the same time smiled upon me. The gipsy
+finding he was not displeased in his heart, told him, after a further
+inquiry into his hand, that his true-love was constant, and that she
+should dream of him to-night: my old friend cried "pish," and bid her go
+on. The gipsy told him that he was a bachelor, but would not be so long;
+and that he was dearer to somebody than he thought: the Knight still
+repeated she was an idle baggage, and bid her go on. "Ah, master," says
+the gipsy, "that roguish leer of yours makes a pretty woman's heart ache;
+you ha'n't that simper about the mouth for nothing--" The uncouth
+gibberish with which all this was uttered, like the darkness of an
+oracle, made us the more attentive to it. To be short, the Knight left
+the money with her that he had crossed her hand with, and got up again on
+his horse.
+
+As we were riding away, Sir Roger told me, that he knew several sensible
+people who believed these gipsies now and then foretold very strange
+things; and for half an hour together appeared more jocund than ordinary.
+In the height of his good-humour, meeting a common beggar upon the road
+who was no conjurer, as he went to relieve him he found his pocket was
+picked; that being a kind of palmistry at which this race of vermin are
+very dexterous.
+
+I might here entertain my reader with historical remarks on this idle
+profligate people, who infest all the countries of Europe, and live in
+the midst of governments in a kind of commonwealth by themselves. But
+instead of entering into observations of this nature, I shall fill the
+remaining part of my paper with a story which is still fresh in Holland,
+and was printed in one of our monthly accounts about twenty years ago.
+"As the _trekschuyt_, or hackney-boat, which carries passengers from
+Leyden to Amsterdam, was putting off, a boy running along the side of the
+canal desired to be taken in; which the master of the boat refused,
+because the lad had not quite money enough to pay the usual fare. An
+eminent merchant being pleased with the looks of the boy, and secretly
+touched with compassion towards him, paid the money for him, and ordered
+him to be taken on board. Upon talking with him afterwards, he found that
+he could speak readily in three or four languages, and learned upon
+further examination that he had been stolen away when he was a child by a
+gipsy, and had rambled ever since with a gang of those strollers[142] up
+and down several parts of Europe. It happened that the merchant, whose
+heart seems to have inclined towards the boy by a secret kind of
+instinct, had himself lost a child some years before. The parents, after
+a long search for him, gave him for drowned in one of the canals with
+which that country abounds; and the mother was so afflicted at the loss
+of a fine boy, who was her only son, that she died for grief of it. Upon
+laying together all particulars, and examining the several moles and
+marks by which the mother used to describe the child when he was first
+missing, the boy proved to be the son of the merchant whose heart had so
+unaccountably melted at the sight of him. The lad was very well pleased
+to find a father who was so rich, and likely to leave him a good estate;
+the father on the other hand was not a little delighted to see a son
+return to him, whom he had given for lost, with such a strength of
+constitution, sharpness of understanding, and skill in languages." Here
+the printed story leaves off; but if I may give credit to reports, our
+linguist having received such extraordinary rudiments towards a good
+education, was afterwards trained up in everything that becomes a
+gentleman; wearing off by little and little all the vicious habits and
+practices that he had been used to in the course of his peregrinations:
+nay, it is said, that he has since been employed in foreign courts upon
+national business, with great reputation to himself and honour to those
+who sent him, and that he has visited several countries as a public
+minister, in which he formerly wandered as a gipsy.
+
+  C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[139] _Exert._ Exert the power of.
+
+[140] _Cassandra._ Reference to the mad prophetess of that name in the
+story of Troy.
+
+[141] _In a corner._ In secret.
+
+[142] _Strollers._ Vagabonds.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 131. TUESDAY, JULY 31
+
+    _Ipsae rursum concedite sylvae._
+
+    VIRG. _Ecl._ x. ver. 63.
+
+    Once more, ye woods, adieu.
+
+
+It is usual for a man who loves country sports to preserve the game on
+his own grounds, and divert himself upon those that belong to his
+neighbour. My friend Sir Roger generally goes two or three miles from his
+house, and gets into the frontiers of his estate, before he beats about
+in search of a hare or partridge, on purpose to spare his own fields,
+where he is always sure of finding diversion, when the worst comes to the
+worst. By this means the breed about his house has time to increase and
+multiply, beside that the sport is the more agreeable where the game is
+the harder to come at, and where it does not lie so thick as to produce
+any perplexity or confusion in the pursuit. For these reasons the country
+gentleman, like the fox, seldom preys near his own home.
+
+In the same manner I have made a month's excursion out of the town, which
+is the great field of game for sportsmen of my species, to try my fortune
+in the country, where I have started several subjects, and hunted them
+down, with some pleasure to myself, and I hope to others. I am here
+forced to use a great deal of diligence before I can spring[143] anything
+to my mind, whereas in town, whilst I am following one character, it is
+ten to one but I am crossed in my way by another, and put up such a
+variety of odd creatures in both sexes, that they foil the scent of one
+another, and puzzle the chase. My greatest difficulty in the country is
+to find sport, and in town to choose it. In the meantime, as I have given
+a whole month's rest to the cities of London and Westminster, I promise
+myself abundance of new game upon my return thither.
+
+It is indeed high time for me to leave the country, since I find the
+whole neighbourhood begin to grow very inquisitive after my name and
+character: my love of solitude, taciturnity, and particular[144] way of
+life, having raised a great curiosity in all these parts.
+
+The notions which have been framed of me are various: some look upon me
+as very proud, some as very modest, and some as very melancholy. Will
+Wimble, as my friend the butler tells me, observing me very much alone,
+and extremely silent when I am in company, is afraid I have killed a man.
+The country people seem to suspect me for a conjurer; and some of them,
+hearing of the visit which I made to Moll White, will needs have it that
+Sir Roger has brought down a cunning man with him, to cure the old woman,
+and free the country from her charms. So that the character which I go
+under in part of the neighbourhood, is what they here call a "white
+witch[145]."
+
+A justice of peace, who lives about five miles off, and is not of Sir
+Roger's party, has it seems said twice or thrice at his table, that he
+wishes Sir Roger does not harbour a Jesuit in his house, and that he
+thinks the gentlemen of the country would do very well to make me give
+some account of myself.
+
+On the other side, some of Sir Roger's friends are afraid the old Knight
+is imposed upon by a designing fellow, and as they have heard that he
+converses very promiscuously[146] when he is in town, do not know but he
+has brought down with him some discarded[147] Whig, that is sullen, and
+says nothing because he is out of place.
+
+Such is the variety of opinions which are here entertained of me, so that
+I pass among some for a disaffected person, and among others for a Popish
+priest; among some for a wizard, and among others for a murderer; and all
+this for no other reason, that I can imagine, but because I do not hoot
+and hollow, and make a noise. It is true my friend Sir Roger tells them,
+_That it is my way_, and that I am only a philosopher; but this will not
+satisfy them. They think there is more in me than he discovers[148], and
+that I do not hold my tongue for nothing.
+
+For these and other reasons I shall set out for London to-morrow, having
+found by experience that the country is not a place for a person of my
+temper, who does not love jollity, and what they call good
+neighbourhood[149]. A man that is out of humour when an unexpected guest
+breaks in upon him, and does not care for sacrificing an afternoon to
+every chance-comer; that will be the master of his own time, and the
+pursuer of his own inclinations, makes but a very unsociable figure in
+this kind of life. I shall therefore retire into the town, if I may make
+use of that phrase, and get into the crowd again as fast as I can, in
+order to be alone. I can there raise what speculations I please upon
+others, without being observed myself, and at the same time enjoy all the
+advantages of company with all the privileges of solitude. In the
+meanwhile, to finish the month, and conclude these my rural speculations,
+I shall here insert a letter from my friend Will Honeycomb, who has not
+lived a month for these forty years out of the smoke of London, and
+rallies me after his way upon my country life.
+
+     DEAR SPEC,
+
+     I suppose this letter will find thee[150] picking of daisies, or
+     smelling to a lock of hay, or passing away thy time in some
+     innocent country diversion of the like nature. I have however
+     orders from the club to summon thee up to town, being all of us
+     cursedly afraid thou wilt not be able to relish our company, after
+     thy conversations with Moll White and Will Wimble. Prithee do not
+     send us up any more stories of a cock and a bull, nor frighten the
+     town with spirits and witches. Thy speculations begin to smell
+     confoundedly of woods and meadows. If thou dost not come up
+     quickly, we shall conclude that thou art in love with one of Sir
+     Roger's dairymaids. Service to the Knight. Sir Andrew is grown the
+     cock of the club since he left us, and if he does not return
+     quickly will make every mother's son of us commonwealth's men[151].
+
+     Dear Spec,
+     Thine eternally,
+     WILL HONEYCOMB.
+
+  C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[143] _Spring._ Start from its hiding-place.
+
+[144] _Particular._ Peculiar.
+
+[145] _White witch._ One who uses supernatural powers, but only for good
+purposes.
+
+[146] _Converses very promiscuously._ Mixes with all sorts of people.
+
+[147] _Discarded._ Out of office.
+
+[148] _Discovers._ Reveals.
+
+[149] _Neighbourhood._ Sociability.
+
+[150] _Thee._ The now obsolete familiar use of _thou_ and _thee_.
+
+[151] _Commonwealth's men._ Republicans.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 269. TUESDAY, JANUARY 8
+
+              _Aevo rarissima nostro
+    Simplicitas._
+
+    OVID, _Ars Am._ lib. i. ver. 241.
+
+    Most rare is now our old simplicity.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+I was this morning surprised with a great knocking at the door, when my
+landlady's daughter came up to me, and told me that there was a man below
+desired to speak with me. Upon my asking her who it was, she told me it
+was a very grave elderly person, but that she did not know his name. I
+immediately went down to him, and found him to be the coachman of my
+worthy friend Sir Roger de Coverley. He told me, that his master came to
+town last night, and would be glad to take a turn[152] with me in Gray's
+Inn walks. As I was wondering in myself what had brought Sir Roger to
+town, not having lately received any letter from him, he told me that his
+master was come up to get a sight of Prince Eugene[153], and that he
+desired I would immediately meet him.
+
+I was not a little pleased with the curiosity of the old Knight, though I
+did not much wonder at it, having heard him say more than once in private
+discourse, that he looked upon Prince Eugenio (for so the Knight always
+calls him) to be a greater man than Scanderbeg[154].
+
+I was no sooner come into Gray's Inn walks, but I heard my friend upon
+the terrace hemming[155] twice or thrice to himself with great vigour,
+for he loves to clear his pipes in good air (to make use of his own
+phrase), and is not a little pleased with any one who takes notice of the
+strength which he still exerts in his morning hems.
+
+I was touched with a secret joy at the sight of the good old man, who
+before he saw me was engaged in conversation with a beggar man that had
+asked an alms of him. I could hear my friend chide him for not finding
+out some work; but at the same time saw him put his hand in his pocket
+and give him sixpence.
+
+Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind
+shakes of the hand, and several affectionate looks which we cast upon one
+another. After which the Knight told me my good friend his chaplain was
+very well, and much at my service, and that the Sunday before he had made
+a most incomparable sermon out of Dr. Barrow. "I have left," says he,
+"all my affairs in his hands, and being willing to lay an obligation upon
+him, have deposited with him thirty merks[156], to be distributed among
+his poor parishioners."
+
+He then proceeded to acquaint me with the welfare of Will Wimble. Upon
+which he put his hand into his fob[157], and presented me in his name
+with a tobacco-stopper, telling me that Will had been busy all the
+beginning of the winter in turning great quantities of them; and that he
+made a present of one to every gentleman in the country who has good
+principles, and smokes. He added, that poor Will was at present under
+great tribulation, for that Tom Touchy had taken the law of him for
+cutting some hazel-sticks out of one of his hedges.
+
+Among other pieces of news which the Knight brought from his country
+seat, he informed me that Moll White was dead; and that about a month
+after her death the wind was so very high, that it blew down the end of
+one of his barns. "But for my own part," says Sir Roger, "I do not think
+that the old woman had any hand in it."
+
+He afterwards fell into an account of the diversions which had passed in
+his house during the holidays; for Sir Roger, after the laudable custom
+of his ancestors, always keeps open house at Christmas. I learned from
+him that he had killed eight fat hogs for this season, that he had dealt
+about his chines very liberally amongst his neighbours, and that in
+particular he had sent a string of hogs-puddings with a pack of cards to
+every poor family in the parish. "I have often thought," says Sir Roger,
+"it happens very well that Christmas should fall out in the middle of
+winter. It is the most dead uncomfortable time of the year, when the
+poor people would suffer very much from their poverty and cold, if they
+had not good cheer, warm fires, and Christmas gambols to support them. I
+love to rejoice their poor hearts at this season, and to see the whole
+village merry in my great hall. I allow a double quantity of malt to my
+small beer, and set it a running for twelve days to every one that calls
+for it. I have always a piece of cold beef and a mince-pie upon the
+table, and am wonderfully pleased to see my tenants pass away a whole
+evening in playing their innocent tricks, and smutting one another[158].
+Our friend Will Wimble is as merry as any of them, and shows a thousand
+roguish tricks upon these occasions."
+
+I was very much delighted with the reflection of my old friend, which
+carried so much goodness in it. He then launched out into the praise of
+the late Act of Parliament[159] for securing the Church of England, and
+told me, with great satisfaction, that he believed it already began to
+take effect, for that a rigid dissenter who chanced to dine at his house
+on Christmas Day, had been observed to eat very plentifully of his
+plum-porridge[160].
+
+After having dispatched all our country matters, Sir Roger made several
+inquiries concerning the club, and particularly of his old antagonist Sir
+Andrew Freeport. He asked me with a kind of a smile, whether Sir Andrew
+had not taken the advantage of his absence, to vent among them some of
+his republican doctrines; but soon after gathering up his countenance
+into a more than ordinary seriousness, "Tell me truly," says he, "do not
+you think Sir Andrew had a hand in the Pope's procession[161]?"--but
+without giving me time to answer him, "Well, well," says he, "I know you
+are a wary man, and do not care to talk of public matters."
+
+The Knight then asked me if I had seen Prince Eugenio, and made me
+promise to get him a stand in some convenient place, where he might have
+a full sight of that extraordinary man, whose presence does so much
+honour to the British nation. He dwelt very long on the praises of this
+great general, and I found that, since I was with him in the country, he
+had drawn many just observations together out of his reading in Baker's
+_Chronicle_[162], and other authors, who always lie in his hall window,
+which very much redound to the honour of this prince.
+
+Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the
+Knight's reflections, which were partly private, and partly political, he
+asked me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at
+Squire's. As I love the old man, I take delight in complying with
+everything that is agreeable to him, and accordingly waited on[163] him
+to the coffee-house, where his venerable figure drew upon us the eyes of
+the whole room. He had no sooner seated himself at the upper end of the
+high table, but he called for a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of
+coffee, a wax-candle, and the _Supplement_, with such an air of
+cheerfulness and good humour, that all the boys[164] in the coffee-room
+(who seemed to take pleasure in serving him) were at once employed on his
+several errands, insomuch that nobody else could come at a dish of tea,
+until the Knight had got all his conveniences about him.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[152] _Turn._ Stroll.
+
+[153] _Prince Eugene._ Prince of Savoy (1663-1736), who aided
+Marlborough at Blenheim and elsewhere, and was at this time on a visit
+to London.
+
+[154] _Scanderbeg._ George Castriota, a famous Albanian leader against
+the Turks (1403-68).
+
+[155] _Hemming._ Clearing his throat.
+
+[156] _Merks._ A merk is 13s. 4d., but only as a measure of value, not
+an actual coin. Compare our present use of a guinea.
+
+[157] _Fob._ Small pocket.
+
+[158] _Smutting one another._ Blacking one another's faces in sport.
+
+[159] _Act of Parliament._ Act of Occasional Uniformity, 1710.
+
+[160] _Rigid dissenter ... plum porridge._ Many Puritans refused to
+observe Christmas Day, regarding it as smacking of Popery.
+
+[161] _Pope's procession._ An annual Whig demonstration.
+
+[162] _Baker's Chronicle._ _Chronicle of the Kings of England_ (1643),
+by Sir Richard Baker.
+
+[163] _Waited on._ Accompanied.
+
+[164] _Boys._ Waiters.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 329. TUESDAY, MARCH 18
+
+    _Ire tamen restat, Numa quo devenit, et Ancus._
+
+    HOR. _Ep._ vi. l. i. ver. 27.
+
+    With Ancus, and with Numa, kings of Rome,
+    We must descend into the silent tomb.
+
+
+My friend Sir Roger de Coverley told me the other night, that he had been
+reading my paper upon Westminster Abbey, "in which," says he, "there are
+a great many ingenious fancies." He told me at the same time, that he
+observed I had promised another paper upon the Tombs, and that he should
+be glad to go and see them with me, not having visited them since he had
+read history. I could not at first imagine how this came into the
+Knight's head, till I recollected that he had been very busy all last
+summer upon Baker's _Chronicle_, which he has quoted several times in his
+disputes with Sir Andrew Freeport since his last coming to town.
+Accordingly I promised to call upon him the next morning, that we might
+go together to the Abbey.
+
+I found the Knight under his butler's hands, who always shaves him. He
+was no sooner dressed than he called for a glass of the widow Trueby's
+water, which they told me he always drank before he went abroad. He
+recommended to me a dram of it at the same time, with so much heartiness,
+that I could not forbear drinking it. As soon as I had got it down, I
+found it very unpalatable, upon which the Knight observing that I had
+made several wry faces, told me that he knew I should not like it at
+first, but that it was the best thing in the world against the stone or
+gravel.
+
+I could have wished indeed that he had acquainted me with the virtues of
+it sooner; but it was too late to complain, and I knew what he had done
+was out of goodwill. Sir Roger told me further, that he looked upon it to
+be very good for a man whilst he stayed in town, to keep off infection,
+and that he got together a quantity of it upon the first news of the
+sickness being at Dantzick: when of a sudden, turning short to one of his
+servants who stood behind him, he bid him call a hackney-coach, and take
+care it was an elderly man that drove it.
+
+He then resumed his discourse upon Mrs. Trueby's water, telling me that
+the widow Trueby was one who did more good than all the doctors or
+apothecaries in the country: that she distilled every poppy that grew
+within five miles of her; that she distributed her water gratis among all
+sorts of people; to which the Knight added, that she had a very great
+jointure[165], and that the whole country would fain have it a match
+between him and her; "and truly," says Sir Roger, "if I had not been
+engaged[166], perhaps I could not have done better."
+
+His discourse was broken off by his man's telling him he had called a
+coach. Upon our going to it, after having cast his eye upon the wheels,
+he asked the coachman if his axle-tree was good; upon the fellow's
+telling him he would warrant it, the Knight turned to me, told me he
+looked like an honest man, and went in without further ceremony.
+
+We had not gone far, when Sir Roger, popping out his head, called the
+coachman down from his box, and, upon presenting himself at the window,
+asked him if he smoked; as I was considering what this would end in, he
+bid him stop by the way at any good tobacconist's and take in a roll of
+their best Virginia. Nothing material happened in the remaining part of
+our journey, till we were set down at the west end of the Abbey.
+
+As we went up the body of the church, the Knight pointed at the trophies
+upon one of the new monuments, and cried out, "A brave man, I warrant
+him!" Passing afterwards by Sir Cloudesley Shovel[167], he flung his
+hand that way, and cried, "Sir Cloudesley Shovel! a very gallant man!" As
+he stood before Busby's tomb, the Knight uttered himself again after the
+same manner, "Dr. Busby[168], a great man! he whipped my grandfather; a
+very great man! I should have gone to him myself, if I had not been a
+blockhead; a very great man!"
+
+We were immediately conducted to the little chapel on the right hand. Sir
+Roger, planting himself at our historian's elbow, was very attentive to
+everything he said, particularly to the account he gave us of the lord
+who had cut off the King of Morocco's head. Among several other figures,
+he was very well pleased to see the statesman Cecil[169] upon his knees;
+and concluding them all to be great men, was conducted to the figure
+which represents that martyr to good housewifery, who died by the prick
+of a needle. Upon our interpreter's telling us that she was a maid of
+honour to Queen Elizabeth, the Knight was very inquisitive into her name
+and family; and after having regarded her finger for some time, "I
+wonder," says he, "that Sir Richard Baker has said nothing of her in his
+_Chronicle_."
+
+We were then conveyed to the two coronation chairs, where my old friend
+after having heard that the stone underneath the most ancient of them,
+which was brought from Scotland, was called "Jacob's pillar," sat himself
+down in the chair; and looking like the figure of an old Gothic king,
+asked our interpreter, what authority they had to say that Jacob had ever
+been in Scotland? The fellow, instead of returning him an answer, told
+him, that he hoped his honour would pay his forfeit[170]. I could observe
+Sir Roger a little ruffled upon being thus trepanned; but our guide not
+insisting upon his demand, the Knight soon recovered his good humour, and
+whispered in my ear, that if Will Wimble were with us, and saw those two
+chairs, it would go hard but he would get a tobacco-stopper out of one or
+the other of them.
+
+Sir Roger, in the next place, laid his hand upon Edward the Third's
+sword, and leaning upon the pommel[171] of it, gave us the whole history
+of the Black Prince; concluding, that, in Sir Richard Baker's opinion,
+Edward the Third was one of the greatest princes that ever sat upon the
+English throne.
+
+We were then shown Edward the Confessor's tomb; upon which Sir Roger
+acquainted us, that he was the first who touched for the evil[172]; and
+afterwards Henry the Fourth's, upon which he shook his head, and told us
+there was fine reading in the casualties[173] of that reign.
+
+Our conductor then pointed to that monument where there is the figure of
+one of our English kings without an head; and upon giving us to know,
+that the head, which was of beaten silver, had been stolen away several
+years since: "Some Whig, I'll warrant you," says Sir Roger; "you ought to
+lock up your kings better; they will carry off the body too, if you don't
+take care."
+
+The glorious names of Henry the Fifth and Queen Elizabeth gave the Knight
+great opportunities of shining, and of doing justice to Sir Richard
+Baker; who, as our Knight observed with some surprise, had a great many
+kings in him, whose monuments he had not seen in the Abbey.
+
+For my own part, I could not but be pleased to see the Knight show such
+an honest passion for the glory of his country, and such a respectful
+gratitude to the memory of its princes.
+
+I must not omit, that the benevolence of my good old friend, which flows
+out towards every one he converses with, made him very kind to our
+interpreter, whom he looked upon as an extraordinary man; for which
+reason he shook him by the hand at parting, telling him, that he should
+be very glad to see him at his lodgings in Norfolk Buildings, and talk
+over these matters with him more at leisure.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[165] _Jointure._ Settlement.
+
+[166] _Engaged._ Pledged.
+
+[167] _Sir Cloudesley Shovel._ Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel, drowned
+off the Scilly Isles, 1707.
+
+[168] _Dr. Busby._ The famous flogging headmaster of Westminster.
+
+[169] _Cecil._ Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth's Lord High Treasurer.
+
+[170] _Forfeit._ Gratuity due for sitting in the chair.
+
+[171] _Pommel._ Part of the hilt.
+
+[172] _Touched for the evil._ The royal touch was regarded as a cure for
+scrofula as late as Queen Anne's time.
+
+[173] _Casualties._ Incidents.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 335. TUESDAY, MARCH 25
+
+    _Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo
+    Doctum imitatorem, et veras hinc ducere voces._
+
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._ ver. 317.
+
+    Those are the likest copies, which are drawn
+    From the original of human life.
+
+    ROSCOMMON.
+
+
+My friend Sir Roger de Coverley, when we last met together at the club,
+told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy[174] with me,
+assuring me at the same time, that he had not been at a play these twenty
+years. "The last I saw," said Sir Roger, "was the _Committee_, which I
+should not have gone to neither, had not I been told beforehand that it
+was a good Church of England comedy." He then proceeded to inquire of me
+who this Distressed Mother was; and upon hearing that she was Hector's
+widow, he told me that her husband was a brave man, and that when he was
+a schoolboy he had read his life at the end of the dictionary. My friend
+asked me, in the next place, if there would not be some danger in coming
+home late, in case the Mohocks[175] should be abroad. "I assure you,"
+says he, "I thought I had fallen into their hands last night; for I
+observed two or three lusty black men that followed me half-way up Fleet
+Street, and mended their pace behind me, in proportion as I put on[176]
+to get away from them. You must know," continued the Knight with a smile,
+"I fancied they had a mind to _hunt_ me; for I remember an honest
+gentleman in my neighbourhood, who was served such a trick in King
+Charles the Second's time, for which reason he has not ventured himself
+in town ever since. I might have shown them very good sport, had this
+been their design; for as I am an old fox-hunter, I should have turned
+and dodged, and have played them a thousand tricks they had never seen in
+their lives before." Sir Roger added, that if these gentlemen had any
+such intention, they did not succeed very well in it; "for I threw them
+out," says he, "at the end of Norfolk Street, where I doubled the corner,
+and got shelter in my lodgings before they could imagine what was become
+of me. However," says the Knight, "if Captain Sentry will make one with
+us to-morrow night, and if you will both of you call upon me about four
+o'clock, that we may be at the house before it is full, I will have my
+coach in readiness to attend you, for John tells me he has got the
+fore-wheels mended."
+
+The Captain, who did not fail to meet me there at the appointed hour, bid
+Sir Roger fear nothing, for that he had put on the same sword which he
+made use of at the battle of Steenkirk. Sir Roger's servants, and among
+the rest my old friend the butler, had, I found, provided themselves with
+good oaken plants, to attend their master upon this occasion. When we
+had placed him in his coach, with myself at his left hand, the Captain
+before him, and his butler at the head of his footmen in the rear, we
+conveyed him in safety to the play-house, where after having marched up
+the entry in good order, the Captain and I went in with him, and seated
+him betwixt us in the pit. As soon as the house was full, and the candles
+lighted, my old friend stood up and looked about him with that pleasure,
+which a mind seasoned with humanity[177] naturally feels in itself, at
+the sight of a multitude of people who seemed pleased with one another,
+and partake of the same common entertainment. I could not but fancy to
+myself, as the old man stood up in the middle of the pit, that he made a
+very proper centre to a tragic audience. Upon the entering of
+Pyrrhus[178], the Knight told me that he did not believe the King of
+France himself had a better strut. I was indeed very attentive to my old
+friend's remarks, because I looked upon them as a piece of natural
+criticism, and was well pleased to hear him, at the conclusion of almost
+every scene, telling me that he could not imagine how the play would end.
+One while he appeared much concerned for Andromache; and a little while
+after as much for Hermione; and was extremely puzzled to think what would
+become of Pyrrhus.
+
+When Sir Roger saw Andromache's obstinate refusal to her lover's
+importunities, he whispered me in the ear, that he was sure she would
+never have him; to which he added, with a more than ordinary vehemence,
+"You cannot imagine, sir, what it is to have to do with a widow." Upon
+Pyrrhus his[179] threatening afterwards to leave her, the Knight shook
+his head and muttered to himself, "Ay, do if you can." This part dwelt so
+much upon my friend's imagination, that at the close of the third act, as
+I was thinking of something else, he whispered me in the ear, "These
+widows, sir, are the most perverse creatures in the world. But pray,"
+says he, "you that are a critic, is the play according to your dramatic
+rules, as you call them? Should your people in tragedy always talk to be
+understood? Why, there is not a single sentence in this play that I do
+not know the meaning of."
+
+The fourth act very luckily begun before I had time to give the old
+gentleman an answer: "Well," says the Knight, sitting down with great
+satisfaction, "I suppose we are now to see Hector's ghost." He then
+renewed his attention, and, from time to time, fell a praising the widow.
+He made, indeed, a little mistake as to one of her pages, whom at his
+first entering he took for Astyanax[180]; but quickly set himself right
+in that particular, though, at the same time, he owned he should have
+been very glad to have seen the little boy, "who," says he, "must needs
+be a very fine child by the account that is given of him." Upon
+Hermione's going off with a menace to Pyrrhus, the audience gave a loud
+clap, to which Sir Roger added, "On my word, a notable young baggage!"
+
+As there was a very remarkable silence and stillness in the audience
+during the whole action, it was natural for them to take the opportunity
+of the intervals between the acts, to express their opinion of the
+players, and of their respective parts. Sir Roger hearing a cluster of
+them praise Orestes, struck in with them, and told them, that he thought
+his friend Pylades was a very sensible man; as they were afterwards
+applauding Pyrrhus, Sir Roger put in a second time: "And let me tell
+you," says he, "though he speaks but little, I like the old fellow in
+whiskers as well as any of them." Captain Sentry seeing two or three
+wags, who sat near us, lean with an attentive ear towards Sir Roger, and
+fearing lest they should smoke[181] the Knight, plucked him by the elbow,
+and whispered something in his ear, that lasted till the opening of the
+fifth act. The Knight was wonderfully attentive to the account which
+Orestes gives of Pyrrhus his death, and at the conclusion of it, told me
+it was such a bloody piece of work, that he was glad it was not done upon
+the stage. Seeing afterwards Orestes in his raving fit, he grew more than
+ordinary serious, and took occasion to moralise (in his way) upon an evil
+conscience, adding, that _Orestes, in his madness, looked as if he saw
+something_.
+
+As we were the first that came into the house, so we were the last that
+went out of it; being resolved to have a clear passage for our old
+friend, whom we did not care to venture among the justling of the crowd.
+Sir Roger went out fully satisfied with his entertainment, and we guarded
+him to his lodging in the same manner that we brought him to the
+play-house; being highly pleased, for my own part, not only with the
+performance of the excellent piece which had been presented, but with the
+satisfaction which it had given to the old man.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[174] _New tragedy._ _The Distressed Mother_, by Ambrose Phillips.
+
+[175] _Mohocks._ Gangs of rowdies who roamed the streets at night and
+assaulted passers-by. See _Spectator_, NO. 324
+
+[176] _Put on._ Put on speed.
+
+[177] _Seasoned with humanity._ Tempered with kindliness.
+
+[178] _Pyrrhus._ Son of Achilles, to whom Hector's widow, Andromache,
+had fallen as his share of the plunder of Troy.
+
+[179] _Pyrrhus his._ This use is due to a wrong idea that the possessive
+termination is an abbreviation of _his_.
+
+[180] _Astyanax._ Son of Hector and Andromache (and subject of one of
+the most touching passages in Homer).
+
+[181] _Smoke._ A slang word, equivalent to the modern _rag_.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 383. TUESDAY, MAY 20
+
+    _Criminibus debent hortos._
+
+    JUV. _Sat._ i. ver. 75.
+
+    A beauteous garden, but by vice maintain'd.
+
+
+As I was sitting in my chamber and thinking on a subject for my next
+_Spectator_, I heard two or three irregular bounces[182] at my landlady's
+door, and upon the opening of it, a loud cheerful voice inquiring whether
+the Philosopher was at home. The child who went to the door answered very
+innocently, that he did not lodge there. I immediately recollected[183]
+that it was my good friend Sir Roger's voice; and that I had promised to
+go with him on the water to Spring Garden[184], in case it proved a good
+evening. The Knight put me in mind of my promise from the bottom of the
+staircase, but told me that if I was speculating[185] he would stay below
+till I had done. Upon my coming down I found all the children of the
+family got about my old friend, and my landlady herself, who is a notable
+prating gossip, engaged in a conference with him; being mightily pleased
+with his stroking her little boy upon the head, and bidding him be a good
+child, and mind his book.
+
+We were no sooner come to the Temple stairs, but we were surrounded with
+a crowd of watermen offering us their respective services. Sir Roger,
+after having looked about him very attentively, spied one with a wooden
+leg, and immediately gave him orders to get his boat ready. As we were
+walking towards it, "You must know," says Sir Roger, "I never make use of
+any body to row me, that has not either lost a leg or an arm. I would
+rather bate him a few strokes of his oar[186] than not employ an honest
+man that has been wounded in the Queen's service. If I was a lord or a
+bishop, and kept a barge, I would not put a fellow in my livery that had
+not a wooden leg."
+
+[Illustration: I found all the Children of the Family got about my old
+Friend]
+
+My old friend, after having seated himself, and trimmed[187] the boat
+with his coachman, who, being a very sober man, always serves for
+ballast on these occasions, we made the best of our way for Fox-Hall. Sir
+Roger obliged the waterman to give us the history of his right leg, and
+hearing that he had left it at La Hogue, with many particulars which
+passed in that glorious action, the Knight in the triumph of his heart
+made several reflections on the greatness of the British nation; as, that
+one Englishman could beat three Frenchmen; that we could never be in
+danger of popery so long as we took care of our fleet; that the Thames
+was the noblest river in Europe, that London Bridge was a greater piece
+of work than any of the seven wonders of the world; with many other
+honest prejudices which naturally cleave to the heart of a true
+Englishman.
+
+After some short pause, the old Knight turning about his head twice or
+thrice, to take a survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how
+thick the city was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single
+steeple on this side Temple Bar. "A most heathenish sight!" says Sir
+Roger: "there is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty new
+churches[188] will very much mend the prospect; but church work is slow,
+church work is slow!"
+
+I do not remember I have anywhere mentioned in Sir Roger's character, his
+custom of saluting everybody that passes by him with a good-morrow or a
+good-night. This the old man does out of the overflowings of his
+humanity, though at the same time it renders him so popular among all his
+country neighbours, that it is thought to have gone a good way in making
+him once or twice knight of the shire[189]. He cannot forbear this
+exercise of benevolence even in town, when he meets with any one in his
+morning or evening walk. It broke from him to several boats that passed
+by us upon the water; but to the Knight's great surprise, as he gave the
+good-night to two or three young fellows a little before our landing, one
+of them, instead of returning the civility, asked us, what queer old
+put[190] we had in the boat? with a great deal of the like Thames
+ribaldry. Sir Roger seemed a little shocked at first, but at length
+assuming a face of magistracy, told us, "That if he were a Middlesex
+justice, he would make such vagrants know that her Majesty's subjects
+were no more to be abused by water than by land."
+
+We were now arrived at Spring Garden, which is exquisitely pleasant at
+this time of the year. When I considered the fragrancy of the walks and
+bowers, with the choirs of birds that sung upon the trees, and the loose
+tribe of people that walked under their shades, I could not but look upon
+the place as a kind of Mahometan paradise. Sir Roger told me it put him
+in mind of a little coppice by his house in the country, which his
+chaplain used to call an aviary of nightingales. "You must understand,"
+says the Knight, "there is nothing in the world that pleases a man in
+love so much as your nightingale. Ah, Mr. Spectator! the many moonlight
+nights that I have walked by myself, and thought on the widow by the
+music of the nightingale!" He here fetched a deep sigh, and was falling
+into a fit of musing, when a mask, who came behind him, gave him a
+gentle tap upon the shoulder, and asked him if he would drink a bottle of
+mead with her? But the Knight, being startled at so unexpected a
+familiarity, and displeased to be interrupted in his thoughts of the
+widow, told her, "she was a wanton baggage," and bid her go about her
+business.
+
+We concluded our walk with a glass of Burton ale, and a slice of
+hung[191] beef. When we had done eating ourselves, the Knight called a
+waiter to him, and bid him carry the remainder to the waterman that had
+but one leg. I perceived the fellow stared upon him at the oddness of the
+message, and was going to be saucy; upon which I ratified the Knight's
+commands with a peremptory look.
+
+  I.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[182] _Bounces._ Loud knocks.
+
+[183] _Recollected._ We should now say _recognised_.
+
+[184] _Spring Garden._ At Vauxhall.
+
+[185] _Speculating._ Ruminating.
+
+[186] _Bate him a few strokes of his oar._ Excuse his rowing slowly.
+
+[187] _Trimmed._ Balanced.
+
+[188] _The fifty new churches._ Voted by Parliament in 1711 for the
+western suburbs.
+
+[189] _Knight of the shire._ M.P. See p. 44.
+
+[190] _Put._ Rustic, boor.
+
+[191] _Hung._ Salted or spiced.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 517. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 23
+
+    _Heu pietas! heu prisca fides!_
+
+    VIRG. _Ęn._ vi. ver. 878.
+
+    Mirror of ancient faith!
+    Undaunted worth! Inviolable truth!
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+We last night received a piece of ill news at our club, which very
+sensibly[192] afflicted every one of us. I question not but my readers
+themselves will be troubled at the hearing of it. To keep them no longer
+in suspense, Sir Roger de Coverley _is dead_. He departed this life at
+his house in the country, after a few weeks' sickness. Sir Andrew
+Freeport has a letter from one of his correspondents in those parts, that
+informs him the old man caught a cold at the country sessions, as he was
+very warmly promoting[193] an address of his own penning, in which he
+succeeded according to his wishes. But this particular comes from a Whig
+justice of peace, who was always Sir Roger's enemy and antagonist. I have
+letters both from the chaplain and Captain Sentry, which mention nothing
+of it, but are filled with many particulars to the honour of the good old
+man. I have likewise a letter from the butler, who took so much care of
+me last summer when I was at the Knight's house. As my friend the butler
+mentions, in the simplicity of his heart, several circumstances the
+others have passed over in silence, I shall give my reader a copy of his
+letter, without any alteration or diminution.
+
+     HONOURED SIR,
+
+     Knowing that you was[194] my old master's good friend, I could not
+     forbear sending you the melancholy news of his death, which has
+     afflicted the whole country[195], as well as his poor servants, who
+     loved him, I may say, better than we did our lives. I am afraid he
+     caught his death the last country sessions, where he would go to
+     see justice done to a poor widow woman and her fatherless
+     children, that had been wronged by a neighbouring gentleman; for
+     you know, Sir, my good master was always the poor man's friend.
+     Upon his coming home, the first complaint he made was, that he had
+     lost his roast-beef stomach, not being able to touch a sirloin,
+     which was served up according to custom; and you know he used to
+     take great delight in it. From that time forward he grew worse and
+     worse, but still kept a good heart to the last. Indeed we were once
+     in great hope of his recovery, upon a kind message that was sent
+     him from the Widow Lady whom he had made love to the forty last
+     years of his life; but this only proved a lightning[196] before
+     death. He has bequeathed to this lady, as a token of his love, a
+     great pearl necklace, and a couple of silver bracelets set with
+     jewels, which belonged to my good old lady his mother: he has
+     bequeathed the fine white gelding, that he used to ride a-hunting
+     upon, to his chaplain, because he thought he would be kind to him;
+     and has left you all his books. He has, moreover, bequeathed to the
+     chaplain a very pretty tenement with good lands about it. It being
+     a very cold day when he made his will, he left for mourning, to
+     every man in the parish, a great frieze coat, and to every woman a
+     black riding-hood. It was a most moving sight to see him take leave
+     of his poor servants, commending us all for our fidelity, whilst we
+     were not able to speak a word for weeping. As we most of us are
+     grown grey-headed in our dear master's service, he has left us
+     pensions and legacies, which we may live very comfortably upon the
+     remaining part of our days. He has bequeathed a great deal more in
+     charity, which is not yet come to my knowledge, and it is
+     peremptorily[197] said in the parish, that he has left money to
+     build a steeple to the church; for he was heard to say some time
+     ago, that if he lived two years longer, Coverley church should have
+     a steeple to it. The chaplain tells everybody that he made a very
+     good end, and never speaks of him without tears. He was buried
+     according to his own directions, among the family of the Coverleys,
+     on the left hand of his father Sir Arthur. The coffin was carried
+     by six of his tenants, and the pall held by six of the Quorum: the
+     whole parish followed the corpse with heavy hearts, and in their
+     mourning suits, the men in frieze, and the women in riding-hoods.
+     Captain Sentry, my master's nephew, has taken possession of the
+     hall-house, and the whole estate. When my old master saw him, a
+     little before his death, he shook him by the hand, and wished him
+     joy of the estate which was falling to him, desiring him only to
+     make a good use of it, and to pay the several legacies, and the
+     gifts of charity which he told him he had left as quit-rents[198]
+     upon the estate. The captain truly seems a courteous man, though he
+     says but little. He makes much of those whom my master loved, and
+     shows great kindnesses to the old house-dog, that you know my poor
+     master was so fond of. It would have gone to your heart to have
+     heard the moans the dumb creature made on the day of my master's
+     death. He has never joyed himself since; no more has any of us. It
+     was the melancholiest day for the poor people that ever happened in
+     Worcestershire. This is all from,
+
+     Honoured Sir,
+     Your most sorrowful servant,
+     EDWARD BISCUIT.
+
+     P.S.--My master desired, some weeks before he died, that a book
+     which comes up to you by the carrier, should be given to Sir Andrew
+     Freeport, in his name.
+
+This letter, notwithstanding the poor butler's manner of writing it, gave
+us such an idea of our good old friend, that upon the reading of it there
+was not a dry eye in the club. Sir Andrew opening the book, found it to
+be a collection of Acts of Parliament. There was in particular the Act
+of Uniformity, with some passages in it marked by Sir Roger's own hand.
+Sir Andrew found that they related to two or three points, which he had
+disputed with Sir Roger the last time he appeared at the club. Sir
+Andrew, who would have been merry at such an incident on another
+occasion, at the sight of the old man's handwriting burst into tears, and
+put the book into his pocket. Captain Sentry informs me, that the Knight
+has left rings and mourning for every one in the club.
+
+  O.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[192] _Sensibly._ Keenly.
+
+[193] _Promoting._ Urging the adoption of.
+
+[194] _You was._ A common seventeenth-century use with the singular
+_you_.
+
+[195] _Country._ Country-side.
+
+[196] _Lightning._ Last flash of life (quotation from Shakespeare).
+
+[197] _Peremptorily._ Confidently.
+
+[198] _Quit-rents._ Charges on the estate.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The De Coverley Papers, by 
+Joseph Addison and Others
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The De Coverley Papers, by Joseph Addison and Others
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The De Coverley Papers
+       From 'The Spectator'
+
+Author: Joseph Addison and Others
+
+Editor: Joseph H. Meek
+
+Release Date: February 22, 2007 [EBook #20648]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DE COVERLEY PAPERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h3>Transcriber's note</h3>
+<p>Transliterations for the two phrases of Greek are available through <span
+class="translit" title="Like this">mouse-hover popups</span>. The
+original contains no table of contents.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center biggap">
+  <span class="bigger"><i>The</i> KINGS TREASURIES</span><br />
+  OF LITERATURE</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap">  GENERAL EDITOR<br />
+
+
+  <span class="smcap big">Sir A. T. QUILLER COUCH</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center little biggap">
+  LONDON: J. M. DENT &amp; SONS LTD
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center" >
+  <table class="biggap">
+<tr>
+  <td><img  src="images/illus-002.png" width="380" height="500" alt="Engraving of man in long powdered wig in oval surrounded by ornate decoration" title="J. Addison" /></td>
+  <td><img  src="images/illus-003.png" width="380" height="500" alt="Title page in rectangle surrounded by ornate decoration" title="Title page" /></td>
+  </tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h1>
+  <i>THE</i><br />
+  <span class="smcap">De COVERLEY<br />
+  PAPERS</span><br />
+  <span class="little"><i>FROM<br />
+  &lsquo;THE SPECTATOR&rsquo;</i></span>
+</h1>
+
+<p class="center gap big">EDITED<br />
+<i>BY</i><br />
+JOSEPH MEEK <i>M.A.</i>
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+ <p class="center little biggap"> All rights reserved<br />
+  by<br />
+  J. M. DENT &amp; SONS LTD<br />
+  Aldine House &middot; Bedford Street &middot; London<br />
+  Made in Great Britain<br />
+  at<br />
+  The Aldine Press &middot; Letchworth &middot; Herts<br />
+  First published in this edition 1920<br />
+  Last reprinted 1955<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="center transnote">
+  <h3>Contents</h3>
+<table>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_1">1.</a></td><td>Thursday, March 1, 1710-11</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_2">2.</a></td><td>Friday, March 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_106">106.</a></td><td>Monday, July 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_107">107.</a></td><td>Tuesday, July 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_108">108.</a></td><td>Wednesday, July 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_109">109.</a></td><td>Thursday, July 5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_110">110.</a></td><td>Friday, July 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_112">112.</a></td><td>Monday, July 9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_113">113.</a></td><td>Tuesday, July 10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_115">115.</a></td><td>Thursday, July 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_116">116.</a></td><td>Friday, July 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_117">117.</a></td><td>Saturday, July 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_118">118.</a></td><td>Monday, July 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_122">122.</a></td><td>Friday, July 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_130">130.</a></td><td>Monday, July 30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_131">131.</a></td><td>Tuesday, July 31</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_269">269.</a></td><td>Tuesday, January 8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_329">329.</a></td><td>Tuesday, March 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_335">335.</a></td><td>Tuesday, March 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_383">383.</a></td><td>Tuesday, May 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.</td><td class="toright"><a href="#No_517">517.</a></td><td>Thursday, October 23</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="5">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>
+<a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>No character in our literature, not even Mr. Pickwick, has more endeared
+himself to successive generations of readers than Addison&rsquo;s Sir Roger de
+Coverley: there are many figures in drama and fiction of whom we feel
+that they are in a way personal friends of our own, that once introduced
+to us they remain a permanent part of our little world. It is the abiding
+glory of Dickens, it is one of Shakespeare&rsquo;s abiding glories, to have
+created many such: but we look to find these characters in the novel or
+the play: the essay by virtue of its limitations of space is unsuited for
+character-studies, and even in the subject of our present reading the
+difficulty of hunting the various Coverley Essays down in the great
+number of <i>Spectator</i> Papers is some small drawback. But here before the
+birth of the modern English novel we have a full-length portrait of such
+a character as we have described, in addition to a number of other more
+sketchy but still convincing delineations of English types. We are
+brought into the society of a fine old-fashioned country gentleman,
+simple, generous, and upright, with just those touches of whimsicality
+and those lovable faults which go straight to our hearts: and all so
+charmingly described that these Essays have delighted all who have read
+them since they first began to appear on the breakfast-tables of the
+polite world in Queen Anne&rsquo;s day.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="6">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>
+&ldquo;Addison&rsquo;s&rdquo; Sir Roger we have called him, and be sure that honest Dick
+Steele, even if he drew the first outlines of the figure, would not bear
+us a grudge for so doing. Whoever first thought of Sir Roger, and however
+many little touches may have been added by other hands, he remains
+Addison&rsquo;s creation: and furthermore it does not matter a snap of the
+fingers whether any actual person served as the model from which the
+picture was taken. Of all the bootless quests that literary criticism can
+undertake, this search for &ldquo;the original&rdquo; is the least valuable. The
+artist&rsquo;s mind is a crucible which transmutes and re-creates: to vary the
+metaphor, the marble springs to life under the workman&rsquo;s hands: we can
+almost see it happening in these Essays: and we know how often enough a
+writer finds his own creation kicking over the traces, as it were, and
+becoming almost independent of his volition. There is no original for Sir
+Roger or Falstaff or Mr. Micawber: they may not have sprung Athena-like
+fully armed out of the author&rsquo;s head, and they may have been suggested by
+some one he had in mind. But once created they came into a full-blooded
+life with personalities entirely of their own.</p>
+
+<p>A vastly more useful quest, one in fact of absorbing interest, is the
+attempt to follow the artist&rsquo;s method, to trace the devices which he
+adopts to bring to our notice all those various traits by which we judge
+of character. The prose writer has this much advantage over the
+playwright, that he can represent his <i>dramatis person&aelig;</i> in a greater
+number of different
+<span class="pagebreak" title="7">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>
+situations, and furthermore can criticise them and
+draw our special attention to what he wishes to have stressed: he can
+even say that such and such thoughts and motives are in their minds. Not
+so the dramatist: his space is limited and he is cribbed, cabined, and
+confined by having to give a convincing imitation of real life, where we
+cannot tell what is going on in the minds of even our most intimate
+friends. Thus the audience is often left uncertain of the purport of what
+it sees and hears: the ugly and inartistic convention of the aside must
+be used very sparingly if the play is to ring true; and so it is that we
+shall find voluminous discussions on the subject, for instance, of how
+Shakespeare meant such and such a character to be interpreted. It stands
+to reason that the character in fiction can to this same extent be more
+artificial. It is a test of the self-control and artistic restraint of
+the novelist if he can refrain from diving too deep into the unknown and
+arrogating to himself an impossibly full knowledge of the mental
+processes of other people. And now notice how Addison gives us just such
+revelations of the old Knight&rsquo;s character as the observant spectator
+would gather from friendly intercourse with him. We see Sir Roger at
+home, ruling his household and the village with a genial if somewhat
+autocratic sway: we see him in London, taking the cicerone who pilots him
+round Westminster Abbey for a monument of wit and learning: and so on and
+so forth. There is no need to catalogue these occasions: what we have
+said should suffice
+<span class="pagebreak" title="8">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>
+to point out a very fruitful line of study which may
+help the reader to a full appreciation of Addison&rsquo;s work. &ldquo;Good wine
+needs no bush,&rdquo; and the Coverley Essays are good wine if ever there was
+such.</p>
+
+<p>The study of the style is also of the greatest value. Addison lived at a
+time when our modern English prose had recently found itself. We admire
+the splendour of the Miltonic style, and lose ourselves in the rich
+harmonies of Sir Thomas Browne&rsquo;s work; but after all prose is needed for
+ordinary every-day jog-trot purposes and must be clear and
+straightforward. It can still remain a very attractive instrument of
+speech or writing, and in Addison&rsquo;s hands it fulfilled to perfection the
+needs of the essay style. He avoids verbiage and excessive adornment, he
+is content to tell what he sees or knows or thinks as simply as possible
+(and even with a tendency towards the conversational), and he has an
+inimitable feeling for just the right word, just the most elegantly
+turned phrase and period. Do not imagine this sort of thing is the result
+of a mere gift for style: true, it could not happen without that, but
+neither can it happen without a great deal of careful thought, a
+scrupulous choice, and balancing of word against word, phrase against
+phrase. Because all this is done and because the result is so clear and
+runs so smoothly, it requires an effort on our part to realise the great
+amount of work involved: <i>Ars est celare artem</i>: and in such an essay as
+that describing the picture gallery in Sir Roger&rsquo;s house we can see the
+pictures in front of our eyes precisely because the
+<span class="pagebreak" title="9">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>
+description is so
+clear-cut, so free from unnecessary decoration, and yet so picturesque
+and attractive.</p>
+
+<p>A very short acquaintance will enable the reader to appreciate Addison&rsquo;s
+charming humour and sane grasp of character. The high moral tone of his
+work, the common-sense and broad culture and literary insight which
+caused the <i>Spectator</i> to exert a profound influence over a dissolute
+age, these can only be seen by a more extended reading of the Essays, and
+those who are interested cannot do better than obtain some general
+selection such as that of Arnold.</p>
+
+<p>Biographical and historical details are somewhat outside the scope of the
+present Essay. A short Chronological Table is appended, and the reader
+cannot be too strongly recommended to study Johnson&rsquo;s Life of Addison,
+which is one of the best of the Lives of the Poets, and in which the
+literary criticism is in Johnson&rsquo;s best vein. And Thackeray&rsquo;s <i>Esmond</i>
+contains some delightful passages introducing Richard Steele and his
+entourage, with an interesting scene in Addison&rsquo;s lodgings. It is perhaps
+as well to mention that the <i>Spectator</i> grew out of Addison&rsquo;s
+collaboration with Steele in a similar periodical entitled the <i>Tatler</i>.
+There were several writers besides these two concerned in the
+<i>Spectator</i>, notably Budgell. (The letters at the end of most of the
+papers are signatures: C., L., I. and O. are the marks of Addison&rsquo;s work,
+R. and T. of Steele&rsquo;s, and X. of Budgell&rsquo;s.) We have stories of Addison&rsquo;s
+resentment of their tampering with his favourite character; it is even
+said that he killed the Knight
+<span class="pagebreak" title="10">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>
+off in his annoyance at one paper which
+represented him in an unfitting situation. We cannot judge of the truth
+of such stories. In any case it was Addison who controlled the whole
+tenor and policy of the paper, wisely steering as clear as possible of
+politics, and thereby broadening his appeal and reaching a wider public,
+and it was Addison&rsquo;s kindly and mellow criticism of life that informed
+the whole work. His remaining literary productions, popular at the time,
+have receded into the background: but the <i>Spectator</i> will keep his name
+alive as long as English literature survives.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>(In this selection only those essays have been chosen which bear directly
+on Sir Roger or the <i>Spectator</i> Club: several have been omitted which
+refer to him only <i>en passant</i> or as a peg on which to hang some
+disquisition, and also one other which is wholly out of keeping with Sir
+Roger&rsquo;s character.)</p>
+
+<p class="center gap">CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
+</p>
+<div class="center ">
+<table>
+<tr><td >1672.</td><td>Birth of Addison and Steele.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1697.</td><td>Addison elected Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1701, 3, 5, 22.</td><td>Steele&rsquo;s Plays.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1702.</td><td>Accession of Queen Anne.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1704.</td><td>Addison&rsquo;s <i>Campaign</i> (poem celebrating Blenheim).</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1706.</td><td>Addison&rsquo;s <i>Rosamond</i> (opera).</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1709-11.</td><td>Steele&rsquo;s <i>Tatler</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1711-12-14.</td><td>The <i>Spectator</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1713.</td><td>Addison&rsquo;s <i>Cato</i> (play).</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1714.</td><td>Accession of George I.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1717.</td><td>Addison appointed Secretary of State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1719.</td><td>Death of Addison.</td></tr>
+<tr><td >1729.</td><td>Death of Steele.</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2 class="biggest">
+<span class="pagebreak" title="11">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>
+<a name="THE_DE_COVERLEY_PAPERS" id="THE_DE_COVERLEY_PAPERS"></a>THE DE COVERLEY PAPERS</h2>
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_1" id="No_1"></a><span class="smcap">No. 1. Thursday, March 1, 1710-11</span></h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dart lucem</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Hor</span>. <i>Ars Poet.</i> ver. 143.<br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">One with a flash begins, and ends in smoke;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The other out of smoke brings glorious light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And (without raising expectation high)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Surprises us with dazzling miracles.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Roscommon</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>I have observed, that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure, until
+he knows whether the writer of it be a black<a name="fnm_1" id="fnm_1"></a><a href="#fn_1" class="fnnum">1</a> or a fair man, of a mild
+or choleric<a name="fnm_2" id="fnm_2"></a><a href="#fn_2" class="fnnum">2</a> disposition, married or a bachelor, with other particulars
+of the like nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of
+an author. To gratify this curiosity, which is so natural to a reader, I
+design this paper and my next as prefatory discourses to my following
+writings, and shall give some account in them of the several persons that
+are engaged in this work. As the chief trouble of compiling,
+digesting<a name="fnm_3" id="fnm_3"></a><a href="#fn_3" class="fnnum">3</a>, and correcting will fall to my share, I must do myself the
+justice to open the work with my own history.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="12">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>
+I was born to a small hereditary estate, which, according to the
+tradition of the village where it lies, was bounded by the same hedges
+and ditches in William the Conqueror&rsquo;s time that it is at present, and
+has been delivered down from father to son whole and entire, without the
+loss or acquisition of a single field or meadow, during the space of six
+hundred years. There runs a story in the family, that before my birth my
+mother dreamt that she was brought to bed of a judge: whether this might
+proceed from a lawsuit which was then depending<a name="fnm_4" id="fnm_4"></a><a href="#fn_4" class="fnnum">4</a> in the family, or my
+father&rsquo;s being a justice of the peace, I cannot determine; for I am not
+so vain as to think it presaged any dignity that I should arrive at in my
+future life, though that was the interpretation which the neighbourhood
+put upon it. The gravity of my behaviour at my very first appearance in
+the world, and all the time that I sucked, seemed to favour my mother&rsquo;s
+dream: for, as she has often told me, I threw away my rattle before I was
+two months old, and would not make use of my coral until they had taken
+away the bells from it.</p>
+
+<p>As for the rest of my infancy, there being nothing in it remarkable, I
+shall pass it over in silence. I find, that, during my nonage<a name="fnm_5" id="fnm_5"></a><a href="#fn_5" class="fnnum">5</a>, I had
+the reputation of a very sullen youth, but was always a favourite of my
+schoolmaster, who used to say, that my parts<a name="fnm_6" id="fnm_6"></a><a href="#fn_6" class="fnnum">6</a> were solid, and would
+wear well. I had not been long
+<span class="pagebreak" title="13">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>
+at the University, before I distinguished
+myself by a most profound silence; for during the space of eight years,
+excepting in the public exercises<a name="fnm_7" id="fnm_7"></a><a href="#fn_7" class="fnnum">7</a> of the college, I scarce uttered the
+quantity of an hundred words; and indeed do not remember that I ever
+spoke three sentences together in my whole life. Whilst I was in this
+learned body, I applied myself with so much diligence to my studies, that
+there are very few celebrated books, either in the learned or the modern
+tongues, which I am not acquainted with.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the death of my father, I was resolved to travel into foreign
+countries, and therefore left the University, with the character of an
+odd unaccountable fellow, that had a great deal of learning, if I would
+but show it. An insatiable thirst after knowledge carried me into all the
+countries of Europe, in which there was anything new or strange to be
+seen; nay, to such a degree was my curiosity raised, that having read the
+controversies of some great men concerning the antiquities of Egypt, I
+made a voyage to Grand Cairo, on purpose to take the measure of a
+pyramid: and, as soon as I had set myself right in that particular,
+returned to my native country with great satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>I have passed my latter years in this city, where I am frequently seen in
+most public places, though there are not above half a dozen of my select
+friends that know me; of whom my next paper shall give
+<span class="pagebreak" title="14">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>
+a more particular
+account. There is no place of general resort, wherein I do not often make
+my appearance; sometimes I am seen thrusting my head into a round of
+politicians at Will&rsquo;s<a name="fnm_8" id="fnm_8"></a><a href="#fn_8" class="fnnum">8</a>, and listening with great attention to the
+narratives that are made in those little circular audiences. Sometimes I
+smoke a pipe at Child&rsquo;s<a href="#fn_8" class="fnnum">8</a>, and, whilst I seem attentive to nothing but
+the <i>Postman</i><a name="fnm_9" id="fnm_9"></a><a href="#fn_9" class="fnnum">9</a>, overhear the conversation of every table in the room. I
+appear on Sunday nights at St. James&rsquo;s<a href="#fn_8" class="fnnum">8</a> coffee-house, and sometimes
+join the little committee of politics in the inner room, as one who comes
+there to hear and improve. My face is likewise very well known at the
+Grecian<a href="#fn_8" class="fnnum">8</a>, the Cocoa-Tree, and in the theatres both of Drury Lane and
+the Hay-Market. I have been taken for a merchant upon the Exchange for
+above these ten years, and sometimes pass for a Jew in the assembly of
+stock-jobbers at Jonathan&rsquo;s: in short, wherever I see a cluster of
+people, I always mix with them, though I never open my lips but in my own
+club.</p>
+
+<p>Thus I live in the world rather as a spectator of mankind, than as one of
+the species, by which means I have made myself a speculative statesman,
+soldier, merchant, and artisan, without ever meddling with any practical
+part in life. I am very well versed in the theory of a husband or a
+father, and can
+<span class="pagebreak" title="15">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>
+discern the errors in the economy<a name="fnm_10" id="fnm_10"></a><a href="#fn_10" class="fnnum">10</a>, business, and
+diversion of others, better than those who are engaged in them, as
+standers-by discover blots<a name="fnm_11" id="fnm_11"></a><a href="#fn_11" class="fnnum">11</a>, which are apt to escape those who are in
+the game. I never espoused any party with violence, and am resolved to
+observe an exact neutrality between the Whigs and Tories, unless I shall
+be forced to declare myself by the hostilities of either side. In short,
+I have acted in all the parts of my life as a looker-on, which is the
+character I intend to preserve in this paper.</p>
+
+<p>I have given the reader just so much of my history and character, as to
+let him see I am not altogether unqualified for the business I have
+undertaken. As for other particulars in my life and adventures, I shall
+insert them in following papers, as I shall see occasion. In the
+meantime, when I consider how much I have seen, read, and heard, I begin
+to blame my own taciturnity; and, since I have neither time nor
+inclination to communicate the fulness of my heart in speech, I am
+resolved to do it in writing, and to print myself out, if possible,
+before I die. I have been often told by my friends, that it is pity so
+many useful discoveries which I have made should be in the possession of
+a silent man. For this reason, therefore, I shall publish a sheet-full of
+thoughts every morning, for the benefit of my contemporaries; and if I
+can any way contribute to the diversion or improvement of the country in
+which I live, I shall leave it, when I am
+<span class="pagebreak" title="16">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>
+summoned out of it, with the
+secret satisfaction of thinking that I have not lived in vain.</p>
+
+<p>There are three very material points which I have not spoken to<a name="fnm_12" id="fnm_12"></a><a href="#fn_12" class="fnnum">12</a> in
+this paper; and which, for several important reasons, I must keep to
+myself, at least for some time: I mean, an account of my name, my age,
+and my lodgings. I must confess, I would gratify my reader in anything
+that is reasonable; but as for these three particulars, though I am
+sensible they might tend very much to the embellishment of my paper, I
+cannot yet come to a resolution of communicating them to the public. They
+would indeed draw me out of that obscurity which I have enjoyed for many
+years, and expose me in public places to several salutes and civilities,
+which have been always very disagreeable to me; for the greatest pain I
+can suffer, is the being talked to, and being stared at. It is for this
+reason likewise, that I keep my complexion<a name="fnm_13" id="fnm_13"></a><a href="#fn_13" class="fnnum">13</a> and dress as very great
+secrets; though it is not impossible, but I may make discoveries<a name="fnm_14" id="fnm_14"></a><a href="#fn_14" class="fnnum">14</a> of
+both in the progress of the work I have undertaken.</p>
+
+<p>After having been thus particular upon myself, I shall, in to-morrow&rsquo;s
+paper, give an account of those gentlemen who are concerned with me in
+this work; for, as I have before intimated, a plan of it is laid and
+concerted (as all other matters of importance are) in a club. However, as
+my friends have engaged me to stand in the front, those who
+<span class="pagebreak" title="17">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>
+have a mind
+to correspond with me, may direct their letters to the <i>Spectator</i>, at
+Mr. Buckley&rsquo;s in Little Britain. For I must further acquaint the reader,
+that, though our club meets only on Tuesdays and Thursdays, we have
+appointed a committee to sit every night, for the inspection of all such
+papers as may contribute to the advancement of the public weal.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">C.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_1" id="fn_1"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_1">1</a></span> <i>Black.</i> Dark.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_2" id="fn_2"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_2">2</a></span> <i>Choleric.</i> Liable to anger.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_3" id="fn_3"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_3">3</a></span> <i>Digesting.</i> Arranging methodically.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_4" id="fn_4"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_4">4</a></span> <i>Depending.</i> Modern English <i>pending</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_5" id="fn_5"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_5">5</a></span> <i>Nonage.</i> Minority.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_6" id="fn_6"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_6">6</a></span> <i>Parts.</i> Powers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_7" id="fn_7"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_7">7</a></span> <i>Public exercises.</i> Examinations for degrees at Oxford and
+Cambridge formerly took the form of public debates.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_8" id="fn_8"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_8">8</a></span> <i>Will&rsquo;s</i>, <i>Child&rsquo;s</i>, <i>St. James&rsquo;s</i>, <i>Grecian</i>.
+Coffee-houses; all these, and the cocoa-houses too, tended to become the
+special haunts of members of some particular party, profession, etc.;
+<i>e.g.</i>, Will&rsquo;s was literary, St. James&rsquo;s Whig.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_9" id="fn_9"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_9">9</a></span> <i>Postman.</i> A weekly newspaper.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_10" id="fn_10"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_10">10</a></span> <i>Economy.</i> Household management.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_11" id="fn_11"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_11">11</a></span> <i>Blots.</i> Exposed pieces in backgammon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_12" id="fn_12"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_12">12</a></span> <i>Spoken to.</i> Referred to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_13" id="fn_13"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_13">13</a></span> <i>Complexion.</i> Countenance.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_14" id="fn_14"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_14">14</a></span> <i>Discoveries.</i> Disclosures.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_2" id="No_2"></a><span class="smcap">No. 2. Friday, March 2</span></h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12"><i>Ast alii sex</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Et plures uno conclamant ore.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Juv.</span> <i>Sat.</i> vii. ver. 167.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Six more at least join their consenting voice.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient
+descent, a baronet, his name is Sir Roger de Coverley. His
+great-grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is
+called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted with
+the parts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very
+singular in his behaviour, but his singularities proceed from his good
+sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world, only as he
+thinks the world is in the wrong. However this humour creates him no
+enemies, for he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being
+unconfined to modes and forms, makes him but the readier and more capable
+to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town, he lives in
+Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor by reason he was
+crossed in love by
+<span class="pagebreak" title="18">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>
+a perverse beautiful widow of the next county to him.
+Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you call a Fine Gentleman,
+had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege<a name="fnm_15" id="fnm_15"></a><a href="#fn_15" class="fnnum">15</a>,
+fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and kicked Bully Dawson<a name="fnm_16" id="fnm_16"></a><a href="#fn_16" class="fnnum">16</a>
+in a public coffee-house for calling him youngster. But being ill-used by
+the above-mentioned widow, he was very serious for a year and a half; and
+though, his temper being naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he
+grew careless of himself, and never dressed<a name="fnm_17" id="fnm_17"></a><a href="#fn_17" class="fnnum">17</a> afterwards. He continues
+to wear a coat and doublet of the same cut that were in fashion at the
+time of his repulse, which, in his merry humours, he tells us, has been
+in and out twelve times since he first wore it. He is now in his
+fifty-sixth year, cheerful, gay, and hearty; keeps a good house both in
+town and country; a great lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful
+cast in his behaviour, that he is rather beloved than esteemed. His
+tenants grow rich, his servants look satisfied, all the young women
+profess love to him, and the young men are glad of his company: when he
+comes into a house he calls the servants by their names, and talks all
+the way upstairs to a visit. I must not omit, that Sir Roger is a justice
+of the Quorum<a name="fnm_18" id="fnm_18"></a><a href="#fn_18" class="fnnum">18</a>; that he fills the chair at a quarter-session with
+great abilities, and three
+<span class="pagebreak" title="19">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>
+months ago gained universal applause by
+explaining a passage in the Game Act<a name="fnm_19" id="fnm_19"></a><a href="#fn_19" class="fnnum">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The gentleman next in esteem and authority among us, is another bachelor,
+who is a member of the Inner Temple; a man of great probity, wit, and
+understanding; but he has chosen his place of residence rather to obey
+the direction of an old humoursome<a name="fnm_20" id="fnm_20"></a><a href="#fn_20" class="fnnum">20</a> father, than in pursuit of his own
+inclinations. He was placed there to study the laws of the land, and is
+the most learned of any of the house in those of the stage. Aristotle and
+Longinus<a name="fnm_21" id="fnm_21"></a><a href="#fn_21" class="fnnum">21</a> are much better understood by him than Littleton or
+Coke<a name="fnm_22" id="fnm_22"></a><a href="#fn_22" class="fnnum">22</a>. The father sends up every post questions relating to
+marriage-articles, leases, and tenures, in the neighbourhood; all which
+questions he agrees with an attorney to answer and take care of in the
+lump. He is studying the passions themselves, when he should be inquiring
+into the debates among men which arise from them. He knows the argument
+of each of the orations of Demosthenes and Tully<a name="fnm_23" id="fnm_23"></a><a href="#fn_23" class="fnnum">23</a>, but not one case in
+the reports of our own courts. No one ever took him for a fool, but none,
+except his intimate friends, know he has a great deal of wit<a name="fnm_24" id="fnm_24"></a><a href="#fn_24" class="fnnum">24</a>. This
+turn makes him at once both disinterested and
+<span class="pagebreak" title="20">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>
+agreeable: as few of his
+thoughts are drawn from business, they are most of them fit for
+conversation. His taste of books is a little too just for the age he
+lives in; he has read all, but approves of very few. His familiarity with
+the customs, manners, actions, and writings of the ancients, makes him a
+very delicate observer of what occurs to him in the present world. He is
+an excellent critic, and the time of the play is his hour of business;
+exactly at five he passes through New Inn, crosses through Russell Court,
+and takes a turn at Will&rsquo;s until the play begins; he has his shoes rubbed
+and his periwig powdered at the barber&rsquo;s as you go into the Rose<a name="fnm_25" id="fnm_25"></a><a href="#fn_25" class="fnnum">25</a>. It
+is for the good of the audience when he is at a play, for the actors have
+an ambition to please him.</p>
+
+<p>The person of next consideration is Sir Andrew Freeport, a merchant of
+great eminence in the city of London. A person of indefatigable industry,
+strong reason, and great experience. His notions of trade are noble and
+generous, and (as every rich man has usually some sly way of jesting,
+which would make no great figure were he not a rich man) he calls the sea
+the British Common. He is acquainted with commerce in all its parts, and
+will tell you that it is a stupid and barbarous way to extend dominion by
+arms; for true power is to be got by arts and industry. He will often
+argue, that if this part of our trade were well cultivated, we should
+gain from one nation; and if another, from another. I have heard him
+prove, that diligence makes more lasting
+<span class="pagebreak" title="21">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>
+acquisitions than valour, and
+that sloth has ruined more nations than the sword. He abounds in several
+frugal maxims, amongst which the greatest favourite is, &ldquo;A penny saved is
+a penny got.&rdquo; A general trader of good sense is pleasanter company than a
+general scholar; and Sir Andrew having a natural unaffected eloquence,
+the perspicuity of his discourse gives the same pleasure that wit would
+in another man. He has made his fortunes himself; and says that England
+may be richer than other kingdoms, by as plain methods as he himself is
+richer than other men; though, at the same time, I can say this of him,
+that there is not a point in the compass but blows home a ship in which
+he is an owner.</p>
+
+<p>Next to Sir Andrew in the club-room sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of
+great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of
+those that deserve very well, but are very awkward at putting their
+talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them. He
+was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in
+several engagements, and at several sieges; but having a small estate of
+his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life
+in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a
+courtier, as well as a soldier. I have heard him often lament, that in a
+profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence
+should get the better of modesty. When he has talked to this purpose, I
+never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he
+<span class="pagebreak" title="22">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>
+left
+the world<a name="fnm_26" id="fnm_26"></a><a href="#fn_26" class="fnnum">26</a> because he was not fit for it. A strict honesty and an even
+regular behaviour, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press
+through crowds, who endeavour at the same end with himself, the favour of
+a commander. He will however, in his way of talk, excuse generals, for
+not disposing according to men&rsquo;s desert, or inquiring into it: For, says
+he, that great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break
+through to come at me, as I have to come at him: Therefore he will
+conclude, that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military
+way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the
+importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own
+vindication<a name="fnm_27" id="fnm_27"></a><a href="#fn_27" class="fnnum">27</a>. He says it is a civil<a name="fnm_28" id="fnm_28"></a><a href="#fn_28" class="fnnum">28</a> cowardice to be backward in
+asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow
+in attacking when it is your duty. With this candour does the gentleman
+speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his
+conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many
+adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company;
+for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the
+utmost degree below him; nor ever too obsequious, from an habit of
+obeying men highly above him.</p>
+
+<p>But that our society may not appear a set of humorists<a name="fnm_29" id="fnm_29"></a><a href="#fn_29" class="fnnum">29</a>, unacquainted
+with the gallantries and
+<span class="pagebreak" title="23">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>
+pleasures of the age, we have among us the
+gallant Will Honeycomb, a gentleman who, according to his years, should
+be in the decline of his life, but having ever been very careful of his
+person, and always had a very easy fortune, time has made but a very
+little impression, either by wrinkles on his forehead, or traces in his
+brain. His person is well turned<a name="fnm_30" id="fnm_30"></a><a href="#fn_30" class="fnnum">30</a>, of a good height. He is very ready
+at that sort of discourse with which men usually entertain women. He has
+all his life dressed very well, and remembers habits<a name="fnm_31" id="fnm_31"></a><a href="#fn_31" class="fnnum">31</a> as others do
+men. He can smile when one speaks to him, and laughs easily. He knows the
+history of every mode, and can inform you from which of the French ladies
+our wives and daughters had this manner of curling their hair, that way
+of placing their hoods, and whose vanity to show her foot made that part
+of the dress so short in such a year. In a word, all his conversation and
+knowledge have been in the female world: as other men of his age will
+take notice to you what such a minister said upon such and such an
+occasion, he will tell you when the Duke of Monmouth danced at court,
+such a woman was then smitten, another was taken with him at the head of
+his troop in the Park. In all these important relations, he has ever
+about the same time received a kind glance or a blow of a fan from some
+celebrated beauty, mother of the present Lord Such-a-one. This way of
+talking of his very much enlivens the conversation among us of a more
+<span class="pagebreak" title="24">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>
+sedate turn; and I find there is not one of the company, but myself, who
+rarely speak at all, but speaks of him as of that sort of man who is
+usually called a well-bred Fine Gentleman. To conclude his character,
+where women are not concerned, he is an honest worthy man.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot tell whether I am to account him whom I am next to speak of, as
+one of our company; for he visits us but seldom, but, when he does, it
+adds to every man else a new enjoyment of himself. He is a clergyman, a
+very philosophic man, of general learning, great sanctity of life, and
+the most exact good breeding. He has the misfortune to be of a very weak
+constitution, and consequently cannot accept of such cares and business
+as preferments in his function would oblige him to: he is therefore among
+divines what a chamber-counsellor<a name="fnm_32" id="fnm_32"></a><a href="#fn_32" class="fnnum">32</a> is among lawyers. The probity of
+his mind, and the integrity of his life, create him followers, as being
+eloquent or loud advances others. He seldom introduces the subject he
+speaks upon; but we are so far gone in years, that he observes when he is
+among us, an earnestness to have him fall on some divine topic<a name="fnm_33" id="fnm_33"></a><a href="#fn_33" class="fnnum">33</a>, which
+he always treats with much authority, as one who has no interests in this
+world, as one who is hastening to the object of all his wishes, and
+conceives hope from his decays and infirmities. These are my ordinary
+companions.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+R.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_15" id="fn_15"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_15">15</a></span> <i>Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege.</i> Well-known
+leaders of fashion and dissipation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_16" id="fn_16"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_16">16</a></span> <i>Bully Dawson.</i> A notorious swaggerer and sharper.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_17" id="fn_17"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_17">17</a></span> <i>Dressed.</i> <i>I.e.</i>, fashionably.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_18" id="fn_18"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_18">18</a></span> <i>Quorum.</i> Panel of magistrates.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_19" id="fn_19"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_19">19</a></span> <i>Game Act.</i> Laws dating from very early times and
+regulating the licence to kill game.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_20" id="fn_20"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_20">20</a></span> <i>Humoursome.</i> Capricious.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_21" id="fn_21"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_21">21</a></span> <i>Aristotle and Longinus.</i> Aristotle&rsquo;s <i>Poetics</i> and
+Longinus on the <i>Sublime</i> are classics of literary criticism.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_22" id="fn_22"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_22">22</a></span> <i>Littleton or Coke.</i> Famous writers on law.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_23" id="fn_23"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_23">23</a></span> <i>Demosthenes and Tully.</i> Demosthenes and M. Tullius Cicero,
+the great orators of Athens and Rome respectively.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_24" id="fn_24"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_24">24</a></span> <i>Wit.</i> Cleverness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_25" id="fn_25"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_25">25</a></span> <i>The Rose.</i> The Rose tavern was frequented by actors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_26" id="fn_26"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_26">26</a></span> <i>The world.</i> <i>I.e.</i>, of public life.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_27" id="fn_27"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_27">27</a></span> <i>Own vindication.</i> Self-assertion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_28" id="fn_28"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_28">28</a></span> <i>Civil.</i> Civilian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_29" id="fn_29"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_29">29</a></span> <i>Humorists.</i> Eccentrics.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_30" id="fn_30"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_30">30</a></span> <i>Turned.</i> Shaped.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_31" id="fn_31"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_31">31</a></span> <i>Habits.</i> Clothes; <i>i.e.</i>, fashions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_32" id="fn_32"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_32">32</a></span> <i>Chamber-counsellor.</i> Barrister whose practice is confined
+to consultations.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_33" id="fn_33"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_33">33</a></span> <i>Divine topic.</i> Topic of divinity.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="25">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>
+<a name="No_106" id="No_106"></a><span class="smcap">No. 106. Monday, July 2</span></h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8"><i>Hinc tibi copia</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Manabit ad plenum, benigno</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i1"><i>Ruris honorum opulenta cornu.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Hor</span>. <i>Od.</i> xvii. l. i. ver. 14.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">Here to thee shall plenty flow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all her riches show.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To raise the honour of the quiet plain.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Creech</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de Coverley
+to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week accompanied him
+thither, and am settled with him for some time at his country-house,
+where I intend to form several of my ensuing speculations. Sir Roger, who
+is very well acquainted with my humour<a name="fnm_34" id="fnm_34"></a><a href="#fn_34" class="fnnum">34</a>, lets me rise and go to bed
+when I please, dine at his own table or in my chamber as I think fit, sit
+still and say nothing without bidding me be merry. When the gentlemen of
+the country come to see him, he only shows me at a distance: as I have
+been walking in his fields, I have observed them stealing a sight of me
+over an hedge, and have heard the Knight desiring them not to let me see
+them, for that I hated to be stared at.</p>
+
+<p>I am the more at ease in Sir Roger&rsquo;s family, because it consists of sober
+and staid persons; for, as the Knight is the best master in the world, he
+seldom changes his servants; and as he is beloved by all
+<span class="pagebreak" title="26">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>
+about him, his
+servants never care for leaving him; by this means his domestics are all
+in years, and grown old with their master. You would take his <i>valet de
+chambre</i> for his brother, his butler is grey-headed, his groom is one of
+the gravest men that I have ever seen, and his coachman has the looks of
+a privy counsellor. You see the goodness of the master even in the old
+house-dog, and in a grey pad<a name="fnm_35" id="fnm_35"></a><a href="#fn_35" class="fnnum">35</a> that is kept in the stable with great
+care and tenderness out of regard to his past services, though he has
+been useless for several years.</p>
+
+<p>I could not but observe, with a great deal of pleasure, the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my friend&rsquo;s
+arrival at his country seat. Some of them could not refrain from tears at
+the sight of their old master; every one of them pressed forward to do
+something for him, and seemed discouraged if they were not employed. At
+the same time the good old Knight, with a mixture of the father and the
+master of the family, tempered the inquiries after his own affairs with
+several kind questions relating to themselves. This humanity and
+good-nature engages everybody to him, so that when he is pleasant
+upon<a name="fnm_36" id="fnm_36"></a><a href="#fn_36" class="fnnum">36</a> any of them, all his family are in good humour, and none so much
+as the person whom he diverts himself with: on the contrary, if he
+coughs, or betrays any infirmity of old age, it is easy for a stander-by
+to observe a secret concern in the looks of all his servants.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagebreak" title="27">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>
+<img src="images/illus-027.png" width="500" height="437" alt="Man being helped off with his coat with group of others and a dog" title="&lsquo;Every one of them press&rsquo;d forward to do something for him.&rsquo;" />
+</div>
+
+<p>My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler, who
+is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow-servants,
+wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often heard their
+master talk of me as of his particular friend.</p>
+
+<p>My chief companion, when Sir Roger is diverting himself in the woods or
+the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir Roger, and has
+lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years. This
+gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very regular
+life, and obliging
+<span class="pagebreak" title="28">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>
+conversation<a name="fnm_37" id="fnm_37"></a><a href="#fn_37" class="fnnum">37</a>: he heartily loves Sir Roger, and
+knows that he is very much in the old Knight&rsquo;s esteem, so that he lives
+in the family rather as a relation than a dependent.</p>
+
+<p>I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir Roger, amidst
+all his good qualities, is something of an humorist<a name="fnm_38" id="fnm_38"></a><a href="#fn_38" class="fnnum">38</a>; and that his
+virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a certain
+extravagance, which makes them particularly <i>his</i>, and distinguishes them
+from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it is generally very
+innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation highly agreeable, and
+more delightful than the same degree of sense and virtue would appear in
+their common and ordinary colours. As I was walking with him last night,
+he asked me how I liked the good man whom I have just now mentioned? And
+without staying for my answer, told me, that he was afraid of being
+insulted with Latin and Greek at his own table; for which reason he
+desired a particular friend of his at the University to find him out a
+clergyman rather of plain sense than much learning, of a good aspect, a
+clear voice, a sociable temper, and, if possible, a man that understood a
+little of backgammon. My friend, says Sir Roger, found me out this
+gentleman, who, besides the endowments required of him, is, they tell me,
+a good scholar, though he does not show it: I have
+<span class="pagebreak" title="29">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>
+given him the
+parsonage of the parish; and because I know his value, have settled upon
+him a good annuity for life. If he outlives me, he shall find that he was
+higher in my esteem than perhaps he thinks he is. He has now been with me
+thirty years; and though he does not know I have taken notice of it, has
+never in all that time asked anything of me for himself, though he is
+every day soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my
+tenants, his parishioners. There has not been a law-suit in the parish
+since he has lived among them: if any dispute arises they apply
+themselves to him for the decision; if they do not acquiesce in his
+judgment, which I think never happened above once or twice at most, they
+appeal to me. At his first settling with me, I made him a present of all
+the good sermons which have been printed in English, and only begged of
+him that every Sunday he would pronounce one of them in the pulpit.
+Accordingly, he has digested<a name="fnm_39" id="fnm_39"></a><a href="#fn_39" class="fnnum">39</a> them into such a series, that they
+follow one another naturally, and make a continued system of practical
+divinity.</p>
+
+<p>As Sir Roger was going on in his story, the gentleman we were talking of
+came up to us; and upon the Knight&rsquo;s asking him who preached to-morrow
+(for it was Saturday night,) told us, the Bishop of St. Asaph in the
+morning, and Dr. South in the afternoon. He then showed us his list of
+preachers for the whole year, where I saw with a great deal of pleasure
+Archbishop Tillotson, Bishop Saunderson, Dr. Barrow, Dr. Calamy, with
+several living authors
+<span class="pagebreak" title="30">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>
+who have published discourses of practical
+divinity. I no sooner saw this venerable man in the pulpit, but I very
+much approved of my friend&rsquo;s insisting upon the qualifications of a good
+aspect and a clear voice; for I was so charmed with the gracefulness of
+his figure and delivery, as well as with the discourses he pronounced,
+that I think I never passed any time more to my satisfaction. A sermon
+repeated after this manner, is like the composition of a poet in the
+mouth of a graceful actor.</p>
+
+<p>I could heartily wish that more of our country clergy would follow this
+example; and, instead of wasting their spirits in laborious compositions
+of their own, would endeavour after a handsome elocution<a name="fnm_40" id="fnm_40"></a><a href="#fn_40" class="fnnum">40</a>, and all
+those other talents that are proper to enforce what has been penned by
+greater masters. This would not only be more easy to themselves, but more
+edifying to the people.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_34" id="fn_34"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_34">34</a></span> <i>Humour.</i> Disposition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_35" id="fn_35"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_35">35</a></span> <i>Pad.</i> Easy-paced horse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_36" id="fn_36"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_36">36</a></span> <i>Is pleasant upon.</i> Jokes with; chaffs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_37" id="fn_37"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_37">37</a></span> <i>Conversation.</i> Manner of conducting oneself in
+intercourse. Compare note on p. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_38" id="fn_38"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_38">38</a></span> <i>Humorist.</i> Whimsical person.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_39" id="fn_39"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_39">39</a></span> <i>Digested.</i> Arranged.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_40" id="fn_40"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_40">40</a></span> <i>Handsome elocution.</i> Good style of delivery.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_107" id="No_107"></a><span class="smcap">No. 107. Tuesday, July 3</span></h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Aesopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Servumque colloc&acirc;runt aeterna in basi,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Patere honoris scirent ut cunctis viam.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Ph&aelig;dr</span>. <i>Epilog.</i> l. 2.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The Athenians erected a large statue to &AElig;sop, and placed him,
+though a slave, on a lasting pedestal; to show, that the way to
+honour lies open indifferently to all.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The reception, manner of attendance, undisturbed freedom and quiet, which
+I meet with here in the country, has confirmed me in the opinion I always
+<span class="pagebreak" title="31">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>
+had, that the general corruption of manners in servants is owing to the
+conduct of masters. The aspect of every one in the family<a name="fnm_41" id="fnm_41"></a><a href="#fn_41" class="fnnum">41</a> carries so
+much satisfaction, that it appears he knows the happy lot which has
+befallen him in being a member of it. There is one particular which I
+have seldom seen but at Sir Roger&rsquo;s; it is usual in all other places,
+that servants fly from the parts of the house through which their master
+is passing; on the contrary, here they industriously<a name="fnm_42" id="fnm_42"></a><a href="#fn_42" class="fnnum">42</a> place themselves
+in his way; and it is on both sides, as it were, understood as a visit
+when the servants appear without calling. This proceeds from the humane
+and equal temper of the man of the house, who also perfectly well knows
+how to enjoy a great estate, with such economy as ever to be much
+beforehand<a name="fnm_43" id="fnm_43"></a><a href="#fn_43" class="fnnum">43</a>. This makes his own mind untroubled, and consequently
+unapt to vent peevish expressions, or give passionate or inconsistent
+orders to those about him. Thus respect and love go together; and a
+certain cheerfulness in performance of their duty is the particular
+distinction of the lower part of this family. When a servant is called
+before his master, he does not come with an expectation to hear himself
+rated for some trivial fault, threatened to be stripped<a name="fnm_44" id="fnm_44"></a><a href="#fn_44" class="fnnum">44</a> or used with
+any other unbecoming language, which mean masters often give to worthy
+servants; but it is often to
+<span class="pagebreak" title="32">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>
+know what road he took, that he came so
+readily back according to order; whether he passed by such a ground; if
+the old man who rents it is in good health; or whether he gave Sir
+Roger&rsquo;s love to him, or the like.</p>
+
+<p>A man who preserves a respect, founded on his benevolence to his
+dependents, lives rather like a prince than a master in his family; his
+orders are received as favours, rather than duties; and the distinction
+of approaching him is part of the reward for executing what is commanded
+by him.</p>
+
+<p>There is another circumstance in which my friend excels in his
+management, which is the manner of rewarding his servants: he has ever
+been of opinion, that giving his cast clothes to be worn by valets has a
+very ill effect upon little minds, and creates a silly sense of equality
+between the parties, in persons affected only with outward things. I have
+heard him often pleasant on this occasion<a name="fnm_45" id="fnm_45"></a><a href="#fn_45" class="fnnum">45</a>, and describe a young
+gentleman abusing his man in that coat, which a month or two before was
+the most pleasing distinction he was conscious of in himself. He would
+turn his discourse still more pleasantly upon the ladies&rsquo; bounties of
+this kind; and I have heard him say he knew a fine woman, who distributed
+rewards and punishments in giving becoming or unbecoming dresses to her
+maids.</p>
+
+<p>But my good friend is above these little instances of good-will, in
+bestowing only trifles on his servants; a good servant to him is sure of
+having it in his
+<span class="pagebreak" title="33">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>
+choice very soon of being no servant at all. As I
+before observed, he is so good an husband<a name="fnm_46" id="fnm_46"></a><a href="#fn_46" class="fnnum">46</a>, and knows so thoroughly
+that the skill of the purse is the cardinal virtue of this life: I say,
+he knows so well that frugality is the support of generosity, that he can
+often spare a large fine<a name="fnm_47" id="fnm_47"></a><a href="#fn_47" class="fnnum">47</a> when a tenement falls, and give that
+settlement to a good servant, who has a mind to go into the world, or
+make a stranger pay the fine to that servant, for his more comfortable
+maintenance, if he stays in his service.</p>
+
+<p>A man of honour and generosity considers it would be miserable to himself
+to have no will but that of another, though it were of the best person
+breathing, and for that reason goes on as fast as he is able to put his
+servants into independent livelihoods. The greatest part of Sir Roger&rsquo;s
+estate is tenanted by persons who have served himself or his ancestors.
+It was to me extremely pleasant to observe the visitants from several
+parts to welcome his arrival in the country; and all the difference that
+I could take notice of between the late servants who came to see him, and
+those who stayed in the family, was, that these latter were looked upon
+as finer gentlemen and better courtiers.</p>
+
+<p>This manumission<a name="fnm_48" id="fnm_48"></a><a href="#fn_48" class="fnnum">48</a> and placing them in a way of livelihood, I look upon
+as only what is due to a good servant, which encouragement will make his
+successor be as diligent, as humble, and as ready as he was.
+<span class="pagebreak" title="34">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>
+There is
+something wonderful in the narrowness of those minds, which can be
+pleased, and be barren of bounty to those who please them.</p>
+
+<p>One might, on this occasion, recount the sense that great persons in all
+ages have had of the merit of their dependents, and the heroic services
+which men have done their masters in the extremity of their fortunes; and
+shown, to their undone<a name="fnm_49" id="fnm_49"></a><a href="#fn_49" class="fnnum">49</a> patrons, that fortune was all the
+difference<a name="fnm_50" id="fnm_50"></a><a href="#fn_50" class="fnnum">50</a> between them; but as I design this my speculation only as
+a gentle admonition to thankless masters, I shall not go out of the
+occurrences of common life, but assert it as a general observation, that
+I never saw but in Sir Roger&rsquo;s family, and one or two more, good servants
+treated as they ought to be. Sir Roger&rsquo;s kindness extends to their
+children&rsquo;s children, and this very morning he sent his coachman&rsquo;s
+grandson to prentice. I shall conclude this paper with an account of a
+picture in his gallery, where there are many which will deserve my future
+observation.</p>
+
+<p>At the very upper end of this handsome structure I saw the portraiture of
+two young men standing in a river, the one naked, the other in a livery.
+The person supported seemed half dead, but still so much alive as to show
+in his face exquisite joy and love towards the other. I thought the
+fainting figure resembled my friend Sir Roger; and looking at the butler,
+who stood by me, for an account of it, he informed me that the person in
+the livery was a
+<span class="pagebreak" title="35">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>
+servant of Sir Roger&rsquo;s, who stood on the shore while
+his master was swimming, and observing him taken with some sudden
+illness, and sink under water, jumped in and saved him. He told me Sir
+Roger took off the dress<a name="fnm_51" id="fnm_51"></a><a href="#fn_51" class="fnnum">51</a> he was in as soon as he came home, and by a
+great bounty at that time, followed by his favour ever since, had made
+him master of that pretty seat which we saw at a distance as we came to
+this house. I remembered indeed Sir Roger said there lived a very worthy
+gentleman, to whom he was highly obliged, without mentioning anything
+further. Upon my looking a little dissatisfied at some part of the
+picture, my attendant informed me that it was against Sir Roger&rsquo;s will,
+and at the earnest request of the gentleman himself, that he was drawn in
+the habit<a name="fnm_52" id="fnm_52"></a><a href="#fn_52" class="fnnum">52</a> in which he had saved his master.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+R.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_41" id="fn_41"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_41">41</a></span> <i>Family.</i> Family in its original Latin meaning of
+<i>household</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_42" id="fn_42"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_42">42</a></span> <i>Industriously.</i> On purpose.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_43" id="fn_43"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_43">43</a></span> <i>With such economy ... beforehand.</i> With such thrift as
+always to be well within his income.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_44" id="fn_44"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_44">44</a></span> <i>Stripped.</i> Discharged.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_45" id="fn_45"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_45">45</a></span> <i>Pleasant on this occasion.</i> Joking on this topic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_46" id="fn_46"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_46">46</a></span> <i>So good an husband.</i> So thrifty a man.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_47" id="fn_47"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_47">47</a></span> <i>Fine.</i> Premium paid by new tenant to landlord.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_48" id="fn_48"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_48">48</a></span> <i>Manumission.</i> Release from service.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_49" id="fn_49"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_49">49</a></span> <i>Undone.</i> Ruined.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_50" id="fn_50"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_50">50</a></span> <i>All the difference.</i> The only difference.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_51" id="fn_51"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_51">51</a></span> <i>Took off the dress.</i> Dress = livery: <i>i.e.</i>, would not
+allow him to remain a servant.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_52" id="fn_52"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_52">52</a></span> <i>Habit.</i> Dress.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_108" id="No_108"></a><span class="smcap">No. 108. Wednesday, July</span> 4</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Gratis anhelans, multa agenda nihil agens.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Ph&aelig;dr</span>. <i>Fab.</i> v. 1. 2.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Out of breath to no purpose, and very busy about nothing.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>As I was yesterday morning walking with Sir Roger before his house, a
+country fellow brought him a huge fish, which, he told him, Mr. William
+Wimble had caught that very morning; and that he presented it, with his
+service to him, and intended to
+<span class="pagebreak" title="36">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>
+come and dine with him. At the same time
+he delivered a letter which my friend read to me as soon as the messenger
+left him.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir Roger</span>,</p>
+
+<p>I desire you to accept of a jack<a name="fnm_53" id="fnm_53"></a><a href="#fn_53" class="fnnum">53</a>, which is the best I have
+caught this season. I intend to come and stay with you a week, and
+see how the perch bite in the Black River. I observed with some
+concern, the last time I saw you upon the bowling-green, that your
+whip wanted a lash to it; I will bring half a dozen with me that I
+twisted last week, which I hope will serve you all the time you are
+in the country. I have not been out of the saddle for six days last
+past, having been at Eton with Sir John&rsquo;s eldest son. He takes to
+his learning hugely. I am, Sir,</p>
+
+<p class="yours">
+Your humble servant,</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Will Wimble</span>.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This extraordinary letter, and message that accompanied it, made me very
+curious to know the character and quality of the gentleman who sent them;
+which I found to be as follows. Will Wimble is younger brother to a
+baronet, and descended of the ancient family of the Wimbles. He is now
+between forty and fifty; but, being bred to no business and born to no
+estate, he generally lives with his elder brother as superintendent of
+his game. He hunts a pack of dogs better than any man in the country, and
+is very famous for finding out a hare. He is extremely well-versed in all
+the little handicrafts of an idle man: he makes a May-fly to a miracle;
+and furnishes the whole country<a name="fnm_54" id="fnm_54"></a><a href="#fn_54" class="fnnum">54</a> with
+<span class="pagebreak" title="37">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>
+angle-rods. As he is a
+good-natured officious<a name="fnm_55" id="fnm_55"></a><a href="#fn_55" class="fnnum">55</a> fellow, and very much esteemed upon account of
+his family, he is a welcome guest at every house, and keeps up a good
+correspondence<a name="fnm_56" id="fnm_56"></a><a href="#fn_56" class="fnnum">56</a> among all the gentlemen about him. He carries a
+tulip-root in his pocket from one to another, or exchanges a puppy
+between a couple of friends that live perhaps in the opposite sides of
+the county. Will is a particular favourite of all the young heirs, whom
+he frequently obliges with a net that he has weaved, or a setting dog
+that he has made<a name="fnm_57" id="fnm_57"></a><a href="#fn_57" class="fnnum">57</a> himself: he now and then presents a pair of garters
+of his own knitting to their mothers or sisters; and raises a great deal
+of mirth among them, by inquiring as often as he meets them <i>how they
+wear</i>? These gentleman-like manufactures and obliging little humours make
+Will the darling of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Roger was proceeding in the character of him, when we saw him make up
+to us with two or three hazel-twigs in his hand, that he had cut in Sir
+Roger&rsquo;s woods, as he came through them in his way to the house. I was
+very much pleased to observe on one side the hearty and sincere welcome
+with which Sir Roger received him, and on the other, the secret joy which
+his guest discovered<a name="fnm_58" id="fnm_58"></a><a href="#fn_58" class="fnnum">58</a> at sight of the good old Knight. After the first
+salutes were over, Will desired Sir Roger to lend him one of his servants
+to carry a set of shuttlecocks he had with him in
+<span class="pagebreak" title="38">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>
+a little box to a lady
+that lived about a mile off, to whom it seems he had promised such a
+present for above this half-year. Sir Roger&rsquo;s back was no sooner turned,
+but honest Will began to tell me of a large cock pheasant that he had
+sprung in one of the neighbouring woods, with two or three other
+adventures of the same nature. Odd and uncommon characters are the game
+that I look for, and most delight in; for which reason I was as much
+pleased with the novelty of the person that talked to me, as he could be
+for his life with the springing of a pheasant, and therefore listened to
+him with more than ordinary attention.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of his discourse the bell rung to dinner, where the
+gentleman I have been speaking of had the pleasure of seeing the huge
+jack, he had caught, served up for the first dish in a most sumptuous
+manner. Upon our sitting down to it he gave us a long account how he had
+hooked it, played with it, foiled<a name="fnm_59" id="fnm_59"></a><a href="#fn_59" class="fnnum">59</a> it, and at length drew it out upon
+the bank, with several other particulars that lasted all the first
+course. A dish of wild-fowl that came afterwards furnished conversation
+for the rest of the dinner, which concluded with a late invention of
+Will&rsquo;s for improving the quail-pipe<a name="fnm_60" id="fnm_60"></a><a href="#fn_60" class="fnnum">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Upon withdrawing into my room after dinner, I was secretly touched with
+compassion towards the honest gentleman that had dined with us; and could
+not but consider with a great deal of concern,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="39">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>
+how so good an heart and
+such busy hands were wholly employed in trifles; that so much humanity
+should be so little beneficial to others, and so much industry so little
+advantageous to himself. The same temper of mind and application to
+affairs, might have recommended him to the public esteem, and have raised
+his fortune in another station of life. What good to his country or
+himself might not a trader or merchant have done with such useful though
+ordinary qualifications?</p>
+
+<p>Will Wimble&rsquo;s is the case of many a younger brother of a great family,
+who had rather see their children starve like gentlemen, than thrive in a
+trade or profession that is beneath their quality. This humour<a name="fnm_61" id="fnm_61"></a><a href="#fn_61" class="fnnum">61</a> fills
+several parts of Europe with pride and beggary. It is the happiness of a
+trading nation, like ours, that the younger sons, though incapable of any
+liberal art or profession, may be placed in such a way of life, as may
+perhaps enable them to vie with the best of their family: accordingly we
+find several citizens that were launched into the world with narrow
+fortunes, rising by an honest industry to greater estates than those of
+their elder brothers. It is not improbable but Will was formerly tried at
+divinity, law, or physic; and that, finding his genius did not lie that
+way, his parents gave him up at length to his own inventions; but
+certainly, however improper he might have been for studies of a higher
+nature, he was perfectly well turned<a name="fnm_62" id="fnm_62"></a><a href="#fn_62" class="fnnum">62</a> for the occupations of trade and
+commerce. As I think
+<span class="pagebreak" title="40">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>
+this is a point which cannot be too much
+inculcated, I shall desire my reader to compare what I have here written
+with what I have said in my twenty-first speculation.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_53" id="fn_53"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_53">53</a></span> <i>Jack.</i> Pike.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_54" id="fn_54"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_54">54</a></span> <i>Country.</i> Country-side.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_55" id="fn_55"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_55">55</a></span> <i>Officious.</i> Obliging.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_56" id="fn_56"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_56">56</a></span> <i>Correspondence.</i> Inter-communication.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_57" id="fn_57"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_57">57</a></span> <i>Made.</i> Trained.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_58" id="fn_58"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_58">58</a></span> <i>Discovered.</i> Showed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_59" id="fn_59"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_59">59</a></span> <i>Foiled.</i> Rendered helpless.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_60" id="fn_60"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_60">60</a></span> <i>Quail-pipe.</i> Device for decoying quails.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_61" id="fn_61"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_61">61</a></span> <i>Humour.</i> Prejudice.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_62" id="fn_62"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_62">62</a></span> <i>Turned.</i> Fitted by nature.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_109" id="No_109"></a><span class="smcap">No. 109. Thursday, July</span> 5</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Abnormis sapiens.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Hor</span>. <i>Sat.</i> ii. l. 2. ver. 3.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Of plain good sense, untutor&rsquo;d in the schools.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>I was this morning walking in the gallery when Sir Roger entered at the
+end opposite to me, and advancing towards me, said he was glad to meet me
+among his relations the De Coverleys, and hoped I liked the
+conversation<a name="fnm_63" id="fnm_63"></a><a href="#fn_63" class="fnnum">63</a> of so much good company, who were as silent as myself. I
+knew he alluded to the pictures, and as he is a gentleman who does not a
+little value himself upon his ancient descent, I expected he would give
+me some account of them. We were now arrived at the upper end of the
+gallery, when the Knight faced towards one of the pictures, and, as we
+stood before it, he entered into the matter, after his blunt way of
+saying things, as they occur to his imagination, without regular
+introduction, or care to preserve the appearance of chain of thought.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;It is,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;worth while to consider the force of dress; and how
+the persons of one age differ from those of another, merely by that only.
+One may observe also, that the general fashion of one age has been
+followed by one particular set of people
+<span class="pagebreak" title="41">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>
+in another, and by them
+preserved from one generation to another. Thus the vast jetting<a name="fnm_64" id="fnm_64"></a><a href="#fn_64" class="fnnum">64</a> coat
+and small bonnet, which was the habit in Harry the Seventh&rsquo;s time, is
+kept on in the yeomen of the guard; not without a good and politic view,
+because they look a foot taller, and a foot and an half broader: besides
+that the cap leaves the face expanded, and consequently more terrible,
+and fitter to stand at the entrances of palaces.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;This predecessor of ours, you see, is dressed after this manner, and his
+cheeks would be no larger than mine, were he in a hat as I am. He was the
+last man that won a prize in the tilt-yard (which is now a common street
+before Whitehall). You see the broken lance that lies there by his right
+foot; he shivered that lance of his adversary all to pieces; and bearing
+himself, look you, sir, in this manner, at the same time he came within
+the target<a name="fnm_65" id="fnm_65"></a><a href="#fn_65" class="fnnum">65</a> of the gentleman who rode against him, and taking him with
+incredible force before him on the pommel of his saddle, he in that
+manner rid the tournament<a name="fnm_66" id="fnm_66"></a><a href="#fn_66" class="fnnum">66</a> over, with an air that showed he did it
+rather to perform the rule of the lists, than expose his enemy; however,
+it appeared he knew how to make use of a victory, and with a gentle trot
+he marched up to a gallery where their mistress sat (for they were
+rivals) and let him down with laudable courtesy and pardonable
+insolence<a name="fnm_67" id="fnm_67"></a><a href="#fn_67" class="fnnum">67</a>. I don&rsquo;t know but it might be exactly where the
+coffee-house is now.</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="42">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>
+&ldquo;You are to know this my ancestor was not only of a military genius, but
+fit also for the arts of peace, for he played on the bass-viol<a name="fnm_68" id="fnm_68"></a><a href="#fn_68" class="fnnum">68</a> as
+well as any gentleman at court; you see where his viol hangs by his
+basket-hilt sword. The action at the tilt-yard you may be sure won the
+fair lady, who was a maid of honour, and the greatest beauty of her time;
+here she stands the next picture. You see, sir, my
+great-great-great-grandmother has on the new-fashioned petticoat, except
+that the modern is gathered at the waist: my grandmother appears as if
+she stood in a large drum, whereas the ladies now walk as if they were in
+a go-cart. For all<a name="fnm_69" id="fnm_69"></a><a href="#fn_69" class="fnnum">69</a> this lady was bred at court, she became an
+excellent country wife, she brought ten children, and when I show you the
+library, you shall see in her own hand (allowing for the difference of
+the language) the best receipt now in England both for an hasty-pudding
+and a white-pot.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;If you please to fall back a little, because it is necessary to look at
+the three next pictures at one view: these are three sisters. She on the
+right hand, who is so beautiful, died a maid; the next to her, still
+handsomer, had the same fate, against her will; this homely thing in the
+middle had both their portions added to her own, and was stolen by a
+neighbouring gentleman, a man of stratagem and resolution, for he
+poisoned three mastiffs to come at her, and knocked down two
+deer-stealers in carrying
+<span class="pagebreak" title="43">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>
+her off. Misfortunes happen in all families:
+the theft of this romp and so much money, was no great matter to our
+estate. But the next heir that possessed it was this soft gentleman, whom
+you see there: observe the small buttons, the little boots, the laces,
+the slashes<a name="fnm_70" id="fnm_70"></a><a href="#fn_70" class="fnnum">70</a> about his clothes, and above all the posture he is drawn
+in, (which to be sure was his own choosing;) you see he sits with one
+hand on a desk writing and looking as it were another way, like an easy
+writer, or a sonneteer: he was one of those that had too much wit to know
+how to live in the world; he was a man of no justice, but great good
+manners; he ruined everybody that had anything to do with him, but never
+said a rude thing in his life; the most indolent person in the world, he
+would sign a deed that passed away half his estate with his gloves on,
+but would not put on his hat before a lady if it were to save his
+country. He is said to be the first that made love by squeezing the hand.
+He left the estate with ten thousand pounds debt upon it, but however by
+all hands I have been informed that he was every way the finest gentleman
+in the world. That debt lay heavy on our house for one generation, but it
+was retrieved by a gift from that honest man you see there, a citizen of
+our name, but nothing at all akin to us. I know Sir Andrew Freeport has
+said behind my back, that this man was descended from one of the ten
+children of the maid of honour I showed you above; but it was never made
+out. We winked at
+<span class="pagebreak" title="44">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>
+the thing indeed, because money was wanting at that
+time.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Here I saw my friend a little embarrassed, and turned my face to the next
+portraiture.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Roger went on with his account of the gallery in the following
+manner. &ldquo;This man&rdquo; (pointing to him I looked at) &ldquo;I take to be the honour
+of our house, Sir Humphrey de Coverley; he was in his dealings as
+punctual as a tradesman, and as generous as a gentleman. He would have
+thought himself as much undone by breaking his word, as if it were to be
+followed by bankruptcy. He served his country as knight of this shire<a name="fnm_71" id="fnm_71"></a><a href="#fn_71" class="fnnum">71</a>
+to his dying day. He found it no easy matter to maintain an integrity in
+his words and actions, even in things that regarded the offices which
+were incumbent upon him, in the care of his own affairs and relations of
+life, and therefore dreaded (though he had great talents) to go into
+employments of state, where he must be exposed to the snares of ambition.
+Innocence of life and great ability were the distinguishing parts of his
+character; the latter, he had often observed, had led to the destruction
+of the former, and used frequently to lament that great and good had not
+the same signification. He was an excellent husbandman, but had resolved
+not to exceed such a degree<a name="fnm_72" id="fnm_72"></a><a href="#fn_72" class="fnnum">72</a> of wealth; all above it he bestowed in
+secret bounties many years after the sum he aimed at for his own use was
+attained. Yet he did not slacken his industry,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="45">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>
+but to a decent old age
+spent the life and fortune which was superfluous to himself, in the
+service of his friends and neighbours.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Here we were called to dinner, and Sir Roger ended the discourse of<a name="fnm_73" id="fnm_73"></a><a href="#fn_73" class="fnnum">73</a>
+this gentleman, by telling me, as we followed the servant, that this his
+ancestor was a brave man, and narrowly escaped being killed in the civil
+wars; &ldquo;For,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;he was sent out of the field upon a private
+message, the day before the battle of Worcester.&rdquo; The whim<a name="fnm_74" id="fnm_74"></a><a href="#fn_74" class="fnnum">74</a> of
+narrowly escaping by having been within a day of danger, with other
+matters above mentioned, mixed with good sense, left me at a loss whether
+I was more delighted with my friend&rsquo;s wisdom or simplicity.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+R.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_63" id="fn_63"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_63">63</a></span> <i>Conversation.</i> Intercourse with. Compare note on p. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_64" id="fn_64"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_64">64</a></span> <i>Jetting.</i> Bulging.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_65" id="fn_65"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_65">65</a></span> <i>Target.</i> Targe or small shield.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_66" id="fn_66"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_66">66</a></span> <i>Tournament.</i> Lists.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_67" id="fn_67"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_67">67</a></span> <i>Insolence.</i> Triumph.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_68" id="fn_68"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_68">68</a></span> <i>Bass-viol.</i> Violoncello.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_69" id="fn_69"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_69">69</a></span> <i>For all.</i> In spite of the fact that.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_70" id="fn_70"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_70">70</a></span> <i>Slashes.</i> Ornamental slits in a doublet, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_71" id="fn_71"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_71">71</a></span> <i>Knight of this shire.</i> M.P. for the county.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_72" id="fn_72"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_72">72</a></span> <i>Such a degree.</i> A fixed amount.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_73" id="fn_73"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_73">73</a></span> <i>Discourse of.</i> Discourse about.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_74" id="fn_74"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_74">74</a></span> <i>Whim.</i> Absurd notion.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_110" id="No_110"></a><span class="smcap">No. 110. Friday, July</span> 6</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg</span>. <i>&AElig;n.</i> ii. ver. 755.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All things are full of horror and affright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dreadful ev&rsquo;n the silence of the night.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Dryden</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>At a little distance from Sir Roger&rsquo;s house, among the ruins of an old
+abbey, there is a long walk of aged elms; which are shot up so very high,
+that when one passes under them, the rooks and crows that rest upon the
+tops of them seem to be cawing in another region. I am very much
+delighted with this sort of noise, which I consider as a kind of
+<span class="pagebreak" title="46">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>
+natural
+prayer to that Being who supplies the wants of his whole creation, and
+who, in the beautiful language of the Psalms, feedeth the young ravens
+that call upon him. I like this retirement the better, because of an ill
+report it lies under of being <i>haunted</i>; for which reason (as I have been
+told in the family) no living creature ever walks in it besides the
+chaplain. My good friend the butler desired me with a very grave face not
+to venture myself in it after sunset, for that one of the footmen had
+been almost frighted out of his wits by a spirit that appeared to him in
+the shape of a black horse without an head; to which he added, that about
+a month ago one of the maids coming home late that way with a pail of
+milk upon her head, heard such a rustling among the bushes that she let
+it fall.</p>
+
+<p>I was taking a walk in this place last night between the hours of nine
+and ten, and could not but fancy it one of the most proper scenes in the
+world for a ghost to appear in. The ruins of the abbey are scattered up
+and down on every side, and half covered with ivy and elder bushes, the
+harbours of several solitary birds which seldom make their appearance
+till the dusk of the evening. The place was formerly a churchyard, and
+has still several marks in it of graves and burying-places. There is such
+an echo among the old ruins and vaults, that if you stamp but a little
+louder than ordinary, you hear the sound repeated. At the same time the
+walk of elms, with the croaking of the ravens which from time to time are
+heard from the tops of them, looks exceeding
+<span class="pagebreak" title="47">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>
+solemn and venerable. These
+objects naturally raise seriousness and attention; and when night
+heightens the awfulness of the place, and pours out her supernumerary<a name="fnm_75" id="fnm_75"></a><a href="#fn_75" class="fnnum">75</a>
+horrors upon everything in it, I do not at all wonder that weak minds
+fill it with spectres and apparitions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Locke, in his chapter of the Association of Ideas, has very
+curious<a name="fnm_76" id="fnm_76"></a><a href="#fn_76" class="fnnum">76</a> remarks to show how, by the prejudice of education<a name="fnm_77" id="fnm_77"></a><a href="#fn_77" class="fnnum">77</a>, one
+idea often introduces into the mind a whole set that bear no resemblance
+to one another in the nature of things. Among several examples of this
+kind, he produces the following instance. &ldquo;The ideas of goblins and
+sprites have really no more to do with darkness than light: yet let but a
+foolish maid inculcate these often on the mind of a child, and raise them
+there together, possibly he shall never be able to separate them again so
+long as he lives; but darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those
+frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear
+the one than the other.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>As I was walking in this solitude, where the dusk of the evening
+conspired with so many other occasions of terror, I observed a cow
+grazing not far from me, which an imagination that was apt to startle
+might easily have construed into a black horse without an head: and I
+dare say the poor footman lost his wits upon some such trivial occasion.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="48">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>
+My friend Sir Roger has often told me with a good deal of mirth, that at
+his first coming to his estate he found three parts of his house
+altogether useless; that the best room in it had the reputation of being
+haunted, and by that means<a name="fnm_78" id="fnm_78"></a><a href="#fn_78" class="fnnum">78</a> was locked up; that noises had been heard
+in his long gallery, so that he could not get a servant to enter it after
+eight o&rsquo;clock at night; that the door of one of the chambers was nailed
+up, because there went a story in the family that a butler had formerly
+hanged himself in it; and that his mother, who lived to a great age, had
+shut up half the rooms in the house, in which either her husband, a son,
+or daughter had died. The Knight seeing his habitation reduced to so
+small a compass, and himself in a manner shut out of his own house, upon
+the death of his mother ordered all the apartments to be flung open, and
+exorcised<a name="fnm_79" id="fnm_79"></a><a href="#fn_79" class="fnnum">79</a> by his chaplain, who lay in every room one after another,
+and by that means dissipated the fears which had so long reigned in the
+family.</p>
+
+<p>I should not have been thus particular upon these ridiculous horrors, did
+not I find them so very much prevail in all parts of the country. At the
+same time I think a person who is thus terrified with the imagination of
+ghosts and spectres, much more reasonable than one who, contrary to the
+reports of all historians sacred and profane, ancient and modern, and to
+the traditions of all nations, thinks the appearance of spirits fabulous
+and groundless: could not
+<span class="pagebreak" title="49">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>
+I give myself up to this general testimony of
+mankind, I should to the relations of particular persons who are now
+living, and whom I cannot distrust in other matters of fact. I might here
+add, that not only the historians, to whom we may join the poets, but
+likewise the philosophers of antiquity have favoured this opinion.
+Lucretius<a name="fnm_80" id="fnm_80"></a><a href="#fn_80" class="fnnum">80</a> himself, though by the course of his philosophy he was
+obliged to maintain that the soul did not exist separate from the body,
+makes no doubt of the reality of apparitions, and that men have often
+appeared after their death. This I think very remarkable. He was so
+pressed<a name="fnm_81" id="fnm_81"></a><a href="#fn_81" class="fnnum">81</a> with the matter of fact which he could not have the
+confidence to deny, that he was forced to account for it by one of the
+most absurd unphilosophical notions that was ever started. He tells us,
+that the surfaces of all bodies are perpetually flying off from their
+respective bodies, one after another; and that these surfaces or thin
+cases, that included each other whilst they were joined in the body like
+the coats of an onion, are sometimes seen entire when they are separated
+from it; by which means we often behold the shapes and shadows of persons
+who are either dead or absent.</p>
+
+<p>I shall dismiss this paper with a story out of Josephus, not so much for
+the sake of the story itself as for the moral reflections with which the
+author concludes it, and which I shall here set down in his own words.
+&ldquo;Glaphyra the daughter of King
+<span class="pagebreak" title="50">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>
+Archelaus, after the death of her two
+first husbands (being married to a third, who was brother to her first
+husband, and so passionately in love with her that he turned off his
+former wife to make room for this marriage) had a very odd kind of dream.
+She fancied that she saw her first husband coming towards her, and that
+she embraced him with great tenderness; when in the midst of the pleasure
+which she expressed at the sight of him, he reproached her after the
+following manner: &lsquo;Glaphyra,&rsquo; says he, &lsquo;thou hast made good the old
+saying, That women are not to be trusted. Was not I the husband of thy
+virginity? Have I not children by thee? How couldst thou forget our loves
+so far as to enter into a second marriage, and after that into a third,
+nay to take for thy husband a man who has so shamefully crept into the
+bed of his brother? However, for the sake of our passed loves, I shall
+free thee from thy present reproach, and make thee mine for ever.&rsquo;
+Glaphyra told this dream to several women of her acquaintance, and died
+soon after. I thought this story might not be impertinent in this place,
+wherein I speak of those kings: besides that the example deserves to be
+taken notice of, as it contains a most certain proof of the immortality
+of the soul, and of Divine Providence. If any man thinks these facts
+incredible, let him enjoy his own opinion to himself, but let him not
+endeavour to disturb the belief of others, who by instances of this
+nature are excited to the study of virtue.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_75" id="fn_75"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_75">75</a></span> <i>Supernumerary.</i> Additional.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_76" id="fn_76"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_76">76</a></span> <i>Curious.</i> Interesting.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_77" id="fn_77"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_77">77</a></span> <i>Prejudice of education.</i> Bent given to the mind by
+education.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_78" id="fn_78"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_78">78</a></span> <i>By that means.</i> Because of that.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_79" id="fn_79"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_79">79</a></span> <i>Exorcised.</i> Delivered from supernatural influence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_80" id="fn_80"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_80">80</a></span> <i>Lucretius.</i> Roman philosopher-poet: 95-52 <span class="smcap">B.C.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_81" id="fn_81"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_81">81</a></span> <i>Pressed.</i> Compelled.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="51">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>
+<a name="No_112" id="No_112"></a><span class="smcap">No. 112. Monday, July</span> 9</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="translit" title="Athanatous men pr&ocirc;ta theous, nom&ocirc; h&ocirc;s diakeitai">&#7944;&#952;&#945;&#957;&#8049;&#964;&#959;&#965;&#962;
+&#956;&#8050;&#957;
+&#960;&#961;&#8182;&#964;&#945;
+&#952;&#949;&#959;&#8059;&#962;,
+&#957;&#8057;&#956;&#8179;
+&#8033;&#962;
+&#948;&#953;&#8049;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#964;&#945;&#953;</span>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><span class="translit" title="Tima">&#932;&#8055;&#956;&#945;</span>.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Pythag</span>.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">First, in obedience to thy country&rsquo;s rites,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Worship the immortal Gods.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>I am always very well pleased with a country Sunday; and think, if
+keeping holy the seventh day were only<a name="fnm_82" id="fnm_82"></a><a href="#fn_82" class="fnnum">82</a> a human institution, it would
+be the best method that could have been thought of for the polishing and
+civilising of mankind. It is certain the country people would soon
+degenerate into a kind of savages and barbarians, were there not such
+frequent returns of a stated time, in which the whole village meet
+together with their best faces, and in their cleanliest habits, to
+converse with one another upon indifferent subjects, hear their duties
+explained to them, and join together in adoration of the Supreme Being.
+Sunday clears away the rust of the whole week, not only as it refreshes
+in their minds the notions of religion, but as it puts both the sexes
+upon appearing<a name="fnm_83" id="fnm_83"></a><a href="#fn_83" class="fnnum">83</a> in their most agreeable forms, and exerting all such
+qualities as are apt to give them a figure in the eye of the village. A
+country fellow distinguishes himself as much in the churchyard, as a
+citizen does upon the &rsquo;Change, the whole parish politics being generally
+discussed in that place, either after sermon or before the bell rings.</p>
+
+<p>My friend Sir Roger, being a good churchman, has
+<span class="pagebreak" title="52">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>
+beautified the inside
+of his church with several texts of his own choosing: he has likewise
+given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion-table at his
+own expense. He has often told me, that at his coming to his estate he
+found his parishioners very irregular; and that, in order to make them
+kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and
+a common-prayer-book; and at the same time employed an itinerant
+singing-master, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct
+them rightly in the tunes of the psalms; upon which they now very much
+value themselves, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that I
+have ever heard.</p>
+
+<p>As Sir Roger is landlord to the whole congregation, he keeps them in very
+good order, and will suffer nobody to sleep in it besides himself; for,
+if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at sermon, upon
+recovering out of it he stands up and looks about him, and if he sees
+anybody else nodding, either wakes them himself, or sends his servants to
+them. Several other of the old Knight&rsquo;s particularities<a name="fnm_84" id="fnm_84"></a><a href="#fn_84" class="fnnum">84</a> break out
+upon these occasions: sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the
+singing psalms, half a minute after the rest of the congregation have
+done with it; sometimes, when he is pleased with the matter of his
+devotion, he pronounces &ldquo;Amen&rdquo; three or four times to the same prayer;
+and sometimes stands up when everybody else is upon their knees, to count
+the congregation, or see if any of his tenants are missing.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="53">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>
+I was yesterday very much surprised to hear my old friend, in the midst
+of the service, calling out to one John Matthews to mind what he was
+about, and not disturb the congregation. This John Matthews it seems is
+remarkable for being an idle fellow, and at that time was kicking his
+heels for his diversion. This authority of the Knight, though exerted in
+that odd manner which accompanies him in all circumstances of life, has a
+very good effect upon the parish, who are not polite enough to see
+anything ridiculous in his behaviour; besides that, the general good
+sense and worthiness of his character makes his friends observe these
+little singularities as foils, that rather set off than blemish his good
+qualities.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the sermon is finished, nobody presumes to stir till Sir Roger
+is gone out of the church. The Knight walks down from his seat in the
+chancel between a double row of his tenants, that stand bowing to him on
+each side; and every now and then inquires how such an one&rsquo;s wife, or
+mother, or son, or father do, whom he does not see at church; which is
+understood as a secret reprimand to the person that is absent.</p>
+
+<p>The chaplain has often told me, that upon a catechising day, when Sir
+Roger has been pleased with a boy that answers well, he has ordered a
+bible to be given him next day for his encouragement; and sometimes
+accompanies it with a flitch of bacon to his mother. Sir Roger, has
+likewise added five pounds a year to the clerk&rsquo;s place: and that he may
+encourage the young fellows to make themselves
+<span class="pagebreak" title="54">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>
+perfect in the church
+service, has promised upon the death of the present incumbent<a name="fnm_85" id="fnm_85"></a><a href="#fn_85" class="fnnum">85</a>, who is
+very old, to bestow it according to merit.</p>
+
+<p>The fair understanding between Sir Roger and his chaplain, and their
+mutual concurrence in doing good, is the more remarkable, because the
+very next village is famous for the differences and contentions that
+arise between the parson and the squire, who live in a perpetual state of
+war. The parson is always preaching at the squire, and the squire to be
+revenged on the parson never comes to church. The squire has made all his
+tenants atheists and tithe-stealers; while the parson instructs them
+every Sunday in the dignity of his order, and insinuates to them in
+almost every sermon, that he is a better man than his patron. In short,
+matters are come to such an extremity, that the squire has not said his
+prayers either in public or private this half-year; and that the parson
+threatens him, if he does not mend his manners, to pray for him in the
+face of the whole congregation.</p>
+
+<p>Feuds of this nature, though too frequent in the country, are very fatal
+to the ordinary people; who are so used to be dazzled with riches, that
+they pay as much deference to the understanding of a man of an estate, as
+of a man of learning; and are very hardly brought to regard any truth,
+how important soever it may be, that is preached to them, when they know
+there are several men of five hundred a year, who do not believe it.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_82" id="fn_82"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_82">82</a></span> <i>Only.</i> Merely.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_83" id="fn_83"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_83">83</a></span> <i>Puts both the sexes upon appearing.</i> Impels them to
+appear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_84" id="fn_84"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_84">84</a></span> <i>Particularities.</i> Peculiarities.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_85" id="fn_85"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_85">85</a></span> <i>Incumbent.</i> Holder of the post.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="55">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>
+<a name="No_113" id="No_113"></a><span class="smcap">No. 113. Tuesday, July</span> 10</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Haerent infixi pectore vultus.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg</span>. <i>&AElig;n.</i> iv. ver. 4.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Her looks were deep imprinted in his heart.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>In my first description of the company in which I pass most of my time,
+it may be remembered that I mentioned a great affliction which my friend
+Sir Roger had met with in his youth; which was no less than a
+disappointment in love. It happened this evening that we fell into a very
+pleasing walk at a distance from his house: as soon as we came into it,
+&ldquo;It is,&rdquo; quoth the good old man, looking round him with a smile, &ldquo;very
+hard, that any part of my land should be settled<a name="fnm_86" id="fnm_86"></a><a href="#fn_86" class="fnnum">86</a> upon one who has
+used me so ill as the perverse widow did; and yet I am sure I could not
+see a sprig of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should
+reflect upon her and her severity. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. You are to know this was the place wherein I used
+to muse upon her; and by that custom I can never come into it, but the
+same tender sentiments revive in my mind, as if I had actually walked
+with that beautiful creature under these shades. I have been fool enough
+to carve her name on the bark of several of these trees; so unhappy is
+the condition of men in love, to attempt the removing of their passions
+by the methods which serve only to imprint it deeper.
+<span class="pagebreak" title="56">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>
+She has certainly
+the finest hand of any woman in the world.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Here followed a profound silence; and I was not displeased to observe my
+friend falling so naturally into a discourse, which I had ever before
+taken notice he industriously avoided. After a very long pause he entered
+upon an account of this great circumstance in his life, with an air which
+I thought raised my idea of him above what I had ever had before; and
+gave me the picture of that cheerful mind of his, before it received that
+stroke which has ever since affected his words and actions. But he went
+on as follows.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I came to my estate in my twenty-second year, and resolved to follow the
+steps of the most worthy of my ancestors who have inhabited this spot of
+earth before me, in all the methods of hospitality and good
+neighbourhood, for the sake of my fame; and in country sports and
+recreations, for the sake of my health. In my twenty-third year I was
+obliged to serve as sheriff of the county; and, in my servants, officers,
+and whole equipage, indulged the pleasure of a young man (who did not
+think ill of his own person) in taking that public occasion of showing my
+figure and behaviour to advantage. You may easily imagine to yourself
+what appearance I made, who am pretty tall, rid<a name="fnm_87" id="fnm_87"></a><a href="#fn_87" class="fnnum">87</a> well, and was very
+well dressed, at the head of a whole county, with music before me, a
+feather in my hat, and my horse well bitted. I can assure you I was not a
+little pleased
+<span class="pagebreak" title="57">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>
+with the kind looks and glances I had from all the
+balconies and windows as I rode to the hall where the assizes were held.
+But when I came there, a beautiful creature in a widow&rsquo;s habit sat in
+court, to hear the event of a cause concerning her dower<a name="fnm_88" id="fnm_88"></a><a href="#fn_88" class="fnnum">88</a>. This
+commanding creature (who was born for the destruction of all who behold
+her) put on such a resignation in her countenance, and bore the whispers
+of all around the court, with such a pretty uneasiness, I warrant you,
+and then recovered herself from one eye to another, till she was
+perfectly confused by meeting something so wistful in all she
+encountered, that at last, with a murrain to her, she cast her bewitching
+eye upon me. I no sooner met it, but I bowed like a great surprised
+booby; and knowing her cause to be the first which came on, I cried, like
+a captivated calf as I was, &lsquo;Make way for the defendant&rsquo;s witnesses.&rsquo;
+This sudden partiality made all the county immediately see the sheriff
+was also become a slave to the fine widow. During the time her cause was
+upon trial, she behaved herself, I warrant you, with such a deep
+attention to her business, took opportunities to have little billets
+handed to her counsel, then would be in such a pretty confusion,
+occasioned, you must know, by acting before so much company, that not
+only I, but the whole court was prejudiced in her favour; and all that
+the next heir to her husband had to urge, was thought so groundless and
+frivolous, that when it came to her counsel to reply, there was not
+<span class="pagebreak" title="58">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>
+half
+so much said as every one besides in the court thought he could have
+urged to her advantage. You must understand, sir, this perverse woman is
+one of those unaccountable creatures, that secretly rejoice in the
+admiration of men, but indulge themselves in no further consequences.
+Hence it is that she has ever had a train of admirers, and she removes
+from her slaves in town to those in the country, according to the seasons
+of the year. She is a reading lady, and far gone in the pleasures of
+friendship: she is always accompanied by a confidant, who is witness to
+her daily protestations against our sex, and consequently a bar to her
+first steps towards love, upon the strength of her own maxims and
+declarations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus-059.png" width="500" height="451" alt="Two ladies conversing with a gentleman" title="She began a Discourse to me concerning Love and Honour" />
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;However, I must needs say this accomplished mistress of mine has
+distinguished me above the rest, and has been known to declare Sir Roger
+de Coverley was the tamest and most humane<a name="fnm_89" id="fnm_89"></a><a href="#fn_89" class="fnnum">89</a> of all the brutes in the
+country. I was told she said so, by one who thought he rallied<a name="fnm_90" id="fnm_90"></a><a href="#fn_90" class="fnnum">90</a> me;
+but upon the strength of this slender encouragement of being thought
+least detestable, I made new liveries, new-paired my coach-horses, sent
+them all to town to be bitted, and taught to throw their legs well, and
+move all together, before I pretended<a name="fnm_91" id="fnm_91"></a><a href="#fn_91" class="fnnum">91</a> to cross the country, and wait
+upon her. As soon as I thought my retinue suitable to the character of my
+fortune and youth, I set out from hence to make my addresses.
+<span class="pagebreak" title="59">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>
+The
+particular skill of this lady has ever been to inflame your wishes, and
+yet command respect. To make her mistress of this art, she has a greater
+share of knowledge, wit, and good sense, than is usual even among men of
+merit. Then she is beautiful beyond the race of women. If you will not
+let her go on with a certain artifice with her eyes, and the skill of
+beauty, she will arm herself with her real charms, and strike you with
+admiration instead of desire. It is certain that if you were to behold
+the whole woman, there is that dignity in her aspect, that composure in
+her motion, that complacency
+<span class="pagebreak" title="60">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>
+in her manner, that if her form makes you
+hope, her merit makes you fear. But then again she is such a desperate
+scholar, that no country gentleman can approach her without being a jest.
+As I was going to tell you, when I came to her house I was admitted to
+her presence with great civility; at the same time she placed herself to
+be first seen by me in such an attitude, as I think you call the posture
+of a picture, that she discovered<a name="fnm_92" id="fnm_92"></a><a href="#fn_92" class="fnnum">92</a> new charms, and I at last came
+towards her with such an awe as made me speechless. This she no sooner
+observed but she made her advantage of it, and began a discourse to me
+concerning love and honour, as they both are followed by pretenders, and
+the real votaries to them. When she discussed these points in a
+discourse, which I verily believe was as learned as the best philosopher
+in Europe could possibly make, she asked me whether she was so happy as
+to fall in with my sentiments on these important particulars. Her
+confidant sat by her, and upon my being in the last<a name="fnm_93" id="fnm_93"></a><a href="#fn_93" class="fnnum">93</a> confusion and
+silence, this malicious <i>aide</i> of hers turning to her says, &lsquo;I am very
+glad to observe Sir Roger pauses upon this subject, and seems resolved to
+deliver all his sentiments upon the matter when he pleases to speak.&rsquo;
+They both kept their countenances, and after I had sat half an hour
+meditating how to behave before such profound casuists, I rose up and
+took my leave. Chance has since that time thrown me very often in her
+way, and she as often has directed a discourse to
+<span class="pagebreak" title="61">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>
+me which I do not
+understand. This barbarity has kept me ever at a distance from the most
+beautiful object my eyes ever beheld. It is thus also she deals with all
+mankind, and you must make love to her, as you would conquer the sphinx,
+by posing her<a name="fnm_94" id="fnm_94"></a><a href="#fn_94" class="fnnum">94</a>. But were she like other women, and that there were any
+talking to her, how constant must the pleasure of that man be, who would
+converse with a creature&mdash;But, after all, you may be sure her heart is
+fixed on some one or other; and yet I have been credibly informed&mdash;but
+who can believe half that is said? After she had done speaking to me, she
+put her hand to her bosom and adjusted her tucker. Then she cast her eyes
+a little down, upon my beholding her too earnestly. They say she sings
+excellently: her voice in her ordinary speech has something in it
+inexpressibly sweet. You must know I dined with her at a public table the
+day after I first saw her, and she helped me to some tansy in the eye of
+all the gentlemen in the country. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. I can assure you, sir, were you to behold her,
+you would be in the same condition; for as her speech is music, her form
+is angelic. But I find I grow irregular<a name="fnm_95" id="fnm_95"></a><a href="#fn_95" class="fnnum">95</a> while I am talking of her;
+but indeed it would be stupidity to be unconcerned at such perfection. Oh
+the excellent creature! she is as
+<span class="pagebreak" title="62">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>
+inimitable to all women, as she is
+inaccessible to all men.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>I found my friend begin to rave, and insensibly<a name="fnm_96" id="fnm_96"></a><a href="#fn_96" class="fnnum">96</a> led him towards the
+house, that we might be joined by some other company; and am convinced
+that the widow is the secret cause of all that inconsistency which
+appears in some parts of my friend&rsquo;s discourse, though he has so much
+command of himself as not directly to mention her, yet according to that
+of Martial<a name="fnm_97" id="fnm_97"></a><a href="#fn_97" class="fnnum">97</a>, which one knows not how to render into English, <i>Dum
+tacet hanc loquitur</i>. I shall end this paper with that whole epigram,
+which represents with much humour my honest friend&rsquo;s condition.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Quicquid agit Rufus, nihil est, nisi Naevia Rufo,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i1"><i>Si gaudet, si flet, si tacet, hanc loquitur:</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Coenat, propinat, poscit, negat, annuit, una est</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i1"><i>Naevia; si non sit Naevia, mutus erit.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Scriberet hestern&acirc; patri c&ugrave;m luce salutem,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i1"><i>Naevia lux, inquit, Naevia numen, ave.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><i>Epig.</i> lxix. l. 1.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Let Rufus weep, rejoice, stand, sit, or walk,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still he can nothing but of N&aelig;via talk;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let him eat, drink, ask questions, or dispute,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still he must speak of N&aelig;via, or be mute.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He writ to his father, ending with this line,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I am, my lovely N&aelig;via, ever thine.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="signature">
+R.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_86" id="fn_86"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_86">86</a></span> <i>Settled.</i> An obscure expression. Possibly it means &ldquo;bound
+up with.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_87" id="fn_87"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_87">87</a></span> <i>Rid.</i> Rode.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_88" id="fn_88"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_88">88</a></span> <i>Dower.</i> Widow&rsquo;s portion of her husband&rsquo;s property.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_89" id="fn_89"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_89">89</a></span> <i>Humane.</i> Civilised.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_90" id="fn_90"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_90">90</a></span> <i>Rallied.</i> Bantered.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_91" id="fn_91"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_91">91</a></span> <i>Pretended.</i> Presumed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_92" id="fn_92"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_92">92</a></span> <i>Discovered.</i> Displayed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_93" id="fn_93"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_93">93</a></span> <i>Last.</i> Utmost.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_94" id="fn_94"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_94">94</a></span> <i>Conquer the sphinx, by posing her.</i> Reference to the story
+of &OElig;dipus, who answered the riddle of the Sphinx, whereupon she
+destroyed herself. &ldquo;Pose&rdquo; her, <i>i.e.</i>, with a problem she cannot solve.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_95" id="fn_95"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_95">95</a></span> <i>Irregular.</i> Incoherent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_96" id="fn_96"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_96">96</a></span> <i>Insensibly.</i> Without his noticing it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_97" id="fn_97"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_97">97</a></span> <i>Martial.</i> Latin satirist: 41-104 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span></p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="63">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>
+<a name="No_115" id="No_115"></a><span class="smcap">No. 115. Thursday, July</span> 12</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Juv</span>. <i>Sat.</i> x. ver. 356.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A healthy body and a mind at ease.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>Bodily labour is of two kinds, either that which a man submits to for his
+livelihood, or that which he undergoes for his pleasure. The latter of
+them generally changes the name of labour for that of exercise, but
+differs only from ordinary labour as it rises from another motive.</p>
+
+<p>A country life abounds in both these kinds of labour, and for that reason
+gives a man a greater stock of health, and consequently a more perfect
+enjoyment of himself, than any other way of life. I consider the body as
+a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, a bundle of
+pipes and strainers, fitted to one another after so wonderful a manner as
+to make a proper engine for the soul to work with. This description does
+not only comprehend the bowels, bones, tendons, veins, nerves, and
+arteries, but every muscle and every ligature, which is a composition of
+fibres, that are so many imperceptible tubes or pipes interwoven on all
+sides with invisible glands or strainers.</p>
+
+<p>This general idea of a human body, without considering it in its niceties
+of anatomy, lets us see how absolutely necessary labour is for the right
+preservation of it. There must be frequent motions and agitations, to
+mix, digest, and separate the juices contained in it, as well as to clear
+and cleanse that
+<span class="pagebreak" title="64">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>
+infinitude of pipes and strainers of which it is
+composed, and to give their solid parts a more firm and lasting tone.
+Labour or exercise ferments the humours, casts them into their proper
+channels, throws off redundancies, and helps nature in those secret
+distributions, without which the body cannot subsist in its vigour, nor
+the soul act with cheerfulness.</p>
+
+<p>I might here mention the effects which this has upon all the faculties of
+the mind, by keeping the understanding clear, the imagination untroubled,
+and refining those spirits that are necessary for the proper exertion of
+our intellectual faculties, during the present laws of union between soul
+and body. It is to a neglect in this particular<a name="fnm_98" id="fnm_98"></a><a href="#fn_98" class="fnnum">98</a>, that we must ascribe
+the spleen<a name="fnm_99" id="fnm_99"></a><a href="#fn_99" class="fnnum">99</a>, which is so frequent in men of studious and sedentary
+tempers, as well as the vapours<a href="#fn_99" class="fnnum">99</a> to which those of the other sex are
+so often subject.</p>
+
+<p>Had not exercise been absolutely necessary for our well-being, nature
+would not have made the body so proper for it, by giving such an activity
+to the limbs, and such a pliancy to every part as necessarily produce
+these compressions, extensions, contortions, dilatations, and all other
+kinds of motions that are necessary for the preservation of such a system
+of tubes and glands as has been before mentioned. And that we might not
+want inducements to engage us in such an exercise of the body as is
+proper for
+<span class="pagebreak" title="65">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>
+its welfare, it is so ordered that nothing valuable can be
+procured without it. Not to mention riches and honour, even food and
+raiment are not to be come at without the toil of the hands and sweat of
+the brows. Providence furnishes materials, but expects that we should
+work them up ourselves. The earth must be laboured before it gives its
+increase, and when it is forced into its several products, how many hands
+must they pass through before they are fit for use? Manufactures, trade,
+and agriculture, naturally employ more than nineteen parts of the species
+in twenty; and as for those who are not obliged to labour, by the
+condition<a name="fnm_100" id="fnm_100"></a><a href="#fn_100" class="fnnum">100</a> in which they are born, they are more miserable than the
+rest of mankind, unless they indulge themselves in that voluntary labour
+which goes by the name of exercise.</p>
+
+<p>My friend Sir Roger has been an indefatigable man in business of this
+kind, and has hung several parts of his house with the trophies of his
+former labours. The walls of his great hall are covered with the horns of
+several kinds of deer that he has killed in the chase, which he thinks
+the most valuable furniture of his house, as they afford him frequent
+topics of discourse, and show that he has not been idle. At the lower end
+of the hall is a large otter&rsquo;s skin stuffed with hay, which his mother
+ordered to be hung up in that manner, and the Knight looks upon it with
+great satisfaction, because it seems he was but nine years old when his
+dog killed him. A little room adjoining to the hall is a kind of arsenal
+<span class="pagebreak" title="66">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>
+filled with guns of several sizes and inventions, with which the Knight
+has made great havoc in the woods, and destroyed many thousands of
+pheasants, partridges and woodcocks. His stable doors are patched<a name="fnm_101" id="fnm_101"></a><a href="#fn_101" class="fnnum">101</a>
+with noses that belonged to foxes of the Knight&rsquo;s own hunting down. Sir
+Roger showed me one of them, that for distinction sake has a brass nail
+struck through it, which cost him about fifteen hours&rsquo; riding, carried
+him through half a dozen counties, killed him a brace of geldings, and
+lost above half his dogs. This the Knight looks upon as one of the
+greatest exploits of his life. The perverse widow, whom I have given some
+account of, was the death of several foxes; for Sir Roger has told me
+that in the course of his amours<a name="fnm_102" id="fnm_102"></a><a href="#fn_102" class="fnnum">102</a> he patched the western door of his
+stable. Whenever the widow was cruel, the foxes were sure to pay for it.
+In proportion as his passion for the widow abated and old age came on, he
+left off fox-hunting; but a hare is not yet safe that sits within ten
+miles of his house.</p>
+
+<p>There is no kind of exercise which I would so recommend to my readers of
+both sexes as this of riding, as there is none which so much conduces to
+health, and is every way accommodated to the body, according to the
+<i>idea</i> which I have given of it. Doctor Sydenham is very lavish in its
+praises; and if the English reader will see the mechanical effects of it
+described at length, he may find them in a book published not many years
+since, under the title of <i>Medicina Gymnastica</i>. For my own part,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="67">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>
+when I
+am in town, for want of these opportunities, I exercise myself an hour
+every morning upon a dumb bell that is placed in a corner of my room, and
+pleases me the more because it does everything I require of it in the
+most profound silence. My landlady and her daughters are so well
+acquainted with my hours of exercise, that they never come into my room
+to disturb me whilst I am ringing.</p>
+
+<p>When I was some years younger than I am at present, I used to employ
+myself in a more laborious diversion, which I learned from a Latin
+treatise of exercises that is written with great erudition: it is there
+called the
+<span class="translit" title="skiomachia">&#963;&#954;&#953;&#959;&#956;&#945;&#967;&#8055;&#945;</span>,
+or the fighting with a man&rsquo;s own shadow,
+and consists in the brandishing of two short sticks grasped in each hand,
+and loaden with plugs of lead at either end. This opens the chest,
+exercises the limbs, and gives a man all the pleasure of boxing, without
+the blows. I could wish that several learned men would lay out that time
+which they employ in controversies and disputes about nothing, in this
+method of fighting with their own shadows. It might conduce very much to
+evaporate the spleen, which makes them uneasy<a name="fnm_103" id="fnm_103"></a><a href="#fn_103" class="fnnum">103</a> to the public as well
+as to themselves.</p>
+
+<p>To conclude, as I am a compound of soul and body, I consider myself as
+obliged to a double scheme of duties; and think I have not fulfilled the
+business of the day when I do not thus employ the one in labour and
+exercise, as well as the other in study and contemplation.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_98" id="fn_98"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_98">98</a></span> <i>Particular.</i> Respect.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_99" id="fn_99"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_99">99</a></span> <i>Spleen</i>, <i>vapours</i>. Attacks of depression or melancholy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_100" id="fn_100"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_100">100</a></span> <i>Condition.</i> Rank.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_101" id="fn_101"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_101">101</a></span> <i>Patched.</i> Decorated.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_102" id="fn_102"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_102">102</a></span> <i>Amours.</i> Courtship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_103" id="fn_103"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_103">103</a></span> <i>Uneasy.</i> Trying.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="68">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>
+<a name="No_116" id="No_116"></a><span class="smcap">No. 116. Friday, July</span> 13</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10"><i>Vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Taygetique canes.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg</span>. <i>Georg.</i> iii. ver. 43.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The echoing hills and chiding hounds invite.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>Those who have searched into human nature observe that nothing so much
+shows the nobleness of the soul as that its felicity consists in action.
+Every man has such an active principle in him, that he will find out
+something to employ himself upon, in whatever place or state of life he
+is posted. I have heard of a gentleman who was under close confinement in
+the Bastile seven years; during which time he amused himself in
+scattering a few small pins about his chamber, gathering them up again,
+and placing them in different figures on the arm of a great chair. He
+often told his friends afterwards, that unless he had found out this
+piece of exercise, he verily believed he should have lost his senses.</p>
+
+<p>After what has been said, I need not inform my readers that Sir Roger,
+with whose character I hope they are at present pretty well acquainted,
+has in his youth gone through the whole course of those rural diversions
+which the country abounds in; and which seem to be extremely well suited
+to that laborious industry a man may observe here in a far greater degree
+than in towns and cities. I have before hinted at some of my friend&rsquo;s
+exploits: he
+<span class="pagebreak" title="69">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>
+has in his youthful days taken forty coveys of partridges
+in a season; and tired many a salmon with a line consisting but of a
+single hair. The constant thanks and good wishes of the neighbourhood
+always attended him, on account of his remarkable enmity towards foxes;
+having destroyed more of those vermin in one year, than it was thought
+the whole country could have produced. Indeed the Knight does not scruple
+to own among his most intimate friends, that in order to establish his
+reputation this way, he has secretly sent for great numbers of them out
+of other counties, which he used to turn loose about the country by
+night, that he might the better signalise himself in their destruction
+the next day. His hunting horses were the finest and best managed<a name="fnm_104" id="fnm_104"></a><a href="#fn_104" class="fnnum">104</a> in
+all these parts: his tenants are still full of the praises of a grey
+stone-horse<a name="fnm_105" id="fnm_105"></a><a href="#fn_105" class="fnnum">105</a> that unhappily staked<a name="fnm_106" id="fnm_106"></a><a href="#fn_106" class="fnnum">106</a> himself several years since,
+and was buried with great solemnity in the orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Roger, being at present too old for fox-hunting, to keep himself in
+action, has disposed of his beagles and got a pack of stop-hounds<a name="fnm_107" id="fnm_107"></a><a href="#fn_107" class="fnnum">107</a>.
+What these want in speed, he endeavours to make amends for by the
+deepness of their mouths<a name="fnm_108" id="fnm_108"></a><a href="#fn_108" class="fnnum">108</a> and the variety of their notes, which are
+suited in such manner to each other, that the whole cry<a name="fnm_109" id="fnm_109"></a><a href="#fn_109" class="fnnum">109</a> makes up a
+complete
+<span class="pagebreak" title="70">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>
+concert. He is so nice<a name="fnm_110" id="fnm_110"></a><a href="#fn_110" class="fnnum">110</a> in this particular, that a
+gentleman having made him a present of a very fine hound the other day,
+the Knight returned it by the servant with a great many expressions of
+civility; but desired him to tell his master, that the dog he had sent
+was indeed a most excellent bass, but that at present he only wanted a
+counter-tenor<a name="fnm_111" id="fnm_111"></a><a href="#fn_111" class="fnnum">111</a>. Could I believe my friend had ever read Shakespeare,
+I should certainly conclude he had taken the hint from Theseus in the
+<i>Midsummer Night&rsquo;s Dream</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So flu&rsquo;d, so sanded; and their heads are hung<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With ears that sweep away the morning dew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Crook-knee&rsquo;d and dew-lap&rsquo;d like Thessalian bulls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slow in pursuit, but match&rsquo;d in mouths like bells,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each under each: a cry more tuneable<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was never halloo&rsquo;d to, nor cheer&rsquo;d with horn.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Sir Roger is so keen at this sport, that he has been out almost every day
+since I came down; and upon the chaplain&rsquo;s offering to lend me his easy
+pad, I was prevailed on yesterday morning to make one of the company. I
+was extremely pleased, as we rid along, to observe the general
+benevolence<a name="fnm_112" id="fnm_112"></a><a href="#fn_112" class="fnnum">112</a> of all the neighbourhood towards my friend. The farmer&rsquo;s
+sons thought themselves happy if they could open a gate for the good old
+Knight as he passed by; which he generally requited with a nod or a
+smile, and a kind inquiry after their fathers and uncles.</p>
+
+<p>After we had rid about a mile from home, we came upon a large heath, and
+the sportsmen began to
+<span class="pagebreak" title="71">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>
+beat. They had done so for some time, when as I
+was at a little distance from the rest of the company, I saw a hare pop
+out from a small furze-brake almost under my horse&rsquo;s feet. I marked the
+way she took, which I endeavoured to make the company sensible of by
+extending my arm; but to no purpose, until Sir Roger, who knows that none
+of my extraordinary motions are insignificant, rode up to me, and asked
+me if puss was gone that way? Upon my answering &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; he immediately
+called in the dogs, and put them upon the scent. As they were going off,
+I heard one of the country fellows muttering to his companion, &ldquo;That it
+was a wonder they had not lost all their sport, for want of the silent
+gentleman&rsquo;s crying &lsquo;Stole away<a name="fnm_113" id="fnm_113"></a><a href="#fn_113" class="fnnum">113</a>.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This, with my aversion to leaping hedges, made me withdraw to a rising
+ground, from whence I could have the pleasure of the whole chase, without
+the fatigue of keeping in with the hounds. The hare immediately threw
+them above a mile behind her; but I was pleased to find, that instead of
+running straight forwards, or, in hunter&rsquo;s language, flying the country,
+as I was afraid she might have done, she wheeled about, and described a
+sort of circle round the hill where I had taken my station, in such
+manner as gave me a very distinct view of the sport. I could see her
+first pass by, and the dogs some time afterwards unravelling the whole
+track she had made, and following her through all her doubles. I was at
+<span class="pagebreak" title="72">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>
+the same time delighted in observing that deference which the rest of
+the pack paid to each particular hound, according to the character he had
+acquired amongst them: if they were at a fault, and an old hound of
+reputation opened but once, he was immediately followed by the whole cry;
+while a raw dog, or one who was a noted liar, might have yelped his heart
+out without being taken notice of.</p>
+
+<p>The hare now, after having squatted two or three times, and been put up
+again as often, came still nearer to the place where she was at first
+started. The dogs pursued her, and these were followed by the jolly
+Knight, who rode upon a white gelding, encompassed by his tenants and
+servants, and cheering his hounds with all the gaiety of five and twenty.
+One of the sportsmen rode up to me, and told me that he was sure the
+chase was almost at an end, because the old dogs, which had hitherto lain
+behind, now headed the pack. The fellow was in the right. Our hare took a
+large field just under us, followed by the full cry in view. I must
+confess the brightness of the weather, the cheerfulness of everything
+around me, the chiding of the hounds, which was returned upon us in a
+double echo from two neighbouring hills, with the hallooing of the
+sportsmen and the sounding of the horn, lifted my spirits into a most
+lively pleasure, which I freely indulged because I knew it was innocent.
+If I was under any concern, it was on the account of the poor hare, that
+was now quite spent and almost within the reach of her enemies; when the
+huntsman, getting
+<span class="pagebreak" title="74">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>
+forward, threw down his pole<a name="fnm_114" id="fnm_114"></a><a href="#fn_114" class="fnnum">114</a> before the dogs.
+They were now within eight yards of that game which they had been
+pursuing for almost as many hours; yet on the signal before mentioned
+they all made a sudden stand, and though they continued opening as much
+as before, durst not once attempt to pass beyond the pole. At the same
+time Sir Roger rode forward, and alighting, took up the hare in his arms;
+which he soon delivered to one of his servants, with an order, if she
+could be kept alive, to let her go in his great orchard; where it seems
+he has several of these prisoners of war, who live together in a very
+comfortable captivity. I was highly pleased to see the discipline of the
+pack, and the good nature of the Knight, who could not find in his heart
+to murder a creature that had given him so much diversion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagebreak" title="73">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>
+<img  src="images/illus-073.png" width="500" height="734" alt="Hunting scene: man on horseback, with hounds and other riders" title="Chearing his Hounds with all the Gaiety of Five and Twenty" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>As we were returning home, I remembered that Monsieur Paschal<a name="fnm_115" id="fnm_115"></a><a href="#fn_115" class="fnnum">115</a> in his
+most excellent discourse on &ldquo;the misery of man,&rdquo; tells us, that &ldquo;all our
+endeavours after greatness proceed from nothing but a desire of being
+surrounded by a multitude of persons and affairs that may hinder us from
+looking into ourselves, which is a view we cannot bear.&rdquo; He afterwards
+goes on to show that our love of sports comes from the same reason, and
+is particularly severe upon hunting. &ldquo;What,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;unless it be to
+drown thought, can make men throw away
+<span class="pagebreak" title="75">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>
+so much time and pains upon a
+silly animal, which they might buy cheaper in the market?&rdquo; The foregoing
+reflection is certainly just, when a man suffers his whole mind to be
+drawn into his sports, and altogether loses himself in the woods; but
+does not affect those who propose a far more laudable end for this
+exercise; I mean, the preservation of health, and keeping all the organs
+of the soul in a condition to execute her orders. Had that incomparable
+person, whom I last quoted, been a little more indulgent to himself in
+this point, the world might probably have enjoyed him much longer:
+whereas, through too great an application to his studies in his youth, he
+contracted that ill habit<a name="fnm_116" id="fnm_116"></a><a href="#fn_116" class="fnnum">116</a> of body, which, after a tedious sickness,
+carried him off in the fortieth year of his age; and the whole history we
+have of his life till that time, is but one continued account of the
+behaviour of a noble soul struggling under innumerable pains and
+distempers.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part, I intend to hunt twice a week during my stay with Sir
+Roger; and shall prescribe the moderate use of this exercise to all my
+country friends, as the best kind of physic for mending a bad
+constitution, and preserving a good one.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot do this better, than in the following lines out of Mr. Dryden:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The first physicians by debauch were made;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By chase our long-liv&rsquo;d fathers earn&rsquo;d their food;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Toil strung the nerves, and purifi&rsquo;d the blood;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="76">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>
+<span class="i0">But we their sons, a pamper&rsquo;d race of men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are dwindled down to threescore years and ten.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Better to hunt in fields for health unbought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The wise for cure on exercise depend;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">God never made his work for man to mend.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="signature">
+X.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_104" id="fn_104"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_104">104</a></span> <i>Managed.</i> Trained.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_105" id="fn_105"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_105">105</a></span> <i>Stone-horse.</i> Stallion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_106" id="fn_106"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_106">106</a></span> <i>Staked.</i> Impaled.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_107" id="fn_107"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_107">107</a></span> <i>Stop-hounds.</i> Hounds trained to go slowly and stop at a
+signal from the huntsman.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_108" id="fn_108"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_108">108</a></span> <i>Mouths.</i> Cry.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_109" id="fn_109"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_109">109</a></span> <i>Cry.</i> Pack.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_110" id="fn_110"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_110">110</a></span> <i>Nice.</i> Precise, fastidious.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_111" id="fn_111"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_111">111</a></span> <i>Counter-tenor.</i> Alto.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_112" id="fn_112"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_112">112</a></span> <i>Benevolence.</i> Good-will.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_113" id="fn_113"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_113">113</a></span> <i>Stole away.</i> The correct hunting cry which the Spectator
+should have given.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_114" id="fn_114"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_114">114</a></span> <i>Pole.</i> A leaping-pole carried by the huntsman, who was on
+foot, and thrown by him as a signal to the hounds to stop.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_115" id="fn_115"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_115">115</a></span> <i>Monsieur Paschal.</i> French philosopher: 1622-62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_116" id="fn_116"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_116">116</a></span> <i>Habit.</i> Constitution.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_117" id="No_117"></a><span class="smcap">No. 117. Saturday, July</span> 14</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Ipsi sibi somnia fingunt.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg</span>. <i>Ecl.</i> viii. ver. 108.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Their own imaginations they deceive.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>There are some opinions in which a man should stand neuter<a name="fnm_117" id="fnm_117"></a><a href="#fn_117" class="fnnum">117</a>, without
+engaging<a name="fnm_118" id="fnm_118"></a><a href="#fn_118" class="fnnum">118</a> his assent to one side or the other. Such a hovering faith
+as this, which refuses to settle upon any determination<a name="fnm_119" id="fnm_119"></a><a href="#fn_119" class="fnnum">119</a>, is
+absolutely necessary in a mind that is careful to avoid errors and
+prepossessions. When the arguments press equally on both sides in matters
+that are indifferent to us, the safest method is to give up ourselves to
+neither.</p>
+
+<p>It is with this temper of mind that I consider the subject of witchcraft.
+When I hear the relations that are made from all parts of the world, not
+only from Norway and Lapland, from the East and West Indies, but from
+every particular nation in Europe, I cannot forbear thinking that there
+is such an intercourse
+<span class="pagebreak" title="77">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>
+and commerce with evil spirits, as that which we
+express by the name of witchcraft. But when I consider that the ignorant
+and credulous parts of the world abound most in these relations, and that
+the persons among us, who are supposed to engage in such an infernal
+commerce, are people of a weak understanding and crazed imagination, and
+at the same time reflect upon the many impostures and delusions of this
+nature that have been detected in all ages, I endeavour to suspend my
+belief till I hear more certain accounts than any which have yet come to
+my knowledge. In short, when I consider the question whether there are
+such persons in the world as those we call witches, my mind is divided
+between the two opposite opinions; or rather, (to speak my thoughts
+freely) I believe in general that there is, and has been such a thing as
+witchcraft; but, at the same time, can give no credit to any particular
+instance of it.</p>
+
+<p>I am engaged in this speculation by some occurrences that I met with
+yesterday, which I shall give my reader an account of at large. As I was
+walking with my friend Sir Roger by the side of one of his woods, an old
+woman applied herself to me for my charity. Her dress and figure put me
+in mind of the following description in Otway:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">In a close lane as I pursu&rsquo;d my journey,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I spy&rsquo;d a wrinkled Hag, with age grown double,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her eyes with scalding rheum were gall&rsquo;d and red;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cold palsy shook her head; her hands seem&rsquo;d wither&rsquo;d;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on her crooked shoulders had she wrapp&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="78">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>
+<span class="i0">The tatter&rsquo;d remnants of an old strip&rsquo;d hanging,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which serv&rsquo;d to keep her carcase from the cold:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So there was nothing of a piece about her.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her lower weeds were all o&rsquo;er coarsely patch&rsquo;d<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With diff&rsquo;rent-colour&rsquo;d rags, black, red, white, yellow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And seem&rsquo;d to speak variety of wretchedness.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As I was musing on this description, and comparing it with the object
+before me, the Knight told me, that this very old woman had the
+reputation of a witch all over the country, that her lips were observed
+to be always in motion, and that there was not a switch about her house
+which her neighbours did not believe had carried her several hundreds of
+miles. If she chanced to stumble, they always found sticks or straws that
+lay in the figure of a cross before her. If she made any mistake at
+church, and cried Amen in a wrong place, they never failed to conclude
+that she was saying her prayers backwards. There was not a maid in the
+parish that would take a pin of her, though she should offer a bag of
+money with it. She goes by the name of Moll White, and has made the
+country ring with several imaginary exploits which are palmed upon her.
+If the dairy-maid does not make the butter come so soon as she would have
+it, Moll White is at the bottom of the churn. If a horse sweats in the
+stable, Moll White has been upon his back. If a hare makes an unexpected
+escape from the hounds, the huntsman curses Moll White. &ldquo;Nay,&rdquo; (says Sir
+Roger) &ldquo;I have known the master of the pack, upon such an occasion, send
+one of his servants to see if Moll White had been out that morning.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<span class="pagebreak" title="79">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>
+<img  src="images/illus-079.png" width="500" height="490" alt="A group of peasants watch an old hag pass by" title="Moll White" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This account raised my curiosity so far, that I begged my friend Sir
+Roger to go with me into her hovel, which stood in a solitary corner
+under the side of the wood. Upon our first entering Sir Roger winked to
+me, and pointed at something that stood behind the door, which, upon
+looking that way, I found to be an old broomstaff. At the same time he
+whispered me in the ear to take notice of a tabby cat that sat in the
+chimney-corner, which,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="80">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>
+as the old Knight told me, lay under as bad a
+report as Moll White herself; for, besides that Moll is said often to
+accompany her in the same shape, the cat is reported to have spoken twice
+or thrice in her life, and to have played several pranks above the
+capacity of an ordinary cat.</p>
+
+<p>I was secretly concerned to see human nature in so much wretchedness and
+disgrace, but at the same time could not forbear smiling to hear Sir
+Roger, who is a little puzzled about the old woman, advising her as a
+justice of peace to avoid all communication with the Devil, and never to
+hurt any of her neighbour&rsquo;s cattle. We concluded our visit with a bounty,
+which was very acceptable.</p>
+
+<p>In our return home Sir Roger told me, that old Moll had been often
+brought before him for making children spit pins, and giving maids the
+nightmare; and that the country people would be tossing her into a pond,
+and trying experiments with her every day, if it was not for him and his
+chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>I have since found, upon inquiry, that Sir Roger was several times
+staggered with the reports that had been brought him concerning this old
+woman, and would frequently have bound her over to the county sessions,
+had not his chaplain with much ado persuaded him to the contrary.</p>
+
+<p>I have been the more particular<a name="fnm_120" id="fnm_120"></a><a href="#fn_120" class="fnnum">120</a> in this account, because I hear
+there is scarce a village in England that has not a Moll White in it.
+When an old woman begins to dote, and grow chargeable to a parish,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="81">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>
+she
+is generally turned into a witch, and fills the whole country with
+extravagant fancies, imaginary distempers, and terrifying dreams. In the
+meantime, the poor wretch that is the innocent occasion of so many evils
+begins to be frighted at herself, and sometimes confesses secret
+commerce<a name="fnm_121" id="fnm_121"></a><a href="#fn_121" class="fnnum">121</a> and familiarities that her imagination forms in a delirious
+old age. This frequently cuts off charity from the greatest objects of
+compassion, and inspires people with a malevolence towards those poor
+decrepit parts of our species, in whom human nature is defaced by
+infirmity and dotage.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_117" id="fn_117"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_117">117</a></span> <i>Neuter.</i> Neutral.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_118" id="fn_118"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_118">118</a></span> <i>Engaging.</i> Binding.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_119" id="fn_119"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_119">119</a></span> <i>Determination.</i> Fixed opinion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_120" id="fn_120"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_120">120</a></span> <i>Been the more particular.</i> Given fuller details.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_121" id="fn_121"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_121">121</a></span> <i>Commerce.</i> Intercourse.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_118" id="No_118"></a><span class="smcap">No. 118. Monday, July</span> 16</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Haeret lateri lethalis arundo.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg</span>. <i>&AElig;n.</i> iv. ver. 73.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i9">The fatal dart<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sticks in his side, and rankles in his heart.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Dryden</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>This agreeable seat is surrounded with so many pleasing walks, which are
+struck out of a wood, in the midst of which the house stands, that one
+can hardly ever be weary of rambling from one labyrinth of delight to
+another. To one used to live in a city the charms of the country are so
+exquisite, that the mind is lost in a certain transport which raises us
+above ordinary life, and is yet not strong enough to be inconsistent with
+tranquillity.
+<span class="pagebreak" title="82">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>
+This state of mind was I in, ravished with the murmur of
+waters, the whisper of breezes, the singing of birds; and whether I
+looked up to the heavens, down to the earth, or turned on the prospects
+around me, still struck with new sense of pleasure; when I found by the
+voice of my friend, who walked by me, that we had insensibly strolled
+into the grove sacred to the widow. &ldquo;This woman,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;is of all
+others the most unintelligible; she either designs to marry, or she does
+not. What is the most perplexing of all, is, that she doth not either say
+to her lovers she has any resolution against that condition of life in
+general, or that she banishes them; but, conscious of her own merit, she
+permits their addresses, without fear of any ill consequence, or want of
+respect, from their rage or despair. She has that in her aspect, against
+which it is impossible to offend. A man whose thoughts are constantly
+bent upon so agreeable an object, must be excused if the ordinary
+occurrences in conversation<a name="fnm_122" id="fnm_122"></a><a href="#fn_122" class="fnnum">122</a> are below his attention. I call her
+indeed perverse; but, alas! why do I call her so? Because her superior
+merit is such, that I cannot approach her without awe, that my heart is
+checked by too much esteem: I am angry that her charms are not more
+acceptable, that I am more inclined to worship than salute<a name="fnm_123" id="fnm_123"></a><a href="#fn_123" class="fnnum">123</a> her: how
+often have I wished her unhappy, that I might have an opportunity of
+serving her? and how often troubled in that very imagination, at giving
+her the pain of being obliged? Well, I have
+<span class="pagebreak" title="83">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>
+led a miserable life in
+secret upon her account; but fancy she would have condescended to have
+some regard for me, if it had not been for that watchful animal her
+confidant.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Of all persons under the sun&rdquo; (continued he, calling me by my name) &ldquo;be
+sure to set a mark upon confidants: they are of all people the most
+impertinent. What is most pleasant<a name="fnm_124" id="fnm_124"></a><a href="#fn_124" class="fnnum">124</a> to observe in them, is, that they
+assume to themselves the merit of the persons whom they have in their
+custody. Orestilla is a great fortune, and in wonderful danger of
+surprises, therefore full of suspicions of the least indifferent thing,
+particularly careful of new acquaintance, and of growing too familiar
+with the old. Themista, her favourite woman, is every whit as careful of
+whom she speaks to, and what she says. Let the ward be a beauty, her
+confidant shall treat you with an air of distance; let her be a fortune,
+and she assumes the suspicious behaviour of her friend and patroness.
+Thus it is that very many of our unmarried women of distinction, are to
+all intents and purposes married, except the consideration of<a name="fnm_125" id="fnm_125"></a><a href="#fn_125" class="fnnum">125</a>
+different sexes. They are directly under the conduct of their whisperer;
+and think they are in a state of freedom, while they can prate with one
+of these attendants of all men in general, and still avoid the man they
+most like. You do not see one heiress in a hundred whose fate does not
+turn upon this circumstance of choosing a confidant. Thus it is
+<span class="pagebreak" title="84">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>
+that the
+lady is addressed to, presented<a name="fnm_126" id="fnm_126"></a><a href="#fn_126" class="fnnum">126</a> and flattered, only by proxy, in her
+woman. In my case, how is it possible that&mdash;&rdquo; Sir Roger was proceeding in
+his harangue, when we heard the voice of one speaking very importunately,
+and repeating these words, &ldquo;What, not one smile?&rdquo; We followed the sound
+till we came to a close thicket, on the other side of which we saw a
+young woman sitting as it were in a personated sullenness<a name="fnm_127" id="fnm_127"></a><a href="#fn_127" class="fnnum">127</a>, just over
+a transparent fountain. Opposite to her stood Mr. William, Sir Roger&rsquo;s
+master of the game<a name="fnm_128" id="fnm_128"></a><a href="#fn_128" class="fnnum">128</a>. The Knight whispered me, &ldquo;Hist! these are
+lovers.&rdquo; The huntsman looking earnestly at the shadow of the young maiden
+in the stream, &ldquo;Oh thou dear picture, if thou couldst remain there in the
+absence of that fair creature whom you represent in the water, how
+willingly could I stand here satisfied for ever, without troubling my
+dear Betty herself with any mention of her unfortunate William, whom she
+is angry with: but alas! when she pleases to be gone, thou wilt also
+vanish&mdash;yet let me talk to thee while thou dost stay. Tell my dearest
+Betty thou dost not more depend upon her, than does her William: her
+absence will make away with me as well as thee. If she offers to remove
+thee, I will jump into these waves to lay hold on thee; herself, her own
+dear person, I must never embrace again.&mdash;Still do you
+<span class="pagebreak" title="85">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>
+hear me without
+one smile&mdash;It is too much to bear&mdash;&rdquo; He had no sooner spoke these words,
+but he made an offer of throwing himself into the water: at which his
+mistress started up, and at the next instant he jumped across the
+fountain and met her in an embrace. She, half recovering from her fright,
+said, in the most charming voice imaginable, and with a tone of
+complaint, &ldquo;I thought how well you would drown yourself. No, no, you
+won&rsquo;t drown yourself till you have taken your leave of Susan Holiday.&rdquo;
+The huntsman, with a tenderness that spoke the most passionate love, and
+with his cheek close to hers, whispered the softest vows of fidelity in
+her ear, and cried, &ldquo;Don&rsquo;t, my dear, believe a word Kate Willow says; she
+is spiteful, and makes stories because she loves to hear me talk to
+herself for your sake.&rdquo; &ldquo;Look you there,&rdquo; quoth Sir Roger, &ldquo;do you see
+there, all mischief comes from confidants! But let us not interrupt them;
+the maid is honest, and the man dares not be otherwise, for he knows I
+loved her father: I will interpose in this matter, and hasten the
+wedding. Kate Willow is a witty mischievous wench in the neighbourhood,
+who was a beauty, and makes me hope I shall see the perverse widow in her
+condition. She was so flippant with her answers to all the honest fellows
+that came near her, and so very vain of her beauty, that she has valued
+herself upon her charms till they are ceased. She therefore now makes it
+her business to prevent other young women from being more discreet than
+she was herself: however, the saucy
+<span class="pagebreak" title="86">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>
+thing said the other day well
+enough, &lsquo;Sir Roger and I must make a match, for we are both despised by
+those we loved.&rsquo; The hussy has a great deal of power wherever she comes,
+and has her share of cunning.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;However, when I reflect upon this woman, I do not know whether in the
+main I am the worse for having loved her: whenever she is recalled to my
+imagination my youth returns, and I feel a forgotten warmth in my veins.
+This affliction in my life has streaked all my conduct with a softness,
+of which I should otherwise have been incapable. It is, perhaps, to this
+dear image in my heart owing that I am apt to relent, that I easily
+forgive, and that many desirable things are grown into my temper, which I
+should not have arrived at by better motives than the thought of being
+one day hers. I am pretty well satisfied such a passion as I have had is
+never well cured; and, between you and me, I am often apt to imagine it
+has had some whimsical<a name="fnm_129" id="fnm_129"></a><a href="#fn_129" class="fnnum">129</a> effect upon my brain: for I frequently find,
+that in my most serious discourse I let fall some comical familiarity of
+speech, or odd phrase, that makes the company laugh; however, I cannot
+but allow she is a most excellent woman. When she is in the country I
+warrant she does not run into dairies, but reads upon<a name="fnm_130" id="fnm_130"></a><a href="#fn_130" class="fnnum">130</a> the nature of
+plants; but has a glass-hive, and comes into the garden out of books to
+see them work, and observe the policies<a name="fnm_131" id="fnm_131"></a><a href="#fn_131" class="fnnum">131</a> of their commonwealth. She
+<span class="pagebreak" title="87">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>
+understands everything. I would give ten pounds to hear her argue with
+my friend Sir Andrew Freeport about trade. No, no, for all she looks so
+innocent as it were, take my word for it she is no fool.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+T.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_122" id="fn_122"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_122">122</a></span> <i>Conversation.</i> General intercourse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_123" id="fn_123"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_123">123</a></span> <i>Salute.</i> Kiss.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_124" id="fn_124"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_124">124</a></span> <i>Pleasant.</i> Ludicrous.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_125" id="fn_125"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_125">125</a></span> <i>Except the consideration of.</i> Except in respect of.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_126" id="fn_126"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_126">126</a></span> <i>Presented.</i> <i>I.e.</i>, with gifts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_127" id="fn_127"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_127">127</a></span> <i>Personated sullenness.</i> Pretended, or possibly the image
+of, sullenness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_128" id="fn_128"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_128">128</a></span> <i>Master of the game.</i> Huntsman.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_129" id="fn_129"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_129">129</a></span> <i>Whimsical.</i> Fantastic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_130" id="fn_130"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_130">130</a></span> <i>Upon.</i> About.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_131" id="fn_131"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_131">131</a></span> <i>Policies.</i> Organisation.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_122" id="No_122"></a><span class="smcap">No. 122. Friday, July 20</span></h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo est.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Publ. Syr</span>. <i>Frag.</i><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>An agreeable companion upon the road is as good as a coach.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>A man&rsquo;s first care should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart;
+his next, to escape the censures of the world: if the last interferes
+with the former, it ought to be entirely neglected; but otherwise there
+cannot be a greater satisfaction to an honest mind, than to see those
+approbations which it gives itself seconded by the applauses of the
+public: a man is more sure of his conduct, when the verdict he passes
+upon his own behaviour is thus warranted and confirmed by the opinion of
+all that know him.</p>
+
+<p>My worthy friend Sir Roger is one of those who is not only at peace
+within himself, but beloved and esteemed by all about him. He receives a
+suitable tribute for his universal benevolence to mankind, in the returns
+of affection and good-will, which are paid him by every one that lives
+within his neighbourhood. I lately met with two or three odd instances of
+that general respect which is shown to
+<span class="pagebreak" title="88">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>
+the good old Knight. He would
+needs carry Will Wimble and myself with him to the county assizes: as we
+were upon the road Will Wimble joined a couple of plain men who rid
+before us, and conversed with them for some time; during which my friend
+Sir Roger acquainted me with their characters.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The first of them,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;that has a spaniel by his side, is a
+yeoman of about an hundred pounds a year, an honest man: he is just
+within the Game Act<a name="fnm_132" id="fnm_132"></a><a href="#fn_132" class="fnnum">132</a>, and qualified to kill an hare or a pheasant: he
+knocks down a dinner with his gun twice or thrice a week; and by that
+means lives much cheaper than those who have not so good an estate as
+himself. He would be a good neighbour if he did not destroy so many
+partridges: in short, he is a very sensible man; shoots flying; and has
+been several times foreman of the petty jury.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The other that rides along with him is Tom Touchy, a fellow famous for
+taking the law of everybody. There is not one in the town where he lives
+that he has not sued at the quarter sessions. The rogue had once the
+impudence to go to law with the widow. His head is full of costs,
+damages, and ejectments: he plagued a couple of honest gentlemen so long
+for a trespass in breaking one of his hedges, till he was forced to sell
+the ground it inclosed to defray the charges of the prosecution: his
+father left him fourscore pounds a year; but he has cast and been
+cast<a name="fnm_133" id="fnm_133"></a><a href="#fn_133" class="fnnum">133</a> so often, that he is not now worth thirty. I
+<span class="pagebreak" title="89">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>
+suppose he is
+going upon the old business of the willow tree.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img  src="images/illus-089.png" width="500" height="370" alt="A group of riders with a dog"  />
+</div>
+
+<p>As Sir Roger was giving me this account of Tom Touchy, Will Wimble and
+his two companions stopped short till we came up to them. After having
+paid their respects to Sir Roger, Will told him that Mr. Touchy and he
+must appeal to him upon a dispute that arose between them. Will it seems
+had been giving his fellow-traveller an account of his angling one day in
+such a hole; when Tom Touchy, instead of hearing out his story, told him
+that Mr. Such-a-one, if he pleased, might take the law of him for fishing
+in that part of the river. My friend Sir Roger heard them both, upon a
+round trot<a name="fnm_134" id="fnm_134"></a><a href="#fn_134" class="fnnum">134</a>; and after having
+<span class="pagebreak" title="90">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>
+paused some time told them, with the
+air of a man who would not give his judgment rashly, that much might be
+said on both sides. They were neither of them dissatisfied with the
+Knight&rsquo;s determination, because neither of them found himself in the
+wrong by it: upon which we made the best of our way to the assizes.</p>
+
+<p>The court was sat before Sir Roger came; but notwithstanding all the
+justices had taken their places upon the bench, they made room for the
+old Knight at the head of them; who for his reputation in the county took
+occasion to whisper in the judge&rsquo;s ear, &ldquo;That he was glad his Lordship
+had met with so much good weather in his circuit.&rdquo; I was listening to the
+proceeding of the court with much attention, and infinitely pleased with
+that great appearance and solemnity which so properly accompanies such a
+public administration of our laws; when, after about an hour&rsquo;s sitting, I
+observed to my great surprise, in the midst of a trial, that my friend
+Sir Roger was getting up to speak. I was in some pain for him, till I
+found he had acquitted himself of two or three sentences, with a look of
+much business and great intrepidity.</p>
+
+<p>Upon his first rising the court was hushed, and a general whisper ran
+among the country people, that Sir Roger was up. The speech he made was
+so little to the purpose, that I shall not trouble my readers with an
+account of it; and I believe was not so much designed by the Knight
+himself to inform the court, as to give him a figure in my eye, and keep
+up his credit in the country.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="91">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>
+I was highly delighted, when the court rose, to see the gentlemen of the
+country gathering about my old friend, and striving who should compliment
+him most; at the same time that the ordinary people gazed upon him at a
+distance, not a little admiring his courage, that was not afraid to speak
+to the judge.</p>
+
+<p>In our return home we met with a very odd accident<a name="fnm_135" id="fnm_135"></a><a href="#fn_135" class="fnnum">135</a>; which I cannot
+forbear relating, because it shows how desirous all who know Sir Roger
+are of giving him marks of their esteem. When we were arrived upon the
+verge of his estate, we stopped at a little inn to rest ourselves and our
+horses. The man of the house had it seems been formerly a servant in the
+Knight&rsquo;s family; and to do honour to his old master, had some time since,
+unknown to Sir Roger, put him up in a sign-post before the door; so that
+the Knight&rsquo;s head had hung out upon the road about a week before he
+himself knew anything of the matter. As soon as Sir Roger was acquainted
+with it, finding that his servant&rsquo;s indiscretion proceeded wholly from
+affection and good-will, he only told him that he had made him too high a
+compliment; and when the fellow seemed to think that could hardly be,
+added with a more decisive look, &ldquo;That it was too great an honour for any
+man under a duke&rdquo;; but told him at the same time that it might be altered
+with a very few touches, and that he himself would be at the charge<a name="fnm_136" id="fnm_136"></a><a href="#fn_136" class="fnnum">136</a>
+of it. Accordingly they got a painter by the Knight
+<span class="pagebreak" title="92">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>
+&rsquo;s directions to add
+a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little aggravation<a name="fnm_137" id="fnm_137"></a><a href="#fn_137" class="fnnum">137</a> of the
+features to change it into the Saracen&rsquo;s Head. I should not have known
+this story had not the innkeeper, upon Sir Roger&rsquo;s alighting, told him in
+my hearing, &ldquo;That his honour&rsquo;s head was brought back last night with the
+alterations that he had ordered to be made in it.&rdquo; Upon this my friend,
+with his usual cheerfulness, related the particulars above mentioned, and
+ordered the head to be brought into the room. I could not forbear
+discovering greater expressions of mirth than ordinary upon the
+appearance of this monstrous face, under which, notwithstanding it was
+made to frown and stare in a most extraordinary manner, I could still
+discover a distant resemblance of my old friend. Sir Roger upon seeing me
+laugh, desired me to tell him truly if I thought it possible for people
+to know him in that disguise. I at first kept my usual silence; but upon
+the Knight&rsquo;s conjuring<a name="fnm_138" id="fnm_138"></a><a href="#fn_138" class="fnnum">138</a> me to tell him whether it was not still more
+like himself than a Saracen, I composed my countenance in the best manner
+I could, and replied, that much might be said on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>These several adventures, with the Knight&rsquo;s behaviour in them, gave me as
+pleasant a day as ever I met with in any of my travels.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_132" id="fn_132"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_132">132</a></span> <i>Game Act.</i> See note on p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_133" id="fn_133"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_133">133</a></span> <i>Cast and been cast.</i> Won and lost his case.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_134" id="fn_134"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_134">134</a></span> <i>Upon a round trot.</i> While trotting briskly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_135" id="fn_135"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_135">135</a></span> <i>Accident.</i> Incident.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_136" id="fn_136"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_136">136</a></span> <i>Charge.</i> Expense.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_137" id="fn_137"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_137">137</a></span> <i>Aggravation.</i> Exaggeration.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_138" id="fn_138"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_138">138</a></span> <i>Conjuring.</i> Adjuring, entreating.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="93">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>
+<a name="No_130" id="No_130"></a><span class="smcap">No. 130. Monday, July 30</span></h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i9"><i>Semperque recentes</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg.</span> <i>&AElig;n.</i> vii. ver. 748.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hunting their sport, and plund&rsquo;ring was their trade.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Dryden.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>As I was yesterday riding out in the fields with my friend Sir Roger, we
+saw at a little distance from us a troop of gipsies. Upon the first
+discovery of them, my friend was in some doubt whether he should not
+exert<a name="fnm_139" id="fnm_139"></a><a href="#fn_139" class="fnnum">139</a> the Justice of the Peace upon such a band of lawless vagrants;
+but not having his clerk with him, who is a necessary counsellor on these
+occasions, and fearing that his poultry might fare the worse for it, he
+let the thought drop: but at the same time gave me a particular account
+of the mischiefs they do in the country, in stealing people&rsquo;s goods and
+spoiling their servants. &ldquo;If a stray piece of linen hangs upon an hedge,&rdquo;
+says Sir Roger, &ldquo;they are sure to have it; if the hog loses his way in
+the fields, it is ten to one but he becomes their prey; our geese cannot
+live in peace for them; if a man prosecutes them with severity, his
+hen-roost is sure to pay for it: they generally straggle into these parts
+about this time of the year; and set the heads of our servant-maids so
+agog for husbands, that we do not expect to have any business done as it
+should be whilst they are in the country. I have an honest dairy-maid
+<span class="pagebreak" title="94">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>
+who crosses their hands with a piece of silver every summer, and never
+fails being promised the handsomest young fellow in the parish for her
+pains. Your friend the butler has been fool enough to be seduced by them;
+and though he is sure to lose a knife, a fork, or a spoon every time his
+fortune is told him, generally shuts himself up in the pantry with an old
+gipsy for above half an hour once in a twelvemonth. Sweethearts are the
+things they live upon, which they bestow very plentifully upon all those
+that apply themselves to them. You see now and then some handsome young
+jades among them: the sluts have very often white teeth and black eyes.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img  src="images/illus-095.png" width="500" height="598" alt="Man holding horse talks to old woman with children" title="Told him, That he had a Widow in his Line of Life" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Sir Roger observing that I listened with great attention to his account
+of a people who were so entirely new to me, told me, that if I would they
+should tell us our fortunes. As I was very well pleased with the Knight&rsquo;s
+proposal, we rid up and communicated our hands to them. A Cassandra<a name="fnm_140" id="fnm_140"></a><a href="#fn_140" class="fnnum">140</a>
+of the crew, after having examined my lines very diligently, told me,
+that I loved a pretty maid in a corner<a name="fnm_141" id="fnm_141"></a><a href="#fn_141" class="fnnum">141</a>, that I was a good woman&rsquo;s
+man, with some other particulars which I do not think proper to relate.
+My friend Sir Roger alighted from his horse, and exposing his palm to two
+or three that stood by him, they crumpled it into all shapes, and
+diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made in it;
+<span class="pagebreak" title="95">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>
+when one of
+them, who was older and more sunburnt than the rest, told him, that he
+had a widow in his line of life: upon which the Knight cried, &ldquo;Go, go,
+you are an idle baggage&rdquo;; and at the same time smiled upon me. The gipsy
+finding he was not displeased in his heart, told him, after a further
+inquiry
+<span class="pagebreak" title="96">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>
+into his hand, that his true-love was constant, and that she
+should dream of him to-night: my old friend cried &ldquo;pish,&rdquo; and bid her go
+on. The gipsy told him that he was a bachelor, but would not be so long;
+and that he was dearer to somebody than he thought: the Knight still
+repeated she was an idle baggage, and bid her go on. &ldquo;Ah, master,&rdquo; says
+the gipsy, &ldquo;that roguish leer of yours makes a pretty woman&rsquo;s heart ache;
+you ha&rsquo;n&rsquo;t that simper about the mouth for nothing&mdash;&rdquo; The uncouth
+gibberish with which all this was uttered, like the darkness of an
+oracle, made us the more attentive to it. To be short, the Knight left
+the money with her that he had crossed her hand with, and got up again on
+his horse.</p>
+
+<p>As we were riding away, Sir Roger told me, that he knew several sensible
+people who believed these gipsies now and then foretold very strange
+things; and for half an hour together appeared more jocund than ordinary.
+In the height of his good-humour, meeting a common beggar upon the road
+who was no conjurer, as he went to relieve him he found his pocket was
+picked; that being a kind of palmistry at which this race of vermin are
+very dexterous.</p>
+
+<p>I might here entertain my reader with historical remarks on this idle
+profligate people, who infest all the countries of Europe, and live in
+the midst of governments in a kind of commonwealth by themselves. But
+instead of entering into observations of this nature, I shall fill the
+remaining part of my paper with a story which is still fresh in Holland,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="97">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a>
+and was printed in one of our monthly accounts about twenty years ago.
+&ldquo;As the <i>trekschuyt</i>, or hackney-boat, which carries passengers from
+Leyden to Amsterdam, was putting off, a boy running along the side of the
+canal desired to be taken in; which the master of the boat refused,
+because the lad had not quite money enough to pay the usual fare. An
+eminent merchant being pleased with the looks of the boy, and secretly
+touched with compassion towards him, paid the money for him, and ordered
+him to be taken on board. Upon talking with him afterwards, he found that
+he could speak readily in three or four languages, and learned upon
+further examination that he had been stolen away when he was a child by a
+gipsy, and had rambled ever since with a gang of those strollers<a name="fnm_142" id="fnm_142"></a><a href="#fn_142" class="fnnum">142</a> up
+and down several parts of Europe. It happened that the merchant, whose
+heart seems to have inclined towards the boy by a secret kind of
+instinct, had himself lost a child some years before. The parents, after
+a long search for him, gave him for drowned in one of the canals with
+which that country abounds; and the mother was so afflicted at the loss
+of a fine boy, who was her only son, that she died for grief of it. Upon
+laying together all particulars, and examining the several moles and
+marks by which the mother used to describe the child when he was first
+missing, the boy proved to be the son of the merchant whose heart had so
+unaccountably melted at the sight of him. The lad was very well pleased
+to find a father who was so
+<span class="pagebreak" title="98">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>
+rich, and likely to leave him a good estate;
+the father on the other hand was not a little delighted to see a son
+return to him, whom he had given for lost, with such a strength of
+constitution, sharpness of understanding, and skill in languages.&rdquo; Here
+the printed story leaves off; but if I may give credit to reports, our
+linguist having received such extraordinary rudiments towards a good
+education, was afterwards trained up in everything that becomes a
+gentleman; wearing off by little and little all the vicious habits and
+practices that he had been used to in the course of his peregrinations:
+nay, it is said, that he has since been employed in foreign courts upon
+national business, with great reputation to himself and honour to those
+who sent him, and that he has visited several countries as a public
+minister, in which he formerly wandered as a gipsy.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+C.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_139" id="fn_139"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_139">139</a></span> <i>Exert.</i> Exert the power of.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_140" id="fn_140"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_140">140</a></span> <i>Cassandra.</i> Reference to the mad prophetess of that name
+in the story of Troy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_141" id="fn_141"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_141">141</a></span> <i>In a corner.</i> In secret.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_142" id="fn_142"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_142">142</a></span> <i>Strollers.</i> Vagabonds.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_131" id="No_131"></a><span class="smcap">No. 131. Tuesday, July</span> 31</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Ipsae rursum concedite sylvae.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg.</span> <i>Ecl.</i> x. ver. 63.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Once more, ye woods, adieu.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>It is usual for a man who loves country sports to preserve the game on
+his own grounds, and divert himself upon those that belong to his
+neighbour. My friend Sir Roger generally goes two or three miles from his
+house, and gets into the frontiers of his estate, before he beats about
+in search of a
+<span class="pagebreak" title="99">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>
+hare or partridge, on purpose to spare his own fields,
+where he is always sure of finding diversion, when the worst comes to the
+worst. By this means the breed about his house has time to increase and
+multiply, beside that the sport is the more agreeable where the game is
+the harder to come at, and where it does not lie so thick as to produce
+any perplexity or confusion in the pursuit. For these reasons the country
+gentleman, like the fox, seldom preys near his own home.</p>
+
+<p>In the same manner I have made a month&rsquo;s excursion out of the town, which
+is the great field of game for sportsmen of my species, to try my fortune
+in the country, where I have started several subjects, and hunted them
+down, with some pleasure to myself, and I hope to others. I am here
+forced to use a great deal of diligence before I can spring<a name="fnm_143" id="fnm_143"></a><a href="#fn_143" class="fnnum">143</a> anything
+to my mind, whereas in town, whilst I am following one character, it is
+ten to one but I am crossed in my way by another, and put up such a
+variety of odd creatures in both sexes, that they foil the scent of one
+another, and puzzle the chase. My greatest difficulty in the country is
+to find sport, and in town to choose it. In the meantime, as I have given
+a whole month&rsquo;s rest to the cities of London and Westminster, I promise
+myself abundance of new game upon my return thither.</p>
+
+<p>It is indeed high time for me to leave the country, since I find the
+whole neighbourhood begin to grow very inquisitive after my name and
+character: my
+<span class="pagebreak" title="100">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>
+love of solitude, taciturnity, and particular<a name="fnm_144" id="fnm_144"></a><a href="#fn_144" class="fnnum">144</a> way of
+life, having raised a great curiosity in all these parts.</p>
+
+<p>The notions which have been framed of me are various: some look upon me
+as very proud, some as very modest, and some as very melancholy. Will
+Wimble, as my friend the butler tells me, observing me very much alone,
+and extremely silent when I am in company, is afraid I have killed a man.
+The country people seem to suspect me for a conjurer; and some of them,
+hearing of the visit which I made to Moll White, will needs have it that
+Sir Roger has brought down a cunning man with him, to cure the old woman,
+and free the country from her charms. So that the character which I go
+under in part of the neighbourhood, is what they here call a &ldquo;white
+witch<a name="fnm_145" id="fnm_145"></a><a href="#fn_145" class="fnnum">145</a>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>A justice of peace, who lives about five miles off, and is not of Sir
+Roger&rsquo;s party, has it seems said twice or thrice at his table, that he
+wishes Sir Roger does not harbour a Jesuit in his house, and that he
+thinks the gentlemen of the country would do very well to make me give
+some account of myself.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side, some of Sir Roger&rsquo;s friends are afraid the old Knight
+is imposed upon by a designing fellow, and as they have heard that he
+converses very promiscuously<a name="fnm_146" id="fnm_146"></a><a href="#fn_146" class="fnnum">146</a> when he is in town, do not know but he
+has brought down with him
+<span class="pagebreak" title="101">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>
+some discarded<a name="fnm_147" id="fnm_147"></a><a href="#fn_147" class="fnnum">147</a> Whig, that is sullen, and
+says nothing because he is out of place.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the variety of opinions which are here entertained of me, so that
+I pass among some for a disaffected person, and among others for a Popish
+priest; among some for a wizard, and among others for a murderer; and all
+this for no other reason, that I can imagine, but because I do not hoot
+and hollow, and make a noise. It is true my friend Sir Roger tells them,
+<i>That it is my way</i>, and that I am only a philosopher; but this will not
+satisfy them. They think there is more in me than he discovers<a name="fnm_148" id="fnm_148"></a><a href="#fn_148" class="fnnum">148</a>, and
+that I do not hold my tongue for nothing.</p>
+
+<p>For these and other reasons I shall set out for London to-morrow, having
+found by experience that the country is not a place for a person of my
+temper, who does not love jollity, and what they call good
+neighbourhood<a name="fnm_149" id="fnm_149"></a><a href="#fn_149" class="fnnum">149</a>. A man that is out of humour when an unexpected guest
+breaks in upon him, and does not care for sacrificing an afternoon to
+every chance-comer; that will be the master of his own time, and the
+pursuer of his own inclinations, makes but a very unsociable figure in
+this kind of life. I shall therefore retire into the town, if I may make
+use of that phrase, and get into the crowd again as fast as I can, in
+order to be alone. I can there raise what speculations I please upon
+others, without being observed myself, and at the same time enjoy all the
+advantages of company with all the privileges
+<span class="pagebreak" title="102">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a>
+of solitude. In the
+meanwhile, to finish the month, and conclude these my rural speculations,
+I shall here insert a letter from my friend Will Honeycomb, who has not
+lived a month for these forty years out of the smoke of London, and
+rallies me after his way upon my country life.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Dear Spec</span>,</p>
+
+<p>I suppose this letter will find thee<a name="fnm_150" id="fnm_150"></a><a href="#fn_150" class="fnnum">150</a> picking of daisies, or
+smelling to a lock of hay, or passing away thy time in some
+innocent country diversion of the like nature. I have however
+orders from the club to summon thee up to town, being all of us
+cursedly afraid thou wilt not be able to relish our company, after
+thy conversations with Moll White and Will Wimble. Prithee do not
+send us up any more stories of a cock and a bull, nor frighten the
+town with spirits and witches. Thy speculations begin to smell
+confoundedly of woods and meadows. If thou dost not come up
+quickly, we shall conclude that thou art in love with one of Sir
+Roger&rsquo;s dairymaids. Service to the Knight. Sir Andrew is grown the
+cock of the club since he left us, and if he does not return
+quickly will make every mother&rsquo;s son of us commonwealth&rsquo;s men<a name="fnm_151" id="fnm_151"></a><a href="#fn_151" class="fnnum">151</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="yours">
+Dear Spec,<br />
+Thine eternally,</p>
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">Will Honeycomb.</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="signature">
+C.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_143" id="fn_143"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_143">143</a></span> <i>Spring.</i> Start from its hiding-place.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_144" id="fn_144"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_144">144</a></span> <i>Particular.</i> Peculiar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_145" id="fn_145"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_145">145</a></span> <i>White witch.</i> One who uses supernatural powers, but only
+for good purposes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_146" id="fn_146"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_146">146</a></span> <i>Converses very promiscuously.</i> Mixes with all sorts of
+people.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_147" id="fn_147"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_147">147</a></span> <i>Discarded.</i> Out of office.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_148" id="fn_148"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_148">148</a></span> <i>Discovers.</i> Reveals.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_149" id="fn_149"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_149">149</a></span> <i>Neighbourhood.</i> Sociability.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_150" id="fn_150"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_150">150</a></span> <i>Thee.</i> The now obsolete familiar use of <i>thou</i> and
+<i>thee</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_151" id="fn_151"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_151">151</a></span> <i>Commonwealth&rsquo;s men.</i> Republicans.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="103">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>
+<a name="No_269" id="No_269"></a><span class="smcap">No. 269. Tuesday, January</span> 8</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10"><i>Aevo rarissima nostro</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Simplicitas.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Ovid</span>, <i>Ars Am.</i> lib. i. ver. 241.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Most rare is now our old simplicity.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Dryden</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>I was this morning surprised with a great knocking at the door, when my
+landlady&rsquo;s daughter came up to me, and told me that there was a man below
+desired to speak with me. Upon my asking her who it was, she told me it
+was a very grave elderly person, but that she did not know his name. I
+immediately went down to him, and found him to be the coachman of my
+worthy friend Sir Roger de Coverley. He told me, that his master came to
+town last night, and would be glad to take a turn<a name="fnm_152" id="fnm_152"></a><a href="#fn_152" class="fnnum">152</a> with me in Gray&rsquo;s
+Inn walks. As I was wondering in myself what had brought Sir Roger to
+town, not having lately received any letter from him, he told me that his
+master was come up to get a sight of Prince Eugene<a name="fnm_153" id="fnm_153"></a><a href="#fn_153" class="fnnum">153</a>, and that he
+desired I would immediately meet him.</p>
+
+<p>I was not a little pleased with the curiosity of the old Knight, though I
+did not much wonder at it, having heard him say more than once in private
+discourse, that he looked upon Prince Eugenio (for
+<span class="pagebreak" title="104">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>
+so the Knight always
+calls him) to be a greater man than Scanderbeg<a name="fnm_154" id="fnm_154"></a><a href="#fn_154" class="fnnum">154</a>.</p>
+
+<p>I was no sooner come into Gray&rsquo;s Inn walks, but I heard my friend upon
+the terrace hemming<a name="fnm_155" id="fnm_155"></a><a href="#fn_155" class="fnnum">155</a> twice or thrice to himself with great vigour,
+for he loves to clear his pipes in good air (to make use of his own
+phrase), and is not a little pleased with any one who takes notice of the
+strength which he still exerts in his morning hems.</p>
+
+<p>I was touched with a secret joy at the sight of the good old man, who
+before he saw me was engaged in conversation with a beggar man that had
+asked an alms of him. I could hear my friend chide him for not finding
+out some work; but at the same time saw him put his hand in his pocket
+and give him sixpence.</p>
+
+<p>Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind
+shakes of the hand, and several affectionate looks which we cast upon one
+another. After which the Knight told me my good friend his chaplain was
+very well, and much at my service, and that the Sunday before he had made
+a most incomparable sermon out of Dr. Barrow. &ldquo;I have left,&rdquo; says he,
+&ldquo;all my affairs in his hands, and being willing to lay an obligation upon
+him, have deposited with him thirty merks<a name="fnm_156" id="fnm_156"></a><a href="#fn_156" class="fnnum">156</a>, to be distributed among
+his poor parishioners.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="105">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>
+He then proceeded to acquaint me with the welfare of Will Wimble. Upon
+which he put his hand into his fob<a name="fnm_157" id="fnm_157"></a><a href="#fn_157" class="fnnum">157</a>, and presented me in his name
+with a tobacco-stopper, telling me that Will had been busy all the
+beginning of the winter in turning great quantities of them; and that he
+made a present of one to every gentleman in the country who has good
+principles, and smokes. He added, that poor Will was at present under
+great tribulation, for that Tom Touchy had taken the law of him for
+cutting some hazel-sticks out of one of his hedges.</p>
+
+<p>Among other pieces of news which the Knight brought from his country
+seat, he informed me that Moll White was dead; and that about a month
+after her death the wind was so very high, that it blew down the end of
+one of his barns. &ldquo;But for my own part,&rdquo; says Sir Roger, &ldquo;I do not think
+that the old woman had any hand in it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He afterwards fell into an account of the diversions which had passed in
+his house during the holidays; for Sir Roger, after the laudable custom
+of his ancestors, always keeps open house at Christmas. I learned from
+him that he had killed eight fat hogs for this season, that he had dealt
+about his chines very liberally amongst his neighbours, and that in
+particular he had sent a string of hogs-puddings with a pack of cards to
+every poor family in the parish. &ldquo;I have often thought,&rdquo; says Sir Roger,
+&ldquo;it happens very well that Christmas should fall out in the middle of
+winter. It is the most dead
+<span class="pagebreak" title="106">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a>
+uncomfortable time of the year, when the
+poor people would suffer very much from their poverty and cold, if they
+had not good cheer, warm fires, and Christmas gambols to support them. I
+love to rejoice their poor hearts at this season, and to see the whole
+village merry in my great hall. I allow a double quantity of malt to my
+small beer, and set it a running for twelve days to every one that calls
+for it. I have always a piece of cold beef and a mince-pie upon the
+table, and am wonderfully pleased to see my tenants pass away a whole
+evening in playing their innocent tricks, and smutting one another<a name="fnm_158" id="fnm_158"></a><a href="#fn_158" class="fnnum">158</a>.
+Our friend Will Wimble is as merry as any of them, and shows a thousand
+roguish tricks upon these occasions.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>I was very much delighted with the reflection of my old friend, which
+carried so much goodness in it. He then launched out into the praise of
+the late Act of Parliament<a name="fnm_159" id="fnm_159"></a><a href="#fn_159" class="fnnum">159</a> for securing the Church of England, and
+told me, with great satisfaction, that he believed it already began to
+take effect, for that a rigid dissenter who chanced to dine at his house
+on Christmas Day, had been observed to eat very plentifully of his
+plum-porridge<a name="fnm_160" id="fnm_160"></a><a href="#fn_160" class="fnnum">160</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After having dispatched all our country matters, Sir Roger made several
+inquiries concerning the club, and particularly of his old antagonist Sir
+Andrew
+<span class="pagebreak" title="107">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>
+Freeport. He asked me with a kind of a smile, whether Sir Andrew
+had not taken the advantage of his absence, to vent among them some of
+his republican doctrines; but soon after gathering up his countenance
+into a more than ordinary seriousness, &ldquo;Tell me truly,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;do not
+you think Sir Andrew had a hand in the Pope&rsquo;s procession<a name="fnm_161" id="fnm_161"></a><a href="#fn_161" class="fnnum">161</a>?&rdquo;&mdash;but
+without giving me time to answer him, &ldquo;Well, well,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;I know you
+are a wary man, and do not care to talk of public matters.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Knight then asked me if I had seen Prince Eugenio, and made me
+promise to get him a stand in some convenient place, where he might have
+a full sight of that extraordinary man, whose presence does so much
+honour to the British nation. He dwelt very long on the praises of this
+great general, and I found that, since I was with him in the country, he
+had drawn many just observations together out of his reading in Baker&rsquo;s
+<i>Chronicle</i><a name="fnm_162" id="fnm_162"></a><a href="#fn_162" class="fnnum">162</a>, and other authors, who always lie in his hall window,
+which very much redound to the honour of this prince.</p>
+
+<p>Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the
+Knight&rsquo;s reflections, which were partly private, and partly political, he
+asked me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at
+Squire&rsquo;s. As I love the old man, I take delight in complying with
+everything that is agreeable to him, and accordingly waited on<a name="fnm_163" id="fnm_163"></a><a href="#fn_163" class="fnnum">163</a> him
+to the
+<span class="pagebreak" title="108">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>
+coffee-house, where his venerable figure drew upon us the eyes of
+the whole room. He had no sooner seated himself at the upper end of the
+high table, but he called for a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of
+coffee, a wax-candle, and the <i>Supplement</i>, with such an air of
+cheerfulness and good humour, that all the boys<a name="fnm_164" id="fnm_164"></a><a href="#fn_164" class="fnnum">164</a> in the coffee-room
+(who seemed to take pleasure in serving him) were at once employed on his
+several errands, insomuch that nobody else could come at a dish of tea,
+until the Knight had got all his conveniences about him.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_152" id="fn_152"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_152">152</a></span> <i>Turn.</i> Stroll.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_153" id="fn_153"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_153">153</a></span> <i>Prince Eugene.</i> Prince of Savoy (1663-1736), who aided
+Marlborough at Blenheim and elsewhere, and was at this time on a visit to
+London.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_154" id="fn_154"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_154">154</a></span> <i>Scanderbeg.</i> George Castriota, a famous Albanian leader
+against the Turks (1403-68).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_155" id="fn_155"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_155">155</a></span> <i>Hemming.</i> Clearing his throat.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_156" id="fn_156"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_156">156</a></span> <i>Merks.</i> A merk is 13s. 4d., but only as a measure of
+value, not an actual coin. Compare our present use of a guinea.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_157" id="fn_157"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_157">157</a></span> <i>Fob.</i> Small pocket.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_158" id="fn_158"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_158">158</a></span> <i>Smutting one another.</i> Blacking one another&rsquo;s faces in
+sport.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_159" id="fn_159"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_159">159</a></span> <i>Act of Parliament.</i> Act of Occasional Uniformity, 1710.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_160" id="fn_160"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_160">160</a></span> <i>Rigid dissenter ... plum porridge.</i> Many Puritans refused
+to observe Christmas Day, regarding it as smacking of Popery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_161" id="fn_161"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_161">161</a></span> <i>Pope&rsquo;s procession.</i> An annual Whig demonstration.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_162" id="fn_162"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_162">162</a></span> <i>Baker&rsquo;s Chronicle.</i> <i>Chronicle of the Kings of England</i>
+(1643), by Sir Richard Baker.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_163" id="fn_163"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_163">163</a></span> <i>Waited on.</i> Accompanied.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_164" id="fn_164"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_164">164</a></span> <i>Boys.</i> Waiters.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_329" id="No_329"></a><span class="smcap">No. 329. Tuesday, March</span> 18</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Ire tamen restat, Numa quo devenit, et Ancus.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Hor</span>. <i>Ep.</i> vi. l. i. ver. 27.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With Ancus, and with Numa, kings of Rome,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We must descend into the silent tomb.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>My friend Sir Roger de Coverley told me the other night, that he had been
+reading my paper upon Westminster Abbey, &ldquo;in which,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;there are
+a great many ingenious fancies.&rdquo; He told me at the same time, that he
+observed I had promised another paper upon the Tombs, and that he should
+be glad to go and see them with me, not having visited them since he had
+read history. I could not at first imagine how this came into the
+Knight&rsquo;s head, till I recollected that he had been very busy
+<span class="pagebreak" title="109">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a>
+all last
+summer upon Baker&rsquo;s <i>Chronicle</i>, which he has quoted several times in his
+disputes with Sir Andrew Freeport since his last coming to town.
+Accordingly I promised to call upon him the next morning, that we might
+go together to the Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>I found the Knight under his butler&rsquo;s hands, who always shaves him. He
+was no sooner dressed than he called for a glass of the widow Trueby&rsquo;s
+water, which they told me he always drank before he went abroad. He
+recommended to me a dram of it at the same time, with so much heartiness,
+that I could not forbear drinking it. As soon as I had got it down, I
+found it very unpalatable, upon which the Knight observing that I had
+made several wry faces, told me that he knew I should not like it at
+first, but that it was the best thing in the world against the stone or
+gravel.</p>
+
+<p>I could have wished indeed that he had acquainted me with the virtues of
+it sooner; but it was too late to complain, and I knew what he had done
+was out of goodwill. Sir Roger told me further, that he looked upon it to
+be very good for a man whilst he stayed in town, to keep off infection,
+and that he got together a quantity of it upon the first news of the
+sickness being at Dantzick: when of a sudden, turning short to one of his
+servants who stood behind him, he bid him call a hackney-coach, and take
+care it was an elderly man that drove it.</p>
+
+<p>He then resumed his discourse upon Mrs. Trueby&rsquo;s water, telling me that
+the widow Trueby was one who did more good than all the doctors or
+apothecaries
+<span class="pagebreak" title="110">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a>
+in the country: that she distilled every poppy that grew
+within five miles of her; that she distributed her water gratis among all
+sorts of people; to which the Knight added, that she had a very great
+jointure<a name="fnm_165" id="fnm_165"></a><a href="#fn_165" class="fnnum">165</a>, and that the whole country would fain have it a match
+between him and her; &ldquo;and truly,&rdquo; says Sir Roger, &ldquo;if I had not been
+engaged<a name="fnm_166" id="fnm_166"></a><a href="#fn_166" class="fnnum">166</a>, perhaps I could not have done better.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>His discourse was broken off by his man&rsquo;s telling him he had called a
+coach. Upon our going to it, after having cast his eye upon the wheels,
+he asked the coachman if his axle-tree was good; upon the fellow&rsquo;s
+telling him he would warrant it, the Knight turned to me, told me he
+looked like an honest man, and went in without further ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>We had not gone far, when Sir Roger, popping out his head, called the
+coachman down from his box, and, upon presenting himself at the window,
+asked him if he smoked; as I was considering what this would end in, he
+bid him stop by the way at any good tobacconist&rsquo;s and take in a roll of
+their best Virginia. Nothing material happened in the remaining part of
+our journey, till we were set down at the west end of the Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>As we went up the body of the church, the Knight pointed at the trophies
+upon one of the new monuments, and cried out, &ldquo;A brave man, I warrant
+him!&rdquo; Passing afterwards by Sir Cloudesley Shovel<a name="fnm_167" id="fnm_167"></a><a href="#fn_167" class="fnnum">167</a>,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="111">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>
+he flung his
+hand that way, and cried, &ldquo;Sir Cloudesley Shovel! a very gallant man!&rdquo; As
+he stood before Busby&rsquo;s tomb, the Knight uttered himself again after the
+same manner, &ldquo;Dr. Busby<a name="fnm_168" id="fnm_168"></a><a href="#fn_168" class="fnnum">168</a>, a great man! he whipped my grandfather; a
+very great man! I should have gone to him myself, if I had not been a
+blockhead; a very great man!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>We were immediately conducted to the little chapel on the right hand. Sir
+Roger, planting himself at our historian&rsquo;s elbow, was very attentive to
+everything he said, particularly to the account he gave us of the lord
+who had cut off the King of Morocco&rsquo;s head. Among several other figures,
+he was very well pleased to see the statesman Cecil<a name="fnm_169" id="fnm_169"></a><a href="#fn_169" class="fnnum">169</a> upon his knees;
+and concluding them all to be great men, was conducted to the figure
+which represents that martyr to good housewifery, who died by the prick
+of a needle. Upon our interpreter&rsquo;s telling us that she was a maid of
+honour to Queen Elizabeth, the Knight was very inquisitive into her name
+and family; and after having regarded her finger for some time, &ldquo;I
+wonder,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;that Sir Richard Baker has said nothing of her in his
+<i>Chronicle</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>We were then conveyed to the two coronation chairs, where my old friend
+after having heard that the stone underneath the most ancient of them,
+which was brought from Scotland, was called &ldquo;Jacob&rsquo;s pillar,&rdquo; sat himself
+down in the chair;
+<span class="pagebreak" title="112">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>
+and looking like the figure of an old Gothic king,
+asked our interpreter, what authority they had to say that Jacob had ever
+been in Scotland? The fellow, instead of returning him an answer, told
+him, that he hoped his honour would pay his forfeit<a name="fnm_170" id="fnm_170"></a><a href="#fn_170" class="fnnum">170</a>. I could observe
+Sir Roger a little ruffled upon being thus trepanned; but our guide not
+insisting upon his demand, the Knight soon recovered his good humour, and
+whispered in my ear, that if Will Wimble were with us, and saw those two
+chairs, it would go hard but he would get a tobacco-stopper out of one or
+the other of them.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Roger, in the next place, laid his hand upon Edward the Third&rsquo;s
+sword, and leaning upon the pommel<a name="fnm_171" id="fnm_171"></a><a href="#fn_171" class="fnnum">171</a> of it, gave us the whole history
+of the Black Prince; concluding, that, in Sir Richard Baker&rsquo;s opinion,
+Edward the Third was one of the greatest princes that ever sat upon the
+English throne.</p>
+
+<p>We were then shown Edward the Confessor&rsquo;s tomb; upon which Sir Roger
+acquainted us, that he was the first who touched for the evil<a name="fnm_172" id="fnm_172"></a><a href="#fn_172" class="fnnum">172</a>; and
+afterwards Henry the Fourth&rsquo;s, upon which he shook his head, and told us
+there was fine reading in the casualties<a name="fnm_173" id="fnm_173"></a><a href="#fn_173" class="fnnum">173</a> of that reign.</p>
+
+<p>Our conductor then pointed to that monument where there is the figure of
+one of our English kings without an head; and upon giving us to know,
+that
+<span class="pagebreak" title="113">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>
+the head, which was of beaten silver, had been stolen away several
+years since: &ldquo;Some Whig, I&rsquo;ll warrant you,&rdquo; says Sir Roger; &ldquo;you ought to
+lock up your kings better; they will carry off the body too, if you don&rsquo;t
+take care.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The glorious names of Henry the Fifth and Queen Elizabeth gave the Knight
+great opportunities of shining, and of doing justice to Sir Richard
+Baker; who, as our Knight observed with some surprise, had a great many
+kings in him, whose monuments he had not seen in the Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part, I could not but be pleased to see the Knight show such
+an honest passion for the glory of his country, and such a respectful
+gratitude to the memory of its princes.</p>
+
+<p>I must not omit, that the benevolence of my good old friend, which flows
+out towards every one he converses with, made him very kind to our
+interpreter, whom he looked upon as an extraordinary man; for which
+reason he shook him by the hand at parting, telling him, that he should
+be very glad to see him at his lodgings in Norfolk Buildings, and talk
+over these matters with him more at leisure.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_165" id="fn_165"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_165">165</a></span> <i>Jointure.</i> Settlement.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_166" id="fn_166"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_166">166</a></span> <i>Engaged.</i> Pledged.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_167" id="fn_167"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_167">167</a></span> <i>Sir Cloudesley Shovel.</i> Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel,
+drowned off the Scilly Isles, 1707.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_168" id="fn_168"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_168">168</a></span> <i>Dr. Busby.</i> The famous flogging headmaster of
+Westminster.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_169" id="fn_169"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_169">169</a></span> <i>Cecil.</i> Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth&rsquo;s Lord High
+Treasurer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_170" id="fn_170"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_170">170</a></span> <i>Forfeit.</i> Gratuity due for sitting in the chair.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_171" id="fn_171"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_171">171</a></span> <i>Pommel.</i> Part of the hilt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_172" id="fn_172"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_172">172</a></span> <i>Touched for the evil.</i> The royal touch was regarded as a
+cure for scrofula as late as Queen Anne&rsquo;s time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_173" id="fn_173"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_173">173</a></span> <i>Casualties.</i> Incidents.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="114">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a>
+<a name="No_335" id="No_335"></a><span class="smcap">No. 335. Tuesday, March</span> 25</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Doctum imitatorem, et veras hinc ducere voces.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Hor.</span> <i>Ars Poet.</i> ver. 317.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Those are the likest copies, which are drawn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the original of human life.<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Roscommon.</span><br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>My friend Sir Roger de Coverley, when we last met together at the club,
+told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy<a name="fnm_174" id="fnm_174"></a><a href="#fn_174" class="fnnum">174</a> with me,
+assuring me at the same time, that he had not been at a play these twenty
+years. &ldquo;The last I saw,&rdquo; said Sir Roger, &ldquo;was the <i>Committee</i>, which I
+should not have gone to neither, had not I been told beforehand that it
+was a good Church of England comedy.&rdquo; He then proceeded to inquire of me
+who this Distressed Mother was; and upon hearing that she was Hector&rsquo;s
+widow, he told me that her husband was a brave man, and that when he was
+a schoolboy he had read his life at the end of the dictionary. My friend
+asked me, in the next place, if there would not be some danger in coming
+home late, in case the Mohocks<a name="fnm_175" id="fnm_175"></a><a href="#fn_175" class="fnnum">175</a> should be abroad. &ldquo;I assure you,&rdquo;
+says he, &ldquo;I thought I had fallen into their hands last night; for I
+observed two or three lusty black men that followed me half-way up Fleet
+Street, and
+<span class="pagebreak" title="115">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>
+mended their pace behind me, in proportion as I put on<a name="fnm_176" id="fnm_176"></a><a href="#fn_176" class="fnnum">176</a>
+to get away from them. You must know,&rdquo; continued the Knight with a smile,
+&ldquo;I fancied they had a mind to <i>hunt</i> me; for I remember an honest
+gentleman in my neighbourhood, who was served such a trick in King
+Charles the Second&rsquo;s time, for which reason he has not ventured himself
+in town ever since. I might have shown them very good sport, had this
+been their design; for as I am an old fox-hunter, I should have turned
+and dodged, and have played them a thousand tricks they had never seen in
+their lives before.&rdquo; Sir Roger added, that if these gentlemen had any
+such intention, they did not succeed very well in it; &ldquo;for I threw them
+out,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;at the end of Norfolk Street, where I doubled the corner,
+and got shelter in my lodgings before they could imagine what was become
+of me. However,&rdquo; says the Knight, &ldquo;if Captain Sentry will make one with
+us to-morrow night, and if you will both of you call upon me about four
+o&rsquo;clock, that we may be at the house before it is full, I will have my
+coach in readiness to attend you, for John tells me he has got the
+fore-wheels mended.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Captain, who did not fail to meet me there at the appointed hour, bid
+Sir Roger fear nothing, for that he had put on the same sword which he
+made use of at the battle of Steenkirk. Sir Roger&rsquo;s servants, and among
+the rest my old friend the butler, had, I found, provided themselves with
+good
+<span class="pagebreak" title="116">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>
+oaken plants, to attend their master upon this occasion. When we
+had placed him in his coach, with myself at his left hand, the Captain
+before him, and his butler at the head of his footmen in the rear, we
+conveyed him in safety to the play-house, where after having marched up
+the entry in good order, the Captain and I went in with him, and seated
+him betwixt us in the pit. As soon as the house was full, and the candles
+lighted, my old friend stood up and looked about him with that pleasure,
+which a mind seasoned with humanity<a name="fnm_177" id="fnm_177"></a><a href="#fn_177" class="fnnum">177</a> naturally feels in itself, at
+the sight of a multitude of people who seemed pleased with one another,
+and partake of the same common entertainment. I could not but fancy to
+myself, as the old man stood up in the middle of the pit, that he made a
+very proper centre to a tragic audience. Upon the entering of
+Pyrrhus<a name="fnm_178" id="fnm_178"></a><a href="#fn_178" class="fnnum">178</a>, the Knight told me that he did not believe the King of
+France himself had a better strut. I was indeed very attentive to my old
+friend&rsquo;s remarks, because I looked upon them as a piece of natural
+criticism, and was well pleased to hear him, at the conclusion of almost
+every scene, telling me that he could not imagine how the play would end.
+One while he appeared much concerned for Andromache; and a little while
+after as much for Hermione; and was extremely puzzled to think what would
+become of Pyrrhus.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagebreak" title="117">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a>
+When Sir Roger saw Andromache&rsquo;s obstinate refusal to her lover&rsquo;s
+importunities, he whispered me in the ear, that he was sure she would
+never have him; to which he added, with a more than ordinary vehemence,
+&ldquo;You cannot imagine, sir, what it is to have to do with a widow.&rdquo; Upon
+Pyrrhus his<a name="fnm_179" id="fnm_179"></a><a href="#fn_179" class="fnnum">179</a> threatening afterwards to leave her, the Knight shook
+his head and muttered to himself, &ldquo;Ay, do if you can.&rdquo; This part dwelt so
+much upon my friend&rsquo;s imagination, that at the close of the third act, as
+I was thinking of something else, he whispered me in the ear, &ldquo;These
+widows, sir, are the most perverse creatures in the world. But pray,&rdquo;
+says he, &ldquo;you that are a critic, is the play according to your dramatic
+rules, as you call them? Should your people in tragedy always talk to be
+understood? Why, there is not a single sentence in this play that I do
+not know the meaning of.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The fourth act very luckily begun before I had time to give the old
+gentleman an answer: &ldquo;Well,&rdquo; says the Knight, sitting down with great
+satisfaction, &ldquo;I suppose we are now to see Hector&rsquo;s ghost.&rdquo; He then
+renewed his attention, and, from time to time, fell a praising the widow.
+He made, indeed, a little mistake as to one of her pages, whom at his
+first entering he took for Astyanax<a name="fnm_180" id="fnm_180"></a><a href="#fn_180" class="fnnum">180</a>; but quickly set himself right
+in that particular, though, at the same time, he owned he should have
+been very glad
+<span class="pagebreak" title="118">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>
+to have seen the little boy, &ldquo;who,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;must needs
+be a very fine child by the account that is given of him.&rdquo; Upon
+Hermione&rsquo;s going off with a menace to Pyrrhus, the audience gave a loud
+clap, to which Sir Roger added, &ldquo;On my word, a notable young baggage!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>As there was a very remarkable silence and stillness in the audience
+during the whole action, it was natural for them to take the opportunity
+of the intervals between the acts, to express their opinion of the
+players, and of their respective parts. Sir Roger hearing a cluster of
+them praise Orestes, struck in with them, and told them, that he thought
+his friend Pylades was a very sensible man; as they were afterwards
+applauding Pyrrhus, Sir Roger put in a second time: &ldquo;And let me tell
+you,&rdquo; says he, &ldquo;though he speaks but little, I like the old fellow in
+whiskers as well as any of them.&rdquo; Captain Sentry seeing two or three
+wags, who sat near us, lean with an attentive ear towards Sir Roger, and
+fearing lest they should smoke<a name="fnm_181" id="fnm_181"></a><a href="#fn_181" class="fnnum">181</a> the Knight, plucked him by the elbow,
+and whispered something in his ear, that lasted till the opening of the
+fifth act. The Knight was wonderfully attentive to the account which
+Orestes gives of Pyrrhus his death, and at the conclusion of it, told me
+it was such a bloody piece of work, that he was glad it was not done upon
+the stage. Seeing afterwards Orestes in his raving fit, he grew more than
+ordinary serious, and took occasion to moralise (in his way) upon an evil
+conscience,
+<span class="pagebreak" title="119">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>
+adding, that <i>Orestes, in his madness, looked as if he saw
+something</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As we were the first that came into the house, so we were the last that
+went out of it; being resolved to have a clear passage for our old
+friend, whom we did not care to venture among the justling of the crowd.
+Sir Roger went out fully satisfied with his entertainment, and we guarded
+him to his lodging in the same manner that we brought him to the
+play-house; being highly pleased, for my own part, not only with the
+performance of the excellent piece which had been presented, but with the
+satisfaction which it had given to the old man.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+L.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_174" id="fn_174"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_174">174</a></span> <i>New tragedy.</i> <i>The Distressed Mother</i>, by Ambrose
+Phillips.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_175" id="fn_175"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_175">175</a></span> <i>Mohocks.</i> Gangs of rowdies who roamed the streets at
+night and assaulted passers-by. See <i>Spectator</i>, <span class="smcap">No</span>. 324</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_176" id="fn_176"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_176">176</a></span> <i>Put on.</i> Put on speed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_177" id="fn_177"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_177">177</a></span> <i>Seasoned with humanity.</i> Tempered with kindliness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_178" id="fn_178"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_178">178</a></span> <i>Pyrrhus.</i> Son of Achilles, to whom Hector&rsquo;s widow,
+Andromache, had fallen as his share of the plunder of Troy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_179" id="fn_179"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_179">179</a></span> <i>Pyrrhus his.</i> This use is due to a wrong idea that the
+possessive termination is an abbreviation of <i>his</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_180" id="fn_180"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_180">180</a></span> <i>Astyanax.</i> Son of Hector and Andromache (and subject of
+one of the most touching passages in Homer).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_181" id="fn_181"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_181">181</a></span> <i>Smoke.</i> A slang word, equivalent to the modern <i>rag</i>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_383" id="No_383"></a><span class="smcap">No. 383. Tuesday, May</span> 20</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Criminibus debent hortos.</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Juv</span>. <i>Sat.</i> i. ver. 75.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A beauteous garden, but by vice maintain&rsquo;d.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>As I was sitting in my chamber and thinking on a subject for my next
+<i>Spectator</i>, I heard two or three irregular bounces<a name="fnm_182" id="fnm_182"></a><a href="#fn_182" class="fnnum">182</a> at my landlady&rsquo;s
+door, and upon the opening of it, a loud cheerful voice inquiring whether
+the Philosopher was at home. The child who went to the door answered very
+innocently, that he did not lodge there. I immediately recollected<a name="fnm_183" id="fnm_183"></a><a href="#fn_183" class="fnnum">183</a>
+that it was my good friend Sir Roger
+<span class="pagebreak" title="120">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a>
+&rsquo;s voice; and that I had promised to
+go with him on the water to Spring Garden<a name="fnm_184" id="fnm_184"></a><a href="#fn_184" class="fnnum">184</a>, in case it proved a good
+evening. The Knight put me in mind of my promise from the bottom of the
+staircase, but told me that if I was speculating<a name="fnm_185" id="fnm_185"></a><a href="#fn_185" class="fnnum">185</a> he would stay below
+till I had done. Upon my coming down I found all the children of the
+family got about my old friend, and my landlady herself, who is a notable
+prating gossip, engaged in a conference with him; being mightily pleased
+with his stroking her little boy upon the head, and bidding him be a good
+child, and mind his book.</p>
+
+<p>We were no sooner come to the Temple stairs, but we were surrounded with
+a crowd of watermen offering us their respective services. Sir Roger,
+after having looked about him very attentively, spied one with a wooden
+leg, and immediately gave him orders to get his boat ready. As we were
+walking towards it, &ldquo;You must know,&rdquo; says Sir Roger, &ldquo;I never make use of
+any body to row me, that has not either lost a leg or an arm. I would
+rather bate him a few strokes of his oar<a name="fnm_186" id="fnm_186"></a><a href="#fn_186" class="fnnum">186</a> than not employ an honest
+man that has been wounded in the Queen&rsquo;s service. If I was a lord or a
+bishop, and kept a barge, I would not put a fellow in my livery that had
+not a wooden leg.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img  src="images/illus-121.png" width="500" height="602" alt="Man surrounded by children" title="I found all the Children of the Family got about my old Friend" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p>My old friend, after having seated himself, and trimmed<a name="fnm_187" id="fnm_187"></a><a href="#fn_187" class="fnnum">187</a> the boat
+with his coachman, who, being
+<span class="pagebreak" title="121">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a>
+a very sober man, always serves for
+ballast on these occasions, we made the best of our way for Fox-Hall. Sir
+Roger obliged the waterman to give us the history of his right leg, and
+hearing that he had left it at La Hogue, with many particulars which
+<span class="pagebreak" title="122">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a>
+passed in that glorious action, the Knight in the triumph of his heart
+made several reflections on the greatness of the British nation; as, that
+one Englishman could beat three Frenchmen; that we could never be in
+danger of popery so long as we took care of our fleet; that the Thames
+was the noblest river in Europe, that London Bridge was a greater piece
+of work than any of the seven wonders of the world; with many other
+honest prejudices which naturally cleave to the heart of a true
+Englishman.</p>
+
+<p>After some short pause, the old Knight turning about his head twice or
+thrice, to take a survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how
+thick the city was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single
+steeple on this side Temple Bar. &ldquo;A most heathenish sight!&rdquo; says Sir
+Roger: &ldquo;there is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty new
+churches<a name="fnm_188" id="fnm_188"></a><a href="#fn_188" class="fnnum">188</a> will very much mend the prospect; but church work is slow,
+church work is slow!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>I do not remember I have anywhere mentioned in Sir Roger&rsquo;s character, his
+custom of saluting everybody that passes by him with a good-morrow or a
+good-night. This the old man does out of the overflowings of his
+humanity, though at the same time it renders him so popular among all his
+country neighbours, that it is thought to have gone a good way in making
+him once or twice knight of the shire<a name="fnm_189" id="fnm_189"></a><a href="#fn_189" class="fnnum">189</a>. He cannot forbear this
+exercise of benevolence
+<span class="pagebreak" title="123">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a>
+even in town, when he meets with any one in his
+morning or evening walk. It broke from him to several boats that passed
+by us upon the water; but to the Knight&rsquo;s great surprise, as he gave the
+good-night to two or three young fellows a little before our landing, one
+of them, instead of returning the civility, asked us, what queer old
+put<a name="fnm_190" id="fnm_190"></a><a href="#fn_190" class="fnnum">190</a> we had in the boat? with a great deal of the like Thames
+ribaldry. Sir Roger seemed a little shocked at first, but at length
+assuming a face of magistracy, told us, &ldquo;That if he were a Middlesex
+justice, he would make such vagrants know that her Majesty&rsquo;s subjects
+were no more to be abused by water than by land.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>We were now arrived at Spring Garden, which is exquisitely pleasant at
+this time of the year. When I considered the fragrancy of the walks and
+bowers, with the choirs of birds that sung upon the trees, and the loose
+tribe of people that walked under their shades, I could not but look upon
+the place as a kind of Mahometan paradise. Sir Roger told me it put him
+in mind of a little coppice by his house in the country, which his
+chaplain used to call an aviary of nightingales. &ldquo;You must understand,&rdquo;
+says the Knight, &ldquo;there is nothing in the world that pleases a man in
+love so much as your nightingale. Ah, Mr. Spectator! the many moonlight
+nights that I have walked by myself, and thought on the widow by the
+music of the nightingale!&rdquo; He here fetched a deep sigh, and was falling
+into a fit of
+<span class="pagebreak" title="124">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a>
+musing, when a mask, who came behind him, gave him a
+gentle tap upon the shoulder, and asked him if he would drink a bottle of
+mead with her? But the Knight, being startled at so unexpected a
+familiarity, and displeased to be interrupted in his thoughts of the
+widow, told her, &ldquo;she was a wanton baggage,&rdquo; and bid her go about her
+business.</p>
+
+<p>We concluded our walk with a glass of Burton ale, and a slice of
+hung<a name="fnm_191" id="fnm_191"></a><a href="#fn_191" class="fnnum">191</a> beef. When we had done eating ourselves, the Knight called a
+waiter to him, and bid him carry the remainder to the waterman that had
+but one leg. I perceived the fellow stared upon him at the oddness of the
+message, and was going to be saucy; upon which I ratified the Knight&rsquo;s
+commands with a peremptory look.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+I.
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_182" id="fn_182"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_182">182</a></span> <i>Bounces.</i> Loud knocks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_183" id="fn_183"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_183">183</a></span> <i>Recollected.</i> We should now say <i>recognised</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_184" id="fn_184"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_184">184</a></span> <i>Spring Garden.</i> At Vauxhall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_185" id="fn_185"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_185">185</a></span> <i>Speculating.</i> Ruminating.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_186" id="fn_186"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_186">186</a></span> <i>Bate him a few strokes of his oar.</i> Excuse his rowing
+slowly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_187" id="fn_187"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_187">187</a></span> <i>Trimmed.</i> Balanced.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_188" id="fn_188"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_188">188</a></span> <i>The fifty new churches.</i> Voted by Parliament in 1711 for
+the western suburbs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_189" id="fn_189"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_189">189</a></span> <i>Knight of the shire.</i> M.P. See p. 44.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_190" id="fn_190"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_190">190</a></span> <i>Put.</i> Rustic, boor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_191" id="fn_191"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_191">191</a></span> <i>Hung.</i> Salted or spiced.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="No_517" id="No_517"></a><span class="smcap">No. 517. Thursday, October</span> 23</h2>
+
+<div class="chaphead">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Heu pietas! heu prisca fides!</i><br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Virg</span>. <i>&AElig;n.</i> vi. ver. 878.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Mirror of ancient faith!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Undaunted worth! Inviolable truth!<br /></span>
+<span class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Dryden</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+
+<p>We last night received a piece of ill news at our club, which very
+sensibly<a name="fnm_192" id="fnm_192"></a><a href="#fn_192" class="fnnum">192</a> afflicted every one of us. I question not but my readers
+themselves will be troubled at the hearing of it. To keep them no
+<span class="pagebreak" title="125">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a>
+longer
+in suspense, Sir Roger de Coverley <i>is dead</i>. He departed this life at
+his house in the country, after a few weeks&rsquo; sickness. Sir Andrew
+Freeport has a letter from one of his correspondents in those parts, that
+informs him the old man caught a cold at the country sessions, as he was
+very warmly promoting<a name="fnm_193" id="fnm_193"></a><a href="#fn_193" class="fnnum">193</a> an address of his own penning, in which he
+succeeded according to his wishes. But this particular comes from a Whig
+justice of peace, who was always Sir Roger&rsquo;s enemy and antagonist. I have
+letters both from the chaplain and Captain Sentry, which mention nothing
+of it, but are filled with many particulars to the honour of the good old
+man. I have likewise a letter from the butler, who took so much care of
+me last summer when I was at the Knight&rsquo;s house. As my friend the butler
+mentions, in the simplicity of his heart, several circumstances the
+others have passed over in silence, I shall give my reader a copy of his
+letter, without any alteration or diminution.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Honoured Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Knowing that you was<a name="fnm_194" id="fnm_194"></a><a href="#fn_194" class="fnnum">194</a> my old master&rsquo;s good friend, I could not
+forbear sending you the melancholy news of his death, which has
+afflicted the whole country<a name="fnm_195" id="fnm_195"></a><a href="#fn_195" class="fnnum">195</a>, as well as his poor servants, who
+loved him, I may say, better than we did our lives. I am afraid he
+caught his death the last country sessions, where he would go to
+see justice done to a poor widow woman and her fatherless
+<span class="pagebreak" title="126">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a>
+children, that had been wronged by a neighbouring gentleman; for
+you know, Sir, my good master was always the poor man&rsquo;s friend.
+Upon his coming home, the first complaint he made was, that he had
+lost his roast-beef stomach, not being able to touch a sirloin,
+which was served up according to custom; and you know he used to
+take great delight in it. From that time forward he grew worse and
+worse, but still kept a good heart to the last. Indeed we were once
+in great hope of his recovery, upon a kind message that was sent
+him from the Widow Lady whom he had made love to the forty last
+years of his life; but this only proved a lightning<a name="fnm_196" id="fnm_196"></a><a href="#fn_196" class="fnnum">196</a> before
+death. He has bequeathed to this lady, as a token of his love, a
+great pearl necklace, and a couple of silver bracelets set with
+jewels, which belonged to my good old lady his mother: he has
+bequeathed the fine white gelding, that he used to ride a-hunting
+upon, to his chaplain, because he thought he would be kind to him;
+and has left you all his books. He has, moreover, bequeathed to the
+chaplain a very pretty tenement with good lands about it. It being
+a very cold day when he made his will, he left for mourning, to
+every man in the parish, a great frieze coat, and to every woman a
+black riding-hood. It was a most moving sight to see him take leave
+of his poor servants, commending us all for our fidelity, whilst we
+were not able to speak a word for weeping. As we most of us are
+grown grey-headed in our dear master&rsquo;s service, he has left us
+pensions and legacies, which we may live very comfortably upon the
+remaining part of our days. He has bequeathed a great deal more in
+charity, which is not yet come to my knowledge, and it is
+peremptorily<a name="fnm_197" id="fnm_197"></a><a href="#fn_197" class="fnnum">197</a> said in the parish, that he has left money to
+build a steeple to the church; for he was heard to say some time
+ago, that if he lived two years longer, Coverley church should have
+a steeple to it. The chaplain tells everybody that he made a very
+good end, and never
+<span class="pagebreak" title="127">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a>
+speaks of him without tears. He was buried
+according to his own directions, among the family of the Coverleys,
+on the left hand of his father Sir Arthur. The coffin was carried
+by six of his tenants, and the pall held by six of the Quorum: the
+whole parish followed the corpse with heavy hearts, and in their
+mourning suits, the men in frieze, and the women in riding-hoods.
+Captain Sentry, my master&rsquo;s nephew, has taken possession of the
+hall-house, and the whole estate. When my old master saw him, a
+little before his death, he shook him by the hand, and wished him
+joy of the estate which was falling to him, desiring him only to
+make a good use of it, and to pay the several legacies, and the
+gifts of charity which he told him he had left as quit-rents<a name="fnm_198" id="fnm_198"></a><a href="#fn_198" class="fnnum">198</a>
+upon the estate. The captain truly seems a courteous man, though he
+says but little. He makes much of those whom my master loved, and
+shows great kindnesses to the old house-dog, that you know my poor
+master was so fond of. It would have gone to your heart to have
+heard the moans the dumb creature made on the day of my master&rsquo;s
+death. He has never joyed himself since; no more has any of us. It
+was the melancholiest day for the poor people that ever happened in
+Worcestershire. This is all from,</p>
+
+<p class="yours">
+Honoured Sir,<br />
+Your most sorrowful servant,</p>
+<p class="signature">
+<span class="smcap">Edward Biscuit</span>.
+</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;My master desired, some weeks before he died, that a book
+which comes up to you by the carrier, should be given to Sir Andrew
+Freeport, in his name.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter, notwithstanding the poor butler&rsquo;s manner of writing it, gave
+us such an idea of our good old friend, that upon the reading of it there
+was not a dry eye in the club. Sir Andrew opening the book, found it to
+be a collection of Acts of Parliament.
+<span class="pagebreak" title="128">&nbsp;</span><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a>
+There was in particular the Act
+of Uniformity, with some passages in it marked by Sir Roger&rsquo;s own hand.
+Sir Andrew found that they related to two or three points, which he had
+disputed with Sir Roger the last time he appeared at the club. Sir
+Andrew, who would have been merry at such an incident on another
+occasion, at the sight of the old man&rsquo;s handwriting burst into tears, and
+put the book into his pocket. Captain Sentry informs me, that the Knight
+has left rings and mourning for every one in the club.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">
+O.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
+<img  src="images/illus-128.png" width="250" height="434" alt="Man sitting on carved wooden chair" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_192" id="fn_192"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_192">192</a></span> <i>Sensibly.</i> Keenly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_193" id="fn_193"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_193">193</a></span> <i>Promoting.</i> Urging the adoption of.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_194" id="fn_194"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_194">194</a></span> <i>You was.</i> A common seventeenth-century use with the
+singular <i>you</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_195" id="fn_195"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_195">195</a></span> <i>Country.</i> Country-side.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_196" id="fn_196"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_196">196</a></span> <i>Lightning.</i> Last flash of life (quotation from
+Shakespeare).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_197" id="fn_197"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_197">197</a></span> <i>Peremptorily.</i> Confidently.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="fn_198" id="fn_198"></a><span class="label"><a href="#fnm_198">198</a></span> <i>Quit-rents.</i> Charges on the estate.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The De Coverley Papers, by 
+Joseph Addison and Others
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+Project Gutenberg's The De Coverley Papers, by Joseph Addison and Others
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The De Coverley Papers
+       From 'The Spectator'
+
+Author: Joseph Addison and Others
+
+Editor: Joseph H. Meek
+
+Release Date: February 22, 2007 [EBook #20648]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DE COVERLEY PAPERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Malcolm Farmer, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  _The_ KINGS TREASURIES
+  OF LITERATURE
+
+  GENERAL EDITOR
+
+  SIR A. T. QUILLER COUCH
+
+  LONDON: J. M. DENT & SONS LTD
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: J. Addison.]
+
+
+
+
+  _THE_
+  DE COVERLEY
+  PAPERS
+  _FROM_
+  _'THE SPECTATOR'_
+
+  EDITED
+  _BY_
+  JOSEPH MEEK _M.A._
+
+
+
+
+  All rights reserved
+  by
+  J. M. DENT & SONS LTD
+  Aldine House . Bedford Street . London
+  Made in Great Britain
+  at
+  The Aldine Press . Letchworth . Herts
+  First published in this edition 1920
+  Last reprinted 1955
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+No character in our literature, not even Mr. Pickwick, has more endeared
+himself to successive generations of readers than Addison's Sir Roger de
+Coverley: there are many figures in drama and fiction of whom we feel
+that they are in a way personal friends of our own, that once introduced
+to us they remain a permanent part of our little world. It is the abiding
+glory of Dickens, it is one of Shakespeare's abiding glories, to have
+created many such: but we look to find these characters in the novel or
+the play: the essay by virtue of its limitations of space is unsuited for
+character-studies, and even in the subject of our present reading the
+difficulty of hunting the various Coverley Essays down in the great
+number of _Spectator_ Papers is some small drawback. But here before the
+birth of the modern English novel we have a full-length portrait of such
+a character as we have described, in addition to a number of other more
+sketchy but still convincing delineations of English types. We are
+brought into the society of a fine old-fashioned country gentleman,
+simple, generous, and upright, with just those touches of whimsicality
+and those lovable faults which go straight to our hearts: and all so
+charmingly described that these Essays have delighted all who have read
+them since they first began to appear on the breakfast-tables of the
+polite world in Queen Anne's day.
+
+"Addison's" Sir Roger we have called him, and be sure that honest Dick
+Steele, even if he drew the first outlines of the figure, would not bear
+us a grudge for so doing. Whoever first thought of Sir Roger, and however
+many little touches may have been added by other hands, he remains
+Addison's creation: and furthermore it does not matter a snap of the
+fingers whether any actual person served as the model from which the
+picture was taken. Of all the bootless quests that literary criticism can
+undertake, this search for "the original" is the least valuable. The
+artist's mind is a crucible which transmutes and re-creates: to vary the
+metaphor, the marble springs to life under the workman's hands: we can
+almost see it happening in these Essays: and we know how often enough a
+writer finds his own creation kicking over the traces, as it were, and
+becoming almost independent of his volition. There is no original for Sir
+Roger or Falstaff or Mr. Micawber: they may not have sprung Athena-like
+fully armed out of the author's head, and they may have been suggested by
+some one he had in mind. But once created they came into a full-blooded
+life with personalities entirely of their own.
+
+A vastly more useful quest, one in fact of absorbing interest, is the
+attempt to follow the artist's method, to trace the devices which he
+adopts to bring to our notice all those various traits by which we judge
+of character. The prose writer has this much advantage over the
+playwright, that he can represent his _dramatis personae_ in a greater
+number of different situations, and furthermore can criticise them and
+draw our special attention to what he wishes to have stressed: he can
+even say that such and such thoughts and motives are in their minds. Not
+so the dramatist: his space is limited and he is cribbed, cabined, and
+confined by having to give a convincing imitation of real life, where we
+cannot tell what is going on in the minds of even our most intimate
+friends. Thus the audience is often left uncertain of the purport of what
+it sees and hears: the ugly and inartistic convention of the aside must
+be used very sparingly if the play is to ring true; and so it is that we
+shall find voluminous discussions on the subject, for instance, of how
+Shakespeare meant such and such a character to be interpreted. It stands
+to reason that the character in fiction can to this same extent be more
+artificial. It is a test of the self-control and artistic restraint of
+the novelist if he can refrain from diving too deep into the unknown and
+arrogating to himself an impossibly full knowledge of the mental
+processes of other people. And now notice how Addison gives us just such
+revelations of the old Knight's character as the observant spectator
+would gather from friendly intercourse with him. We see Sir Roger at
+home, ruling his household and the village with a genial if somewhat
+autocratic sway: we see him in London, taking the cicerone who pilots him
+round Westminster Abbey for a monument of wit and learning: and so on and
+so forth. There is no need to catalogue these occasions: what we have
+said should suffice to point out a very fruitful line of study which may
+help the reader to a full appreciation of Addison's work. "Good wine
+needs no bush," and the Coverley Essays are good wine if ever there was
+such.
+
+The study of the style is also of the greatest value. Addison lived at a
+time when our modern English prose had recently found itself. We admire
+the splendour of the Miltonic style, and lose ourselves in the rich
+harmonies of Sir Thomas Browne's work; but after all prose is needed for
+ordinary every-day jog-trot purposes and must be clear and
+straightforward. It can still remain a very attractive instrument of
+speech or writing, and in Addison's hands it fulfilled to perfection the
+needs of the essay style. He avoids verbiage and excessive adornment, he
+is content to tell what he sees or knows or thinks as simply as possible
+(and even with a tendency towards the conversational), and he has an
+inimitable feeling for just the right word, just the most elegantly
+turned phrase and period. Do not imagine this sort of thing is the result
+of a mere gift for style: true, it could not happen without that, but
+neither can it happen without a great deal of careful thought, a
+scrupulous choice, and balancing of word against word, phrase against
+phrase. Because all this is done and because the result is so clear and
+runs so smoothly, it requires an effort on our part to realise the great
+amount of work involved: _Ars est celare artem_: and in such an essay as
+that describing the picture gallery in Sir Roger's house we can see the
+pictures in front of our eyes precisely because the description is so
+clear-cut, so free from unnecessary decoration, and yet so picturesque
+and attractive.
+
+A very short acquaintance will enable the reader to appreciate Addison's
+charming humour and sane grasp of character. The high moral tone of his
+work, the common-sense and broad culture and literary insight which
+caused the _Spectator_ to exert a profound influence over a dissolute
+age, these can only be seen by a more extended reading of the Essays, and
+those who are interested cannot do better than obtain some general
+selection such as that of Arnold.
+
+Biographical and historical details are somewhat outside the scope of the
+present Essay. A short Chronological Table is appended, and the reader
+cannot be too strongly recommended to study Johnson's Life of Addison,
+which is one of the best of the Lives of the Poets, and in which the
+literary criticism is in Johnson's best vein. And Thackeray's _Esmond_
+contains some delightful passages introducing Richard Steele and his
+entourage, with an interesting scene in Addison's lodgings. It is perhaps
+as well to mention that the _Spectator_ grew out of Addison's
+collaboration with Steele in a similar periodical entitled the _Tatler_.
+There were several writers besides these two concerned in the
+_Spectator_, notably Budgell. (The letters at the end of most of the
+papers are signatures: C., L., I. and O. are the marks of Addison's work,
+R. and T. of Steele's, and X. of Budgell's.) We have stories of Addison's
+resentment of their tampering with his favourite character; it is even
+said that he killed the Knight off in his annoyance at one paper which
+represented him in an unfitting situation. We cannot judge of the truth
+of such stories. In any case it was Addison who controlled the whole
+tenor and policy of the paper, wisely steering as clear as possible of
+politics, and thereby broadening his appeal and reaching a wider public,
+and it was Addison's kindly and mellow criticism of life that informed
+the whole work. His remaining literary productions, popular at the time,
+have receded into the background: but the _Spectator_ will keep his name
+alive as long as English literature survives.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(In this selection only those essays have been chosen which bear directly
+on Sir Roger or the _Spectator_ Club: several have been omitted which
+refer to him only _en passant_ or as a peg on which to hang some
+disquisition, and also one other which is wholly out of keeping with Sir
+Roger's character.)
+
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
+
+  1672.            Birth of Addison and Steele.
+  1697.            Addison elected Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.
+  1701, 3, 5, 22.  Steele's Plays.
+  1702.            Accession of Queen Anne.
+  1704.            Addison's _Campaign_ (poem celebrating Blenheim).
+  1706.            Addison's _Rosamond_ (opera).
+  1709-11.         Steele's _Tatler_.
+  1711-12-14.      The _Spectator_.
+  1713.            Addison's _Cato_ (play).
+  1714.            Accession of George I.
+  1717.            Addison appointed Secretary of State.
+  1719.            Death of Addison.
+  1729.            Death of Steele.
+
+
+
+
+THE DE COVERLEY PAPERS
+
+
+
+
+NO. 1. THURSDAY, MARCH 1, 1710-11
+
+    _Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dart lucem
+    Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat._
+
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._ ver. 143.
+
+    One with a flash begins, and ends in smoke;
+    The other out of smoke brings glorious light,
+    And (without raising expectation high)
+    Surprises us with dazzling miracles.
+
+    ROSCOMMON.
+
+
+I have observed, that a reader seldom peruses a book with pleasure, until
+he knows whether the writer of it be a black[1] or a fair man, of a mild
+or choleric[2] disposition, married or a bachelor, with other particulars
+of the like nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of
+an author. To gratify this curiosity, which is so natural to a reader, I
+design this paper and my next as prefatory discourses to my following
+writings, and shall give some account in them of the several persons that
+are engaged in this work. As the chief trouble of compiling,
+digesting[3], and correcting will fall to my share, I must do myself the
+justice to open the work with my own history.
+
+I was born to a small hereditary estate, which, according to the
+tradition of the village where it lies, was bounded by the same hedges
+and ditches in William the Conqueror's time that it is at present, and
+has been delivered down from father to son whole and entire, without the
+loss or acquisition of a single field or meadow, during the space of six
+hundred years. There runs a story in the family, that before my birth my
+mother dreamt that she was brought to bed of a judge: whether this might
+proceed from a lawsuit which was then depending[4] in the family, or my
+father's being a justice of the peace, I cannot determine; for I am not
+so vain as to think it presaged any dignity that I should arrive at in my
+future life, though that was the interpretation which the neighbourhood
+put upon it. The gravity of my behaviour at my very first appearance in
+the world, and all the time that I sucked, seemed to favour my mother's
+dream: for, as she has often told me, I threw away my rattle before I was
+two months old, and would not make use of my coral until they had taken
+away the bells from it.
+
+As for the rest of my infancy, there being nothing in it remarkable, I
+shall pass it over in silence. I find, that, during my nonage[5], I had
+the reputation of a very sullen youth, but was always a favourite of my
+schoolmaster, who used to say, that my parts[6] were solid, and would
+wear well. I had not been long at the University, before I distinguished
+myself by a most profound silence; for during the space of eight years,
+excepting in the public exercises[7] of the college, I scarce uttered the
+quantity of an hundred words; and indeed do not remember that I ever
+spoke three sentences together in my whole life. Whilst I was in this
+learned body, I applied myself with so much diligence to my studies, that
+there are very few celebrated books, either in the learned or the modern
+tongues, which I am not acquainted with.
+
+Upon the death of my father, I was resolved to travel into foreign
+countries, and therefore left the University, with the character of an
+odd unaccountable fellow, that had a great deal of learning, if I would
+but show it. An insatiable thirst after knowledge carried me into all the
+countries of Europe, in which there was anything new or strange to be
+seen; nay, to such a degree was my curiosity raised, that having read the
+controversies of some great men concerning the antiquities of Egypt, I
+made a voyage to Grand Cairo, on purpose to take the measure of a
+pyramid: and, as soon as I had set myself right in that particular,
+returned to my native country with great satisfaction.
+
+I have passed my latter years in this city, where I am frequently seen in
+most public places, though there are not above half a dozen of my select
+friends that know me; of whom my next paper shall give a more particular
+account. There is no place of general resort, wherein I do not often make
+my appearance; sometimes I am seen thrusting my head into a round of
+politicians at Will's[8], and listening with great attention to the
+narratives that are made in those little circular audiences. Sometimes I
+smoke a pipe at Child's[8], and, whilst I seem attentive to nothing but
+the _Postman_[9], overhear the conversation of every table in the room. I
+appear on Sunday nights at St. James's[8] coffee-house, and sometimes
+join the little committee of politics in the inner room, as one who comes
+there to hear and improve. My face is likewise very well known at the
+Grecian[8], the Cocoa-Tree, and in the theatres both of Drury Lane and
+the Hay-Market. I have been taken for a merchant upon the Exchange for
+above these ten years, and sometimes pass for a Jew in the assembly of
+stock-jobbers at Jonathan's: in short, wherever I see a cluster of
+people, I always mix with them, though I never open my lips but in my own
+club.
+
+Thus I live in the world rather as a spectator of mankind, than as one of
+the species, by which means I have made myself a speculative statesman,
+soldier, merchant, and artisan, without ever meddling with any practical
+part in life. I am very well versed in the theory of a husband or a
+father, and can discern the errors in the economy[10], business, and
+diversion of others, better than those who are engaged in them, as
+standers-by discover blots[11], which are apt to escape those who are in
+the game. I never espoused any party with violence, and am resolved to
+observe an exact neutrality between the Whigs and Tories, unless I shall
+be forced to declare myself by the hostilities of either side. In short,
+I have acted in all the parts of my life as a looker-on, which is the
+character I intend to preserve in this paper.
+
+I have given the reader just so much of my history and character, as to
+let him see I am not altogether unqualified for the business I have
+undertaken. As for other particulars in my life and adventures, I shall
+insert them in following papers, as I shall see occasion. In the
+meantime, when I consider how much I have seen, read, and heard, I begin
+to blame my own taciturnity; and, since I have neither time nor
+inclination to communicate the fulness of my heart in speech, I am
+resolved to do it in writing, and to print myself out, if possible,
+before I die. I have been often told by my friends, that it is pity so
+many useful discoveries which I have made should be in the possession of
+a silent man. For this reason, therefore, I shall publish a sheet-full of
+thoughts every morning, for the benefit of my contemporaries; and if I
+can any way contribute to the diversion or improvement of the country in
+which I live, I shall leave it, when I am summoned out of it, with the
+secret satisfaction of thinking that I have not lived in vain.
+
+There are three very material points which I have not spoken to[12] in
+this paper; and which, for several important reasons, I must keep to
+myself, at least for some time: I mean, an account of my name, my age,
+and my lodgings. I must confess, I would gratify my reader in anything
+that is reasonable; but as for these three particulars, though I am
+sensible they might tend very much to the embellishment of my paper, I
+cannot yet come to a resolution of communicating them to the public. They
+would indeed draw me out of that obscurity which I have enjoyed for many
+years, and expose me in public places to several salutes and civilities,
+which have been always very disagreeable to me; for the greatest pain I
+can suffer, is the being talked to, and being stared at. It is for this
+reason likewise, that I keep my complexion[13] and dress as very great
+secrets; though it is not impossible, but I may make discoveries[14] of
+both in the progress of the work I have undertaken.
+
+After having been thus particular upon myself, I shall, in to-morrow's
+paper, give an account of those gentlemen who are concerned with me in
+this work; for, as I have before intimated, a plan of it is laid and
+concerted (as all other matters of importance are) in a club. However, as
+my friends have engaged me to stand in the front, those who have a mind
+to correspond with me, may direct their letters to the _Spectator_, at
+Mr. Buckley's in Little Britain. For I must further acquaint the reader,
+that, though our club meets only on Tuesdays and Thursdays, we have
+appointed a committee to sit every night, for the inspection of all such
+papers as may contribute to the advancement of the public weal.
+
+  C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Black._ Dark.
+
+[2] _Choleric._ Liable to anger.
+
+[3] _Digesting._ Arranging methodically.
+
+[4] _Depending._ Modern English _pending_.
+
+[5] _Nonage._ Minority.
+
+[6] _Parts._ Powers.
+
+[7] _Public exercises._ Examinations for degrees at Oxford and Cambridge
+formerly took the form of public debates.
+
+[8] _Will's_, _Child's_, _St. James's_, _Grecian_. Coffee-houses; all
+these, and the cocoa-houses too, tended to become the special haunts of
+members of some particular party, profession, etc.; _e.g._, Will's was
+literary, St. James's Whig.
+
+[9] _Postman._ A weekly newspaper.
+
+[10] _Economy._ Household management.
+
+[11] _Blots._ Exposed pieces in backgammon.
+
+[12] _Spoken to._ Referred to.
+
+[13] _Complexion._ Countenance.
+
+[14] _Discoveries._ Disclosures.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 2. FRIDAY, MARCH 2
+
+                _Ast alii sex
+    Et plures uno conclamant ore._
+
+    JUV. _Sat._ vii. ver. 167.
+
+    Six more at least join their consenting voice.
+
+
+The first of our society is a gentleman of Worcestershire, of ancient
+descent, a baronet, his name is Sir Roger de Coverley. His
+great-grandfather was inventor of that famous country-dance which is
+called after him. All who know that shire are very well acquainted with
+the parts and merits of Sir Roger. He is a gentleman that is very
+singular in his behaviour, but his singularities proceed from his good
+sense, and are contradictions to the manners of the world, only as he
+thinks the world is in the wrong. However this humour creates him no
+enemies, for he does nothing with sourness or obstinacy; and his being
+unconfined to modes and forms, makes him but the readier and more capable
+to please and oblige all who know him. When he is in town, he lives in
+Soho Square. It is said, he keeps himself a bachelor by reason he was
+crossed in love by a perverse beautiful widow of the next county to him.
+Before this disappointment, Sir Roger was what you call a Fine Gentleman,
+had often supped with my Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege[15],
+fought a duel upon his first coming to town, and kicked Bully Dawson[16]
+in a public coffee-house for calling him youngster. But being ill-used by
+the above-mentioned widow, he was very serious for a year and a half; and
+though, his temper being naturally jovial, he at last got over it, he
+grew careless of himself, and never dressed[17] afterwards. He continues
+to wear a coat and doublet of the same cut that were in fashion at the
+time of his repulse, which, in his merry humours, he tells us, has been
+in and out twelve times since he first wore it. He is now in his
+fifty-sixth year, cheerful, gay, and hearty; keeps a good house both in
+town and country; a great lover of mankind; but there is such a mirthful
+cast in his behaviour, that he is rather beloved than esteemed. His
+tenants grow rich, his servants look satisfied, all the young women
+profess love to him, and the young men are glad of his company: when he
+comes into a house he calls the servants by their names, and talks all
+the way upstairs to a visit. I must not omit, that Sir Roger is a justice
+of the Quorum[18]; that he fills the chair at a quarter-session with
+great abilities, and three months ago gained universal applause by
+explaining a passage in the Game Act[19].
+
+The gentleman next in esteem and authority among us, is another bachelor,
+who is a member of the Inner Temple; a man of great probity, wit, and
+understanding; but he has chosen his place of residence rather to obey
+the direction of an old humoursome[20] father, than in pursuit of his own
+inclinations. He was placed there to study the laws of the land, and is
+the most learned of any of the house in those of the stage. Aristotle and
+Longinus[21] are much better understood by him than Littleton or
+Coke[22]. The father sends up every post questions relating to
+marriage-articles, leases, and tenures, in the neighbourhood; all which
+questions he agrees with an attorney to answer and take care of in the
+lump. He is studying the passions themselves, when he should be inquiring
+into the debates among men which arise from them. He knows the argument
+of each of the orations of Demosthenes and Tully[23], but not one case in
+the reports of our own courts. No one ever took him for a fool, but none,
+except his intimate friends, know he has a great deal of wit[24]. This
+turn makes him at once both disinterested and agreeable: as few of his
+thoughts are drawn from business, they are most of them fit for
+conversation. His taste of books is a little too just for the age he
+lives in; he has read all, but approves of very few. His familiarity with
+the customs, manners, actions, and writings of the ancients, makes him a
+very delicate observer of what occurs to him in the present world. He is
+an excellent critic, and the time of the play is his hour of business;
+exactly at five he passes through New Inn, crosses through Russell Court,
+and takes a turn at Will's until the play begins; he has his shoes rubbed
+and his periwig powdered at the barber's as you go into the Rose[25]. It
+is for the good of the audience when he is at a play, for the actors have
+an ambition to please him.
+
+The person of next consideration is Sir Andrew Freeport, a merchant of
+great eminence in the city of London. A person of indefatigable industry,
+strong reason, and great experience. His notions of trade are noble and
+generous, and (as every rich man has usually some sly way of jesting,
+which would make no great figure were he not a rich man) he calls the sea
+the British Common. He is acquainted with commerce in all its parts, and
+will tell you that it is a stupid and barbarous way to extend dominion by
+arms; for true power is to be got by arts and industry. He will often
+argue, that if this part of our trade were well cultivated, we should
+gain from one nation; and if another, from another. I have heard him
+prove, that diligence makes more lasting acquisitions than valour, and
+that sloth has ruined more nations than the sword. He abounds in several
+frugal maxims, amongst which the greatest favourite is, "A penny saved is
+a penny got." A general trader of good sense is pleasanter company than a
+general scholar; and Sir Andrew having a natural unaffected eloquence,
+the perspicuity of his discourse gives the same pleasure that wit would
+in another man. He has made his fortunes himself; and says that England
+may be richer than other kingdoms, by as plain methods as he himself is
+richer than other men; though, at the same time, I can say this of him,
+that there is not a point in the compass but blows home a ship in which
+he is an owner.
+
+Next to Sir Andrew in the club-room sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of
+great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of
+those that deserve very well, but are very awkward at putting their
+talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them. He
+was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in
+several engagements, and at several sieges; but having a small estate of
+his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life
+in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a
+courtier, as well as a soldier. I have heard him often lament, that in a
+profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence
+should get the better of modesty. When he has talked to this purpose, I
+never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left
+the world[26] because he was not fit for it. A strict honesty and an even
+regular behaviour, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press
+through crowds, who endeavour at the same end with himself, the favour of
+a commander. He will however, in his way of talk, excuse generals, for
+not disposing according to men's desert, or inquiring into it: For, says
+he, that great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break
+through to come at me, as I have to come at him: Therefore he will
+conclude, that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military
+way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the
+importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own
+vindication[27]. He says it is a civil[28] cowardice to be backward in
+asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow
+in attacking when it is your duty. With this candour does the gentleman
+speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his
+conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many
+adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company;
+for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the
+utmost degree below him; nor ever too obsequious, from an habit of
+obeying men highly above him.
+
+But that our society may not appear a set of humorists[29], unacquainted
+with the gallantries and pleasures of the age, we have among us the
+gallant Will Honeycomb, a gentleman who, according to his years, should
+be in the decline of his life, but having ever been very careful of his
+person, and always had a very easy fortune, time has made but a very
+little impression, either by wrinkles on his forehead, or traces in his
+brain. His person is well turned[30], of a good height. He is very ready
+at that sort of discourse with which men usually entertain women. He has
+all his life dressed very well, and remembers habits[31] as others do
+men. He can smile when one speaks to him, and laughs easily. He knows the
+history of every mode, and can inform you from which of the French ladies
+our wives and daughters had this manner of curling their hair, that way
+of placing their hoods, and whose vanity to show her foot made that part
+of the dress so short in such a year. In a word, all his conversation and
+knowledge have been in the female world: as other men of his age will
+take notice to you what such a minister said upon such and such an
+occasion, he will tell you when the Duke of Monmouth danced at court,
+such a woman was then smitten, another was taken with him at the head of
+his troop in the Park. In all these important relations, he has ever
+about the same time received a kind glance or a blow of a fan from some
+celebrated beauty, mother of the present Lord Such-a-one. This way of
+talking of his very much enlivens the conversation among us of a more
+sedate turn; and I find there is not one of the company, but myself, who
+rarely speak at all, but speaks of him as of that sort of man who is
+usually called a well-bred Fine Gentleman. To conclude his character,
+where women are not concerned, he is an honest worthy man.
+
+I cannot tell whether I am to account him whom I am next to speak of, as
+one of our company; for he visits us but seldom, but, when he does, it
+adds to every man else a new enjoyment of himself. He is a clergyman, a
+very philosophic man, of general learning, great sanctity of life, and
+the most exact good breeding. He has the misfortune to be of a very weak
+constitution, and consequently cannot accept of such cares and business
+as preferments in his function would oblige him to: he is therefore among
+divines what a chamber-counsellor[32] is among lawyers. The probity of
+his mind, and the integrity of his life, create him followers, as being
+eloquent or loud advances others. He seldom introduces the subject he
+speaks upon; but we are so far gone in years, that he observes when he is
+among us, an earnestness to have him fall on some divine topic[33], which
+he always treats with much authority, as one who has no interests in this
+world, as one who is hastening to the object of all his wishes, and
+conceives hope from his decays and infirmities. These are my ordinary
+companions.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] _Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege._ Well-known leaders of
+fashion and dissipation.
+
+[16] _Bully Dawson._ A notorious swaggerer and sharper.
+
+[17] _Dressed._ _I.e._, fashionably.
+
+[18] _Quorum._ Panel of magistrates.
+
+[19] _Game Act._ Laws dating from very early times and regulating the
+licence to kill game.
+
+[20] _Humoursome._ Capricious.
+
+[21] _Aristotle and Longinus._ Aristotle's _Poetics_ and Longinus on the
+_Sublime_ are classics of literary criticism.
+
+[22] _Littleton or Coke._ Famous writers on law.
+
+[23] _Demosthenes and Tully._ Demosthenes and M. Tullius Cicero, the
+great orators of Athens and Rome respectively.
+
+[24] _Wit._ Cleverness.
+
+[25] _The Rose._ The Rose tavern was frequented by actors.
+
+[26] _The world._ _I.e._, of public life.
+
+[27] _Own vindication._ Self-assertion.
+
+[28] _Civil._ Civilian.
+
+[29] _Humorists._ Eccentrics.
+
+[30] _Turned._ Shaped.
+
+[31] _Habits._ Clothes; _i.e._, fashions.
+
+[32] _Chamber-counsellor._ Barrister whose practice is confined to
+consultations.
+
+[33] _Divine topic._ Topic of divinity.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 106. MONDAY, JULY 2
+
+                    _Hinc tibi copia
+    Manabit ad plenum, benigno
+      Ruris honorum opulenta cornu._
+
+    HOR. _Od._ xvii. l. i. ver. 14.
+
+            Here to thee shall plenty flow,
+    And all her riches show.
+    To raise the honour of the quiet plain.
+
+    CREECH.
+
+
+Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de Coverley
+to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week accompanied him
+thither, and am settled with him for some time at his country-house,
+where I intend to form several of my ensuing speculations. Sir Roger, who
+is very well acquainted with my humour[34], lets me rise and go to bed
+when I please, dine at his own table or in my chamber as I think fit, sit
+still and say nothing without bidding me be merry. When the gentlemen of
+the country come to see him, he only shows me at a distance: as I have
+been walking in his fields, I have observed them stealing a sight of me
+over an hedge, and have heard the Knight desiring them not to let me see
+them, for that I hated to be stared at.
+
+I am the more at ease in Sir Roger's family, because it consists of sober
+and staid persons; for, as the Knight is the best master in the world, he
+seldom changes his servants; and as he is beloved by all about him, his
+servants never care for leaving him; by this means his domestics are all
+in years, and grown old with their master. You would take his _valet de
+chambre_ for his brother, his butler is grey-headed, his groom is one of
+the gravest men that I have ever seen, and his coachman has the looks of
+a privy counsellor. You see the goodness of the master even in the old
+house-dog, and in a grey pad[35] that is kept in the stable with great
+care and tenderness out of regard to his past services, though he has
+been useless for several years.
+
+I could not but observe, with a great deal of pleasure, the joy that
+appeared in the countenance of these ancient domestics upon my friend's
+arrival at his country seat. Some of them could not refrain from tears at
+the sight of their old master; every one of them pressed forward to do
+something for him, and seemed discouraged if they were not employed. At
+the same time the good old Knight, with a mixture of the father and the
+master of the family, tempered the inquiries after his own affairs with
+several kind questions relating to themselves. This humanity and
+good-nature engages everybody to him, so that when he is pleasant
+upon[36] any of them, all his family are in good humour, and none so much
+as the person whom he diverts himself with: on the contrary, if he
+coughs, or betrays any infirmity of old age, it is easy for a stander-by
+to observe a secret concern in the looks of all his servants.
+
+[Illustration: 'Every one of them press'd forward to do something for
+him.']
+
+My worthy friend has put me under the particular care of his butler, who
+is a very prudent man, and, as well as the rest of his fellow-servants,
+wonderfully desirous of pleasing me, because they have often heard their
+master talk of me as of his particular friend.
+
+My chief companion, when Sir Roger is diverting himself in the woods or
+the fields, is a very venerable man who is ever with Sir Roger, and has
+lived at his house in the nature of a chaplain above thirty years. This
+gentleman is a person of good sense and some learning, of a very regular
+life, and obliging conversation[37]: he heartily loves Sir Roger, and
+knows that he is very much in the old Knight's esteem, so that he lives
+in the family rather as a relation than a dependent.
+
+I have observed in several of my papers, that my friend Sir Roger, amidst
+all his good qualities, is something of an humorist[38]; and that his
+virtues, as well as imperfections, are, as it were, tinged by a certain
+extravagance, which makes them particularly _his_, and distinguishes them
+from those of other men. This cast of mind, as it is generally very
+innocent in itself, so it renders his conversation highly agreeable, and
+more delightful than the same degree of sense and virtue would appear in
+their common and ordinary colours. As I was walking with him last night,
+he asked me how I liked the good man whom I have just now mentioned? And
+without staying for my answer, told me, that he was afraid of being
+insulted with Latin and Greek at his own table; for which reason he
+desired a particular friend of his at the University to find him out a
+clergyman rather of plain sense than much learning, of a good aspect, a
+clear voice, a sociable temper, and, if possible, a man that understood a
+little of backgammon. My friend, says Sir Roger, found me out this
+gentleman, who, besides the endowments required of him, is, they tell me,
+a good scholar, though he does not show it: I have given him the
+parsonage of the parish; and because I know his value, have settled upon
+him a good annuity for life. If he outlives me, he shall find that he was
+higher in my esteem than perhaps he thinks he is. He has now been with me
+thirty years; and though he does not know I have taken notice of it, has
+never in all that time asked anything of me for himself, though he is
+every day soliciting me for something in behalf of one or other of my
+tenants, his parishioners. There has not been a law-suit in the parish
+since he has lived among them: if any dispute arises they apply
+themselves to him for the decision; if they do not acquiesce in his
+judgment, which I think never happened above once or twice at most, they
+appeal to me. At his first settling with me, I made him a present of all
+the good sermons which have been printed in English, and only begged of
+him that every Sunday he would pronounce one of them in the pulpit.
+Accordingly, he has digested[39] them into such a series, that they
+follow one another naturally, and make a continued system of practical
+divinity.
+
+As Sir Roger was going on in his story, the gentleman we were talking of
+came up to us; and upon the Knight's asking him who preached to-morrow
+(for it was Saturday night,) told us, the Bishop of St. Asaph in the
+morning, and Dr. South in the afternoon. He then showed us his list of
+preachers for the whole year, where I saw with a great deal of pleasure
+Archbishop Tillotson, Bishop Saunderson, Dr. Barrow, Dr. Calamy, with
+several living authors who have published discourses of practical
+divinity. I no sooner saw this venerable man in the pulpit, but I very
+much approved of my friend's insisting upon the qualifications of a good
+aspect and a clear voice; for I was so charmed with the gracefulness of
+his figure and delivery, as well as with the discourses he pronounced,
+that I think I never passed any time more to my satisfaction. A sermon
+repeated after this manner, is like the composition of a poet in the
+mouth of a graceful actor.
+
+I could heartily wish that more of our country clergy would follow this
+example; and, instead of wasting their spirits in laborious compositions
+of their own, would endeavour after a handsome elocution[40], and all
+those other talents that are proper to enforce what has been penned by
+greater masters. This would not only be more easy to themselves, but more
+edifying to the people.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[34] _Humour._ Disposition.
+
+[35] _Pad._ Easy-paced horse.
+
+[36] _Is pleasant upon._ Jokes with; chaffs.
+
+[37] _Conversation._ Manner of conducting oneself in intercourse.
+Compare note on p. 40.
+
+[38] _Humorist._ Whimsical person.
+
+[39] _Digested._ Arranged.
+
+[40] _Handsome elocution._ Good style of delivery.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 107. TUESDAY, JULY 3
+
+    _Aesopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici,
+    Servumque collocarunt aeterna in basi,
+    Patere honoris scirent ut cunctis viam._
+
+    PHAEDR. _Epilog._ l. 2.
+
+    The Athenians erected a large statue to AEsop, and placed him,
+    though a slave, on a lasting pedestal; to show, that the way to
+    honour lies open indifferently to all.
+
+
+The reception, manner of attendance, undisturbed freedom and quiet, which
+I meet with here in the country, has confirmed me in the opinion I always
+had, that the general corruption of manners in servants is owing to the
+conduct of masters. The aspect of every one in the family[41] carries so
+much satisfaction, that it appears he knows the happy lot which has
+befallen him in being a member of it. There is one particular which I
+have seldom seen but at Sir Roger's; it is usual in all other places,
+that servants fly from the parts of the house through which their master
+is passing; on the contrary, here they industriously[42] place themselves
+in his way; and it is on both sides, as it were, understood as a visit
+when the servants appear without calling. This proceeds from the humane
+and equal temper of the man of the house, who also perfectly well knows
+how to enjoy a great estate, with such economy as ever to be much
+beforehand[43]. This makes his own mind untroubled, and consequently
+unapt to vent peevish expressions, or give passionate or inconsistent
+orders to those about him. Thus respect and love go together; and a
+certain cheerfulness in performance of their duty is the particular
+distinction of the lower part of this family. When a servant is called
+before his master, he does not come with an expectation to hear himself
+rated for some trivial fault, threatened to be stripped[44] or used with
+any other unbecoming language, which mean masters often give to worthy
+servants; but it is often to know what road he took, that he came so
+readily back according to order; whether he passed by such a ground; if
+the old man who rents it is in good health; or whether he gave Sir
+Roger's love to him, or the like.
+
+A man who preserves a respect, founded on his benevolence to his
+dependents, lives rather like a prince than a master in his family; his
+orders are received as favours, rather than duties; and the distinction
+of approaching him is part of the reward for executing what is commanded
+by him.
+
+There is another circumstance in which my friend excels in his
+management, which is the manner of rewarding his servants: he has ever
+been of opinion, that giving his cast clothes to be worn by valets has a
+very ill effect upon little minds, and creates a silly sense of equality
+between the parties, in persons affected only with outward things. I have
+heard him often pleasant on this occasion[45], and describe a young
+gentleman abusing his man in that coat, which a month or two before was
+the most pleasing distinction he was conscious of in himself. He would
+turn his discourse still more pleasantly upon the ladies' bounties of
+this kind; and I have heard him say he knew a fine woman, who distributed
+rewards and punishments in giving becoming or unbecoming dresses to her
+maids.
+
+But my good friend is above these little instances of good-will, in
+bestowing only trifles on his servants; a good servant to him is sure of
+having it in his choice very soon of being no servant at all. As I
+before observed, he is so good an husband[46], and knows so thoroughly
+that the skill of the purse is the cardinal virtue of this life: I say,
+he knows so well that frugality is the support of generosity, that he can
+often spare a large fine[47] when a tenement falls, and give that
+settlement to a good servant, who has a mind to go into the world, or
+make a stranger pay the fine to that servant, for his more comfortable
+maintenance, if he stays in his service.
+
+A man of honour and generosity considers it would be miserable to himself
+to have no will but that of another, though it were of the best person
+breathing, and for that reason goes on as fast as he is able to put his
+servants into independent livelihoods. The greatest part of Sir Roger's
+estate is tenanted by persons who have served himself or his ancestors.
+It was to me extremely pleasant to observe the visitants from several
+parts to welcome his arrival in the country; and all the difference that
+I could take notice of between the late servants who came to see him, and
+those who stayed in the family, was, that these latter were looked upon
+as finer gentlemen and better courtiers.
+
+This manumission[48] and placing them in a way of livelihood, I look upon
+as only what is due to a good servant, which encouragement will make his
+successor be as diligent, as humble, and as ready as he was. There is
+something wonderful in the narrowness of those minds, which can be
+pleased, and be barren of bounty to those who please them.
+
+One might, on this occasion, recount the sense that great persons in all
+ages have had of the merit of their dependents, and the heroic services
+which men have done their masters in the extremity of their fortunes; and
+shown, to their undone[49] patrons, that fortune was all the
+difference[50] between them; but as I design this my speculation only as
+a gentle admonition to thankless masters, I shall not go out of the
+occurrences of common life, but assert it as a general observation, that
+I never saw but in Sir Roger's family, and one or two more, good servants
+treated as they ought to be. Sir Roger's kindness extends to their
+children's children, and this very morning he sent his coachman's
+grandson to prentice. I shall conclude this paper with an account of a
+picture in his gallery, where there are many which will deserve my future
+observation.
+
+At the very upper end of this handsome structure I saw the portraiture of
+two young men standing in a river, the one naked, the other in a livery.
+The person supported seemed half dead, but still so much alive as to show
+in his face exquisite joy and love towards the other. I thought the
+fainting figure resembled my friend Sir Roger; and looking at the butler,
+who stood by me, for an account of it, he informed me that the person in
+the livery was a servant of Sir Roger's, who stood on the shore while
+his master was swimming, and observing him taken with some sudden
+illness, and sink under water, jumped in and saved him. He told me Sir
+Roger took off the dress[51] he was in as soon as he came home, and by a
+great bounty at that time, followed by his favour ever since, had made
+him master of that pretty seat which we saw at a distance as we came to
+this house. I remembered indeed Sir Roger said there lived a very worthy
+gentleman, to whom he was highly obliged, without mentioning anything
+further. Upon my looking a little dissatisfied at some part of the
+picture, my attendant informed me that it was against Sir Roger's will,
+and at the earnest request of the gentleman himself, that he was drawn in
+the habit[52] in which he had saved his master.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] _Family._ Family in its original Latin meaning of _household_.
+
+[42] _Industriously._ On purpose.
+
+[43] _With such economy ... beforehand._ With such thrift as always to
+be well within his income.
+
+[44] _Stripped._ Discharged.
+
+[45] _Pleasant on this occasion._ Joking on this topic.
+
+[46] _So good an husband._ So thrifty a man.
+
+[47] _Fine._ Premium paid by new tenant to landlord.
+
+[48] _Manumission._ Release from service.
+
+[49] _Undone._ Ruined.
+
+[50] _All the difference._ The only difference.
+
+[51] _Took off the dress._ Dress = livery: _i.e._, would not allow him
+to remain a servant.
+
+[52] _Habit._ Dress.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 108. WEDNESDAY, JULY 4
+
+    _Gratis anhelans, multa agenda nihil agens._
+
+    PHAEDR. _Fab._ v. 1. 2.
+
+    Out of breath to no purpose, and very busy about nothing.
+
+
+As I was yesterday morning walking with Sir Roger before his house, a
+country fellow brought him a huge fish, which, he told him, Mr. William
+Wimble had caught that very morning; and that he presented it, with his
+service to him, and intended to come and dine with him. At the same time
+he delivered a letter which my friend read to me as soon as the messenger
+left him.
+
+     SIR ROGER,
+
+     I desire you to accept of a jack[53], which is the best I have
+     caught this season. I intend to come and stay with you a week, and
+     see how the perch bite in the Black River. I observed with some
+     concern, the last time I saw you upon the bowling-green, that your
+     whip wanted a lash to it; I will bring half a dozen with me that I
+     twisted last week, which I hope will serve you all the time you are
+     in the country. I have not been out of the saddle for six days last
+     past, having been at Eton with Sir John's eldest son. He takes to
+     his learning hugely. I am, Sir,
+
+     Your humble servant,
+     WILL WIMBLE.
+
+This extraordinary letter, and message that accompanied it, made me very
+curious to know the character and quality of the gentleman who sent them;
+which I found to be as follows. Will Wimble is younger brother to a
+baronet, and descended of the ancient family of the Wimbles. He is now
+between forty and fifty; but, being bred to no business and born to no
+estate, he generally lives with his elder brother as superintendent of
+his game. He hunts a pack of dogs better than any man in the country, and
+is very famous for finding out a hare. He is extremely well-versed in all
+the little handicrafts of an idle man: he makes a May-fly to a miracle;
+and furnishes the whole country[54] with angle-rods. As he is a
+good-natured officious[55] fellow, and very much esteemed upon account of
+his family, he is a welcome guest at every house, and keeps up a good
+correspondence[56] among all the gentlemen about him. He carries a
+tulip-root in his pocket from one to another, or exchanges a puppy
+between a couple of friends that live perhaps in the opposite sides of
+the county. Will is a particular favourite of all the young heirs, whom
+he frequently obliges with a net that he has weaved, or a setting dog
+that he has made[57] himself: he now and then presents a pair of garters
+of his own knitting to their mothers or sisters; and raises a great deal
+of mirth among them, by inquiring as often as he meets them _how they
+wear_? These gentleman-like manufactures and obliging little humours make
+Will the darling of the country.
+
+Sir Roger was proceeding in the character of him, when we saw him make up
+to us with two or three hazel-twigs in his hand, that he had cut in Sir
+Roger's woods, as he came through them in his way to the house. I was
+very much pleased to observe on one side the hearty and sincere welcome
+with which Sir Roger received him, and on the other, the secret joy which
+his guest discovered[58] at sight of the good old Knight. After the first
+salutes were over, Will desired Sir Roger to lend him one of his servants
+to carry a set of shuttlecocks he had with him in a little box to a lady
+that lived about a mile off, to whom it seems he had promised such a
+present for above this half-year. Sir Roger's back was no sooner turned,
+but honest Will began to tell me of a large cock pheasant that he had
+sprung in one of the neighbouring woods, with two or three other
+adventures of the same nature. Odd and uncommon characters are the game
+that I look for, and most delight in; for which reason I was as much
+pleased with the novelty of the person that talked to me, as he could be
+for his life with the springing of a pheasant, and therefore listened to
+him with more than ordinary attention.
+
+In the midst of his discourse the bell rung to dinner, where the
+gentleman I have been speaking of had the pleasure of seeing the huge
+jack, he had caught, served up for the first dish in a most sumptuous
+manner. Upon our sitting down to it he gave us a long account how he had
+hooked it, played with it, foiled[59] it, and at length drew it out upon
+the bank, with several other particulars that lasted all the first
+course. A dish of wild-fowl that came afterwards furnished conversation
+for the rest of the dinner, which concluded with a late invention of
+Will's for improving the quail-pipe[60].
+
+Upon withdrawing into my room after dinner, I was secretly touched with
+compassion towards the honest gentleman that had dined with us; and could
+not but consider with a great deal of concern, how so good an heart and
+such busy hands were wholly employed in trifles; that so much humanity
+should be so little beneficial to others, and so much industry so little
+advantageous to himself. The same temper of mind and application to
+affairs, might have recommended him to the public esteem, and have raised
+his fortune in another station of life. What good to his country or
+himself might not a trader or merchant have done with such useful though
+ordinary qualifications?
+
+Will Wimble's is the case of many a younger brother of a great family,
+who had rather see their children starve like gentlemen, than thrive in a
+trade or profession that is beneath their quality. This humour[61] fills
+several parts of Europe with pride and beggary. It is the happiness of a
+trading nation, like ours, that the younger sons, though incapable of any
+liberal art or profession, may be placed in such a way of life, as may
+perhaps enable them to vie with the best of their family: accordingly we
+find several citizens that were launched into the world with narrow
+fortunes, rising by an honest industry to greater estates than those of
+their elder brothers. It is not improbable but Will was formerly tried at
+divinity, law, or physic; and that, finding his genius did not lie that
+way, his parents gave him up at length to his own inventions; but
+certainly, however improper he might have been for studies of a higher
+nature, he was perfectly well turned[62] for the occupations of trade and
+commerce. As I think this is a point which cannot be too much
+inculcated, I shall desire my reader to compare what I have here written
+with what I have said in my twenty-first speculation.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] _Jack._ Pike.
+
+[54] _Country._ Country-side.
+
+[55] _Officious._ Obliging.
+
+[56] _Correspondence._ Inter-communication.
+
+[57] _Made._ Trained.
+
+[58] _Discovered._ Showed.
+
+[59] _Foiled._ Rendered helpless.
+
+[60] _Quail-pipe._ Device for decoying quails.
+
+[61] _Humour._ Prejudice.
+
+[62] _Turned._ Fitted by nature.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 109. THURSDAY, JULY 5
+
+    _Abnormis sapiens._
+
+    HOR. _Sat._ ii. l. 2. ver. 3.
+
+    Of plain good sense, untutor'd in the schools.
+
+
+I was this morning walking in the gallery when Sir Roger entered at the
+end opposite to me, and advancing towards me, said he was glad to meet me
+among his relations the De Coverleys, and hoped I liked the
+conversation[63] of so much good company, who were as silent as myself. I
+knew he alluded to the pictures, and as he is a gentleman who does not a
+little value himself upon his ancient descent, I expected he would give
+me some account of them. We were now arrived at the upper end of the
+gallery, when the Knight faced towards one of the pictures, and, as we
+stood before it, he entered into the matter, after his blunt way of
+saying things, as they occur to his imagination, without regular
+introduction, or care to preserve the appearance of chain of thought.
+
+"It is," said he, "worth while to consider the force of dress; and how
+the persons of one age differ from those of another, merely by that only.
+One may observe also, that the general fashion of one age has been
+followed by one particular set of people in another, and by them
+preserved from one generation to another. Thus the vast jetting[64] coat
+and small bonnet, which was the habit in Harry the Seventh's time, is
+kept on in the yeomen of the guard; not without a good and politic view,
+because they look a foot taller, and a foot and an half broader: besides
+that the cap leaves the face expanded, and consequently more terrible,
+and fitter to stand at the entrances of palaces.
+
+"This predecessor of ours, you see, is dressed after this manner, and his
+cheeks would be no larger than mine, were he in a hat as I am. He was the
+last man that won a prize in the tilt-yard (which is now a common street
+before Whitehall). You see the broken lance that lies there by his right
+foot; he shivered that lance of his adversary all to pieces; and bearing
+himself, look you, sir, in this manner, at the same time he came within
+the target[65] of the gentleman who rode against him, and taking him with
+incredible force before him on the pommel of his saddle, he in that
+manner rid the tournament[66] over, with an air that showed he did it
+rather to perform the rule of the lists, than expose his enemy; however,
+it appeared he knew how to make use of a victory, and with a gentle trot
+he marched up to a gallery where their mistress sat (for they were
+rivals) and let him down with laudable courtesy and pardonable
+insolence[67]. I don't know but it might be exactly where the
+coffee-house is now.
+
+"You are to know this my ancestor was not only of a military genius, but
+fit also for the arts of peace, for he played on the bass-viol[68] as well
+as any gentleman at court; you see where his viol hangs by his basket-hilt
+sword. The action at the tilt-yard you may be sure won the fair lady, who
+was a maid of honour, and the greatest beauty of her time; here she stands
+the next picture. You see, sir, my great-great-great-grandmother has on
+the new-fashioned petticoat, except that the modern is gathered at the
+waist: my grandmother appears as if she stood in a large drum, whereas
+the ladies now walk as if they were in a go-cart. For all[69] this lady
+was bred at court, she became an excellent country wife, she brought ten
+children, and when I show you the library, you shall see in her own hand
+(allowing for the difference of the language) the best receipt now in
+England both for an hasty-pudding and a white-pot.
+
+"If you please to fall back a little, because it is necessary to look at
+the three next pictures at one view: these are three sisters. She on the
+right hand, who is so beautiful, died a maid; the next to her, still
+handsomer, had the same fate, against her will; this homely thing in the
+middle had both their portions added to her own, and was stolen by a
+neighbouring gentleman, a man of stratagem and resolution, for he
+poisoned three mastiffs to come at her, and knocked down two
+deer-stealers in carrying her off. Misfortunes happen in all families:
+the theft of this romp and so much money, was no great matter to our
+estate. But the next heir that possessed it was this soft gentleman, whom
+you see there: observe the small buttons, the little boots, the laces,
+the slashes[70] about his clothes, and above all the posture he is drawn
+in, (which to be sure was his own choosing;) you see he sits with one
+hand on a desk writing and looking as it were another way, like an easy
+writer, or a sonneteer: he was one of those that had too much wit to know
+how to live in the world; he was a man of no justice, but great good
+manners; he ruined everybody that had anything to do with him, but never
+said a rude thing in his life; the most indolent person in the world, he
+would sign a deed that passed away half his estate with his gloves on,
+but would not put on his hat before a lady if it were to save his
+country. He is said to be the first that made love by squeezing the hand.
+He left the estate with ten thousand pounds debt upon it, but however by
+all hands I have been informed that he was every way the finest gentleman
+in the world. That debt lay heavy on our house for one generation, but it
+was retrieved by a gift from that honest man you see there, a citizen of
+our name, but nothing at all akin to us. I know Sir Andrew Freeport has
+said behind my back, that this man was descended from one of the ten
+children of the maid of honour I showed you above; but it was never made
+out. We winked at the thing indeed, because money was wanting at that
+time."
+
+Here I saw my friend a little embarrassed, and turned my face to the next
+portraiture.
+
+Sir Roger went on with his account of the gallery in the following
+manner. "This man" (pointing to him I looked at) "I take to be the honour
+of our house, Sir Humphrey de Coverley; he was in his dealings as
+punctual as a tradesman, and as generous as a gentleman. He would have
+thought himself as much undone by breaking his word, as if it were to be
+followed by bankruptcy. He served his country as knight of this shire[71]
+to his dying day. He found it no easy matter to maintain an integrity in
+his words and actions, even in things that regarded the offices which
+were incumbent upon him, in the care of his own affairs and relations of
+life, and therefore dreaded (though he had great talents) to go into
+employments of state, where he must be exposed to the snares of ambition.
+Innocence of life and great ability were the distinguishing parts of his
+character; the latter, he had often observed, had led to the destruction
+of the former, and used frequently to lament that great and good had not
+the same signification. He was an excellent husbandman, but had resolved
+not to exceed such a degree[72] of wealth; all above it he bestowed in
+secret bounties many years after the sum he aimed at for his own use was
+attained. Yet he did not slacken his industry, but to a decent old age
+spent the life and fortune which was superfluous to himself, in the
+service of his friends and neighbours."
+
+Here we were called to dinner, and Sir Roger ended the discourse of[73]
+this gentleman, by telling me, as we followed the servant, that this his
+ancestor was a brave man, and narrowly escaped being killed in the civil
+wars; "For," said he, "he was sent out of the field upon a private
+message, the day before the battle of Worcester." The whim[74] of
+narrowly escaping by having been within a day of danger, with other
+matters above mentioned, mixed with good sense, left me at a loss whether
+I was more delighted with my friend's wisdom or simplicity.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[63] _Conversation._ Intercourse with. Compare note on p. 28.
+
+[64] _Jetting._ Bulging.
+
+[65] _Target._ Targe or small shield.
+
+[66] _Tournament._ Lists.
+
+[67] _Insolence._ Triumph.
+
+[68] _Bass-viol._ Violoncello.
+
+[69] _For all._ In spite of the fact that.
+
+[70] _Slashes._ Ornamental slits in a doublet, etc.
+
+[71] _Knight of this shire._ M.P. for the county.
+
+[72] _Such a degree._ A fixed amount.
+
+[73] _Discourse of._ Discourse about.
+
+[74] _Whim._ Absurd notion.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 110. FRIDAY, JULY 6
+
+    _Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent._
+
+    VIRG. _AEn._ ii. ver. 755.
+
+    All things are full of horror and affright,
+    And dreadful ev'n the silence of the night.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+At a little distance from Sir Roger's house, among the ruins of an old
+abbey, there is a long walk of aged elms; which are shot up so very high,
+that when one passes under them, the rooks and crows that rest upon the
+tops of them seem to be cawing in another region. I am very much
+delighted with this sort of noise, which I consider as a kind of natural
+prayer to that Being who supplies the wants of his whole creation, and
+who, in the beautiful language of the Psalms, feedeth the young ravens
+that call upon him. I like this retirement the better, because of an ill
+report it lies under of being _haunted_; for which reason (as I have been
+told in the family) no living creature ever walks in it besides the
+chaplain. My good friend the butler desired me with a very grave face not
+to venture myself in it after sunset, for that one of the footmen had
+been almost frighted out of his wits by a spirit that appeared to him in
+the shape of a black horse without an head; to which he added, that about
+a month ago one of the maids coming home late that way with a pail of
+milk upon her head, heard such a rustling among the bushes that she let
+it fall.
+
+I was taking a walk in this place last night between the hours of nine
+and ten, and could not but fancy it one of the most proper scenes in the
+world for a ghost to appear in. The ruins of the abbey are scattered up
+and down on every side, and half covered with ivy and elder bushes, the
+harbours of several solitary birds which seldom make their appearance
+till the dusk of the evening. The place was formerly a churchyard, and
+has still several marks in it of graves and burying-places. There is such
+an echo among the old ruins and vaults, that if you stamp but a little
+louder than ordinary, you hear the sound repeated. At the same time the
+walk of elms, with the croaking of the ravens which from time to time are
+heard from the tops of them, looks exceeding solemn and venerable. These
+objects naturally raise seriousness and attention; and when night
+heightens the awfulness of the place, and pours out her supernumerary[75]
+horrors upon everything in it, I do not at all wonder that weak minds
+fill it with spectres and apparitions.
+
+Mr. Locke, in his chapter of the Association of Ideas, has very
+curious[76] remarks to show how, by the prejudice of education[77], one
+idea often introduces into the mind a whole set that bear no resemblance
+to one another in the nature of things. Among several examples of this
+kind, he produces the following instance. "The ideas of goblins and
+sprites have really no more to do with darkness than light: yet let but a
+foolish maid inculcate these often on the mind of a child, and raise them
+there together, possibly he shall never be able to separate them again so
+long as he lives; but darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those
+frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear
+the one than the other."
+
+As I was walking in this solitude, where the dusk of the evening
+conspired with so many other occasions of terror, I observed a cow
+grazing not far from me, which an imagination that was apt to startle
+might easily have construed into a black horse without an head: and I
+dare say the poor footman lost his wits upon some such trivial occasion.
+
+My friend Sir Roger has often told me with a good deal of mirth, that at
+his first coming to his estate he found three parts of his house
+altogether useless; that the best room in it had the reputation of being
+haunted, and by that means[78] was locked up; that noises had been heard
+in his long gallery, so that he could not get a servant to enter it after
+eight o'clock at night; that the door of one of the chambers was nailed
+up, because there went a story in the family that a butler had formerly
+hanged himself in it; and that his mother, who lived to a great age, had
+shut up half the rooms in the house, in which either her husband, a son,
+or daughter had died. The Knight seeing his habitation reduced to so
+small a compass, and himself in a manner shut out of his own house, upon
+the death of his mother ordered all the apartments to be flung open, and
+exorcised[79] by his chaplain, who lay in every room one after another,
+and by that means dissipated the fears which had so long reigned in the
+family.
+
+I should not have been thus particular upon these ridiculous horrors, did
+not I find them so very much prevail in all parts of the country. At the
+same time I think a person who is thus terrified with the imagination of
+ghosts and spectres, much more reasonable than one who, contrary to the
+reports of all historians sacred and profane, ancient and modern, and to
+the traditions of all nations, thinks the appearance of spirits fabulous
+and groundless: could not I give myself up to this general testimony of
+mankind, I should to the relations of particular persons who are now
+living, and whom I cannot distrust in other matters of fact. I might here
+add, that not only the historians, to whom we may join the poets, but
+likewise the philosophers of antiquity have favoured this opinion.
+Lucretius[80] himself, though by the course of his philosophy he was
+obliged to maintain that the soul did not exist separate from the body,
+makes no doubt of the reality of apparitions, and that men have often
+appeared after their death. This I think very remarkable. He was so
+pressed[81] with the matter of fact which he could not have the
+confidence to deny, that he was forced to account for it by one of the
+most absurd unphilosophical notions that was ever started. He tells us,
+that the surfaces of all bodies are perpetually flying off from their
+respective bodies, one after another; and that these surfaces or thin
+cases, that included each other whilst they were joined in the body like
+the coats of an onion, are sometimes seen entire when they are separated
+from it; by which means we often behold the shapes and shadows of persons
+who are either dead or absent.
+
+I shall dismiss this paper with a story out of Josephus, not so much for
+the sake of the story itself as for the moral reflections with which the
+author concludes it, and which I shall here set down in his own words.
+"Glaphyra the daughter of King Archelaus, after the death of her two
+first husbands (being married to a third, who was brother to her first
+husband, and so passionately in love with her that he turned off his
+former wife to make room for this marriage) had a very odd kind of dream.
+She fancied that she saw her first husband coming towards her, and that
+she embraced him with great tenderness; when in the midst of the pleasure
+which she expressed at the sight of him, he reproached her after the
+following manner: 'Glaphyra,' says he, 'thou hast made good the old
+saying, That women are not to be trusted. Was not I the husband of thy
+virginity? Have I not children by thee? How couldst thou forget our loves
+so far as to enter into a second marriage, and after that into a third,
+nay to take for thy husband a man who has so shamefully crept into the
+bed of his brother? However, for the sake of our passed loves, I shall
+free thee from thy present reproach, and make thee mine for ever.'
+Glaphyra told this dream to several women of her acquaintance, and died
+soon after. I thought this story might not be impertinent in this place,
+wherein I speak of those kings: besides that the example deserves to be
+taken notice of, as it contains a most certain proof of the immortality
+of the soul, and of Divine Providence. If any man thinks these facts
+incredible, let him enjoy his own opinion to himself, but let him not
+endeavour to disturb the belief of others, who by instances of this
+nature are excited to the study of virtue."
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[75] _Supernumerary._ Additional.
+
+[76] _Curious._ Interesting.
+
+[77] _Prejudice of education._ Bent given to the mind by education.
+
+[78] _By that means._ Because of that.
+
+[79] _Exorcised._ Delivered from supernatural influence.
+
+[80] _Lucretius._ Roman philosopher-poet: 95-52 B.C.
+
+[81] _Pressed._ Compelled.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 112. MONDAY, JULY 9
+
+    [Greek: Athanatous men prota theous, nomo hos diakeitai,
+    Tima.]
+
+    PYTHAG.
+
+    First, in obedience to thy country's rites,
+    Worship the immortal Gods.
+
+
+I am always very well pleased with a country Sunday; and think, if
+keeping holy the seventh day were only[82] a human institution, it would
+be the best method that could have been thought of for the polishing and
+civilising of mankind. It is certain the country people would soon
+degenerate into a kind of savages and barbarians, were there not such
+frequent returns of a stated time, in which the whole village meet
+together with their best faces, and in their cleanliest habits, to
+converse with one another upon indifferent subjects, hear their duties
+explained to them, and join together in adoration of the Supreme Being.
+Sunday clears away the rust of the whole week, not only as it refreshes
+in their minds the notions of religion, but as it puts both the sexes
+upon appearing[83] in their most agreeable forms, and exerting all such
+qualities as are apt to give them a figure in the eye of the village. A
+country fellow distinguishes himself as much in the churchyard, as a
+citizen does upon the 'Change, the whole parish politics being generally
+discussed in that place, either after sermon or before the bell rings.
+
+My friend Sir Roger, being a good churchman, has beautified the inside
+of his church with several texts of his own choosing: he has likewise
+given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in the communion-table at his
+own expense. He has often told me, that at his coming to his estate he
+found his parishioners very irregular; and that, in order to make them
+kneel and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and
+a common-prayer-book; and at the same time employed an itinerant
+singing-master, who goes about the country for that purpose, to instruct
+them rightly in the tunes of the psalms; upon which they now very much
+value themselves, and indeed outdo most of the country churches that I
+have ever heard.
+
+As Sir Roger is landlord to the whole congregation, he keeps them in very
+good order, and will suffer nobody to sleep in it besides himself; for,
+if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at sermon, upon
+recovering out of it he stands up and looks about him, and if he sees
+anybody else nodding, either wakes them himself, or sends his servants to
+them. Several other of the old Knight's particularities[84] break out
+upon these occasions: sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the
+singing psalms, half a minute after the rest of the congregation have
+done with it; sometimes, when he is pleased with the matter of his
+devotion, he pronounces "Amen" three or four times to the same prayer;
+and sometimes stands up when everybody else is upon their knees, to count
+the congregation, or see if any of his tenants are missing.
+
+I was yesterday very much surprised to hear my old friend, in the midst
+of the service, calling out to one John Matthews to mind what he was
+about, and not disturb the congregation. This John Matthews it seems is
+remarkable for being an idle fellow, and at that time was kicking his
+heels for his diversion. This authority of the Knight, though exerted in
+that odd manner which accompanies him in all circumstances of life, has a
+very good effect upon the parish, who are not polite enough to see
+anything ridiculous in his behaviour; besides that, the general good
+sense and worthiness of his character makes his friends observe these
+little singularities as foils, that rather set off than blemish his good
+qualities.
+
+As soon as the sermon is finished, nobody presumes to stir till Sir Roger
+is gone out of the church. The Knight walks down from his seat in the
+chancel between a double row of his tenants, that stand bowing to him on
+each side; and every now and then inquires how such an one's wife, or
+mother, or son, or father do, whom he does not see at church; which is
+understood as a secret reprimand to the person that is absent.
+
+The chaplain has often told me, that upon a catechising day, when Sir
+Roger has been pleased with a boy that answers well, he has ordered a
+bible to be given him next day for his encouragement; and sometimes
+accompanies it with a flitch of bacon to his mother. Sir Roger, has
+likewise added five pounds a year to the clerk's place: and that he may
+encourage the young fellows to make themselves perfect in the church
+service, has promised upon the death of the present incumbent[85], who is
+very old, to bestow it according to merit.
+
+The fair understanding between Sir Roger and his chaplain, and their
+mutual concurrence in doing good, is the more remarkable, because the
+very next village is famous for the differences and contentions that
+arise between the parson and the squire, who live in a perpetual state of
+war. The parson is always preaching at the squire, and the squire to be
+revenged on the parson never comes to church. The squire has made all his
+tenants atheists and tithe-stealers; while the parson instructs them
+every Sunday in the dignity of his order, and insinuates to them in
+almost every sermon, that he is a better man than his patron. In short,
+matters are come to such an extremity, that the squire has not said his
+prayers either in public or private this half-year; and that the parson
+threatens him, if he does not mend his manners, to pray for him in the
+face of the whole congregation.
+
+Feuds of this nature, though too frequent in the country, are very fatal
+to the ordinary people; who are so used to be dazzled with riches, that
+they pay as much deference to the understanding of a man of an estate, as
+of a man of learning; and are very hardly brought to regard any truth,
+how important soever it may be, that is preached to them, when they know
+there are several men of five hundred a year, who do not believe it.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[82] _Only._ Merely.
+
+[83] _Puts both the sexes upon appearing._ Impels them to appear.
+
+[84] _Particularities._ Peculiarities.
+
+[85] _Incumbent._ Holder of the post.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 113. TUESDAY, JULY 10
+
+    _Haerent infixi pectore vultus._
+
+    VIRG. _AEn._ iv. ver. 4.
+
+    Her looks were deep imprinted in his heart.
+
+
+In my first description of the company in which I pass most of my time,
+it may be remembered that I mentioned a great affliction which my friend
+Sir Roger had met with in his youth; which was no less than a
+disappointment in love. It happened this evening that we fell into a very
+pleasing walk at a distance from his house: as soon as we came into it,
+"It is," quoth the good old man, looking round him with a smile, "very
+hard, that any part of my land should be settled[86] upon one who has
+used me so ill as the perverse widow did; and yet I am sure I could not
+see a sprig of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should
+reflect upon her and her severity. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. You are to know this was the place wherein I used
+to muse upon her; and by that custom I can never come into it, but the
+same tender sentiments revive in my mind, as if I had actually walked
+with that beautiful creature under these shades. I have been fool enough
+to carve her name on the bark of several of these trees; so unhappy is
+the condition of men in love, to attempt the removing of their passions
+by the methods which serve only to imprint it deeper. She has certainly
+the finest hand of any woman in the world."
+
+Here followed a profound silence; and I was not displeased to observe my
+friend falling so naturally into a discourse, which I had ever before
+taken notice he industriously avoided. After a very long pause he entered
+upon an account of this great circumstance in his life, with an air which
+I thought raised my idea of him above what I had ever had before; and
+gave me the picture of that cheerful mind of his, before it received that
+stroke which has ever since affected his words and actions. But he went
+on as follows.
+
+"I came to my estate in my twenty-second year, and resolved to follow the
+steps of the most worthy of my ancestors who have inhabited this spot of
+earth before me, in all the methods of hospitality and good
+neighbourhood, for the sake of my fame; and in country sports and
+recreations, for the sake of my health. In my twenty-third year I was
+obliged to serve as sheriff of the county; and, in my servants, officers,
+and whole equipage, indulged the pleasure of a young man (who did not
+think ill of his own person) in taking that public occasion of showing my
+figure and behaviour to advantage. You may easily imagine to yourself
+what appearance I made, who am pretty tall, rid[87] well, and was very
+well dressed, at the head of a whole county, with music before me, a
+feather in my hat, and my horse well bitted. I can assure you I was not a
+little pleased with the kind looks and glances I had from all the
+balconies and windows as I rode to the hall where the assizes were held.
+But when I came there, a beautiful creature in a widow's habit sat in
+court, to hear the event of a cause concerning her dower[88]. This
+commanding creature (who was born for the destruction of all who behold
+her) put on such a resignation in her countenance, and bore the whispers
+of all around the court, with such a pretty uneasiness, I warrant you,
+and then recovered herself from one eye to another, till she was
+perfectly confused by meeting something so wistful in all she
+encountered, that at last, with a murrain to her, she cast her bewitching
+eye upon me. I no sooner met it, but I bowed like a great surprised
+booby; and knowing her cause to be the first which came on, I cried, like
+a captivated calf as I was, 'Make way for the defendant's witnesses.'
+This sudden partiality made all the county immediately see the sheriff
+was also become a slave to the fine widow. During the time her cause was
+upon trial, she behaved herself, I warrant you, with such a deep
+attention to her business, took opportunities to have little billets
+handed to her counsel, then would be in such a pretty confusion,
+occasioned, you must know, by acting before so much company, that not
+only I, but the whole court was prejudiced in her favour; and all that
+the next heir to her husband had to urge, was thought so groundless and
+frivolous, that when it came to her counsel to reply, there was not half
+so much said as every one besides in the court thought he could have
+urged to her advantage. You must understand, sir, this perverse woman is
+one of those unaccountable creatures, that secretly rejoice in the
+admiration of men, but indulge themselves in no further consequences.
+Hence it is that she has ever had a train of admirers, and she removes
+from her slaves in town to those in the country, according to the seasons
+of the year. She is a reading lady, and far gone in the pleasures of
+friendship: she is always accompanied by a confidant, who is witness to
+her daily protestations against our sex, and consequently a bar to her
+first steps towards love, upon the strength of her own maxims and
+declarations.
+
+[Illustration: She began a Discourse to me concerning Love and Honour]
+
+"However, I must needs say this accomplished mistress of mine has
+distinguished me above the rest, and has been known to declare Sir Roger
+de Coverley was the tamest and most humane[89] of all the brutes in the
+country. I was told she said so, by one who thought he rallied[90] me;
+but upon the strength of this slender encouragement of being thought
+least detestable, I made new liveries, new-paired my coach-horses, sent
+them all to town to be bitted, and taught to throw their legs well, and
+move all together, before I pretended[91] to cross the country, and wait
+upon her. As soon as I thought my retinue suitable to the character of my
+fortune and youth, I set out from hence to make my addresses. The
+particular skill of this lady has ever been to inflame your wishes, and
+yet command respect. To make her mistress of this art, she has a greater
+share of knowledge, wit, and good sense, than is usual even among men of
+merit. Then she is beautiful beyond the race of women. If you will not
+let her go on with a certain artifice with her eyes, and the skill of
+beauty, she will arm herself with her real charms, and strike you with
+admiration instead of desire. It is certain that if you were to behold
+the whole woman, there is that dignity in her aspect, that composure in
+her motion, that complacency in her manner, that if her form makes you
+hope, her merit makes you fear. But then again she is such a desperate
+scholar, that no country gentleman can approach her without being a jest.
+As I was going to tell you, when I came to her house I was admitted to
+her presence with great civility; at the same time she placed herself to
+be first seen by me in such an attitude, as I think you call the posture
+of a picture, that she discovered[92] new charms, and I at last came
+towards her with such an awe as made me speechless. This she no sooner
+observed but she made her advantage of it, and began a discourse to me
+concerning love and honour, as they both are followed by pretenders, and
+the real votaries to them. When she discussed these points in a
+discourse, which I verily believe was as learned as the best philosopher
+in Europe could possibly make, she asked me whether she was so happy as
+to fall in with my sentiments on these important particulars. Her
+confidant sat by her, and upon my being in the last[93] confusion and
+silence, this malicious _aide_ of hers turning to her says, 'I am very
+glad to observe Sir Roger pauses upon this subject, and seems resolved to
+deliver all his sentiments upon the matter when he pleases to speak.'
+They both kept their countenances, and after I had sat half an hour
+meditating how to behave before such profound casuists, I rose up and
+took my leave. Chance has since that time thrown me very often in her
+way, and she as often has directed a discourse to me which I do not
+understand. This barbarity has kept me ever at a distance from the most
+beautiful object my eyes ever beheld. It is thus also she deals with all
+mankind, and you must make love to her, as you would conquer the sphinx,
+by posing her[94]. But were she like other women, and that there were any
+talking to her, how constant must the pleasure of that man be, who would
+converse with a creature--But, after all, you may be sure her heart is
+fixed on some one or other; and yet I have been credibly informed--but
+who can believe half that is said? After she had done speaking to me, she
+put her hand to her bosom and adjusted her tucker. Then she cast her eyes
+a little down, upon my beholding her too earnestly. They say she sings
+excellently: her voice in her ordinary speech has something in it
+inexpressibly sweet. You must know I dined with her at a public table the
+day after I first saw her, and she helped me to some tansy in the eye of
+all the gentlemen in the country. She has certainly the finest hand of
+any woman in the world. I can assure you, sir, were you to behold her,
+you would be in the same condition; for as her speech is music, her form
+is angelic. But I find I grow irregular[95] while I am talking of her;
+but indeed it would be stupidity to be unconcerned at such perfection. Oh
+the excellent creature! she is as inimitable to all women, as she is
+inaccessible to all men."
+
+I found my friend begin to rave, and insensibly[96] led him towards the
+house, that we might be joined by some other company; and am convinced
+that the widow is the secret cause of all that inconsistency which
+appears in some parts of my friend's discourse, though he has so much
+command of himself as not directly to mention her, yet according to that
+of Martial[97], which one knows not how to render into English, _Dum
+tacet hanc loquitur_. I shall end this paper with that whole epigram,
+which represents with much humour my honest friend's condition.
+
+    _Quicquid agit Rufus, nihil est, nisi Naevia Rufo,
+      Si gaudet, si flet, si tacet, hanc loquitur:
+    Coenat, propinat, poscit, negat, annuit, una est
+      Naevia; si non sit Naevia, mutus erit.
+    Scriberet hesterna patri cum luce salutem,
+      Naevia lux, inquit, Naevia numen, ave._
+
+    _Epig._ lxix. l. 1.
+
+    Let Rufus weep, rejoice, stand, sit, or walk,
+    Still he can nothing but of Naevia talk;
+    Let him eat, drink, ask questions, or dispute,
+    Still he must speak of Naevia, or be mute.
+    He writ to his father, ending with this line,
+    I am, my lovely Naevia, ever thine.
+
+  R.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[86] _Settled._ An obscure expression. Possibly it means "bound up
+with."
+
+[87] _Rid._ Rode.
+
+[88] _Dower._ Widow's portion of her husband's property.
+
+[89] _Humane._ Civilised.
+
+[90] _Rallied._ Bantered.
+
+[91] _Pretended._ Presumed.
+
+[92] _Discovered._ Displayed.
+
+[93] _Last._ Utmost.
+
+[94] _Conquer the sphinx, by posing her._ Reference to the story of
+Oedipus, who answered the riddle of the Sphinx, whereupon she destroyed
+herself. "Pose" her, _i.e._, with a problem she cannot solve.
+
+[95] _Irregular._ Incoherent.
+
+[96] _Insensibly._ Without his noticing it.
+
+[97] _Martial._ Latin satirist: 41-104 A.D.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 115. THURSDAY, JULY 12
+
+    _Ut sit mens sana in corpore sano._
+
+    JUV. _Sat._ x. ver. 356.
+
+    A healthy body and a mind at ease.
+
+
+Bodily labour is of two kinds, either that which a man submits to for his
+livelihood, or that which he undergoes for his pleasure. The latter of
+them generally changes the name of labour for that of exercise, but
+differs only from ordinary labour as it rises from another motive.
+
+A country life abounds in both these kinds of labour, and for that reason
+gives a man a greater stock of health, and consequently a more perfect
+enjoyment of himself, than any other way of life. I consider the body as
+a system of tubes and glands, or to use a more rustic phrase, a bundle of
+pipes and strainers, fitted to one another after so wonderful a manner as
+to make a proper engine for the soul to work with. This description does
+not only comprehend the bowels, bones, tendons, veins, nerves, and
+arteries, but every muscle and every ligature, which is a composition of
+fibres, that are so many imperceptible tubes or pipes interwoven on all
+sides with invisible glands or strainers.
+
+This general idea of a human body, without considering it in its niceties
+of anatomy, lets us see how absolutely necessary labour is for the right
+preservation of it. There must be frequent motions and agitations, to
+mix, digest, and separate the juices contained in it, as well as to clear
+and cleanse that infinitude of pipes and strainers of which it is
+composed, and to give their solid parts a more firm and lasting tone.
+Labour or exercise ferments the humours, casts them into their proper
+channels, throws off redundancies, and helps nature in those secret
+distributions, without which the body cannot subsist in its vigour, nor
+the soul act with cheerfulness.
+
+I might here mention the effects which this has upon all the faculties of
+the mind, by keeping the understanding clear, the imagination untroubled,
+and refining those spirits that are necessary for the proper exertion of
+our intellectual faculties, during the present laws of union between soul
+and body. It is to a neglect in this particular[98], that we must ascribe
+the spleen[99], which is so frequent in men of studious and sedentary
+tempers, as well as the vapours[99] to which those of the other sex are
+so often subject.
+
+Had not exercise been absolutely necessary for our well-being, nature
+would not have made the body so proper for it, by giving such an activity
+to the limbs, and such a pliancy to every part as necessarily produce
+these compressions, extensions, contortions, dilatations, and all other
+kinds of motions that are necessary for the preservation of such a system
+of tubes and glands as has been before mentioned. And that we might not
+want inducements to engage us in such an exercise of the body as is
+proper for its welfare, it is so ordered that nothing valuable can be
+procured without it. Not to mention riches and honour, even food and
+raiment are not to be come at without the toil of the hands and sweat of
+the brows. Providence furnishes materials, but expects that we should
+work them up ourselves. The earth must be laboured before it gives its
+increase, and when it is forced into its several products, how many hands
+must they pass through before they are fit for use? Manufactures, trade,
+and agriculture, naturally employ more than nineteen parts of the species
+in twenty; and as for those who are not obliged to labour, by the
+condition[100] in which they are born, they are more miserable than the
+rest of mankind, unless they indulge themselves in that voluntary labour
+which goes by the name of exercise.
+
+My friend Sir Roger has been an indefatigable man in business of this
+kind, and has hung several parts of his house with the trophies of his
+former labours. The walls of his great hall are covered with the horns of
+several kinds of deer that he has killed in the chase, which he thinks
+the most valuable furniture of his house, as they afford him frequent
+topics of discourse, and show that he has not been idle. At the lower end
+of the hall is a large otter's skin stuffed with hay, which his mother
+ordered to be hung up in that manner, and the Knight looks upon it with
+great satisfaction, because it seems he was but nine years old when his
+dog killed him. A little room adjoining to the hall is a kind of arsenal
+filled with guns of several sizes and inventions, with which the Knight
+has made great havoc in the woods, and destroyed many thousands of
+pheasants, partridges and woodcocks. His stable doors are patched[101]
+with noses that belonged to foxes of the Knight's own hunting down. Sir
+Roger showed me one of them, that for distinction sake has a brass nail
+struck through it, which cost him about fifteen hours' riding, carried
+him through half a dozen counties, killed him a brace of geldings, and
+lost above half his dogs. This the Knight looks upon as one of the
+greatest exploits of his life. The perverse widow, whom I have given some
+account of, was the death of several foxes; for Sir Roger has told me
+that in the course of his amours[102] he patched the western door of his
+stable. Whenever the widow was cruel, the foxes were sure to pay for it.
+In proportion as his passion for the widow abated and old age came on, he
+left off fox-hunting; but a hare is not yet safe that sits within ten
+miles of his house.
+
+There is no kind of exercise which I would so recommend to my readers of
+both sexes as this of riding, as there is none which so much conduces to
+health, and is every way accommodated to the body, according to the
+_idea_ which I have given of it. Doctor Sydenham is very lavish in its
+praises; and if the English reader will see the mechanical effects of it
+described at length, he may find them in a book published not many years
+since, under the title of _Medicina Gymnastica_. For my own part, when I
+am in town, for want of these opportunities, I exercise myself an hour
+every morning upon a dumb bell that is placed in a corner of my room, and
+pleases me the more because it does everything I require of it in the
+most profound silence. My landlady and her daughters are so well
+acquainted with my hours of exercise, that they never come into my room
+to disturb me whilst I am ringing.
+
+When I was some years younger than I am at present, I used to employ
+myself in a more laborious diversion, which I learned from a Latin
+treatise of exercises that is written with great erudition: it is there
+called the [Greek: skiomachia], or the fighting with a man's own shadow,
+and consists in the brandishing of two short sticks grasped in each hand,
+and loaden with plugs of lead at either end. This opens the chest,
+exercises the limbs, and gives a man all the pleasure of boxing, without
+the blows. I could wish that several learned men would lay out that time
+which they employ in controversies and disputes about nothing, in this
+method of fighting with their own shadows. It might conduce very much to
+evaporate the spleen, which makes them uneasy[103] to the public as well
+as to themselves.
+
+To conclude, as I am a compound of soul and body, I consider myself as
+obliged to a double scheme of duties; and think I have not fulfilled the
+business of the day when I do not thus employ the one in labour and
+exercise, as well as the other in study and contemplation.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[98] _Particular._ Respect.
+
+[99] _Spleen_, _vapours_. Attacks of depression or melancholy.
+
+[100] _Condition._ Rank.
+
+[101] _Patched._ Decorated.
+
+[102] _Amours._ Courtship.
+
+[103] _Uneasy._ Trying.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 116. FRIDAY, JULY 13
+
+              _Vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron,
+    Taygetique canes._
+
+    VIRG. _Georg._ iii. ver. 43.
+
+    The echoing hills and chiding hounds invite.
+
+
+Those who have searched into human nature observe that nothing so much
+shows the nobleness of the soul as that its felicity consists in action.
+Every man has such an active principle in him, that he will find out
+something to employ himself upon, in whatever place or state of life he
+is posted. I have heard of a gentleman who was under close confinement in
+the Bastile seven years; during which time he amused himself in
+scattering a few small pins about his chamber, gathering them up again,
+and placing them in different figures on the arm of a great chair. He
+often told his friends afterwards, that unless he had found out this
+piece of exercise, he verily believed he should have lost his senses.
+
+After what has been said, I need not inform my readers that Sir Roger,
+with whose character I hope they are at present pretty well acquainted,
+has in his youth gone through the whole course of those rural diversions
+which the country abounds in; and which seem to be extremely well suited
+to that laborious industry a man may observe here in a far greater degree
+than in towns and cities. I have before hinted at some of my friend's
+exploits: he has in his youthful days taken forty coveys of partridges
+in a season; and tired many a salmon with a line consisting but of a
+single hair. The constant thanks and good wishes of the neighbourhood
+always attended him, on account of his remarkable enmity towards foxes;
+having destroyed more of those vermin in one year, than it was thought
+the whole country could have produced. Indeed the Knight does not scruple
+to own among his most intimate friends, that in order to establish his
+reputation this way, he has secretly sent for great numbers of them out
+of other counties, which he used to turn loose about the country by
+night, that he might the better signalise himself in their destruction
+the next day. His hunting horses were the finest and best managed[104] in
+all these parts: his tenants are still full of the praises of a grey
+stone-horse[105] that unhappily staked[106] himself several years since,
+and was buried with great solemnity in the orchard.
+
+Sir Roger, being at present too old for fox-hunting, to keep himself in
+action, has disposed of his beagles and got a pack of stop-hounds[107].
+What these want in speed, he endeavours to make amends for by the
+deepness of their mouths[108] and the variety of their notes, which are
+suited in such manner to each other, that the whole cry[109] makes up a
+complete concert. He is so nice[110] in this particular, that a
+gentleman having made him a present of a very fine hound the other day,
+the Knight returned it by the servant with a great many expressions of
+civility; but desired him to tell his master, that the dog he had sent
+was indeed a most excellent bass, but that at present he only wanted a
+counter-tenor[111]. Could I believe my friend had ever read Shakespeare,
+I should certainly conclude he had taken the hint from Theseus in the
+_Midsummer Night's Dream_.
+
+    My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
+    So flu'd, so sanded; and their heads are hung
+    With ears that sweep away the morning dew.
+    Crook-knee'd and dew-lap'd like Thessalian bulls,
+    Slow in pursuit, but match'd in mouths like bells,
+    Each under each: a cry more tuneable
+    Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn.
+
+Sir Roger is so keen at this sport, that he has been out almost every day
+since I came down; and upon the chaplain's offering to lend me his easy
+pad, I was prevailed on yesterday morning to make one of the company. I
+was extremely pleased, as we rid along, to observe the general
+benevolence[112] of all the neighbourhood towards my friend. The farmer's
+sons thought themselves happy if they could open a gate for the good old
+Knight as he passed by; which he generally requited with a nod or a
+smile, and a kind inquiry after their fathers and uncles.
+
+After we had rid about a mile from home, we came upon a large heath, and
+the sportsmen began to beat. They had done so for some time, when as I
+was at a little distance from the rest of the company, I saw a hare pop
+out from a small furze-brake almost under my horse's feet. I marked the
+way she took, which I endeavoured to make the company sensible of by
+extending my arm; but to no purpose, until Sir Roger, who knows that none
+of my extraordinary motions are insignificant, rode up to me, and asked
+me if puss was gone that way? Upon my answering "Yes," he immediately
+called in the dogs, and put them upon the scent. As they were going off,
+I heard one of the country fellows muttering to his companion, "That it
+was a wonder they had not lost all their sport, for want of the silent
+gentleman's crying 'Stole away[113].'"
+
+This, with my aversion to leaping hedges, made me withdraw to a rising
+ground, from whence I could have the pleasure of the whole chase, without
+the fatigue of keeping in with the hounds. The hare immediately threw
+them above a mile behind her; but I was pleased to find, that instead of
+running straight forwards, or, in hunter's language, flying the country,
+as I was afraid she might have done, she wheeled about, and described a
+sort of circle round the hill where I had taken my station, in such
+manner as gave me a very distinct view of the sport. I could see her
+first pass by, and the dogs some time afterwards unravelling the whole
+track she had made, and following her through all her doubles. I was at
+the same time delighted in observing that deference which the rest of
+the pack paid to each particular hound, according to the character he had
+acquired amongst them: if they were at a fault, and an old hound of
+reputation opened but once, he was immediately followed by the whole cry;
+while a raw dog, or one who was a noted liar, might have yelped his heart
+out without being taken notice of.
+
+The hare now, after having squatted two or three times, and been put up
+again as often, came still nearer to the place where she was at first
+started. The dogs pursued her, and these were followed by the jolly
+Knight, who rode upon a white gelding, encompassed by his tenants and
+servants, and cheering his hounds with all the gaiety of five and twenty.
+One of the sportsmen rode up to me, and told me that he was sure the
+chase was almost at an end, because the old dogs, which had hitherto lain
+behind, now headed the pack. The fellow was in the right. Our hare took a
+large field just under us, followed by the full cry in view. I must
+confess the brightness of the weather, the cheerfulness of everything
+around me, the chiding of the hounds, which was returned upon us in a
+double echo from two neighbouring hills, with the hallooing of the
+sportsmen and the sounding of the horn, lifted my spirits into a most
+lively pleasure, which I freely indulged because I knew it was innocent.
+If I was under any concern, it was on the account of the poor hare, that
+was now quite spent and almost within the reach of her enemies; when the
+huntsman, getting forward, threw down his pole[114] before the dogs.
+They were now within eight yards of that game which they had been
+pursuing for almost as many hours; yet on the signal before mentioned
+they all made a sudden stand, and though they continued opening as much
+as before, durst not once attempt to pass beyond the pole. At the same
+time Sir Roger rode forward, and alighting, took up the hare in his arms;
+which he soon delivered to one of his servants, with an order, if she
+could be kept alive, to let her go in his great orchard; where it seems
+he has several of these prisoners of war, who live together in a very
+comfortable captivity. I was highly pleased to see the discipline of the
+pack, and the good nature of the Knight, who could not find in his heart
+to murder a creature that had given him so much diversion.
+
+[Illustration: Chearing his Hounds with all the Gaiety of Five and
+Twenty]
+
+As we were returning home, I remembered that Monsieur Paschal[115] in his
+most excellent discourse on "the misery of man," tells us, that "all our
+endeavours after greatness proceed from nothing but a desire of being
+surrounded by a multitude of persons and affairs that may hinder us from
+looking into ourselves, which is a view we cannot bear." He afterwards
+goes on to show that our love of sports comes from the same reason, and
+is particularly severe upon hunting. "What," says he, "unless it be to
+drown thought, can make men throw away so much time and pains upon a
+silly animal, which they might buy cheaper in the market?" The foregoing
+reflection is certainly just, when a man suffers his whole mind to be
+drawn into his sports, and altogether loses himself in the woods; but
+does not affect those who propose a far more laudable end for this
+exercise; I mean, the preservation of health, and keeping all the organs
+of the soul in a condition to execute her orders. Had that incomparable
+person, whom I last quoted, been a little more indulgent to himself in
+this point, the world might probably have enjoyed him much longer:
+whereas, through too great an application to his studies in his youth, he
+contracted that ill habit[116] of body, which, after a tedious sickness,
+carried him off in the fortieth year of his age; and the whole history we
+have of his life till that time, is but one continued account of the
+behaviour of a noble soul struggling under innumerable pains and
+distempers.
+
+For my own part, I intend to hunt twice a week during my stay with Sir
+Roger; and shall prescribe the moderate use of this exercise to all my
+country friends, as the best kind of physic for mending a bad
+constitution, and preserving a good one.
+
+I cannot do this better, than in the following lines out of Mr. Dryden:--
+
+    The first physicians by debauch were made;
+    Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade.
+    By chase our long-liv'd fathers earn'd their food;
+    Toil strung the nerves, and purifi'd the blood;
+    But we their sons, a pamper'd race of men,
+    Are dwindled down to threescore years and ten.
+    Better to hunt in fields for health unbought,
+    Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.
+    The wise for cure on exercise depend;
+    God never made his work for man to mend.
+
+  X.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[104] _Managed._ Trained.
+
+[105] _Stone-horse._ Stallion.
+
+[106] _Staked._ Impaled.
+
+[107] _Stop-hounds._ Hounds trained to go slowly and stop at a signal
+from the huntsman.
+
+[108] _Mouths._ Cry.
+
+[109] _Cry._ Pack.
+
+[110] _Nice._ Precise, fastidious.
+
+[111] _Counter-tenor._ Alto.
+
+[112] _Benevolence._ Good-will.
+
+[113] _Stole away._ The correct hunting cry which the Spectator should
+have given.
+
+[114] _Pole._ A leaping-pole carried by the huntsman, who was on foot,
+and thrown by him as a signal to the hounds to stop.
+
+[115] _Monsieur Paschal._ French philosopher: 1622-62.
+
+[116] _Habit._ Constitution.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 117. SATURDAY, JULY 14
+
+    _Ipsi sibi somnia fingunt._
+
+    VIRG. _Ecl._ viii. ver. 108.
+
+    Their own imaginations they deceive.
+
+
+There are some opinions in which a man should stand neuter[117], without
+engaging[118] his assent to one side or the other. Such a hovering faith
+as this, which refuses to settle upon any determination[119], is
+absolutely necessary in a mind that is careful to avoid errors and
+prepossessions. When the arguments press equally on both sides in matters
+that are indifferent to us, the safest method is to give up ourselves to
+neither.
+
+It is with this temper of mind that I consider the subject of witchcraft.
+When I hear the relations that are made from all parts of the world, not
+only from Norway and Lapland, from the East and West Indies, but from
+every particular nation in Europe, I cannot forbear thinking that there
+is such an intercourse and commerce with evil spirits, as that which we
+express by the name of witchcraft. But when I consider that the ignorant
+and credulous parts of the world abound most in these relations, and that
+the persons among us, who are supposed to engage in such an infernal
+commerce, are people of a weak understanding and crazed imagination, and
+at the same time reflect upon the many impostures and delusions of this
+nature that have been detected in all ages, I endeavour to suspend my
+belief till I hear more certain accounts than any which have yet come to
+my knowledge. In short, when I consider the question whether there are
+such persons in the world as those we call witches, my mind is divided
+between the two opposite opinions; or rather, (to speak my thoughts
+freely) I believe in general that there is, and has been such a thing as
+witchcraft; but, at the same time, can give no credit to any particular
+instance of it.
+
+I am engaged in this speculation by some occurrences that I met with
+yesterday, which I shall give my reader an account of at large. As I was
+walking with my friend Sir Roger by the side of one of his woods, an old
+woman applied herself to me for my charity. Her dress and figure put me
+in mind of the following description in Otway:--
+
+      In a close lane as I pursu'd my journey,
+    I spy'd a wrinkled Hag, with age grown double,
+    Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself.
+    Her eyes with scalding rheum were gall'd and red;
+    Cold palsy shook her head; her hands seem'd wither'd;
+    And on her crooked shoulders had she wrapp'd
+    The tatter'd remnants of an old strip'd hanging,
+    Which serv'd to keep her carcase from the cold:
+    So there was nothing of a piece about her.
+    Her lower weeds were all o'er coarsely patch'd
+    With diff'rent-colour'd rags, black, red, white, yellow,
+    And seem'd to speak variety of wretchedness.
+
+As I was musing on this description, and comparing it with the object
+before me, the Knight told me, that this very old woman had the
+reputation of a witch all over the country, that her lips were observed
+to be always in motion, and that there was not a switch about her house
+which her neighbours did not believe had carried her several hundreds of
+miles. If she chanced to stumble, they always found sticks or straws that
+lay in the figure of a cross before her. If she made any mistake at
+church, and cried Amen in a wrong place, they never failed to conclude
+that she was saying her prayers backwards. There was not a maid in the
+parish that would take a pin of her, though she should offer a bag of
+money with it. She goes by the name of Moll White, and has made the
+country ring with several imaginary exploits which are palmed upon her.
+If the dairy-maid does not make the butter come so soon as she would have
+it, Moll White is at the bottom of the churn. If a horse sweats in the
+stable, Moll White has been upon his back. If a hare makes an unexpected
+escape from the hounds, the huntsman curses Moll White. "Nay," (says Sir
+Roger) "I have known the master of the pack, upon such an occasion, send
+one of his servants to see if Moll White had been out that morning."
+
+[Illustration: Moll White]
+
+This account raised my curiosity so far, that I begged my friend Sir
+Roger to go with me into her hovel, which stood in a solitary corner
+under the side of the wood. Upon our first entering Sir Roger winked to
+me, and pointed at something that stood behind the door, which, upon
+looking that way, I found to be an old broomstaff. At the same time he
+whispered me in the ear to take notice of a tabby cat that sat in the
+chimney-corner, which, as the old Knight told me, lay under as bad a
+report as Moll White herself; for, besides that Moll is said often to
+accompany her in the same shape, the cat is reported to have spoken twice
+or thrice in her life, and to have played several pranks above the
+capacity of an ordinary cat.
+
+I was secretly concerned to see human nature in so much wretchedness and
+disgrace, but at the same time could not forbear smiling to hear Sir
+Roger, who is a little puzzled about the old woman, advising her as a
+justice of peace to avoid all communication with the Devil, and never to
+hurt any of her neighbour's cattle. We concluded our visit with a bounty,
+which was very acceptable.
+
+In our return home Sir Roger told me, that old Moll had been often
+brought before him for making children spit pins, and giving maids the
+nightmare; and that the country people would be tossing her into a pond,
+and trying experiments with her every day, if it was not for him and his
+chaplain.
+
+I have since found, upon inquiry, that Sir Roger was several times
+staggered with the reports that had been brought him concerning this old
+woman, and would frequently have bound her over to the county sessions,
+had not his chaplain with much ado persuaded him to the contrary.
+
+I have been the more particular[120] in this account, because I hear
+there is scarce a village in England that has not a Moll White in it.
+When an old woman begins to dote, and grow chargeable to a parish, she
+is generally turned into a witch, and fills the whole country with
+extravagant fancies, imaginary distempers, and terrifying dreams. In the
+meantime, the poor wretch that is the innocent occasion of so many evils
+begins to be frighted at herself, and sometimes confesses secret
+commerce[121] and familiarities that her imagination forms in a delirious
+old age. This frequently cuts off charity from the greatest objects of
+compassion, and inspires people with a malevolence towards those poor
+decrepit parts of our species, in whom human nature is defaced by
+infirmity and dotage.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[117] _Neuter._ Neutral.
+
+[118] _Engaging._ Binding.
+
+[119] _Determination._ Fixed opinion.
+
+[120] _Been the more particular._ Given fuller details.
+
+[121] _Commerce._ Intercourse.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 118. MONDAY, JULY 16
+
+    _Haeret lateri lethalis arundo._
+
+    VIRG. _AEn._ iv. ver. 73.
+
+                              The fatal dart
+    Sticks in his side, and rankles in his heart.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+This agreeable seat is surrounded with so many pleasing walks, which are
+struck out of a wood, in the midst of which the house stands, that one
+can hardly ever be weary of rambling from one labyrinth of delight to
+another. To one used to live in a city the charms of the country are so
+exquisite, that the mind is lost in a certain transport which raises us
+above ordinary life, and is yet not strong enough to be inconsistent with
+tranquillity. This state of mind was I in, ravished with the murmur of
+waters, the whisper of breezes, the singing of birds; and whether I
+looked up to the heavens, down to the earth, or turned on the prospects
+around me, still struck with new sense of pleasure; when I found by the
+voice of my friend, who walked by me, that we had insensibly strolled
+into the grove sacred to the widow. "This woman," says he, "is of all
+others the most unintelligible; she either designs to marry, or she does
+not. What is the most perplexing of all, is, that she doth not either say
+to her lovers she has any resolution against that condition of life in
+general, or that she banishes them; but, conscious of her own merit, she
+permits their addresses, without fear of any ill consequence, or want of
+respect, from their rage or despair. She has that in her aspect, against
+which it is impossible to offend. A man whose thoughts are constantly
+bent upon so agreeable an object, must be excused if the ordinary
+occurrences in conversation[122] are below his attention. I call her
+indeed perverse; but, alas! why do I call her so? Because her superior
+merit is such, that I cannot approach her without awe, that my heart is
+checked by too much esteem: I am angry that her charms are not more
+acceptable, that I am more inclined to worship than salute[123] her: how
+often have I wished her unhappy, that I might have an opportunity of
+serving her? and how often troubled in that very imagination, at giving
+her the pain of being obliged? Well, I have led a miserable life in
+secret upon her account; but fancy she would have condescended to have
+some regard for me, if it had not been for that watchful animal her
+confidant.
+
+"Of all persons under the sun" (continued he, calling me by my name) "be
+sure to set a mark upon confidants: they are of all people the most
+impertinent. What is most pleasant[124] to observe in them, is, that they
+assume to themselves the merit of the persons whom they have in their
+custody. Orestilla is a great fortune, and in wonderful danger of
+surprises, therefore full of suspicions of the least indifferent thing,
+particularly careful of new acquaintance, and of growing too familiar
+with the old. Themista, her favourite woman, is every whit as careful of
+whom she speaks to, and what she says. Let the ward be a beauty, her
+confidant shall treat you with an air of distance; let her be a fortune,
+and she assumes the suspicious behaviour of her friend and patroness.
+Thus it is that very many of our unmarried women of distinction, are to
+all intents and purposes married, except the consideration of[125]
+different sexes. They are directly under the conduct of their whisperer;
+and think they are in a state of freedom, while they can prate with one
+of these attendants of all men in general, and still avoid the man they
+most like. You do not see one heiress in a hundred whose fate does not
+turn upon this circumstance of choosing a confidant. Thus it is that the
+lady is addressed to, presented[126] and flattered, only by proxy, in her
+woman. In my case, how is it possible that--" Sir Roger was proceeding in
+his harangue, when we heard the voice of one speaking very importunately,
+and repeating these words, "What, not one smile?" We followed the sound
+till we came to a close thicket, on the other side of which we saw a
+young woman sitting as it were in a personated sullenness[127], just over
+a transparent fountain. Opposite to her stood Mr. William, Sir Roger's
+master of the game[128]. The Knight whispered me, "Hist! these are
+lovers." The huntsman looking earnestly at the shadow of the young maiden
+in the stream, "Oh thou dear picture, if thou couldst remain there in the
+absence of that fair creature whom you represent in the water, how
+willingly could I stand here satisfied for ever, without troubling my
+dear Betty herself with any mention of her unfortunate William, whom she
+is angry with: but alas! when she pleases to be gone, thou wilt also
+vanish--yet let me talk to thee while thou dost stay. Tell my dearest
+Betty thou dost not more depend upon her, than does her William: her
+absence will make away with me as well as thee. If she offers to remove
+thee, I will jump into these waves to lay hold on thee; herself, her own
+dear person, I must never embrace again.--Still do you hear me without
+one smile--It is too much to bear--" He had no sooner spoke these words,
+but he made an offer of throwing himself into the water: at which his
+mistress started up, and at the next instant he jumped across the
+fountain and met her in an embrace. She, half recovering from her fright,
+said, in the most charming voice imaginable, and with a tone of
+complaint, "I thought how well you would drown yourself. No, no, you
+won't drown yourself till you have taken your leave of Susan Holiday."
+The huntsman, with a tenderness that spoke the most passionate love, and
+with his cheek close to hers, whispered the softest vows of fidelity in
+her ear, and cried, "Don't, my dear, believe a word Kate Willow says; she
+is spiteful, and makes stories because she loves to hear me talk to
+herself for your sake." "Look you there," quoth Sir Roger, "do you see
+there, all mischief comes from confidants! But let us not interrupt them;
+the maid is honest, and the man dares not be otherwise, for he knows I
+loved her father: I will interpose in this matter, and hasten the
+wedding. Kate Willow is a witty mischievous wench in the neighbourhood,
+who was a beauty, and makes me hope I shall see the perverse widow in her
+condition. She was so flippant with her answers to all the honest fellows
+that came near her, and so very vain of her beauty, that she has valued
+herself upon her charms till they are ceased. She therefore now makes it
+her business to prevent other young women from being more discreet than
+she was herself: however, the saucy thing said the other day well
+enough, 'Sir Roger and I must make a match, for we are both despised by
+those we loved.' The hussy has a great deal of power wherever she comes,
+and has her share of cunning.
+
+"However, when I reflect upon this woman, I do not know whether in the
+main I am the worse for having loved her: whenever she is recalled to my
+imagination my youth returns, and I feel a forgotten warmth in my veins.
+This affliction in my life has streaked all my conduct with a softness,
+of which I should otherwise have been incapable. It is, perhaps, to this
+dear image in my heart owing that I am apt to relent, that I easily
+forgive, and that many desirable things are grown into my temper, which I
+should not have arrived at by better motives than the thought of being
+one day hers. I am pretty well satisfied such a passion as I have had is
+never well cured; and, between you and me, I am often apt to imagine it
+has had some whimsical[129] effect upon my brain: for I frequently find,
+that in my most serious discourse I let fall some comical familiarity of
+speech, or odd phrase, that makes the company laugh; however, I cannot
+but allow she is a most excellent woman. When she is in the country I
+warrant she does not run into dairies, but reads upon[130] the nature of
+plants; but has a glass-hive, and comes into the garden out of books to
+see them work, and observe the policies[131] of their commonwealth. She
+understands everything. I would give ten pounds to hear her argue with
+my friend Sir Andrew Freeport about trade. No, no, for all she looks so
+innocent as it were, take my word for it she is no fool."
+
+  T.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[122] _Conversation._ General intercourse.
+
+[123] _Salute._ Kiss.
+
+[124] _Pleasant._ Ludicrous.
+
+[125] _Except the consideration of._ Except in respect of.
+
+[126] _Presented._ _I.e._, with gifts.
+
+[127] _Personated sullenness._ Pretended, or possibly the image of,
+sullenness.
+
+[128] _Master of the game._ Huntsman.
+
+[129] _Whimsical._ Fantastic.
+
+[130] _Upon._ About.
+
+[131] _Policies._ Organisation.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 122. FRIDAY, JULY 20
+
+    _Comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo est._
+
+    PUBL. SYR. _Frag._
+
+    An agreeable companion upon the road is as good as a coach.
+
+
+A man's first care should be to avoid the reproaches of his own heart;
+his next, to escape the censures of the world: if the last interferes
+with the former, it ought to be entirely neglected; but otherwise there
+cannot be a greater satisfaction to an honest mind, than to see those
+approbations which it gives itself seconded by the applauses of the
+public: a man is more sure of his conduct, when the verdict he passes
+upon his own behaviour is thus warranted and confirmed by the opinion of
+all that know him.
+
+My worthy friend Sir Roger is one of those who is not only at peace
+within himself, but beloved and esteemed by all about him. He receives a
+suitable tribute for his universal benevolence to mankind, in the returns
+of affection and good-will, which are paid him by every one that lives
+within his neighbourhood. I lately met with two or three odd instances of
+that general respect which is shown to the good old Knight. He would
+needs carry Will Wimble and myself with him to the county assizes: as we
+were upon the road Will Wimble joined a couple of plain men who rid
+before us, and conversed with them for some time; during which my friend
+Sir Roger acquainted me with their characters.
+
+"The first of them," says he, "that has a spaniel by his side, is a
+yeoman of about an hundred pounds a year, an honest man: he is just
+within the Game Act[132], and qualified to kill an hare or a pheasant: he
+knocks down a dinner with his gun twice or thrice a week; and by that
+means lives much cheaper than those who have not so good an estate as
+himself. He would be a good neighbour if he did not destroy so many
+partridges: in short, he is a very sensible man; shoots flying; and has
+been several times foreman of the petty jury.
+
+"The other that rides along with him is Tom Touchy, a fellow famous for
+taking the law of everybody. There is not one in the town where he lives
+that he has not sued at the quarter sessions. The rogue had once the
+impudence to go to law with the widow. His head is full of costs,
+damages, and ejectments: he plagued a couple of honest gentlemen so long
+for a trespass in breaking one of his hedges, till he was forced to sell
+the ground it inclosed to defray the charges of the prosecution: his
+father left him fourscore pounds a year; but he has cast and been
+cast[133] so often, that he is not now worth thirty. I suppose he is
+going upon the old business of the willow tree."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As Sir Roger was giving me this account of Tom Touchy, Will Wimble and
+his two companions stopped short till we came up to them. After having
+paid their respects to Sir Roger, Will told him that Mr. Touchy and he
+must appeal to him upon a dispute that arose between them. Will it seems
+had been giving his fellow-traveller an account of his angling one day in
+such a hole; when Tom Touchy, instead of hearing out his story, told him
+that Mr. Such-a-one, if he pleased, might take the law of him for fishing
+in that part of the river. My friend Sir Roger heard them both, upon a
+round trot[134]; and after having paused some time told them, with the
+air of a man who would not give his judgment rashly, that much might be
+said on both sides. They were neither of them dissatisfied with the
+Knight's determination, because neither of them found himself in the
+wrong by it: upon which we made the best of our way to the assizes.
+
+The court was sat before Sir Roger came; but notwithstanding all the
+justices had taken their places upon the bench, they made room for the
+old Knight at the head of them; who for his reputation in the county took
+occasion to whisper in the judge's ear, "That he was glad his Lordship
+had met with so much good weather in his circuit." I was listening to the
+proceeding of the court with much attention, and infinitely pleased with
+that great appearance and solemnity which so properly accompanies such a
+public administration of our laws; when, after about an hour's sitting, I
+observed to my great surprise, in the midst of a trial, that my friend
+Sir Roger was getting up to speak. I was in some pain for him, till I
+found he had acquitted himself of two or three sentences, with a look of
+much business and great intrepidity.
+
+Upon his first rising the court was hushed, and a general whisper ran
+among the country people, that Sir Roger was up. The speech he made was
+so little to the purpose, that I shall not trouble my readers with an
+account of it; and I believe was not so much designed by the Knight
+himself to inform the court, as to give him a figure in my eye, and keep
+up his credit in the country.
+
+I was highly delighted, when the court rose, to see the gentlemen of the
+country gathering about my old friend, and striving who should compliment
+him most; at the same time that the ordinary people gazed upon him at a
+distance, not a little admiring his courage, that was not afraid to speak
+to the judge.
+
+In our return home we met with a very odd accident[135]; which I cannot
+forbear relating, because it shows how desirous all who know Sir Roger
+are of giving him marks of their esteem. When we were arrived upon the
+verge of his estate, we stopped at a little inn to rest ourselves and our
+horses. The man of the house had it seems been formerly a servant in the
+Knight's family; and to do honour to his old master, had some time since,
+unknown to Sir Roger, put him up in a sign-post before the door; so that
+the Knight's head had hung out upon the road about a week before he
+himself knew anything of the matter. As soon as Sir Roger was acquainted
+with it, finding that his servant's indiscretion proceeded wholly from
+affection and good-will, he only told him that he had made him too high a
+compliment; and when the fellow seemed to think that could hardly be,
+added with a more decisive look, "That it was too great an honour for any
+man under a duke"; but told him at the same time that it might be altered
+with a very few touches, and that he himself would be at the charge[136]
+of it. Accordingly they got a painter by the Knight's directions to add
+a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little aggravation[137] of the
+features to change it into the Saracen's Head. I should not have known
+this story had not the innkeeper, upon Sir Roger's alighting, told him in
+my hearing, "That his honour's head was brought back last night with the
+alterations that he had ordered to be made in it." Upon this my friend,
+with his usual cheerfulness, related the particulars above mentioned, and
+ordered the head to be brought into the room. I could not forbear
+discovering greater expressions of mirth than ordinary upon the
+appearance of this monstrous face, under which, notwithstanding it was
+made to frown and stare in a most extraordinary manner, I could still
+discover a distant resemblance of my old friend. Sir Roger upon seeing me
+laugh, desired me to tell him truly if I thought it possible for people
+to know him in that disguise. I at first kept my usual silence; but upon
+the Knight's conjuring[138] me to tell him whether it was not still more
+like himself than a Saracen, I composed my countenance in the best manner
+I could, and replied, that much might be said on both sides.
+
+These several adventures, with the Knight's behaviour in them, gave me as
+pleasant a day as ever I met with in any of my travels.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[132] _Game Act._ See note on p. 19.
+
+[133] _Cast and been cast._ Won and lost his case.
+
+[134] _Upon a round trot._ While trotting briskly.
+
+[135] _Accident._ Incident.
+
+[136] _Charge._ Expense.
+
+[137] _Aggravation._ Exaggeration.
+
+[138] _Conjuring._ Adjuring, entreating.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 130. MONDAY, JULY 30
+
+                      _Semperque recentes
+    Convectare juvat praedas, et vivere rapto._
+
+    VIRG. _AEn._ vii. ver. 748.
+
+    Hunting their sport, and plund'ring was their trade.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+As I was yesterday riding out in the fields with my friend Sir Roger, we
+saw at a little distance from us a troop of gipsies. Upon the first
+discovery of them, my friend was in some doubt whether he should not
+exert[139] the Justice of the Peace upon such a band of lawless vagrants;
+but not having his clerk with him, who is a necessary counsellor on these
+occasions, and fearing that his poultry might fare the worse for it, he
+let the thought drop: but at the same time gave me a particular account
+of the mischiefs they do in the country, in stealing people's goods and
+spoiling their servants. "If a stray piece of linen hangs upon an hedge,"
+says Sir Roger, "they are sure to have it; if the hog loses his way in
+the fields, it is ten to one but he becomes their prey; our geese cannot
+live in peace for them; if a man prosecutes them with severity, his
+hen-roost is sure to pay for it: they generally straggle into these parts
+about this time of the year; and set the heads of our servant-maids so
+agog for husbands, that we do not expect to have any business done as it
+should be whilst they are in the country. I have an honest dairy-maid
+who crosses their hands with a piece of silver every summer, and never
+fails being promised the handsomest young fellow in the parish for her
+pains. Your friend the butler has been fool enough to be seduced by them;
+and though he is sure to lose a knife, a fork, or a spoon every time his
+fortune is told him, generally shuts himself up in the pantry with an old
+gipsy for above half an hour once in a twelvemonth. Sweethearts are the
+things they live upon, which they bestow very plentifully upon all those
+that apply themselves to them. You see now and then some handsome young
+jades among them: the sluts have very often white teeth and black eyes."
+
+[Illustration: Told him, That he had a Widow in his Line of Life]
+
+Sir Roger observing that I listened with great attention to his account
+of a people who were so entirely new to me, told me, that if I would they
+should tell us our fortunes. As I was very well pleased with the Knight's
+proposal, we rid up and communicated our hands to them. A Cassandra[140]
+of the crew, after having examined my lines very diligently, told me,
+that I loved a pretty maid in a corner[141], that I was a good woman's
+man, with some other particulars which I do not think proper to relate.
+My friend Sir Roger alighted from his horse, and exposing his palm to two
+or three that stood by him, they crumpled it into all shapes, and
+diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made in it; when one of
+them, who was older and more sunburnt than the rest, told him, that he
+had a widow in his line of life: upon which the Knight cried, "Go, go,
+you are an idle baggage"; and at the same time smiled upon me. The gipsy
+finding he was not displeased in his heart, told him, after a further
+inquiry into his hand, that his true-love was constant, and that she
+should dream of him to-night: my old friend cried "pish," and bid her go
+on. The gipsy told him that he was a bachelor, but would not be so long;
+and that he was dearer to somebody than he thought: the Knight still
+repeated she was an idle baggage, and bid her go on. "Ah, master," says
+the gipsy, "that roguish leer of yours makes a pretty woman's heart ache;
+you ha'n't that simper about the mouth for nothing--" The uncouth
+gibberish with which all this was uttered, like the darkness of an
+oracle, made us the more attentive to it. To be short, the Knight left
+the money with her that he had crossed her hand with, and got up again on
+his horse.
+
+As we were riding away, Sir Roger told me, that he knew several sensible
+people who believed these gipsies now and then foretold very strange
+things; and for half an hour together appeared more jocund than ordinary.
+In the height of his good-humour, meeting a common beggar upon the road
+who was no conjurer, as he went to relieve him he found his pocket was
+picked; that being a kind of palmistry at which this race of vermin are
+very dexterous.
+
+I might here entertain my reader with historical remarks on this idle
+profligate people, who infest all the countries of Europe, and live in
+the midst of governments in a kind of commonwealth by themselves. But
+instead of entering into observations of this nature, I shall fill the
+remaining part of my paper with a story which is still fresh in Holland,
+and was printed in one of our monthly accounts about twenty years ago.
+"As the _trekschuyt_, or hackney-boat, which carries passengers from
+Leyden to Amsterdam, was putting off, a boy running along the side of the
+canal desired to be taken in; which the master of the boat refused,
+because the lad had not quite money enough to pay the usual fare. An
+eminent merchant being pleased with the looks of the boy, and secretly
+touched with compassion towards him, paid the money for him, and ordered
+him to be taken on board. Upon talking with him afterwards, he found that
+he could speak readily in three or four languages, and learned upon
+further examination that he had been stolen away when he was a child by a
+gipsy, and had rambled ever since with a gang of those strollers[142] up
+and down several parts of Europe. It happened that the merchant, whose
+heart seems to have inclined towards the boy by a secret kind of
+instinct, had himself lost a child some years before. The parents, after
+a long search for him, gave him for drowned in one of the canals with
+which that country abounds; and the mother was so afflicted at the loss
+of a fine boy, who was her only son, that she died for grief of it. Upon
+laying together all particulars, and examining the several moles and
+marks by which the mother used to describe the child when he was first
+missing, the boy proved to be the son of the merchant whose heart had so
+unaccountably melted at the sight of him. The lad was very well pleased
+to find a father who was so rich, and likely to leave him a good estate;
+the father on the other hand was not a little delighted to see a son
+return to him, whom he had given for lost, with such a strength of
+constitution, sharpness of understanding, and skill in languages." Here
+the printed story leaves off; but if I may give credit to reports, our
+linguist having received such extraordinary rudiments towards a good
+education, was afterwards trained up in everything that becomes a
+gentleman; wearing off by little and little all the vicious habits and
+practices that he had been used to in the course of his peregrinations:
+nay, it is said, that he has since been employed in foreign courts upon
+national business, with great reputation to himself and honour to those
+who sent him, and that he has visited several countries as a public
+minister, in which he formerly wandered as a gipsy.
+
+  C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[139] _Exert._ Exert the power of.
+
+[140] _Cassandra._ Reference to the mad prophetess of that name in the
+story of Troy.
+
+[141] _In a corner._ In secret.
+
+[142] _Strollers._ Vagabonds.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 131. TUESDAY, JULY 31
+
+    _Ipsae rursum concedite sylvae._
+
+    VIRG. _Ecl._ x. ver. 63.
+
+    Once more, ye woods, adieu.
+
+
+It is usual for a man who loves country sports to preserve the game on
+his own grounds, and divert himself upon those that belong to his
+neighbour. My friend Sir Roger generally goes two or three miles from his
+house, and gets into the frontiers of his estate, before he beats about
+in search of a hare or partridge, on purpose to spare his own fields,
+where he is always sure of finding diversion, when the worst comes to the
+worst. By this means the breed about his house has time to increase and
+multiply, beside that the sport is the more agreeable where the game is
+the harder to come at, and where it does not lie so thick as to produce
+any perplexity or confusion in the pursuit. For these reasons the country
+gentleman, like the fox, seldom preys near his own home.
+
+In the same manner I have made a month's excursion out of the town, which
+is the great field of game for sportsmen of my species, to try my fortune
+in the country, where I have started several subjects, and hunted them
+down, with some pleasure to myself, and I hope to others. I am here
+forced to use a great deal of diligence before I can spring[143] anything
+to my mind, whereas in town, whilst I am following one character, it is
+ten to one but I am crossed in my way by another, and put up such a
+variety of odd creatures in both sexes, that they foil the scent of one
+another, and puzzle the chase. My greatest difficulty in the country is
+to find sport, and in town to choose it. In the meantime, as I have given
+a whole month's rest to the cities of London and Westminster, I promise
+myself abundance of new game upon my return thither.
+
+It is indeed high time for me to leave the country, since I find the
+whole neighbourhood begin to grow very inquisitive after my name and
+character: my love of solitude, taciturnity, and particular[144] way of
+life, having raised a great curiosity in all these parts.
+
+The notions which have been framed of me are various: some look upon me
+as very proud, some as very modest, and some as very melancholy. Will
+Wimble, as my friend the butler tells me, observing me very much alone,
+and extremely silent when I am in company, is afraid I have killed a man.
+The country people seem to suspect me for a conjurer; and some of them,
+hearing of the visit which I made to Moll White, will needs have it that
+Sir Roger has brought down a cunning man with him, to cure the old woman,
+and free the country from her charms. So that the character which I go
+under in part of the neighbourhood, is what they here call a "white
+witch[145]."
+
+A justice of peace, who lives about five miles off, and is not of Sir
+Roger's party, has it seems said twice or thrice at his table, that he
+wishes Sir Roger does not harbour a Jesuit in his house, and that he
+thinks the gentlemen of the country would do very well to make me give
+some account of myself.
+
+On the other side, some of Sir Roger's friends are afraid the old Knight
+is imposed upon by a designing fellow, and as they have heard that he
+converses very promiscuously[146] when he is in town, do not know but he
+has brought down with him some discarded[147] Whig, that is sullen, and
+says nothing because he is out of place.
+
+Such is the variety of opinions which are here entertained of me, so that
+I pass among some for a disaffected person, and among others for a Popish
+priest; among some for a wizard, and among others for a murderer; and all
+this for no other reason, that I can imagine, but because I do not hoot
+and hollow, and make a noise. It is true my friend Sir Roger tells them,
+_That it is my way_, and that I am only a philosopher; but this will not
+satisfy them. They think there is more in me than he discovers[148], and
+that I do not hold my tongue for nothing.
+
+For these and other reasons I shall set out for London to-morrow, having
+found by experience that the country is not a place for a person of my
+temper, who does not love jollity, and what they call good
+neighbourhood[149]. A man that is out of humour when an unexpected guest
+breaks in upon him, and does not care for sacrificing an afternoon to
+every chance-comer; that will be the master of his own time, and the
+pursuer of his own inclinations, makes but a very unsociable figure in
+this kind of life. I shall therefore retire into the town, if I may make
+use of that phrase, and get into the crowd again as fast as I can, in
+order to be alone. I can there raise what speculations I please upon
+others, without being observed myself, and at the same time enjoy all the
+advantages of company with all the privileges of solitude. In the
+meanwhile, to finish the month, and conclude these my rural speculations,
+I shall here insert a letter from my friend Will Honeycomb, who has not
+lived a month for these forty years out of the smoke of London, and
+rallies me after his way upon my country life.
+
+     DEAR SPEC,
+
+     I suppose this letter will find thee[150] picking of daisies, or
+     smelling to a lock of hay, or passing away thy time in some
+     innocent country diversion of the like nature. I have however
+     orders from the club to summon thee up to town, being all of us
+     cursedly afraid thou wilt not be able to relish our company, after
+     thy conversations with Moll White and Will Wimble. Prithee do not
+     send us up any more stories of a cock and a bull, nor frighten the
+     town with spirits and witches. Thy speculations begin to smell
+     confoundedly of woods and meadows. If thou dost not come up
+     quickly, we shall conclude that thou art in love with one of Sir
+     Roger's dairymaids. Service to the Knight. Sir Andrew is grown the
+     cock of the club since he left us, and if he does not return
+     quickly will make every mother's son of us commonwealth's men[151].
+
+     Dear Spec,
+     Thine eternally,
+     WILL HONEYCOMB.
+
+  C.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[143] _Spring._ Start from its hiding-place.
+
+[144] _Particular._ Peculiar.
+
+[145] _White witch._ One who uses supernatural powers, but only for good
+purposes.
+
+[146] _Converses very promiscuously._ Mixes with all sorts of people.
+
+[147] _Discarded._ Out of office.
+
+[148] _Discovers._ Reveals.
+
+[149] _Neighbourhood._ Sociability.
+
+[150] _Thee._ The now obsolete familiar use of _thou_ and _thee_.
+
+[151] _Commonwealth's men._ Republicans.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 269. TUESDAY, JANUARY 8
+
+              _Aevo rarissima nostro
+    Simplicitas._
+
+    OVID, _Ars Am._ lib. i. ver. 241.
+
+    Most rare is now our old simplicity.
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+I was this morning surprised with a great knocking at the door, when my
+landlady's daughter came up to me, and told me that there was a man below
+desired to speak with me. Upon my asking her who it was, she told me it
+was a very grave elderly person, but that she did not know his name. I
+immediately went down to him, and found him to be the coachman of my
+worthy friend Sir Roger de Coverley. He told me, that his master came to
+town last night, and would be glad to take a turn[152] with me in Gray's
+Inn walks. As I was wondering in myself what had brought Sir Roger to
+town, not having lately received any letter from him, he told me that his
+master was come up to get a sight of Prince Eugene[153], and that he
+desired I would immediately meet him.
+
+I was not a little pleased with the curiosity of the old Knight, though I
+did not much wonder at it, having heard him say more than once in private
+discourse, that he looked upon Prince Eugenio (for so the Knight always
+calls him) to be a greater man than Scanderbeg[154].
+
+I was no sooner come into Gray's Inn walks, but I heard my friend upon
+the terrace hemming[155] twice or thrice to himself with great vigour,
+for he loves to clear his pipes in good air (to make use of his own
+phrase), and is not a little pleased with any one who takes notice of the
+strength which he still exerts in his morning hems.
+
+I was touched with a secret joy at the sight of the good old man, who
+before he saw me was engaged in conversation with a beggar man that had
+asked an alms of him. I could hear my friend chide him for not finding
+out some work; but at the same time saw him put his hand in his pocket
+and give him sixpence.
+
+Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind
+shakes of the hand, and several affectionate looks which we cast upon one
+another. After which the Knight told me my good friend his chaplain was
+very well, and much at my service, and that the Sunday before he had made
+a most incomparable sermon out of Dr. Barrow. "I have left," says he,
+"all my affairs in his hands, and being willing to lay an obligation upon
+him, have deposited with him thirty merks[156], to be distributed among
+his poor parishioners."
+
+He then proceeded to acquaint me with the welfare of Will Wimble. Upon
+which he put his hand into his fob[157], and presented me in his name
+with a tobacco-stopper, telling me that Will had been busy all the
+beginning of the winter in turning great quantities of them; and that he
+made a present of one to every gentleman in the country who has good
+principles, and smokes. He added, that poor Will was at present under
+great tribulation, for that Tom Touchy had taken the law of him for
+cutting some hazel-sticks out of one of his hedges.
+
+Among other pieces of news which the Knight brought from his country
+seat, he informed me that Moll White was dead; and that about a month
+after her death the wind was so very high, that it blew down the end of
+one of his barns. "But for my own part," says Sir Roger, "I do not think
+that the old woman had any hand in it."
+
+He afterwards fell into an account of the diversions which had passed in
+his house during the holidays; for Sir Roger, after the laudable custom
+of his ancestors, always keeps open house at Christmas. I learned from
+him that he had killed eight fat hogs for this season, that he had dealt
+about his chines very liberally amongst his neighbours, and that in
+particular he had sent a string of hogs-puddings with a pack of cards to
+every poor family in the parish. "I have often thought," says Sir Roger,
+"it happens very well that Christmas should fall out in the middle of
+winter. It is the most dead uncomfortable time of the year, when the
+poor people would suffer very much from their poverty and cold, if they
+had not good cheer, warm fires, and Christmas gambols to support them. I
+love to rejoice their poor hearts at this season, and to see the whole
+village merry in my great hall. I allow a double quantity of malt to my
+small beer, and set it a running for twelve days to every one that calls
+for it. I have always a piece of cold beef and a mince-pie upon the
+table, and am wonderfully pleased to see my tenants pass away a whole
+evening in playing their innocent tricks, and smutting one another[158].
+Our friend Will Wimble is as merry as any of them, and shows a thousand
+roguish tricks upon these occasions."
+
+I was very much delighted with the reflection of my old friend, which
+carried so much goodness in it. He then launched out into the praise of
+the late Act of Parliament[159] for securing the Church of England, and
+told me, with great satisfaction, that he believed it already began to
+take effect, for that a rigid dissenter who chanced to dine at his house
+on Christmas Day, had been observed to eat very plentifully of his
+plum-porridge[160].
+
+After having dispatched all our country matters, Sir Roger made several
+inquiries concerning the club, and particularly of his old antagonist Sir
+Andrew Freeport. He asked me with a kind of a smile, whether Sir Andrew
+had not taken the advantage of his absence, to vent among them some of
+his republican doctrines; but soon after gathering up his countenance
+into a more than ordinary seriousness, "Tell me truly," says he, "do not
+you think Sir Andrew had a hand in the Pope's procession[161]?"--but
+without giving me time to answer him, "Well, well," says he, "I know you
+are a wary man, and do not care to talk of public matters."
+
+The Knight then asked me if I had seen Prince Eugenio, and made me
+promise to get him a stand in some convenient place, where he might have
+a full sight of that extraordinary man, whose presence does so much
+honour to the British nation. He dwelt very long on the praises of this
+great general, and I found that, since I was with him in the country, he
+had drawn many just observations together out of his reading in Baker's
+_Chronicle_[162], and other authors, who always lie in his hall window,
+which very much redound to the honour of this prince.
+
+Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the
+Knight's reflections, which were partly private, and partly political, he
+asked me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at
+Squire's. As I love the old man, I take delight in complying with
+everything that is agreeable to him, and accordingly waited on[163] him
+to the coffee-house, where his venerable figure drew upon us the eyes of
+the whole room. He had no sooner seated himself at the upper end of the
+high table, but he called for a clean pipe, a paper of tobacco, a dish of
+coffee, a wax-candle, and the _Supplement_, with such an air of
+cheerfulness and good humour, that all the boys[164] in the coffee-room
+(who seemed to take pleasure in serving him) were at once employed on his
+several errands, insomuch that nobody else could come at a dish of tea,
+until the Knight had got all his conveniences about him.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[152] _Turn._ Stroll.
+
+[153] _Prince Eugene._ Prince of Savoy (1663-1736), who aided
+Marlborough at Blenheim and elsewhere, and was at this time on a visit
+to London.
+
+[154] _Scanderbeg._ George Castriota, a famous Albanian leader against
+the Turks (1403-68).
+
+[155] _Hemming._ Clearing his throat.
+
+[156] _Merks._ A merk is 13s. 4d., but only as a measure of value, not
+an actual coin. Compare our present use of a guinea.
+
+[157] _Fob._ Small pocket.
+
+[158] _Smutting one another._ Blacking one another's faces in sport.
+
+[159] _Act of Parliament._ Act of Occasional Uniformity, 1710.
+
+[160] _Rigid dissenter ... plum porridge._ Many Puritans refused to
+observe Christmas Day, regarding it as smacking of Popery.
+
+[161] _Pope's procession._ An annual Whig demonstration.
+
+[162] _Baker's Chronicle._ _Chronicle of the Kings of England_ (1643),
+by Sir Richard Baker.
+
+[163] _Waited on._ Accompanied.
+
+[164] _Boys._ Waiters.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 329. TUESDAY, MARCH 18
+
+    _Ire tamen restat, Numa quo devenit, et Ancus._
+
+    HOR. _Ep._ vi. l. i. ver. 27.
+
+    With Ancus, and with Numa, kings of Rome,
+    We must descend into the silent tomb.
+
+
+My friend Sir Roger de Coverley told me the other night, that he had been
+reading my paper upon Westminster Abbey, "in which," says he, "there are
+a great many ingenious fancies." He told me at the same time, that he
+observed I had promised another paper upon the Tombs, and that he should
+be glad to go and see them with me, not having visited them since he had
+read history. I could not at first imagine how this came into the
+Knight's head, till I recollected that he had been very busy all last
+summer upon Baker's _Chronicle_, which he has quoted several times in his
+disputes with Sir Andrew Freeport since his last coming to town.
+Accordingly I promised to call upon him the next morning, that we might
+go together to the Abbey.
+
+I found the Knight under his butler's hands, who always shaves him. He
+was no sooner dressed than he called for a glass of the widow Trueby's
+water, which they told me he always drank before he went abroad. He
+recommended to me a dram of it at the same time, with so much heartiness,
+that I could not forbear drinking it. As soon as I had got it down, I
+found it very unpalatable, upon which the Knight observing that I had
+made several wry faces, told me that he knew I should not like it at
+first, but that it was the best thing in the world against the stone or
+gravel.
+
+I could have wished indeed that he had acquainted me with the virtues of
+it sooner; but it was too late to complain, and I knew what he had done
+was out of goodwill. Sir Roger told me further, that he looked upon it to
+be very good for a man whilst he stayed in town, to keep off infection,
+and that he got together a quantity of it upon the first news of the
+sickness being at Dantzick: when of a sudden, turning short to one of his
+servants who stood behind him, he bid him call a hackney-coach, and take
+care it was an elderly man that drove it.
+
+He then resumed his discourse upon Mrs. Trueby's water, telling me that
+the widow Trueby was one who did more good than all the doctors or
+apothecaries in the country: that she distilled every poppy that grew
+within five miles of her; that she distributed her water gratis among all
+sorts of people; to which the Knight added, that she had a very great
+jointure[165], and that the whole country would fain have it a match
+between him and her; "and truly," says Sir Roger, "if I had not been
+engaged[166], perhaps I could not have done better."
+
+His discourse was broken off by his man's telling him he had called a
+coach. Upon our going to it, after having cast his eye upon the wheels,
+he asked the coachman if his axle-tree was good; upon the fellow's
+telling him he would warrant it, the Knight turned to me, told me he
+looked like an honest man, and went in without further ceremony.
+
+We had not gone far, when Sir Roger, popping out his head, called the
+coachman down from his box, and, upon presenting himself at the window,
+asked him if he smoked; as I was considering what this would end in, he
+bid him stop by the way at any good tobacconist's and take in a roll of
+their best Virginia. Nothing material happened in the remaining part of
+our journey, till we were set down at the west end of the Abbey.
+
+As we went up the body of the church, the Knight pointed at the trophies
+upon one of the new monuments, and cried out, "A brave man, I warrant
+him!" Passing afterwards by Sir Cloudesley Shovel[167], he flung his
+hand that way, and cried, "Sir Cloudesley Shovel! a very gallant man!" As
+he stood before Busby's tomb, the Knight uttered himself again after the
+same manner, "Dr. Busby[168], a great man! he whipped my grandfather; a
+very great man! I should have gone to him myself, if I had not been a
+blockhead; a very great man!"
+
+We were immediately conducted to the little chapel on the right hand. Sir
+Roger, planting himself at our historian's elbow, was very attentive to
+everything he said, particularly to the account he gave us of the lord
+who had cut off the King of Morocco's head. Among several other figures,
+he was very well pleased to see the statesman Cecil[169] upon his knees;
+and concluding them all to be great men, was conducted to the figure
+which represents that martyr to good housewifery, who died by the prick
+of a needle. Upon our interpreter's telling us that she was a maid of
+honour to Queen Elizabeth, the Knight was very inquisitive into her name
+and family; and after having regarded her finger for some time, "I
+wonder," says he, "that Sir Richard Baker has said nothing of her in his
+_Chronicle_."
+
+We were then conveyed to the two coronation chairs, where my old friend
+after having heard that the stone underneath the most ancient of them,
+which was brought from Scotland, was called "Jacob's pillar," sat himself
+down in the chair; and looking like the figure of an old Gothic king,
+asked our interpreter, what authority they had to say that Jacob had ever
+been in Scotland? The fellow, instead of returning him an answer, told
+him, that he hoped his honour would pay his forfeit[170]. I could observe
+Sir Roger a little ruffled upon being thus trepanned; but our guide not
+insisting upon his demand, the Knight soon recovered his good humour, and
+whispered in my ear, that if Will Wimble were with us, and saw those two
+chairs, it would go hard but he would get a tobacco-stopper out of one or
+the other of them.
+
+Sir Roger, in the next place, laid his hand upon Edward the Third's
+sword, and leaning upon the pommel[171] of it, gave us the whole history
+of the Black Prince; concluding, that, in Sir Richard Baker's opinion,
+Edward the Third was one of the greatest princes that ever sat upon the
+English throne.
+
+We were then shown Edward the Confessor's tomb; upon which Sir Roger
+acquainted us, that he was the first who touched for the evil[172]; and
+afterwards Henry the Fourth's, upon which he shook his head, and told us
+there was fine reading in the casualties[173] of that reign.
+
+Our conductor then pointed to that monument where there is the figure of
+one of our English kings without an head; and upon giving us to know,
+that the head, which was of beaten silver, had been stolen away several
+years since: "Some Whig, I'll warrant you," says Sir Roger; "you ought to
+lock up your kings better; they will carry off the body too, if you don't
+take care."
+
+The glorious names of Henry the Fifth and Queen Elizabeth gave the Knight
+great opportunities of shining, and of doing justice to Sir Richard
+Baker; who, as our Knight observed with some surprise, had a great many
+kings in him, whose monuments he had not seen in the Abbey.
+
+For my own part, I could not but be pleased to see the Knight show such
+an honest passion for the glory of his country, and such a respectful
+gratitude to the memory of its princes.
+
+I must not omit, that the benevolence of my good old friend, which flows
+out towards every one he converses with, made him very kind to our
+interpreter, whom he looked upon as an extraordinary man; for which
+reason he shook him by the hand at parting, telling him, that he should
+be very glad to see him at his lodgings in Norfolk Buildings, and talk
+over these matters with him more at leisure.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[165] _Jointure._ Settlement.
+
+[166] _Engaged._ Pledged.
+
+[167] _Sir Cloudesley Shovel._ Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel, drowned
+off the Scilly Isles, 1707.
+
+[168] _Dr. Busby._ The famous flogging headmaster of Westminster.
+
+[169] _Cecil._ Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth's Lord High Treasurer.
+
+[170] _Forfeit._ Gratuity due for sitting in the chair.
+
+[171] _Pommel._ Part of the hilt.
+
+[172] _Touched for the evil._ The royal touch was regarded as a cure for
+scrofula as late as Queen Anne's time.
+
+[173] _Casualties._ Incidents.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 335. TUESDAY, MARCH 25
+
+    _Respicere exemplar vitae morumque jubebo
+    Doctum imitatorem, et veras hinc ducere voces._
+
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._ ver. 317.
+
+    Those are the likest copies, which are drawn
+    From the original of human life.
+
+    ROSCOMMON.
+
+
+My friend Sir Roger de Coverley, when we last met together at the club,
+told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy[174] with me,
+assuring me at the same time, that he had not been at a play these twenty
+years. "The last I saw," said Sir Roger, "was the _Committee_, which I
+should not have gone to neither, had not I been told beforehand that it
+was a good Church of England comedy." He then proceeded to inquire of me
+who this Distressed Mother was; and upon hearing that she was Hector's
+widow, he told me that her husband was a brave man, and that when he was
+a schoolboy he had read his life at the end of the dictionary. My friend
+asked me, in the next place, if there would not be some danger in coming
+home late, in case the Mohocks[175] should be abroad. "I assure you,"
+says he, "I thought I had fallen into their hands last night; for I
+observed two or three lusty black men that followed me half-way up Fleet
+Street, and mended their pace behind me, in proportion as I put on[176]
+to get away from them. You must know," continued the Knight with a smile,
+"I fancied they had a mind to _hunt_ me; for I remember an honest
+gentleman in my neighbourhood, who was served such a trick in King
+Charles the Second's time, for which reason he has not ventured himself
+in town ever since. I might have shown them very good sport, had this
+been their design; for as I am an old fox-hunter, I should have turned
+and dodged, and have played them a thousand tricks they had never seen in
+their lives before." Sir Roger added, that if these gentlemen had any
+such intention, they did not succeed very well in it; "for I threw them
+out," says he, "at the end of Norfolk Street, where I doubled the corner,
+and got shelter in my lodgings before they could imagine what was become
+of me. However," says the Knight, "if Captain Sentry will make one with
+us to-morrow night, and if you will both of you call upon me about four
+o'clock, that we may be at the house before it is full, I will have my
+coach in readiness to attend you, for John tells me he has got the
+fore-wheels mended."
+
+The Captain, who did not fail to meet me there at the appointed hour, bid
+Sir Roger fear nothing, for that he had put on the same sword which he
+made use of at the battle of Steenkirk. Sir Roger's servants, and among
+the rest my old friend the butler, had, I found, provided themselves with
+good oaken plants, to attend their master upon this occasion. When we
+had placed him in his coach, with myself at his left hand, the Captain
+before him, and his butler at the head of his footmen in the rear, we
+conveyed him in safety to the play-house, where after having marched up
+the entry in good order, the Captain and I went in with him, and seated
+him betwixt us in the pit. As soon as the house was full, and the candles
+lighted, my old friend stood up and looked about him with that pleasure,
+which a mind seasoned with humanity[177] naturally feels in itself, at
+the sight of a multitude of people who seemed pleased with one another,
+and partake of the same common entertainment. I could not but fancy to
+myself, as the old man stood up in the middle of the pit, that he made a
+very proper centre to a tragic audience. Upon the entering of
+Pyrrhus[178], the Knight told me that he did not believe the King of
+France himself had a better strut. I was indeed very attentive to my old
+friend's remarks, because I looked upon them as a piece of natural
+criticism, and was well pleased to hear him, at the conclusion of almost
+every scene, telling me that he could not imagine how the play would end.
+One while he appeared much concerned for Andromache; and a little while
+after as much for Hermione; and was extremely puzzled to think what would
+become of Pyrrhus.
+
+When Sir Roger saw Andromache's obstinate refusal to her lover's
+importunities, he whispered me in the ear, that he was sure she would
+never have him; to which he added, with a more than ordinary vehemence,
+"You cannot imagine, sir, what it is to have to do with a widow." Upon
+Pyrrhus his[179] threatening afterwards to leave her, the Knight shook
+his head and muttered to himself, "Ay, do if you can." This part dwelt so
+much upon my friend's imagination, that at the close of the third act, as
+I was thinking of something else, he whispered me in the ear, "These
+widows, sir, are the most perverse creatures in the world. But pray,"
+says he, "you that are a critic, is the play according to your dramatic
+rules, as you call them? Should your people in tragedy always talk to be
+understood? Why, there is not a single sentence in this play that I do
+not know the meaning of."
+
+The fourth act very luckily begun before I had time to give the old
+gentleman an answer: "Well," says the Knight, sitting down with great
+satisfaction, "I suppose we are now to see Hector's ghost." He then
+renewed his attention, and, from time to time, fell a praising the widow.
+He made, indeed, a little mistake as to one of her pages, whom at his
+first entering he took for Astyanax[180]; but quickly set himself right
+in that particular, though, at the same time, he owned he should have
+been very glad to have seen the little boy, "who," says he, "must needs
+be a very fine child by the account that is given of him." Upon
+Hermione's going off with a menace to Pyrrhus, the audience gave a loud
+clap, to which Sir Roger added, "On my word, a notable young baggage!"
+
+As there was a very remarkable silence and stillness in the audience
+during the whole action, it was natural for them to take the opportunity
+of the intervals between the acts, to express their opinion of the
+players, and of their respective parts. Sir Roger hearing a cluster of
+them praise Orestes, struck in with them, and told them, that he thought
+his friend Pylades was a very sensible man; as they were afterwards
+applauding Pyrrhus, Sir Roger put in a second time: "And let me tell
+you," says he, "though he speaks but little, I like the old fellow in
+whiskers as well as any of them." Captain Sentry seeing two or three
+wags, who sat near us, lean with an attentive ear towards Sir Roger, and
+fearing lest they should smoke[181] the Knight, plucked him by the elbow,
+and whispered something in his ear, that lasted till the opening of the
+fifth act. The Knight was wonderfully attentive to the account which
+Orestes gives of Pyrrhus his death, and at the conclusion of it, told me
+it was such a bloody piece of work, that he was glad it was not done upon
+the stage. Seeing afterwards Orestes in his raving fit, he grew more than
+ordinary serious, and took occasion to moralise (in his way) upon an evil
+conscience, adding, that _Orestes, in his madness, looked as if he saw
+something_.
+
+As we were the first that came into the house, so we were the last that
+went out of it; being resolved to have a clear passage for our old
+friend, whom we did not care to venture among the justling of the crowd.
+Sir Roger went out fully satisfied with his entertainment, and we guarded
+him to his lodging in the same manner that we brought him to the
+play-house; being highly pleased, for my own part, not only with the
+performance of the excellent piece which had been presented, but with the
+satisfaction which it had given to the old man.
+
+  L.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[174] _New tragedy._ _The Distressed Mother_, by Ambrose Phillips.
+
+[175] _Mohocks._ Gangs of rowdies who roamed the streets at night and
+assaulted passers-by. See _Spectator_, NO. 324
+
+[176] _Put on._ Put on speed.
+
+[177] _Seasoned with humanity._ Tempered with kindliness.
+
+[178] _Pyrrhus._ Son of Achilles, to whom Hector's widow, Andromache,
+had fallen as his share of the plunder of Troy.
+
+[179] _Pyrrhus his._ This use is due to a wrong idea that the possessive
+termination is an abbreviation of _his_.
+
+[180] _Astyanax._ Son of Hector and Andromache (and subject of one of
+the most touching passages in Homer).
+
+[181] _Smoke._ A slang word, equivalent to the modern _rag_.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 383. TUESDAY, MAY 20
+
+    _Criminibus debent hortos._
+
+    JUV. _Sat._ i. ver. 75.
+
+    A beauteous garden, but by vice maintain'd.
+
+
+As I was sitting in my chamber and thinking on a subject for my next
+_Spectator_, I heard two or three irregular bounces[182] at my landlady's
+door, and upon the opening of it, a loud cheerful voice inquiring whether
+the Philosopher was at home. The child who went to the door answered very
+innocently, that he did not lodge there. I immediately recollected[183]
+that it was my good friend Sir Roger's voice; and that I had promised to
+go with him on the water to Spring Garden[184], in case it proved a good
+evening. The Knight put me in mind of my promise from the bottom of the
+staircase, but told me that if I was speculating[185] he would stay below
+till I had done. Upon my coming down I found all the children of the
+family got about my old friend, and my landlady herself, who is a notable
+prating gossip, engaged in a conference with him; being mightily pleased
+with his stroking her little boy upon the head, and bidding him be a good
+child, and mind his book.
+
+We were no sooner come to the Temple stairs, but we were surrounded with
+a crowd of watermen offering us their respective services. Sir Roger,
+after having looked about him very attentively, spied one with a wooden
+leg, and immediately gave him orders to get his boat ready. As we were
+walking towards it, "You must know," says Sir Roger, "I never make use of
+any body to row me, that has not either lost a leg or an arm. I would
+rather bate him a few strokes of his oar[186] than not employ an honest
+man that has been wounded in the Queen's service. If I was a lord or a
+bishop, and kept a barge, I would not put a fellow in my livery that had
+not a wooden leg."
+
+[Illustration: I found all the Children of the Family got about my old
+Friend]
+
+My old friend, after having seated himself, and trimmed[187] the boat
+with his coachman, who, being a very sober man, always serves for
+ballast on these occasions, we made the best of our way for Fox-Hall. Sir
+Roger obliged the waterman to give us the history of his right leg, and
+hearing that he had left it at La Hogue, with many particulars which
+passed in that glorious action, the Knight in the triumph of his heart
+made several reflections on the greatness of the British nation; as, that
+one Englishman could beat three Frenchmen; that we could never be in
+danger of popery so long as we took care of our fleet; that the Thames
+was the noblest river in Europe, that London Bridge was a greater piece
+of work than any of the seven wonders of the world; with many other
+honest prejudices which naturally cleave to the heart of a true
+Englishman.
+
+After some short pause, the old Knight turning about his head twice or
+thrice, to take a survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how
+thick the city was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single
+steeple on this side Temple Bar. "A most heathenish sight!" says Sir
+Roger: "there is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty new
+churches[188] will very much mend the prospect; but church work is slow,
+church work is slow!"
+
+I do not remember I have anywhere mentioned in Sir Roger's character, his
+custom of saluting everybody that passes by him with a good-morrow or a
+good-night. This the old man does out of the overflowings of his
+humanity, though at the same time it renders him so popular among all his
+country neighbours, that it is thought to have gone a good way in making
+him once or twice knight of the shire[189]. He cannot forbear this
+exercise of benevolence even in town, when he meets with any one in his
+morning or evening walk. It broke from him to several boats that passed
+by us upon the water; but to the Knight's great surprise, as he gave the
+good-night to two or three young fellows a little before our landing, one
+of them, instead of returning the civility, asked us, what queer old
+put[190] we had in the boat? with a great deal of the like Thames
+ribaldry. Sir Roger seemed a little shocked at first, but at length
+assuming a face of magistracy, told us, "That if he were a Middlesex
+justice, he would make such vagrants know that her Majesty's subjects
+were no more to be abused by water than by land."
+
+We were now arrived at Spring Garden, which is exquisitely pleasant at
+this time of the year. When I considered the fragrancy of the walks and
+bowers, with the choirs of birds that sung upon the trees, and the loose
+tribe of people that walked under their shades, I could not but look upon
+the place as a kind of Mahometan paradise. Sir Roger told me it put him
+in mind of a little coppice by his house in the country, which his
+chaplain used to call an aviary of nightingales. "You must understand,"
+says the Knight, "there is nothing in the world that pleases a man in
+love so much as your nightingale. Ah, Mr. Spectator! the many moonlight
+nights that I have walked by myself, and thought on the widow by the
+music of the nightingale!" He here fetched a deep sigh, and was falling
+into a fit of musing, when a mask, who came behind him, gave him a
+gentle tap upon the shoulder, and asked him if he would drink a bottle of
+mead with her? But the Knight, being startled at so unexpected a
+familiarity, and displeased to be interrupted in his thoughts of the
+widow, told her, "she was a wanton baggage," and bid her go about her
+business.
+
+We concluded our walk with a glass of Burton ale, and a slice of
+hung[191] beef. When we had done eating ourselves, the Knight called a
+waiter to him, and bid him carry the remainder to the waterman that had
+but one leg. I perceived the fellow stared upon him at the oddness of the
+message, and was going to be saucy; upon which I ratified the Knight's
+commands with a peremptory look.
+
+  I.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[182] _Bounces._ Loud knocks.
+
+[183] _Recollected._ We should now say _recognised_.
+
+[184] _Spring Garden._ At Vauxhall.
+
+[185] _Speculating._ Ruminating.
+
+[186] _Bate him a few strokes of his oar._ Excuse his rowing slowly.
+
+[187] _Trimmed._ Balanced.
+
+[188] _The fifty new churches._ Voted by Parliament in 1711 for the
+western suburbs.
+
+[189] _Knight of the shire._ M.P. See p. 44.
+
+[190] _Put._ Rustic, boor.
+
+[191] _Hung._ Salted or spiced.
+
+
+
+
+NO. 517. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 23
+
+    _Heu pietas! heu prisca fides!_
+
+    VIRG. _AEn._ vi. ver. 878.
+
+    Mirror of ancient faith!
+    Undaunted worth! Inviolable truth!
+
+    DRYDEN.
+
+
+We last night received a piece of ill news at our club, which very
+sensibly[192] afflicted every one of us. I question not but my readers
+themselves will be troubled at the hearing of it. To keep them no longer
+in suspense, Sir Roger de Coverley _is dead_. He departed this life at
+his house in the country, after a few weeks' sickness. Sir Andrew
+Freeport has a letter from one of his correspondents in those parts, that
+informs him the old man caught a cold at the country sessions, as he was
+very warmly promoting[193] an address of his own penning, in which he
+succeeded according to his wishes. But this particular comes from a Whig
+justice of peace, who was always Sir Roger's enemy and antagonist. I have
+letters both from the chaplain and Captain Sentry, which mention nothing
+of it, but are filled with many particulars to the honour of the good old
+man. I have likewise a letter from the butler, who took so much care of
+me last summer when I was at the Knight's house. As my friend the butler
+mentions, in the simplicity of his heart, several circumstances the
+others have passed over in silence, I shall give my reader a copy of his
+letter, without any alteration or diminution.
+
+     HONOURED SIR,
+
+     Knowing that you was[194] my old master's good friend, I could not
+     forbear sending you the melancholy news of his death, which has
+     afflicted the whole country[195], as well as his poor servants, who
+     loved him, I may say, better than we did our lives. I am afraid he
+     caught his death the last country sessions, where he would go to
+     see justice done to a poor widow woman and her fatherless
+     children, that had been wronged by a neighbouring gentleman; for
+     you know, Sir, my good master was always the poor man's friend.
+     Upon his coming home, the first complaint he made was, that he had
+     lost his roast-beef stomach, not being able to touch a sirloin,
+     which was served up according to custom; and you know he used to
+     take great delight in it. From that time forward he grew worse and
+     worse, but still kept a good heart to the last. Indeed we were once
+     in great hope of his recovery, upon a kind message that was sent
+     him from the Widow Lady whom he had made love to the forty last
+     years of his life; but this only proved a lightning[196] before
+     death. He has bequeathed to this lady, as a token of his love, a
+     great pearl necklace, and a couple of silver bracelets set with
+     jewels, which belonged to my good old lady his mother: he has
+     bequeathed the fine white gelding, that he used to ride a-hunting
+     upon, to his chaplain, because he thought he would be kind to him;
+     and has left you all his books. He has, moreover, bequeathed to the
+     chaplain a very pretty tenement with good lands about it. It being
+     a very cold day when he made his will, he left for mourning, to
+     every man in the parish, a great frieze coat, and to every woman a
+     black riding-hood. It was a most moving sight to see him take leave
+     of his poor servants, commending us all for our fidelity, whilst we
+     were not able to speak a word for weeping. As we most of us are
+     grown grey-headed in our dear master's service, he has left us
+     pensions and legacies, which we may live very comfortably upon the
+     remaining part of our days. He has bequeathed a great deal more in
+     charity, which is not yet come to my knowledge, and it is
+     peremptorily[197] said in the parish, that he has left money to
+     build a steeple to the church; for he was heard to say some time
+     ago, that if he lived two years longer, Coverley church should have
+     a steeple to it. The chaplain tells everybody that he made a very
+     good end, and never speaks of him without tears. He was buried
+     according to his own directions, among the family of the Coverleys,
+     on the left hand of his father Sir Arthur. The coffin was carried
+     by six of his tenants, and the pall held by six of the Quorum: the
+     whole parish followed the corpse with heavy hearts, and in their
+     mourning suits, the men in frieze, and the women in riding-hoods.
+     Captain Sentry, my master's nephew, has taken possession of the
+     hall-house, and the whole estate. When my old master saw him, a
+     little before his death, he shook him by the hand, and wished him
+     joy of the estate which was falling to him, desiring him only to
+     make a good use of it, and to pay the several legacies, and the
+     gifts of charity which he told him he had left as quit-rents[198]
+     upon the estate. The captain truly seems a courteous man, though he
+     says but little. He makes much of those whom my master loved, and
+     shows great kindnesses to the old house-dog, that you know my poor
+     master was so fond of. It would have gone to your heart to have
+     heard the moans the dumb creature made on the day of my master's
+     death. He has never joyed himself since; no more has any of us. It
+     was the melancholiest day for the poor people that ever happened in
+     Worcestershire. This is all from,
+
+     Honoured Sir,
+     Your most sorrowful servant,
+     EDWARD BISCUIT.
+
+     P.S.--My master desired, some weeks before he died, that a book
+     which comes up to you by the carrier, should be given to Sir Andrew
+     Freeport, in his name.
+
+This letter, notwithstanding the poor butler's manner of writing it, gave
+us such an idea of our good old friend, that upon the reading of it there
+was not a dry eye in the club. Sir Andrew opening the book, found it to
+be a collection of Acts of Parliament. There was in particular the Act
+of Uniformity, with some passages in it marked by Sir Roger's own hand.
+Sir Andrew found that they related to two or three points, which he had
+disputed with Sir Roger the last time he appeared at the club. Sir
+Andrew, who would have been merry at such an incident on another
+occasion, at the sight of the old man's handwriting burst into tears, and
+put the book into his pocket. Captain Sentry informs me, that the Knight
+has left rings and mourning for every one in the club.
+
+  O.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[192] _Sensibly._ Keenly.
+
+[193] _Promoting._ Urging the adoption of.
+
+[194] _You was._ A common seventeenth-century use with the singular
+_you_.
+
+[195] _Country._ Country-side.
+
+[196] _Lightning._ Last flash of life (quotation from Shakespeare).
+
+[197] _Peremptorily._ Confidently.
+
+[198] _Quit-rents._ Charges on the estate.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The De Coverley Papers, by
+Joseph Addison and Others
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