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+Project Gutenberg's Our American Holidays: Lincoln's Birthday, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Our American Holidays: Lincoln's Birthday
+       A Comprehensive View of Lincoln as Given in the Most
+       Noteworthy Essays, Orations and Poems, in Fiction and in
+       Lincoln's Own Writings
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert Haven Schauffler
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2007 [EBook #21267]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bruce Albrecht, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                         Our American Holidays
+
+                           LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+
+
+
+                         Our American Holidays
+
+A series of Anthologies upon American Holidays, each volume a collection
+of writings from many sources, historical, poetic, religious, patriotic,
+etc., presenting each American festival as seen through the eyes of the
+representative writers of many ages and nations.
+
+
+                               EDITED BY
+                       ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER
+
+                    _12mo. Each volume $1.00 net_
+
+                               NOW READY
+
+                THANKSGIVING            LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+                CHRISTMAS               MEMORIAL DAY
+
+
+                             IN PREPARATION
+
+                WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY   EASTER
+                ARBOR DAY               FLAG DAY
+                FOURTH OF JULY          NEW YEAR'S DAY
+
+                          MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY
+                      31 East 17th Street   New York
+
+
+
+
+                          Our American Holidays
+
+                            LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+                    A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF LINCOLN AS
+                   GIVEN IN THE MOST NOTEWORTHY ESSAYS,
+                     ORATIONS AND POEMS, IN FICTION
+                      AND IN LINCOLN'S OWN WRITINGS
+
+
+                               EDITED BY
+                        ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER
+
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                        MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY
+                                  1916
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1909, by
+                        MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY
+                               NEW YORK
+
+                         Published, January, 1909
+
+
+                         2nd Printing--June, 1911
+                         3rd Printing--July, 1914
+                         4th Printing--Feb.  1916
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+PREFACE                                                             ix
+
+INTRODUCTION                                                        xi
+
+
+I
+A BIRDSEYE VIEW OF LINCOLN
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY                                      3
+A BRIEF SUMMARY OF LINCOLN'S LIFE       _Osborn H. Oldroyd_          6
+
+
+II
+EARLY LIFE
+
+LINCOLN'S EDUCATION                        _Horace Greeley_         15
+ABE LINCOLN'S HONESTY                                               17
+THE BOY THAT HUNGERED FOR KNOWLEDGE                                 18
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                         _Florence E. Pratt_         19
+YOUNG LINCOLN'S KINDNESS OF HEART                                   20
+A VOICE FROM THE WILDERNESS                _Charles Sumner_         21
+CHOOSING ABE LINCOLN CAPTAIN                                        22
+
+
+III
+MATURITY
+
+LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE                                                  31
+HOW LINCOLN AND JUDGE B---- SWAPPED HORSES                          33
+LINCOLN AS A MAN OF LETTERS                   _H. W. Mabie_         34
+LINCOLN'S PRESENCE OF BODY                                          44
+HOW LINCOLN BECAME A NATIONAL FIGURE       _Ida M. Tarbell_         45
+LINCOLN'S LOVE FOR THE LITTLE ONES                                  89
+HOW LINCOLN TOOK HIS ALTITUDE                                       90
+
+
+IV
+IN THE WHITE HOUSE
+
+HOW LINCOLN WAS ABUSED                                              95
+SONNET IN 1862                           _John James Piatt_         96
+LINCOLN THE PRESIDENT                _James Russell Lowell_         96
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                               _Frank Moore_        109
+THE PROCLAMATION                  _John Greenleaf Whittier_        110
+THE EMANCIPATION                        _James A. Garfield_        112
+THE EMANCIPATION GROUP            _John Greenleaf Whittier_        121
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S CHRISTMAS GIFT               _Nora Perry_        122
+
+
+V
+DEATH OF LINCOLN
+
+O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!                       _Walt Whitman_        127
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S DEATH                      _Walt Whitman_        128
+HUSHED BE THE CAMPS TO-DAY                   _Walt Whitman_        134
+TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN    _William Cullen Bryant_        135
+CROWN HIS BLOODSTAINED PILLOW             _Julia Ward Howe_        136
+THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN                 _Walt Whitman_        137
+OUR SUN HATH GONE DOWN                        _Phoebe Cary_        139
+TOLLING                                       _Lucy Larcom_        142
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                          _Rose Terry Cooke_        143
+EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF LINCOLN         _Henry Ward Beecher_        144
+HYMN                                _Oliver Wendell Holmes_        151
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                                _Tom Taylor_        153
+
+
+VI
+TRIBUTES
+
+THE MARTYR CHIEF                     _James Russell Lowell_        159
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                       _Ralph Waldo Emerson_        161
+WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN                   _William McKinley_        169
+LINCOLN                                _Theodore Roosevelt_        170
+LINCOLN'S GRAVE                          _Maurice Thompson_        170
+TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN                                                173
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                            _H. H. Brownell_        174
+TRIBUTES                                                           189
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                               _Joel Benton_        189
+ON THE LIFE-MASK OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN _Richard Watson Gilder_        190
+LINCOLN                                   _George H. Boker_        192
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                         _James A. Garfield_        193
+AN HORATIAN ODE                            _R. H. Stoddard_        195
+SOME FOREIGN TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN    _Harriet Beecher Stowe_        202
+THE GETTYSBURG ODE                          _Bayard Taylor_        211
+TRIBUTES                                                           212
+LINCOLN                              _Macmillan's Magazine_        214
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                            _R. H. Stoddard_        215
+LINCOLN                                 _Edna Dean Proctor_        215
+WHEN LILACS LAST IN THE DOORYARD BLOOM'D     _Walt Whitman_        218
+
+
+VII
+THE WHOLE MAN
+
+LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE              _Edwin Markham_        233
+LIFE AND CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN     _George Bancroft_        235
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                             _Goldwin Smith_        276
+GREATNESS OF HIS SIMPLICITY                  _H. A. Delano_        278
+HORACE GREELEY'S ESTIMATE OF LINCOLN                               279
+LINCOLN                                  _J. T. Trowbridge_        282
+THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF LINCOLN            _B. B. Tyler_        282
+TO THE SPIRIT OF LINCOLN                     _R. W. Gilder_        296
+LINCOLN AS A TYPICAL AMERICAN             _Phillips Brooks_        297
+LINCOLN AS CAVALIER AND PURITAN               _H. W. Grady_        304
+LINCOLN, THE TENDER-HEARTED                  _H. W. Bolton_        306
+THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN                    _W. H. Herndon_        307
+"WITH CHARITY FOR ALL"                      _W. T. Sherman_        317
+LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY                        _Ida V. Woodbury_        318
+FEBRUARY TWELFTH                          _M. H. Howliston_        319
+TWO FEBRUARY BIRTHDAYS      _L. M. Hadley and C. Z. Denton_        323
+
+
+VIII
+LINCOLN'S PLACE IN HISTORY
+
+THE THREE GREATEST AMERICANS           _Theodore Roosevelt_        333
+HIS CHOICE AND HIS DESTINY                  _F. M. Bristol_        333
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                       _Robert G. Ingersoll_        334
+LINCOLN                              _Paul Laurence Dunbar_        341
+THE GRANDEST FIGURE                          _Walt Whitman_        342
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                              _Lyman Abbott_        345
+"LINCOLN THE IMMORTAL"                          _Anonymous_        346
+THE CRISIS AND THE HERO                 _Frederic Harrison_        349
+LINCOLN                                 _John Vance Cheney_        351
+MAJESTIC IN HIS INDIVIDUALITY                _S. P. Newman_        353
+
+
+IX
+LINCOLN YARNS AND SAYINGS
+
+THE QUESTION OF LEGS                                               359
+HOW LINCOLN WAS PRESENTED WITH A KNIFE                             360
+"WEEPING WATER"                                                    361
+MILD REBUKE TO A DOCTOR                                            362
+
+
+X
+FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES AND WRITINGS
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AS WRITTEN BY HIMSELF                               365
+THE INJUSTICE OF SLAVERY                                           365
+SPEECH AT COOPER INSTITUTE                                         368
+FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS                                            371
+LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY                                           376
+EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION                                          378
+THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION                                          380
+GETTYSBURG ADDRESS                                                 382
+REMARKS TO NEGROES ON THE STREETS OF RICHMOND                      383
+SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS                                           384
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+An astounding number of books have been written on Abraham Lincoln.
+Our Library of Congress contains over one thousand of them in
+well-nigh every modern language. Yet, incredible as it may seem, no
+miner has until to-day delved in these vast fields of Lincolniana
+until he has brought together the most precious of the golden words
+written of and by the Man of the People. Howe has collected a few of
+the best poems on Lincoln; Rice, Oldroyd and others, the elder prose
+tributes and reminiscences. McClure has edited Lincoln's yarns and
+stories; Nicolay and Hay, his speeches and writings. But each
+successive twelfth of February has emphasized the growing need for a
+unification of this scattered material.
+
+The present volume offers, in small compass, the most noteworthy
+essays, orations, fiction and poems on Lincoln, together with some
+fiction, with characteristic anecdotes and "yarns" and his most famous
+speeches and writings. Taken in conjunction with a good biography, it
+presents the first succinct yet comprehensive view of "the first
+American." The Introduction gives some account of the celebration of
+Lincoln's Birthday and of his principal biographers.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The Editor and Publishers wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to
+Houghton, Mifflin & Company; the McClure Company, R. S. Peale and J.
+A. Hill Co.; Charles Scribner's Sons; Dana Estes Company; Mr. David
+McKay, Mr. Joel Benton, Mr. C. P. Farrell and others who have very
+kindly granted permission to reprint selections from works bearing
+their copyright.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, was born at
+Nolin Creek, Kentucky, on Feb. 12, 1809. As the following pages
+contain more than one biographical sketch it is not necessary here to
+touch on the story of his life. Lincoln's Birthday is now a legal
+holiday in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New
+York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Washington (state) and Wyoming, and
+is generally observed in the other Northern States.
+
+In its inspirational value to youth Lincoln's Birthday stands among
+the most important of our American holidays. Its celebration in school
+and home can not be made too impressive. "Rising as Lincoln did,"
+writes Edward Deems, "from social obscurity through a youth of manual
+toil and poverty, steadily upward to the highest level of honor in the
+world, and all this as the fruit of earnest purpose, hard work, humane
+feeling and integrity of character, he is an example and an
+inspiration to youth unparalleled in history. At the same time he is
+the best specimen of the possibilities attainable by genius in our
+land and under our free institutions."
+
+In arranging exercises for Lincoln's Birthday the teacher and parent
+should try not so much to teach the bare facts of his career as to
+give the children a sense of Lincoln's actual personality through his
+own yarns and speeches and such accounts as are given here by Herndon,
+Bancroft, Mabie, Tarbell, Phillips Brooks and others. He should show
+them Lincoln's greatest single act--Emancipation--through the eyes of
+Garfield and Whittier. He should try to reach the children with the
+thrill of an adoring sorrow-maddened country at the bier of its great
+preserver; with such a passion of love and patriotism as vibrates in
+the lines of Whitman, Brownell and Bryant, of Stoddard, Procter, Howe,
+Holmes, Lowell, and in the throbbing periods of Henry Ward Beecher.
+His main object should be to make his pupils love Lincoln. He should
+appeal to their national pride with the foreign tributes to Lincoln's
+greatness; make them feel how his memory still works through the years
+upon such contemporary poets as Gilder, Thompson, Markham, Cheney and
+Dunbar; and finally through the eyes of Harrison, Whitman, Ingersoll,
+Newman and others, show them our hero set in his proud, rightful place
+in the long vista of the ages.
+
+In order to use the present volume with the best results it is
+advisable for teacher and parent to gain a more consecutive view of
+Lincoln's life than is offered here.
+
+The standard biography of Lincoln is the monumental one in ten large
+volumes by Nicolay and Hay, the President's private secretaries. This
+contains considerable material not found elsewhere, but since its
+publication in 1890 much new matter has been unearthed, especially by
+the enterprise of Miss Ida Tarbell, whose "Life" in two volumes
+contains the essentials of the larger official work, is well balanced,
+and written in a simple, vigorous style perfectly adapted to the
+subject. If only one biography of Lincoln is to be read, Miss
+Tarbell's will, on the whole, be found most satisfactory.
+
+The older Lives, written by Lincoln's friends and associates, such as
+Lamon and Herndon, make up in vividness and the intimate personal
+touch what they necessarily lack in perspective. Arnold's Life deals
+chiefly with the executive and legislative history of Lincoln's
+administration. The Life by the novelist J. G. Holland deals popularly
+with his hero's personality. The memoirs by Barrett, Abbott, Howells,
+Bartlett, Hanaford and Power were written in the main for political
+purposes.
+
+Among the later works there stand out Morse's scholarly and serious
+account (in the American Statesmen series) of Lincoln's public policy;
+the vivid portrayal of Lincoln's adroitness as a politician by Col.
+McClure in Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times; Whitney's Life on the
+Circuit with Lincoln, with its fund of entertaining anecdotes; Abraham
+Lincoln, an Essay by Carl Schurz; James Morgan's "short and simple
+annals" of Abraham Lincoln The Boy and the Man; Frederick Trevor
+Hill's brilliant account of Lincoln the Lawyer, the result of much
+recent research; the study of his personal magnetism in Alonzo
+Rothschild's Lincoln, Master of Men; and The True Abraham Lincoln by
+Curtis--a collection of sketches portraying Lincoln's character from
+several interesting points of view. Abraham Lincoln The Man of the
+People by Norman Hapgood is one of most recent and least conventional
+accounts. It is short, vigorous, vivid, and intensely American.
+
+Among the many popular Lives for young people are: Abraham Lincoln,
+the Pioneer Boy, by W. M. Thayer; Abraham Lincoln, The Backwoods Boy,
+by Horatio Alger, Jr.; Abraham Lincoln, by Charles Carleton Coffin;
+The True Story of Abraham Lincoln The American, by E. S. Brooks; The
+Boy Lincoln, by W. O. Stoddard; and--most important of all--Nicolay's
+Boy's Life of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+                                                              R. H. S.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+A BIRDSEYE VIEW OF LINCOLN
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+The following autobiography was written by Mr. Lincoln's own hand at
+the request of J. W. Fell of Springfield, Ill., December 20, 1859. In
+the note which accompanied it the writer says: "Herewith is a little
+sketch, as you requested. There is not much of it, for the reason, I
+suppose, that there is not much of me."
+
+"I was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Ky. My parents were both
+born in Virginia, of undistinguished families--second families,
+perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a
+family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams Co., and
+others in Mason Co., Ill. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln,
+emigrated from Rockingham Co., Va., to Kentucky, about 1781 or 1782,
+where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians, not in battle,
+but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His
+ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks Co., Pa. An
+effort to identify them with the New England family of the same name
+ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of Christian names in
+both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and
+the like.
+
+"My father, at the death of his father, was but six years of age, and
+grew up literally without any education. He removed from Kentucky to
+what is now Spencer Co., Ind., in my eighth year. We reached our new
+home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild
+region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods.
+There I grew up. There were some schools, so-called, but no
+qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond 'readin', writin',
+and cipherin', to the rule of three. If a straggler, supposed to
+understand Latin, happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was
+looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite
+ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age I did not know
+much. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of
+three, but that was all. I have not been to school since. The little
+advance I now have upon this store of education I have picked up from
+time to time under the pressure of necessity.
+
+"I was raised to farm work, at which I continued till I was
+twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois, and passed the first
+year in Macon County. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in
+Sangamon, now Menard County, where I remained a year as a sort of
+clerk in a store. Then came the Black Hawk War, and I was elected a
+captain of volunteers--a success which gave me more pleasure than any
+I have had since. I went into the campaign, was elected, ran for the
+Legislature the same year (1832), and was beaten--the only time I have
+ever been beaten by the people. The next and three succeeding
+biennial elections I was elected to the Legislature. I was not a
+candidate afterward. During the legislative period I had studied law,
+and removed to Springfield to practice it. In 1846 I was elected to
+the Lower House of Congress. Was not a candidate for re-election. From
+1849 to 1854, both inclusive, practiced law more assiduously than ever
+before. Always a Whig in politics, and generally on the Whig electoral
+ticket, making active canvasses. I was losing interest in politics
+when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused me again. What I
+have done since then is pretty well known.
+
+"If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be
+said I am in height six feet four inches, nearly; lean in flesh,
+weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark
+complexion, with coarse black hair and gray eyes--no other marks or
+brands recollected.
+
+                                               "Yours very truly,
+                                                          A. LINCOLN."
+
+
+A BRIEF SUMMARY OF LINCOLN'S LIFE
+
+BY OSBORN H. OLDROYD
+
+From "Words of Lincoln"
+
+The sun which rose on the 12th of February, 1809, lighted up a little
+log cabin on Nolin Creek, Hardin Co., Ky., in which Abraham Lincoln
+was that day ushered into the world. Although born under the humblest
+and most unpromising circumstances, he was of honest parentage. In
+this backwoods hut, surrounded by virgin forests, Abraham's first four
+years were spent. His parents then moved to a point about six miles
+from Hodgensville, where he lived until he was seven years of age,
+when the family again moved, this time to Spencer Co., Ind.
+
+The father first visited the new settlement alone, taking with him his
+carpenter tools, a few farming implements, and ten barrels of whisky
+(the latter being the payment received for his little farm) on a
+flatboat down Salt Creek to the Ohio River. Crossing the river, he
+left his cargo in care of a friend, and then returned for his family.
+Packing the bedding and cooking utensils on two horses, the family of
+four started for their new home. They wended their way through the
+Kentucky forests to those of Indiana, the mother and daughter (Sarah)
+taking their turn in riding.
+
+Fourteen years were spent in the Indiana home. It was from this place
+that Abraham, in company with young Gentry, made a trip to New Orleans
+on a flatboat loaded with country produce. During these years Abraham
+had less than twelve months of schooling, but acquired a large
+experience in the rough work of pioneer life. In the autumn of 1818
+the mother died, and Abraham experienced the first great sorrow of his
+life. Mrs. Lincoln had possessed a very limited education, but was
+noted for intellectual force of character.
+
+The year following the death of Abraham's mother his father returned
+to Kentucky, and brought a new guardian to the two motherless
+children. Mrs. Sally Johnson, as Mrs. Lincoln, brought into the family
+three children of her own, a goodly amount of household furniture,
+and, what proved a blessing above all others, a kind heart. It was not
+intended that this should be a permanent home; accordingly, in March,
+1830, they packed their effects in wagons, drawn by oxen, bade adieu
+to their old home, and took up a two weeks' march over untraveled
+roads, across mountains, swamps, and through dense forests, until they
+reached a spot on the Sangamon River, ten miles from Decatur, Ill.,
+where they built another primitive home. Abraham had now arrived at
+manhood, and felt at liberty to go out into the world and battle for
+himself. He did not leave, however, until he saw his parents
+comfortably fixed in their new home, which he helped build; he also
+split enough rails to surround the house and ten acres of ground.
+
+In the fall and winter of 1830, memorable to the early settlers of
+Illinois as the year of the deep snow, Abraham worked for the farmers
+who lived in the neighborhood. He made the acquaintance of a man of
+the name of Offutt, who hired him, together with his stepbrother, John
+D. Johnson, and his uncle, John Hanks, to take a flatboat loaded with
+country produce down the Sangamon River to Beardstown, thence down the
+Illinois and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. Abraham and his
+companions assisted in building the boat, which was finally launched
+and loaded in the spring of 1831, and their trip successfully made. In
+going over the dam at Rutledge Mill, New Salem, Ill., the boat struck
+and remained stationary, and a day passed before it was again started
+on its voyage. During this delay Lincoln made the acquaintance of New
+Salem and its people.
+
+On his return from New Orleans, after visiting his parents,--who had
+made another move, to Goose-Nest Prairie, Ill.,--he settled in the
+little village of New Salem, then in Sangamon, now Menard County.
+While living in this place, Mr. Lincoln served in the Black Hawk War,
+in 1832, as captain and private. His employment in the village was
+varied; he was at times a clerk, county surveyor, postmaster, and
+partner in the grocery business under the firm name of Lincoln &
+Berry. He was defeated for the Illinois Legislature in 1832 by Peter
+Cartwright, the Methodist pioneer preacher. He was elected to the
+Legislature in 1834, and for three successive terms thereafter.
+
+Mr. Lincoln wielded a great influence among the people of New Salem.
+They respected him for his uprightness and admired him for his genial
+and social qualities. He had an earnest sympathy for the unfortunate
+and those in sorrow. All confided in him, honored and loved him. He
+had an unfailing fund of anecdote, was a sharp, witty talker, and
+possessed an accommodating spirit, which led him to exert himself for
+the entertainment of his friends. During the political canvass of
+1834, Mr. Lincoln made the acquaintance of Mr. John T. Stuart of
+Springfield, Ill. Mr. Stuart saw in the young man that which, if
+properly developed, could not fail to confer distinction on him. He
+therefore loaned Lincoln such law books as he needed, the latter often
+walking from New Salem to Springfield, a distance of twenty miles, to
+obtain them. It was very fortunate for Mr. Lincoln that he finally
+became associated with Mr. Stuart in the practice of law. He moved
+from New Salem to Springfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1837.
+
+On the 4th of November, 1842, Mr. Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd of
+Lexington, Ky., at the residence of Ninian W. Edwards of Springfield,
+Ill. The fruits of this marriage were four sons; Robert T., born
+August 1, 1843; Edward Baker, March 10, 1846, died February 1, 1850;
+William Wallace, December 21, 1850, died at the White House,
+Washington, February 20, 1862; Thomas ("Tad"), April 4, 1853, died at
+the Clifton House, Chicago, Ill., July 15, 1871. Mrs. Lincoln died at
+the house of her sister, Springfield, July 16, 1882.
+
+In 1846 Mr. Lincoln was elected to Congress, as a Whig, his opponent
+being Peter Cartwright, who had defeated Mr. Lincoln for the
+Legislature in 1832.
+
+The most remarkable political canvass witnessed in the country took
+place between Mr. Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in 1858. They were
+candidates of their respective parties for the United States Senate.
+Seven joint debates took place in different parts of the State. The
+Legislature being of Mr. Douglas' political faith, he was elected.
+
+In 1860 Mr. Lincoln came before the country as the chosen candidate of
+the Republican party for the Presidency. The campaign was a memorable
+one, characterized by a novel organization called "Wide Awakes," which
+had its origin in Hartford, Conn. There were rail fence songs,
+rail-splitting on wagons in processions, and the building of fences by
+the torch-light marching clubs.
+
+The triumphant election of Mr. Lincoln took place in November, 1860.
+On the 11th of February, 1861, he bade farewell to his neighbors, and
+as the train slowly left the depot his sad face was forever lost to
+the friends who gathered that morning to bid him God speed. The people
+along the route flocked at the stations to see him and hear his words.
+At all points he was greeted as the President of the people, and such
+he proved to be. Mr. Lincoln reached Washington on the morning of the
+23rd of February, and on the 4th of March was inaugurated President.
+Through four years of terrible war his guiding star was justice and
+mercy. He was sometimes censured by officers of the army for granting
+pardons to deserters and others, but he could not resist an appeal for
+the life of a soldier. He was the friend of the soldiers, and felt and
+acted toward them like a father. Even workingmen could write him
+letters of encouragement and receive appreciative words in reply.
+
+When the immortal Proclamation of Emancipation was issued, the whole
+world applauded, and slavery received its deathblow. The terrible
+strain of anxiety and responsibility borne by Mr. Lincoln during the
+war had worn him away to a marked degree, but that God who was with
+him throughout the struggle permitted him to live, and by his masterly
+efforts and unceasing vigilance pilot the ship of state back into the
+haven of peace.
+
+On the 14th of April, 1865, after a day of unusual cheerfulness in
+those troublous times, and seeking relaxation from his cares, the
+President, accompanied by his wife and a few intimate friends, went to
+Ford's Theater, on Tenth Street, N. W. There the foul assassin, J.
+Wilkes Booth, awaited his coming and at twenty minutes past ten
+o'clock, just as the third act of "Our American Cousin" was about to
+commence, fired the shot that took the life of Abraham Lincoln. The
+bleeding President was carried to a house across the street, No. 516,
+where he died at twenty-two minutes past seven the next morning. The
+body was taken to the White House and, after lying in state in the
+East Room and at the Capitol, left Washington on the 21st of April,
+stopping at various places en route, and finally arriving at
+Springfield on the 3rd of May. On the following day the funeral
+ceremonies took place at Oak Ridge Cemetery, and there the remains of
+the martyr were laid at rest.
+
+Abraham Lincoln needs no marble shaft to perpetuate his name; his
+_words_ are the most enduring monument, and will forever live in the
+hearts of the people.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+EARLY LIFE
+
+
+LINCOLN'S EDUCATION[1]
+
+BY HORACE GREELEY
+
+Let me pause here to consider the surprise often expressed when a
+citizen of limited schooling is chosen to fill, or is presented for
+one of the highest civil trusts. Has that argument any foundation in
+reason, any justification in history?
+
+Of our country's great men, beginning with Ben Franklin, I estimate
+that a majority had little if anything more than a common-school
+education, while many had less. Washington, Jefferson, and Madison had
+rather more; Clay and Jackson somewhat less; Van Buren perhaps a
+little more; Lincoln decidedly less. How great was his consequent
+loss? I raise the question; let others decide it. Having seen much of
+Henry Clay, I confidently assert that not one in ten of those who knew
+him late in life would have suspected, from aught in his conversation
+or bearing, that his education had been inferior to that of the
+college graduates by whom he was surrounded. His knowledge was
+different from theirs; and the same is true of Lincoln's as well. Had
+the latter lived to be seventy years old, I judge that whatever of
+hesitation or rawness was observable in his manner would have
+vanished, and he would have met and mingled with educated gentlemen
+and statesmen on the same easy footing of equality with Henry Clay in
+his later prime of life. How far his two flatboat voyages to New
+Orleans are to be classed as educational exercise above or below a
+freshman's year in college, I will not say; doubtless some freshmen
+learn more, others less, than those journeys taught him. Reared under
+the shadow of the primitive woods, which on every side hemmed in the
+petty clearings of the generally poor, and rarely energetic or
+diligent, pioneers of the Southern Indiana wilderness, his first
+introduction to the outside world from the deck of a "broad-horn" must
+have been wonderfully interesting and suggestive. To one whose utmost
+experience of civilization had been a county town, consisting of a
+dozen to twenty houses, mainly log, with a shabby little court-house,
+including jail, and a shabbier, ruder little church, that must have
+been a marvelous spectacle which glowed in his face from the banks of
+the Ohio and the lower Mississippi. Though Cairo was then but a
+desolate swamp, Memphis a wood-landing, and Vicksburg a timbered ridge
+with a few stores at its base, even these were in striking contrast to
+the sombre monotony of the great woods. The rivers were enlivened by
+countless swift-speeding steamboats, dispensing smoke by day and flame
+by night; while New Orleans, though scarcely one fourth the city she
+now is, was the focus of a vast commerce, and of a civilization which
+(for America) might be deemed antique. I doubt not that our tall and
+green young backwoodsman needed only a piece of well-tanned sheepskin
+suitably (that is, learnedly) inscribed to have rendered those two
+boat trips memorable as his degrees in capacity to act well his part
+on that stage which has mankind for its audience.
+
+[1] _By permission of Mr. Joel Benton._
+
+
+ABE LINCOLN'S HONESTY
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln's Stories."
+
+Lincoln could not rest for an instant under the consciousness that he
+had, even unwittingly, defrauded anybody. On one occasion, while
+clerking in Offutt's store, at New Salem, Ill., he sold a woman a
+little bill of goods, amounting in value by the reckoning, to two
+dollars six and a quarter cents. He received the money, and the woman
+went away. On adding the items of the bill again, to make sure of its
+correctness, he found that he had taken six and a quarter cents too
+much. It was night, and, closing and locking the store, he started out
+on foot, a distance of two or three miles, for the house of his
+defrauded customer, and, delivering over to her the sum whose
+possession had so much troubled him, went home satisfied.
+
+On another occasion, just as he was closing the store for the night, a
+woman entered, and asked for a half pound of tea. The tea was weighed
+out and paid for, and the store was left for the night. The next
+morning, Lincoln entered to begin the duties of the day, when he
+discovered a four-ounce weight on the scales. He saw at once that he
+had made a mistake, and, shutting the store, he took a long walk
+before breakfast to deliver the remainder of the tea. These are very
+humble incidents, but they illustrate the man's perfect
+conscientiousness--his sensitive honesty--better perhaps than they
+would if they were of greater moment.
+
+
+THE BOY THAT HUNGERED FOR KNOWLEDGE
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln's Stories."
+
+In his eagerness to acquire knowledge, young Lincoln had borrowed of
+Mr. Crawford, a neighboring farmer, a copy of Weems' Life of
+Washington--the only one known to be in existence in that section of
+country. Before he had finished reading the book, it had been left, by
+a not unnatural oversight, in a window. Meantime, a rain storm came
+on, and the book was so thoroughly wet as to make it nearly worthless.
+This mishap caused him much pain; but he went, in all honesty, to Mr.
+Crawford with the ruined book, explained the calamity that had
+happened through his neglect, and offered, not having sufficient
+money, to "work out" the value of the book.
+
+"Well, Abe," said Mr. Crawford, after due deliberation, "as it's you,
+I won't be hard on you. Just come over and pull fodder for me for two
+days, and we will call our accounts even."
+
+The offer was readily accepted, and the engagement literally
+fulfilled. As a boy, no less than since, Abraham Lincoln had an
+honorable conscientiousness, integrity, industry, and an ardent love
+of knowledge.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[2]
+
+BY FLORENCE EVELYN PRATT
+
+    Lincoln, the woodsman, in the clearing stood,
+      Hemmed by the solemn forest stretching round;
+    Stalwart, ungainly, honest-eyed and rude,
+      The genius of that solitude profound.
+    He clove the way that future millions trod,
+      He passed, unmoved by worldly fear or pelf;
+    In all his lusty toil he found not God,
+      Though in the wilderness he found himself.
+
+    Lincoln, the President, in bitter strife,
+      Best-loved, worst-hated of all living men,
+    Oft single-handed, for the nation's life
+      Fought on, nor rested ere he fought again.
+    With one unerring purpose armed, he clove
+      Through selfish sin; then overwhelmed with care,
+    His great heart sank beneath its load of love;
+      Crushed to his knees, he found his God in prayer.
+
+[2] _From The Youth's Companion._
+
+
+YOUNG LINCOLN'S KINDNESS OF HEART
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln."
+
+An instance of young Lincoln's practical humanity at an early period
+of his life is recorded, as follows: One evening, while returning from
+a "raising" in his wide neighborhood, with a number of companions, he
+discovered a straying horse, with saddle and bridle upon him. The
+horse was recognized as belonging to a man who was accustomed to
+excess in drink, and it was suspected at once that the owner was not
+far off. A short search only was necessary to confirm the suspicions
+of the young men.
+
+The poor drunkard was found in a perfectly helpless condition, upon
+the chilly ground. Abraham's companions urged the cowardly policy of
+leaving him to his fate, but young Lincoln would not hear to the
+proposition. At his request, the miserable sot was lifted to his
+shoulders, and he actually carried him eighty rods to the nearest
+house. Sending word to his father that he should not be back that
+night, with the reason for his absence, he attended and nursed the man
+until the morning, and had the pleasure of believing that he had saved
+his life.
+
+
+A VOICE FROM THE WILDERNESS
+
+BY CHARLES SUMNER
+
+Abraham Lincoln was born, and, until he became President, always lived
+in a part of the country which, at the period of the Declaration of
+Independence, was a savage wilderness. Strange but happy Providence,
+that a voice from that savage wilderness, now fertile in men, was
+inspired to uphold the pledges and promises of the Declaration! The
+unity of the republic on the indestructible foundation of liberty and
+equality was vindicated by the citizen of a community which had no
+existence when the republic was formed.
+
+A cabin was built in primitive rudeness, and the future President
+split the rails for the fence to inclose the lot. These rails have
+become classical in our history, and the name of rail-splitter has
+been more than the degree of a college. Not that the splitter of rails
+is especially meritorious, but because the people are proud to trace
+aspiring talent to humble beginnings, and because they found in this
+tribute a new opportunity of vindicating the dignity of free labor.
+
+
+CHOOSING "ABE" LINCOLN CAPTAIN
+
+From "Choosing 'Abe' Lincoln Captain, and Other Stories"
+
+When the Black Hawk war broke out in Illinois about 1832, young
+Abraham Lincoln was living at New Salem, a little village of the class
+familiarly known out west as "one-horse towns," and located near the
+capital city of Illinois.
+
+He had just closed his clerkship of a year in a feeble grocery, and
+was the first to enlist under the call of Governor Reynolds for
+volunteer forces to go against the Sacs and Foxes, of whom Black Hawk
+was chief.
+
+By treaty these Indians had been removed west of the Mississippi into
+Iowa; but, thinking their old hunting-grounds the better, they had
+recrossed the river with their war paint on, causing some trouble, and
+a great deal of alarm among the settlers. Such was the origin of the
+war; and the handful of government troops stationed at Rock Island
+wanted help. Hence the State call.
+
+Mr. Lincoln was twenty-three years old at that time, nine years older
+than his adopted State. The country was thinly settled, and a company
+of ninety men who could be spared from home for military service had
+to be gathered from a wide district. When full, the company met at the
+neighboring village of Richland to choose its officers. In those days
+the militia men were allowed to select their leaders in their own way;
+and they had a very peculiar mode of expressing their preference for
+captains. For then, as now, there were almost always two candidates
+for one office.
+
+They would meet on the green somewhere, and at the appointed hour, the
+competitors would step out from the crowds on the opposite sides of
+the ground, and each would call on all the "boys" who wanted him for
+captain to fall in behind him. As the line formed, the man next the
+candidate would put his hands on the candidate's shoulder; the third
+man also in the same manner to the second man; and so on to the end.
+And then they would march and cheer for their leader like so many wild
+men, in order to win over the fellows who didn't seem to have a
+choice, or whose minds were sure to run after the greater noise. When
+all had taken sides, the man who led the longer line, would be
+declared captain.
+
+Mr. Lincoln never outgrew the familiar nickname, "Abe," but at that
+time he could hardly be said to have any other name than "Abe"; in
+fact he had emerged from clerking in that little corner grocery as
+"Honest Abe." He was not only liked, but loved, in the rough fashion
+of the frontier by all who knew him. He was a good hand at gunning,
+fishing, racing, wrestling and other games; he had a tall and strong
+figure; and he seemed to have been as often "reminded of a little
+story" in '32 as in '62. And the few men not won by these qualities,
+were won and held by his great common sense, which restrained him from
+excesses even in sports, and made him a safe friend.
+
+It is not singular therefore that though a stranger to many of the
+enlisted men, he should have had his warm friends who at once
+determined to make him captain.
+
+But Mr. Lincoln hung back with the feeling, he said, that if there was
+any older and better established citizen whom the "boys" had
+confidence in, it would be better to make such a one captain. His
+poverty was even more marked than his modesty; and for his stock of
+education about that time, he wrote in a letter to a friend
+twenty-seven years later:
+
+"I did not know much; still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher
+to the rule of three, but that was all."
+
+That, however, was up to the average education of the community; and
+having been clerk in a country grocery he was considered an educated
+man.
+
+In the company Mr. Lincoln had joined, there was a dapper little chap
+for whom Mr. Lincoln had labored as a farm hand a year before, and
+whom he had left on account of ill treatment from him. This man was
+eager for the captaincy. He put in his days and nights "log-rolling"
+among his fellow volunteers; said he had already smelt gun-powder in a
+brush with Indians, thus urging the value of experience; even thought
+he had a "martial bearing"; and he was very industrious in getting
+those men to join the company who would probably vote for him to be
+captain.
+
+Muster-day came, and the recruits met to organize. About them stood
+several hundred relatives and other friends.
+
+The little candidate was early on hand and busily bidding for votes.
+He had felt so confident of the office in advance of muster-day, that
+he had rummaged through several country tailor-shops and got a new
+suit of the nearest approach to a captain's uniform that their scant
+stock could furnish. So there he was, arrayed in jaunty cap, and a
+swallow-tailed coat with brass buttons. He even wore fine boots, and
+moreover had them blacked--which was almost a crime among a country
+crowd of that day.
+
+Young Lincoln took not one step to make himself captain; and not one
+to prevent it. He simply put himself "in the hands of his friends," as
+the politicians say. He stood and quietly watched the trouble others
+were borrowing over the matter as if it were an election of officers
+they had enlisted for, rather than for fighting Indians. But after
+all, a good deal depends in war, on getting good officers.
+
+As two o'clock drew near, the hour set for making captain, four or
+five of young Lincoln's most zealous friends with a big stalwart
+fellow at the head edged along pretty close to him, yet not in a way
+to excite suspicion of a "conspiracy." Just a little bit before two,
+without even letting "Abe" himself know exactly "what was up," the big
+fellow stepped directly behind him, clapped his hands on the
+shoulders before him, and shouted as only prairie giants can, "Hurrah
+for Captain Abe Lincoln!" and plunged his really astonished candidate
+forward into a march.
+
+At the same instant, those in league with him also put hands to the
+shoulders before them, pushed, and took up the cheer, "Hurrah for
+Captain Abe Lincoln!" so loudly that there seemed to be several
+hundred already on their side; and so there were, for the outside
+crowd was also already cheering for "Abe."
+
+This little "ruse" of the Lincoln "boys" proved a complete success.
+"Abe" had to march, whether or no, to the music of their cheers; he
+was truly "in the hands of his friends" then, and couldn't get away;
+and it must be said he didn't seem to feel very bad over the
+situation. The storm of cheers and the sight of tall Abraham (six feet
+and four inches) at the head of the marching column, before the fussy
+little chap in brass buttons who was quite ready, caused a quick
+stampede even among the boys who intended to vote for the little
+fellow. One after another they rushed for a place in "Captain Abe's"
+line as though to be first to fall in was to win a prize.
+
+A few rods away stood that suit of captain's clothes alone, looking
+smaller than ever, "the starch all taken out of 'em," their occupant
+confounded, and themselves for sale. "Abe's" old "boss" said he was
+"astonished," and so he had good reason to be, but everybody could see
+it without his saying so. His "style" couldn't win among the true and
+shrewd, though unpolished "boys" in coarse garments. They saw right
+through him.
+
+"Buttons," as he became known from that day, was the last man to fall
+into "Abe's" line; he said he'd make it unanimous.
+
+But his experience in making "Abe" Captain made himself so sick that
+he wasn't "able" to move when the company left for the "front," though
+he soon grew able to move out of the procession.
+
+Thus was "Father Abraham," so young as twenty-three, chosen captain of
+a militia company over him whose abused, hired-hand he had been. It is
+little wonder that in '59 after three elections to the State
+Legislature and one to Congress, Mr. Lincoln should write of his early
+event as "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had
+since." The war was soon over with but little field work for the
+volunteers; but no private was known to complain that "Abe" was not a
+good captain.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+MATURITY
+
+
+LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE--A PEEP INTO LINCOLN'S SOCIAL LIFE
+
+In 1842, in his thirty-third year, Mr. Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd,
+a daughter of Hon. Robert S. Todd, of Lexington, Kentucky. The
+marriage took place in Springfield, where the lady had for several
+years resided, on the fourth of November of the year mentioned. It is
+probable that he married as early as the circumstances of his life
+permitted, for he had always loved the society of women, and possessed
+a nature that took profound delight in intimate female companionship.
+A letter written on the eighteenth of May following his marriage, to
+J. F. Speed, Esq., of Louisville, Kentucky, an early and a life-long
+personal friend, gives a pleasant glimpse of his domestic arrangements
+at this time. "We are not keeping house," Mr. Lincoln says in his
+letter, "but boarding at the Globe Tavern, which is very well kept now
+by a widow lady of the name of Beck. Our rooms are the same Dr.
+Wallace occupied there, and boarding only costs four dollars a
+week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny would not fail to
+come. Just let us know the time, a week in advance, and we will have a
+room prepared for you, and we'll all be merry together for awhile." He
+seems to have been in excellent spirits, and to have been very hearty
+in the enjoyment of his new relation. The private letters of Mr.
+Lincoln were charmingly natural and sincere. His personal friendships
+were the sweetest sources of his happiness.
+
+To a particular friend, he wrote February 25, 1842: "Yours of the
+sixteenth, announcing that Miss ---- and you 'are no longer twain, but
+one flesh,' reached me this morning. I have no way of telling you how
+much happiness I wish you both, though I believe you both can conceive
+it. I feel somewhat jealous of both of you now, for you will be so
+exclusively concerned for one another that I shall be forgotten
+entirely. My acquaintance with Miss ---- (I call her thus lest you
+should think I am speaking of your mother), was too short for me to
+reasonably hope to be long remembered by her; and still I am sure I
+shall not forget her soon. Try if you can not remind her of that debt
+she owes me, and be sure you do not interfere to prevent her paying
+it.
+
+"I regret to learn that you have resolved not to return to Illinois. I
+shall be very lonesome without you. How miserably things seem to be
+arranged in this world! If we have no friends we have no pleasure; and
+if we have them, we are sure to lose them, and be doubly pained by the
+loss. I did hope she and you would make your home here, yet I own I
+have no right to insist. You owe obligations to her ten thousand times
+more sacred than any you can owe to others, and in that light let them
+be respected and observed. It is natural that she should desire to
+remain with her relations and friends. As to friends, she could not
+need them anywhere--she would have them in abundance here. Give my
+kind regards to Mr. ---- and his family, particularly to Miss E. Also
+to your mother, brothers and sisters. Ask little E. D. ---- if she
+will ride to town with me if I come there again. And, finally, give
+---- a double reciprocation of all the love she sent me. Write me
+often, and believe me, yours forever,
+
+                                                         Lincoln."
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN AND JUDGE B---- SWAPPED HORSES
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln."
+
+When Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer in Illinois, he and a certain Judge
+once got to bantering one another about trading horses; and it was
+agreed that the next morning at 9 o'clock they should make a trade,
+the horses to be unseen up to that hour, and no backing out, under a
+forfeiture of $25.
+
+At the hour appointed the Judge came up, leading the sorriest-looking
+specimen of a horse ever seen in those parts. In a few minutes Mr.
+Lincoln was seen approaching with a wooden saw-horse upon his
+shoulders. Great were the shouts and the laughter of the crowd, and
+both were greatly increased when Mr. Lincoln, on surveying the Judge's
+animal, set down his saw-horse, and exclaimed: "Well, Judge, this is
+the first time I ever got the worst of it in a horse trade."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS A MAN OF LETTERS[3]
+
+BY HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE
+
+From "Warner's Library of the World's Best Literature."
+
+Born in 1809 and dying in 1865, Mr. Lincoln was the contemporary of
+every distinguished man of letters in America to the close of the war;
+but from none of them does he appear to have received literary impulse
+or guidance. He might have read, if circumstances had been favorable,
+a large part of the work of Irving, Bryant, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson,
+Lowell, Whittier, Holmes, Longfellow, and Thoreau, as it came from the
+press; but he was entirely unfamiliar with it apparently until late in
+his career and it is doubtful if even at that period he knew it well
+or cared greatly for it. He was singularly isolated by circumstances
+and by temperament from those influences which usually determine,
+within certain limits, the quality and character of a man's style.
+
+And Mr. Lincoln had a style,--a distinctive, individual,
+characteristic form of expression. In his own way he gained an insight
+into the structure of English, and a freedom and skill in the
+selection and combination of words, which not only made him the most
+convincing speaker of his time, but which have secured for his
+speeches a permanent place in literature. One of those speeches is
+already known wherever the English language is spoken; it is a classic
+by virtue not only of its unique condensation of the sentiment of a
+tremendous struggle into the narrow compass of a few brief paragraphs,
+but by virtue of that instinctive felicity of style which gives to the
+largest thought the beauty of perfect simplicity. The two Inaugural
+Addresses are touched by the same deep feeling, the same large vision,
+the same clear, expressive and persuasive eloquence; and these
+qualities are found in a great number of speeches, from Mr. Lincoln's
+first appearance in public life. In his earliest expressions of his
+political views there is less range; but there is the structural
+order, clearness, sense of proportion, ease, and simplicity which give
+classic quality to the later utterances. Few speeches have so little
+of what is commonly regarded as oratorial quality; few have approached
+so constantly the standards and character of literature. While a group
+of men of gift and opportunity in the East were giving American
+literature its earliest direction, and putting the stamp of a high
+idealism on its thought and a rare refinement of spirit on its form,
+this lonely, untrained man on the old frontier was slowly working his
+way through the hardest and rudest conditions to perhaps the foremost
+place in American history, and forming at the same time a style of
+singular and persuasive charm.
+
+There is, however, no possible excellence without adequate education;
+no possible mastery of any art without thorough training. Mr. Lincoln
+has sometimes been called an accident, and his literary gift an
+unaccountable play of nature; but few men have ever more definitely
+and persistently worked out what was in them by clear intelligence
+than Mr. Lincoln, and no speaker or writer of our time has, according
+to his opportunities, trained himself more thoroughly in the use of
+English prose. Of educational opportunity in the scholastic sense, the
+future orator had only the slightest. He went to school "by littles,"
+and these "littles" put together aggregated less than a year; but he
+discerned very early the practical uses of knowledge, and set himself
+to acquire it. This pursuit soon became a passion, and this deep and
+irresistible yearning did more for him perhaps than richer
+opportunities would have done. It made him a constant student, and it
+taught him the value of fragments of time. "He was always at the head
+of his class," writes one of his schoolmates, "and passed us rapidly
+in his studies. He lost no time at home, and when he was not at work
+was at his books. He kept up his studies on Sunday, and carried his
+books with him to work, so that he might read when he rested from
+labor." "I induced my husband to permit Abe to read and study at home
+as well as at school," writes his stepmother. "At first he was not
+easily reconciled to it, but finally he too seemed willing to
+encourage him to a certain extent. Abe was a dutiful son to me always,
+and we took particular care when he was reading not to disturb
+him,--would let him read on and on until he quit of his own accord."
+
+The books within his reach were few, but they were among the best.
+First and foremost was that collection of literature in prose and
+verse, the Bible: a library of sixty-six volumes, presenting nearly
+every literary form, and translated at the fortunate moment when the
+English language had received the recent impress of its greatest
+masters of the speech of the imagination. This literature Mr. Lincoln
+knew intimately, familiarly, fruitfully; as Shakespeare knew it in an
+earlier version, and as Tennyson knew it and was deeply influenced by
+it in the form in which it entered into and trained Lincoln's
+imagination. Then there was that wise and very human text-book of the
+knowledge of character and life, "Æsop's Fables"; that masterpiece of
+clear presentation, "Robinson Crusoe"; and that classic of pure
+English, "The Pilgrim's Progress." These four books--in the hands of a
+meditative boy, who read until the last ember went out on the hearth,
+began again when the earliest light reached his bed in the loft of the
+log cabin, who perched himself on a stump, book in hand, at the end of
+every furrow in the plowing season--contained the elements of a
+movable university.
+
+To these must be added many volumes borrowed from more fortunate
+neighbors; for he had "read through every book he had heard of in that
+country, for a circuit of fifty miles." A history of the United States
+and a copy of Weems's "Life of Washington" laid the foundations of
+his political education. That he read with his imagination as well as
+with his eyes is clear from certain words spoken in the Senate Chamber
+at Trenton in 1861. "May I be pardoned," said Mr. Lincoln, "if on this
+occasion I mention that way back in my childhood, the earliest days of
+my being able to read, I got hold of a small book, such a one as few
+of the members have ever seen,--Weems's 'Life of Washington.' I
+remember all the accounts there given of the battle-fields and
+struggles for the liberties of the country; and none fixed themselves
+upon my imagination so deeply as the struggle here at Trenton, New
+Jersey. The crossing of the river, the contest with the Hessians, the
+great hardships endured at that time,--all fixed themselves on my
+memory more than any single Revolutionary event; and you all know, for
+you have all been boys, how those early impressions last longer than
+any others."
+
+"When Abe and I returned to the house from work," writes John Hanks,
+"he would go to the cupboard, snatch a piece of corn bread, sit down,
+take a book, cock his legs up as high as his head, and read. We
+grubbed, plowed, weeded, and worked together barefooted in the field.
+Whenever Abe had a chance in the field while at work, or at the house,
+he would stop and read." And this habit was kept up until Mr. Lincoln
+had found both his life work and his individual expression. Later he
+devoured Shakespeare and Burns; and the poetry of these masters of the
+dramatic and lyric form, sprung like himself from the common soil,
+and like him self-trained and directed, furnished a kind of running
+accompaniment to his work and his play. What he read he not only held
+tenaciously, but took into his imagination and incorporated into
+himself. His familiar talk was enriched with frequent and striking
+illustrations from the Bible and "Æsop's Fables."
+
+This passion for knowledge and for companionship with the great
+writers would have gone for nothing, so far as the boy's training in
+expression was concerned, if he had contented himself with
+acquisition; but he turned everything to account. He was as eager for
+expression as for the material of expression; more eager to write and
+to talk than to read. Bits of paper, stray sheets, even boards served
+his purpose. He was continually transcribing with his own hand
+thoughts or phrases which had impressed him. Everything within reach
+bore evidence of his passion for reading, and for writing as well. The
+flat sides of logs, the surface of the broad wooden shovel, everything
+in his vicinity which could receive a legible mark, was covered with
+his figures and letters. He was studying expression quite as
+intelligently as he was searching for thought. Years afterwards, when
+asked how he had attained such extraordinary clearness of style, he
+recalled his early habit of retaining in his memory words or phrases
+overheard in ordinary conversation or met in books and newspapers,
+until night, meditating on them until he got at their meaning, and
+then translating them into his own simpler speech. This habit, kept up
+for years, was the best possible training for the writing of such
+English as one finds in the Bible and in "The Pilgrim's Progress." His
+self-education in the art of expression soon bore fruit in a local
+reputation both as a talker and a writer. His facility in rhyme and
+essay-writing was not only greatly admired by his fellows, but
+awakened great astonishment, because these arts were not taught in the
+neighboring schools.
+
+In speech too he was already disclosing that command of the primary
+and universal elements of interest in human intercourse which was to
+make him, later, one of the most entertaining men of his time. His
+power of analyzing a subject so as to be able to present it to others
+with complete clearness was already disclosing itself. No matter how
+complex a question might be, he did not rest until he had reduced it
+to its simplest terms. When he had done this he was not only eager to
+make it clear to others, but to give his presentation freshness,
+variety, attractiveness. He had, in a word, the literary sense. "When
+he appeared in company," writes one of his early companions, "the boys
+would gather and cluster around him to hear him talk. Mr. Lincoln was
+figurative in his speech, talks and conversation. He argued much from
+analogy, and explained things hard for us to understand by stories,
+maxims, tales and figures. He would almost always point his lesson or
+idea by some story that was plain and near to us, that we might
+instantly see the force and bearing of what he said."
+
+In that phrase lies the secret of the closeness of Mr. Lincoln's words
+to his theme and to his listeners,--one of the qualities of genuine,
+original expression. He fed himself with thought, and he trained
+himself in expression; but his supreme interest was in the men and
+women about him, and later, in the great questions which agitated
+them. He was in his early manhood when society was profoundly moved by
+searching which could neither be silenced nor evaded; and his lot was
+cast in a section where, as a rule, people read little and talked
+much. Public speech was the chief instrumentality of political
+education and the most potent means of persuasion; but behind the
+platform, upon which Mr. Lincoln was to become a commanding figure,
+were countless private debates carried on at street corners, in hotel
+rooms, by the country road, in every place where men met even in the
+most casual way. In these wayside schools Mr. Lincoln practiced the
+art of putting things until he became a past-master in debate, both
+formal and informal.
+
+If all these circumstances, habits and conditions are studied in their
+entirety, it will be seen that Mr. Lincoln's style, so far as its
+formal qualities are concerned, is in no sense accidental or even
+surprising. He was all his early life in the way of doing precisely
+what he did in his later life with a skill which had become instinct.
+He was educated, in a very unusual way, to speak for his time and to
+his time with perfect sincerity and simplicity; to feel the moral
+bearing of the questions which were before the country; to discern the
+principles involved; and to so apply the principles to the questions
+as to clarify and illuminate them. There is little difficulty in
+accounting for the lucidity, simplicity, flexibility, and compass of
+Mr. Lincoln's style; it is not until we turn to its temperamental and
+spiritual qualities, to the soul of it, that we find ourselves
+perplexed and baffled.
+
+But Mr. Lincoln's possession of certain rare qualities is in no way
+more surprising than their possession by Shakespeare, Burns, and
+Whitman. We are constantly tempted to look for the sources of a man's
+power in his educational opportunities instead of in his temperament
+and inheritance. The springs of genius are purified and directed in
+their flow by the processes of training, but they are fed from deeper
+sources. The man of obscure ancestry and rude surroundings is often in
+closer touch with nature, and with those universal experiences which
+are the very stuff of literature, than the man who is born on the
+upper reaches of social position and opportunity. Mr. Lincoln's
+ancestry for at least two generations were pioneers and frontiersmen,
+who knew hardship and privation, and were immersed in that great wave
+of energy and life which fertilized and humanized the central West.
+They were in touch with those original experiences out of which the
+higher evolution of civilization slowly rises; they knew the soil and
+the sky at first hand; they wrested a meagre subsistence out of the
+stubborn earth by constant toil; they shared to the full the
+vicissitudes and weariness of humanity at its elemental tasks.
+
+It was to this nearness to the heart of a new country, perhaps, that
+Mr. Lincoln owed his intimate knowledge of his people and his deep and
+beautiful sympathy with them. There was nothing sinuous or secondary
+in his processes of thought: they were broad, simple, and homely in
+the old sense of the word. He had rare gifts, but he was rooted deep
+in the soil of the life about him, and so completely in touch with it
+that he divined its secrets and used its speech. This vital sympathy
+gave his nature a beautiful gentleness, and suffused his thought with
+a tenderness born of deep compassion and love. He carried the sorrows
+of his country as truly as he bore its burdens; and when he came to
+speak on the second immortal day at Gettysburg, he condensed into a
+few sentences the innermost meaning of the struggle and the victory in
+the life of the nation. It was this deep heart of pity and love in him
+which carried him far beyond the reaches of statesmanship or oratory,
+and gave his words that finality of expression which marks the noblest
+art.
+
+That there was a deep vein of poetry in Mr. Lincoln's nature is clear
+to one who reads the story of his early life; and this innate
+idealism, set in surroundings so harsh and rude, had something to do
+with his melancholy. The sadness which was mixed with his whole life
+was, however, largely due to his temperament; in which the final
+tragedy seemed always to be predicted. In that temperament too is
+hidden the secret of the rare quality of nature and mind which
+suffused his public speech and turned so much of it into literature.
+There was humor in it, there was deep human sympathy, there was clear
+mastery of words for the use to which he put them; but there was
+something deeper and more pervasive,--there was the quality of his
+temperament; and temperament is a large part of genius. The inner
+forces of his nature played through his thought; and when great
+occasions touched him to the quick, his whole nature shaped his speech
+and gave it clear intelligence, deep feeling, and that beauty which is
+distilled out of the depths of the sorrows and hopes of the world. He
+was as unlike Burke and Webster, those masters of the eloquence of
+statesmanship, as Burns was unlike Milton and Tennyson. Like Burns, he
+held the key of the life of his people; and through him, as through
+Burns, that life found a voice, vibrating, pathetic, and persuasive.
+
+[3] _By permission of R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill Co._
+
+
+LINCOLN'S PRESENCE OF BODY
+
+From "Abe Lincoln's Yarns and Stories"
+
+On one occasion, Colonel Baker was speaking in a court-house, which
+had been a storehouse, and, on making some remarks that were offensive
+to certain political rowdies in the crowd, they cried: "Take him off
+the stand!" Immediate confusion followed, and there was an attempt to
+carry the demand into execution. Directly over the speaker's head was
+an old skylight, at which it appeared Mr. Lincoln had been listening
+to the speech. In an instant, Mr. Lincoln's feet came through the
+skylight, followed by his tall and sinewy frame, and he was standing
+by Colonel Baker's side. He raised his hand, and the assembly subsided
+into silence. "Gentlemen," said Mr. Lincoln, "let us not disgrace the
+age and country in which we live. This is a land where freedom of
+speech is guaranteed. Mr. Baker has a right to speak, and ought to be
+permitted to do so. I am here to protect him, and no man shall take
+him from this stand if I can prevent it."
+
+The suddenness of his appearance, his perfect calmness and fairness,
+and the knowledge that he would do what he had promised to do, quieted
+all disturbance, and the speaker concluded his remarks without
+difficulty.
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN BECAME A NATIONAL FIGURE
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL
+
+From "The Life of Abraham Lincoln."[4]
+
+"The greatest speech ever made in Illinois, and it puts Lincoln on the
+track for the Presidency," was the comment made by enthusiastic
+Republicans on Lincoln's speech before the Bloomington Convention.
+Conscious that it was he who had put the breath of life into their
+organization, the party instinctively turned to him as its leader. The
+effect of this local recognition was at once perceptible in the
+national organization. Less than three weeks after the delivery of the
+Bloomington speech, the national convention of the Republican party
+met in Philadelphia, June 17, to nominate candidates for the
+Presidency and Vice-presidency. Lincoln's name was the second proposed
+for the latter office, and on the first ballot he received one hundred
+and ten votes. The news reached him at Urbana, Ill., where he was
+attending court, one of his companions reading from a daily paper just
+received from Chicago, the result of the ballot. The simple name
+Lincoln was given, without the name of the man's State. Lincoln said
+indifferently that he did not suppose it could be himself; and added
+that there was "another great man" of the name, a man from
+Massachusetts. The next day, however, he knew that it was himself to
+whom the convention had given so strong an endorsement. He knew also
+that the ticket chosen was Frémont and Dayton.
+
+The campaign of the following summer and fall was one of intense
+activity for Lincoln. In Illinois and the neighboring States he made
+over fifty speeches, only fragments of which have been preserved. One
+of the first important ones was delivered on July 4, 1856, at a great
+mass meeting at Princeton, the home of the Lovejoys and the Bryants.
+The people were still irritated by the outrages in Kansas and by the
+attack on Sumner in the Senate, and the temptation to deliver a
+stirring and indignant oration must have been strong. Lincoln's speech
+was, however, a fine example of political wisdom, an historical
+argument admirably calculated to convince his auditors that they were
+right in their opposition to slavery extension, but so controlled and
+sane that it would stir no impulsive radical to violence. There
+probably was not uttered in the United States on that critical 4th of
+July, 1856, when the very foundation of the government was in dispute
+and the day itself seemed a mockery, a cooler, more logical speech
+than this by the man who, a month before, had driven a convention so
+nearly mad that the very reporters had forgotten to make notes. And
+the temper of this Princeton speech Lincoln kept throughout the
+campaign.
+
+In spite of the valiant struggle of the Republicans, Buchanan was
+elected; but Lincoln was in no way discouraged. The Republicans had
+polled 1,341,264 votes in the country. In Illinois, they had given
+Frémont nearly 100,000 votes, and they had elected their candidate for
+governor, General Bissell. Lincoln turned from arguments to
+encouragement and good counsel.
+
+"All of us," he said at a Republican banquet in Chicago, a few weeks
+after the election, "who did not vote for Mr. Buchanan, taken
+together, are a majority of four hundred thousand. But in the late
+contest we were divided between Frémont and Fillmore. Can we not come
+together for the future? Let every one who really believes and is
+resolved that free society is not and shall not be a failure, and who
+can conscientiously declare that in the last contest he had done what
+he thought best--let every such one have charity to believe that every
+other one can say as much. Thus let bygones be bygones; let past
+differences as nothing be; and with steady eye on the real issue let
+us reinaugurate the good old 'central idea' of the republic. We can do
+it. The human heart is with us; God is with us. We shall again be
+able, not to declare that 'all States as States are equal,' nor yet
+that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader,
+better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men
+are created equal.'"
+
+The spring of 1857 gave Lincoln a new line of argument. Buchanan was
+scarcely in the Presidential chair before the Supreme Court, in the
+decision of the Dred Scott case, declared that a negro could not sue
+in the United States courts and that Congress could not prohibit
+slavery in the Territories. This decision was such an evident advance
+of the slave power that there was a violent uproar in the North.
+Douglas went at once to Illinois to calm his constituents. "What," he
+cried, "oppose the Supreme Court! is it not sacred? To resist it is
+anarchy."
+
+Lincoln met him fairly on the issue in a speech at Springfield in
+June, 1857.
+
+"We believe as much as Judge Douglas (perhaps more) in obedience to
+and respect for the judicial department of government.... But we
+think the Dred Scott decision is erroneous. We know the court that
+made it has often overruled its own decisions, and we shall do what we
+can to have it overrule this. We offer no resistance to it.... If this
+important decision had been made by the unanimous concurrence of the
+judges, and without any apparent partisan bias, and in accordance with
+legal public expectation and with the steady practice of the
+departments throughout our history, and had been in no part based on
+assumed historical facts which are not really true; or if, wanting in
+some of these, it had been before the court more than once, and had
+there been affirmed and reaffirmed through a course of years, it then
+might be, perhaps would be, factious, nay, even revolutionary, not to
+acquiesce in it as a precedent. But when, as is true, we find it
+wanting in all these claims to the public confidence, it is not
+resistance, it is not factious, it is not even disrespectful, to treat
+it as not having yet quite established a settled doctrine for the
+country."
+
+Let Douglas cry "awful," "anarchy," "revolution," as much as he would,
+Lincoln's arguments against the Dred Scott decision appealed to common
+sense and won him commendation all over the country. Even the radical
+leaders of the party in the East--Seward, Sumner, Theodore
+Parker--began to notice him, to read his speeches, to consider his
+arguments.
+
+With every month of 1857 Lincoln grew stronger, and his election in
+Illinois as United States senatorial candidate in 1858 against Douglas
+would have been insured if Douglas had not suddenly broken with
+Buchanan and his party in a way which won him the hearty sympathy and
+respect of a large part of the Republicans of the North. By a
+flagrantly unfair vote the pro-slavery leaders of Kansas had secured
+the adoption of the Lecompton Constitution allowing slavery in the
+State. President Buchanan urged Congress to admit Kansas with her
+bogus Constitution. Douglas, who would not sanction so base an
+injustice, opposed the measure, voting with the Republicans steadily
+against the admission. The Buchananists, outraged at what they called
+"Douglas's apostasy," broke with him. Then it was that a part of the
+Republican party, notably Horace Greeley at the head of the New York
+"Tribune," struck by the boldness and nobility of Douglas's
+opposition, began to hope to win him over from the Democrats to the
+Republicans. Their first step was to counsel the leaders of their
+party in Illinois to put up no candidate against Douglas for the
+United States senatorship in 1858.
+
+Lincoln saw this change on the part of the Republican leaders with
+dismay. "Greeley is not doing me right," he said. "... I am a true
+Republican, and have been tried already in the hottest part of the
+anti-slavery fight; and yet I find him taking up Douglas, a veritable
+dodger,--once a tool of the South, now its enemy,--and pushing him to
+the front." He grew so restless over the returning popularity of
+Douglas among the Republicans that Herndon, his law-partner,
+determined to go East to find out the real feeling of the Eastern
+leaders towards Lincoln. Herndon had, for a long time, been in
+correspondence with the leading abolitionists and had no difficulty in
+getting interviews. The returns he brought back from his canvass were
+not altogether reassuring. Seward, Sumner, Phillips, Garrison,
+Beecher, Theodore Parker, all spoke favorably of Lincoln and Seward
+sent him word that the Republicans would never take up so slippery a
+quantity as Douglas had proved himself. But Greeley--the all-important
+Greeley--was lukewarm. "The Republican standard is too high," he told
+Herndon. "We want something practical.... Douglas is a brave man.
+Forget the past and sustain the righteous." "Good God, righteous, eh!"
+groaned Herndon in his letter to Lincoln.
+
+But though the encouragement which came to Lincoln from the East in
+the spring of 1858 was meagre, that which came from Illinois was
+abundant. There the Republicans supported him in whole-hearted
+devotion. In June, the State convention, meeting in Springfield to
+nominate its candidate for Senator, declared that Abraham Lincoln was
+its first and only choice as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas. The
+press was jubilant. "Unanimity is a weak word," wrote the editor of
+the Bloomington "Pantagraph," "to express the universal and intense
+feeling of the convention. _Lincoln!_ LINCOLN!! LINCOLN!!! was the cry
+everywhere, whenever the senatorship was alluded to. Delegates from
+Chicago and from Cairo, from the Wabash and the Illinois, from the
+north, the center, and the south, were alike fierce with enthusiasm,
+whenever that loved name was breathed. Enemies at home and misjudging
+friends abroad, who have looked for dissension among us on the
+question of the senatorship, will please take notice that our
+nomination is a unanimous one; and that, in the event of a Republican
+majority in the next Legislature, no other name than Lincoln's will be
+mentioned, or thought of, by a solitary Republican legislator. One
+little incident in the convention was a pleasing illustration of the
+universality of the Lincoln sentiment. Cook County had brought a
+banner into the assemblage inscribed, 'Cook County for Abraham
+Lincoln.' During a pause in the proceedings, a delegate from another
+county rose and proposed, with the consent of the Cook County
+delegation, 'to amend the banner by substituting for "Cook County" the
+word which I hold in my hand,' at the same time unrolling a scroll,
+and revealing the word 'Illinois' in huge capitals. The Cook
+delegation promptly accepted the amendment, and amidst a perfect
+hurricane of hurrahs, the banner was duly altered to express the
+sentiment of the whole Republican party of the State, thus: 'Illinois
+for Abraham Lincoln.'"
+
+On the evening of the day of his nomination, Lincoln addressed his
+constituents. The first paragraph of his speech gave the key to the
+campaign he proposed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I
+believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half
+free. I do not expect the house to fall--but I do expect it will
+cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other."
+
+Then followed the famous charge of conspiracy against the slavery
+advocates, the charge that Pierce, Buchanan, Chief Justice Taney, and
+Douglas had been making a concerted effort to legalize the institution
+of slavery "in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as
+South." He marshaled one after another of the measures that the
+pro-slavery leaders had secured in the past four years, and clinched
+the argument by one of his inimitable illustrations.
+
+"When we see a lot of framed timbers, different portions of which we
+know have been gotten out of different times and places and by
+different workmen,--Stephen, Franklin, Roger and James,[A] for
+instance,--and we see these timbers joined together, and see they
+exactly make the frame of a house or a mill, all the tenons and
+mortises exactly fitting, and all the lengths and proportions of the
+different pieces exactly adapted to their respective places, and not a
+piece too many or too few, not omitting even the scaffolding--or, if a
+single piece be lacking, we see the place in the frame exactly fitted
+and prepared yet to bring such a piece in--in such a case we find it
+impossible not to believe that Stephen and Franklin and Roger and
+James all understood one another from the beginning, and all worked
+upon a common plan or draft, drawn up before the first blow was
+struck."
+
+The speech was severely criticised by Lincoln's friends. It was too
+radical. It was sectional. He heard the complaints unmoved. "If I had
+to draw a pen across my record," he said, one day, "and erase my whole
+life from sight, and I had one poor gift of choice left as to what I
+should save from the wreck, I should choose that speech and leave it
+to the world unerased."
+
+The speech, was, in fact, one of great political adroitness. It forced
+Douglas to do exactly what he did not want to do in Illinois; explain
+his own record during the past four years; explain the true meaning of
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill; discuss the Dred Scott decision; say whether
+or not he thought slavery so good a thing that the country could
+afford to extend it instead of confining it where it would be in
+course of gradual extinction. Douglas wanted the Republicans of
+Illinois to follow Greeley's advice: "Forgive the past." He wanted to
+make the most among them of his really noble revolt against the
+attempt of his party to fasten an unjust constitution on Kansas.
+Lincoln would not allow him to bask for an instant in the sun of that
+revolt. He crowded him step by step through his party's record, and
+compelled him to face what he called the "profound central truth" of
+the Republican party, "slavery is wrong and ought to be dealt with as
+wrong."
+
+But it was at once evident that Douglas did not mean to
+meet the issue squarely. He called the doctrine of Lincoln's
+"house-divided-against-itself" speech "sectionalism"; his charge of
+conspiracy "false"; his talk of the wrong of slavery extension
+"abolitionism." This went on for a month. Then Lincoln resolved to
+force Douglas to meet his arguments, and challenged him to a series of
+joint debates. Douglas was not pleased. His reply to the challenge was
+irritable, even slightly insolent. To those of his friends who talked
+with him privately of the contest, he said: "I do not feel, between
+you and me, that I want to go into this debate. The whole country
+knows me, and has me measured. Lincoln, as regards myself, is
+comparatively unknown, and if he gets the best of this debate,--and I
+want to say he is the ablest man the Republicans have got,--I shall
+lose everything and Lincoln will gain everything. Should I win, I
+shall gain but little. I do not want to go into a debate with Abe."
+Publicly, however, he carried off the prospect confidently, even
+jauntily. "Mr. Lincoln," he said patronizingly, "is a kind, amiable,
+intelligent gentleman." In the meantime his constituents boasted
+loudly of the fine spectacle they were going to give the State--"the
+Little Giant chawing up Old Abe!"
+
+Many of Lincoln's friends looked forward to the encounter with
+foreboding. Often, in spite of their best intentions, they showed
+anxiety. "Shortly before the first debate came off at Ottawa," says
+Judge H. W. Beckwith of Danville, Ill., "I passed the Chenery House,
+then the principal hotel in Springfield. The lobby was crowded with
+partisan leaders from various sections of the State, and Mr. Lincoln,
+from his greater height, was seen above the surging mass that clung
+about him like a swarm of bees to their ruler. He looked careworn, but
+he met the crowd patiently and kindly, shaking hands, answering
+questions, and receiving assurances of support. The day was warm, and
+at the first chance he broke away and came out for a little fresh air,
+wiping the sweat from his face.
+
+"As he passed the door he saw me, and, taking my hand, inquired for
+the health and views of his 'friends over in Vermilion County.' He was
+assured they were wide awake, and further told that they looked
+forward to the debate between him and Senator Douglas with deep
+concern. From the shadow that went quickly over his face, the pained
+look that came to give quickly way to a blaze of eyes and quiver of
+lips, I felt that Mr. Lincoln had gone beneath my mere words and
+caught my inner and current fears as to the result. And then, in a
+forgiving, jocular way peculiar to him, he said, 'Sit down; I have a
+moment to spare and will tell you a story.' Having been on his feet
+for some time, he sat on the end of the stone steps leading into the
+hotel door, while I stood closely fronting him.
+
+"'You have,' he continued, 'seen two men about to fight?'
+
+"'Yes, many times.'
+
+"'Well, one of them brags about what he means to do. He jumps high in
+the air, cracking his heels together, smites his fists, and wastes his
+breath trying to scare everybody. You see the other fellow, he says
+not a word,'--here Mr. Lincoln's voice and manner changed to great
+earnestness, and repeating--'you see the other man says not a word.
+His arms are at his side, his fists are closely doubled up, his head
+is drawn to the shoulder, and his teeth are set firm together. He is
+saving his wind for the fight, and as sure as it comes off he will win
+it, or die a-trying.'
+
+"He made no other comment, but arose, bade me good-by, and left me to
+apply that illustration."
+
+It was inevitable that Douglas's friends should be sanguine, Lincoln's
+doubtful. The contrast between the two candidates was almost pathetic.
+Senator Douglas was the most brilliant figure in the political life of
+the day. Winning in personality, fearless as an advocate, magnetic in
+eloquence, shrewd in political manoeuvring, he had every quality to
+captivate the public. His resources had never failed him. From his
+entrance into Illinois politics in 1834, he had been the recipient of
+every political honor his party had to bestow. For the past eleven
+years he had been a member of the United States Senate, where he had
+influenced all the important legislation of the day and met in debate
+every strong speaker of North and South. In 1852, and again in 1856,
+he had been a strongly supported, though unsuccessful candidate for
+the Democratic Presidential nomination. In 1858 he was put at or near
+the head of every list of possible Presidential candidates made up for
+1860.
+
+How barren Lincoln's public career in comparison! Three terms in the
+lower house of the State Assembly, one term in Congress, then a
+failure which drove him from public life. Now he returns as a bolter
+from his party, a leader in a new organization which the conservatives
+are denouncing as "visionary," "impractical," "revolutionary."
+
+No one recognized more clearly than Lincoln the difference between
+himself and his opponent. "With me," he said, sadly, in comparing the
+careers of himself and Douglas, "the race of ambition has been a
+failure--a flat failure. With him it has been one of splendid
+success." He warned his party at the outset that, with himself as a
+standard-bearer, the battle must be fought on principle alone, without
+any of the external aids which Douglas's brilliant career gave.
+"Senator Douglas is of world-wide renown," he said; "All the anxious
+politicians of his party, or who have been of his party for years
+past, have been looking upon him as certain, at no distant day, to be
+the President of the United States. They have seen in his round,
+jolly, fruitful face, post-offices, land-offices, marshal-ships, and
+cabinet appointments, chargéships and foreign missions, bursting and
+sprouting out in wonderful exuberance, ready to be laid hold of by
+their greedy hands. And as they have been gazing upon this attractive
+picture so long, they cannot, in the little distraction that has taken
+place in the party, bring themselves to give up the charming hope; but
+with greedier anxiety they rush about him, sustain him, and give him
+marches, triumphal entries, and receptions beyond what even in the
+days of his highest prosperity they could have brought about in his
+favor. On the contrary, nobody has ever expected me to be President.
+In my poor, lean, lank face, nobody has ever seen that any cabbages
+were sprouting out. These are disadvantages, all taken together, that
+the Republicans labor under. We have to fight this battle upon
+principle, and upon principle alone."
+
+If one will take a map of Illinois and locate the points of the
+Lincoln and Douglas debates held between August 21 and October 15,
+1858, he will see that the whole State was traversed in the contest.
+The first took place at Ottawa, about seventy-five miles southwest of
+Chicago, on August 21; the second at Freeport, near the Wisconsin
+boundary, on August 27. The third was in the extreme southern part of
+the State, at Jonesboro, on September 15. Three days later the
+contestants met one hundred and fifty miles northeast of Jonesboro, at
+Charleston. The fifth, sixth, and seventh debates were held in the
+western part of the State; at Galesburg, October 7; Quincy, October
+13; and Alton, October 15.
+
+Constant exposure and fatigue were unavoidable in meeting these
+engagements. Both contestants spoke almost every day through the
+intervals between the joint debates; and as railroad communication in
+Illinois in 1858 was still very incomplete, they were often obliged to
+resort to horse, carriage, or steamer, to reach the desired points.
+Judge Douglas succeeded, however, in making this difficult journey
+something of a triumphal procession. He was accompanied throughout the
+campaign by his wife--a beautiful and brilliant woman--and by a
+number of distinguished Democrats.
+
+On the Illinois Central Railroad he had always a special car,
+sometimes a special train. Frequently he swept by Lincoln,
+side-tracked in an accommodation or freight train. "The gentleman in
+that car evidently smelt no royalty on our carriage," laughed Lincoln
+one day, as he watched from the caboose of a laid-up freight train the
+decorated special of Douglas flying by.
+
+It was only when Lincoln left the railroad and crossed the prairie at
+some isolated town, that he went in state. The attentions he received
+were often very trying to him. He detested what he called "fizzlegigs
+and fireworks," and would squirm in disgust when his friends gave him
+a genuine prairie ovation. Usually, when he was going to a point
+distant from the railway, a "distinguished citizen" met him at the
+station nearest the place with a carriage. When they were come within
+two or three miles of the town, a long procession with banners and
+band would appear winding across the prairie to meet the speaker. A
+speech of greeting was made, and then the ladies of the entertainment
+committee would present Lincoln with flowers, sometimes even winding a
+garland about his head and lanky figure. His embarrassment at these
+attentions was thoroughly appreciated by his friends. At the Ottawa
+debate the enthusiasm of his supporters was so great that they
+insisted on carrying him from the platform to the house where he was
+to be entertained. Powerless to escape from the clutches of his
+admirers, he could only cry, "Don't, boys; let me down; come now,
+don't." But the "boys" persisted, and they tell to-day proudly of
+their exploit and of the cordial hand-shake Lincoln, all embarrassed
+as he was, gave each when at last he was free.
+
+On arrival at the towns where the joint debates were held, Douglas was
+always met by a brass band and a salute of thirty-two guns (the Union
+was composed of thirty-two States in 1858), and was escorted to the
+hotel in the finest equipage to be had. Lincoln's supporters took
+delight in showing their contempt of Douglas's elegance by affecting a
+Republican simplicity, often carrying their candidate through the
+streets on a high and unadorned hay-rack drawn by farm horses. The
+scenes in the towns on the occasion of the debates were perhaps never
+equalled at any other of the hustings of this country. No distance
+seemed too great for the people to go; no vehicle too slow or
+fatiguing. At Charleston there was a great delegation of men, women
+and children present which had come in a long procession from Indiana
+by farm wagons, afoot, on horseback, and in carriages. The crowds at
+three or four of the debates were for that day immense. There were
+estimated to be from eight thousand to fourteen thousand people at
+Quincy, some six thousand at Alton, from ten thousand to fifteen
+thousand at Charleston, some twenty thousand at Ottawa. Many of those
+at Ottawa came the night before. "It was a matter of but a short
+time," says Mr. George Beatty of Ottawa, "until the few hotels, the
+livery stables, and private houses were crowded, and there were no
+accommodations left. Then the campaigners spread out about the town,
+and camped in whatever spot was most convenient. They went along the
+bluff and on the bottom-lands, and that night, the camp-fires, spread
+up and down the valley for a mile, made it look as if an army was
+gathered about us."
+
+When the crowd was massed at the place of the debate, the scene was
+one of the greatest hubbub and confusion. On the corners of the
+squares, and scattered around the outskirts of the crowd, were fakirs
+of every description, selling painkillers and ague cures, watermelons
+and lemonade; jugglers and beggars plied their trades, and the brass
+bands of all the four corners within twenty-five miles tooted and
+pounded at "Hail Columbia, Happy Land," or "Columbia, the Gem of the
+Ocean."
+
+Conspicuous in the processions at all the points was what Lincoln
+called the "Basket of Flowers," thirty-two young girls in a
+resplendent car, representing the Union. At Charleston, a thirty-third
+young woman rode behind the car, representing Kansas. She carried a
+banner inscribed: "I will be free"; a motto which brought out from
+nearly all the newspaper reporters the comment that she was too fair
+to be long free.
+
+The mottoes at the different meetings epitomized the popular
+conception of the issues and the candidates. Among the Lincoln
+sentiments were:
+
+Illinois born under the Ordinance of '87.
+
+    Free Territories and Free Men,
+      Free Pulpits and Free Preachers,
+    Free Press and a Free Pen,
+      Free Schools and Free Teachers.
+
+    "Westward the star of empire takes its way;
+    The girls link on to Lincoln, their mothers were for Clay."
+
+Abe the Giant-Killer.
+
+Edgar County for the Tall Sucker.
+
+A striking feature of the crowds was the number of women they
+included. The intelligent and lively interest they took in the debates
+caused much comment. No doubt Mrs. Douglas's presence had something to
+do with this. They were particularly active in receiving the speakers,
+and at Quincy, Lincoln, on being presented with what the local press
+described as a "beautiful and elegant bouquet," took pains to express
+his gratification at the part women everywhere took in the contest.
+
+While this helter-skelter outpouring of prairiedom had the appearance
+of being little more than a great jollification, a lawless country
+fair, in reality it was with the majority of the people a profoundly
+serious matter. With every discussion it became more vital. Indeed, in
+the first debate, which was opened and closed by Douglas, the relation
+of the two speakers became dramatic. It was here that Douglas hoping
+to fasten on Lincoln the stigma of "abolitionist," charged him with
+having undertaken to abolitionize the old Whig party, and having been
+in 1854 a subscriber to a radical platform proclaimed at Springfield.
+This platform Douglas read. Lincoln, when he replied, could only say
+he was never at the convention--knew nothing of the resolutions; but
+the impression prevailed that he was cornered. The next issue of the
+Chicago "Press and Tribune" dispelled it. That paper had employed to
+report the debates the first shorthand reporter of Chicago, Mr. Robert
+L. Hitt--now a Member of Congress and the Chairman of the Committee on
+Foreign Affairs. Mr. Hitt, when Douglas began to read the resolutions,
+took an opportunity to rest, supposing he could get the original from
+the speaker. He took down only the first line of each resolution. He
+missed Douglas after the debate, but on reaching Chicago, where he
+wrote out his report, he sent an assistant to the files to find the
+platform adopted at the Springfield Convention. It was brought, but
+when Mr. Hitt began to transcribe it he saw at once that it was widely
+different from the one Douglas had read. There was great excitement in
+the office, and the staff, ardently Republican, went to work to
+discover where the resolutions had come from. It was found that they
+originated at a meeting of radical abolitionists with whom Lincoln had
+never been associated.
+
+The "Press and Tribune" announced the "forgery," as it was called in a
+caustic editorial, "The Little Dodger Cornered and Caught." Within a
+week even the remote school-districts of Illinois were discussing
+Douglas's action, and many of the most important papers of the nation
+had made it a subject of editorial comment.
+
+Almost without exception Douglas was condemned. No amount of
+explanation on his part helped him. "The particularity of Douglas's
+charge," said the Louisville "Journal," "precludes the idea that he
+was simply and innocently mistaken." Lovers of fair play were
+disgusted, and those of Douglas's own party who would have applauded a
+trick too clever to be discovered could not forgive him for one which
+had been found out. Greeley came out bitterly against him, and before
+long wrote to Lincoln and Herndon that Douglas was "like the man's boy
+who (he said) didn't weigh so much as he expected and he always knew
+he wouldn't."
+
+Douglas's error became a sharp-edged sword in Lincoln's hand. Without
+directly referring to it, he called his hearers' attention to the
+forgery every time he quoted a document by his elaborate explanation
+that he believed, unless there was some mistake on the part of those
+with whom the matter originated and which he had been unable to
+detect, that this was correct. Once when Douglas brought forward a
+document, Lincoln blandly remarked that he could scarcely be blamed
+for doubting its genuineness since the introduction of the Springfield
+resolutions at Ottawa.
+
+It was in the second debate, at Freeport, that Lincoln made the
+boldest stroke of the contest. Soon after the Ottawa debate, in
+discussing his plan for the next encounter, with a number of his
+political friends,--Washburne, Cook, Judd, and others,--he told them
+he proposed to ask Douglas four questions, which he read. One and all
+cried halt at the second question. Under no condition, they said, must
+he put it. If it were put, Douglas would answer it in such a way as to
+win the senatorship. The morning of the debate, while on the way to
+Freeport, Lincoln read the same questions to Mr. Joseph Medill. "I do
+not like this second question, Mr. Lincoln," said Mr. Medill. The two
+men argued to their journey's end, but Lincoln was still unconvinced.
+Even after he reached Freeport several Republican leaders came to him
+pleading, "Do not ask that question." He was obdurate; and he went on
+the platform with a higher head, a haughtier step than his friends had
+noted in him before. Lincoln was going to ruin himself, the committee
+said despondently; one would think he did not want the senatorship.
+
+The mooted question ran in Lincoln's notes: "Can the people of a
+United States territory in any lawful way, against the wish of any
+citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to
+the formation of a State Constitution?" Lincoln had seen the
+irreconcilableness of Douglas's own measure of popular sovereignty,
+which declared that the people of a territory should be left to
+regulate their domestic concerns in their own way subject only to the
+Constitution, and the decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott
+case that slaves, being property, could not under the Constitution be
+excluded from a territory. He knew that if Douglas said no to this
+question, his Illinois constituents would never return him to the
+Senate. He believed that if he said yes, the people of the South would
+never vote for him for President of the United States. He was willing
+himself to lose the senatorship in order to defeat Douglas for the
+Presidency in 1860. "I am after larger game; the battle of 1860 is
+worth a hundred of this," he said confidently.
+
+The question was put, and Douglas answered it with rare artfulness.
+"It matters not," he cried, "what way the Supreme Court may hereafter
+decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go
+into a territory under the Constitution; the people have the lawful
+means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason
+that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is
+supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can
+only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are
+opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body who
+will, by unfriendly legislation, effectually prevent the introduction
+of it into their midst. If, on the contrary, they are for it, their
+legislature will favor its extension."
+
+His democratic constituents went wild over the clever way in which
+Douglas had escaped Lincoln's trap. He now practically had his
+election. The Republicans shook their heads. Lincoln only was serene.
+He alone knew what he had done. The Freeport debate had no sooner
+reached the pro-slavery press than a storm of protest went up.
+Douglas had betrayed the South. He had repudiated the Supreme Court
+decision. He had declared that slavery could be kept out of the
+territories by other legislation than a State Constitution. "The
+Freeport doctrine," or "the theory of unfriendly legislation," as it
+became known, spread month by month, and slowly but surely made
+Douglas an impossible candidate in the South. The force of the
+question was not realized in full by Lincoln's friends until the
+Democratic party met in Charleston, S. C., in 1860, and the Southern
+delegates refused to support Douglas because of the answer he gave to
+Lincoln's question in the Freeport debate of 1858.
+
+"Do you recollect the argument we had on the way up to Freeport two
+years ago over the question I was going to ask Judge Douglas?" Lincoln
+asked Mr. Joseph Medill, when the latter went to Springfield a few
+days after the election of 1860.
+
+"Yes," said Medill, "I recollect it very well."
+
+"Don't you think I was right now?"
+
+"We were both right. The question hurt Douglas for the Presidency, but
+it lost you the senatorship."
+
+"Yes, and I have won the place he was playing for."
+
+From the beginning of the campaign Lincoln supplemented the strength
+of his arguments by inexhaustible good humor. Douglas, physically
+worn, harassed by the trend which Lincoln had given the discussions,
+irritated that his adroitness and eloquence could not so cover the
+fundamental truth of the Republican position but that it would up
+again, often grew angry, even abusive. Lincoln answered him with most
+effective raillery. At Havana, where he spoke the day after Douglas,
+he said:
+
+"I am informed that my distinguished friend yesterday became a little
+excited--nervous, perhaps--and he said something about fighting, as
+though referring to a pugilistic encounter between him and myself. Did
+anybody in this audience hear him use such language? (Cries of "Yes.")
+I am informed further, that somebody in his audience, rather more
+excited and nervous than himself, took off his coat, and offered to
+take the job off Judge Douglas's hands, and fight Lincoln himself. Did
+anybody here witness that war-like proceeding? (Laughter and cries of
+"Yes.") Well, I merely desire to say that I shall fight neither Judge
+Douglas nor his second. I shall not do this for two reasons, which I
+will now explain. In the first place, a fight would prove nothing
+which is in issue in this contest. It might establish that Judge
+Douglas is a more muscular man than myself, or it might demonstrate
+that I am a more muscular man than Judge Douglas. But this question is
+not referred to in the Cincinnati platform, nor in either of the
+Springfield platforms. Neither result would prove him right nor me
+wrong; and so of the gentleman who volunteered to do this fighting for
+him. If my fighting Judge Douglas would not prove anything, it would
+certainly prove nothing for me to fight his bottle-holder.
+
+"My second reason for not having a personal encounter with the judge
+is, that I don't believe he wants it himself. He and I are about the
+best friends in the world, and when we get together he would no more
+think of fighting me than of fighting his wife. Therefore, ladies and
+gentlemen, when the judge talked about fighting, he was not giving
+vent to any ill feeling of his own, but merely trying to excite--well,
+enthusiasm against me on the part of his audience. And as I find he
+was tolerably successful, we will call it quits."
+
+More difficult for Lincoln to take good-naturedly than threats and
+hard names was the irrelevant matters which Douglas dragged into the
+debates to turn attention from the vital arguments. Thus Douglas
+insisted repeatedly on taunting Lincoln because his zealous friends
+had carried him off the platform at Ottawa. "Lincoln was so frightened
+by the questions put to him," said Douglas, "that he could not walk."
+He tried to arouse the prejudice of the audience by absurd charges of
+abolitionism. Lincoln wanted to give negroes social equality; he
+wanted a negro wife; he was willing to allow Fred Douglass to make
+speeches for him. Again he took up a good deal of Lincoln's time by
+forcing him to answer to a charge of refusing to vote supplies for the
+soldiers in the Mexican War. Lincoln denied and explained, until at
+last, at Charleston, he turned suddenly to Douglas's supporters,
+dragging one of the strongest of them--the Hon. O. B. Ficklin, with
+whom he had been in Congress in 1848--to the platform.
+
+"I do not mean to do anything with Mr. Ficklin," he said, "except to
+present his face and tell you that he personally knows it to be a
+lie." And Mr. Ficklin had to acknowledge that Lincoln was right.
+
+"Judge Douglas," said Lincoln in speaking of this policy, "is playing
+cuttlefish--a small species of fish that has no mode of defending
+himself when pursued except by throwing out a black fluid which makes
+the water so dark the enemy cannot see it, and thus it escapes."
+
+The question at stake was too serious in Lincoln's judgment, for
+platform jugglery. Every moment of his time which Douglas forced him
+to spend answering irrelevant charges he gave begrudgingly. He
+struggled constantly to keep his speeches on the line of solid
+argument. Slowly but surely those who followed the debates began to
+understand this. It was Douglas who drew the great masses to the
+debates in the first place; it was because of him that the public men
+and the newspapers of the East, as well as of the West, watched the
+discussions. But as the days went on it was not Douglas who made the
+impression.
+
+During the hours of the speeches the two men seemed well mated. "I can
+recall only one fact of the debates," says Mrs. William Crotty, of
+Seneca, Illinois, "that I felt so sorry for Lincoln when Douglas was
+speaking, and then to my surprise I felt so sorry for Douglas when
+Lincoln replied." The disinterested to whom it was an intellectual
+game, felt the power and charm of both men. Partisans had each reason
+enough to cheer. It was afterwards, as the debates were talked over by
+auditors as they lingered at the country store or were grouped on the
+fence in the evening, or when they were read in the generous reports
+which the newspapers of Illinois and even of other States gave, that
+the thoroughness of Lincoln's argument was understood. Even the first
+debate at Ottawa had a surprising effect. "I tell you," says Mr.
+George Beatty of Ottawa, "that debate set people thinking on these
+important questions in a way they hadn't dreamed of. I heard any
+number of men say: 'This thing is an awfully serious question, and I
+have about concluded Lincoln has got it right.' My father, a
+thoughtful, God-fearing man, said to me, as we went home to supper,
+'George, you are young, and don't see what this thing means, as I do.
+Douglas's speeches of "squatter sovereignty" please you younger men,
+but I tell you that with us older men it's a great question that faces
+us. We've either got to keep slavery back or it's going to spread all
+over the country. That's the real question that's behind all this.
+Lincoln is right.' And that was the feeling that prevailed, I think,
+among the majority, after the debate was over. People went home
+talking about the danger of slavery getting a hold in the North. This
+territory had been Democratic; La Salle County, the morning of the day
+of the debate, was Democratic; but when the next day came around,
+hundreds of Democrats had been made Republicans, owing to the light in
+which Lincoln had brought forward the fact that slavery threatened."
+
+It was among Lincoln's own friends, however, that his speeches
+produced the deepest impression. They had believed him to be strong,
+but probably there was no one of them who had not felt dubious about
+his ability to meet Douglas. Many even feared a fiasco. Gradually it
+began to be clear to them that Lincoln was the stronger. Could it be
+that Lincoln really was a great man? The young Republican journalists
+of the "Press and Tribune"--Scripps, Hitt, Medill--began to ask
+themselves the question. One evening as they talked over Lincoln's
+argument a letter was received. It came from a prominent Eastern
+statesman. "Who is this man that is replying to Douglas in your
+State?" he asked. "Do you realize that no greater speeches have been
+made on public questions in the history of our country; that his
+knowledge of the subject is profound, his logical unanswerable, his
+style inimitable?" Similar letters kept coming from various parts of
+the country. Before the campaign was over Lincoln's friends were
+exultant. Their favorite was a great man, "a full-grown man," as one
+of them wrote in his paper.
+
+The country at large watched Lincoln with astonishment. When the
+debates began there were Republicans in Illinois of wider national
+reputation. Judge Lyman Trumbull, then Senator; was better known. He
+was an able debater, and a speech which he made in August against
+Douglas's record called from the New York "Evening Post" the remark:
+"This is the heaviest blow struck at Senator Douglas since he took the
+field in Illinois; it is unanswerable, and we suspect that it will be
+fatal." Trumbull's speech the "Post" afterwards published in pamphlet
+form. Besides Trumbull, Owen Lovejoy, Oglesby, and Palmer were all
+speaking. That Lincoln should not only have so far outstripped men of
+his own party, but should have out-argued Douglas, was the cause of
+comment everywhere. "No man of this generation," said the "Evening
+Post" editorially, at the close of the debate, "has grown more rapidly
+before the country than Lincoln in this canvass." As a matter of fact,
+Lincoln had attracted the attention of all the thinking men of the
+country. "The first thing that really awakened my interest in him,"
+says Henry Ward Beecher, "was his speech parallel with Douglas in
+Illinois, and indeed it was that manifestation of ability that secured
+his nomination to the Presidency."
+
+But able as were Lincoln's arguments, deep as was the impression he
+had made, he was not elected to the senatorship. Douglas won fairly
+enough; though it is well to note that if the Republicans did not
+elect a senator they gained a substantial number of votes over those
+polled in 1856.
+
+Lincoln accepted the result with a serenity inexplicable to his
+supporters. To him the contest was but one battle in a "durable"
+struggle. Little matter who won now, if in the end the right
+triumphed. From the first he had looked at the final result--not at
+the senatorship. "I do not claim, gentlemen, to be unselfish," he said
+at Chicago in July. "I do not pretend that I would not like to go to
+the United States Senate; I make no such hypocritical pretense; but I
+do say to you that in this mighty issue, it is nothing to you, nothing
+to the mass of the people of the nation, whether or not Judge Douglas
+or myself shall ever be heard of after this night; it may be a trifle
+to either of us, but in connection with this mighty question, upon
+which hang the destinies of the nation perhaps, it is absolutely
+nothing."
+
+The intense heat and fury of the debates, the defeat in November, did
+not alter a jot this high view. "I am glad I made the late race," he
+wrote Dr. A. H. Henry. "It gave me a hearing on the great and durable
+question of the age which I would have had in no other way; and though
+I now sink out of view and shall be forgotten, I believe I have made
+some marks which will tell for the cause of civil liberty long after I
+am gone."
+
+At that date perhaps no one appreciated the value of what Lincoln had
+done as well as he did himself. He was absolutely sure he was right
+and that in the end people would see it. Though he might not rise, he
+knew his cause would.
+
+"Douglas had the ingenuity to be supported in the late contest both as
+the best means to break down and to uphold the slave interest," he
+wrote. "No ingenuity can keep these antagonistic elements in harmony
+long. Another explosion will soon occur." His whole attention was
+given to conserving what the Republicans had gained--"We have some one
+hundred and twenty thousand clear Republican votes. That pile is worth
+keeping together;" to consoling his friends--"You are feeling badly,"
+he wrote to N. B. Judd, Chairman of the Republican Committee, "and
+this too shall pass away, never fear"; to rallying for another
+effort,--"The cause of civil liberty must not be surrendered at the
+end of one or even one hundred defeats."
+
+If Lincoln had at times a fear that his defeat would cause him to be
+set aside, it soon was dispelled. The interest awakened in him was
+genuine, and it spread with the wider reading and discussion of his
+arguments. He was besieged by letters from all parts of the Union,
+congratulations, encouragements, criticisms. Invitations for lectures
+poured in upon him, and he became the first choice of his entire party
+for political speeches.
+
+The greater number of these invitations he declined. He had given so
+much time to politics since 1854 that his law practice had been
+neglected and he was feeling poor; but there were certain of the calls
+which could not be resisted. Douglas spoke several times for the
+Democrats of Ohio in the 1859 campaign for governor and Lincoln
+naturally was asked to reply. He made but two speeches, one at
+Columbus on September 16 and the other at Cincinnati on September 17,
+but he had great audiences on both occasions. The Columbus speech was
+devoted almost entirely to answering an essay by Douglas which had
+been published in the September number of "Harper's Magazine," and
+which began by asserting that--"Under our complex system of government
+it is the first duty of American statesmen to mark distinctly the
+dividing-line between Federal and Local authority." It was an
+elaborate argument for "popular sovereignty" and attracted national
+attention. Indeed, at the moment it was the talk of the country.
+Lincoln literally tore it to bits.
+
+"What is Judge Douglas's popular sovereignty?" he asked. "It is, as a
+principle, no other than that if one man chooses to make a slave of
+another man, neither that other man nor anybody else has a right to
+object. Applied in government, as he seeks to apply it, it is this:
+If, in a new territory into which a few people are beginning to enter
+for the purpose of making their homes, they choose to either exclude
+from their limits or to establish it there, however one or the other
+may affect the persons to be enslaved, or the infinitely greater
+number of persons who are afterward to inhabit that territory, or the
+other members of the families, or communities, of which they are but
+an incipient member, or the general head of the family of States as
+parent of all--however their action may affect one or the other of
+these, there is no power or right to interfere. That is Douglas's
+popular sovereignty applied."
+
+It was in this address that Lincoln uttered the oft-quoted paragraphs:
+
+"I suppose the institution of slavery really looks small to him. He
+is so put up by nature that a lash upon his back would hurt him, but a
+lash upon anybody else's back does not hurt him. That is the build of
+the man, and consequently he looks upon the matter of slavery in this
+unimportant light.
+
+"Judge Douglas ought to remember, when he is endeavoring to force this
+policy upon the American people, that while he is put up in that way,
+a good many are not. He ought to remember that there was once in this
+country a man by the name of Thomas Jefferson, supposed to be a
+Democrat--a man whose principles and policy are not very prevalent
+amongst Democrats to-day, it is true; but that man did not exactly
+take this view of the insignificance of the element of slavery which
+our friend Judge Douglas does. In contemplation of this thing, we all
+know he was led to exclaim, 'I tremble for my country when I remember
+that God is just!' We know how he looked upon it when he thus
+expressed himself. There was danger to this country, danger of the
+avenging justice of God, in that little unimportant popular
+sovereignty question of Judge Douglas. He supposed there was a
+question of God's eternal justice wrapped up in the enslaving of any
+race of men, or any man, and that those who did so braved the arm of
+Jehovah--that when a nation thus dared the Almighty, every friend of
+that nation had cause to dread his wrath. Choose ye between Jefferson
+and Douglas as to what is the true view of this element among us."
+
+One interesting point about the Columbus address is that in it appears
+the germ of the Cooper Institute speech delivered five months later in
+New York City.
+
+Lincoln made so deep an impression in Ohio by his speeches that the
+State Republican Committee asked permission to publish them together
+with the Lincoln-Douglas Debates as campaign documents in the
+Presidential election of the next year.
+
+In December he yielded to the persuasion of his Kansas political
+friends and delivered five lectures in that State, only fragments of
+which have been preserved.
+
+Unquestionably the most effective piece of work he did that winter was
+the address at Cooper Institute, New York, on February 27. He had
+received an invitation in the fall of 1859 to lecture at Plymouth
+Church, Brooklyn. To his friends it was evident that he was greatly
+pleased by the compliment, but that he feared that he was not equal to
+an Eastern audience. After some hesitation he accepted, provided they
+would take a political speech if he could find time to get up no
+other. When he reached New York he found that he was to speak there
+instead of Brooklyn, and that he was certain to have a distinguished
+audience. Fearful lest he was not as well prepared as he ought to be,
+conscious, too, no doubt, that he had a great opportunity before him,
+he spent nearly all of the two days and a half before his lecture in
+revising his matter and in familiarizing himself with it. In order
+that he might be sure that he was heard he arranged with his friend,
+Mason Brayman, who had come on to New York with him, to sit in the
+back of the hall and in case he did not speak loud enough to raise his
+high hat on a cane.
+
+Mr. Lincoln's audience was a notable one even for New York. It
+included William Cullen Bryant, who introduced him; Horace Greeley,
+David Dudley Field, and many more well known men of the day. It is
+doubtful if there were any persons present, even his best friends, who
+expected that Lincoln would do more than interest his hearers by his
+sound arguments. Many have confessed since that they feared his queer
+manner and quaint speeches would amuse people so much that they would
+fail to catch the weight of his logic. But to the surprise of
+everybody Lincoln impressed his audience from the start by his dignity
+and his seriousness. "His manner was, to a New York audience, a very
+strange one, but it was captivating," wrote an auditor. "He held the
+vast meeting spellbound, and as one by one his oddly expressed but
+trenchant and convincing arguments confirmed the soundness of his
+political conclusions, the house broke out in wild and prolonged
+enthusiasm. I think I never saw an audience more thoroughly carried
+away by an orator."
+
+The Cooper Union speech was founded on a sentence from one of
+Douglas's Ohio speeches:--"Our fathers when they framed the government
+under which we live understood this question just as well, and even
+better, than we do now." Douglas claimed that the "fathers" held that
+the Constitution forbade the Federal government controlling slavery
+in the Territories. Lincoln with infinite care had investigated the
+opinions and votes of each of the "fathers"--whom he took to be the
+thirty-nine men who signed the Constitution--and showed conclusively
+that a majority of them "certainly understood that no proper division
+of local from Federal authority nor any part of the Constitution
+forbade the Federal government to control slavery in the Federal
+Territories." Not only did he show this of the thirty-nine framers of
+the original Constitution, but he defied anybody to show that one of
+the seventy-six members of the Congress which framed the amendments to
+the Constitution ever held any such view.
+
+"Let us," he said, "who believe that 'our fathers who framed the
+government under which we live understood this question just as well,
+and even better, than we do now,' speak as they spoke, and act as they
+acted upon it. This is all Republicans ask--all Republicans desire--in
+relation to slavery. As those fathers marked it, so let it be again
+marked, as an evil not to be extended, but to be tolerated and
+protected only because of and so far as its actual presence among us
+makes that toleration and protection a necessity. Let all the
+guaranties those fathers gave it be not grudgingly, but fully and
+fairly, maintained. For this Republicans contend, and with this, so
+far as I know or believe, they will be content."
+
+One after another he took up and replied to the charges the South was
+making against the North at the moment:--Sectionalism, radicalism,
+giving undue prominence to the slave question, stirring up
+insurrection among slaves, refusing to allow constitutional rights,
+and to each he had an unimpassioned answer inpregnable with facts.
+
+The discourse was ended with what Lincoln felt to be a precise
+statement of the opinion of the question on both sides, and of the
+duty of the Republican party under the circumstances. This portion of
+his address is one of the finest early examples of that simple and
+convincing style in which most of his later public documents were
+written.
+
+"If slavery is right," he said, "all words, acts, laws, and
+constitutions against it are themselves wrong, and should be silenced
+and swept away. If it is right, we cannot justly object to its
+nationality--its universality; if it is wrong, they cannot justly
+insist upon its extension--its enlargement. All they ask we could
+readily grant, if we thought slavery right; all we ask they could as
+readily grant, if they thought it wrong. Their thinking it right and
+our thinking it wrong is the precise fact upon which depends the whole
+controversy. Thinking it right, as they do, they are not to blame for
+desiring its full recognition as being right; but thinking it wrong,
+as we do, can we yield to them? Can we cast our votes with their
+views, and against our own? In view of our moral, social, and
+political responsibilities, can we do this?
+
+"Wrong, as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone
+where it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from
+its actual presence in the nation; but can we, while our votes will
+prevent it, allow it to spread into the national Territories, and to
+overrun us here in these free States? If our sense of duty forbids
+this, then let us stand by our duty fearlessly and effectively. Let us
+be diverted by none of those sophistical contrivances wherewith we are
+so industriously plied and belabored--contrivances such as groping for
+some middle ground between right and wrong: vain as the search for a
+man who should be neither a living man nor a dead man; such as a
+policy of 'don't care' on a question about which all true men do care;
+such as Union appeals beseeching true Union men to yield to
+Disunionists, reversing the divine rule, and calling, not the sinners,
+but the righteous to repentance; such as invocations to Washington,
+imploring men to unsay what Washington said and undo what Washington
+did.
+
+"Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusations
+against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction to the
+government, nor of dungeons to ourselves. Let us have faith that right
+makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty
+as we understand it."
+
+From New York Lincoln went to New Hampshire to visit his son Robert,
+then at Phillips Exeter Academy. His coming was known only a short
+time before he arrived and hurried arrangements were made for him to
+speak at Concord, Manchester, Exeter and Dover. At Concord the address
+was made in the afternoon on only a few hours' notice; nevertheless,
+he had a great audience, so eager were men at the time to hear
+anybody who had serious arguments on the slavery question. Something
+of the impression Lincoln made in New Hampshire may be gathered from
+the following article, "Mr. Lincoln in New Hampshire," which appeared
+in the Boston "Atlas and Bee" for March 5:
+
+The Concord "Statesman" says that notwithstanding the rain of
+Thursday, rendering travelling very inconvenient, the largest hall in
+that city was crowded to hear Mr. Lincoln. The editor says it was one
+of the most powerful, logical and compacted speeches to which it was
+ever our fortune to listen; an argument against the system of slavery,
+and in defence of the position of the Republican party, from the
+deductions of which no reasonable man could possibly escape. He
+fortified every position assumed, by proofs which it is impossible to
+gainsay; and while his speech was at intervals enlivened by remarks
+which elicited applause at the expense of the Democratic party, there
+was, nevertheless, not a single word which tended to impair the
+dignity of the speaker, or weaken the force of the great truths he
+uttered.
+
+The "Statesman" adds that the address "was perfect and was closed by a
+peroration which brought his audience to their feet. We are not
+extravagant in the remark, that a political speech of greater power
+has rarely if ever been uttered in the Capital of New Hampshire. At
+its conclusion nine roof-raising cheers were given; three for the
+speaker, three for the Republicans of Illinois, and three for the
+Republicans of New Hampshire."
+
+On the same evening Mr. Lincoln spoke at Manchester, to an immense
+gathering in Smyth's Hall. The "Mirror," a neutral paper, gives the
+following enthusiastic notice of his speech: "The audience was a
+flattering one to the reputation of the speaker. It was composed of
+persons of all sorts of political notions, earnest to hear one whose
+fame was so great, and we think most of them went away thinking better
+of him than they anticipated they should. He spoke an hour and a half
+with great fairness, great apparent candor, and with wonderful
+interest. He did not abuse the South, the Administration, or the
+Democrats, or indulge in any personalities, with the solitary
+exception of a few hits at Douglas's notions. He is far from
+prepossessing in personal appearance, and his voice is disagreeable,
+and yet he wins your attention and good will from the start.
+
+"He indulges in no flowers of rhetoric, no eloquent passages; he is
+not a wit, a humorist or a clown; yet, so great a vein of pleasantry
+and good nature pervades what he says, gliding over a deep current of
+practical argument, he keeps his hearers in a smiling good mood with
+their mouths open ready to swallow all he says. His sense of the
+ludicrous is very keen, and an exhibition of that is the clincher of
+all his arguments; not the ludicrous acts of persons, but ludicrous
+ideas. Hence he is never offensive, and steals away willingly into
+his train of belief, persons who are opposed to him. For the first
+half hour his opponents would agree with every word he uttered, and
+from that point he began to lead them off, little by little,
+cunningly, till it seemed as if he had got them all into his fold. He
+displays more shrewdness, more knowledge of the masses of mankind than
+any public speaker we have heard since long Jim Wilson left for
+California."
+
+From New Hampshire Lincoln went to Connecticut, where on March 5 he
+spoke at Hartford, on March 6 at New Haven, on March 8 at Woonsocket,
+on March 9 at Norwich. There are no reports of the New Hampshire
+speeches, but two of the Connecticut speeches were published in part
+and one in full. Their effect was very similar, according to the
+newspapers of the day, to that in New Hampshire, described by the
+"Atlas and Bee."
+
+By his debates with Douglas and the speeches in Ohio, Kansas, New York
+and New England, Lincoln had become a national figure in the minds of
+all the political leaders of the country, and of the thinking men of
+the North. Never in the history of the United States had a man become
+prominent in a more logical and intelligent way. At the beginning of
+the struggle against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854,
+Abraham Lincoln was scarcely known outside of his own State. Even most
+of the men whom he had met in his brief term in Congress had forgotten
+him. Yet in four years he had become one of the central figures of
+his party; and now, by worsting the greatest orator and politician of
+his time, he had drawn the eyes of the nation to him.
+
+It had been a long road he had travelled to make himself a national
+figure. Twenty-eight years before he had deliberately entered
+politics. He had been beaten, but had persisted; he had succeeded and
+failed; he had abandoned the struggle and returned to his profession.
+His outraged sense of justice had driven him back, and for six years
+he had travelled up and down Illinois trying to prove to men that
+slavery extension was wrong. It was by no one speech, by no one
+argument that he had wrought. Every day his ceaseless study and
+pondering gave him new matter, and every speech he made was fresh. He
+could not repeat an old speech, he said, because the subject enlarged
+and widened so in his mind as he went on that it was "easier to make a
+new one than an old one." He had never yielded in his campaign to
+tricks of oratory--never played on emotions. He had been so strong in
+his convictions of the right of his case that his speeches had been
+arguments pure and simple. Their elegance was that of a demonstration
+in Euclid. They persuaded because they proved. He had never for a
+moment counted personal ambition before the cause. To insure an ardent
+opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in the United States Senate, he
+had at one time given up his chance for the senatorship. To show the
+fallacy of Douglas's argument, he had asked a question which his party
+pleaded with him to pass by, assuring him that it would lose him the
+election. In every step of this six years he had been disinterested,
+calm, unyielding, and courageous. He knew he was right, and could
+afford to wait. "The result is not doubtful," he told his friends. "We
+shall not fail--if we stand firm. We shall not fail. Wise counsels may
+accelerate or mistakes delay it; but, sooner or later, the victory is
+sure to come."
+
+The country, amazed at the rare moral and intellectual character of
+Lincoln, began to ask questions about him, and then his history came
+out; a pioneer home, little schooling, few books, hard labor at all
+the many trades of the frontiersman, a profession mastered o' nights
+by the light of a friendly cooper's fire, an early entry into politics
+and law--and then twenty-five years of incessant poverty and struggle.
+
+The homely story gave a touch of mystery to the figure which loomed so
+large. Men felt a sudden reverence for a mind and heart developed to
+these noble proportions in so unfriendly a habitat. They turned
+instinctively to one so familiar with strife for help in solving the
+desperate problem with which the nation had grappled. And thus it was
+that, at fifty years of age, Lincoln became a national figure.
+
+[4] _By special permission of the McClure Company._
+
+[A] _Stephen_ A. Douglas, _Franklin_ Pierce, _Roger_ Taney, _James_
+Buchanan.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S LOVE FOR THE LITTLE ONES
+
+Soon after his election as President and while visiting Chicago, one
+evening at a social gathering Mr. Lincoln saw a little girl timidly
+approaching him. He at once called her to him, and asked the little
+girl what she wished.
+
+She replied that she wanted his name.
+
+Mr. Lincoln looked back into the room and said: "But here are other
+little girls--they would feel badly if I should give my name only to
+you."
+
+The little girl replied that there were eight of them in all.
+
+"Then," said Mr. Lincoln, "get me eight sheets of paper, and a pen and
+ink, and I will see what I can do for you."
+
+The paper was brought, and Mr. Lincoln sat down in the crowded
+drawing-room, and wrote a sentence upon each sheet, appending his
+name; and thus every little girl carried off her souvenir.
+
+During the same visit and while giving a reception at one of the
+hotels, a fond father took in a little boy by the hand who was anxious
+to see the new President. The moment the child entered the parlor door
+he, of his own accord and quite to the surprise of his father, took
+off his hat, and, giving it a swing, cried: "Hurrah for Lincoln!"
+There was a crowd, but as soon as Mr. Lincoln could get hold of the
+little fellow, he lifted him in his hands, and, tossing him towards
+the ceiling, laughingly shouted: "Hurrah for you!"
+
+It was evidently a refreshing incident to Lincoln in the dreary work
+of hand-shaking.
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN TOOK HIS ALTITUDE
+
+Soon after Mr. Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency, the Executive
+Chamber, a large fine room in the State House at Springfield, was set
+apart for him, where he met the public until after his election.
+
+As illustrative of the nature of many of his calls, the following
+brace of incidents were related to Mr. Holland by an eye witness: "Mr.
+Lincoln, being seated in conversation with a gentleman one day, two
+raw, plainly-dressed young 'Suckers' entered the room, and bashfully
+lingered near the door. As soon as he observed them, and apprehended
+their embarrassment, he rose and walked to them, saying, 'How do you
+do, my good fellows? What can I do for you? Will you sit down?' The
+spokesman of the pair, the shorter of the two, declined to sit, and
+explained the object of the call thus: he had had a talk about the
+relative height of Mr. Lincoln and his companion, and had asserted his
+belief that they were of exactly the same height. He had come in to
+verify his judgment. Mr. Lincoln smiled, went and got his cane, and,
+placing the end of it upon the wall, said:
+
+"'Here, young man, come under here.'
+
+"The young man came under the cane, as Mr. Lincoln held it, and when
+it was perfectly adjusted to his height, Mr. Lincoln said:
+
+"'Now, come out, and hold up the cane.'
+
+"This he did while Mr. Lincoln stepped under. Rubbing his head back
+and forth to see that it worked easily under the measurement, he
+stepped out, and declared to the sagacious fellow who was curiously
+looking on, that he had guessed with remarkable accuracy--that he and
+the young man were exactly the same height. Then he shook hands with
+them and sent them on their way. Mr. Lincoln would just as soon have
+thought of cutting off his right hand as he would have thought of
+turning those boys away with the impression that they had in any way
+insulted his dignity."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IN THE WHITE HOUSE
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN WAS ABUSED
+
+With the possible exception of President Washington, whose political
+opponents did not hesitate to rob the vocabulary of vulgarity and
+wickedness whenever they desired to vilify the Chief Magistrate,
+Lincoln was the most and "best" abused man who ever held office in the
+United States. During the first half of his initial term there was no
+epithet which was not applied to him.
+
+One newspaper in New York habitually characterized him as "that
+hideous baboon at the other end of the avenue," and declared that
+"Barnum should buy and exhibit him as a zoological curiosity."
+
+Although the President did not, to all appearances, exhibit annoyance
+because of the various diatribes printed and spoken, yet the fact is
+that his life was so cruelly embittered by these and other expressions
+quite as virulent, that he often declared to those most intimate with
+him, "I would rather be dead than, as President, be thus abused in the
+house of my friends."
+
+
+SONNET IN 1862
+
+BY JOHN JAMES PIATT[5]
+
+    Stern be the Pilot in the dreadful hour
+      When a great nation, like a ship at sea
+      With the wroth breakers whitening at her lee,
+    Feels her last shudder if her Helmsman cower;
+    A godlike manhood be his mighty dower!
+      Such and so gifted, Lincoln, may'st thou be
+      With thy high wisdom's low simplicity
+    And awful tenderness of voted power:
+    From our hot records then thy name shall stand
+      On Time's calm ledger out of passionate days--
+    With the pure debt of gratitude begun,
+      And only paid in never-ending praise--
+    One of the many of a mighty Land,
+    Made by God's providence the Anointed One.
+
+[5] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+LINCOLN THE PRESIDENT
+
+BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL
+
+From the Essay in "My Study Windows"
+
+Never did a President enter upon office with less means at his
+command, outside his own strength of heart and steadiness of
+understanding, for inspiring confidence in the people, and so winning
+it for himself, than Mr. Lincoln. All that was known to him was that
+he was a good stump-speaker, nominated for his availability--that is,
+because he had no history--and chosen by a party with whose more
+extreme opinions he was not in sympathy. It might well be feared that
+a man past fifty, against whom the ingenuity of hostile partisans
+could rake up no accusation, must be lacking in manliness of
+character, in decision of principle, in strength of will; that a man
+who was at best only the representative of a party, and who yet did
+not fairly represent even that, would fail of political, much more of
+popular, support. And certainly no one ever entered upon office with
+so few resources of power in the past, and so many materials of
+weakness in the present, as Mr. Lincoln. Even in that half of the
+Union which acknowledged him as President, there was a large, and at
+that time dangerous minority, that hardly admitted his claim to the
+office, and even in the party that elected him there was also a large
+minority that suspected him of being secretly a communicant with the
+church of Laodicea. All that he did was sure to be virulently attacked
+as ultra by one side; all that he left undone, to be stigmatized as
+proof of lukewarmness and backsliding by the other. Meanwhile he was
+to carry on a truly colossal war by means of both; he was to disengage
+the country from diplomatic entanglements of unprecedented peril
+undisturbed by the help or the hindrance of either, and to win from
+the crowning dangers of his administration, in the confidence of the
+people, the means of his safety and their own. He has contrived to do
+it, and perhaps none of our Presidents since Washington has stood so
+firm in the confidence of the people as he does after three years of
+stormy administration.
+
+Mr. Lincoln's policy was a tentative one, and rightly so. He laid down
+no programme which must compel him to be either inconsistent or
+unwise, no cast-iron theorem to which circumstances must be fitted as
+they rose, or else be useless to his ends. He seemed to have chosen
+Mazarin's motto, _Le temps et moi_. The _moi_, to be sure, was not
+very prominent at first; but it has grown more and more so, till the
+world is beginning to be persuaded that it stands for a character of
+marked individuality and capacity for affairs. Time was his
+prime-minister, and, we began to think, at one period, his
+general-in-chief also. At first he was so slow that he tired out all
+those who see no evidence of progress but in blowing up the engine;
+then he was so fast, that he took the breath away from those who think
+there is no getting on safely while there is a spark of fire under the
+boilers. God is the only being who has time enough; but a prudent man,
+who knows how to seize occasion, can commonly make a shift to find as
+much as he needs. Mr. Lincoln, as it seems to us in reviewing his
+career, though we have sometimes in our impatience thought otherwise,
+has always waited, as a wise man should, till the right moment
+brought up all his reserves. _Semper nocuit differre paratis_, is a
+sound axiom, but the really efficacious man will also be sure to know
+when he is not ready, and be firm against all persuasion and reproach
+till he is.
+
+One would be apt to think, from some of the criticisms made on Mr.
+Lincoln's course by those who mainly agree with him in principle, that
+the chief object of a statesman should be rather to proclaim his
+adhesion to certain doctrines, than to achieve their triumph by
+quietly accomplishing his ends. In our opinion, there is no more
+unsafe politician than a conscientiously rigid doctrinaire, nothing
+more sure to end in disaster than a theoretic scheme of policy that
+admits of no pliability for contingencies. True, there is a popular
+image of an impossible He, in whose plastic hands the submissive
+destinies of mankind become as wax, and to whose commanding necessity
+the toughest facts yield with the graceful pliancy of fiction; but in
+real life we commonly find that the men who control circumstances, as
+it is called, are those who have learned to allow for the influence of
+their eddies, and have the nerve to turn them to account at the happy
+instant. Mr. Lincoln's perilous task has been to carry a rather shaky
+raft through the rapids, making fast the unrulier logs as he could
+snatch opportunity, and the country is to be congratulated that he did
+not think it his duty to run straight at all hazards, but cautiously
+to assure himself with his setting-pole where the main current was,
+and keep steadily to that. He is still in wild water, but we have
+faith that his skill and sureness of eye will bring him out right at
+last.
+
+A curious, and, as we think, not inapt parallel, might be drawn
+between Mr. Lincoln and one of the most striking figures in modern
+history--Henry IV. of France. The career of the latter may be more
+picturesque, as that of a daring captain always is; but in all its
+vicissitudes there is nothing more romantic than that sudden change,
+as by a rub of Aladdin's lamp, from the attorney's office in a country
+town of Illinois to the helm of a great nation in times like these.
+The analogy between the characters and circumstances of the two men is
+in many respects singularly close. Succeeding to a rebellion rather
+than a crown, Henry's chief material dependence was the Huguenot
+party, whose doctrines sat upon him with a looseness distasteful
+certainly, if not suspicious, to the more fanatical among them. King
+only in name over the greater part of France, and with his capital
+barred against him, it yet gradually became clear to the more
+far-seeing even of the Catholic party that he was the only center of
+order and legitimate authority round which France could reorganize
+itself. While preachers who held the divine right of kings made the
+churches of Paris ring with declamations in favor of democracy rather
+than submit to the heretic dog of a Béarnois--much as our _soi-disant_
+Democrats have lately been preaching the divine right of slavery, and
+denouncing the heresies of the Declaration of Independence--Henry bore
+both parties in hand till he was convinced that only one course of
+action could possibly combine his own interests and those of France.
+Meanwhile the Protestants believed somewhat doubtfully that he was
+theirs, the Catholics hoped somewhat doubtfully that he would be
+theirs, and Henry himself turned aside remonstrance, advice, and
+curiosity alike with a jest or a proverb (if a little high, he liked
+them none the worse), joking continually as his manner was. We have
+seen Mr. Lincoln contemptuously compared to Sancho Panza by persons
+incapable of appreciating one of the deepest pieces of wisdom in the
+profoundest romance ever written; namely, that, while Don Quixote was
+incomparable in theoretic and ideal statesmanship, Sancho, with his
+stock of proverbs, the ready money of human experience, made the best
+possible practical governor. Henry IV. was as full of wise saws and
+modern instances as Mr. Lincoln, but beneath all this was the
+thoughtful, practical, humane, and thoroughly earnest man, around whom
+the fragments of France were to gather themselves till she took her
+place again as a planet of the first magnitude in the European system.
+In one respect Mr. Lincoln was more fortunate than Henry. However some
+may think him wanting in zeal, the most fanatical can find no taint of
+apostasy in any measure of his, nor can the most bitter charge him
+with being influenced by motives of personal interest. The leading
+distinction between the policies of the two is one of circumstances.
+Henry went over to the nation; Mr. Lincoln has steadily drawn the
+nation over to him. One left a united France; the other, we hope and
+believe, will leave a reunited America. We leave our readers to trace
+the further points of difference and resemblance for themselves,
+merely suggesting a general similarity which has often occurred to us.
+One only point of melancholy interest we will allow ourselves to touch
+upon. That Mr. Lincoln is not handsome nor elegant, we learn from
+certain English tourists who would consider similar revelations in
+regard to Queen Victoria as thoroughly American in their want of
+_bienséance_. It is no concern of ours, nor does it affect his fitness
+for the high place he so worthily occupies; but he is certainly as
+fortunate as Henry in the matter of good looks, if we may trust
+contemporary evidence. Mr. Lincoln has also been reproached with
+Americanism by some not unfriendly British critics; but, with all
+deference, we cannot say that we like him any the worse for it, or see
+in it any reason why he should govern Americans the less wisely.
+
+People of more sensitive organizations may be shocked, but we are glad
+that in this our true war of independence, which is to free us forever
+from the Old World, we have had at the head of our affairs a man whom
+America made as God made Adam, out of the very earth, unancestried,
+unprivileged, unknown, to show us how much truth, how much
+magnanimity, and how much statecraft await the call of opportunity in
+simple manhood when it believes in the justice of God and the worth of
+man. Conventionalities are all very well in their proper place, but
+they shrivel at the touch of nature like stubble in the fire. The
+genius that sways a nation by its arbitrary will seems less august to
+us than that which multiplies and reinforces itself in the instincts
+and convictions of an entire people. Autocracy may have something in
+it more melodramatic than this, but falls far short of it in human
+value and interest.
+
+Experience would have bred in us a rooted distrust of improvised
+statesmanship, even if we did not believe politics to be a science,
+which, if it cannot always command men of special aptitude and great
+powers, at least demands the long and steady application of the best
+powers of such men as it can command to master even its first
+principles. It is curious, that, in a country which boasts of its
+intelligence, the theory should be so generally held that the most
+complicated of human contrivances, and one which every day becomes
+more complicated, can be worked at sight by any man able to talk for
+an hour or two without stopping to think.
+
+Mr. Lincoln is sometimes claimed as an example of a ready-made ruler.
+But no case could well be less in point; for, besides that he was a
+man of such fair-mindedness as is always the raw material of wisdom,
+he had in his profession a training precisely the opposite of that to
+which a partisan is subjected. His experience as a lawyer compelled
+him not only to see that there is a principle underlying every
+phenomenon in human affairs, but that there are always two sides to
+every question, both of which must be fully understood in order to
+understand either, and that it is of greater advantage to an advocate
+to appreciate the strength than the weakness of his antagonist's
+position. Nothing is more remarkable than the unerring tact with
+which, in his debate with Mr. Douglas, he went straight to the reason
+of the question; nor have we ever had a more striking lesson in
+political tactics than the fact, that, opposed to a man exceptionally
+adroit in using popular prejudice and bigotry to his purpose,
+exceptionally unscrupulous in appealing to those baser motives that
+turn a meeting of citizens into a mob of barbarians, he should yet
+have won his case before a jury of the people. Mr. Lincoln was as far
+as possible from an impromptu politician. His wisdom was made up of a
+knowledge of things as well as of men; his sagacity resulted from a
+clear perception and honest acknowledgment of difficulties, which
+enabled him to see that the only durable triumph of political opinion
+is based, not on any abstract right, but upon so much of justice, the
+highest attainable at any given moment in human affairs, as may be had
+in the balance of mutual concession. Doubtless he had an ideal, but it
+was the ideal of a practical statesman--to aim at the best, and to
+take the next best, if he is lucky enough to get even that. His slow,
+but singularly masculine intelligence taught him that precedent is
+only another name for embodied experience, and that it counts for even
+more in the guidance of communities of men than in that of the
+individual life. He was not a man who held it good public economy to
+pull down on the mere chance of rebuilding better. Mr. Lincoln's
+faith in God was qualified by a very well-founded distrust of the
+wisdom of man. Perhaps it was his want of self-confidence that more
+than anything else won him the unlimited confidence of the people, for
+they felt that there would be no need of retreat from any position he
+had deliberately taken. The cautious, but steady, advance of his
+policy during the war was like that of a Roman army. He left behind
+him a firm road on which public confidence could follow; he took
+America with him where he went; what he gained he occupied, and his
+advanced posts became colonies. The very homeliness of his genius was
+its distinction. His kingship was conspicuous by its work-day
+homespun. Never was ruler so absolute as he, nor so little conscious
+of it; for he was the incarnate common-sense of the people. With all
+that tenderness of nature whose sweet sadness touched whoever saw him
+with something of its own pathos, there was no trace of sentimentalism
+in his speech or action. He seems to have had but one rule of conduct,
+always that of practical and successful politics, to let himself be
+guided by events, when they were sure to bring him out where he wished
+to go, though by what seemed to unpractical minds, which let go the
+possible to grasp at the desirable, a longer road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No higher compliment was ever paid to a nation than the simple
+confidence, the fireside plainness, with which Mr. Lincoln always
+addresses himself to the reason of the American people. This was,
+indeed, a true democrat, who grounded himself on the assumption that a
+democracy can think. "Come, let us reason together about this matter,"
+has been the tone of all his addresses to the people; and accordingly
+we have never had a chief magistrate who so won to himself the love
+and at the same time the judgment of his countrymen. To us, that
+simple confidence of his in the right-mindedness of his fellow-men is
+very touching, and its success is as strong an argument as we have
+ever seen in favor of the theory that men can govern themselves. He
+never appeals to any vulgar sentiment, he never alludes to the
+humbleness of his origin; it probably never occurred to him, indeed
+that there was anything higher to start from than manhood; and he put
+himself on a level with those he addressed, not by going down to them,
+but only by taking it for granted that they had brains and would come
+up to a common ground of reason. In an article lately printed in "The
+Nation," Mr. Bayard Taylor mentions the striking fact, that in the
+foulest dens of the Five Points he found the portrait of Lincoln. The
+wretched population that makes its hive there threw all its votes and
+more against him, and yet paid this instinctive tribute to the sweet
+humanity of his nature. Their ignorance sold its vote and took its
+money, but all that was left of manhood in them recognized its saint
+and martyr.
+
+Mr. Lincoln is not in the habit of saying, "This is my opinion, or my
+theory," but, "This is the conclusion to which, in my judgment, the
+time has come, and to which, accordingly the sooner we come the better
+for us." His policy has been the policy of public opinion based on
+adequate discussion and on a timely recognition of the influence of
+passing events in shaping the features of events to come.
+
+One secret of Mr. Lincoln's remarkable success in captivating the
+popular mind is undoubtedly an unconsciousness of self which enables
+him, though under the necessity of constantly using the capital I, to
+do it without any suggestion of egotism. There is no single vowel
+which men's mouths can pronounce with such difference of effect. That
+which one shall hide away, as it were, behind the substance of his
+discourse, or, if he bring it to the front, shall use merely to give
+an agreeable accent of individuality to what he says, another shall
+make an offensive challenge to the self-satisfaction of all his
+hearers, and an unwarranted intrusion upon each man's sense of
+personal importance, irritating every pore of his vanity, like a dry
+northeast wind, to a goose-flesh of opposition and hostility. Mr.
+Lincoln has never studied Quintilian; but he has, in the earnest
+simplicity and unaffected Americanism of his own character, one art of
+oratory worth all the rest. He forgets himself so entirely in his
+object as to give his I the sympathetic and persuasive effect of We
+with the great body of his countrymen. Homely, dispassionate, showing
+all the rough-edged process of his thought as it goes along, yet
+arriving at his conclusions with an honest kind of every-day logic,
+he is so eminently our representative man, that, when he speaks, it
+seems as if the people were listening to their own thinking aloud. The
+dignity of his thought owes nothing to any ceremonial garb of words,
+but to the manly movement that comes of settled purpose and an energy
+of reason that knows not what rhetoric means. There has been nothing
+of Cleon, still less of Strepsiades striving to underbid him in
+demagogism, to be found in the public utterances of Mr. Lincoln. He
+has always addressed the intelligence of men, never their prejudice,
+their passion, or their ignorance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the day of his death, this simple Western attorney, who according
+to one party was a vulgar joker, and whom the doctrinaires among his
+own supporters accused of wanting every element of statesmanship, was
+the most absolute ruler in Christendom, and this solely by the hold
+his good-humored sagacity had laid on the hearts and understandings of
+his countrymen. Nor was this all, for it appeared that he had drawn
+the great majority, not only of his fellow-citizens, but of mankind,
+also, to his side. So strong and so persuasive is honest manliness
+without a single quality of romance or unreal sentiment to help it! A
+civilian during times of the most captivating military achievement,
+awkward, with no skill in the lower technicalities of manners, he left
+behind him a fame beyond that of any conqueror, the memory of a grace
+higher than that of outward person, and of gentlemanliness deeper than
+mere breeding. Never before that startled April morning did such
+multitudes of men shed tears for the death of one they had never seen,
+as if with him a friendly presence had been taken away from their
+lives, leaving them colder and darker. Never was funeral panegyric so
+eloquent as the silent look of sympathy which strangers exchanged when
+they met on that day. Their common manhood had lost a kinsman.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+January First, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-Three
+
+BY FRANK MOORE
+
+    Stand like an anvil, when 'tis beaten
+      With the full vigor of the smith's right arm!
+    Stand like the noble oak-tree, when 'tis eaten
+      By the Saperda and his ravenous swarm!
+    For many smiths will strike the ringing blows
+    Ere the red drama now enacting close;
+    And human insects, gnawing at thy fame,
+    Conspire to bring thy honored head to shame.
+
+    Stand like the firmament, upholden
+      By an invisible but Almighty hand!
+    He whomsoever JUSTICE doth embolden,
+      Unshaken, unseduced, unawed shall stand.
+    Invisible support is mightier far,
+    With noble aims, than walls of granite are;
+    And simple consciousness of justice gives
+    Strength to a purpose while that purpose lives.
+
+    Stand like the rock that looks defiant
+      Far o'er the surging seas that lash its form!
+    Composed, determined, watchful, self-reliant,
+      Be master of thyself, and rule the storm!
+    And thou shalt soon behold the bow of peace
+    Span the broad heavens, and the wild tumult cease;
+    And see the billows, with the clouds that meet,
+    Subdued and calm, come crouching to thy feet.
+
+
+THE PROCLAMATION[6]
+
+BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER
+
+    Saint Patrick, slave to Milcho of the herds
+    Of Ballymena, sleeping, heard these words:
+                "Arise, and flee
+    Out from the land of bondage, and be free!"
+
+    Glad as a soul in pain, who hears from heaven
+    The angels singing of his sins forgiven,
+                And, wondering, sees
+    His prison opening to their golden keys,
+    He rose a Man who laid him down a Slave,
+    Shook from his locks the ashes of the grave,
+                And onward trod
+    Into the glorious liberty of God.
+
+    He cast the symbols of his shame away;
+    And passing where the sleeping Milcho lay,
+                Though back and limb
+    Smarted with wrong, he prayed, "God pardon him!"
+
+    So went he forth: but in God's time he came
+    To light on Uilline's hills a holy flame;
+                And, dying, gave
+    The land a Saint that lost him as a Slave.
+
+    O, dark, sad millions, patiently and dumb
+    Waiting for God, your hour, at last, has come,
+                And Freedom's song
+    Breaks the long silence of your night of wrong!
+
+    Arise, and flee! shake off the vile restraint
+    Of ages! but, like Ballymena's saint,
+                The oppressor spare,
+    Heap only on his head the coals of prayer.
+
+    Go forth, like him! like him return again,
+    To bless the land whereon, in bitter pain,
+                Ye toiled at first,
+    And heal with Freedom what your Slavery cursed.
+
+[6] _By special permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
+
+From the address delivered before Congress on February 12, 1878,
+presenting to the re-United States, on behalf of Mrs. Elizabeth
+Thompson, Carpenter's painting--The First Reading of the Emancipation
+Proclamation before the Cabinet.
+
+BY JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD
+
+Let us pause to consider the actors in that scene. In force of
+character, in thoroughness and breadth of culture, in experience of
+public affairs, and in national reputation, the Cabinet that sat
+around that council-board has had no superior, perhaps no equal in our
+history. Seward, the finished scholar, the consummate orator, the
+great leader of the Senate, had come to crown his career with those
+achievements which placed him in the first rank of modern
+diplomatists. Chase, with a culture and a fame of massive grandeur,
+stood as the rock and pillar of the public credit, the noble
+embodiment of the public faith. Stanton was there, a very Titan of
+strength, the great organizer of victory. Eminent lawyers, men of
+business, leaders of states and leaders of men, completed the group.
+
+But the man who presided over that council, who inspired and guided
+its deliberations, was a character so unique that he stood alone,
+without a model in history or a parallel among men. Born on this day,
+sixty-nine years ago, to an inheritance of extremest poverty;
+surrounded by the rude forces of the wilderness; wholly unaided by
+parents; only one year in any school; never, for a day, master of his
+own time until he reached his majority; making his way to the
+profession of the law by the hardest and roughest road;--yet by force
+of unconquerable will and persistent, patient work he attained a
+foremost place in his profession,
+
+    "And, moving up from high to higher,
+      Became on Fortune's crowning slope
+      The pillar of a people's hope,
+      The centre of a world's desire."
+
+At first, it was the prevailing belief that he would be only the
+nominal head of his administration,--that its policy would be directed
+by the eminent statesmen he had called to his council. How erroneous
+this opinion was may be seen from a single incident.
+
+Among the earliest, most difficult, and most delicate duties of his
+administration was the adjustment of our relations with Great Britain.
+Serious complications, even hostilities, were apprehended. On the 21st
+of May, 1861, the Secretary of State presented to the President his
+draught of a letter of instructions to Minister Adams, in which the
+position of the United States and the attitude of Great Britain were
+set forth with the clearness and force which long experience and great
+ability had placed at the command of the Secretary. Upon almost every
+page of that original draught are erasures, additions, and marginal
+notes in the handwriting of Abraham Lincoln, which exhibit a sagacity,
+a breadth of wisdom, and a comprehension of the whole subject,
+impossible to be found except in a man of the very first order. And
+these modifications of a great state paper were made by a man who but
+three months before had entered for the first time the wide theatre of
+Executive action.
+
+Gifted with an insight and a foresight which the ancients would have
+called divination, he saw, in the midst of darkness and obscurity, the
+logic of events, and forecast the result. From the first, in his own
+quaint, original way, without ostentation or offense to his
+associates, he was pilot and commander of his administration. He was
+one of the few great rulers whose wisdom increased with his power, and
+whose spirit grew gentler and tenderer as his triumphs were
+multiplied.
+
+This was the man, and these his associates, who look down upon us from
+the canvas.
+
+The present is not a fitting occasion to examine, with any
+completeness, the causes that led to the Proclamation of Emancipation;
+but the peculiar relation of that act to the character of Abraham
+Lincoln cannot be understood, without considering one remarkable fact
+in his history. His earlier years were passed in a region remote from
+the centers of political thought, and without access to the great
+world of books. But the few books that came within his reach he
+devoured with the divine hunger of genius. One paper, above all
+others, led him captive, and filled his spirit with the majesty of
+its truth and the sublimity of its eloquence. It was the Declaration
+of American Independence. The author and the signers of that
+instrument became, in his early youth, the heroes of his political
+worship. I doubt if history affords any example of a life so early, so
+deeply, and so permanently influenced by a single political truth, as
+was Abraham Lincoln's by the central doctrine of the Declaration,--the
+liberty and equality of all men. Long before his fame had become
+national he said, "That is the electric cord in the Declaration, that
+links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together, and
+that will link such hearts as long as the love of freedom exists in
+the minds of men throughout the world."
+
+That truth runs, like a thread of gold, through the whole web of his
+political life. It was the spear-point of his logic in his debates
+with Douglas. It was the inspiring theme of his remarkable speech at
+the Cooper Institute, New York, in 1860, which gave him the nomination
+to the Presidency. It filled him with reverent awe when on his way to
+the capital to enter the shadows of the terrible conflict then
+impending, he uttered, in Independence Hall, at Philadelphia, these
+remarkable words, which were prophecy then but are history now:--
+
+"I have never had a feeling, politically, that did not spring from the
+sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. I have often
+pondered over the dangers which were incurred by the men who assembled
+here, and framed and adopted that Declaration of Independence. I have
+pondered over the toils that were endured by the officers and soldiers
+of the army who achieved that independence I have often inquired of
+myself what great principle or idea it was that kept this confederacy
+so long together. It was not the mere matter of the separation of the
+Colonies from the mother land, but that sentiment in the Declaration
+of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
+country, but, I hope, to the world for all future time. It was that
+which gave promise that, in due time, the weight would be lifted from
+the shoulders of all men. This is the sentiment embodied in the
+Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be
+saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the
+happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it cannot be
+saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. But if this country
+cannot be saved without giving up that principle, I was about to say,
+I would rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it."
+
+Deep and strong was his devotion to liberty; yet deeper and stronger
+still was his devotion to the Union; for he believed that without the
+Union permanent liberty for either race on this continent would be
+impossible. And because of this belief, he was reluctant, perhaps more
+reluctant than most of his associates, to strike slavery with the
+sword. For many months, the passionate appeals of millions of his
+associates seemed not to move him. He listened to all the phases of
+the discussion, and stated, in language clearer and stronger than any
+opponent had used, the dangers, the difficulties, and the possible
+futility of the act. In reference to its practical wisdom, Congress,
+the Cabinet and the country were divided. Several of his generals had
+proclaimed the freedom of slaves within the limits of their commands.
+The President revoked their proclamations. His first Secretary of War
+had inserted a paragraph in his annual report advocating a similar
+policy. The President suppressed it.
+
+On the 19th of August, 1862, Horace Greeley published a letter,
+addressed to the President, entitled "The Prayer of Twenty Millions,"
+in which he said, "On the face of this wide earth, Mr. President,
+there is not one disinterested, determined, intelligent champion of
+the Union cause who does not feel that all attempts to put down the
+rebellion and at the same time uphold its inciting cause are
+preposterous and futile."
+
+To this the President responded in that ever-memorable reply of August
+22, in which he said:--
+
+"If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them.
+
+"If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them.
+
+"My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or
+to destroy slavery.
+
+"If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it.
+If I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it,--and if
+I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also
+do that.
+
+"What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe
+it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do
+not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever
+I shall believe that what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do
+more whenever I believe doing more will help the cause."
+
+Thus, against all importunities on the one hand and remonstrances on
+the other, he took the mighty question to his own heart, and, during
+the long months of that terrible battle-summer, wrestled with it
+alone. But at length he realized the saving truth, that great,
+unsettled questions have no pity for the repose of nations. On the
+22nd of September, he summoned his Cabinet to announce his conclusion.
+It was my good fortune, on that same day, and a few hours after the
+meeting, to hear, from the lips of one who participated, the story of
+the scene. As the chiefs of the Executive Departments came in, one by
+one, they found the President reading a favorite chapter from a
+popular humorist. He was lightening the weight of the great burden
+which rested upon his spirit. He finished the chapter, reading it
+aloud. And here I quote, from the published Journal of the late Chief
+Justice, an entry, written immediately after the meeting, and bearing
+unmistakable evidence that it is almost a literal transcript of
+Lincoln's words.
+
+"The President then took a graver tone, and said: 'Gentlemen, I have,
+as you are aware, thought a great deal about the relation of this war
+to slavery; and you all remember that, several weeks ago, I read to
+you an order I had prepared upon the subject, which, on account of
+objections made by some of you, was not issued. Ever since then my
+mind has been much occupied with this subject, and I have thought all
+along that the time for acting on it might probably come. I think the
+time has come now. I wish it was a better time. I wish that we were in
+a better condition. The action of the army against the rebels has not
+been quite what I should have best liked. But they have been driven
+out of Maryland, and Pennsylvania is no longer in danger of invasion.
+When the rebel army was at Frederick, I determined as soon as it
+should be driven out of Maryland to issue a proclamation of
+emancipation, such as I thought most likely to be useful. I said
+nothing to any one, but I made a promise to myself and (hesitating a
+little) to my Maker. The rebel army is now driven out, and I am going
+to fulfil that promise. I have got you together to hear what I have
+written down. I do not wish your advice about the main matter, for
+that I have determined for myself. This I say without intending
+anything but respect for any one of you. But I already know the views
+of each on this question. They have been heretofore expressed, and I
+have considered them as thoroughly and carefully as I can. What I have
+written is that which my reflections have determined me to say. If
+there is anything in the expressions I use, or in any minor matter
+which any one of you thinks had best be changed, I shall be glad to
+receive your suggestions. One other observation I will make. I know
+very well that many others might, in this matter as in others, do
+better than I can; and if I was satisfied that the public confidence
+was more fully possessed by any one of them than by me, and knew of
+any constitutional way in which he could be put in my place, he should
+have it. I would gladly yield it to him. But though I believe I have
+not so much of the confidence of the people as I had some time since,
+I do not know that, all things considered, any other person has more;
+and, however this may be, there is no way in which I can have any
+other man put where I am. I must do the best I can and bear the
+responsibility of taking the course which I feel I ought to take.'
+
+"The President then proceeded to read his Emancipation Proclamation,
+making remarks on the several parts as he went on, and showing that he
+had fully considered the subject in all the lights under which it had
+been presented to him."
+
+The Proclamation was amended in a few matters of detail. It was signed
+and published that day. The world knows the rest, and will not forget
+it till "the last syllable of recorded time."
+
+
+THE EMANCIPATION GROUP[7]
+
+BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER
+
+Moses Kimball, a citizen of Boston, presented to the city a duplicate
+of the Freedman's Memorial Statue erected in Lincoln Square,
+Washington, after a design by Thomas Ball. The group, which stands in
+Park Square, represents the figure of a slave, from whose limbs the
+broken fetters have fallen, kneeling in gratitude at the feet of
+Lincoln. The verses which follow were written for the unveiling of the
+statue, December 9, 1879.
+
+    Amidst thy sacred effigies
+      If old renown give place,
+    O city, Freedom-loved! to his
+      Whose hand unchained a race
+
+    Take the worn frame, that rested not
+      Save in a martyr's grave;
+    The care-lined face, that none forgot,
+      Bent to the kneeling slave.
+
+    Let man be free! The mighty word
+      He spake was not his own;
+    An impulse from the Highest stirred
+      These chiselled lips alone.
+
+    The cloudy sign, the fiery guide,
+      Along his pathway ran,
+    And Nature, through his voice, denied
+      The ownership of man.
+
+    We rest in peace where these sad eyes
+      Saw peril, strife, and pain;
+    His was the nation's sacrifice,
+      And ours the priceless gain.
+
+    O symbol of God's will on earth
+      As it is done above!
+    Bear witness to the cost and worth
+      Of justice and of love.
+
+    Stand in thy place and testify
+      To coming ages long,
+    That truth is stronger than a lie,
+      And righteousness than wrong.
+
+[7] _By special permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S CHRISTMAS GIFT[8]
+
+BY NORA PERRY
+
+    'Twas in eighteen hundred and sixty-four,
+    That terrible year when the shock and roar
+    Of the nation's battles shook the land,
+    And the fire leapt up into fury fanned,
+
+    The passionate, patriotic fire,
+    With its throbbing pulse and its wild desire
+    To conquer and win, or conquer and die,
+    In the thick of the fight when hearts beat high
+
+    With the hero's thrill to do and to dare,
+    'Twixt the bullet's rush and the muttered prayer.
+    In the North, and the East and the great Northwest,
+    Men waited and watched with eager zest
+
+    For news of the desperate, terrible strife,--
+    For a nation's death or a nation's life;
+    While over the wires there flying sped
+    News of the wounded, the dying and dead.
+
+    "Defeat and defeat! Ah! what was the fault
+    Of the grand old army's sturdy assault
+    At Richmond's gates?" in a querulous key
+    Men questioned at last impatiently,
+
+    As the hours crept by, and day by day
+    They watched the Potomac Army at bay.
+    Defeat and defeat! It was here, just here,
+    In the very height of the fret and fear,
+
+    Click, click! across the electric wire
+    Came suddenly flashing words of fire,
+    And a great shout broke from city and town
+    At the news of Sherman's marching down,--
+
+    Marching down on his way to the sea
+    Through the Georgia swamps to victory.
+    Faster and faster the great news came,
+    Flashing along like tongues of flame,--
+
+    McAllister ours! And then, ah! then,
+    To that patientest, tenderest, noblest of men,
+    This message from Sherman came flying swift,--
+    "I send you Savannah for a Christmas gift!"
+
+[8] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+DEATH OF LINCOLN
+
+
+O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN![9]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+    O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
+    The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,
+    The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
+    While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
+            But O heart! heart! heart!
+              O the bleeding drops of red,
+                Where on the deck my Captain lies,
+                  Fallen cold and dead.
+
+    O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
+    Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills,
+    For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding,
+    For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
+            Here Captain! dear father!
+              This arm beneath your head!
+                It is some dream that on the deck,
+                  You've fallen cold and dead.
+
+    My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
+    My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
+    The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
+    From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
+            Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
+              But I with mournful tread,
+                Walk the deck my Captain lies,
+                  Fallen cold and dead.
+
+[9] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S DEATH--A DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENE AT FORD'S
+THEATRE[10]
+
+WALT WHITMAN
+
+The day (April 14, 1865) seems to have been a pleasant one throughout
+the whole land--the moral atmosphere pleasant, too--the long storm, so
+dark, so fratricidal, full of blood and doubt and gloom, over and
+ended at last by the sunrise of such an absolute National victory, and
+utter breaking down of secessionism--we almost doubted our senses! Lee
+had capitulated beneath the apple tree at Appomattox. The other
+armies, the flanges of the revolt, swiftly followed.
+
+And could it really be, then? Out of all the affairs of this world of
+woe and passion, of failure and disorder and dismay, was there really
+come the confirmed, unerring sign of peace, like a shaft of pure
+light--of rightful rule--of God?
+
+But I must not dwell on accessories. The deed hastens. The popular
+afternoon paper, the little Evening Star, had scattered all over its
+third page, divided among the advertisements in a sensational manner
+in a hundred different places: "The President and his lady will be at
+the theatre this evening." Lincoln was fond of the theatre. I have
+myself seen him there several times. I remember thinking how funny it
+was that he, in some respects the leading actor in the greatest and
+stormiest drama known to real history's stage through centuries,
+should sit there and be so completely interested in those human
+jack-straws, moving about with their silly little gestures, foreign
+spirit, and flatulent text.
+
+So the day, as I say, was propitious. Early herbage, early flowers,
+were out. I remembered where I was stopping at the time, the season
+being advanced, there were many lilacs in full bloom. By one of those
+caprices that enter and give tinge to events without being at all a
+part of them, I find myself always reminded of the great tragedy of
+that day by the sight and odor of these blossoms. It never fails.
+
+On this occasion the theatre was crowded, many ladies in rich and gay
+costumes, officers in their uniforms, many well-known citizens, young
+folks, the usual clusters of gas-lights, the usual magnetism of so
+many people, cheerful, with perfumes, music of violins and flutes--and
+over all, and saturating, that vast, vague wonder, Victory, the
+Nation's victory, the triumph of the Union, filling the air, the
+thought, the sense, with exhilaration more than all perfumes.
+
+The President came betimes and, with his wife, witnessed the play,
+from the large stage boxes of the second tier, two thrown into one,
+and profusely draped with the National flag. The acts and scenes of
+the piece--one of those singularly witless compositions which have at
+least the merit of giving entire relief to an audience engaged in
+mental action or business excitements and cares during the day, as it
+makes not the slightest call on either the moral, emotional, esthetic
+or spiritual nature--a piece ("Our American Cousin") in which, among
+other characters so called, a Yankee, certainly such a one as was
+never seen, or at least ever seen in North America, is introduced in
+England, with a varied fol-de-rol of talk, plot, scenery, and such
+phantasmagoria as goes to make up a modern popular drama--had
+progressed through perhaps a couple of its acts, when in the midst of
+this comedy, or tragedy, or non-such, or whatever it is to be called,
+and to offset it, or finish it out, as if in Nature's and the Great
+Muse's mockery of these poor mimics, come interpolated that scene, not
+really or exactly to be described at all (for on the many hundreds who
+were there it seems to this hour to have left little but a passing
+blur, a dream, a blotch)--and yet partially to be described as I now
+proceed to give it:
+
+There is a scene in the play representing the modern parlor, in which
+two unprecedented English ladies are informed by the unprecedented and
+impossible Yankee that he is not a man of fortune, and therefore
+undesirable for marriage catching purposes; after which, the comments
+being finished, the dramatic trio make exit, leaving the stage clear
+for a moment. There was a pause, a hush, as it were. At this period
+came the murder of Abraham Lincoln. Great as that was, with all its
+manifold train circling around it, and stretching into the future for
+many a century, in the politics, history, art, etc., of the New World,
+in point of fact, the main thing, the actual murder, transpired with
+the quiet and simplicity of any commonest occurrence--the bursting of
+a bud or pod in the growth of vegetation, for instance.
+
+Through the general hum following the stage pause, with the change of
+positions, etc., came the muffled sound of a pistol shot, which not
+one-hundredth part of the audience heard at the time--and yet a
+moment's hush--somehow, surely a vague, startled thrill--and then,
+through the ornamented, draperied, starred, and striped space-way of
+the President's box, a sudden figure, a man, raises himself with hands
+and feet, stands a moment on the railing, leaps below to the stage (a
+distance of perhaps 14 or 15 feet), falls out of position, catching
+his boot heel in the copious drapery (the American flag), falls on one
+knee, quickly recovers himself, rises as if nothing had happened (he
+really sprains his ankle, but unfelt then)--and the figure, Booth, the
+murderer, dressed in plain black broadcloth, bare-headed, with a full
+head of glossy, raven hair, and his eyes, like some mad animal's
+flashing with light and resolution, yet with a certain strange
+calmness, holds aloft in one hand a large knife--walks along not much
+back of the foot-lights--turns fully towards the audience his face of
+statuesque beauty, lit by those basilisk eyes, flashing with
+desperation, perhaps insanity--launches out in a firm and steady voice
+the words _Sic Semper Tyrannis_--and then walks with neither slow nor
+very rapid pace diagonally across to the back of the stage, and
+disappears. (Had not all this terrible scene--making the mimic ones
+preposterous--had it not all been rehearsed, in blank, by Booth,
+beforehand?)
+
+A moment's hush, incredulous--a scream--the cry of murder--Mrs.
+Lincoln leaning out of the box, with ashy cheeks and lips, with
+involuntary cry, pointing to the retreating figure, "He has
+killed the President." And still a moment's strange, incredulous
+suspense--and then the deluge!--then that mixture of horror, noises,
+uncertainty--(the sound, somewhere back, of a horse's hoofs clattering
+with speed) the people burst through chairs and railings, and break
+them up--that noise adds to the queerness of the scene--there is
+extricable confusion and terror--women faint--quite feeble persons
+fall, and are trampled on--many cries of agony are heard--the broad
+stage suddenly fills to suffocation with a dense and motley crowd,
+like some horrible carnival--the audience rush generally upon it--at
+least the strong men do--the actors and actresses are there in their
+play costumes and painted faces, with moral fright showing through the
+rouge--some trembling, some in tears, the screams and calls, confused
+talk--redoubled, trebled--two or three manage to pass up water from
+the stage to the President's box--others try to clamber up--etc., etc.
+
+In the midst of all this the soldiers of the President's Guard, with
+others, suddenly drawn to the scene, burst in--some 200
+altogether--they storm the house, through all the tiers, especially
+the upper ones--inflamed with fury, literally charging the audience
+with fixed bayonets, muskets and pistols, shouting "Clear out! clear
+out!..." Such the wild scene, or a suggestion of it, rather, inside
+the play house that night.
+
+Outside, too, in the atmosphere of shock and craze, crowds of people
+filled with frenzy, ready to seize any outlet for it, came near
+committing murder several times on innocent individuals. One such case
+was especially exciting. The infuriated crowd, through some chance,
+got started against one man, either for words he uttered, or perhaps
+without any cause at all, and were proceeding at once to hang him on a
+neighboring lamp-post, when he was rescued by a few heroic policemen,
+who placed him in their midst and fought their way slowly and amid
+great peril toward the station house. It was a fitting episode of the
+whole affair. The crowd rushing and eddying to and fro, the night, the
+yells, the pale faces, many frightened people trying in vain to
+extricate themselves, the attacked man, not yet freed from the jaws of
+death, looking like a corpse, the silent, resolute half dozen
+policemen, with no weapons but their little clubs, yet stern and
+steady through all those eddying swarms--made indeed a fitting side
+scene to the grand tragedy of the murder. They gained the station
+house with the protected man, whom they placed in security for the
+night and discharged in the morning.
+
+And in the midst of that night pandemonium of senseless hate,
+infuriated soldiers, the audience and the crowd--the stage, and all
+its actors and actresses, its paint pots, spangles and gaslight--the
+life blood from those veins, the best and sweetest of the land, drips
+slowly down....
+
+Such, hurriedly sketched, were the accompaniments of the death of
+President Lincoln. So suddenly, and in murder and horror unsurpassed,
+he was taken from us. But his death was painless.
+
+[10] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+HUSH'D BE THE CAMPS TO-DAY[11]
+
+(May 4, 1865)
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+    Hush'd be the camps to-day,
+    And soldiers, let us drape our war-worn weapons,
+    And each with musing soul retire to celebrate
+    Our dear commander's death.
+
+    No more for him life's stormy conflicts,
+    Nor victory, nor defeat--no more time's dark events,
+    Charging like ceaseless clouds across the sky.
+
+    But sing, poet, in our name.
+    Sing of the love we bore him--because you, dweller in camps,
+        know it truly.
+
+    As they invault the coffin there,
+    Sing--as they close the doors of earth upon him--one verse,
+    For the heavy hearts of soldiers.
+
+[11] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+(1865)
+
+BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT
+
+    O, slow to smite and swift to spare,
+      Gentle and merciful and just!
+    Who, in the fear of God, didst bear
+      The sword of power--a nation's trust.
+
+    In sorrow by thy bier we stand,
+      Amid the awe that hushes all,
+    And speak the anguish of a land
+      That shook with horror at thy fall.
+
+    Thy task is done--the bond are free;
+      We bear thee to an honored grave,
+    Whose noblest monument shall be
+      The broken fetters of the slave.
+
+    Pure was thy life; its bloody close
+      Hath placed thee with the sons of light,
+    Among the noble host of those
+      cause of right.
+
+
+CROWN HIS BLOODSTAINED PILLOW
+
+BY JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+    Crown his blood-stained pillow
+      With a victor's palm;
+    Life's receding billow
+      Leaves eternal calm.
+
+    At the feet Almighty
+      Lay this gift sincere;
+    Of a purpose weighty,
+      And a record clear.
+
+    With deliverance freighted
+      Was this passive hand,
+    And this heart, high-fated,
+      Would with love command.
+
+    Let him rest serenely
+      In a Nation's care,
+    Where her waters queenly
+      Make the West more fair.
+
+    In the greenest meadow
+      That the prairies show,
+    Let his marble's shadow
+      Give all men to know:
+
+    "Our First Hero, living,
+      Made his country free;
+    Heed the Second's giving,
+      Death for Liberty."
+
+
+THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[12]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+Thus ended the attempted secession of these States; thus the four
+years' war. But the main things come subtly and invisibly afterward,
+perhaps long afterward--neither military, political, nor (great as
+those are), historical. I say, certain secondary and indirect results,
+out of the tragedy of this death, are, in my opinion, greatest. Not
+the event of the murder itself. Not that Mr. Lincoln strings the
+principal points and personages of the period, like beads, upon the
+single string of his career. Not that his idiosyncrasy, in its sudden
+appearance and disappearance, stamps this Republic with a stamp more
+mark'd and enduring than any yet given by any one man--(more even than
+Washington's)--but, join'd with these, the immeasurable value and
+meaning of that whole tragedy lies, to me, in senses finally dearest
+to a nation (and here all our own)--the imaginative and artistic
+senses--the literary and dramatic ones. Not in any common or low
+meaning of those terms, but a meaning precious to the race, and
+to every age. A long and varied series of contradictory events
+arrives at last at its highest poetic, single, central, pictorial
+denouement. The whole involved, baffling, multiform whirl of the
+secession period comes to a head, and is gather'd in one brief flash
+of lightning-illumination--one simple, fierce deed. Its sharp
+culmination, and as it were solution, of so many bloody and angry
+problems, illustrates those climax-moments on the stage of universal
+Time, where the historic Muse at one entrance, and the tragic Muse at
+the other, suddenly ringing down the curtain, close an immense act in
+the long drama of creative thought, and give it radiation, tableau,
+stranger than fiction. Fit radiation--fit close! How the
+imagination--how the student loves these things! America, too, is to
+have them. For not in all great deaths, nor far or near--not Cæsar in
+the Roman senate-house, nor Napoleon passing away in the wild
+night-storm at St. Helena--not Paleologus, falling, desperately
+fighting, piled over dozens deep with Grecian corpses--not calm old
+Socrates, drinking the hemlock--outvies that terminus of the secession
+war, in one man's life, here in our midst, in our own time--that seal
+of the emancipation of three million slaves--that parturition and
+delivery of our at last really free Republic, born again, henceforth
+to commence its career of genuine homogeneous Union, compact,
+consistent with itself.
+
+[12] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+OUR SUN HATH GONE DOWN[13]
+
+BY PHOEBE CARY
+
+    Our sun hath gone down at the noonday,
+      The heavens are black;
+    And over the morning the shadows
+      Of night-time are back.
+
+    Stop the proud boasting mouth of the cannon,
+      Hush the mirth and the shout;--
+    God is God! and the ways of Jehovah
+      Are past finding out.
+
+    Lo! the beautiful feet on the mountains,
+      That yesterday stood;
+    The white feet that came with glad tidings,
+      Are dabbled in blood.
+
+    The Nation that firmly was settling
+      The crown on her head,
+    Sits, like Rizpah, in sackcloth and ashes,
+      And watches her dead.
+
+    Who is dead? who, unmoved by our wailing,
+      Is lying so low?
+    O, my Land, stricken dumb in your anguish,
+     Do you feel, do you know,
+
+    That the hand which reached out of the darkness
+      Hath taken the whole?
+    Yea, the arm and the head of the people--
+      The heart and the soul!
+
+    And that heart, o'er whose dread awful silence
+      A nation has wept;
+    Was the truest, and gentlest, and sweetest,
+      A man ever kept!
+
+    Once this good man, we mourn, overwearied,
+      Worn, anxious, oppressed,
+    Was going out from his audience chamber
+      For a season to rest;
+
+    Unheeding the thousands who waited
+      To honor and greet,
+    When the cry of a child smote upon him,
+      And turned back his feet.
+
+    "Three days hath a woman been waiting,"
+      Said they, "patient and meek."
+    And he answered, "Whatever her errand,
+      Let me hear; let her speak!"
+
+    So she came, and stood trembling before him,
+      And pleaded her cause;
+    Told him all; how her child's erring father
+      Had broken the laws.
+
+    Humbly spake she: "I mourn for his folly,
+      His weakness, his fall";
+    Proudly spake she: "he is not a TRAITOR,
+      And I love him through all!"
+
+    Then the great man, whose heart had been shaken
+      By a little babe's cry;
+    Answered soft, taking counsel of mercy,
+      "This man shall not die!"
+
+    Why, he heard from the dungeons, the rice-fields,
+      The dark holds of ships;
+    Every faint, feeble cry which oppression
+      Smothered down on men's lips.
+
+    In her furnace, the centuries had welded
+      Their fetter and chain;
+    And like withes, in the hands of his purpose,
+      He snapped them in twain.
+
+    Who can be what he was to the people;
+      What he was to the State?
+    Shall the ages bring to us another
+      As good, and as great?
+
+    Our hearts with their anguish are broken,
+      Our wet eyes are dim;
+    For us is the loss and the sorrow,
+      The triumph for him!
+
+    For, ere this, face to face with his Father
+      Our Martyr hath stood;
+    Giving unto his hand the white record,
+      With its great seal of blood!
+
+[13] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+TOLLING[14]
+
+(April 15, 1865)
+
+BY LUCY LARCOM
+
+    Tolling, tolling, tolling!
+      All the bells of the land!
+    Lo, the patriot martyr
+      Taketh his journey grand!
+    Travels into the ages,
+      Bearing a hope how dear!
+    Into life's unknown vistas,
+      Liberty's great pioneer.
+
+    Tolling, tolling, tolling!
+      See, they come as a cloud,
+    Hearts of a mighty people,
+      Bearing his pall and shroud;
+    Lifting up, like a banner,
+      Signals of loss and woe;
+    Wonder of breathless nations,
+      Moveth the solemn show.
+
+    Tolling, tolling, tolling!
+      Was it, O man beloved,
+    Was it thy funeral only
+      Over the land that moved?
+    Veiled by that hour of anguish,
+      Borne with the rebel rout,
+    Forth into utter darkness,
+      Slavery's curse went out.
+
+[14] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[15]
+
+"Strangulatus Pro Republica"
+
+BY ROSE TERRY COOKE
+
+    Hundreds there have been, loftier than their kind,
+    Heroes and victors in the world's great wars:
+    Hundreds, exalted as the eternal stars,
+    By the great heart, or keen and mighty mind;
+    There have been sufferers, maimed and halt and blind,
+    Who bore their woes in such triumphant calm
+    That God hath crowned them with the martyr's palm;
+    And there were those who fought through fire to find
+    Their Master's face, and were by fire refined.
+    But who like thee, oh Sire! hath ever stood
+    Steadfast for truth and right, when lies and wrong
+    Rolled their dark waters, turbulent and strong;
+    Who bore reviling, baseness, tears and blood
+    Poured out like water, till thine own was spent,
+    Then reaped Earth's sole reward--a grave and monument!
+
+[15] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF LINCOLN
+
+BY HENRY WARD BEECHER
+
+Again a great leader of the people has passed through toil, sorrow,
+battle and war, and come near to the promised land of peace into which
+he might not pass over. Who shall recount our martyr's sufferings for
+this people? Since the November of 1860, his horizon has been black
+with storms.
+
+By day and by night, he trod a way of danger and darkness. On his
+shoulders rested a government dearer to him than his own life. At its
+integrity millions of men were striking at home. Upon this government
+foreign eyes lowered. It stood like a lone island in a sea full of
+storms, and every tide and wave seemed eager to devour it. Upon
+thousands of hearts great sorrows and anxieties have rested, but not
+on one such, and in such measure, as upon that simple, truthful, noble
+soul, our faithful and sainted Lincoln. Never rising to the enthusiasm
+of more impassioned natures in hours of hope, and never sinking with
+the mercurial, in hours of defeat, to the depths of despondency, he
+held on with immovable patience and fortitude, putting caution against
+hope, that it might not be premature, and hope against caution that it
+might not yield to dread and danger. He wrestled ceaselessly, through
+four black and dreadful purgatorial years, wherein God was cleansing
+the sin of His people as by fire.
+
+At last, the watcher beheld the gray dawn for the country. The
+mountains began to give forth their forms from out the darkness and
+the East came rushing toward us with arms full of joy for all our
+sorrows. Then it was for him to be glad exceedingly that had sorrowed
+immeasurably. Peace could bring to no other heart such joy and rest,
+such honor, such trust, such gratitude. But he looked upon it as Moses
+looked upon the promised land. Then the wail of a nation proclaimed
+that he had gone from among us. Not thine the sorrow, but ours,
+sainted soul. Thou hast, indeed, entered the promised land, while we
+are yet on the march. To us remain the rocking of the deep, the storm
+upon the land, days of duty and nights of watching; but thou art
+sphered high above all darkness and fear, beyond all sorrow and
+weariness. Rest, O weary heart! Rejoice exceedingly,--thou that hast
+enough suffered! Thou hast beheld Him who invisibly led thee in this
+great wilderness. Thou standest among the elect. Around thee are the
+royal men that have ennobled human life in every age. Kingly art thou,
+with glory on thy brow as a diadem. And joy is upon thee for evermore.
+Over all this land, over all the little cloud of years that now from
+thine infinite horizon moves back as a speck, thou art lifted up as
+high as the star is above the clouds that hide us, but never reach it.
+In the goodly company of Mount Zion thou shalt find that rest which
+thou hast sorrowing sought in vain; and thy name, an everlasting name
+in heaven, shall flourish in fragrance and beauty as long as men shall
+last upon the earth, or hearts remain, to revere truth, fidelity and
+goodness.
+
+Never did two such orbs of experience meet in one hemisphere, as the
+joy and the sorrow of the same week in this land. The joy was as
+sudden as if no man had expected it, and as entrancing as if it had
+fallen a sphere from heaven. It rose up over sobriety, and swept
+business from its moorings, and ran down through the land in
+irresistible course. Men embraced each other in brotherhood that were
+strangers in the flesh. They sang, or prayed, or deeper yet, many
+could only think thanksgiving and weep gladness.
+
+That peace was sure; that government was firmer than ever; that the
+land was cleansed of plague; that the ages were opening to our
+footsteps, and we were to begin a march of blessings; that blood was
+staunched and scowling enmities were sinking like storms beneath the
+horizon; that the dear fatherland, nothing lost, much gained, was to
+rise up in unexampled honor among the nations of the earth--these
+thoughts, and that undistinguishable throng of fancies, and hopes, and
+desires, and yearnings, that filled the soul with tremblings like the
+heated air of midsummer days--all these kindled up such a surge of joy
+as no words may describe.
+
+In one hour, joy lay without a pulse, without a gleam or breath. A
+sorrow came that swept through the land as huge storms sweep through
+the forest and field, rolling thunder along the sky, disheveling the
+flowers, daunting every singer in thicket or forest, and pouring
+blackness and darkness across the land and up the mountains. Did ever
+so many hearts, in so brief a time, touch two such boundless feelings?
+It was the uttermost of joy; it was the uttermost of sorrow--noon and
+midnight, without a space between.
+
+The blow brought not a sharp pang. It was so terrible that at first it
+stunned sensibility. Citizens were like men awakened at midnight by an
+earthquake, and bewildered to find everything that they were
+accustomed to trust wavering and falling. The very earth was no longer
+solid. The first feeling was the least. Men waited to get strength to
+feel. They wandered in the streets as if groping after some impending
+dread, or undeveloped sorrow, or some one to tell them what ailed
+them. They met each other as if each would ask the other, "Am I awake,
+or do I dream?" There was a piteous helplessness. Strong men bowed
+down and wept. Other and common griefs belonged to someone in chief;
+this belonged to all. It was each and every man's. Every virtuous
+household in the land felt as if its firstborn were gone. Men were
+bereaved and walked for days as if a corpse lay unburied in their
+dwellings. There was nothing else to think of. They could speak of
+nothing but that; and yet of that they could speak only falteringly.
+All business was laid aside. Pleasure forgot to smile. The city for
+nearly a week ceased to roar. The great Leviathan lay down, and was
+still. Even avarice stood still, and greed was strangely moved to
+generous sympathy and universal sorrow. Rear to his name monuments,
+found charitable institutions, and write his name above their lintels,
+but no monument will ever equal the universal, spontaneous, and
+sublime sorrow that in a moment swept down lines and parties, and
+covered up animosities, in an hour brought a divided people into unity
+of grief and indivisible fellowship of anguish.
+
+This Nation has dissolved--but in tears only. It stands four-square,
+more solid to-day than any pyramid in Egypt. This people are neither
+wasted, nor daunted, nor disordered. Men hate slavery and love liberty
+with stronger hate and love to-day than ever before. The government is
+not weakened; it is made stronger. How naturally and easily were the
+ranks closed! Another steps forward, in the hour that one fell, to
+take his place and his mantle; and I avow my belief that he will be
+found a man true to every instinct of liberty; true to the whole trust
+that is reposed in him; vigilant of the Constitution; careful of the
+laws; wise for liberty, in that he himself, through his life, has
+known what it was to suffer from the stings of slavery, and to prize
+liberty from bitter personal experiences.
+
+Where could the head of government of any monarchy be smitten down by
+the hand of an assassin, and the funds not quiver or fall one-half of
+one per cent? After a long period of national disturbance, after four
+years of drastic war, after tremendous drafts on the resources of the
+country, in the height and top of our burdens, the heart of this
+people is such that now, when the head of government is stricken down,
+the public funds do not waver, but stand as the granite ribs in our
+mountains.
+
+Republican institutions have been vindicated in this experience as
+they never were before; and the whole history of the last four years,
+rounded up by this cruel stroke, seems in the providence of God, to
+have been clothed now, with an illustration, with a sympathy, with an
+aptness, and with a significance, such as we never could have expected
+nor imagined. God, I think, has said, by the voice of this event, to
+all nations of the earth: "Republican liberty, based upon true
+Christianity, is firm as the foundation of the globe."
+
+Even he who now sleeps has, by this event, been clothed with new
+influence. Dead, he speaks to men who now willingly hear what before
+they refused to listen to. Now his simple and weighty words will be
+gathered like those of Washington, and your children and your
+children's children shall be taught to ponder the simplicity and deep
+wisdom of utterances which, in their time, passed, in party heat, as
+idle words. Men will receive a new impulse of patriotism for his sake,
+and will guard with zeal the whole country which he loved so well. I
+swear you, on the altar of his memory, to be more faithful to the
+country for which he has perished. They will, as they follow his
+hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which he warred,
+and which, in vanquishing him, has made him a martyr and a conqueror.
+I swear you, by the memory of this martyr, to hate slavery, with an
+unappeasable hatred. They will admire and imitate the firmness of this
+man, his inflexible conscience for the right, and yet his gentleness,
+as tender as a woman's, his moderation of spirit, which not all the
+heat of party could inflame, nor all the jars and disturbances of his
+country shake out of place. I swear you to an emulation of his
+justice, his moderation, and his mercy.
+
+You I can comfort; but how can I speak to that twilight million to
+whom his name was as the name of an angel of God? There will be
+wailing in places which no minister shall be able to reach. When, in
+hovel and in cot, in wood and in wilderness, in the field throughout
+the South, the dusky children, who looked upon him as that Moses whom
+God sent before them to lead them out of the land of bondage, learn
+that he has fallen, who shall comfort them? O, thou Shepherd of
+Israel, that didst comfort Thy people of old, to Thy care we commit
+the helpless, the long-wronged, and grieved.
+
+And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than when
+alive. The Nation rises up at every stage of his coming. Cities and
+States are his pallbearers, and the cannon beats the hours with solemn
+progression. Dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is Washington dead? Is
+Hampden dead? Is David dead? Is any man that was ever fit to live
+dead? Disenthralled of flesh, and risen in the unobstructed sphere
+where passion never comes, he begins his illimitable work. His life
+now is grafted upon the infinite, and will be fruitful as no earthly
+life can be.
+
+Pass on, thou that hast overcome. Your sorrows, O people, are his
+peace. Your bells and bands and muffled drums sound triumph in his
+ear. Wail and weep here; God made it echo joy and triumph there. Pass
+on.
+
+Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man,
+and from among the people. We return him to you a mighty conqueror.
+Not thine any more, but the Nation's; not ours, but the world's. Give
+him place, O ye prairies. In the midst of this great continent his
+dust shall rest, a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim to
+that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds that
+move over the mighty places of the West, chant his requiem. Ye people,
+behold a martyr whose blood as so many articulate words, pleads for
+fidelity, for law, for liberty.
+
+
+HYMN[16]
+
+BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
+
+    O Thou of soul and sense and breath,
+      The ever-present Giver,
+    Unto Thy mighty angel, death,
+      All flesh thou didst deliver;
+    What most we cherish, we resign,
+    For life and death alike are Thine,
+      Who reignest Lord forever!
+
+    Our hearts lie buried in the dust
+      With him, so true and tender,
+    The patriot's stay, the people's trust,
+      The shield of the offender;
+    Yet every murmuring voice is still,
+    As, bowing to Thy sovereign will,
+      Our best loved we surrender.
+
+    Dear Lord, with pitying eye behold
+      This martyr generation,
+    Which Thou, through trials manifold,
+      Art showing Thy salvation!
+    O let the blood by murder split
+    Wash out Thy stricken children's guilt,
+      And sanctify our nation!
+
+    Be Thou Thy orphaned Israel's friend,
+      Forsake Thy people never,
+    In One our broken Many blend,
+      That none again may sever!
+    Hear us, O Father, while we raise
+    With trembling lips our song of praise,
+      And bless Thy name forever!
+
+[16] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+Foully Assassinated April 14, 1865
+
+BY TOM TAYLOR (MARK LEMON) IN LONDON PUNCH.
+
+    You lay a wreath on murdered Lincoln's bier,
+      You, who with mocking pencil wont to trace,
+    Broad for the self-complacent British sneer,
+      His length of shambling limb, his furrowed face,
+
+    His gaunt, gnarled hands, his unkempt, bristling hair,
+      His garb uncouth, his bearing ill at ease,
+    His lack of all we prize as debonair,
+      Of power or will to shine, of art to please;
+
+    You whose smart pen backed up the pencil's laugh,
+      Judging each step as though the way were plain;
+    Reckless, so it could point its paragraph,
+      Of chief's perplexity, or people's pain:
+
+    Beside this corpse, that bears for winding-sheet
+      The Stars and Stripes he lived to rear anew,
+    Between the mourners at his head and feet,
+      Say, scurrile jester, is there room for you?
+
+    Yes: he had lived to shame me from my sneer,
+      To lame my pencil, and confute my pen:--
+    To make me own this man of princes peer,
+      This rail-splitter a true-born king of men.
+
+    My shallow judgment I had learned to rue,
+      Noting how to occasion's height he rose;
+    How his quaint wit made home-truth seem more true;
+      How, iron-like, his temper grew by blows.
+
+    How humble, yet how hopeful he could be:
+      How in good fortune and in ill, the same:
+    Nor bitter in success, nor boastful he,
+      Thirsty for gold, nor feverish for fame.
+
+    He went about his work,--such work as few
+      Ever had laid on head and heart and hand,--
+    As one who knows, where there's a task to do,
+      Man's honest will must heaven's good grace command;
+
+    Who trusts the strength will with the burden grow,
+      That God makes instruments to work His will,
+    If but that will we can arrive to know,
+      Nor tamper with the weights of good and ill.
+
+    So he went forth to battle, on the side
+      That he felt clear was Liberty's and Right's,
+    As in his peasant boyhood he had plied
+      His warfare with rude Nature's thwarting mights,--
+
+    The uncleared forest, the unbroken soil,
+      The iron-bark, that turns the lumberer's axe,
+    The rapid, that o'erbears the boatsman's toil,
+      The prairie, hiding the mazed wanderer's tracks,
+
+    The ambushed Indian, and the prowling bear;--
+      Such were the deeds that helped his youth to train:
+    Rough culture,--but such trees large fruit may bear,
+      If but their stocks be of right girth and grain.
+
+    So he grew up, a destined work to do,
+      And lived to do it: four long suffering years,
+    Ill-fate, ill-feeling, ill-report, lived through,
+      And then he heard the hisses change to cheers.
+
+    The taunts to tribute, the abuse to praise,
+      And took both with the same unwavering mood:
+    Till, as he came on light, from darkling days,
+      And seem to touch the goal from where he stood,
+
+    A felon hand, between the goal and him,
+      Reached from behind his back, a trigger prest,--
+    And those perplexed and patient eyes were dim,
+      Those gaunt, long-laboring limbs were laid to rest!
+
+    The words of mercy were upon his lips,
+      Forgiveness in his heart and on his pen,
+    When this vile murderer brought swift eclipse
+      To thoughts of peace on earth, good-will to men.
+
+    The Old World and the New, from sea to sea,
+      Utter one voice of sympathy and shame!
+    Sore heart, so stopped when it at last beat high;
+      Sad life, cut short just as its triumph came.
+
+    A deed accurst! Strokes have been struck before
+      By the assassin's hand, whereof men doubt
+    If more of horror or disgrace they bore;
+      But thy foul crime, like Cain's, stands darkly out.
+
+    Vile hand, that brandest murder on a strife,
+      Whate'er its grounds, stoutly and nobly striven;
+    And with the martyr's crown crownest a life
+      With much to praise, little to be forgiven.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+
+THE MARTYR CHIEF[17]
+
+From the Harvard Commemoration Ode,
+
+BY JAMES RUSSEL LOWELL
+
+    Life may be given in many ways,
+          And loyalty to Truth be sealed
+    As bravely in the closet as the field,
+        So generous is Fate;
+        But then to stand beside her,
+        When craven churls deride her,
+    To front a lie in arms, and not to yield--
+        This shows, methinks, God's plan
+        And measure of a stalwart man,
+    Limbed, like the old heroic breeds,
+        Who stands self-poised on manhood's solid earth,
+        Not forced to frame excuses for his birth,
+    Fed from within with all the strength he needs.
+    Such was he, our Martyr Chief,
+        Whom late the nation he had led,
+        With ashes on her head,
+    Wept with the passion of an angry grief:
+    Forgive me, if from present things I turn
+    To speak what in my heart will beat and burn,
+    And hang my wreath on his world-honored urn.
+        Nature, they say, doth dote,
+        And cannot make a man
+        Save on some worn-out plan,
+        Repeating us by rote:
+    For him her Old-World moulds aside she threw,
+        And, choosing sweet clay from the breast
+        Of the unexhausted West,
+    With stuff untainted shaped a hero new,
+    Wise, steadfast in the strength of God, and true.
+        How beautiful to see
+    Once more a shepherd of mankind indeed,
+    Who loved his charge, but never loved to lead;
+    One whose meek flock the people joyed to be,
+        Not lured by any cheat of birth,
+        But by his clear-grained human worth,
+    And brave old wisdom of sincerity!
+        They knew that outward grace is dust;
+        They could not choose but trust
+    In that sure-footed mind's unfaltering skill,
+        And supple-tempered will
+    That bent like perfect steel to spring again and thrust.
+        His was no lonely mountain-peak of mind,
+        Thrusting to thin air o'er our cloudy bars,
+        A seamark now, now lost in vapors blind,
+        Broad prairie rather, genial, level-lined,
+        Fruitful and friendly for all human kind,
+    Yet also nigh to heaven and loved of loftiest stars.
+          Nothing of Europe here,
+    Or, then, of Europe fronting mornward still,
+          Ere any names of serf and peer
+        Could Nature's equal scheme deface;
+        Here was a type of the true elder race,
+    And one of Plutarch's men talked with us face to face.
+        I praise him not; it were too late;
+    And some innative weakness there must be
+    In him who condescends to victory
+    Such as the present gives, and cannot wait,
+        Safe in himself as in a fate.
+          So always firmly he;
+          He knew to bide him time,
+          And can his fame abide,
+    Still patient in his simple faith sublime,
+          Till the wise years decide.
+      Great captains, with their guns and drums,
+        Disturb our judgment for the hour,
+          But at last silence comes:
+    These are all gone, and, standing like a tower,
+    Our children shall behold his fame,
+        The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man,
+    Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame,
+      New birth of our new soil the first American.
+
+[17] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[18]
+
+Remarks at the funeral services held in Concord, April 19, 1865
+
+BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON
+
+We meet under the gloom of a calamity which darkens down over the
+minds of good men in all civil society, as the fearful tidings travel
+over sea, over land, from country to country, like the shadow of an
+uncalculated eclipse over the planet. Old as history is, and manifold
+as are its tragedies, I doubt if any death has caused so much pain to
+mankind as this has caused, or will cause, on its announcement; and
+this, not so much because nations are by modern arts brought so
+closely together, as because of the mysterious hopes and fears which,
+in the present day, are connected with the name and institutions of
+America.
+
+In this country, on Saturday, every one was struck dumb, and saw at
+first only deep below deep, as he meditated on the ghastly blow. And
+perhaps, at this hour, when the coffin which contains the dust of the
+President sets forward on its long march through mourning States, on
+its way to his home in Illinois, we might well be silent and suffer
+the awful voices of the time to thunder to us. Yes, but that first
+despair was brief: the man was not so to be mourned. He was the most
+active and hopeful of men; and his work has not perished: but
+acclamations of praise for the task he has accomplished burst out into
+a song of triumph, which even tears for his death cannot keep down.
+
+The President stood before us as a man of the people. He was
+thoroughly American, had never crossed the sea, had never been spoiled
+by English insularity or French dissipation; a quiet native,
+aboriginal man, as an acorn from the oak; no aping of foreigners, no
+frivolous accomplishments, Kentuckian born, working on a farm, a
+flatboat-man, a captain in the Black Hawk war, a country lawyer, a
+representative in the rural legislature of Illinois;--on such modest
+foundations the broad structure of his fame was laid. How slowly, and
+yet by happily prepared steps, he came to his place. All of us
+remember--it is only a history of five or six years--the surprise and
+the disappointment of the country at his first nomination by the
+convention at Chicago. Mr. Seward, then in the culmination of his good
+fame, was the favorite of the Eastern States. And when the new and
+comparatively unknown name of Lincoln was announced (notwithstanding
+the report of the acclamations of that convention), we heard the
+result coldly and sadly. It seemed too rash, on a purely local
+reputation, to build so grave a trust in such anxious times; and men
+naturally talked of the chances in politics as incalculable. But it
+turned out not to be chance. The profound good opinion which the
+people of Illinois and of the West had conceived of him, and which
+they had imparted to their colleagues, that they also might justify
+themselves to their constituents at home, was not rash, though they
+did not begin to know the riches of his worth.
+
+A plain man of the people, an extraordinary fortune attended him. He
+offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend
+by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion,
+which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man
+without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy
+for him to obey. Then he had what farmers call a long head; was
+excellent in working out the sum for himself; in arguing his case and
+convincing you fairly and firmly. Then it turned out that he was a
+great worker; had prodigious faculty of performance; worked easily. A
+good worker is so rare; everybody has some disabling quality. In a
+host of young men that start together and promise so many brilliant
+leaders for the next age, each fails on trial; one by bad health, one
+by conceit, or by love of pleasure, or lethargy, or an ugly
+temper,--each has some disqualifying fault that throws him out of the
+career. But this man was sound to the core, cheerful, persistent, all
+right for labor, and liked nothing so well.
+
+Then he had a vast good nature, which made him tolerant and accessible
+to all; fair minded, leaning to the claim of the petitioner; affable,
+and not sensible to the affliction which the innumerable visits paid
+to him when President would have brought to any one else. And how this
+good nature became a noble humanity, in many a tragic case which the
+events of the war brought to him, every one will remember; and with
+what increasing tenderness he dealt when a whole race was thrown on
+his compassion. The poor negro said of him, on an impressive occasion,
+"Massa Linkum am ebery-where." Then his broad good humor, running
+easily into jocular talk, in which he delighted and in which he
+excelled, was a rich gift to this wise man. It enabled him to keep his
+secret; to meet every kind of man and every rank in society; to take
+off the edge of the severest decisions; to mask his own purpose and
+sound his companion; and to catch with true instinct the temper of
+every company he addressed. And, more than all, it is to a man of
+severe labor, in anxious and exhausting crises, the natural
+restorative, good as sleep, and is the protection of the overdriven
+brain against rancor and insanity.
+
+He is the author of a multitude of good sayings, so disguised as
+pleasantries that it is certain they had no reputation at first but as
+jests; and only later, by the very acceptance and adoption they find
+in the mouths of millions, turn out to be the wisdom of the hour. I am
+sure if this man had ruled in a period of less facility of printing,
+he would have become mythological in a very few years, like Æsop or
+Pilpay, or one of the Seven Wise Masters, by his fables and proverbs.
+But the weight and penetration of many passages in his letters,
+messages, and speeches, hidden now by the very closeness of their
+application to the moment, are destined hereafter to wide fame. What
+pregnant definitions; what unerring common sense; what foresight; and,
+on great occasion, what lofty, and more than national, what humane
+tone! His brief speech at Gettysburg will not easily be surpassed by
+words on any recorded occasion. This, and one other American speech,
+that of John Brown to the court that tried him, and a part of
+Kossuth's speech at Birmingham, can only be compared with each other,
+and with no fourth.
+
+His occupying the chair of State was a triumph of the good sense of
+mankind, and of the public conscience. This middle-class country had
+got a middle-class President, at last. Yes, in manners and sympathies,
+but not in powers, for his powers were superior. This man grew
+according to the need. His mind mastered the problem of the day; and
+as the problem grew, so did his comprehension of it. Rarely was man so
+fitted to the event. In the midst of fears and jealousies, in the
+Babel of counsels and parties, this man wrought incessantly with all
+his might and all his honesty, laboring to find what the people
+wanted, and how to obtain that. It cannot be said there is any
+exaggeration of his worth. If ever a man was fairly tested, he was.
+There was no lack of resistance, nor of slander, nor of ridicule. The
+times have allowed no state secrets; the nation has been in such
+ferment, such multitudes had to be trusted, that no secret could be
+kept. Every door was ajar, and we know all that befell.
+
+Then, what an occasion was the whirlwind of the war. Here was place
+for no holiday magistrate, no fair-weather sailor; the new pilot was
+hurried to the helm in a tornado. In four years,--four years of
+battle-days,--his endurance, his fertility of resources, his
+magnanimity, were sorely tried and never found wanting. There, by his
+courage, his justice, his even temper, his fertile counsel, his
+humanity, he stood a heroic figure in the centre of a heroic epoch. He
+is the true history of the American people in his time. Step by step
+he walked before them; slow with their slowness, quickening his march
+by theirs, the true representative of this continent; an entirely
+public man; father of his country, the pulse of twenty-millions
+throbbing in his heart, the thought of their minds articulated by his
+tongue.
+
+Adam Smith remarks that the axe, which in Houbraken's portraits of
+British kings and worthies is engraved under those who have suffered
+at the block, adds a certain lofty charm to the picture. And who does
+not see, even in this tragedy so recent, how fast the terror and ruin
+of the massacre are already burning into glory around the victim? Far
+happier this fate than to have lived to be wished away; to have
+watched the decay of his own faculties; to have seen--perhaps even
+be--the proverbial ingratitude of statesmen; to have seen mean men
+preferred. Had he not lived long enough to keep the greatest promise
+that ever man made to his fellow men,--the practicable abolition of
+slavery? He had seen Tennessee, Missouri, and Maryland emancipate
+their slaves. He had seen Savannah, Charleston, and Richmond
+surrendered; had seen the main army of the rebellion lay down its
+arms. He had conquered the public opinion of Canada, England, and
+France. Only Washington can compare with him in fortune.
+
+And what if it should turn out, in the unfolding of the web, that he
+had reached the term; that this heroic deliverer could no longer serve
+us; that the rebellion had touched its natural conclusion, and what
+remained to be done required new and uncommitted hands,--a new spirit
+born out of the ashes of the war; and that Heaven, wishing to show
+the world a completed benefactor, shall make him serve his country
+even more by his death than by his life? Nations, like kings, are not
+good by facility and complaisance. "The kindness of kings consists in
+justice and strength." Easy good nature has been the dangerous foible
+of the Republic, and it was necessary that its enemies should outrage
+it, and drive us to unwonted firmness, to secure the salvation of this
+country in the next ages.
+
+The ancients believed in a serene and beautiful Genius which ruled in
+the affairs of nations; which, with a slow but stern justice, carried
+forward the fortunes of certain chosen houses, weeding out single
+offenders or offending families, and securing at last the firm
+prosperity of the favorites of Heaven. It was too narrow a view of the
+Eternal Nemesis. There is a serene Providence which rules the fate of
+nations, which makes little account of time, little of one generation
+or race, makes no account of disasters, conquers alike by what is
+called defeat or by what is called victory, thrusts aside enemy and
+obstruction, crushes everything immoral as inhuman, and obtains the
+ultimate triumph of the best race by the sacrifice of everything which
+resists the moral laws of the world. It makes its own instruments,
+creates the man for the time, trains him in poverty, inspires his
+genius, and arms him for his task. It has given every race its own
+talent, and ordains that only that race which combines perfectly with
+the virtues of all shall endure.
+
+[18] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN
+
+BY WILLIAM MCKINLEY
+
+The greatest names in American history are Washington and Lincoln. One
+is forever associated with the independence of the States and the
+formation of the Federal Union; the other with universal freedom and
+the preservation of the Union.
+
+Washington enforced the Declaration of Independence as against
+England. Lincoln proclaimed the fulfilment not only to a down-trodden
+race in America, but to all people for all time who may seek the
+protection of our flag. These illustrious men achieved grander results
+for mankind within a single century than any other men ever
+accomplished in all the years since the first flight of time began.
+
+Washington drew his sword not for a change of rulers upon an
+established throne, but to establish a new government which should
+acknowledge no throne but the tribute of the people.
+
+Lincoln accepted war to save the Union, the safeguard of our
+liberties, and re-established it on indestructible foundations as
+forever "one and indivisible." To quote his own words: "Now we are
+contending that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of
+freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the
+people shall not perish from the earth."
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+Abraham Lincoln--the spirit incarnate of those who won victory in the
+Civil War--was the true representative of this people, not only for
+his own generation, but for all time, because he was a man among men.
+A man who embodied the qualities of his fellow-men, but who embodied
+them to the highest and most unusual degree of perfection, who
+embodied all that there was in the nation of courage, of wisdom, of
+gentle, patient kindliness, and of common sense.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S GRAVE
+
+BY MAURICE THOMPSON
+
+    May one who fought in honor for the South
+    Uncovered stand and sing by Lincoln's grave?
+    Why, if I shrunk not at the cannon's mouth,
+    Nor swerved one inch for any battle-wave,
+    Should I now tremble in this quiet close
+    Hearing the prairie wind go lightly by
+    From billowy plains of grass and miles of corn,
+        While out of deep repose
+    The great sweet spirit lifts itself on high
+    And broods above our land this summer morn?
+
+    Meseems I feel his presence. Is he dead?
+    Death is a word. He lives and grander grows.
+    At Gettysburg he bows his bleeding head;
+    He spreads his arms where Chickamauga flows,
+    As if to clasp old soldiers to his breast,
+    Of South or North no matter which they be,
+    Not thinking of what uniform they wore,
+        His heart a palimpsest,
+    Record on record of humanity,
+    Where love is first and last forevermore.
+
+    He was the Southern mother leaning forth,
+    At dead of night to hear the cannon roar,
+    Beseeching God to turn the cruel North
+    And break it that her son might come once more;
+    He was New England's maiden pale and pure,
+    Whose gallant lover fell on Shiloh's plain;
+    He was the mangled body of the dead;
+        He writhing did endure
+    Wounds and disfigurement and racking pain,
+    Gangrene and amputation, all things dread.
+
+    He was the North, the South, the East, the West,
+    The thrall, the master, all of us in one;
+    There was no section that he held the best;
+    His love shone as impartial as the sun;
+    And so revenge appealed to him in vain;
+    He smiled at it, as at a thing forlorn,
+    And gently put it from him, rose and stood
+        A moment's space in pain,
+    Remembering the prairies and the corn
+    And the glad voices of the field and wood.
+
+    And then when Peace set wing upon the wind
+    And northward flying fanned the clouds away,
+    He passed as martyrs pass. Ah, who shall find
+    The chord to sound the pathos of that day!
+    Mid-April blowing sweet across the land,
+    New bloom of freedom opening to the world,
+    Loud pæans of the homeward-looking host,
+        The salutations grand
+    From grimy guns, the tattered flags unfurled;
+    And he must sleep to all the glory lost!
+
+    Sleep! loss! But there is neither sleep nor loss,
+    And all the glory mantles him about;
+    Above his breast the precious banners cross,
+    Does he not hear his armies tramp and shout?
+    Oh, every kiss of mother, wife or maid
+    Dashed on the grizzly lip of veteran,
+    Comes forthright to that calm and quiet mouth,
+        And will not be delayed,
+    And every slave, no longer slave but man,
+    Sends up a blessing from the broken South.
+
+    He is not dead, France knows he is not dead;
+    He stirs strong hearts in Spain and Germany,
+    In far Siberian mines his words are said,
+    He tells the English Ireland shall be free,
+    He calls poor serfs about him in the night,
+    And whispers of a power that laughs at kings,
+    And of a force that breaks the strongest chain;
+        Old tyranny feels his might
+    Tearing away its deepest fastenings,
+    And jewelled sceptres threaten him in vain.
+
+    Years pass away, but freedom does not pass,
+    Thrones crumble, but man's birthright crumbles not,
+    And, like the wind across the prairie grass,
+    A whole world's aspirations fan this spot
+    With ceaseless panting after liberty,
+    One breath of which would make dark Russia fair,
+    And blow sweet summer through the exile's cave
+        And set the exile free;
+    For which I pray, here in the open air
+    Of Freedom's morning-tide, by Lincoln's grave.
+
+
+TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN
+
+A man of great ability, pure patriotism, unselfish nature, full of
+forgiveness to his enemies, bearing malice toward none, he proved to
+be the man above all others for the struggle through which the nation
+had to pass to place itself among the greatest in the family of
+nations. His fame will grow brighter as time passes and his great
+great work is better understood.
+
+                                                      _U. S. Grant._
+
+
+At the moment when the stars of the Union, sparkling and resplendent
+with the golden fires of liberty, are waving over the subdued walls of
+Richmond the sepulchre opens, and the strong, the powerful enters it.
+
+                                               _Sr. Rebello Da Silva._
+
+
+He ascended the mount where he could see the fair fields and the
+smiling vineyards of the promised land. But, like the great leader of
+Israel, he was not permitted to come to the possession.
+
+                                                     _Seth Sweetser._
+
+
+In his freedom from passion and bitterness; in his acute sense
+of justice; in his courageous faith in the right, and his
+inextinguishable hatred of wrong; in his warm and heartfelt sympathy
+and mercy; in his coolness of judgment; in his unquestioned rectitude
+of intention--in a word, in his ability to lift himself for his
+country's sake above all mere partisanship, in all the marked traits
+of his character combined, he has had no parallel since Washington,
+and while our republic endures he will live with him in the grateful
+hearts of his grateful countrymen.
+
+                                                   _Schuyler Colfax._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL
+
+    Dead is the roll of the drums,
+      And the distant thunders die,
+      They fade in the far-off sky;
+    And a lovely summer comes,
+      Like the smile of Him on high.
+
+    Lulled, the storm and the onset.
+      Earth lies in a sunny swoon;
+      Stiller splendor of noon,
+    Softer glory of sunset,
+      Milder starlight and moon!
+
+    For the kindly Seasons love us;
+      They smile over trench and clod
+    (Where we left the bravest of us)--
+      There's a brighter green of the sod,
+    And a holier calm above us
+      In the blessed Blue of God.
+
+    The roar and ravage were vain;
+      And Nature, that never yields,
+    Is busy with sun and rain
+    At her old sweet work again
+      On the lonely battle-fields.
+
+    How the tall white daisies grow,
+      Where the grim artillery rolled!
+    (Was it only a moon ago?
+      It seems a century old)--
+
+    And the bee hums in the clover,
+      As the pleasant June comes on;
+    Aye, the wars are all over,--
+      But our good Father is gone.
+
+    There was tumbling of traitor fort,
+      Flaming of traitor fleet--
+    Lighting of city and port,
+      Clasping in square and street.
+
+    There was thunder of mine and gun,
+      Cheering by mast and tent,--
+    When--his dread work all done,
+    And his high fame full won--
+      Died the Good President.
+
+    In his quiet chair he sate,
+      Pure of malice or guile,
+    Stainless of fear or hate,--
+      And there played a pleasant smile
+    On the rough and careworn face;
+      For his heart was all the while
+    On means of mercy and grace.
+
+    The brave old Flag drooped o'er him,
+      (A fold in the hard hand lay)--
+      He looked, perchance, on the play--
+    But the scene was a shadow before him,
+      For his thoughts were far away.
+
+    'Twas but the morn (yon fearful
+      Death-shade, gloomy and vast,
+      Lifting slowly at last),
+    His household heard him say,
+    "'Tis long since I've been so cheerful,
+      So light of heart as to-day."
+
+    'Twas dying, the long dread clang--
+      But, or ever the blessèd ray
+      Of peace could brighten to-day,
+      Murder stood by the way--
+    Treason struck home his fang!
+    One throb--and, without a pang,
+      That pure soul passed away.
+
+    Kindly Spirit!--Ah, when did treason
+      Bid such a generous nature cease,
+    Mild by temper and strong by reason,
+      But ever leaning to love and peace?
+
+    A head how sober; a heart how spacious;
+      A manner equal with high or low;
+    Rough but gentle, uncouth but gracious,
+      And still inclining to lips of woe.
+
+    Patient when saddest, calm when sternest,
+      Grieved when rigid for justice' sake;
+    Given to jest, yet ever in earnest
+      If aught of right or truth were at stake.
+
+    Simple of heart, yet shrewd therewith,
+      Slow to resolve, but firm to hold;
+    Still with parable and with myth
+      Seasoning truth, like Them of old;
+    Aptest humor and quaintest pith!
+      (Still we smile o'er the tales he told.)
+
+    Yet whoso might pierce the guise
+      Of mirth in the man we mourn,
+    Would mark, and with grieved surprise,
+      All the great soul had borne,
+    In the piteous lines, and the kind, sad eyes
+      So dreadfully wearied and worn.
+
+    And we trusted (the last dread page
+      Once turned, of our Dooms-day Scroll),
+      To have seen him, sunny of soul,
+    In a cheery, grand old age.
+
+    But, Father, 'tis well with thee!
+      And since ever, when God draws nigh,
+    Some grief for the good must be,
+      'Twas well, even so to die,--
+
+    'Mid the thunder of Treason's fall,
+      The yielding of haughty town,
+    The crashing of cruel wall,
+      The trembling of tyrant crown!
+
+    The ringing of hearth and pavement
+      To the clash of falling chains,--
+    The centuries of enslavement
+      Dead, with their blood-bought gains!
+
+    And through trouble weary and long,
+      Well hadst thou seen the way,
+    Leaving the State so strong
+      It did not reel for a day.
+
+    And even in death couldst give
+      A token for Freedom's strife--
+    A proof how republics live,
+      And not by a single life,
+
+    But the Right Divine of man,
+      And the many, trained to be free,--
+    And none, since the world began,
+      Ever was mourned like thee.
+
+    Dost thou feel it, O noble Heart!
+      (So grieved and so wronged below),
+    From the rest wherein thou art?
+    Do they see it, those patient eyes?
+    Is there heed in the happy skies
+      For tokens of world-wide woe?
+
+    The Land's great lamentations,
+      The mighty mourning of cannon
+        The myriad flags half-mast--
+    The late remorse of the nations,
+      Grief from Volga to Shannon!
+        (Now they know thee at last.)
+
+    How, from gray Niagara's shore
+      To Canaveral's surfy shoal--
+    From the rough Atlantic roar
+      To the long Pacific roll--
+      For bereavement and for dole,
+    Every cottage wears its weed,
+      White as thine own pure soul,
+    And black as the traitor deed.
+
+    How, under a nation's pall,
+      The dust so dear in our sight
+        To its home on the prairie passed,--
+    The leagues of funeral,
+      The myriads, morn and night,
+        Pressing to look their last.
+
+    Nor alone the State's Eclipse;
+      But tears in hard eyes gather--
+    And on rough and bearded lips,
+    Of the regiments and the ships--
+      "Oh, our dear Father!"
+
+    And methinks of all the million
+      That looked on the dark dead face,
+    'Neath its sable-plumed pavilion,
+      The crone of a humbler race
+    Is saddest of all to think on,
+      And the old swart lips that said,
+    Sobbing, "Abraham Lincoln!
+      Oh, he is dead, he is dead!"
+
+    Hush! let our heavy souls
+      To-day be glad; for again
+    The stormy music swells and rolls,
+      Stirring the hearts of men.
+
+    And under the Nation's Dome,
+      They've guarded so well and long,
+    Our boys come marching home,
+      Two hundred thousand strong.
+
+    All in the pleasant month of May,
+      With war-worn colors and drums,
+    Still through the livelong summer's day,
+      Regiment, regiment comes.
+
+    Like the tide, yesty and barmy,
+      That sets on a wild lee-shore,
+    Surge the ranks of an army
+      Never reviewed before!
+
+    Who shall look on the like again,
+      Or see such host of the brave?
+    A mighty River of marching men
+      Rolls the Capital through--
+    Rank on rank, and wave on wave,
+      Of bayonet-crested blue!
+
+    How the chargers neigh and champ,
+    (Their riders weary of camp),
+      With curvet and with caracole!--
+    The cavalry comes with thunderous tramp,
+      And the cannons heavily roll.
+
+    And ever, flowery and gay,
+    The Staff sweeps on in a spray
+      Of tossing forelocks and manes;
+    But each bridle-arm has a weed
+    Of funeral, black as the steed
+      That fiery Sheridan reins.
+
+    Grandest of mortal sights
+      The sun-browned ranks to view--
+    The Colors ragg'd in a hundred fights,
+      And the dusty Frocks of Blue!
+
+    And all day, mile on mile,
+    With cheer, and waving, and smile,
+    The war-worn legions defile
+      Where the nation's noblest stand;
+    And the Great Lieutenant looks on,
+      With the Flower of a rescued Land,--
+    For the terrible work is done,
+    And the Good Fight is won
+      For God and for Fatherland.
+
+    So, from the fields they win,
+      Our men are marching home,
+      A million are marching home!
+    To the cannon's thundering din,
+      And banners on mast and dome,--
+    And the ships come sailing in
+    With all their ensigns dight,
+    As erst for a great sea-fight.
+
+    Let every color fly,
+      Every pennon flaunt in pride;
+    Wave, Starry Flag, on high!
+    Float in the sunny sky,
+      Stream o'er the stormy tide!
+    For every stripe of stainless hue,
+    And every star in the field of blue,
+    Ten thousand of the brave and true
+      Have laid them down and died.
+
+    And in all our pride to-day
+      We think, with a tender pain,
+    Of those so far away
+      They will not come home again.
+
+    And our boys had fondly thought,
+      To-day, in marching by,
+    From the ground so dearly bought,
+    And the fields so bravely fought,
+      To have met their Father's eye.
+
+    But they may not see him in place,
+      Nor their ranks be seen of him;
+    We look for the well-known face,
+      And the splendor is strangely dim.
+
+    Perish?--who was it said
+      Our Leader had passed away?
+    Dead? Our President dead?
+      He has not died for a day!
+
+    We mourn for a little breath
+      Such as, late or soon, dust yields;
+    But the Dark Flower of Death
+      Blooms in the fadeless fields.
+
+    We looked on a cold, still brow,
+      But Lincoln could yet survive;
+      He never was more alive,
+    Never nearer than now.
+
+    For the pleasant season found him,
+      Guarded by faithful hands,
+      In the fairest of Summer Lands;
+    With his own brave Staff around him,
+      There our President stands.
+
+    There they are all at his side,
+      The noble hearts and true,
+      That did all men might do--
+    Then slept, with their swords and died.
+
+    And around--(for there can cease
+      This earthly trouble)--they throng,
+    The friends that have passed in peace,
+      The foes that have seen their wrong.
+
+    (But, a little from the rest,
+      With sad eyes looking down,
+      And brows of softened frown,
+    With stern arms on the chest,
+    Are two, standing abreast--
+      Stonewall and Old John Brown.)
+
+    But the stainless and the true,
+      These by their President stand,
+    To look on his last review,
+      Or march with the old command.
+
+    And lo! from a thousand fields,
+      From all the old battle-haunts,
+    A greater Army than Sherman wields,
+      A grander Review than Grant's!
+
+    Gathered home from the grave,
+      Risen from sun and rain--
+    Rescued from wind and wave
+      Out of the stormy main--
+    The Legions of our Brave
+      Are all in their lines again!
+
+    Many a stout Corps that went,
+    Full-ranked, from camp and tent,
+      And brought back a brigade;
+    Many a brave regiment,
+      That mustered only a squad.
+
+    The lost battalions,
+      That, when the fight went wrong,
+    Stood and died at their guns,--
+      The stormers steady and strong,
+
+    With their best blood that bought
+      Scrap, and ravelin, and wall,--
+    The companies that fought
+      Till a corporal's guard was all.
+
+    Many a valiant crew,
+      That passed in battle and wreck,--
+    Ah, so faithful and true!
+      They died on the bloody deck,
+    They sank in the soundless blue.
+
+    All the loyal and bold
+      That lay on a soldier's bier,--
+      The stretchers borne to the rear,
+    The hammocks lowered to the hold.
+
+    The shattered wreck we hurried,
+      In death-fight, from deck and port,--
+    The Blacks that Wagner buried--
+      That died in the Bloody Fort!
+
+    Comrades of camp and mess,
+      Left, as they lay, to die,
+    In the battle's sorest stress,
+      When the storm of fight swept by,--
+    They lay in the Wilderness,
+      Ah, where did they not lie?
+
+    In the tangled swamp they lay,
+      They lay so still on the sward!--
+    They rolled in the sick-bay,
+    Moaning their lives away--
+      They flushed in the fevered ward.
+
+    They rotted in Libby yonder,
+      They starved in the foul stockade--
+    Hearing afar the thunder
+      Of the Union cannonade!
+
+    But the old wounds all are healed,
+      And the dungeoned limbs are free,--
+    The Blue Frocks rise from the field,
+      The Blue Jackets out of the sea.
+
+    They've 'scaped from the torture-den,
+      They've broken the bloody sod,
+    They're all come to life again!--
+    The Third of a Million men
+      That died for Thee and for God!
+
+    A tenderer green than May
+      The Eternal Season wears,--
+    The blue of our summer's day
+      Is dim and pallid to theirs,--
+    The Horror faded away,
+      And 'twas heaven all unawares!
+
+    Tents on the Infinite Shore!
+      Flags in the azuline sky,
+    Sails on the seas once more!
+      To-day, in the heaven on high,
+    All under arms once more!
+
+    The troops are all in their lines,
+      The guidons flutter and play;
+    But every bayonet shines,
+      For all must march to-day.
+
+    What lofty pennons flaunt?
+    What mighty echoes haunt,
+      As of great guns, o'er the main?
+      Hark to the sound again--
+    The Congress is all a-taunt!
+      The Cumberland's manned again!
+
+    All the ships and their men
+      Are in line of battle to-day,--
+    All at quarters, as when
+      Their last roll thundered away,--
+    All at their guns, as then,
+    For the Fleet salutes to-day.
+
+    The armies have broken camp
+      On the vast and sunny plain,
+      The drums are rolling again;
+    With steady, measured tramp,
+      They're marching all again.
+
+    With alignment firm and solemn,
+      Once again they form
+    In mighty square and column,--
+      But never for charge and storm.
+
+    The Old Flag they died under
+      Floats above them on the shore,
+    And on the great ships yonder
+      The ensigns dip once more--
+    And once again the thunder
+      Of the thirty guns and four!
+
+    In solid platoons of steel,
+      Under heaven's triumphal arch,
+    The long lines break and wheel--
+      And the word is, "Forward, march!"
+
+    The Colors ripple o'erhead,
+      The drums roll up to the sky,
+    And with martial time and tread
+      The regiments all pass by--
+    The ranks of our faithful Dead,
+      Meeting their President's eye.
+
+    With a soldier's quiet pride
+      They smile o'er the perished pain,
+      For their anguish was not vain--
+    For thee, O Father, we died!
+      And we did not die in vain.
+
+    March on, your last brave mile!
+      Salute him, Star and Lace,
+    Form round him, rank and file,
+      And look on the kind, rough face;
+
+    But the quaint and homely smile
+      Has a glory and a grace
+    It never had known erewhile--
+      Never, in time and space.
+
+    Close round him, hearts of pride!
+    Press near him, side by side,--
+      Our Father is not alone!
+    For the Holy Right ye died,
+    And Christ, the Crucified,
+      Waits to welcome His own.
+
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+A statesman of the school of sound common sense, and a philanthropist
+of the most practical type, a patriot without a superior--his monument
+is a country preserved.
+
+                                                  _C. S. Harrington._
+
+
+Now all men begin to see that the plain people, who at last came to
+love him and to lean upon his wisdom, and trust him absolutely, were
+altogether right, and that in deed and purpose he was earnestly
+devoted to the welfare of the whole country, and of all its
+inhabitants.
+
+                                                       _R. B. Hayes._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[19]
+
+BY JOEL BENTON
+
+    Some opulent force of genius, soul, and race,
+      Some deep life-current from far centuries
+      Flowed to his mind, and lighted his sad eyes,
+    And gave his name, among great names, high place.
+
+    But these are miracles we may not trace--
+      Nor say why from a source and lineage mean
+      He rose to grandeur never dreamt or seen,
+    Or told on the long scroll of history's space.
+
+    The tragic fate of one broad hemisphere
+      Fell on stern days to his supreme control,
+    All that the world and liberty held dear
+      Pressed like a nightmare on his patient soul.
+    Martyr beloved, on whom, when life was done,
+    Fame looked, and saw another Washington!
+
+[19] _By permission of the author._
+
+
+ON THE LIFE-MASK OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[20]
+
+BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER
+
+    This bronze doth keep the very form and mold
+      Of our great martyr's face. Yes, this is he:
+      That brow all wisdom, all benignity;
+    That human, humorous mouth; those cheeks that hold
+    Like some harsh landscape all the summer's gold;
+      That spirit fit for sorrow, as the sea
+      For storms to beat on; the lone agony
+    Those silent, patient lips too well foretold.
+    Yes, this is he who ruled a world of men
+      As might some prophet of the elder day--
+      Brooding above the tempest and the fray
+    With deep-eyed thought and more than mortal ken.
+      A power was his beyond the touch of art
+      Or armed strength--his pure and mighty heart.
+
+[20] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+To him belongs the credit of having worked his way up from the
+humblest position an American freeman can occupy to the highest and
+most powerful, without losing, in the least, the simplicity and
+sincerity of nature which endeared him alike to the plantation slave
+and the metropolitan millionaire.
+
+The most malignant party opposition has never been able to call in
+question the patriotism of his motives, or tarnish with the breath of
+suspicion the brightness of his spotless fidelity. Ambition did not
+warp, power corrupt, nor glory dazzle him.
+
+                                               _Warren H. Cudworth._
+
+
+By his steady, enduring confidence in God, and in the complete
+ultimate success of the cause of God which is the cause of humanity,
+more than in any other way does he now speak to us, and to the nation
+he loved and served so well.
+
+                                                      _P. D. Gurley._
+
+
+Chieftain, farewell! The nation mourns thee. Mothers shall teach thy
+name to their lisping children. The youth of our land shall emulate
+thy virtues. Statesmen shall study thy record, and learn lessons of
+wisdom. Mute though thy lips be, yet they still speak. Hushed is thy
+voice, but its echoes of liberty are ringing through the world, and
+the sons of bondage listen with joy.
+
+                                                   _Matthew Simpson._
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+BY GEORGE HENRY BOKER.
+
+    Crown we our heroes with a holier wreath
+    Than man e'er wore upon this side of death;
+    Mix with their laurels deathless asphodels,
+    And chime their pæans from the sacred bells!
+    Nor in your prayers forget the martyred Chief,
+    Fallen for the gospel of your own belief,
+    Who, ere he mounted to the people's throne,
+    Asked for your prayers, and joined in them his own.
+    I knew the man. I see him, as he stands
+    With gifts of mercy in his outstretched hands;
+    A kindly light within his gentle eyes,
+    Sad as the toil in which his heart grew wise;
+    His lips half-parted with the constant smile
+    That kindled truth, but foiled the deepest guile;
+    His head bent forward, and his willing ear
+    Divinely patient right and wrong to hear:
+    Great in his goodness, humble in his state,
+    Firm in his purpose, yet not passionate,
+    He led his people with a tender hand,
+    And won by love a sway beyond command,
+    Summoned by lot to mitigate a time
+    Frenzied with rage, unscrupulous with crime,
+    He bore his mission with so meek a heart
+    That Heaven itself took up his people's part;
+    And when he faltered, helped him ere he fell,
+    Eking his efforts out by miracle.
+    No king this man, by grace of God's intent;
+    No, something better, freeman,--President!
+    A nature, modeled on a higher plan,
+    Lord of himself, an inborn gentleman!
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+JAMES A. GARFIELD
+
+In the great drama of the rebellion there were two acts. The first was
+the war, with its battles and sieges, its victories and defeats, its
+sufferings and tears. Just as the curtain was lifting on the second
+and final act, the restoration of peace and liberty, the evil spirit
+of the rebellion, in the fury of despair, nerved and directed the hand
+of an assassin to strike down the chief character in both. It was no
+one man who killed Abraham Lincoln; it was the embodied spirit of
+treason and slavery, inspired with fearful and despairing hate, that
+struck him down in the moment of the nation's supremest joy.
+
+Sir, there are times in the history of men and nations when they stand
+so near the veil that separates mortals from the immortals, time from
+eternity, and men from God that they can almost hear the beatings and
+pulsations of the heart of the Infinite. Through such a time has this
+nation passed.
+
+When two hundred and fifty thousand brave spirits passed from the
+field of honor, through that thin veil, to the presence of God, and
+when at last its parting folds admitted the martyr President to the
+company of those dead heroes of the Republic, the nation stood so near
+the veil that the whispers of God were heard by the children of men.
+Awe-stricken by his voice, the American people knelt in tearful
+reverence and made a solemn covenant with him and with each other that
+this nation should be saved from its enemies, that all its glories
+should be restored, and, on the ruins of slavery and treason, the
+temples of freedom and justice should be built, and should survive
+forever.
+
+It remains for us, consecrated by that great event and under a
+covenant with God, to keep that faith, to go forward in the great work
+until it shall be completed. Following the lead of that great man, and
+obeying the high behests of God, let us remember that:
+
+    He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat;
+    He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment seat;
+    Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer him! be jubilant, my feet!
+      Our God is marching on.
+
+
+AN HORATIAN ODE[21]
+
+BY RICHARD HENRY STODDARD
+
+    Not as when some great captain falls
+    In battle, where his country calls,
+        Beyond the struggling lines
+        That push his dread designs
+
+    To doom, by some stray ball struck dead:
+    Or in the last charge, at the head
+        Of his determined men,
+        Who must be victors then!
+
+    Nor as when sink the civic great,
+    The safer pillars of the State,
+        Whose calm, mature, wise words
+        Suppress the need of swords!--
+
+    With no such tears as e'er were shed
+    Above the noblest of our dead
+        Do we to-day deplore
+        The man that is no more!
+
+    Our sorrow hath a wider scope,
+    Too strange for fear, too vast for hope,--
+        A wonder, blind and dumb,
+        That waits--what is to come!
+
+    Not more astonished had we been
+    If madness, that dark night, unseen,
+        Had in our chambers crept,
+        And murdered while we slept!
+
+    We woke to find a mourning earth--
+    Our Lares shivered on the hearth,--
+        To roof-tree fallen,--all
+        That could affright, appall!
+
+    Such thunderbolts, in other lands,
+    Have smitten the rod from royal hands,
+        But spared, with us, till now,
+        Each laurelled Cæsar's brow!
+
+    No Cæsar he, whom we lament,
+    A man without a precedent,
+        Sent it would seem, to do
+        His work--and perish too!
+
+    Not by the weary cares of state,
+    The endless tasks, which will not wait,
+        Which, often done in vain,
+        Must yet be done again:
+
+    Not in the dark, wild tide of war,
+    Which rose so high, and rolled so far,
+        Sweeping from sea to sea
+        In awful anarchy:--
+
+    Four fateful years of mortal strife,
+    Which slowly drained the nation's life,
+        (Yet, for each drop that ran
+        There sprang an armed man!)
+
+    Not then;--but when by measures meet,--
+    By victory, and by defeat,--
+        By courage, patience, skill,
+        The people's fixed "We will!"
+
+    Had pierced, had crushed rebellion dead,--
+    Without a hand, without a head:--
+        At last, when all was well,
+        He fell--O, how he fell!
+
+    The time,--the place,--the stealing shape,--
+    The coward shot,--the swift escape,--
+        The wife,--the widow's scream,--
+        It is a hideous dream!
+
+    A dream?--what means this pageant, then?
+    These multitudes of solemn men,
+        Who speak not when they meet,
+        But throng the silent street?
+
+    The flags half-mast, that late so high
+    Flaunted at each new victory?
+        (The stars no brightness shed,
+        But bloody looks the red!)
+
+    The black festoons that stretch for miles,
+    And turn the streets to funeral aisles?
+        (No house too poor to show
+        The nation's badge of woe!)
+
+    The cannon's sudden, sullen boom,--
+    The bells that toll of death and doom,--
+        The rolling of the drums,--
+        The dreadful car that comes?
+
+    Cursed be the hand that fired the shot!
+    The frenzied brain that hatched the plot!
+        Thy country's father slain
+        By thee, thou worse than Cain!
+
+    Tyrants have fallen by such as thou,
+    And good hath followed--may it now!
+        (God lets bad instruments
+        Produce the best events.)
+
+    But he, the man we mourn to-day,
+    No tyrant was: so mild a sway
+        In one such weight who bore
+        Was never known before!
+
+    Cool should be he, of balanced powers.
+    The ruler of a race like ours,
+        Impatient, headstrong, wild,--
+        The man to guide the child!
+
+    And this he was, who most unfit
+    (So hard the sense of God to hit!)
+        Did seem to fill his place.
+        With such a homely face,--
+
+    Such rustic manners,--speech uncouth,--
+    (That somehow blundered out the truth!)
+        Untried, untrained to bear
+        The more than kingly care!
+
+    Ay! And his genius put to scorn
+    The proudest in the purple born,
+        Whose wisdom never grew
+        To what, untaught, he knew--
+
+    The people, of whom he was one.
+    No gentleman like Washington,--
+        (Whose bones, methinks, make room,
+        To have him in their tomb!)
+
+    A laboring man, with horny hands,
+    Who swung the axe, who tilled his lands,
+        Who shrank from nothing new,
+        But did as poor men do!
+
+    One of the people! Born to be
+    Their curious epitome;
+        To share, yet rise above
+        Their shifting hate and love.
+
+    Common his mind (it seemed so then),
+    His thought the thoughts of other men:
+        Plain were his words, and poor--
+        But now they will endure!
+
+    No hasty fool, of stubborn will,
+    But prudent, cautious, pliant, still;
+        Who, since his work was good,
+        Would do it, as he could.
+
+    Doubting, was not ashamed to doubt,
+    And, lacking prescience, went without:
+        Often appeared to halt,
+        And was, of course, at fault:
+
+    Heard all opinions, nothing loth,
+    And loving both sides, angered both:
+        Was--not like justice, blind,
+        But watchful, clement, kind.
+
+    No hero, this, of Roman mould;
+    Nor like our stately sires of old:
+        Perhaps he was not great--
+        But he preserved that State!
+
+    O honest face, which all men knew!
+    O tender heart, but known to few!
+        O wonder of the age,
+        Cut off by tragic rage!
+
+    Peace! Let the long procession come,
+    For hark!--the mournful, muffled drum--
+        The trumpet's wail afar,--
+        And see! the awful car!
+
+    Peace! Let the sad procession go,
+    While cannon boom, and bells toll slow:
+        And go, thou sacred car,
+        Bearing our woe afar!
+
+    Go, darkly borne, from State to State,
+    Whose loyal, sorrowing cities wait
+        To honor all they can
+        The dust of that good man!
+
+    Go, grandly borne, with such a train
+    As greatest kings might die to gain:
+        The just, the wise, the brave
+        Attend thee to the grave!
+
+    And you, the soldiers of our wars,
+    Bronzed veterans, grim with noble scars,
+        Salute him once again,
+        Your late commander--slain!
+
+    Yes, let your tears, indignant, fall,
+    But leave your muskets on the wall:
+        Your country needs you now
+        Beside the forge, the plough!
+
+    (When justice shall unsheathe her brand,--
+    If mercy may not stay her hand,
+        Nor would we have it so--
+        She must direct the blow!)
+
+    And you, amid the master-race,
+    Who seem so strangely out of place,
+        Know ye who cometh? He
+        Who hath declared ye free!
+
+    Bow while the body passes--nay,
+    Fall on your knees, and weep, and pray!
+        Weep, weep--I would ye might--
+        Your poor, black faces white!
+
+    And children, you must come in bands,
+    With garlands in your little hands,
+        Of blue, and white, and red,
+        To strew before the dead!
+
+    So sweetly, sadly, sternly goes
+    The fallen to his last repose:
+        Beneath no mighty dome.
+        But in his modest home;
+
+    The churchyard where his children rest,
+    The quiet spot that suits him best:
+        There shall his grave be made,
+        And there his bones be laid!
+
+    And there his countrymen shall come,
+    With memory proud, with pity dumb,
+        And strangers far and near,
+        For many and many a year!
+
+    For many a year, and many an age,
+    While history on her ample page
+        The virtues shall enroll
+        Of that paternal soul!
+
+[21] _By permission of Charles Scribner's Sons._
+
+
+SOME FOREIGN TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN
+
+From "The Lives and Deeds of Our Self-made Men"[22]
+
+BY MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE
+
+(1889)
+
+On the first of May, 1865, Sir George Grey, in the English House of
+Commons, moved an address to the Crown, to express the feelings of the
+House upon the assassination of Mr. Lincoln. In this address he said
+that he was convinced that Mr. Lincoln "in the hour of victory, and in
+the triumph of victory, would have shown that wise forbearance, and
+that generous consideration, which would have added tenfold lustre to
+the fame that he had already acquired, amidst the varying fortunes of
+the war."
+
+In seconding the second address, at the same time and place, Mr.
+Benjamin Disraeli said: "But in the character of the victim, and in
+the very accessories of his almost latest moments, there is something
+so homely and so innocent that it takes the subject, as it were, out
+of the pomp of history, and out of the ceremonial of diplomacy. It
+touches the heart of nations, and appeals to the domestic sentiments
+of mankind."
+
+In the House of Lords, Lord John Russell, in moving a similar address,
+observed: "President Lincoln was a man who, although he had not been
+distinguished before his election, had from that time displayed a
+character of so much integrity, sincerity and straightforwardness, and
+at the same time of so much kindness, that if any one could have been
+able to alleviate the pain and animosity which have prevailed during
+the civil war, I believe President Lincoln was the man to have done
+so." And again, in speaking of the question of amending the
+Constitution so as to prohibit slavery, he said: "We must all feel
+that there again the death of President Lincoln deprives the United
+States of the man who was the leader on this subject."
+
+Mr. John Stuart Mill, the distinguished philosopher, in a letter to an
+American friend, used far stronger expressions than these guarded
+phrases of high officials. He termed Mr. Lincoln "the great citizen
+who had afforded so noble an example of the qualities befitting the
+first magistrate of a free people, and who, in the most trying
+circumstances, had gradually won not only the admiration, but almost
+the personal affection of all who love freedom or appreciate
+simplicity or uprightness."
+
+Professor Goldwin Smith writing to the London Daily News, began by
+saying, "It is difficult to measure the calamity which the United
+States and the world have sustained by the murder of President
+Lincoln. The assassin has done his best to strike down mercy and
+moderation, of both of which this good and noble life was the
+mainstay."
+
+Senhor Rebello da Silva, a member of the Portuguese Chamber of Peers,
+in moving a resolution on the death of Mr. Lincoln, thus outlined his
+character: "He is truly great who rises to the loftiest heights from
+profound obscurity, relying solely on his own merits as did Napoleon,
+Washington, Lincoln. For these arose to power and greatness, not
+through any favor or grace, by a chance cradle, or genealogy, but
+through the prestige of their own deeds, through the nobility which
+begins and ends with themselves--the sole offspring of their own
+works.... Lincoln was of this privileged class; he belonged to this
+aristocracy. In infancy, his energetic soul was nourished by poverty.
+In youth, he learned through toil the love of liberty, and respect for
+the rights of man. Even to the age of twenty-two, educated in
+adversity, his hands made callous by honorable labor, he rested from
+the fatigues of the field, spelling out, in the pages of the Bible, in
+the lessons of the gospel, in the fugitive leaves of the daily
+journal--which the aurora opens, and the night disperses--the first
+rudiments of instruction, which his solitary meditations ripened. The
+chrysalis felt one day the ray of the sun, which called it to life,
+broke its involucrum, and it launched forth fearlessly from the
+darkness of its humble cloister into the luminous spaces of its
+destiny. The farmer, day-laborer, shepherd, like Cincinnatus, left
+the ploughshare in the half-broken furrow, and, legislator of his own
+State, and afterwards of the Great Republic, saw himself proclaimed in
+the tribunal the popular chief of several millions of people, the
+maintainer of the holy principle inaugurated by Wilberforce."
+
+There are some vague and some only partially correct statements in
+this diffuse passage; but it shows plainly enough how enthusiastically
+the Portuguese nobleman had admired the antique simplicity and
+strength of Mr. Lincoln's character.
+
+Dr. Merle d'Aubigne, the historian of the Reformation, writing to Mr.
+Fogg, U. S. Minister to Switzerland, said: "While not venturing to
+compare him to the great sacrifice of Golgotha, which gave liberty to
+the captives, is it not just, in this hour, to recall the word of an
+apostle (I John iii, 16): 'Hereby perceive we the love of God, because
+he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for
+the brethren?' Who can say that the President did not lay down his
+life by the firmness of his devotion to a great duty? The name of
+Lincoln will remain one of the greatest that history has to inscribe
+on its annals.... Among the legacies which Lincoln leaves to us, we
+shall all regard as the most precious, his spirit of equity, of
+moderation, and of peace, according to which he will still preside, if
+I may so speak, over the restoration of your great nation."
+
+The "Democratic Association" of Florence, addressed "to the Free
+People of the United States," a letter, in which they term Mr. Lincoln
+"the honest, the magnanimous citizen, the most worthy chief
+magistrate of your glorious Federation."
+
+The eminent French liberal, M. Edouard Laboulaye, in a speech showing
+a remarkably just understanding and extremely broad views with respect
+to the affairs and the men of the United States, said: "Mr. Lincoln
+was one of those heroes who are ignorant of themselves; his thoughts
+will reign after him. The name of Washington has already been
+pronounced, and I think with reason. Doubtless Mr. Lincoln resembled
+Franklin more than Washington. By his origin, his arch good nature,
+his ironical good sense, and his love of anecdotes and jesting, he was
+of the same blood as the printer of Philadelphia. But it is
+nevertheless true that in less than a century, America has passed
+through two crises in which its liberty might have been lost, if it
+had not had honest men at its head; and that each time it has had the
+happiness to meet the man best fitted to serve it. If Washington
+founded the Union, Lincoln has saved it. History will draw together
+and unite those two names. A single word explains Mr. Lincoln's whole
+life: it was Duty. Never did he put himself forward; never did he
+think of himself; never did he seek one of those ingenious
+combinations which puts the head of a state in bold relief, and
+enhances his importance at the expense of the country; his only
+ambition, his only thought was faithfully to fulfil the mission which
+his fellow-citizens had entrusted to him.... His inaugural address,
+March 4, 1865, shows us what progress had been made in his soul. This
+piece of familiar eloquence is a master-piece; it is the testament of
+a patriot. I do not believe that any eulogy of the President would
+equal this page on which he had depicted himself in all his greatness
+and all his simplicity.... History is too often only a school of
+immorality. It shows us the victory of force or stratagem much more
+than the success of justice, moderation, and probity. It is too often
+only the apotheosis of triumphant selfishness. There are noble and
+great exceptions; happy those who can increase the number, and thus
+bequeath a noble and beneficent example to posterity! Mr. Lincoln is
+among these. He would willingly have repeated, after Franklin, that
+'falsehood and artifice are the practice of fools who have not wit
+enough to be honest.' All his private life, and all his political
+life, were inspired and directed by this profound faith in the
+omnipotence of virtue. It is through this, again, that he deserves to
+be compared with Washington; it is through this that he will remain in
+history with the most glorious name that can be merited by the head of
+a free people--a name given him by his cotemporaries, and which will
+be preserved to him by posterity--that of Honest Abraham Lincoln."
+
+A letter from the well-known French historian, Henri Martin, to the
+Paris Siècle, contained the following passages: "Lincoln will remain
+the austere and sacred personification of a great epoch, the most
+faithful expression of democracy. This simple and upright man, prudent
+and strong, elevated step by step from the artisan's bench to the
+command of a great nation, and always without parade and without
+effort, at the height of his position; executing without
+precipitation, without flourish, and with invincible good sense, the
+most colossal acts; giving to the world this decisive example of the
+civil power in a republic; directing a gigantic war, without free
+institutions being for an instant compromised or threatened by
+military usurpation; dying, finally, at the moment when, after
+conquering, he was intent on pacification, ... this man will stand
+out, in the traditions of his country and the world, as an incarnation
+of the people, and of modern democracy itself. The great work of
+emancipation had to be sealed, therefore, with the blood of the just,
+even as it was inaugurated with the blood of the just. The tragic
+history of the abolition of slavery, which opened with the gibbet of
+John Brown, will close with the assassination of Lincoln.
+
+"And now let him rest by the side of Washington, as the second founder
+of the great Republic. European democracy is present in spirit at his
+funeral, as it voted in its heart for his re-election, and applauded
+the victory in the midst of which he passed away. It will wish with
+one accord to associate itself with the monument that America will
+raise to him upon the capitol of prostrate slavery."
+
+The London Globe, in commenting on Mr. Lincoln's assassination, said
+that he "had come nobly through a great ordeal. He had extorted the
+admiration even of his opponents, at least on this side of the water.
+They had come to admire, reluctantly, his firmness, honesty, fairness
+and sagacity. He tried to do, and had done, what he considered his
+duty, with magnanimity."
+
+The London Express said, "He had tried to show the world how great,
+how moderate, and how true he could be, in the moment of his great
+triumph."
+
+The Liverpool Post said, "If ever there was a man who in trying times
+avoided offenses, it was Mr. Lincoln. If there ever was a leader in a
+civil contest who shunned acrimony and eschewed passion, it was he. In
+a time of much cant and affectation he was simple, unaffected, true,
+transparent. In a season of many mistakes he was never known to be
+wrong.... By a happy tact, not often so felicitously blended with pure
+evidence of soul, Abraham Lincoln knew when to speak, and never spoke
+too early or too late.... The memory of his statesmanship, translucent
+in the highest degree, and above the average, and openly faithful,
+more than almost any of this age has witnessed, to fact and right,
+will live in the hearts and minds of the whole Anglo-Saxon race, as
+one of the noblest examples of that race's highest qualities. Add to
+all this that Abraham Lincoln was the humblest and pleasantest of men,
+that he had raised himself from nothing, and that to the last no grain
+of conceit or ostentation was found in him, and there stands before
+the world a man whose like we shall not soon look upon again."
+
+In the remarks of M. Rouher, the French Minister, in the Legislative
+Assembly, on submitting to that Assembly the official despatch of the
+French Foreign Minister of the Chargé at Washington, M. Rouher
+remarked, of Mr. Lincoln's personal character, that he had exhibited
+"that calm firmness and indomitable energy which belong to strong
+minds, and are the necessary conditions of the accomplishment of great
+duties. In the hour of victory he exhibited generosity, moderation and
+conciliation."
+
+And in the despatch, which was signed by Mr. Drouyn de L'Huys, were
+the following expressions: "Abraham Lincoln exhibited, in the exercise
+of the power placed in his hands, the most substantial qualities. In
+him, firmness of character was allied to elevation of principle.... In
+reviewing these last testimonies to his exalted wisdom, as well as the
+examples of good sense, of courage, and of patriotism, which he has
+given, history will not hesitate to place him in the rank of citizens
+who have the most honored their country."
+
+In the Prussian Lower House, Herr Loewes, in speaking of the news of
+the assassination, said that Mr. Lincoln "performed his duties without
+pomp or ceremony, and relied on that dignity of his inner self alone,
+which is far above rank, orders and titles. He was a faithful servant,
+not less of his own commonwealth than of civilization, freedom and
+humanity."
+
+[22] _By permission of Dana Estes Company._
+
+
+FROM 'THE GETTYSBURG ODE'
+
+BY BAYARD TAYLOR
+
+    After the eyes that looked, the lips that spake
+    Here, from the shadows of impending death,
+            Those words of solemn breath,
+            What voice may fitly break
+    The silence, doubly hallowed, left by him?
+    We can but bow the head, with eyes grown dim,
+        And as a Nation's litany, repeat
+    The phrase his martyrdom hath made complete,
+    Noble as then, but now more sadly sweet:
+    "Let us, the Living, rather dedicate
+    Ourselves to the unfinished work, which they
+    Thus far advanced so nobly on its way,
+            And saved the perilled State!
+    Let us, upon this field where they, the brave,
+    Their last full measure of devotion gave,
+    Highly resolve they have not died in vain!--
+    That, under God, the Nation's later birth
+        Of Freedom, and the people's gain
+    Of their own Sovereignty, shall never wane
+    And perish from the circle of the earth!"
+    From such a perfect text, shall Song aspire
+            To light her faded fire,
+        And into wandering music turn
+    Its virtue, simple, sorrowful, and stern?
+    His voice all elegies anticipated;
+            For, whatsoe'er the strain,
+            We hear that one refrain:
+    "We consecrate ourselves to them, the Consecrated!"
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Some of the poem omitted in original.]
+
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+Thank God for Abraham Lincoln! However lightly the words may sometimes
+pass your lips, let us speak them now and always of this man
+sincerely, solemnly, reverently, as so often dying soldiers and
+bereaved women and little children spoke them. Thank God for Abraham
+Lincoln--for the Lincoln who died and whose ashes rest at
+Springfield--for the Lincoln who lives in the hearts of the American
+people--in their widened sympathies and uplifted ideals. Thank God for
+the work he did, is doing, and is to do. Thank God for Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+                                                 _James Willis Gleed._
+
+
+Let us not then try to compare and to measure him with others, and let
+us not quarrel as to whether he was greater or less than Washington,
+as to whether either of them set to perform the other's task would
+have succeeded in it, or, perchance would have failed. Not only is the
+competition itself an ungracious one, but to make Lincoln a competitor
+is foolish and useless. He was the most individual man who ever lived;
+let us be content with this fact. Let us take him simply as Abraham
+Lincoln, singular and solitary, as we all see that he was; let us be
+thankful if we can make a niche big enough for him among the world's
+heroes, without worrying ourselves about the proportion which it may
+bear to other niches; and there let him remain forever, lonely, as in
+his strange lifetime, impressive, mysterious, unmeasured, and
+unsolved.
+
+                                                _John T. Morse, Jr._
+
+
+Those who are raised high enough to be able to look over the stone
+walls, those who are intelligent enough to take a broader view of
+things than that which is bounded by the lines of any one State or
+section, understand that the unity of the nation is of the first
+importance, and are prepared to make those sacrifices and concessions,
+within the bounds of loyalty, which are necessary for its maintenance,
+and to cherish that temper of fraternal affection which alone can fill
+the form of national existence with the warm blood of life. The first
+man after the Civil War, to recognize this great principle and to act
+upon it was the head of the nation,--that large and generous soul
+whose worth was not fully felt until he was taken from his people by
+the stroke of the assassin, in the very hour when his presence was
+most needed for the completion of the work of reunion.
+
+                                                 _Henry Van Dyke._
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+From _MacMillan's Magazine_, England
+
+    LINCOLN! When men would name a man
+      Just, unperturbed, magnanimous,
+    Tried in the lowest seat of all,
+      Tried in the chief seat of the house--
+
+    Lincoln! When men would name a man
+      Who wrought the great work of his age,
+    Who fought and fought the noblest fight,
+      And marshalled it from stage to stage,
+
+    Victorious, out of dusk and dark,
+      And into dawn and on till day,
+    Most humble when the pæans rang,
+      Least rigid when the enemy lay
+
+    Prostrated for his feet to tread--
+      This name of Lincoln will they name,
+    A name revered, a name of scorn,
+      Of scorn to sundry, not to fame.
+
+    Lincoln, the man who freed the slave;
+      Lincoln whom never self enticed;
+    Slain Lincoln, worthy found to die
+      A soldier of his captain Christ.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+    This man whose homely face you look upon,
+    Was one of Nature's masterful, great men;
+    Born with strong arms, that unfought battles won,
+    Direct of speech, and cunning with the pen.
+    Chosen for large designs, he had the art
+    Of winning with his humor, and he went
+    Straight to his mark, which was the human heart;
+    Wise, too, for what he could not break he bent.
+    Upon his back a more than Atlas-load,
+    The burden of the Commonwealth, was laid;
+    He stooped, and rose up to it, though the road
+    Shot suddenly downwards, not a whit dismayed.
+    Hold, warriors, councillors, kings! All now give place
+    To this dead Benefactor of the race!
+
+                                     _Richard Henry Stoddard._
+
+
+LINCOLN[23]
+
+BY EDNA DEAN PROCTOR
+
+    Now must the storied Potomac
+      Laurels for ever divide,
+    Now to the Sangamon fameless
+      Give of its century's pride.
+
+    Sangamon, stream of the prairies,
+      Placidly westward that flows,
+    Far in whose city of silence
+      Calm he has sought his repose.
+    Over our Washington's river
+      Sunrise beams rosy and fair,
+    Sunset on Sangamon fairer--
+      Father and martyr lies there.
+
+    Kings under pyramids slumber,
+      Sealed in the Lybian sands;
+    Princes in gorgeous cathedrals
+      Decked with the spoil of the lands
+    Kinglier, princelier sleeps he
+      Couched 'mid the prairies serene,
+    Only the turf and the willow
+      Him and God's heaven between!
+    Temple nor column to cumber
+      Verdure and bloom of the sod--
+    So, in the vale by Beth-peor,
+      Moses was buried of God.
+
+    Break into blossom, O prairies!
+      Snowy and golden and red;
+    Peers of the Palestine lilies
+      Heap for your glorious dead!
+    Roses as fair as of Sharon,
+      Branches as stately as palm,
+    Odors as rich as the spices--
+      Cassia and aloes and balm--
+    Mary the loved and Salome,
+      All with a gracious accord,
+    Ere the first glow of the morning
+      Brought to the tomb of the Lord
+
+    Wind of the West! breathe around him
+      Soft as the saddened air's sigh
+    When to the summit of Pisgah
+      Moses had journeyed to die.
+    Clear as its anthem that floated
+      Wide o'er the Moabite plain,
+    Low with the wail of the people
+      Blending its burdened refrain.
+    Rarer, O Wind! and diviner,--
+      Sweet as the breeze that went by
+    When, over Olivet's mountain,
+      Jesus was lost in the sky.
+
+    Not for thy sheaves nor savannas
+      Crown we thee, proud Illinois!
+    Here in his grave is thy grandeur;
+      Born of his sorrow thy joy.
+    Only the tomb by Mount Zion
+      Hewn for the Lord do we hold
+    Dearer than his in thy prairies,
+      Girdled with harvests of gold.
+    Still for the world, through the ages
+      Wreathing with glory his brow,
+    He shall be Liberty's Saviour--
+      Freedom's Jerusalem thou!
+
+[23] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+WHEN LILACS LAST IN THE DOORYARD BLOOM'D[24]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+I
+
+    When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd,
+    And the great star early droop'd in the western sky in the night,
+    I mourn'd, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring.
+
+    Ever-returning spring, trinity sure to me you bring,
+    Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west,
+    And thought of him I love.
+
+    II
+
+    O powerful western fallen star!
+    O shades of night--O moody, tearful night!
+    O great star disappear'd--O the black murk that hides the star!
+    O cruel hands that hold me powerless--O helpless soul of me!
+    O harsh surrounding cloud that will not free my soul.
+
+    III
+
+    In the dooryard fronting an old farm-house near the white-wash'd
+        palings,
+    Stands the lilac-bush tall-growing with heart-shaped leaves of rich
+        green,
+    With many a pointed blossom rising delicate, with the perfume strong
+        I love,
+
+    With every leaf a miracle--and from this bush in the dooryard,
+    With delicate-color'd blossoms and heart-shaped leaves of rich green,
+    A sprig with its flower I break.
+
+    IV
+
+    In the swamp in secluded recesses,
+    A shy and hidden bird is warbling a song.
+    Solitary the thrush,
+    The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlements,
+    Sings by himself a song.
+
+    Song of the bleeding throat,
+    Death's outlet song of life (for well, dear brother, I know,
+    If thou wast not granted to sing thou would'st surely die).
+
+    V
+
+    Over the breast of the spring, the land, amid cities,
+    Amid lanes and through old woods, where lately the violets peep'd
+        from the ground, spotting the gray debris,
+    Amid the grass in the fields each side of the lanes, passing the
+        endless grass.
+    Passing the yellow-spear'd wheat, every grain from its shroud in
+        the dark-brown fields uprisen,
+    Passing the apple-tree blows of white and pink in the orchards,
+    Carrying a corpse to where it shall rest in the grave,
+    Night and day journeys a coffin.
+
+    VI
+
+    Coffin that passes through lanes and streets,
+    Through day and night with the great cloud darkening the land,
+    With the pomp of the inloop'd flags with the cities draped in black,
+    With the show of the States themselves as of crape-veil'd women
+        standing,
+    With processions long and winding and the flambeaus of the night,
+    With the countless torches lit, with the silent sea of faces and
+        the unbared heads,
+    With the waiting depot, the arriving coffin, and the sombre faces,
+    With dirges through the night, with the thousand voices rising
+        strong and solemn,
+    With all the mournful voices of the dirges pour'd around the coffin,
+    The dim-lit churches and the shuddering organs--where amid these you
+        journey,
+    With the tolling, tolling bells' perpetual clang,
+    Here, coffin that slowly passes,
+    I give you my sprig of lilac.
+
+    VII
+
+    (Nor for you, for one alone,
+    Blossoms and branches green to coffins all I bring,
+    For fresh as the morning, thus would I chant a song for you, O sane
+        and sacred death.
+
+    All over bouquets of roses,
+    O death, I cover you over with roses and early lilies,
+    But mostly and now the lilac that blooms the first.
+    Copious I break, I break the sprigs from the bushes,
+    With loaded arms I come, pouring for you,
+    For you and the coffins all of you, O death).
+
+    VIII
+
+    O western orb sailing the heaven,
+    Now I know what you must have meant as a month since I walk'd,
+    As I walk'd in silence the transparent shadowy night,
+    As I saw you had something to tell as you bent to me night after
+        night,
+    As you droop'd from the sky low down as if to my side (while the
+        other stars all look'd on),
+    As we wander'd together the solemn night (for something, I know not
+        what, kept me from sleep),
+    As the night advanced, and I saw on the rim of the west how full
+        you were of woe,
+    As I stood on the rising ground in the breeze in the cool
+        transparent night,
+    As I watch'd where you pass'd and was lost in the netherward black
+        of the night,
+    As my soul in its trouble dissatisfied sank, as where you, sad orb,
+    Concluded, dropt in the night, and was gone.
+
+    IX
+
+    Sing on there in the swamp,
+    O singer, bashful and tender, I hear your notes, I hear your call,
+    I hear, I come presently, I understand you,
+    But a moment I linger, for the lustrous star has detain'd me,
+    The star, my departing comrade holds and detains
+    me.
+
+    X
+
+    O how shall I warble myself for the dead one there I loved?
+    And how shall I deck my song for the large sweet soul that has gone?
+    And what shall my perfume be for the grave of him I love?
+    Sea-winds blown from east and west,
+    Blown from the Eastern sea and blown from the Western sea, till
+        there on the prairies meeting,
+    These and with these and the breath of my chant,
+    I'll perfume the grave of him I love.
+
+    XI
+
+    O what shall I hang on the chamber walls?
+    And what shall the pictures be that I hang on the walls,
+    To adorn the burial-house of him I love?
+
+    Pictures of growing spring and farms and homes,
+    With the Fourth-month eve at sundown, and the gray smoke lucid and
+        bright,
+    With floods of the yellow gold of the gorgeous, indolent, sinking
+        sun, burning, expanding the air,
+    With the fresh sweet herbage under foot, and the pale green leaves
+        of the trees prolific,
+    In the distance the flowing glaze, the breast of the
+    river, with a wind-dapple here and there,
+    With ranging hills on the banks, with many a line against the sky,
+        and shadows,
+    And the city at hand with dwellings so dense, and stacks of
+        chimneys,
+    And all the scenes of life and the workshops, and the workmen
+        homeward returning.
+
+    XII
+
+    Lo, body and soul--this land,
+    My own Manhattan with spires, and the sparkling and hurrying tides,
+        and the ships,
+    The varied and ample land, the South and the North in the light,
+        Ohio's shores and flashing Missouri,
+    And ever the far-spreading prairies cover'd with grass and corn.
+
+    Lo, the most excellent sun so calm and haughty,
+    The violet and purple morn with just-felt breezes,
+    The gentle soft-born measureless light,
+    The miracle spreading, bathing all, the fulfill'd noon,
+    The coming eve delicious, the welcome night and the stars,
+    Over my cities shining all, enveloping man and land.
+
+    XIII
+
+    Sing on, sing on, you gray-brown bird,
+    Sing from the swamps, the recesses, pour your chant from the bushes,
+    Limitless out of the dusk, out of the cedars and pines.
+
+    Sing on, dearest brother, warble your reedy song,
+    Loud human song, with voice of uttermost woe.
+
+    O liquid and free and tender!
+    O wild and loose to my soul--O wondrous singer!
+    You only I hear--yet the star holds me (but will soon depart),
+    Yet the lilac with mastering odor holds me.
+
+    XIV
+
+    Now while I sat in the day and look'd forth,
+    In the close of the day with its light and the fields of spring,
+        and the farmers preparing their crops,
+    In the large unconscious scenery of my land with its lakes and forests,
+    In the heavenly aerial beauty (after the perturb'd winds and the
+        storms),
+    Under the arching heavens of the afternoon swift passing, and the
+        voices of children and women,
+    The many-moving sea-tides, and I saw the ships how they sail'd,
+    And the summer approaching with richness, and the fields all busy
+        with labor,
+    And the infinite separate houses, how they all went on, each with
+        its meals and minutia of daily usages,
+    And the streets, how their throbbings throbb'd, and the cities
+        pent--lo, then and there,
+    Falling upon them all and among them all, enveloping me with the
+        rest,
+    Appear'd the cloud, appear'd the long black trail,
+    And I knew death, its thought, and the sacred knowledge of death.
+    Then with the knowledge of death as walking one side of me,
+    And the thought of death close-walking the other side of me,
+    And in the middle as with companions, and as holding the hands of
+        companions,
+    I fled forth to the hiding, receiving night that talks not,
+    Down to the shores of the water, the path by the swamp in the
+        dimness,
+    To the solemn shadowy cedars and ghostly pines so still.
+
+    And the singer so shy to the rest receiv'd me,
+    The gray-brown bird I know receiv'd us comrades three,
+    And he sang the carol of death, and a verse for him I love.
+
+    From deep secluded recesses,
+    From the fragrant cedars and the ghostly pines so still,
+    Came the carol of the bird.
+
+    And the charm of the carol rapt me,
+    As I held as if by their hands my comrades in the night,
+    And the voice of my spirit tallied the song of the bird.
+
+    _Come, lovely and soothing death,
+    Undulate round the world, serenely arriving, arriving,
+    In the day, in the night, to all, to each,
+    Sooner or later, delicate death._
+
+    _Prais'd be the fathomless universe,
+    For life and joy, and for objects and knowledge curious,
+    And for love, sweet love--but praise! praise! praise!
+    For the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death.
+
+    Dark mother, always gliding near with soft feet,
+    Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome?_
+    _Then I chant it for thee, I glorify thee above all,
+    I bring thee a song that when thou must indeed come, come
+        unfalteringly._
+
+    _Approach, strong deliveress,
+    When it is so, when thou hast taken them I joyously sing the dead,
+    Lost in the loving, floating ocean of thee,
+    Laved in the flood of thy bliss, O death._
+
+    _From me to thee, glad serenades,
+    Dances for thee I propose saluting thee, adornments and feastings
+        for thee,
+    And the sights of the open landscape and the high-spread sky are
+        fitting,
+    And life and the fields, and the huge and thoughtful night._
+
+    _The night in silence under many a star,
+    The ocean shore and the husky whispering wave whose voice I know,
+    And the soul turning to thee, O vast and well-veil'd death,
+    And the body gratefully nestling close to thee._
+
+    _Over the tree-tops I float thee a song,
+    Over the rising and sinking waves, over the myriad fields and the
+        prairies wide,
+    Over the dense-pack'd cities all and the teeming wharves and ways,
+    I float this carol with joy, with joy to thee, O death._
+
+    XV
+
+    To the tally of my soul,
+    Loud and strong kept up the gray-brown bird,
+    With pure deliberate notes spreading, filling the night.
+
+    Loud in the pines and cedars dim,
+    Clear in the freshness moist and the swamp-perfume,
+    And I with my comrades there in the night.
+
+    While my sight that was bound in my eyes unclosed,
+    As to long panoramas of visions.
+
+    And I saw askant the armies,
+    I saw as in noiseless dreams hundreds of battle-flags,
+    Borne through the smoke of the battles and pierc'd with missiles
+        I saw them,
+    And carried hither and yon through the smoke, and torn and bloody,
+    And at last but a few shreds left on the staffs (and all in silence),
+    And the staffs all splinter'd and broken.
+
+    I saw battle-corpses, myriads of them,
+    And the white skeletons of young men, I saw them,
+    I saw the debris and debris of all the slain soldiers of the war,
+    But I saw they were not as was thought,
+    They themselves were fully at rest, they suffer'd not,
+    The living remain'd and suffer'd, the mother suffer'd,
+    And the armies that remain'd suffer'd.
+
+    XVI
+
+    Passing the visions, passing the night,
+    Passing, unloosing the hold of my comrade's hands,
+    Passing the song of the hermit bird and the tallying song of my soul,
+    Victorious song, death's outlet song, yet varying ever-altering song,
+    As low and wailing, yet clear the notes, rising and falling, flooding
+        the night,
+    Sadly sinking and fainting, as warning and warning, and yet again
+        bursting with joy,
+    Covering the earth and filling the spread of the heaven,
+    As that powerful psalm in the night I heard from recesses,
+    Passing, I leave thee lilac with heart-shaped leaves,
+    I leave thee there in the door-yard, blooming, returning with spring.
+
+    I cease from song for thee,
+    From my gaze on thee in the west, fronting the west, communing with
+        thee,
+    O comrade lustrous with silver face in the night.
+
+    Yet each to keep and all, retrievements out of the night,
+    The song, the wondrous chant of the grey-brown bird,
+    And the tallying chant, the echo arous'd in my soul,
+    With the lustrous and drooping star with the countenance full of woe,
+    With the holders holding my hand nearing the call of the bird,
+    Comrades mine and I in the midst, and their memory ever to keep,
+        for the dead I loved so well.
+    For the sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands--and this
+        for his dear sake,
+    Lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul,
+    There in the fragrant pines and cedars, dusk and dim.
+
+[24] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE WHOLE MAN
+
+
+LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE[25]
+
+BY EDWIN MARKHAM
+
+_Revised especially for this volume._
+
+    When the Norn Mother saw the Whirlwind Hour
+    Greatening and darkening as it hurried on,
+    She left the Heaven of Heroes and came down
+    To make a man to meet the mortal need.
+    She took the tried clay of the common road--
+    Clay warm yet with the genial heat of Earth,
+    Dashed through it all a strain of prophecy;
+    Tempered the heap with thrill of human tears;
+    Then mixed a laughter with the serious stuff.
+    Into the shape she breathed a flame to light
+    That tender, tragic, ever-changing face.
+    Here was a man to hold against the world,
+    A man to match the mountains and the sea.
+
+    The color of the ground was in him, the red earth;
+    The smack and smell of elemental things--
+    The rectitude and patience of the rocks;
+    The good-will of the rain that falls for all;
+    The courage of the bird that dares the sea;
+    The gladness of the wind that shakes the corn;
+    The friendly welcome of the wayside well;
+    The mercy of the snow that hides all scars;
+    The undelaying justice of the light
+    That gives as freely to the shrinking flower
+    As to the great oak flaring to the wind--
+    To the grave's low hill as to the Matterhorn
+    That shoulders out the sky.
+
+                  Born of the ground,
+    The Great West nursed him on her rugged knees.
+    Her rigors keyed the sinews of his will;
+    The strength of virgin forests braced his mind;
+    The hush of spacious prairies stilled his soul.
+    The tools were his first teachers, kindly stern.
+    The plow, the flail, the maul, the echoing ax
+    Taught him their homely wisdom, and their peace.
+    A rage for knowledge drove his restless mind:
+    He fed his spirit with the bread of books,
+    He slaked his thirst at all the wells of thought.
+    Hunger and hardship, penury and pain
+    Waylaid his youth and wrestled for his life.
+    They came to master, but he made them serve.
+
+    From prairie cabin up to Capitol,
+    One fire was on his spirit, one resolve--
+    To strike the stroke that rounds the perfect star.
+    The grip that swung the ax on Sangamon
+    Was on the pen that spelled Emancipation.
+    He built the rail-pile as he built the State,
+    Pouring his splendid strength through every blow,
+    The conscience of him testing every stroke,
+    To make his deed the measure of a man.
+
+    So came the Captain with the thinking heart;
+    And when the judgment thunders split the house,
+    Wrenching the rafters from their ancient rest,
+    He held the ridgepole up, and spiked again
+    The rafters of the Home. He held his place--
+    Held the long purpose like a growing tree--
+    Held on through blame and faltered not at praise.
+    And when he fell in whirlwind, he went down
+    As when a lordly cedar green with boughs
+    Goes down with a great shout upon the hills,
+    And leaves a lonesome place against the sky.
+
+[25] _All rights reserved by the author._
+
+
+From the Memorial Address to Congress on the
+
+LIFE AND CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY GEORGE BANCROFT
+
+_Senators, Representatives of America:_
+
+That God rules in the affairs of men is as certain as any truth of
+physical science. On the great moving power which is from the
+beginning hangs the world of the senses and the world of thought and
+action. Eternal wisdom marshals the great procession of the nations,
+working in patient continuity through the ages, never halting and
+never abrupt, encompassing all events in its oversight, and ever
+effecting its will, though mortals may slumber in apathy or oppose
+with madness. Kings are lifted up or thrown down, nations come and go,
+republics flourish and wither, dynasties pass away like a tale that
+is told; but nothing is by chance, though men, in their ignorance of
+causes, may think so. The deeds of time are governed, as well as
+judged, by the decrees of eternity. The caprice of fleeting existences
+bends to the immovable omnipotence, which plants its foot on all the
+centuries and has neither change of purpose nor repose. Sometimes,
+like a messenger through the thick darkness of night, it steps along
+mysterious ways; but when the hour strikes for a people, or for
+mankind, to pass into a new form of being, unseen hands draw the bolts
+from the gates of futurity; an all-subsiding influence prepares the
+minds of men for the coming revolution; those who plan resistance find
+themselves in conflict with the will of Providence rather than with
+human devices; and all hearts and all understandings, most of all the
+opinions and influences of the unwilling, are wonderfully attracted
+and compelled to bear forward the change, which becomes more an
+obedience to the law of universal nature than submission to the
+arbitrament of man.
+
+In the fulness of time a republic rose up in the wilderness of
+America. Thousands of years had passed away before this child of the
+ages could be born. From whatever there was of good in the systems of
+former centuries she drew her nourishment; the wrecks of the past were
+her warnings. With the deepest sentiment of faith fixed in her inmost
+nature, she disenthralled religion from bondage to temporal power,
+that her worship might be worship only in spirit and in truth. The
+wisdom which had passed from India through Greece, with what Greece
+had added of her own; the jurisprudence of Rome; the mediæval
+municipalities; the Teutonic method of representation; the political
+experience of England; the benignant wisdom of the expositors of the
+law of nature and of nations in France and Holland, all shed on her
+their selectest influence. She washed the gold of political wisdom
+from the sands wherever it was found; she cleft it from the rocks; she
+gleaned it among ruins. Out of all the discoveries of statesmen and
+sages, out of all the experience of past human life, she compiled a
+perennial political philosophy, the primordial principles of national
+ethics. The wise men of Europe sought the best government in a mixture
+of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy; America went behind these
+names to extract from them the vital elements of social forms, and
+blend them harmoniously in the free commonwealth, which comes nearest
+to the illustration of the natural equality of all men. She intrusted
+the guardianship of established rights to law, the movements of reform
+to the spirit of the people, and drew her force from the happy
+reconciliation of both.
+
+Republics had heretofore been limited to small cantons, or cities and
+their dependencies; America, doing that of which the like had not
+before been known upon the earth, or believed by kings and statesmen
+to be possible, extended her republic across a continent. Under her
+auspices the vine of liberty took deep root and filled the land; the
+hills were covered with its shadow, its boughs were like the goodly
+cedars, and reached unto both oceans. The fame of this only daughter
+of freedom went out into all the lands of the earth; from her the
+human race drew hope.
+
+Neither hereditary monarchy nor hereditary aristocracy planted itself
+on our soil; the only hereditary condition that fastened itself upon
+us was servitude. Nature works in sincerity, and is ever true to its
+law. The bee hives honey; the viper distils poison; the vine stores
+its juices, and so do the poppy and the upas. In like manner every
+thought and every action ripens its seed, each according to its kind.
+In the individual man, and still more in a nation, a just idea gives
+life, and progress, and glory; a false conception portends disaster,
+shame, and death. A hundred and twenty years ago a West Jersey Quaker
+wrote: "This trade of importing slaves is dark gloominess hanging over
+the land; the consequences will be grievous to posterity." At the
+North the growth of slavery was arrested by natural causes; in the
+region nearest the tropics it throve rankly, and worked itself into
+the organism of the rising States. Virginia stood between the two,
+with soil, and climate, and resources demanding free labor, yet
+capable of the profitable employment of the slave. She was the land of
+great statesmen, and they saw the danger of her being whelmed under
+the rising flood in time to struggle against the delusions of avarice
+and pride. Ninety-four years ago the legislature of Virginia addressed
+the British king, saying that the trade in slaves was "of great
+inhumanity," was opposed to the "security and happiness" of their
+constituents, "would in time have the most destructive influence," and
+"endanger their very existence." And the king answered them that,
+"upon pain of his highest displeasure, the importation of slaves
+should not be in any respect obstructed." "Pharisaical Britain," wrote
+Franklin in behalf of Virginia, "to pride thyself in setting free a
+single slave that happened to land on thy coasts, while thy laws
+continue a traffic whereby so many hundreds of thousands are dragged
+into a slavery that is entailed on their posterity." "A serious view
+of this subject," said Patrick Henry in 1773, "gives a gloomy prospect
+to future times." In the same year George Mason wrote to the
+legislature of Virginia: "The laws of impartial Providence may avenge
+our injustice upon our posterity." Conforming his conduct to his
+convictions, Jefferson, in Virginia and in the Continental Congress,
+with the approval of Edmund Pendleton, branded the slave-trade as
+piracy; and he fixed in the Declaration of Independence, as the
+corner-stone of America: "All men are created equal, with an
+unalienable right to liberty." On the first organization of temporary
+governments for the continental domain, Jefferson, but for the default
+of New Jersey, would, in 1784, have consecrated every part of that
+territory to freedom. In the formation of the national Constitution,
+Virginia, opposed by a part of New England, vainly struggled to
+abolish the slave trade at once and forever; and when the ordinance
+of 1787 was introduced by Nathan Dane without the clause prohibiting
+slavery, it was through the favorable disposition of Virginia and the
+South that the clause of Jefferson was restored, and the whole
+northwestern territory--all the territory that then belonged to the
+nation--was reserved for the labor of freemen.
+
+The hope prevailed in Virginia that the abolition of the slave-trade
+would bring with it the gradual abolition of slavery; but the
+expectation was doomed to disappointment. In supporting incipient
+measures for emancipation, Jefferson encountered difficulties greater
+than he could overcome, and, after vain wrestlings, the words that
+broke from him, "I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is
+just, that His justice cannot sleep forever," were words of despair.
+It was the desire of Washington's heart that Virginia should remove
+slavery by a public act; and as the prospects of a general
+emancipation grew more and more dim, he, in utter hopelessness of the
+action of the State, did all that he could by bequeathing freedom to
+his own slaves. Good and true men had, from the days of 1776,
+suggested the colonizing of the negro in the home of his ancestors;
+but the idea of colonization was thought to increase the difficulty of
+emancipation, and, in spite of strong support, while it accomplished
+much good for Africa, it proved impracticable as a remedy at home.
+Madison, who in early life disliked slavery so much that he wished "to
+depend as little as possible on the labor of slaves"; Madison, who
+held that where slavery exists "the republican theory becomes
+fallacious"; Madison, who in the last years of his life would not
+consent to the annexation of Texas, lest his countrymen should fill it
+with slaves; Madison, who said, "slavery is the greatest evil under
+which the nation labors--a portentous evil--an evil, moral, political,
+and economical--a sad blot on our free country"--went mournfully into
+old age with the cheerless words: "No satisfactory plan has yet been
+devised for taking out the stain."
+
+The men of the Revolution passed away; a new generation sprang up,
+impatient that an institution to which they clung should be condemned
+as inhuman, unwise, and unjust. In the throes of discontent at the
+self-reproach of their fathers, and blinded by the lustre of wealth to
+be acquired by the culture of a new staple, they devised the theory
+that slavery, which they would not abolish, was not evil, but good.
+They turned on the friends of colonization, and confidently demanded:
+"Why take black men from a civilized and Christian country, where
+their labor is a source of immense gain, and a power to control the
+markets of the world, and send them to a land of ignorance, idolatry,
+and indolence, which was the home of their forefathers, but not
+theirs? Slavery is a blessing. Were they not in their ancestral land
+naked, scarcely lifted above brutes, ignorant of the course of the
+sun, controlled by nature? And in their new abode have they not been
+taught to know the difference of the seasons, to plough, and plant,
+and reap, to drive oxen, to tame the horse, to exchange their scanty
+dialect for the richest of all the languages among men, and the stupid
+adoration of follies for the purest religion? And since slavery is
+good for the blacks, it is good for their masters, bringing opulence
+and the opportunity of educating a race. The slavery of the black is
+good in itself; he shall serve the white man forever." And nature,
+which better understood the quality of fleeting interest and passion,
+laughed as it caught the echo, "man" and "forever!"
+
+A regular development of pretensions followed the new declaration with
+logical consistency. Under the old declaration every one of the States
+had retained, each for itself, the right of manumitting all slaves by
+an ordinary act of legislation; now the power of the people over
+servitude through their legislatures was curtailed, and the privileged
+class was swift in imposing legal and constitutional obstructions of
+the people themselves. The power of emancipation was narrowed or taken
+away. The slave might not be disquieted by education. There remained
+an unconfessed consciousness that the system of bondage was wrong, and
+a restless memory that it was at variance with the true American
+tradition; its safety was therefore to be secured by political
+organization. The generation that made the Constitution took care for
+the predominance of freedom in Congress by the ordinance of Jefferson;
+the new school aspired to secure for slavery an equality of votes in
+the Senate, and while it hinted at an organic act that should concede
+to the collective South a veto power on national legislation, it
+assumed that each State separately had the right to revise and nullify
+laws of the United States, according to the discretion of its
+judgment.
+
+The new theory hung as a bias on the foreign relations of the country;
+there could be no recognition of Hayti, nor even of the American
+colony of Liberia; and the world was given to understand that the
+establishment of free labor in Cuba would be a reason for wresting
+that island from Spain. Territories were annexed--Louisiana, Florida,
+Texas, half of Mexico; slavery must have its share in them all, and it
+accepted for a time a dividing line between the unquestioned domain of
+free labor and that in which involuntary labor was to be tolerated. A
+few years passed away, and the new school, strong and arrogant,
+demanded and received an apology for applying the Jefferson proviso to
+Oregon.
+
+The application of that proviso was interrupted for three
+administrations, but justice moved steadily onward. In the news that
+the men of California had chosen freedom, Calhoun heard the knell of
+parting slavery, and on his deathbed he counseled secession.
+Washington, and Jefferson, and Madison had died despairing of the
+abolition of slavery; Calhoun died in despair at the growth of
+freedom. His system rushed irresistibly to its natural development.
+The death-struggle for California was followed by a short truce; but
+the new school of politicians, who said that slavery was not evil, but
+good, soon sought to recover the ground they had lost, and, confident
+of securing Kansas, they demanded that the established line in the
+Territories between freedom and slavery should be blotted out. The
+country, believing in the strength and enterprise and expansive energy
+of freedom, made answer, though reluctantly: "Be it so; let there be
+no strife between brethren; let freedom and slavery compete for the
+Territories on equal terms, in a fair field, under an impartial
+administration"; and on this theory, if on any, the contest might have
+been left to the decision of time.
+
+The South started back in appallment from its victory, for it knew
+that a fair competition foreboded its defeat. But where could it now
+find an ally to save it from its own mistake? What I have next to say
+is spoken with no emotion but regret. Our meeting to-day is, as it
+were, at the grave, in the presence of eternity, and the truth must be
+uttered in soberness and sincerity. In a great republic, as was
+observed more than two thousand years ago, any attempt to overturn the
+state owes its strength to aid from some branch of the government. The
+Chief Justice of the United States, without any necessity or occasion,
+volunteered to come to the rescue of the theory of slavery; and from
+his court there lay no appeal but to the bar of humanity and history.
+Against the Constitution, against the memory of the nation, against a
+previous decision, against a series of enactments, he decided that the
+slave is property; that slave property is entitled to no less
+protection than any other property; that the Constitution upholds it
+in every Territory against any act of a local legislature, and even
+against Congress itself; or, as the President for that term tersely
+promulgated the saying, "Kansas is as much a slave State as South
+Carolina or Georgia; slavery, by virtue of the Constitution, exists in
+every Territory." The municipal character of slavery being thus taken
+away, and slave property decreed to be "sacred," the authority of the
+courts was invoked to introduce it by the comity of law into States
+where slavery had been abolished, and in one of the courts of the
+United States a judge pronounced the African slave-trade legitimate,
+and numerous and powerful advocates demanded its restoration.
+
+Moreover, the Chief Justice, in his elaborate opinion, announced what
+had never been heard from any magistrate of Greece or Rome; what was
+unknown to civil law, and canon law, and feudal law, and common law,
+and constitutional law; unknown to Jay, to Rutledge, Ellsworth and
+Marshall--that there are "slave races." The spirit of evil is
+intensely logical. Having the authority of this decision, five States
+swiftly followed the earlier example of a sixth, and opened the way
+for reducing the free negro to bondage; the migrating free negro
+became a slave if he but entered within the jurisdiction of a seventh;
+and an eighth, from its extent, and soil, and mineral resources,
+destined to incalculable greatness, closed its eyes on its coming
+prosperity, and enacted, as by Taney's dictum it had the right to do,
+that every free black man who would live within its limits must
+accept the condition of slavery for himself and his posterity.
+
+Only one step more remained to be taken. Jefferson and the leading
+statesmen of his day held fast to the idea that the enslavement of the
+African was socially, morally and politically wrong. The new school
+was founded exactly upon the opposite idea; and they resolved, first,
+to distract the democratic party, for which the Supreme Court had now
+furnished the means, and then to establish a new government, with
+negro slavery for its corner-stone, as socially, morally, and
+politically right.
+
+As the Presidential election drew on, one of the great traditional
+parties did not make its appearance; the other reeled as it sought to
+preserve its old position, and the candidate who most nearly
+represented its best opinion, driven by patriotic zeal, roamed the
+country from end to end to speak for union, eager, at least, to
+confront its enemies, yet not having hope that it would find its
+deliverance through him. The storm rose to a whirlwind; who would
+allay its wrath? The most experienced statesmen of the country had
+failed; there was no hope from those who were great after the flesh:
+could relief come from one whose wisdom was like the wisdom of little
+children?
+
+The choice of America fell on a man born west of the Alleghenies, in
+the cabin of poor people of Hardin county, Kentucky--ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+His mother could read, but not write; his father would do neither; but
+his parents sent him, with an old spelling-book, to school, and he
+learned in his childhood to do both.
+
+When eight years old he floated down the Ohio with his father on a
+raft, which bore the family and all their possessions to the shore of
+Indiana; and, child as he was, he gave help as they toiled through
+dense forests to the interior of Spencer County. There, in the land of
+free labor, he grew up in a log-cabin, with the solemn solitude for
+his teacher in his meditative hours. Of Asiatic literature he knew
+only the Bible; of Greek, Latin, and mediæval, no more than the
+translation of Æsop's Fables; of English, John Bunyan's Pilgrim's
+Progress. The traditions of George Fox and William Penn passed to him
+dimly along the lines of two centuries through his ancestors, who were
+Quakers.
+
+Otherwise his education was altogether American. The Declaration of
+Independence was his compendium of political wisdom, the Life of
+Washington his constant study, and something of Jefferson and Madison
+reached him through Henry Clay, whom he honored from boyhood. For the
+rest, from day to day, he lived the life of the American people,
+walked in its light, reasoned with its reason, thought with its power
+of thought, felt the beatings of its mighty heart, and so was in every
+way a child of nature, a child of the West, a child of America.
+
+At nineteen, feeling impulses of ambition to get on in the world, he
+engaged himself to go down the Mississippi in a flatboat, receiving
+ten dollars a month for his wages, and afterwards he made the trip
+once more. At twenty-one he drove his father's cattle as the family
+migrated to Illinois, and split rails to fence in the new homestead in
+the wild. At twenty-three he was a captain of volunteers in the Black
+Hawk war. He kept a store. He learned something of surveying, but of
+English literature he added to Bunyan nothing but Shakespeare's plays.
+At twenty-five he was elected to the legislature of Illinois, where he
+served eight years. At twenty-seven he was admitted to the bar. In
+1837 he chose his home in Springfield, the beautiful centre of the
+richest land in the State. In 1847 he was a member of the national
+Congress, where he voted about forty times in favor of the principle
+of the Jefferson proviso. In 1849 he sought, eagerly but
+unsuccessfully, the place of Commissioner of the Land Office, and he
+refused an appointment that would have transferred his residence to
+Oregon. In 1854 he gave his influence to elect from Illinois, to the
+American Senate, a Democrat, who would certainly do justice to Kansas.
+In 1858, as the rival of Douglas, he went before the people of the
+mighty Prairie State, saying, "This Union cannot permanently endure
+half slave and half free; the Union will not be dissolved, but the
+house will cease to be divided"; and now, in 1861, with no experience
+whatever as an executive officer, while States were madly flying from
+their orbit, and wise men knew not where to find counsel, this
+descendant of Quakers, this pupil of Bunyan, this offspring of the
+great West, was elected President of America.
+
+He measured the difficulty of the duty that devolved upon him, and was
+resolved to fulfil it. As on the eleventh of February, 1861, he left
+Springfield, which for a quarter of a century had been his happy home,
+to the crowd of his friends and neighbors, whom he was never more to
+meet, he spoke a solemn farewell: "I know not how soon I shall see you
+again. A duty has devolved upon me, greater than that which has
+devolved upon any other man since Washington. He never would have
+succeeded, except for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at
+all times relied. On the same Almighty Being I place my reliance. Pray
+that I may receive that Divine assistance, without which I cannot
+succeed, but with which success is certain." To the men of Indiana he
+said: "I am but an accidental, temporary instrument; it is your
+business to rise up and preserve the Union and liberty." At the
+capital of Ohio he said: "Without a name, without a reason why I
+should have a name, there has fallen upon me a task such as did not
+rest even upon the Father of his country." At various places in New
+York, especially at Albany, before the legislature, which tendered him
+the united support of the great Empire State, he said: "While I hold
+myself the humblest of all the individuals who have ever been elevated
+to the Presidency, I have a more difficult task to perform than any of
+them. I bring a true heart to the work. I must rely upon the people of
+the whole country for support, and with their sustaining aid, even I,
+humble as I am, cannot fail to carry the ship of state safely through
+the storm." To the assembly of New Jersey, at Trenton, he explained:
+"I shall take the ground I deem most just to the North, the East, the
+West, the South, and the whole country, in good temper, certainly with
+no malice to any section. I am devoted to peace, but it may be
+necessary to put the foot down firmly." In the old Independence Hall,
+of Philadelphia, he said: "I have never had a feeling politically that
+did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of
+Independence, which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
+country, but to the world in all future time. If the country cannot be
+saved without giving up that principle, I would rather be assassinated
+on the spot than surrender it. I have said nothing but what I am
+willing to live and die by."
+
+Travelling, in the dead of night to escape assassination, LINCOLN
+arrived at Washington nine days before his inauguration. The outgoing
+President, at the opening of the session of Congress, had still kept
+as the majority of his advisors men engaged in treason; had declared
+that in case of even an "imaginary" apprehension of danger from
+notions of freedom among the slaves, "disunion would become
+inevitable." LINCOLN and others had questioned the opinion of Taney;
+such impugning he ascribed to the "factious temper of the times." The
+favorite doctrine of the majority of the Democratic party on the power
+of a territorial legislature over slavery he condemned as an attack on
+"the sacred rights of property." The State legislature, he insisted,
+must repeal what he called "their unconstitutional and obnoxious
+enactments," and which, if such, were "null and void" or "it would be
+impossible for any human power to save the Union." Nay! if these
+unimportant acts were not repealed, "the injured States would be
+justified in revolutionary resistance to the government of the Union."
+He maintained that no State might secede at its sovereign will and
+pleasure; that the Union was meant for perpetuity, and that Congress
+might attempt to preserve it, but only by conciliation; that "the
+sword was not placed in their hands to preserve it by force"; that
+"the last desperate remedy of a despairing people would be an
+explanatory amendment recognizing the decision of the Supreme Court of
+the United States." The American Union he called "a confederacy" of
+States, and he thought it a duty to make the appeal for the amendment
+"before any of these States should separate themselves from the
+Union." The views of the Lieutenant-General, containing some patriotic
+advice, "conceded the right of secession," pronounced a quadruple
+rupture of the Union "a smaller evil than the reuniting of the
+fragments by the sword," and "eschewed the idea of invading a seceded
+State." After changes in the Cabinet, the President informed Congress
+that "matters were still worse"; that "the South suffered serious
+grievances," which should be redressed "in peace." The day after this
+message the flag of the Union was fired upon from Fort Morris, and
+the insult was not revenged or noticed. Senators in Congress
+telegraphed to their constituents to seize the national forts, and
+they were not arrested. The finances of the country were grievously
+embarrassed. Its little army was not within reach; the part of it in
+Texas, with all its stores, was made over by its commander to rebels.
+One State after another voted in convention to secede. A peace
+congress, so called, met at the request of Virginia, to concert the
+terms of a capitulation which should secure permission for the
+continuance of the Union. Congress, in both branches, sought to devise
+conciliatory expedients; the territories of the country were organized
+in a manner not to conflict with any pretensions of the South, or any
+decision of the Supreme Court; and, nevertheless, the representatives
+of the rebellion formed at Montgomery a provisional government, and
+pursued their relentless purpose with such success that the
+Lieutenant-General feared the city of Washington might find itself
+"included in a foreign country," and proposed, among the options for
+the consideration of LINCOLN, to bid the wayward States "depart in
+peace." The great republic appeared to have its emblem in the vast
+unfinished Capitol, at that moment surrounded by masses of stone and
+prostrate columns never yet lifted into their places, seemingly the
+moment of high but delusive aspirations, the confused wreck of
+inchoate magnificence, sadder than any ruin of Egyptian Thebes or
+Athens.
+
+The fourth of March came. With instinctive wisdom the new President,
+speaking to the people on taking the oath of office, put aside every
+question that divided the country, and gained a right to universal
+support by planting himself on the single idea of Union. The Union he
+declared to be unbroken and perpetual, and he announced his
+determination to fulfil "the simple duty of taking care that the laws
+be faithfully executed in all the States." Seven days later, the
+convention of Confederate States unanimously adopted a constitution of
+their own, and the new government was authoritatively announced to be
+founded on the idea that the negro race is a slave race; that slavery
+is its natural and normal condition. The issue was made up, whether
+the great republic was to maintain its providential place in the
+history of mankind, or a rebellion founded on negro slavery gain a
+recognition of its principle throughout the civilized world. To the
+disaffected LINCOLN had said, "You can have no conflict without being
+yourselves the aggressors." To fire the passions of the southern
+portion of the people, the confederate government chose to become
+aggressors, and, on the morning of the twelfth of April, began the
+bombardment of Fort Sumter, and compelled its evacuation.
+
+It is the glory of the late President that he had perfect faith in the
+perpetuity of the Union. Supported in advance by Douglas, who spoke as
+with the voice of a million, he instantly called a meeting of
+Congress, and summoned the people to come up and repossess the forts,
+places, and property which had been seized from the Union. The men of
+the North were trained in schools; industrious and frugal; many of
+them delicately bred, their minds teeming with ideas and fertile in
+plans of enterprise; given to the culture of the arts; eager in the
+pursuit of wealth, yet employing wealth less for ostentation than for
+developing the resources of their country; seeking happiness in the
+calm of domestic life; and such lovers of peace, that for generations
+they had been reputed unwarlike. Now, at the cry of their country in
+its distress, they rose up with unappeasable patriotism; not
+hirelings--the purest and the best blood in the land. Sons of a pious
+ancestry, with a clear perception of duty, unclouded faith and fixed
+resolve to succeed, they thronged around the President, to support the
+wronged, the beautiful flag of the nation. The halls of theological
+seminaries sent forth their young men, whose lips were touched with
+eloquence, whose hearts kindled with devotion, to serve in the ranks,
+and make their way to command only as they learned the art of war.
+Striplings in the colleges, as well the most gentle and the most
+studious, those of sweetest temper and loveliest character and
+brightest genius, passed from their classes to the camp. The lumbermen
+from the forests, the mechanics from their benches, where they had
+been trained, by the exercise of political rights, to share the life
+and hope of the republic, to feel their responsibility to their
+forefathers, their posterity and mankind, went to the front, resolved
+that their dignity, as a constituent part of this republic, should
+not be impaired. Farmers and sons of farmers left the land but half
+ploughed, the grain but half planted, and, taking up the musket,
+learned to face without fear the presence of peril and the coming of
+death in the shocks of war, while their hearts were still attracted to
+their herds and fields, and all the tender affections of home.
+Whatever there was of truth and faith and public love in the common
+heart, broke out with one expression. The mighty winds blew from every
+quarter, to fan the flame of the sacred and unquenchable fire.
+
+For a time the war was thought to be confined to our own domestic
+affairs, but it was soon seen that it involved the destinies of
+mankind; its principles and causes shook the politics of Europe to the
+centre, and from Lisbon to Pekin divided the governments of the world.
+
+There was a kingdom whose people had in an eminent degree attained to
+freedom of industry and the security of person and property. Its
+middle class rose to greatness. Out of that class sprung the noblest
+poets and philosophers, whose words built up the intellect of its
+people; skilful navigators, to find out for its merchants the many
+paths of the oceans; discoverers in natural science, whose inventions
+guided its industry to wealth, till it equalled any nation of the
+world in letters, and excelled all in trade and commerce. But its
+government was become a government of land, and not of men; every
+blade of grass was represented, but only a small minority of the
+people. In the transition from the feudal forms the heads of the
+social organization freed themselves from the military services which
+were the conditions of their tenure, and, throwing the burden on the
+industrial classes, kept all the soil to themselves. Vast estates that
+had been managed by monasteries as endowments for religion and charity
+were impropriated to swell the wealth of courtiers and favorites; and
+the commons, where the poor man once had his right of pasture, were
+taken away, and, under forms of law, enclosed distributively within
+the domains of the adjacent landholders. Although no law forbade any
+inhabitant from purchasing land, the costliness of the transfer
+constituted a prohibition; so that it was the rule of the country that
+the plough should not be in the hands of its owner. The Church was
+rested on a contradiction; claiming to be an embodiment of absolute
+truth, it was a creature of the statute-book.
+
+The progress of time increased the terrible contrast between wealth
+and poverty. In their years of strength the laboring people, cut off
+from all share in governing that state, derived a scant support from
+the severest toil, and had no hope for old age but in public charity
+or death. A grasping ambition had dotted the world with military
+posts, kept watch over our borders on the northeast, at the Bermudas,
+in the West Indies, appropriated the gates of the Pacific, of the
+Southern and of the Indian ocean, hovered on our northwest at
+Vancouver, held the whole of the newest continent, and the entrances
+to the old Mediterranean and Red Sea, and garrisoned forts all the way
+from Madras to China. That aristocracy had gazed with terror on the
+growth of a commonwealth where freeholders existed by the million, and
+religion was not in bondage to the state, and now they could not
+repress their joy at its perils. They had not one word of sympathy for
+the kind-hearted poor man's son whom America had chosen for her chief;
+they jeered at his large hands, and long feet, and ungainly stature;
+and the British secretary of state for foreign affairs made haste to
+send word through the places of Europe that the great republic was in
+its agony; that the republic was no more; that a headstone was all
+that remained due by the law of nations to "the late Union." But it is
+written, "Let the dead bury their dead"; they may not bury the living.
+Let the dead bury their dead; let a bill of reform remove the worn-out
+government of a class, and infuse new life into the British
+constitution by confiding rightful power to the people.
+
+But while the vitality of America is indestructible, the British
+government hurried to do what never before had been done by Christian
+powers; what was in direct conflict with its own exposition of public
+law in the time of our struggle for independence. Though the insurgent
+States had not a ship in an open harbor, it invested them with all the
+rights of a belligerent, even on the ocean; and this, too, when the
+rebellion was not only directed against the gentlest and most
+beneficent government on earth, without a shadow of justifiable
+cause, but when the rebellion was directed against human nature itself
+for the perpetual enslavement of a race. And the effect of this
+recognition was, that acts in themselves piratical found shelter in
+British courts of law. The resources of British capitalists, their
+workshops, their armories, their private arsenals, their shipyards,
+were in league with the insurgents, and every British harbor in the
+wide world became a safe port for British ships, manned by British
+sailors, and armed with British guns, to prey on our peaceful
+commerce; even on our ships coming from British ports, freighted with
+British products, or that had carried gifts of grain to the English
+poor. The prime minister, in the House of Commons, sustained by
+cheers, scoffed at the thought that their laws could be amended at our
+request, so as to preserve real neutrality; and to remonstrances, now
+owned to have been just, their secretary of state answered that they
+could not change their laws ad infinitum.
+
+The people of America then wished, as they always have wished, as they
+still wish, friendly relations with England, and no man in England or
+America can desire it more strongly than I. This country has always
+yearned for good relations with England. Thrice only in all its
+history has that yearning been fairly met: in the days of Hampden and
+Cromwell, again in the first ministry of the elder Pitt, and once
+again in the ministry of Shelburne. Not that there have not at all
+times been just men among the peers of Britain--like Halifax in the
+days of James the Second, or a Granville, an Argyll, or a Houghton in
+ours; and we cannot be indifferent to a country that produces
+statesmen like Cobden and Bright; but the best bower anchor of peace
+was the working class of England, who suffered most from our civil
+war, but who, while they broke their diminished bread in sorrow,
+always encouraged us to persevere.
+
+The act of recognizing the rebel belligerents was concerted with
+France--France, so beloved in America, on which she had conferred the
+greatest benefits that one people ever conferred on another; France,
+which stands foremost on the continent of Europe for the solidity of
+her culture, as well as for the bravery and generous impulses of her
+sons; France, which for centuries had been moving steadily in her own
+way towards intellectual and political freedom. The policy regarding
+further colonization of America by European powers, known commonly as
+the doctrine of Monroe, had its origin in France, and if it takes any
+man's name, should bear the name of Turgot. It was adopted by Louis
+the Sixteenth, in the cabinet of which Vergennes was the most
+important member. It is emphatically the policy of France, to which,
+with transient deviations, the Bourbons, the first Napoleon, the House
+of Orleans have adherred.
+
+The late President was perpetually harassed by rumors that the Emperor
+Napoleon the Third desired formally to recognize the States in
+rebellion as an independent power, and that England held him back by
+her reluctance, or France by her traditions of freedom, or he himself
+by his own better judgment and clear perception of events. But the
+republic of Mexico, on our borders, was, like ourselves, distracted by
+a rebellion, and from a similar cause. The monarchy of England had
+fastened upon us slavery which did not disappear with independence; in
+like manner, the ecclesiastical policy established by the Spanish
+council of the Indies, in the days of Charles the Fifth and Philip the
+Second, retained its vigor in the Mexican republic.
+
+The fifty years of civil war under which she had languished was due to
+the bigoted system which was the legacy of monarchy, just as here the
+inheritance of slavery kept alive political strife, and culminated in
+civil war. As with us there could be no quiet but through the end of
+slavery, so in Mexico there could be no prosperity until the crushing
+tyranny of intolerance should cease. The party of slavery in the
+United States sent their emissaries to Europe to solicit aid; and so
+did the party of the Church in Mexico, as organized by the old Spanish
+council of the Indies, but with a different result. Just as the
+Republican party had made an end of the rebellion, and was
+establishing the best government ever known in that region, and giving
+promise to the nation of order, peace, and prosperity, word was
+brought us, in the moment of our deepest affliction, that the French
+Emperor, moved by a desire to erect in North America a buttress for
+imperialism, would transform the republic of Mexico into a
+secundo-geniture for the House of Hapsburg. America might complain;
+she could not then interpose, and delay seemed justifiable. It was
+seen that Mexico could not, with all its wealth of land, compete in
+cereal products with our northwest, nor in tropical products with
+Cuba, nor could it, under a disputed dynasty, attract capital, or
+create public works, or develop mines, or borrow money; so that the
+imperial system of Mexico, which was forced at once to recognize the
+wisdom of the policy of the republic by adopting it, could prove only
+an unremunerating drain on the French treasury for the support of an
+Austrian adventurer.
+
+Meantime a new series of momentous questions grows up, and forces
+itself on the consideration of the thoughtful. Republicanism has
+learned how to introduce into its constitution every element of order,
+as well as every element of freedom; but thus far the continuity of
+its government has seemed to depend on the continuity of elections. It
+is now to be considered how perpetuity is to be secured against
+foreign occupation. The successor of Charles the First of England
+dated his reign from the death of his father; the Bourbons, coming
+back after a long series of revolutions, claimed that the Louis who
+became king was the eighteenth of that name. The present Emperor of
+the French, disdaining a title from election alone, calls himself
+Napoleon the Third. Shall a republic have less power of continuance
+when invading armies prevent a peaceful resort to the ballot-box? What
+force shall it attach to intervening legislation? What validity to
+debts contracted for its overthrow? These momentous questions are, by
+the invasion of Mexico, thrown up for solution. A free State once
+truly constituted should be as undying as its people: the republic of
+Mexico must rise again.
+
+It was the condition of affairs in Mexico that involved the Pope of
+Rome in our difficulties so far that he alone among sovereigns
+recognized the chief of the Confederate States as a president, and his
+supporters as a people; and in letters to two great prelates of the
+Catholic Church in the United States gave counsels for peace at a time
+when peace meant the victory of secession. Yet events move as they are
+ordered. The blessing of the Pope at Rome on the head of Duke
+Maximilian could not revive in the nineteenth century the
+ecclesiastical policy of the sixteenth, and the result is only a new
+proof that there can be no prosperity in the State without religious
+freedom.
+
+When it came home to the consciousness of the Americans that the war
+which they were waging was a war for the liberty of all the nations of
+the world, for freedom itself, they thanked God for giving them
+strength to endure the severity of the trial to which He put their
+sincerity, and nerved themselves for their duty with an inexorable
+will. The President was led along by the greatness of their
+self-sacrificing example, and as a child, in a dark night, on a rugged
+way, catches hold of the hand of its father for guidance and support,
+he clung fast to the hand of the people, and moved calmly through the
+gloom. While the statesmanship of Europe was mocking at the hopeless
+vanity of their efforts, they put forth such miracles of energy as the
+history of the world had never known. The contributions to the popular
+loans amounted in four years to twenty-seven and a half hundred
+millions of dollars; the revenue of the country from taxation was
+increased sevenfold. The navy of the United States, drawing into the
+public service the willing militia of the seas, doubled its tonnage in
+eight months, and established an actual blockade from Cape Hatteras to
+the Rio Grande; in the course of the war it was increased five-fold in
+men and in tonnage, while the inventive genius of the country devised
+more effective kinds of ordnance, and new forms of naval architecture
+in wood and iron. There went into the field, for various terms of
+enlistment, about two million men, and in March last the men in the
+army exceeded a million: that is to say, nine of every twenty
+able-bodied men in the free Territories and States took some part in
+the war; and at one time every fifth of their able-bodied men was in
+service. In one single month one hundred and sixty-five thousand men
+were recruited into service. Once, within four weeks, Ohio organized
+and placed in the field forty-two regiments of infantry--nearly
+thirty-six thousand men; and Ohio was like other States in the East
+and in the West. The well-mounted cavalry numbered eighty-four
+thousand; of horses and mules there were bought, from first to last,
+two-thirds of a million. In the movements of troops science came in
+aid of patriotism, so that, to choose a single instance out of many,
+an army twenty-three thousand strong, with its artillery, trains,
+baggage, and animals, were moved by rail from the Potomac to the
+Tennessee, twelve hundred miles, in seven days. On the long marches,
+wonders of military construction bridged the rivers, and wherever an
+army halted, ample supplies awaited them at their ever-changing base.
+The vile thought that life is the greatest of blessings did not rise
+up. In six hundred and twenty-five battles and severe skirmishes blood
+flowed like water. It streamed over the grassy plains; it stained the
+rocks; the undergrowth of the forests was red with it; and the armies
+marched on with majestic courage from one conflict to another, knowing
+that they were fighting for God and liberty. The organization of the
+medical department met its infinitely multiplied duties with exactness
+and despatch. At the news of a battle, the best surgeons of our cities
+hastened to the field, to offer the untiring aid of the greatest
+experience and skill. The gentlest and most refined of women left
+homes of luxury and ease to build hospital tents near the armies, and
+serve as nurses to the sick and dying. Beside the large supply of
+religious teachers by the public, the congregations spared to their
+brothers in the field the ablest ministers. The Christian Commission,
+which expended more than six and a quarter millions, sent nearly five
+thousand clergymen, chosen out of the best, to keep unsoiled the
+religious character of the men, and made gifts of clothes and food and
+medicine. The organization of private charity assumed unheard-of
+dimensions. The Sanitary Commission, which had seven thousand
+societies, distributed, under the direction of an unpaid board,
+spontaneous contributions to the amount of fifteen millions in
+supplies or money--a million and a half in money from California
+alone--and dotted the scene of war, from Paducah to Port Royal, from
+Belle Plain, Virginia, to Brownsville, Texas, with homes and lodges.
+
+The country had for its allies the river Mississippi, which would not
+be divided, and the range of mountains which carried the stronghold of
+the free through Western Virginia and Kentucky and Tennessee to the
+highlands of Alabama. But it invoked the still higher power of
+immortal justice. In ancient Greece, where servitude was the universal
+custom, it was held that if a child were to strike its parent, the
+slave should defend the parent, and by that act recover his freedom.
+After vain resistance, LINCOLN, who had tried to solve the question by
+gradual emancipation, by colonization, and by compensation, at last
+saw that slavery must be abolished, or the republic must die; and on
+the first day of January, 1863, he wrote liberty on the banners of the
+armies. When this proclamation, which struck the fetters from three
+millions of slaves, reached Europe, Lord Russell, a countryman of
+Milton and Wilberforce, eagerly put himself forward to speak of it in
+the name of mankind, saying: "It is of a very strange nature"; "a
+measure of war of a very questionable kind"; an act "of vengeance on
+the slave owner," that does no more than "profess to emancipate slaves
+where the United States authorities cannot make emancipation a
+reality." Now there was no part of the country embraced in the
+proclamation where the United States could not and did not make
+emancipation a reality. Those who saw LINCOLN most frequently had
+never before heard him speak with bitterness of any human being, but
+he did not conceal how keenly he felt that he had been wronged by Lord
+Russell. And he wrote, in reply to other cavils: "The emancipation
+policy and the use of colored troops were the greatest blows yet dealt
+to the rebellion; the job was a great national one, and let none be
+slighted who bore an honorable part in it. I hope peace will come
+soon, and come to stay; then will there be some black men who can
+remember that they have helped mankind to this great consummation."
+
+The proclamation accomplished its end, for, during the war, our armies
+came into military possession of every State in rebellion. Then, too,
+was called forth the new power that comes from the simultaneous
+diffusion of thought and feeling among the nations of mankind. The
+mysterious sympathy of the millions throughout the world was given
+spontaneously. The best writers of Europe waked the conscience of the
+thoughtful, till the intelligent moral sentiment of the Old World was
+drawn to the side of the unlettered statesman of the West. Russia,
+whose emperor had just accomplished one of the grandest acts in the
+course of time, by raising twenty millions of bondmen into
+freeholders, and thus assuring the growth and culture of a Russian
+people, remained our unwavering friend. From the oldest abode of
+civilization, which gave the first example of an imperial government
+with equality among the people, Prince Kung, the secretary of state
+for foreign affairs, remembered the saying of Confucius, that we
+should not do to others what we would not that others should do to us,
+and, in the name of his emperor, read a lesson to European
+diplomatists by closing the ports of China against the warships and
+privateers of "the seditious."
+
+The war continued, with all the peoples of the world, for anxious
+spectators. Its cares weighed heavily on LINCOLN, and his face was
+ploughed with the furrows of thought and sadness. With malice towards
+none, free from the spirit of revenge, victory made him importunate
+for peace, and his enemies never doubted his word, or despaired of his
+abounding clemency. He longed to utter pardon as the word for all, but
+not unless the freedom of the negro should be assured. The grand
+battles of Fort Donelson, Chattanooga, Malvern Hill, Antietam,
+Gettysburg, the Wilderness of Virginia, Winchester, Nashville, the
+capture of New Orleans, Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Fisher, the march from
+Atlanta, and the capture of Savannah and Charleston, all foretold the
+issue. Still more, the self-regeneration of Missouri, the heart of the
+continent; of Maryland, whose sons never heard the midnight bells
+chime so sweetly as when they rang out to earth and heaven that, by
+the voice of her own people, she took her place among the free; of
+Tennessee, which passed through fire and blood, through sorrows and
+the shadow of death, to work out her own deliverance, and by the
+faithfulness of her own sons to renew her youth like the eagle--proved
+that victory was deserved, and would be worth all that it cost. If
+words of mercy, uttered as they were by LINCOLN on the waters of
+Virginia, were defiantly repelled, the armies of the country, moving
+with one will, went as the arrow to its mark, and, without a feeling
+of revenge, struck the death-blow at rebellion.
+
+Where, in the history of nations, had a Chief Magistrate possessed
+more sources of consolation and joy than LINCOLN? His countrymen had
+shown their love by choosing him to a second term of service. The
+raging war that had divided the country had lulled, and private grief
+was hushed by the grandeur of the result. The nation had its new birth
+of freedom, soon to be secured forever by an amendment of the
+Constitution. His persistent gentleness had conquered for him a
+kindlier feeling on the part of the South. His scoffers among the
+grandees of Europe began to do him honor. The laboring classes
+everywhere saw in his advancement their own. All peoples sent him
+their benedictions. And at this moment of the height of his fame, to
+which his humility and modesty added charms, he fell by the hand of
+the assassin, and the only triumph awarded him was the march to the
+grave.
+
+This is no time to say that human glory is but dust and ashes; that we
+mortals are no more than shadows in pursuit of shadows. How mean a
+thing were man if there were not that within him which is higher than
+himself; if he could not master the illusions of sense, and discern
+the connexions of events by a superior light which comes from God! He
+so shares the divine impulses that he has power to subject ambition to
+the ennoblement of his kind. Not in vain has LINCOLN lived, for he has
+helped to make this republic an example of justice, with no caste but
+the caste of humanity. The heroes who led our armies and ships into
+battle and fell in the service--Lyon, McPherson, Reynolds, Sedgwick,
+Wadsworth, Foote, Ward, with their compeers--did not die in vain; they
+and the myriads of nameless martyrs, and he, the chief martyr, gave up
+their lives willingly "that government of the people, by the people,
+and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
+
+The assassination of LINCOLN, who was so free from malice, has, by
+some mysterious influence, struck the country with solemn awe, and
+hushed, instead of exciting, the passion for revenge. It seems as if
+the just had died for the unjust. When I think of the friends I have
+lost in this war--and every one who hears me has, like myself, lost
+some of those whom he most loved--there is no consolation to be
+derived from victims on the scaffold, or from anything but the
+established union of the regenerated nation.
+
+In his character LINCOLN was through and through an American. He is
+the first native of the region west of the Alleghenies to attain to
+the highest station; and how happy it is that the man who was brought
+forward as the natural outgrowth and first fruits of that region
+should have been of unblemished purity in private life, a good son, a
+kind husband, a most affectionate father, and, as a man, so gentle to
+all. As to integrity, Douglas, his rival, said of him: "Lincoln is the
+honestest man I ever knew."
+
+The habits of his mind were those of meditation and inward thought,
+rather than of action. He delighted to express his opinions by an
+apothegm, illustrate them by a parable, or drive them home by a story.
+He was skilful in analysis, discerned with precision the central idea
+on which a question turned, and knew how to disengage it and present
+it by itself in a few homely, strong old English words that would be
+intelligible to all. He excelled in logical statements more than in
+executive ability. He reasoned clearly, his reflective judgment was
+good, and his purposes were fixed; but, like the Hamlet of his only
+poet, his will was tardy in action, and, for this reason, and not from
+humility or tenderness of feeling, he sometimes deplored that the duty
+which devolved on him had not fallen to the lot of another.
+
+LINCOLN gained a name by discussing questions which, of all others,
+most easily lead to fanaticism; but he was never carried away by
+enthusiastic zeal, never indulged in extravagant language, never
+hurried to support extreme measures, never allowed himself to be
+controlled by sudden impulses. During the progress of the election at
+which he was chosen President he expressed no opinion that went beyond
+the Jefferson proviso of 1784. Like Jefferson and Lafayette, he had
+faith in the intuitions of the people, and read those intuitions with
+rare sagacity. He knew how to bide time, and was less apt to run ahead
+of public thought than to lag behind. He never sought to electrify the
+community by taking an advanced position with a banner of opinion, but
+rather studied to move forward compactly, exposing no detachment in
+front or rear; so that the course of his administration might have
+been explained as the calculating policy of a shrewd and watchful
+politician, had there not been seen behind it a fixedness of principle
+which from the first determined his purpose, and grew more intense
+with every year, consuming his life by its energy. Yet his
+sensibilities were not acute; he had no vividness of imagination to
+picture to his mind the horrors of the battlefield or the sufferings
+in hospitals; his conscience was more tender than his feelings.
+
+LINCOLN was one of the most unassuming of men. In time of success, he
+gave credit for it to those whom he employed, to the people, and to
+the Providence of God. He did not know what ostentation is; when he
+became President he was rather saddened than elated, and conduct and
+manners showed more than ever his belief that all men are born equal.
+He was no respecter of persons, and neither rank, nor reputation, nor
+services overawed him. In judging of character he failed in
+discrimination, and his appointments were sometimes bad; but he
+readily deferred to public opinion, and in appointing the head of the
+armies he followed the manifest preference of Congress.
+
+A good President will secure unity to his administration by his own
+supervision of the various departments. LINCOLN, who accepted advice
+readily, was never governed by any member of his cabinet, and could
+not be moved from a purpose deliberately formed; but his supervision
+of affairs was unsteady and incomplete, and sometimes, by a sudden
+interference transcending the usual forms, he rather confused than
+advanced the public business. If he ever failed in the scrupulous
+regard due to the relative rights of Congress, it was so evidently
+without design that no conflict could ensue, or evil precedent be
+established. Truth he would receive from any one, but when impressed
+by others, he did not use their opinions till, by reflection, he had
+made them thoroughly his own.
+
+It was the nature of LINCOLN to forgive. When hostilities ceased, he,
+who had always sent forth the flag with every one of its stars in the
+field, was eager to receive back his returning countrymen, and
+meditated "some new announcement to the South." The amendment of the
+Constitution abolishing slavery had his most earnest and unwearied
+support. During the rage of war we get a glimpse into his soul from
+his privately suggesting to Louisiana, that "in defining the franchise
+some of the colored people might be let in," saying: "They would
+probably help, in some trying time to come, to keep the jewel of
+liberty in the family of freedom." In 1857 he avowed himself "not in
+favor of" what he improperly called "negro citizenship," for the
+Constitution discriminates between citizens and electors. Three days
+before his death he declared his preference that "the elective
+franchise were now conferred on the very intelligent of the colored
+men, and on those of them who served our cause as soldiers"; but he
+wished it done by the States themselves, and he never harbored the
+thought of exacting it from a new government, as a condition of its
+recognition.
+
+The last day of his life beamed with sunshine, as he sent, by the
+Speaker of this House, his friendly greetings to the men of the Rocky
+mountains and the Pacific slope; as he contemplated the return of
+hundreds of thousands of soldiers to fruitful industry; as he welcomed
+in advance hundreds of thousands of emigrants from Europe; as his eye
+kindled with enthusiasm at the coming wealth of the nation. And so,
+with these thoughts for his country, he was removed from the toils and
+temptations of this life, and was at peace.
+
+Hardly had the late President been consigned to the grave when the
+prime minister of England died, full of years and honors. Palmerston
+traced his lineage to the time of the conqueror; LINCOLN went back
+only to his grandfather. Palmerston received his education from the
+best scholars of Harrow, Edinburg, and Cambridge; LINCOLN'S early
+teachers were the silent forests, the prairie, the river, and the
+stars. Palmerston was in public life for sixty years; LINCOLN for but
+a tenth of that time. Palmerston was a skilful guide of an established
+aristocracy; LINCOLN a leader, or rather a companion, of the people.
+Palmerston was exclusively an Englishman, and made his boast in the
+House of Commons that the interest of England was his Shibboleth;
+LINCOLN thought always of mankind, as well as his own country, and
+served human nature itself. Palmerston, from his narrowness as an
+Englishman, did not endear his country to any one court or to any one
+nation, but rather caused general uneasiness and dislike; LINCOLN left
+America more beloved than ever by all the peoples of Europe.
+Palmerston was self-possessed and adroit in reconciling the
+conflicting factions of the aristocracy; LINCOLN, frank and ingenuous,
+knew how to poise himself on the ever-moving opinions of the masses.
+Palmerston was capable of insolence towards the weak, quick to the
+sense of honor, not heedful of right; LINCOLN rejected counsel given
+only as a matter of policy, and was not capable of being wilfully
+unjust. Palmerston, essentially superficial, delighted in banter, and
+knew how to divert grave opposition by playful levity; LINCOLN was a
+man of infinite jest on his lips with saddest earnestness at his
+heart. Palmerston was a fair representative of the aristocratic
+liberality of the day, choosing for his tribunal, not the conscience
+of humanity, but the House of Commons; LINCOLN took to heart the
+eternal truths of liberty, obeyed them as the commands of Providence,
+and accepted the human race as the judge of his fidelity. Palmerston
+did nothing that will endure; LINCOLN finished a work which all time
+cannot overthrow. Palmerston is a shining example of the ablest of a
+cultivated aristocracy; LINCOLN is the genuine fruit of institutions
+where the laboring man shares and assists to form the great ideas and
+designs of his country. Palmerston was buried in Westminster Abbey by
+the order of his Queen, and was attended by the British aristocracy to
+his grave, which, after a few years, will hardly be noticed by the
+side of the graves of Fox and Chatham; LINCOLN was followed by the
+sorrow of his country across the continent to his resting-place in the
+heart of the Mississippi valley, to be remembered through all time by
+his countrymen, and by all the peoples of the world.
+
+As the sum of all, the hand of LINCOLN raised the flag; the American
+people was the hero of the war; and, therefore, the result is a new
+era of republicanism. The disturbances in the country grew not out of
+anything republican, but out of slavery, which is a part of the system
+of hereditary wrong; and the expulsion of this domestic anomaly opens
+to the renovated nation a career of unthought of dignity and glory.
+Henceforth our country has a moral unity as the land of free labor.
+The party for slavery and the party against slavery are no more, and
+are merged in the party of Union and freedom. The States which would
+have left us are not brought back as subjugated States, for then we
+should hold them only so long as that conquest could be maintained;
+they come to their rightful place under the constitution as original,
+necessary, and inseparable members of the Union.
+
+We build monuments to the dead, but no monuments of victory. We
+respect the example of the Romans, who never, even in conquered lands,
+raised emblems of triumph. And our generals are not to be classed in
+the herd of vulgar warriors, but are of the school of Timoleon, and
+William of Nassau, and Washington. They have used the sword only to
+give peace to their country and restore her to her place in the great
+assembly of the nations.
+
+SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES of America: as I bid you farewell, my
+last words shall be words of hope and confidence; for now slavery is
+no more, the Union is restored, a people begins to live according to
+the laws of reason, and republicanism is intrenched in a continent.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY GOLDWIN SMITH
+
+Abraham Lincoln is assuredly one of the marvels of history. No land
+but America has produced his like. This destined chief of a nation in
+its most perilous hour was the son of a thriftless and wandering
+settler. He had a strong and eminently fair understanding, with great
+powers of patient thought, which he cultivated by the study of Euclid.
+In all his views there was the simplicity of his character. Both as an
+advocate and as a politician he was "Honest Abe." As an advocate he
+would throw up his brief when he knew that his case was bad. He said
+himself that he had not controlled events, but had been guided by
+them. To know how to be guided by events, however, if it is not
+imperial genius, is practical wisdom. Lincoln's goodness of heart, his
+sense of duty, his unselfishness, his freedom from vanity, his long
+suffering, his simplicity, were never disturbed either by power or by
+opposition. To the charge of levity no man could be less open. Though
+he trusted in Providence, care for the public and sorrow for the
+public calamities filled his heart and sat visibly upon his brow. His
+State papers are excellent, not only as public documents, but as
+compositions, and are distinguished by their depth of human feeling
+and tenderness, from those of other statesmen. He spoke always from
+his own heart to the heart of the people. His brief funeral oration
+over the graves of those who had fallen in the war is one of the gems
+of the language.
+
+
+GREATNESS OF HIS SIMPLICITY
+
+BY H. A. DELANO
+
+He was uneducated, as that term goes to-day, and yet he gave statesmen
+and educators things to think about for a hundred years to come.
+Beneath the awkward, angular and diffident frame beat one of the
+noblest, largest, tenderest hearts that ever swelled in aspiration for
+truth, or longed to accomplish a freeman's duty. He might have lacked
+in that acute analysis which knows the "properties of matter," but he
+knew the passions, emotions, and weaknesses of men; he knew their
+motives. He had the genius to mine men and strike easily the rich ore
+of human nature. He was poor in this world's goods, and I prize
+gratefully a fac-simile letter lying among the treasures of my study
+written by Mr. Lincoln to an old friend, requesting the favor of a
+small loan, as he had entered upon that campaign of his that was not
+done until death released the most steadfast hero of that cruel war.
+Men speculate as to his religion. It was the religion of the seer, the
+hero, the patriot, and the lover of his race and time. Amid the
+political idiocy of the times, the corruption in high places, the
+dilettante culture, the vaporings of wild and helpless theorists, in
+this swamp of political quagmire, O Lincoln, it is refreshing to think
+of thee!
+
+
+HORACE GREELEY'S ESTIMATE OF LINCOLN
+
+From "Greeley on Lincoln"
+
+When I last saw him, some five or six weeks before his death, his face
+was haggard with care, and seamed with thought and trouble. It looked
+care-ploughed, tempest-tossed, weather-beaten, as if he were some
+tough old mariner, who had for years been beating up against the wind
+and tide, unable to make his port or find safe anchorage. Judging from
+that scathed, rugged countenance, I do not believe he could have lived
+out his second term had no felon hand been lifted against his
+priceless life.
+
+The chief moral I deduce from his eventful career asserts
+
+    The might that slumbers in a peasant's arm!
+
+the majestic heritage, the measureless opportunity, of the humblest
+American youth. Here was an heir of poverty and insignificance,
+obscure, untaught, buried throughout his childhood in the frontier
+forests, with no transcendent, dazzling abilities, such as make their
+way in any country, under any institutions, but emphatically in
+intellect, as in station, one of the millions of strivers for a rude
+livelihood, who, though attaching himself stubbornly to the less
+popular party, and especially so in the State which he has chosen as
+his home, did nevertheless become a central figure of the Western
+Hemisphere, and an object of honor, love, and reverence throughout the
+civilized world. Had he been a genius, an intellectual prodigy, like
+Julius Caesar, or Shakespeare, or Mirabeau, or Webster, we might say:
+"This lesson is not for us--with such faculties any one could achieve
+and succeed"; but he was not a born king of men, ruling by the
+resistless might of his natural superiority, but a child of the
+people, who made himself a great persuader, therefore a leader by dint
+of firm resolve, and patient effort, and dogged perseverance. He
+slowly won his way to eminence and renown by ever doing the work that
+lay next to him--doing it with all his growing might--doing it as well
+as he could, and learning by his failure, when failure was
+encountered, how to do it better. Wendell Phillips once coarsely said,
+"He grew because we watered him"; which was only true in so far as
+this--he was open to all impressions and influences, and gladly
+profited by all the teachings of events and circumstances, no matter
+how adverse or unwelcome. There was probably no year of his life in
+which he was not a wiser, larger, better man than he had been the year
+preceding. It was of such a nature--patient, plodding, sometimes
+groping, but ever towards the light--that Tennyson sings:
+
+    Perplext in faith, but pure in deeds,
+      At last he beat his music out.
+      There lives more faith in honest doubt,
+    Believe me, than in half the creeds.
+
+There are those who profess to have been always satisfied with his
+conduct of the war, deeming it prompt, energetic, vigorous, masterly.
+I did not, and could not, so regard it. I believed then--I believe
+this hour,--that a Napoleon I., a Jackson, would have crushed
+secession out in a single short campaign--almost in a single victory.
+I believed that an advance to Richmond 100,000 strong might have been
+made by the end of June, 1861; that would have insured a
+counter-revolution throughout the South, and a voluntary return of
+every State, through a dispersion and disavowal of its rebel chiefs,
+to the councils and the flag of the Union. But such a return would
+have not merely left slavery intact--it would have established it on
+firmer foundations than ever before. The momentarily alienated North
+and South would have fallen on each other's necks, and, amid tears and
+kisses, have sealed their reunion by ignominiously making the Black
+the scapegoat of their bygone quarrel, and wreaking on him the spite
+which they had purposed to expend on each other. But God had higher
+ends, to which a Bull Run, a Ball's Bluff, a Gaines's Mill, a
+Groveton, were indispensable: and so they came to pass, and were
+endured and profited by. The Republic needed to be passed through
+chastening, purifying fires of adversity and suffering: so these came
+and did their work and the verdure of a new national life springs
+greenly, luxuriantly, from their ashes. Other men were helpful to the
+great renovation, and nobly did their part in it; yet, looking back
+through the lifting mists of seven eventful, tragic, trying, glorious
+years, I clearly discern that the one providential leader, the
+indispensable hero of the great drama--faithfully reflecting even in
+his hesitations and seeming vacillations the sentiment of the
+masses--fitted by his very defects and shortcomings for the burden
+laid upon him, the good to be wrought out through him, was Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+BY J. T. TROWBRIDGE
+
+    Heroic soul, in homely garb half hid,
+      Sincere, sagacious, melancholy, quaint;
+    What he endured, no less than what he did,
+      Has reared his monument, and crowned him saint.
+
+
+THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[26]
+
+BY B. B. TYLER
+
+In 1865, the bullet of an assassin suddenly terminated the life among
+men of one who was an honor to his race. He was great and good. He was
+great because he was good. Lincoln's religious character was the one
+thing which, above all other features of his unique mental and moral
+as well as physical personality, lifted him above his fellow men.
+
+Because an effort has been made to parade Abraham Lincoln as an
+unbeliever, I have been led to search carefully for the facts in his
+life bearing on this point. The testimony seems to be almost entirely,
+if not altogether, on one side. I cannot account for the statement
+which William H. Herndon makes in his life of the martyred President,
+that, "Mr. Lincoln had no faith." For twenty-five years Mr. Herndon
+was Abraham Lincoln's law partner in Springfield, Ill. He had the best
+opportunities to know Abraham Lincoln. When, however, he affirms that
+"Mr. Lincoln had no faith," he speaks without warrant. It is simply
+certain that he uses words in their usually accepted signification,
+although his statement concerning Lincoln is not true.
+
+Abraham Lincoln was a man of profound faith. He believed in God. He
+believed in Christ. He believed in the Bible. He believed in men. His
+faith made him great. His life is a beautiful commentary on the words,
+"This is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith." There
+was a time in Lincoln's experience when his faith faltered, as there
+was a time when his reason tottered, but these sad experiences were
+temporary, and Abraham Lincoln was neither an infidel nor a lunatic.
+It is easy to trace in the life of this colossal character, a steady
+growth of faith. This grace in him increased steadily in breadth and
+in strength with the passing years, until it came to pass that his
+last public utterances show forth the confidence and the fire of an
+ancient Hebrew prophet.
+
+It is true that Lincoln never united with the Church, although a
+lifelong and regular attendant on its services. He had a reason for
+occupying a position outside the fellowship of the Church of Christ as
+it existed in his day and in his part of the world. This reason
+Lincoln did not hesitate to declare. He explained on one occasion that
+he had never become a church member because he did not like and could
+not in conscience subscribe to the long and frequently complicated
+statements of Christian doctrines which characterized the confessions
+of the Churches. He said: "When any Church will inscribe over its
+altar as its sole qualification for membership the Savior's condensed
+statement of the substance of both law and gospel, 'Thou shalt love
+the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with
+all thy mind, and thy neighbor as thyself,' that Church will I join
+with all my heart and soul."
+
+Abraham Lincoln in these words recognizes the central figure of the
+Bible, Jesus of Nazareth, as "the Saviour." He recognizes God as the
+supreme Lawgiver, and expresses readiness, while eschewing theological
+subtleties, to submit heart and soul to the supreme Lawgiver of the
+universe. His faith, according to this language, goes out manward as
+well as Godward. He believed not only in God, but he believed in man
+as well, and this Christianity, according to Christ, requires of all
+disciples of the great Teacher.
+
+About a year before his assassination Lincoln, in a letter to Joshua
+Speed, said: "I am profitably engaged in reading the Bible. Take all
+of this book upon reason that you can and the balance on faith, and
+you will live and die a better man." He saw and declared that the
+teaching of the Bible had a tendency to improve character. He had a
+right view of this sacred literature. Its purpose is character
+building.
+
+Leonard Swett, who knew Abraham Lincoln well, said at the unveiling of
+the Chicago monument that Lincoln "believed in God as the supreme
+ruler of the universe, the guide of men, and the controller of the
+great events and destinies of mankind. He believed himself to be an
+instrument and leader in this country of the force of freedom."
+
+From this it appears that his belief was not merely theoretical, but
+that it was practical. He regarded himself as an instrument, as Moses
+was an instrument in the hands of Almighty God, to lead men into
+freedom.
+
+It was after his election, in the autumn of 1860, and but a short time
+before his inauguration as President of the United States, that in a
+letter to Judge Joseph Gillespie, he said: "I have read on my knees
+the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of God prayed in vain that the
+cup of bitterness might pass from Him. I am in the garden of
+Gethsemane now, and my cup of bitterness is full and overflowing."
+
+From this it is clear that he believed the Jesus of the Gospels to be
+"the Son of God." And what a sense of responsibility he must at the
+time of writing this letter have experienced to cause him to declare,
+"I am in the garden of Gethsemane now, and my cup of bitterness is
+full and overflowing!" Only a superlatively good man, only a man of
+genuine piety, could use honestly such language as this. These words
+do not indicate unbelief or agnosticism. If ever a man in public life
+in these United States was removed the distance of the antipodes from
+the coldness and bleakness of agnosticism, that man was Abraham
+Lincoln. This confession of faith, incidentally made in a brief letter
+to a dear friend, is not only orthodox according to the accepted
+standards of orthodoxy, but, better, it is evangelical. To him the
+hero of the Gospel histories was none other than "the Son of God." By
+the use of these words did Lincoln characterize Jesus of Nazareth.
+
+Herndon has said in his life of Abraham Lincoln that he never read the
+Bible, but Alexander Williamson, who was employed as a tutor in
+President Lincoln's family in Washington, said that "Mr. Lincoln very
+frequently studied the Bible, with the aid of Cruden's Concordance,
+which lay on his table." If Lincoln was not a reader and student of
+the inspired literature which we call the Bible, what explanation can
+be made of his language just quoted, addressed to Judge Gillespie, "I
+have read on my knees the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of God
+prayed in vain that the cup of bitterness might pass from Him"?
+
+I have admitted that in Lincoln's experience there was a time when his
+faith faltered. It is interesting to know in what manner he came to
+have the faith which in the maturity of his royal manhood and in the
+zenith of his intellectual powers he expressed. One of his
+pastors--for he sat under the ministry of James Smith, has told in
+what way Lincoln came to be an intelligent believer in the Bible, in
+Jesus as the Son of God, and in Christianity as Divine in its origin,
+and a mighty moral and spiritual power for the regeneration of men and
+of the race. Mr. Smith placed before him, he says, the arguments for
+and against the Divine authority and inspiration of the Scriptures. To
+the arguments on both sides Lincoln gave a patient, impartial, and
+searching investigation. He himself said that he examined the
+arguments as a lawyer investigates testimony in a case in which he is
+deeply interested. At the conclusion of the investigation he declared
+that the arguments in favor of the Divine authority and inspiration of
+the Bible is unanswerable.
+
+So far did Lincoln go in his open sympathy with the teachings of the
+Bible that on one occasion in the presence of a large assembly, he
+delivered the address at an annual meeting of the Springfield,
+Illinois, Bible Society. In the course of his address he drew a
+contrast between the decalog and the most eminent lawgiver of
+antiquity, in which he said: "It seems to me that nothing short of
+infinite wisdom could by any possibility have devised and given to man
+this excellent and perfect moral code. It is suited to men in all the
+conditions of life, and inculcates all the duties they owe to their
+Creator, to themselves, and their fellow men."
+
+Lincoln prepared an address, in which he declared that this country
+cannot exist half slave and half-free. He affirmed the saying of
+Jesus, "A house divided against itself cannot stand." Having read this
+address to some friends, they urged him to strike out that portion of
+it. If he would do so, he could probably be elected to the United
+States Senate; but if he delivered the address as written, the ground
+taken was so high, the position was so advanced, his sentiments were
+so radical, he would probably fail of gaining a seat in the supreme
+legislative body of the greatest republic on earth.
+
+Lincoln, under those circumstances, said: "I know there is a God, and
+that He hates the injustice of slavery. I see the storm coming, and I
+know that His hand is in it. If He has a place and a work for me, and
+I think he has, I believe I am ready. I am nothing but truth is
+everything. I know I am right, because I know that liberty is right,
+for Christ teaches it, and Christ is God."
+
+And yet we are asked to believe that a man who could express himself
+in this way and show this courage was a doubter, a skeptic, an
+unbeliever, an agnostic, an infidel. "Christ is God." This was
+Lincoln's faith in 1860, found in a letter addressed to the Hon.
+Newton Bateman.
+
+Lincoln's father was a Christian. Old Uncle Tommy Lincoln, as his
+friends familiarly called him, was a good man. He was what might be
+called a ne'er-do-well. As the world counts success, Thomas Lincoln,
+the father of Abraham Lincoln, was not successful, but he was an
+honest man. He was a truthful man. He was a man of faith. He
+worshipped God. He belonged to the church. He was a member of a
+congregation in Charleston, Ill., which I had the honor to serve in
+the beginning of my ministry, known as the Christian Church. He died
+not far from Charleston, and is buried a few miles distant from the
+beautiful little town, the county seat of Coles County, Ill.
+
+During the last illness of his father, Lincoln wrote a letter to his
+step-brother, John Johnston, which closes with the following
+sentences: "I sincerely hope that father may recover his health, but
+at all events tell him to remember to call upon and confide in our
+great, and good, and merciful Maker, who will not turn away from him
+in any extremity. He notes the fall of the sparrow, and numbers the
+hairs of our heads, and He will not forget the dying man who puts his
+trust in Him. Say to him that if we could meet now it is doubtful
+whether it would not be more painful than pleasant, but that if it be
+his lot to go now he will soon have a joyful meeting with loved ones
+gone before, and where the rest of us, through the mercy of God, hope
+ere long to join them."
+
+From this it appears that Lincoln cherished a hope of life everlasting
+through the mercy of God. This sounds very much like the talk of a
+Christian.
+
+Although Lincoln was not a church member, he was a man of prayer. He
+believed that God can hear, does hear, and answer prayer. Lincoln said
+in conversation with General Sickles concerning the battle of
+Gettysburg, that he had no anxiety as to the result. At this General
+Sickles expressed surprise, and inquired into the reason for this
+unusual state of mind at that period in the history of the war.
+Lincoln hesitated to accede to the request of General Sickles, but was
+finally prevailed upon to do so, and this is what he said:
+
+"Well, I will tell you how it was. In the pinch of your campaign up
+there, when everybody seemed panic stricken, and nobody could tell
+what was going to happen, oppressed by the gravity of our affairs, I
+went into my room one day and locked the door, and got down on my
+knees before Almighty God, and prayed to Him mightily for victory at
+Gettysburg. I told Him this was His war, and our cause His cause, but
+that we could not stand another Fredericksburg or Chancellorsville.
+And I then and there made a solemn vow to Almighty God that if He
+would stand by our boys at Gettysburg I would stand by Him. And He did
+and I will. And after that (I don't know how it was, and I can't
+explain it) but soon a sweet comfort crept into my soul that things
+would go all right at Gettysburg, and that is why I had no fears
+about you."
+
+Such faith as this will put to the blush many who are members of the
+church.
+
+It was afterward that General Sickles asked him what news he had from
+Vicksburg. He answered that he had no news worth mentioning, but that
+Grant was still "pegging away" down there, and he thought a good deal
+of him as a general, and had no thought of removing him
+notwithstanding that he was urged to do so; and, "besides," he added,
+"I have been praying over Vicksburg also, and believe our Heavenly
+Father is going to give us victory there too, because we need it, in
+order to bisect the Confederacy and have the Mississippi flow unvexed
+to the sea."
+
+When he entered upon the task to which the people of the United States
+had called him, at the railway station in Springfield on the eve of
+his departure to Washington to take the oath of office, he delivered
+an address. It is a model. I quote it entire. It is as follows:
+
+"My friends, no one not in my position can realize the sadness I feel
+at this parting. To this people I owe all that I am. Here I have lived
+more than a quarter of a century. Here my children were born, and here
+one of them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall see you again. I
+go to assume a task more than that which has devolved upon any other
+man since the days of Washington. He never would have succeeded except
+for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at all times relied.
+I feel that I cannot succeed without the same Divine blessing which
+sustained him, and on the same almighty Being I place my reliance for
+support. And I hope you, my friends, will all pray that I may receive
+that Divine assistance, without which I cannot succeed, but with which
+success is certain. Again, I bid you an affectionate farewell."
+
+At the time of Lincoln's assassination these words were printed in a
+great variety of forms. In my home for a number of years, beautifully
+framed, these parting words addressed to the friends of many years in
+Springfield, Ill., ornamented my humble residence. And yet one of his
+biographers refers to this address as if its genuineness may well be
+doubted. At the time of its delivery it was taken down and published
+broadcast in the papers of the day.
+
+But it would be wearisome to you to recite all the evidences bearing
+on the religious character of Abraham Lincoln. John G. Nicolay well
+says: "Benevolence and forgiveness were the very basis of his
+character; his world-wide humanity is aptly embodied in a phrase of
+his second inaugural: 'With malice toward none, with charity for all.'
+His nature was deeply religious, but he belonged to no denomination;
+he had faith in the eternal justice and boundless mercy of Providence,
+and made the Golden Rule of Christ his practical creed."
+
+In this passage Mr. Nicolay refers especially to Lincoln's second
+inaugural address. This address has the ring of an ancient Hebrew
+prophet. Only a man of faith and piety could deliver such an address.
+After the struggles through which the country had passed Lincoln's
+self-poise, his confidence in God, his belief in and affection for his
+fellow men, remained unabated. In Lincoln's second inaugural address
+he used these words:
+
+"Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration
+which it has already attained: neither anticipated that the cause of
+the conflict might cease when or even before the conflict itself
+should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less
+fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the
+same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem
+strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in
+wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us
+judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be
+answered: that of neither has been answered fully.
+
+"The Almighty has His own purposes. 'Wo unto the world because of
+offenses, for it must needs be that offenses come; but we to that man
+by whom the offense cometh.' If we shall suppose that American slavery
+is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs
+come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now
+wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this
+terrible war, as the wo due to those by whom the offense came, shall
+we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which
+the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him. Fondly do we
+hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may
+speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the
+wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of
+unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn
+with a lash shall be paid with another drawn by a sword, as was said
+three thousand years ago, so still it must be said. 'The judgments of
+the Lord are true and righteous altogether.'
+
+"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
+right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
+work we are in; to bind up the Nation's wounds; to care for him who
+shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan--to do
+all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among our
+selves and with all nations."
+
+The spirit of this address, under the circumstances, is intensely
+Christian, and it is one of the most remarkable speeches in the
+literature of the world.
+
+When Lincoln was urged to issue his Proclamation of Emancipation he
+waited on God for guidance. He said to some who urged this matter, who
+were anxious to have the President act without delay: "I hope it will
+not be irreverent for me to say that, if it is probable that God would
+reveal His will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it
+might be supposed He would reveal it directly to me, for, unless I am
+more deceived in myself that I often am, it is my earnest desire to
+know the will of Providence in this matter, and if I can learn what it
+is, I will do it."
+
+Stoddard, in his Life of Lincoln, gives attention beyond any of his
+biographers to the religious side of Lincoln's character. Commenting
+on the inaugural from which I have quoted, Mr. Stoddard said:
+
+"His mind and soul have reached the full development in a religious
+life so unusually intense and absorbing that it could not otherwise
+than utter itself in the grand sentences of his last address to the
+people. The knowledge had come, and the faith had come, and the
+charity had come, and with all had come the love of God which had put
+away all thought of rebellious resistance to the will of God leading,
+as in his earlier days of trial, to despair and insanity."
+
+I wish to call special attention to Lincoln's temperance habits. He
+was a teetotaler so far as the use of intoxicating liquors as a
+beverage was concerned. When the committee of the Chicago Convention
+waited upon Lincoln to inform him of his nomination he treated them to
+ice-water and said:
+
+"Gentlemen, we must pledge our mutual healths in the most healthy
+beverage which God has given to man. It is the only beverage I have
+ever used or allowed in my family, and I cannot conscientiously depart
+from it on the present occasion. It is pure Adam's ale from the
+spring."
+
+Mr. John Hay, one of his biographers, says: "Mr. Lincoln was a man of
+exceedingly temperate habits. He made no use of either whisky or
+tobacco during all the years that I knew him."
+
+Abraham Lincoln was a model in every respect but one. It was a mistake
+on the part of this great and good man that he never identified
+himself openly with the Church. I know what can be said in favor of
+his position. It is not, however, satisfactory. If all men were to act
+in this matter as Lincoln did, there would be no Church. This is
+obvious. Hence the mistake which he made. Otherwise, as to his
+personal habits; as to his confidence in God; as to his faith in man;
+as to his conception and use of the Bible; as to his habits of prayer;
+as to his judicial fairness; as to his sympathy with men--in all these
+respects, as in many others, Abraham Lincoln is a character to be
+studied and imitated.
+
+[26] _From 'The Homiletic Review,' Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers._
+
+
+TO THE SPIRIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[27]
+
+(Reunion at Gettysburg Twenty-Five Years After the Battle)
+
+BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER
+
+1888
+
+    Shade of our greatest, O look down to day!
+      Here the long, dread midsummer battle roared,
+      And brother in brother plunged the accursed sword;--
+      Here foe meets foe once more in proud array
+    Yet not as once to harry and to slay
+      But to strike hands, and with sublime accord
+      Weep tears heroic for the souls that soared
+      Quick from earth's carnage to the starry way.
+    Each fought for what he deemed the people's good,
+      And proved his bravery with his offered life,
+      And sealed his honor with his outpoured blood;
+    But the Eternal did direct the strife,
+      And on this sacred field one patriot host
+      Now calls thee father,--dear, majestic ghost!
+
+[27] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+LINCOLN AS A TYPICAL AMERICAN
+
+BY PHILLIPS BROOKS
+
+While I speak to you to-day, the body of the President who ruled this
+people, is lying, honored and loved, in our city. It is impossible,
+with that sacred presence in our midst, for me to stand and speak of
+ordinary topics which occupy the pulpit. I must speak of him to-day;
+and I therefore undertake to do what I have intended to do at some
+future time, to invite you to study with me the character of Abraham
+Lincoln, the impulse of his life and the causes of his death. I know
+how hard it is to do it rightly, how impossible it is to do it
+worthily. But I shall speak with confidence, because I speak to those
+who love him, and whose ready love will fill out the deficiencies in
+a picture which my words will weakly try to draw.
+
+We take it for granted, first of all, that there is an essential
+connection between Mr. Lincoln's character and his violent and bloody
+death. It is no accident, no arbitrary decree of Providence. He lived
+as he did, and he died as he did, because he was what he was. The more
+we see of events the less we come to believe in any fate, or destiny,
+except the destiny of character. It will be our duty, then, to see
+what there was in the character of our great President that created
+the history of his life, and at last produced the catastrophe of his
+cruel death. After the first trembling horror, the first outburst of
+indignant sorrow, has grown calm, these are the questions which we are
+bound to ask and answer.
+
+It is not necessary for me even to sketch the biography of Mr.
+Lincoln. He was born in Kentucky fifty-six years ago, when Kentucky
+was a pioneer State. He lived, as a boy and man, the hard and needy
+life of a backwoodsman, a farmer, a river boatman, and, finally, by
+his own efforts at self-education, of an active, respected,
+influential citizen, in the half organized and manifold interests of a
+new and energetic community. From his boyhood up he lived in direct
+and vigorous contact with men and things, not as in older states and
+easier conditions with words and theories; and both his moral
+convictions and intellectual opinions gathered from that contact a
+supreme degree of that character by which men knew him; that
+character which is the most distinctive possession of the best
+American nature; that almost indescribable quality which we call, in
+general, clearness or truth, and which appears in the physical
+structure as health, in the moral constitution as honesty, in the
+mental structure as sagacity, and in the region of active life as
+practicalness. This one character, with many sides, all shaped of the
+same essential force and testifying to the same inner influences, was
+what was powerful in him and decreed for him the life he was to live
+and the death he was to die. We must take no smaller view then this of
+what he was.
+
+It is the great boon of such characters as Mr. Lincoln's, that they
+reunite what God has joined together and man has put asunder. In him
+was vindicated the greatness of real goodness and the goodness of real
+greatness. The twain were one flesh. Not one of all the multitudes who
+stood and looked up to him for direction with such a loving and
+implicit trust can tell you to-day whether the wise judgments that he
+gave came most from a strong head or a sound heart. If you ask them,
+they are puzzled. There are men as good as he, but they do bad things.
+There are men as intelligent as he, but they do foolish things. In
+him, goodness and intelligence combined and made their best result of
+wisdom. For perfect truth consists not merely in the right
+constituents of character, but in their right and intimate
+conjunction. This union of the mental and moral into a life of
+admirable simplicity is what we most admire in children; but in them
+it is unsettled and unpractical. But when it is preserved into
+manhood, deepened into reliability and maturity, it is that glorified
+childlikeness, that high and reverend simplicity, which shames and
+baffles the most accomplished astuteness, and is chosen by God to fill
+His purposes when He needs a ruler for His people, of faithful and
+true heart, such as he had, who was our President.
+
+Another evident quality of such character as this will be its
+freshness or newness, if we may so speak; its freshness or
+readiness,--call it what you will,--its ability to take up new duties
+and do them in a new way, will result of necessity from its truth and
+clearness. The simple natures and forces will always be the most
+pliant ones. Water bends and shapes itself to any channel. Air folds
+and adapts itself to each new figure. They are the simplest and the
+most infinitely active things in nature. So this nature, in very
+virtue of its simplicity, must be also free, always fitting itself to
+each new need. It will always start from the most fundamental and
+eternal conditions, and work in the straightest, even though they be
+the newest ways, to the present prescribed purpose. In one word, it
+must be broad and independent and radical. So that freedom and
+radicalness in the character of Abraham Lincoln were not separate
+qualities, but the necessary results of his simplicity and
+childlikeness and truth.
+
+Here then we have some conception of the man. Out of this character
+came the life which we admire and the death which we lament to-day. He
+was called in that character to that life and death. It was just the
+nature, as you see, which a new nation such as ours ought to produce.
+All the conditions of his birth, his youth, his manhood, which made
+him what he was, were not irregular and exceptional, but were the
+normal conditions of a new and simple country. His pioneer home in
+Indiana was a type of the pioneer land in which he lived. If ever
+there was a man who was a part of the time and country he lived in,
+this was he. The same simple respect for labor won in the school of
+work and incorporated into blood and muscle; the same unassuming
+loyalty to the simple virtues of temperance and industry and
+integrity; the same sagacious judgment which had learned to be
+quick-eyed and quick-brained in the constant presence of emergency;
+the same direct and clear thought about things, social, political and
+religious, that was in him supremely, was in the people he was sent to
+rule. Surely, with such a type-man for ruler, there would seem to be
+but a smooth and even road over which he might lead the people whose
+character he represented into the new region of national happiness,
+and comfort, and usefulness, for which that character had been
+designed.
+
+The cause that Abraham Lincoln died for shall grow stronger by his
+death, stronger and sterner. Stronger to set its pillars deep into the
+structure of our Nation's life; sterner to execute the justice of the
+Lord upon his enemies. Stronger to spread its arms and grasp our whole
+land into freedom; sterner to sweep the last poor ghost of slavery out
+of our haunted homes.
+
+So let him lie there in our midst to-day and let our people go and
+bend with solemn thoughtfulness and look upon his face and read the
+lessons of his burial. As he passed here on his journey from the
+Western home and told us what, by the help of God, he meant to do, so
+let him pause upon his way back to his Western grave and tell us, with
+a silence more eloquent than words, how bravely, how truly, by the
+strength of God, he did it. God brought him up as He brought David up
+from the sheep-folds to feed Jacob, His people, and Israel, His
+inheritance. He came up in earnestness and faith, and he goes back in
+triumph. As he pauses here to-day, and from his cold lips bids us bear
+witness how he has met the duty that was laid on him, what can we say
+out of our full hearts but this:--"He fed them with a faithful and
+true heart, and ruled them prudently with all his power."
+
+THE SHEPHERD OF THE PEOPLE! that old name that the best rulers ever
+craved. What ruler ever won it like this dead President of ours? He
+fed us faithfully and truly. He fed us with counsel when we were in
+doubt, with inspiration when we sometimes faltered, with caution when
+we would be rash, with calm, clear, trustful cheerfulness through many
+an hour, when our hearts were dark. He fed hungry souls all over the
+country with sympathy and consolation. He spread before the whole land
+feasts of great duty and devotion and patriotism, on which the land
+grew strong. He fed us with solemn, solid truths. He taught us the
+sacredness of government, the wickedness of treason. He made our souls
+glad and vigorous with the love of liberty that was in his. He showed
+us how to love truth and yet be charitable--how to hate wrong and all
+oppression, and yet not treasure one personal injury or insult. He fed
+all his people, from the highest to the lowest, from the most
+privileged down to the most enslaved. Best of all, he fed us with a
+reverent and genuine religion. He spread before us the love and fear
+of God just in that shape in which we need them most, and out of his
+faithful service of a higher Master, who of us has not taken and eaten
+and grown strong? "He fed them with a faithful and true heart." Yes,
+till the last. For at the last, behold him standing with hand reached
+out to feed the South with mercy, and the North with charity, and the
+whole land with peace, when the Lord who had sent him called him, and
+his work was done!
+
+He stood once on the battlefield of our own State, and said of the
+brave men who had saved it, words as noble as any countryman of ours
+ever spoke. Let us stand in the country he has saved, and which is to
+be his grave and monument, and say of Abraham Lincoln what he said of
+the soldiers who had died at Gettysburg. He stood there with their
+graves before him, and these are the words he said:
+
+"We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this
+ground. These brave men who struggled here have consecrated it far
+beyond our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor
+long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
+here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated to the unfinished
+work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
+rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
+us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
+cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we
+here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; and
+this nation, under God shall have a new birth of freedom; and that
+government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not
+perish from the earth."
+
+May God make us worthy of the memory of Abraham Lincoln!
+
+
+LINCOLN AS CAVALIER AND PURITAN
+
+BY H. W. GRADY
+
+The virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the
+inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion. But both
+Puritan and Cavalier were lost in the storm of their first
+revolution, and the American citizen, supplanting both, and stronger
+than either, took possession of the Republic bought by their common
+blood and fashioned in wisdom, and charged himself with teaching men
+free government and establishing the voice of the people as the voice
+of God. Great types like valuable plants are slow to flower and fruit.
+But from the union of these colonists, from the straightening of their
+purposes and the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a
+century, came he who stands as the first typical American, the first
+who comprehended within himself all the strength and gentleness, all
+the majesty and grace of this Republic--Abraham Lincoln. He was the
+sum of Puritan and Cavalier, for in his ardent nature were fused the
+virtues of both, and in the depths of his great soul the faults of
+both were lost. He was greater than Puritan, greater than Cavalier, in
+that he was American, and that in his homely form were first gathered
+the vast and thrilling forces of this ideal government--charging it
+with such tremendous meaning and so elevating it above human suffering
+that martyrdom, though infamously aimed came as a fitting crown to a
+life consecrated from its cradle to human liberty. Let us, each
+cherishing his traditions and honoring his fathers, build with
+reverent hands to the type of this simple but sublime life, in which
+all types are honored, and in the common glory we shall win as
+Americans, there will be plenty and to spare for your forefathers and
+for mine.
+
+
+LINCOLN, THE TENDER-HEARTED
+
+BY H. W. BOLTON
+
+His biography is written in blood and tears; uncounted millions arise
+and call him blessed; a redeemed and reunited republic is his
+monument. History embalms the memory of Richard the Lion-Hearted;
+here, too, our martyr finds loyal sepulture as Lincoln the
+tender-hearted.
+
+He was brave. While assassins swarmed in Washington, he went
+everywhere, without guard or arms. He was magnanimous. He harbored no
+grudge, nursed no grievance; was quick to forgive, and was anxious for
+reconciliation. Hear him appealing to the South: "We are not enemies,
+but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained,
+it must not break, our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of
+memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every
+loving heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell
+the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be,
+by the better angels of our nature."
+
+He was compassionate. With what joy he brought liberty to the
+enslaved. He was forgiving. In this respect he was strikingly
+suggestive of the Saviour. He was great. Time will but augment the
+greatness of his name and fame. Perhaps a greater man never ruled in
+this or any other nation. He was good and pure and incorruptible. He
+was a patriot; he loved his country; he poured out his soul unto death
+for it. He was human, and thus touched the chord that makes the whole
+world kin.
+
+
+THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN
+
+BY W. H. HERNDON (LINCOLN'S LAW PARTNER)
+
+The true peculiarity of Mr. Lincoln has not been seen by his various
+biographers; or, if seen, they have failed wofully to give it that
+prominence which it deserves. It is said that Newton saw an apple fall
+to the ground from a tree, and beheld the law of the universe in that
+fall; Shakespeare saw human nature in the laugh of a man; Professor
+Owen saw the animal in its claw; and Spencer saw the evolution of the
+universe in the growth of a seed. Nature was suggestive to all these
+men. Mr. Lincoln no less saw philosophy in a story, and a schoolmaster
+in a joke. No man, no men, saw nature, fact, thing, or man from his
+stand-point. His was a new and original position, which was always
+suggesting, hinting something to him. Nature, insinuations, hints and
+suggestions were new, fresh, original and odd to him. The world, fact,
+man, principle, all had their powers of suggestion to his susceptible
+soul. They continually put him in mind of something. He was odd,
+fresh, new, original, and peculiar, for this reason, that he was a
+new, odd, and original creation and fact. He had keen susceptibilities
+to the hints and suggestions of nature, which always put him in mind
+of something known or unknown. Hence his power and tenacity of what is
+called association of ideas must have been great. His memory was
+tenacious and strong. His susceptibility to all suggestions and hints
+enabled him at will to call up readily the associated and classified
+fact and idea.
+
+As an evidence of this, especially peculiar to Mr. Lincoln, let me ask
+one question. Were Mr. Lincoln's expression and language odd and
+original, standing out peculiar from those of all other men? What does
+this imply? Oddity and originality of vision as well as expression;
+and what is expression in words and human language, but a telling of
+what we see, defining the idea arising from and created by vision and
+view in us? Words and language are but the counterparts of the
+idea--the other half of the idea; they are but the stinging, hot,
+heavy, leaden bullets that drop from the mold; and what are they in a
+rifle with powder stuffed behind them and fire applied, but an
+embodied force pursuing their object? So are words an embodied power
+feeling for comprehension in other minds. Mr. Lincoln was often
+perplexed to give expression to his ideas: first, because he was not
+master of the English language: and, secondly, because there were no
+words in it containing the coloring, shape, exactness, power, and
+gravity of his ideas. He was frequently at a loss for a word, and
+hence was compelled to resort to stories, maxims, and jokes to embody
+his idea, that it might be comprehended. So true was this peculiar
+mental vision of his, that though mankind has been gathering,
+arranging, and classifying facts for thousands of years, Lincoln's
+peculiar stand-point could give him no advantage of other men's labor.
+Hence he tore up to the deep foundations all arrangements of facts,
+and coined and arranged new plans to govern himself. He was compelled,
+from his peculiar mental organization, to do this. His labor was
+great, continuous, patient and all-enduring.
+
+The truth about this whole matter is that Mr. Lincoln read less and
+thought more than any man in his sphere in America. No man can put his
+finger on any great book written in the last or present century that
+he read. When young he read the Bible, and when of age he read
+Shakespeare. This latter book was scarcely ever out of his mind. Mr.
+Lincoln is acknowledged to have been a great man, but the question is,
+what made him great? I repeat, that he read less and thought more than
+any man of his standing in America, if not in the world. He possessed
+originality and power of thought in an eminent degree. He was
+cautious, cool, concentrated, with continuity of reflection; was
+patient and enduring. These are some of the grounds of his wonderful
+success.
+
+Not only was nature, man, fact and principle suggestive to Mr.
+Lincoln, not only had he accurate and exact perceptions, but he was
+causative, i. e., his mind ran back behind all facts, things and
+principles to their origin, history and first cause, to that point
+where forces act at once as effect and cause. He would stop and stand
+in the street and analyze a machine. He would whittle things to a
+point, and then count the numberless inclined planes, and their pitch,
+making the point. Mastering and defining this, he would then cut that
+point back, and get a broad transverse section of his pine stick, and
+peel and define that. Clocks, omnibuses and language, paddle-wheels
+and idioms, never escaped his observation and analysis. Before he
+could form any idea of anything, before he would express his opinion
+on any subject, he must know it in origin and history, in substance
+and quality, in magnitude and gravity. He must know his subject inside
+and outside, upside and down side. He searched his own mind and nature
+thoroughly, as I have often heard him say. He must analyze a
+sensation, an idea, and words, and run them back to their origin,
+history, purpose and destiny. He was most emphatically a remorseless
+analyzer of facts, things and principles. When all these processes had
+been well and thoroughly gone through, he could form an opinion and
+express it, but no sooner. He had no faith. "Say so's" he had no
+respect for, coming though they might from tradition, power or
+authority.
+
+All things, facts and principles had to run through his crucible and
+be tested by the fires of his analytic mind; and hence, when he did
+speak, his utterances rang out gold-like, quick, keen and current upon
+the counters of the understanding. He reasoned logically, through
+analogy and comparison. All opponents dreaded him in his originality
+of idea, condensation, definition and force of expression, and woe be
+to the man who hugged to his bosom a secret error if Mr. Lincoln got
+on the chase of it. I say, woe to him! Time could hide the error in no
+nook or corner of space in which he would not detect and expose it.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]
+
+The great predominating elements of Mr. Lincoln's peculiar character,
+were: First, his great capacity and power of reason; secondly, his
+excellent understanding; thirdly, an exalted idea of the sense of
+right and equity; and, fourthly, his intense veneration of what was
+true and good. His reason ruled despotically all other faculties and
+qualities of his mind. His conscience and heart were ruled by it. His
+conscience was ruled by one faculty--reason. His heart was ruled by
+two faculties--reason and conscience. I know it is generally believed
+that Mr. Lincoln's heart, his love and kindness, his tenderness and
+benevolence, were his ruling qualities; but this opinion is erroneous
+in every particular. First, as to his reason. He dwelt in the mind,
+not in the conscience, and not in the heart. He lived and breathed and
+acted from his reason--the throne of logic and the home of principle,
+the realm of Deity in man. It is from this point that Mr. Lincoln must
+be viewed. His views were correct and original. He was cautious not to
+be deceived; he was patient and enduring. He had concentration and
+great continuity of thought; he had a profound analytic power; his
+visions were clear, and he was emphatically the master of statement.
+His pursuit of the truth was indefatigable, terrible. He reasoned from
+his well-chosen principles with such clearness, force, and
+compactness, that the tallest intellects in the land bowed to him with
+respect. He was the strongest man I ever saw, looking at him from the
+stand-point of his reason--the throne of his logic. He came down from
+that height with an irresistible and crushing force. His printed
+speeches will prove this; but his speeches before courts, especially
+before the Supreme Courts of the State and Nation, would demonstrate
+it: unfortunately, none of them have been preserved. Here he demanded
+time to think and prepare. The office of reason is to determine the
+truth. Truth is the power of reason--the child of reason. He loved and
+idolized truth for its own sake. It was reason's food.
+
+Conscience, the second great quality and force of Mr. Lincoln's
+character, is that faculty which loves the just: its office is
+justice; right and equity are its correlatives. It decides upon all
+acts of all people at all times. Mr. Lincoln had a deep, broad, living
+conscience. His great reason told him what was true, good and bad,
+right, wrong, just or unjust, and his conscience echoed back its
+decision; and it was from this point that he acted and spoke and wove
+his character and fame among us. His conscience ruled his heart; he
+was always just before he was gracious. This was his motto, his glory:
+and this is as it should be. It cannot be truthfully said of any
+mortal man that he was always just. Mr. Lincoln was not always just;
+but his great general life was. It follows that if Mr. Lincoln had
+great reason and great conscience, he was an honest man. His great and
+general life was honest, and he was justly and rightfully entitled to
+the appellation, "Honest Abe." Honesty was his great polar star.
+
+Mr. Lincoln had also a good understanding; that is, the faculty that
+understands and comprehends the exact state of things, their near and
+remote relations. The understanding does not necessarily inquire for
+the reason of things. I must here repeat that Mr. Lincoln was an odd
+and original man; he lived by himself and out of himself. He could not
+absorb. He was a very sensitive man, unobtrusive and gentlemanly, and
+often hid himself in the common mass of men, in order to prevent the
+discovery of his individuality. He had no insulting egotism, and no
+pompous pride; no haughtiness, and no aristocracy. He was not
+indifferent, however, to approbation and public opinion. He was not an
+upstart, and had no insolence. He was a meek, quiet, unobtrusive
+gentleman.... Read Mr. Lincoln's speeches, letters, messages and
+proclamations, read his whole record in his actual life, and you
+cannot fail to perceive that he had good understanding. He understood
+and fully comprehended himself, and what he did and why he did it,
+better than most living men.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]
+
+There are contradictory opinions in reference to Mr. Lincoln's heart
+and humanity. One opinion is that he was cold and obdurate, and the
+other opinion is that he was warm and affectionate. I have shown you
+that Mr. Lincoln first lived and breathed upon the world from his head
+and conscience. I have attempted to show you that he lived and
+breathed upon the world through the tender side of his heart, subject
+at all times and places to the logic of his reason, and to his exalted
+sense of right and equity; namely, his conscience. He always held his
+conscience subject to his head; he held his heart always subject to
+his head and conscience. His heart was the lowest organ, the weakest
+of the three. Some men would reverse this order, and declare that his
+heart was his ruling organ; that always manifested itself with love,
+regardless of truth and justice, right and equity. The question still
+is, was Mr. Lincoln a cold, heartless man, or a warm, affectionate
+man? Can a man be a warm-hearted man who is all head and conscience,
+or nearly so? What, in the first place, do we mean by a warm-hearted
+man? Is it one who goes out of himself and reaches for others
+spontaneously because of a deep love of humanity, apart from equity
+and truth, and does what it does for love's sake? If so, Mr. Lincoln
+was a cold man. Or, do we mean that when a human being, man or child,
+approached him in behalf of a matter of right, and that the prayer of
+such a one was granted, that this is an evidence of his love? The
+African was enslaved, his rights were violated, and a principle was
+violated in them. Rights imply obligations as well as duties. Mr.
+Lincoln was President; he was in a position that made it his duty,
+through his sense of right, his love of principle, his constitutional
+obligations imposed upon him by oath of office, to strike the blow
+against slavery. But did he do it for love? He himself has answered
+the question: "I would not free the slaves if I could preserve the
+Union without it." I use this argument against his too enthusiastic
+friends. If you mean that this is love for love's sake, then Mr.
+Lincoln was a warm-hearted man--not otherwise. To use a general
+expression, his general life was cold. He had, however, a strong
+latent capacity to love; but the object must first come as principle,
+second as right, and third as lovely. He loved abstract humanity when
+it was oppressed. This was an abstract love, not concrete in the
+individual, as said by some. He rarely used the term love, yet was he
+tender and gentle. He gave the key-note to his own character when he
+said, "with malice toward none, with charity for all," he did what he
+did. He had no intense loves, and hence no hates and no malice. He had
+a broad charity for imperfect man, and let us imitate his great life
+in this.
+
+"But was not Mr. Lincoln a man of great humanity?" asks a friend at my
+elbow, a little angrily; to which I reply, "Has not that question been
+answered already?" Let us suppose that it has not. We must understand
+each other. What do you mean by humanity? Do you mean that he had much
+of human nature in him? If so, I will grant that he was a man of
+humanity. Do you mean, if the above definition is unsatisfactory,
+that Mr. Lincoln was tender and kind? Then I agree with you. But if
+you mean to say that he so loved a man that he would sacrifice truth
+and right for him, for love's sake, then he was not a man of humanity.
+Do you mean to say that he so loved man, for love's sake, that his
+heart led him out of himself, and compelled him to go in search of the
+objects of his love, for their sake? He never, to my knowledge,
+manifested this side of his character. Such is the law of human
+nature, that it cannot be all head, all conscience, and all heart at
+one and the same time in one and the same person. Our Maker made it
+so, and where God through reason blazed the path, walk therein boldly.
+Mr. Lincoln's glory and power lay in the just combination of head,
+conscience, and heart, and it is here that his fame must rest, or not
+at all.
+
+Not only were Mr. Lincoln's perceptions good; not only was nature
+suggestive to him; not only was he original and strong; not only had
+he great reason, good understanding; not only did he love the true and
+good--the eternal right; not only was he tender and kind--but in due
+proportion and in legitimate subordination, had he a glorious
+combination of them all. Through his perceptions--the suggestiveness
+of nature, his originality and strength; through his magnificent
+reason, his understanding, his conscience, his tenderness and
+kindness, his heart, rather than love--he approximated as nearly as
+most human beings in this imperfect state to an embodiment of the
+great moral principle, "Do unto others as ye would they should do
+unto you."
+
+
+"WITH CHARITY FOR ALL"
+
+BY WILLIAM T. SHERMAN
+
+I know, when I left him, that I was more than ever impressed by his
+kindly nature, his deep and earnest sympathy with the afflictions of
+the whole people, resulting from the war, and by the march of hostile
+armies through the South; and that his earnest desire seemed to be to
+end the war speedily, without more bloodshed or devastation, and to
+restore all the men of both sections to their homes. In the language
+of his second inaugural address he seemed to have "charity for all,
+malice toward none," and, above all, an absolute faith in the courage,
+manliness, and integrity of the armies in the field. When at rest or
+listening, his legs and arms seemed to hang almost lifeless, and his
+face was care-worn and haggard; but the moment he began to talk his
+face lightened up, his tall form, as it were, unfolded, and he was the
+very impersonation of good-humor and fellowship. The last words I
+recall as addressed to me were that he would feel better when I was
+back at Goldsboro'. We parted at the gang-way of the River Queen about
+noon of March 28th, and I never saw him again. Of all the men I ever
+met, he seemed to possess more of the elements of greatness, combined
+with goodness, than any other.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+IDA VOSE WOODBURY
+
+    Again thy birthday dawns, O man beloved,
+      Dawns on the land thy blood was shed to save,
+    And hearts of millions, by one impulse moved,
+      Bow and fresh laurels lay upon thy grave.
+
+    The years but add new luster to thy glory,
+      And watchmen on the heights of vision see
+    Reflected in thy life the old, old story,
+      The story of the Man of Galilee.
+
+    We see in thee the image of Him kneeling
+      Before the close-shut tomb, and at the word
+    "Come forth," from out the blackness long concealing
+      There rose a man; clearly again was heard
+
+    The Master's voice, and then, his cerements broken,
+      Friends of the dead a living brother see;
+    Thou, at the tomb where millions lay, hast spoken:
+      "Loose him and let him go!"--the slave was free.
+
+    And in the man so long in thraldom hidden
+      We see the likeness of the Father's face,
+    Clod changed to soul; by thy atonement bidden,
+      We hasten to the uplift of a race.
+
+    Spirit of Lincoln! Summon all thy loyal;
+      Nerve them to follow where thy feet have trod,
+    To prove, by voice as clear and deed as royal,
+      Man's brotherhood in our one Father--God.
+
+
+FEBRUARY TWELFTH
+
+BY MARY H. HOWLISTON
+
+It was early in the evening in a shop where flags were sold.
+
+There were large flags, middle-sized flags, small flags and little
+bits of flags. The finest of all was Old Glory. Old Glory was made of
+silk and hung in graceful folds from the wall.
+
+"Attention!" called Old Glory.
+
+Starry eyes all over the room looked at him.
+
+"What day of the month is it?"
+
+"February Twelfth," quickly answered the flags.
+
+"Whose birthday is it?" "Abraham Lincoln's."
+
+"Where is he buried?" "Springfield, Illinois."
+
+"Very well," said Old Glory, "you are to take some of Uncle Sam's
+children there to-night."
+
+"Yes, captain," said the flags, wondering what he meant.
+
+"First, I must know whether you are good American flags. How many red
+stripes have you?"
+
+"Seven!" was the answer.
+
+"How many white stripes?" "Six!"
+
+"How many stars?" "Forty-five!" shouted the large flags.
+
+The little ones said nothing.
+
+"Ah, I see," said Old Glory, "but you are not to blame. Do you see
+that open transom?" he went on. "Go through it into the street, put
+your staffs into the hands of any little boys you find and bring them
+here."
+
+"Yes, captain," called the flags, as they fluttered away.
+
+Last of all, Old Glory pulled his silken stripes into the hallway and
+waited for the flags to come back. "It's much too cold for little
+girls," he said to himself. "Their pretty noses might freeze."
+
+By and by the flags came back, each bringing a small boy. Old Glory
+looked at them.
+
+"What's the matter?" said he; "you don't seem pleased."
+
+No one spoke, the little boys stared with round eyes at Old Glory, but
+held tightly to the flags.
+
+At last one of the flags said: "Please, captain, these are the only
+little boys we could find."
+
+"Well!" said Old Glory.
+
+"And we think they don't belong to Uncle Sam," was the answer.
+
+"Why not?" said Old Glory.
+
+"Some of them are ragged," called one flag.
+
+"And some are dirty," said another.
+
+"This one is a colored boy," said another.
+
+"Some of them can't speak English at all."
+
+"The one I found, why, he blacks boots!"
+
+"And mine is a newsboy."
+
+"Mine sleeps in a dry goods box."
+
+"Mine plays a violin on the street corner."
+
+"Just look at mine, captain!" said the last flag proudly, when the
+rest were through.
+
+"What about him?" asked Old Glory.
+
+"I'm sure he belongs to Uncle Sam; he lives in a brown-stone house and
+he wears such good clothes!"
+
+"Of course I belong to Uncle Sam," said the brown-stone boy quickly,
+"but I think these street boys do not."
+
+"There, there!" said Old Glory; "I'll telephone to Washington and find
+out," and Old Glory floated away.
+
+The little boys watched and waited.
+
+Back came Old Glory.
+
+"It's all right," said he, "Uncle Sam says every one of you belongs to
+him and he wants you to be brave and honest, for some day he may need
+you for soldiers; oh, yes! and he said, 'Tell those poor little chaps
+who have such a hard time of it and no one to help them, that Mr.
+Lincoln was a poor boy too, and yet he was the grandest and best of
+all my sons.'"
+
+The moon was just rising.
+
+It made the snow and ice shine.
+
+"It's almost time," said Old Glory softly.
+
+"Hark! you must not wink, nor cough nor sneeze nor move for
+three-quarters of a minute!"
+
+That was dreadful!
+
+The newsboy swallowed a cough.
+
+The boot-black held his breath for fear of sneezing.
+
+The brown-stone boy shut his eyes so as not to wink.
+
+They all stood as if turned to stone.
+
+Tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, came a faint sound of bells.
+
+Nothing else was heard but the beating of their own hearts.
+
+In exactly three-quarters of a minute, Old Glory said, "What do you
+think of that?"
+
+Behold! a wonderful fairy sleigh, white as a snowdrift, and shining in
+the moonlight as if covered with diamond dust.
+
+It was piled high with softest cushions and robes of fur.
+
+It was drawn by thirteen fairy horses, with arching necks and flowing
+manes and tails.
+
+Each horse wore knots of red, white and blue at his ears and the lines
+were wound with ribbons of the same.
+
+"Jump in," said Old Glory.
+
+Into the midst of the cushions and furs they sprang.
+
+Crack went the whip, tinkle went the bells. Over the house-tops,
+through the frosty air, among the moonbeams, up and away sailed fairy
+horses and sleigh, American flags and Uncle Sam's boys.
+
+Santa Claus with his reindeer never went faster.
+
+Presently the tinkling bells were hushed, and the fairy horses stood
+very still before the tomb of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+"Come," said Old Glory, and he led them inside.
+
+You must get your father or mother to tell you what they saw there.
+
+Just before they left, a dirty little hand touched Old Glory and a
+shrill little voice said: "I'd like to leave my flag here. May I?"
+
+"And may I?" said another.
+
+Old Glory looked around and saw the same wish in the other faces.
+
+"You forget," said he, "that the flags are not yours. It would not be
+right to keep them. What did the people call Mr. Lincoln? You don't
+know? Well, I'll tell you. It was 'Honest Old Abe,' and Uncle Sam
+wants you to be like him."
+
+Again the merry bells tinkled, again the proud horses, with their
+flowing manes and tails, sprang into the air, and before the moon had
+said "good-night" to the earth, they were back at the flag shop.
+
+The very moment they reached it, horses and sleigh, cushions and
+robes, melted away and the children saw them no more.
+
+
+TWO FEBRUARY BIRTHDAYS
+
+(Exercise for the Schoolroom)
+
+BY LIZZIE M. HADLEY AND CLARA J. DENTON
+
+FOR EIGHT BOYS.
+
+This dialogue, or exercise, is to be given by eight boys. While they
+and the school are singing the first song the boys march upon the
+stage and form into a semicircle, the four boys speaking for
+Washington on the right, the other four (for Lincoln) on the left.
+Portraits of Washington and Lincoln should be placed in a convenient
+position on the stage beneath a double arch wreathed with evergreens.
+The portraits should be draped with American flags. Each one of the
+boys should wear a small American flag pinned to his coat.
+
+SONG. TUNE, _Rally 'Round the Flag_
+
+    We are marching from the East,
+    We are marching from the West,
+      Singing the praises of a nation.
+    That all the world may hear
+    Of the men we hold so dear,
+      Singing the praises of a nation.
+
+CHORUS
+
+    For Washington and Lincoln,
+      Hurrah, all hurrah,
+    Sing as we gather
+      Here from afar,
+    Yes, for Washington and Lincoln,
+      Let us ever sing,
+    Sing all the praises of a nation.
+
+    Yes, we love to sing this song,
+    As we proudly march along,
+      Singing the praises of the heroes.
+    Through this great and happy land,
+    We would sound their names so grand.
+      Singing the praises of our heroes.
+
+CHORUS
+
+ALL: We have come to tell you of two men whose names must be linked
+together as long as the nation shall stand, Washington and Lincoln.
+They stand for patriotism, goodness, truth and true manliness. Hand in
+hand they shall go down the centuries together.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER ON THE WASHINGTON SIDE: Virginia sends you greeting. I
+come in her name in honor of her illustrious son, George Washington,
+and she bids me tell you that he was born in her state, Feb. 22, 1732.
+
+ALL: 'Twas years and years ago.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER: Yes, more than a hundred and seventy, nearly two
+centuries.
+
+ALL: A long time to be remembered.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER: Yes, but Washington's name is still cherished and
+honored all over the land which his valor and wisdom helped save, and,
+for generations yet to come, the children of the schools shall give
+him a million-tongued fame.
+
+SECOND SPEAKER: Virginia bids me tell you that as a boy, Washington
+was manly, brave, obedient and kind, and that he never told a lie.
+
+SONG: (Either as solo or chorus). AIR, _What Can the Matter Be?_
+
+    Dear, dear, who can believe it?
+    Dear, dear, who can conceive it?
+    Dear, dear, we scarce can believe that
+    Never did he tell a lie.
+
+    O, surely temptation must oft have assailed him,
+    But courage and honor we know never failed him,
+    So let us all follow his wondrous example,
+    And never, no never tell lies.
+    And never, no never, tell lies.
+
+THIRD SPEAKER: A brave and manly boy, he began work early in life,
+and, in 1748, when only sixteen years old, he was a surveyor of lands,
+and took long tramps into the wilderness. In 1775 came the
+Revolutionary War, and he was appointed commander-in-chief of the
+American Army. In 1787 he was elected president of the convention
+which framed the constitution of our country.
+
+FOURTH SPEAKER: In 1789 he was chosen first president of the United
+States. He was re-elected in 1793 and, at the close of the second term
+he retired to private life at his beautiful and beloved home, Mt.
+Vernon. He died there, Dec. 14, 1799, honored and mourned by the whole
+nation, and leaving to the world a life which is a "pattern for all
+public men, teaching what greatness is and what is the pathway to
+undying fame," and richly deserving the title, "Father of his
+country."
+
+ALL: "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
+countrymen," he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes
+of private life.
+
+BOYS REPRESENTING LINCOLN: Washington was a great and good man, and
+so, too, was the man whom we delight to honor, whose title, "Honest
+Abe," has passed into the language of our times as a synonym for all
+that is just and honest in man.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER ON THE LINCOLN SIDE: Kentucky is proud to claim Abraham
+Lincoln as one of her honored sons, and she bids me say that he was
+born in that state in Hardin County, Feb. 12, 1809. Indiana, too,
+claims him, he was her son by adoption, for, when but seven years old,
+his father moved to the southwestern part of that state. Illinois also
+has a claim upon him. It was there that he helped build a log cabin
+for a new home, and split rails to fence in a cornfield. Afterwards he
+split rails for a suit of clothes, one hundred rails for every yard of
+cloth, and so won the name, "The Rail-splitter."
+
+SECOND SPEAKER: In 1828 he became a flat-boatman and twice went down
+the river to New Orleans. In 1832 he served as captain of a company in
+the Black Hawk War. After the war he kept a country store, and won a
+reputation for honesty. Then, for a while, he was a surveyor, next, a
+lawyer, and in 1834 he was elected to the Legislature of Illinois.
+
+THIRD SPEAKER: In 1846 he was made a member of Congress, in 1860 he
+was elected president of the United States.
+
+FOURTH SPEAKER: The Civil War followed, and in 1864 he was elected
+president for the second term. On April 14 he was shot by an assassin
+and died on the morning of the 15th.
+
+SONG BY SCHOOL: AIR, _John Brown's Body_
+
+    In spite of changing seasons of the years that come and go,
+    Still his name to-day is cherished in the hearts of friend and foe,
+    And the land for which he suffered e'er shall honor him we know,
+        While truth goes marching on.
+
+CHORUS
+
+BOTH GROUPS TOGETHER: To both these men, George Washington and Abraham
+Lincoln, we, the children of the nation, owe a debt of gratitude which
+we can only repay by a lifetime of work, for God, humanity, and our
+country. Both have left behind them words of wisdom, which, if heeded,
+will make us wiser and better boys and girls, and so wiser and better
+men and women.
+
+TWO BOYS FROM THE WASHINGTON GROUP: Washington said, "Without virtue
+and without integrity, the finest talents and the most brilliant
+accomplishments can never gain the respect or conciliate the esteem of
+the most valuable part of mankind."
+
+TWO BOYS FROM THE LINCOLN GROUP: Lincoln said, "I have one vote, and I
+shall always cast that against wrong as long as I live."
+
+TWO BOYS FROM WASHINGTON GROUP: "If to please the people we offer what
+we ourselves disapprove, how can we afterwards defend our work?"
+
+TWO BOYS FROM LINCOLN GROUP: Lincoln said, "In every event of life, it
+is right makes might."
+
+    ALL: O, wise and great!
+    Their like, perchance, we ne'er shall see again,
+    But let us write their golden words upon the hearts of men.
+
+SONG: TUNE _"America"_
+
+    Turn now unto the past,
+    There, long as life shall last,
+    Their names you'll find.
+    Faithful and true and brave,
+    Sent here our land to save.
+    Men whom our father gave,
+    Brave, true, and kind.
+
+(_Exeunt_)
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+LINCOLN'S PLACE IN HISTORY
+
+
+THE THREE GREATEST AMERICANS
+
+BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+As the generations slip away, as the dust of conflict settles, and as
+through the clearing air we look back with keener vision into the
+Nation's past, mightiest among the mighty dead, loom up the three
+great figures of Washington, Lincoln and Grant. These three greatest
+men have taken their places among the great men of all nations, the
+great men of all times. They stood supreme in the two great crises of
+our history, in the two great occasions, when we stood in the van of
+all humanity, and struck the most effective blows that have ever been
+struck for the cause of human freedom under the law.
+
+
+HIS CHOICE AND HIS DESTINY
+
+BY F. M. BRISTOL
+
+As God appeared to Solomon and Joseph in dreams to urge them to make
+wise choices for the power of great usefulness, so it would appear
+that in their waking dreams the Almighty appeared to such
+history-making souls as Paul and Constantine, Alfred the Great,
+Washington, and Lincoln. It was the commonest kind of a life this
+young Lincoln was living on the frontier of civilization, but out of
+that commonest kind of living came the uncommonest kind of character
+of these modern years, the sublimest liberative power in the history
+of freedom. Lincoln felt there, as a great awkward boy, that God and
+history had something for him to do. He dreamed his destiny. He chose
+to champion the cause of the oppressed. He vowed that when the chance
+came he would deal slavery a hard blow. When he came to his high
+office, he came with a character which had been fitting itself for its
+grave responsibilities. He had been making wise choices on the great
+questions of human rights, of national union, of constitutional
+freedom, of universal brotherhood.
+
+
+FROM "REMINISCENCES OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN"[28]
+
+BY ROBERT G. INGERSOLL
+
+Strange mingling of mirth and tears, of the tragic and grotesque, of
+cap and crown, of Socrates and Rabelais, of Æsop and Marcus Aurelius,
+of all that is gentle and just, humorous and honest, merciful, wise,
+laughable, lovable and divine, and all consecrated to the use of man;
+while through all, and over all, an overwhelming sense of obligation,
+of chivalric loyalty to truth, and upon all the shadow of the tragic
+end.
+
+Nearly all the great historic characters are impossible monsters,
+disproportioned by flattery, or by calumny deformed. We know nothing
+of their peculiarities, or nothing but their peculiarities. About the
+roots of these oaks there clings none of the earth of humanity.
+Washington is now only a steel engraving. About the real man who lived
+and loved and hated and schemed we know but little. The glass through
+which we look at him is of such high magnifying power that the
+features are exceedingly indistinct. Hundreds of people are now
+engaged in smoothing out the lines of Lincoln's face--forcing all
+features to the common mold--so that he may be known, not as he really
+was, but, according to their poor standard, as he should have been.
+
+Lincoln was not a type. He stands alone--no ancestors, no fellows, and
+no successors. He had the advantage of living in a new country, of
+social equality, of personal freedom, of seeing in the horizon of his
+future the perpetual star of hope. He preserved his individuality and
+his self-respect. He knew and mingled with men of every kind; and,
+after all, men are the best books. He became acquainted with the
+ambitions and hopes of the heart, the means used to accomplish ends,
+the springs of action and the seeds of thought. He was familiar with
+nature, with actual things, with common facts. He loved and
+appreciated the poem of the year, the drama of the seasons.
+
+In a new country, a man must possess at least three virtues--honesty,
+courage and generosity. In cultivated society, cultivation is often
+more important than soil. A well executed counterfeit passes more
+readily than a blurred genuine. It is necessary only to observe the
+unwritten laws of society--to be honest enough to keep out of prison,
+and generous enough to subscribe in public--where the subscription can
+be defended as an investment. In a new country, character is
+essential; in the old, reputation is sufficient. In the new, they find
+what a man really is; in the old, he generally passes for what he
+resembles. People separated only by distance are much nearer together
+than those divided by the walls of caste.
+
+It is no advantage to live in a great city, where poverty degrades and
+failure brings despair. The fields are lovelier than paved streets,
+and the great forests than walls of brick. Oaks and elms are more
+poetic than steeples and chimneys. In the country is the idea of home.
+There you see the rising and setting sun; you become acquainted with
+the stars and clouds. The constellations are your friends. You hear
+the rain on the roof and listen to the rhythmic sighing of the winds.
+You are thrilled by the resurrection called Spring, touched and
+saddened by Autumn, the grace and poetry of death. Every field is a
+picture, a landscape; every landscape, a poem; every flower, a tender
+thought; and every forest, a fairy-land. In the country you preserve
+your identity--your personality. There you are an aggregation of
+atoms, but in the city you are only an atom of an aggregation.
+
+Lincoln never finished his education. To the night of his death he
+was a pupil, a learner, an inquirer, a seeker after knowledge. You
+have no idea how many men are spoiled by what is called education. For
+the most part, colleges are places where pebbles are polished and
+diamonds are dimmed. If Shakespeare had graduated at Oxford, he might
+have been a quibbling attorney or a hypocritical parson.
+
+Lincoln was a many-sided man, acquainted with smiles and tears,
+complex in brain, single in heart, direct as light; and his words,
+candid as mirrors, gave the perfect image of his thought. He was never
+afraid to ask--never too dignified to admit that he did not know. No
+man had keener wit or kinder humor. He was not solemn. Solemnity is a
+mask worn by ignorance and hypocrisy--it is the preface, prologue, and
+index to the cunning or the stupid. He was natural in his life and
+thought--master of the story-teller's art, in illustration apt, in
+application perfect, liberal in speech, shocking Pharisees and prudes,
+using any word that wit could disinfect.
+
+He was a logician. Logic is the necessary product of intelligence and
+sincerity. It cannot be learned. It is the child of a clear head and a
+good heart. He was candid, and with candor often deceived the
+deceitful. He had intellect without arrogance, genius without pride,
+and religion without cant--that is to say, without bigotry and without
+deceit.
+
+He was an orator--clear, sincere, natural. He did not pretend. He did
+not say what he thought others thought, but what he thought. If you
+wish to be sublime you must be natural--you must keep close to the
+grass. You must sit by the fireside of the heart; above the clouds it
+is too cold. You must be simple in your speech: too much polish
+suggests insincerity. The great orator idealizes the real,
+transfigures the common, makes even the inanimate throb and thrill,
+fills the gallery of the imagination with statues and pictures perfect
+in form and color, brings to light the gold hoarded by memory, the
+miser--shows the glittering coin to the spendthrift, hope--enriches
+the brain, ennobles the heart, and quickens the conscience. Between
+his lips, words bud and blossom.
+
+If you wish to know the difference between an orator and an
+elocutionist--between what is felt and what is said--between what the
+heart and brain can do together and what the brain can do alone--read
+Lincoln's wondrous words at Gettysburg, and then the speech of Edward
+Everett. The oration of Lincoln will never be forgotten. It will live
+until languages are dead and lips are dust. The speech of Everett will
+never be read. The elocutionists believe in the virtue of voice, the
+sublimity of syntax, the majesty of long sentences, and the genius of
+gesture. The orator loves the real, the simple, the natural. He places
+the thought above all. He knows that the greatest ideas should be
+expressed in the shortest words--that the greatest statues need the
+least drapery.
+
+Lincoln was an immense personality--firm but not obstinate. Obstinacy
+is egotism--firmness, heroism. He influenced others without effort,
+unconsciously; and they submitted to him as men submit to nature,
+unconsciously. He was severe with himself, and for that reason lenient
+with others. He appeared to apologize for being kinder than his
+fellows. He did merciful things as stealthily as others committed
+crimes. Almost ashamed of tenderness, he said and did the noblest
+words and deeds with that charming confusion--that awkwardness--that
+is the perfect grace of modesty. As a noble man, wishing to pay a
+small debt to a poor neighbor, reluctantly offers a hundred-dollar
+bill and asks for change, fearing that he may be suspected either of
+making a display of wealth or a pretense of payment, so Lincoln
+hesitated to show his wealth of goodness, even to the best he knew. A
+great man stooping, not wishing to make his fellows feel that they
+were small or mean.
+
+He knew others, because perfectly acquainted with himself. He
+cared nothing for place, but everything for principle; nothing
+for money, but everything for independence. Where no principle was
+involved, easily swayed--willing to go slowly, if in the right
+direction--sometimes willing to stop, but he would not go back, and he
+would not go wrong. He was willing to wait. He knew that the event was
+not waiting, and that fate was not the fool of chance. He knew that
+slavery had defenders, but no defense, and that they who attack the
+right must wound themselves. He was neither tyrant nor slave. He
+neither knelt nor scorned. With him, men were neither great nor
+small,--they were right or wrong. Through manners, clothes, titles,
+rags and race he saw the real--that which is. Beyond accident, policy,
+compromise and war he saw the end. He was patient as Destiny, whose
+undecipherable hieroglyphs were so deeply graven on his sad and tragic
+face.
+
+Nothing discloses real character like the use of power. It is easy for
+the weak to be gentle. Most people can bear adversity. But if you wish
+to know what a man really is, give him power. This is the supreme
+test. It is the glory of Lincoln that, having almost absolute power,
+he never abused it, except upon the side of mercy.
+
+Wealth could not purchase, power could not awe this divine, this
+loving man. He knew no fear except the fear of doing wrong. Hating
+slavery, pitying the master--seeking to conquer, not persons, but
+prejudices--he was the embodiment of the self-denial, the courage, the
+hope, and the nobility of a nation. He spoke, not to inflame, not to
+upbraid, but to convince. He raised his hands, not to strike, but in
+benediction. He longed to pardon. He loved to see the pearls of joy on
+the cheeks of a wife whose husband he had rescued from death.
+
+Lincoln was the grandest figure of the fiercest civil war. He is the
+gentlest memory of our world.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]
+
+[28] _By permission of Mr. C. P. Farrell._
+
+
+LINCOLN[29]
+
+PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR
+
+    Hurt was the Nation with a mighty wound,
+    And all her ways were filled with clam'rous sound,
+    Wailed loud the South with unremitting grief,
+    And wept the North that could not find relief.
+    Then madness joined its harshest tone to strife:
+    A minor note swelled in the song of life
+    Till, stirring with the love that filled his breast,
+    But still, unflinching at the Right's behest
+    Grave Lincoln came, strong-handed, from afar,--
+    The mighty Homer of the lyre of war!
+    'Twas he who bade the raging tempest cease,
+    Wrenched from his strings the harmony of peace,
+    Muted the strings that made the discord,--Wrong,
+    And gave his spirit up in thund'rous song.
+    Oh, mighty Master of the mighty lyre!
+    Earth heard and trembled at thy strains of fire:
+    Earth learned of thee what Heav'n already knew,
+    And wrote thee down among her treasured few!
+
+[29] _By permission of Mrs. Mathilde Dunbar._
+
+
+THE GRANDEST FIGURE[30]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+Glad am I to give even the most brief and shorn testimony in memory of
+Abraham Lincoln. Everything I heard about him authentically, and every
+time I saw him (and it was my fortune through 1862 to '65 to see, or
+pass a word with, or watch him, personally, perhaps twenty or thirty
+times), added to and annealed my respect and love at the passing
+moment. And as I dwell on what I myself heard or saw of the mighty
+Westerner, and blend it with the history and literature of my age, and
+conclude it with his death, it seems like some tragic play, superior
+to all else I know--vaster and fierier and more convulsionary, for
+this America of ours, than Eschylus or Shakespeare ever drew for
+Athens or for England. And then the Moral permeating, underlying all!
+the Lesson that none so remote, none so illiterate--no age, no
+class--but may directly or indirectly read!
+
+Abraham Lincoln's was really one of those characters, the best of
+which is the result of long trains of cause and effect--needing a
+certain spaciousness of time, and perhaps even remoteness, to properly
+enclose them--having unequaled influence on the shaping of this
+Republic (and therefore the world) as to-day, and then far more
+important in the future. Thus the time has by no means yet come for a
+thorough measurement of him. Nevertheless, we who live in his era--who
+have seen him, and heard him, face to face, and in the midst of, or
+just parting from, the strong and strange events which he and we have
+had to do with, can in some respects bear valuable, perhaps
+indispensable testimony concerning him.
+
+How does this man compare with the acknowledged "Father of his
+country?" Washington was modeled on the best Saxon and Franklin of the
+age of the Stuarts (rooted in the Elizabethan period)--was essentially
+a noble Englishman, and just the kind needed for the occasions and the
+times of 1776-'83. Lincoln, underneath his practicality, was far less
+European, far more Western, original, essentially non-conventional,
+and had a certain sort of out-door or prairie stamp. One of the best
+of the late commentators on Shakespeare (Professor Dowden), makes the
+height and aggregate of his quality as a poet to be, that he
+thoroughly blended the ideal with the practical or realistic. If this
+be so, I should say that what Shakespeare did in poetic expression,
+Abraham Lincoln essentially did in his personal and official life. I
+should say the invisible foundations and vertebrae of his character,
+more than any man's in history, were mystical, abstract, moral and
+spiritual--while upon all of them was built, and out of all of them
+radiated, under the control of the average of circumstances, what the
+vulgar call horse-sense, and a life often bent by temporary but most
+urgent materialistic and political reasons.
+
+He seems to have been a man of indomitable firmness (even obstinacy)
+on rare occasions, involving great points; but he was generally very
+easy, flexible, tolerant, respecting minor matters. I note that even
+those reports and anecdotes intended to level him down, all leave the
+tinge of a favorable impression of him. As to his religious nature, it
+seems to me to have certainly been of the amplest, deepest-rooted
+kind.
+
+Dear to Democracy, to the very last! And among the paradoxes generated
+by America not the least curious, was that spectacle of all the kings
+and queens and emperors of the earth, many from remote distances,
+sending tributes of condolence and sorrow in memory of one raised
+through the commonest average of life--a rail-splitter and
+flat-boatman!
+
+Considered from contemporary points of view--who knows what the future
+may decide?--and from the points of view of current Democracy and The
+Union (the only thing like passion or infatuation in the man was the
+passion for the Union of these States), Abraham Lincoln seems to me
+the grandest figure yet, on all the crowded canvas of the Nineteenth
+Century.
+
+[30] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY LYMAN ABBOTT
+
+To comprehend the current of history sympathetically, to appreciate
+the spirit of the age, prophetically, to know what God, by His
+providence, is working out in the epoch and the community, and so to
+work with him as to guide the current and embody in noble deeds the
+spirit of the age in working out the divine problem,--this is true
+greatness. The man who sets his powers, however gigantic, to stemming
+the current and thwarting the divine purposes, is not truly great.
+
+Abraham Lincoln was made the Chief Executive of a nation whose
+Constitution was unlike that of any other nation on the face of the
+globe. We assume that, ordinarily, public sentiment will change so
+gradually that the nation can always secure a true representative of
+its purpose in the presidential chair by an election every four years.
+Mr. Lincoln held the presidential office at a time when public
+sentiment was revolutionized in less than four years.... It was the
+peculiar genius of Abraham Lincoln, that he was able, by his
+sympathetic insight, to perceive the change in public sentiment
+without waiting for it to be formulated in any legislative action; to
+keep pace with it, to lead and direct it, to quicken laggard spirits,
+to hold in the too ardent, too impetuous, and too hasty ones, and
+thus, when he signed the emancipation proclamation, to make his
+signature, not the act of an individual man, the edict of a military
+imperator, but the representative act of a great nation. He was the
+greatest President in American History, because in a time of
+revolution he grasped the purposes of the American people and embodied
+them in an act of justice and humanity which was in the highest sense
+the act of the American Republic.
+
+
+LINCOLN THE IMMORTAL
+
+'ADDRESS FOR LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY'
+
+ANONYMOUS
+
+From Cæsar to Bismarck and Gladstone the world has had its soldiers
+and its statesmen, who rose to eminence and power step by step through
+a series of geometrical progression, as it were, each promotion
+following in regular order, the whole obedient to well-established and
+well-understood laws of cause and effect. These were not what we call
+"men of destiny." They were men of the time. They were men whose
+career had a beginning, a middle and an end, rounding off a life with
+a history, full, it may be, of interesting and exciting events, but
+comprehensible and comprehensive, simple, clear, complete.
+
+The inspired men are fewer. Whence their emanation, where and how they
+got their power, and by what rule they lived, moved and had their
+being, we cannot see. There is no explication to these lives. They
+rose from shadow and went in mist. We see them, feel them, but we know
+them not. They arrived, God's word upon their lips; they did their
+office, God's mantle upon them; and they passed away God's holy light
+between the world and them, leaving behind a memory half mortal and
+half myth. From first to last they were distinctly the creations of
+some special providence, baffling the wit of man to fathom, defeating
+the machinations of the world, the flesh and the devil until their
+work was done, and passed from the scene as mysteriously as they had
+come upon it; Luther, to wit; Shakespeare, Burns, even Bonaparte, the
+archangel of war, havoc and ruin; not to go back into the dark ages
+for examples of the hand of God stretched out to raise us, to protect
+and to cast down.
+
+Tried by this standard and observed in an historic spirit, where shall
+we find an illustration more impressive than in Abraham Lincoln, whose
+life, career and death might be chanted by a Greek chorus as at once
+the prelude and the epilogue of the most imperial theme of modern
+times.
+
+Born as low as the Son of God in a hovel, of what real parentage we
+know not; reared in penury, squalor, with no gleam of light, nor fair
+surroundings; a young manhood vexed by weird dreams and visions,
+bordering at times on madness; singularly awkward, ungainly, even
+among the uncouth about him; grotesque in his aspects and ways, it was
+reserved for this strange being, late in life, without name or fame or
+ordinary preparation, to be snatched from obscurity, raised to
+supreme command, and entrusted with the destiny of a nation.
+
+The great leaders of his party were made to stand aside; the most
+experienced and accomplished men of the day, men like Seward and Chase
+and Sumner, statesmen famous and trained, were sent to the rear; while
+this comparatively unknown and fantastic figure was brought by unseen
+hands to the front and given the reins of power. It is entirely
+immaterial whether we believe in what he said or did, whether we are
+for him or against him; but for us to admit that during four years,
+carrying with them such a pressure of responsibility as the world has
+never witnessed before, he filled the measure of the vast space
+allotted him in the actions of mankind and in the eyes of the world,
+is to say that he was inspired of God, for nowhere else could he have
+acquired the enormous equipment indispensable to the situation.
+
+Where did Shakespeare get his genius? Where did Mozart get his music?
+Whose hand smote the lyre of the Scottish plowman? and stayed the life
+of the German priest? God alone; and, so surely as these were raised
+up by God, inspired by God was Abraham Lincoln, and, a thousand years
+hence, no story, no tragedy, no epic poem will be filled with greater
+wonder than that which tells of his life and death. If Lincoln was not
+inspired of God, then were not Luther, or Shakespeare, or Burns. If
+Lincoln was not inspired by God, then there is no such thing on earth
+as special providence or the interposition of divine power in the
+affairs of men.
+
+
+THE CRISIS AND THE HERO
+
+BY FREDERIC HARRISON
+
+The great struggle which has for ever decided the cause of slavery of
+man to man, is, beyond all question, the most critical which the world
+has seen since the great revolutionary outburst. If ever there was a
+question which was to test political capacity and honesty it was this.
+A true statesman, here if ever, was bound to forecast truly the issue,
+and to judge faithfully that cause at stake. We know now, it is beyond
+dispute, that the cause which won was certain to win in the end, that
+its reserve force was absolutely without limit, that its triumph was
+one of the turning-points in modern civilization. It was morally
+certain to succeed, and it did succeed with an overwhelming and mighty
+success. From first to last both might and right went all one way. The
+people of England went wholly that way. The official classes went
+wholly some other way.
+
+One of the great key-notes of England's future is simply this--what
+will be her relations with that great republic? If the two branches of
+the Anglo-Saxon race are to form two phases of one political movement,
+their welfare and that of the world will be signally promoted. If
+their courses are marred by jealousies or contests, both will be
+fatally retarded. Real confidence and sympathy extended to that people
+in the hour of their trial would have forged an eternal bond between
+us. To discredit and distrust them, then, was to sow deep the seeds of
+antipathy. Yet, although a union in feeling was of importance so
+great, although so little would have secured it, the governing classes
+of England wantonly did all they could to foment a breach.
+
+A great political judgment fell upon a race of men, our own brothers;
+the inveterate social malady they inherited came to a crisis. We
+watched it gather with exultation and insult. There fell on them the
+most terrible necessity which can befall men, the necessity of
+sacrificing the flower of their citizens in civil war, of tearing up
+their civil and social system by the roots, of transforming the most
+peaceful type of society into the most military. We magnified and
+shouted over every disaster; we covered them with insult; we filled
+the world with ominous forebodings and unjust accusations. There came
+on them one awful hour when the powers of evil seemed almost too
+strong; when any but a most heroic race would have sunk under the
+blows of their traitorous kindred. We chose that moment to give actual
+succour to their enemy, and stabbed them in the back with a wound
+which stung their pride even more than it crippled their strength.
+They displayed the most splendid examples of energy and fortitude
+which the modern world has seen, with which the defence of Greece
+against Asia, and of France against Europe, alone can be compared in
+the whole annals of mankind. They developed almost ideal civic virtues
+and gifts; generosity, faith, firmness; sympathy the most affecting,
+resources the most exhaustless, ingenuity the most magical. They
+brought forth the most beautiful and heroic character who in recent
+times has ever led a nation, the only blameless type of the statesman
+since the days of Washington. Under him they created the purest model
+of government which has yet been seen on the earth--a whole nation
+throbbing into one great heart and brain, one great heart and brain
+giving unity and life to a whole nation. The hour of their success
+came; unchequered in the completeness of its triumph, unsullied by any
+act of vengeance, hallowed by a great martyrdom.
+
+
+LINCOLN[31]
+
+BY JOHN VANCE CHENEY
+
+    The hour was on us; where the man?
+    The fateful sands unfaltering ran,
+      And up the way of tears
+      He came into the years,
+
+    Our pastoral captain. Forth he came,
+    As one that answers to his name;
+      Nor dreamed how high his charge,
+      His work how fair and large,--
+
+    To set the stones back in the wall
+    Lest the divided house should fall,
+      And peace from men depart,
+      Hope and the childlike heart.
+
+    We looked on him; "'Tis he," we said,
+    "Come crownless and unheralded,
+      The shepherd who will keep
+      The flocks, will fold the sheep."
+
+    Unknightly, yes; yet 'twas the mien
+    Presaging the immortal scene,
+      Some battle of His wars
+      Who sealeth up the stars.
+
+    Not he would take the past between
+    His hands, wipe valor's tablets clean,
+      Commanding greatness wait
+      Till he stand at the gate;
+
+    Not he would cramp to one small head
+    The awful laurels of the dead,
+      Time's mighty vintage cup,
+      And drink all honor up.
+
+    No flutter of the banners bold,
+    Borne by the lusty sons of old,
+      The haughty conquerors
+      Sent forward to their wars;
+
+    Not his their blare, their pageantries,
+    Their goal, their glory, was not his;
+      Humbly he came to keep
+      The flocks, to fold the sheep.
+
+    The need comes not without the man;
+    The prescient hours unceasing ran,
+      And up the way of tears
+      He came into the years,
+
+    Our pastoral captain, skilled to crook
+    The spear into the pruning hook,
+      The simple, kindly man,
+      Lincoln, American.
+
+[31] _By permission of 'The Interior,' Chicago._
+
+
+MAJESTIC IN HIS INDIVIDUALITY
+
+BY J. P. NEWMAN
+
+Human glory is often fickle as the winds, and transient as a summer
+day, but Abraham Lincoln's place in history is assured. All the
+symbols of this world's admiration are his. He is embalmed in song;
+recorded in history; eulogized in panegyric; cast in bronze;
+sculptured in marble; painted on canvas; enshrined in the hearts of
+his countrymen, and lives in the memories of mankind. Some men are
+brilliant in their times, but their words and deeds are of little
+worth to history; but his mission was as large as his country, vast as
+humanity, enduring as time. No greater thought can ever enter the
+human mind than obedience to law and freedom for all. Some men are not
+honored by their contemporaries, and die neglected. Here is one more
+honored than any other man while living, more revered when dying, and
+destined to be loved to the last syllable of recorded time. He has
+this three-fold greatness,--great in life, great in death, great in
+the history of the world. Lincoln will grow upon the attention and
+affections of posterity, because he saved the life of the greatest
+nation, whose ever-widening influence is to bless humanity. Measured
+by this standard, Lincoln shall live in history from age to age.
+
+Great men appear in groups, and in groups they disappear from the
+vision of the world; but we do not love or hate men in groups. We
+speak of Gutenberg and his coadjutors, of Washington and his generals,
+of Lincoln and his cabinet: but when the day of judgment comes, we
+crown the inventor of printing; we place the laurel on the brow of the
+father of his country, and the chaplet of renown upon the head of the
+saviour of the Republic.
+
+Some men are great from the littleness of their surroundings; but he
+only is great who is great amid greatness. Lincoln had great
+associates,--Seward, the sagacious diplomatist; Chase, the eminent
+financier; Stanton, the incomparable Secretary of War; with
+illustrious Senators and soldiers. Neither could take his part nor
+fill his position. And the same law of the coming and going of great
+men is true of our own day. In piping times of peace, genius is not
+aflame, and true greatness is not apparent; but when the crisis comes,
+then God lifts the curtain from obscurity, and reveals the man for the
+hour.
+
+Lincoln stands forth on the page of history, unique in his character,
+and majestic in his individuality. Like Milton's angel, he was an
+original conception. He was raised up for his times. He was a leader
+of leaders. By instinct the common heart trusted in him. He was of the
+people and for the people. He had been poor and laborious; but
+greatness did not change the tone of his spirit, or lessen the
+sympathies of his nature. His character was strangely symmetrical. He
+was temperate, without austerity; brave, without rashness; constant,
+without obstinacy. His love of justice was only equalled by his
+delight in compassion. His regard for personal honor was only excelled
+by love of country. His self-abnegation found its highest expression
+in the public good. His integrity was never questioned. His honesty
+was above suspicion. He was more solid than brilliant; his judgment
+dominated his imagination; his ambition was subject to his modesty,
+and his love of justice held the mastery over all personal
+considerations. Not excepting Washington, who inherited wealth and
+high social position, Lincoln is the fullest representative American
+in our national annals. He had touched every round in the human
+ladder. He illustrated the possibilities of our citizenship. We are
+not ashamed of his humble origin. We are proud of his greatness.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+LINCOLN'S YARNS AND SAYINGS
+
+
+THE QUESTION OF LEGS
+
+Whenever the people of Lincoln's neighborhood engaged in dispute;
+whenever a bet was to be decided; when they differed on points of
+religion or politics; when they wanted to get out of trouble, or
+desired advice regarding anything on the earth, below it, above it, or
+under the sea, they went to "Abe."
+
+Two fellows, after a hot dispute lasting some hours, over the problem
+as to how long a man's legs should be in proportion to the size of his
+body, stamped into Lincoln's office one day and put the question to
+him.
+
+Lincoln listened gravely to the arguments advanced by both
+contestants, spent some time in "reflecting" upon the matter, and
+then, turning around in his chair and facing the disputants, delivered
+his opinion with all the gravity of a judge sentencing a fellow-being
+to death.
+
+"This question has been a source of controversy," he said, slowly and
+deliberately, "for untold ages, and it is about time it should be
+definitely decided. It has led to bloodshed in the past, and there is
+no reason to suppose it will not lead to the same in the future.
+
+"After much thought and consideration, not to mention mental worry and
+anxiety, it is my opinion, all side issues being swept aside, that a
+man's lower limbs, in order to preserve harmony of proportion, should
+be at least long enough to reach from his body to the ground."
+
+
+A FAMOUS STORY--HOW LINCOLN WAS PRESENTED WITH A KNIFE!
+
+"In the days when I used to be 'on the circuit,'" said Lincoln, "I was
+accosted in the cars by a stranger, who said:
+
+"'Excuse me, sir, but I have an article in my possession which belongs
+to you.'
+
+"'How is that?' I asked, considerably astonished.
+
+"The stranger took a jack-knife from his pocket. 'This knife,' said
+he, 'was placed in my hands some years ago, with the injunction that I
+was to keep it until I found a man uglier than myself. I have carried
+it from that time to this. Allow me now to say, sir, that I think you
+are fairly entitled to the property.'"
+
+
+"FOOLING" THE PEOPLE
+
+Lincoln was a strong believer in the virtue of dealing honestly with
+the people.
+
+"If you once forfeit the confidence of your fellow-citizens," he said
+to a caller at the White House, "you can never regain their respect
+and esteem.
+
+"It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time; you can
+even fool some of the people all the time; but you can't fool all of
+the people all the time."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S NAME FOR "WEEPING WATER"
+
+"I was speaking one time to Mr. Lincoln," said Governor Saunders, of
+Nebraska, "of a little Nebraskan settlement on the Weeping Waters, a
+stream in our State."
+
+"'Weeping Water!'" said he.
+
+"Then with a twinkle in his eye, he continued.
+
+"'I suppose the Indians out there call it Minneboohoo, don't they?
+They ought to, if Laughing Water is Minnehaha in their language.'"
+
+
+LINCOLN'S CONFAB WITH A COMMITTEE ON GRANT'S WHISKY
+
+Just previous to the fall of Vicksburg, a self-constituted committee,
+solicitous for the morale of our armies, took it upon themselves to
+visit the President and urge the removal of General Grant.
+
+In some surprise Mr. Lincoln inquired, "For what reason?"
+
+"Why," replied the spokesman, "he drinks too much whisky."
+
+"Ah!" rejoined Mr. Lincoln, dropping his lower lip. "By the way,
+gentlemen, can either of you tell me where General Grant procures his
+whisky? because, if I can find out, I will send every general in the
+field a barrel of it!"
+
+
+MILD REBUKE TO A DOCTOR
+
+Dr. Jerome Walker, of Brooklyn, told how Mr. Lincoln once administered
+to him a mild rebuke. The doctor was showing Mr. Lincoln through the
+hospital at City Point.
+
+"Finally, after visiting the wards occupied by our invalid and
+convalescing soldiers," said Dr. Walker, "we came to three wards
+occupied by sick and wounded Southern prisoners. With a feeling of
+patriotic duty, I said: 'Mr. President, you won't want to go in there;
+they are only rebels.'
+
+"I will never forget how he stopped and gently laid his large hand
+upon my shoulder and quietly answered, 'You mean Confederates!' And I
+have meant Confederates ever since.
+
+"There was nothing left for me to do after the President's remark but
+to go with him through these three wards; and I could not see but that
+he was just as kind, his hand-shakings just as hearty, his interest
+just as real for the welfare of the men, as when he was among our own
+soldiers."
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES AND WRITINGS
+
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AS WRITTEN BY HIMSELF
+
+The compiler of the "Dictionary of Congress" states that while
+preparing that work for publication in 1858, he sent to Mr. Lincoln
+the usual request for a sketch of his life, and received the following
+reply:
+
+"Born February 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Kentucky.
+
+Education Defective. Profession a Lawyer. Have been a Captain of
+Volunteers in Black Hawk War. Postmaster at a very small office. Four
+times a member of the Illinois Legislature, and was a member of the
+Lower House of Congress.
+
+                                           Yours, etc.
+                                                       A. Lincoln."
+
+
+THE INJUSTICE OF SLAVERY
+
+(_Speech at Peoria, Ill., October 16, 1854_)
+
+This declared indifference, but, as I must think, covert zeal, for the
+spread of slavery, I cannot but hate. I hate it because of the
+monstrous injustice of slavery itself; I hate it because it deprives
+our republic of an example of its just influence in the world; enables
+the enemies of free institutions with plausibility to taunt us as
+hypocrites; causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity;
+and, especially, because it forces so many really good men among
+ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of
+civil liberty, criticising the Declaration of Independence and
+insisting that there is no right principle of action but
+self-interest.
+
+The doctrine of self-government is right,--absolutely and eternally
+right,--but it has no just application, as here attempted. Or,
+perhaps, I should rather say, that whether it has such just
+application depends upon whether a negro is not, or is, a man. If he
+is not a man, in that case he who is a man may, as a matter of
+self-government, do just what he pleases with him. But if the negro is
+a man, is it not to that extent a total destruction of self-government
+to say that he, too, shall not govern himself?
+
+When the white man governs himself that is self-government; but when
+he governs himself, and also governs another man, that is more than
+self-government--that is despotism.
+
+What I do say is, that no man is good enough to govern another man
+without that other's consent.
+
+The master not only governs the slave without his consent, but he
+governs him by a set of rules altogether different from those which he
+prescribes for himself. Allow all the governed an equal voice in the
+government; that, and that only, is self-government.
+
+Slavery is founded in the selfishness of man's nature--opposition to
+it, in his love of justice. These principles are an eternal
+antagonism; and when brought into collision so fiercely as slavery
+extension brings them, shocks and throes and convulsions must
+ceaselessly follow.
+
+Repeal the Missouri Compromise--repeal all compromise--and repeal the
+Declaration of Independence--repeal all past history--still you cannot
+repeal human nature.
+
+I particularly object to the new position which the avowed principles
+of the Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to
+it, because it assumes that there can be moral right in the enslaving
+of one man by another. I object to it as a dangerous dalliance for a
+free people,--a sad evidence that feeling prosperity, we forget
+right,--that liberty as a principle we have ceased to revere.
+
+Little by little, but steadily as man's march to the grave, we have
+been giving up the old for the new faith. Near eighty years ago we
+began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that
+beginning we have run down to the other declaration that for some men
+to enslave others is a 'sacred right of self-government.' These
+principles cannot stand together. They are as opposite as God and
+Mammon.
+
+Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. Let us purify
+it. Let us turn and wash it white, in the spirit, if not in the blood,
+of the Revolution.
+
+Let us turn slavery from its claims of 'moral right' back upon its
+existing legal rights, and its arguments of 'necessity.' Let us return
+it to the position our fathers gave it, and there let it rest in
+peace.
+
+Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and the practices and
+policy which harmonize with it. Let North and South--let all
+Americans--let all lovers of liberty everywhere, join in the great and
+good work.
+
+If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union, but shall have
+so saved it, as to make and to keep it forever worthy of saving. We
+shall have so saved it that the succeeding millions of free, happy
+people, the world over, shall rise up and call us blessed to the
+latest generations.
+
+
+SPEECH AT COOPER INSTITUTE, FEBRUARY 27, 1860
+
+I defy anyone to show that any living man in the whole world ever did,
+prior to the beginning of the present century (and I might almost say
+prior to the beginning of the last half of the present century),
+declare that, in his understanding, any proper division of local from
+Federal authority, or any part of the Constitution, forbade the
+Federal Government to control as to slavery in the Federal
+Territories.
+
+To those who now so declare, I give, not only 'our fathers who framed
+the government under which we live,' but with them all other living
+men within the century in which it was framed, among whom to search,
+and they shall not be able to find the evidence of a single man
+agreeing with them.
+
+I do not mean to say we are bound to follow implicitly in whatever our
+fathers did. To do so would be to discard all the lights of current
+experience, to reject all progress, all improvement. What I do say is,
+that if we would supplant the opinions and policy of our fathers in
+any case, we should do so upon evidence so conclusive, and argument so
+clear, that even their authority, fairly considered and weighed,
+cannot stand; and most surely not in a case whereof we ourselves
+declare they understood the question better than we.
+
+Let all who believe that 'our fathers, who framed the government under
+which we live,' understood this question just as well, and even
+better, than we do now, speak as they spoke, and act as they acted
+upon it.
+
+It is exceedingly desirable that all parts of this great confederacy
+shall be at peace, and in harmony, one with another. Let us
+Republicans do our part to have it so. Even though much provoked, let
+us do nothing through passion and ill-temper.
+
+Even though the Southern people will not so much as listen to us, let
+us calmly consider their demands, and yield to them if, in our
+deliberate view of our duty, we possibly can. Judging by all they say
+and do, and by the subject and nature of their controversy with us,
+let us determine, if we can, what will satisfy them.
+
+Wrong as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone where
+it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from its
+actual presence in the nation. But can we, while our votes will
+prevent it, allow it to spread into the national Territories, and to
+overrun us here in these free States?
+
+If our sense of duty forbids this, then let us stand by our duty,
+fearlessly and effectively. Let us be diverted by none of those
+sophistical contrivances wherewith we are so industriously plied and
+belabored--contrivances such as groping for some middle ground between
+the right and wrong, vain as the search for a man who should be
+neither a living man nor a dead man; such as a policy of 'don't care'
+on a question about which all true men do care; such as Union appeals
+beseeching true Union men to yield to Disunionists, reversing the
+divine rule, and calling, not the sinners, but the righteous to
+repentance; such as invocations to Washington imploring men to unsay
+what Washington said, and undo what Washington did.
+
+Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us,
+to the end, dare to do our duty, as we understand it.
+
+
+FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1861
+
+Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States,
+that by the occasion of a Republican administration, their property
+and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has
+never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the
+most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and
+been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published
+speeches of him who now addresses you.
+
+I do but quote from one of those speeches, when I declared that "I
+have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the
+institution of slavery, in the States where it exists."
+
+I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination
+to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with the full
+knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations, and had
+never recanted them. I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing
+so, I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive
+evidence of which the case is susceptible, that the property, peace,
+and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now
+incoming administration.
+
+I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations, and with
+no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical
+rules; and, while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of
+Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much
+safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to
+and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate
+any of them, trusting to find impunity in having them held to be
+unconstitutional.
+
+It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a president
+under our national constitution. During that period, fifteen different
+and very distinguished citizens have in succession administered the
+executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through
+many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with this scope
+for precedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief
+constitutional term of four years, under great and peculiar
+difficulties.
+
+I hold, that in the contemplation of universal law and the
+Constitution, the union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is
+implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national
+governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a
+provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to
+execute all the express provisions of our national Constitution, and
+the Union will endure forever.
+
+To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? Before
+entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national
+fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, would it
+not be well to ascertain why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a
+step while any portion of the ills you fly from have no real
+existence? Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater
+than all the real ones you fly from? Will you risk the commission of
+so fearful a mistake?
+
+All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights
+can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in
+the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind
+is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing
+this.
+
+All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly
+assured to them by affirmations and negations, guarantees and
+prohibitions, in the Constitution, that controversies never arise
+concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a
+provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in
+practical administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any
+document of reasonable length contain, express provision for all
+possible questions.
+
+Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by National or by State
+authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress
+protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not
+expressly say.
+
+From questions of this class spring all our constitutional
+controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities.
+If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the
+government must cease. There is no alternative for continuing the
+government but acquiescence on the one side or the other.
+
+If the minority will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a
+precedent which, in turn, will ruin and divide them; for a minority of
+their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be
+controlled by such a minority. For instance, why should not any
+portion of a new confederacy, a year or two hence, arbitrarily secede
+again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede
+from it?
+
+All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the
+exact temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interest
+among the States to compose a new union as to produce harmony only,
+and prevent renewed secession? Plainly, the central idea of secession
+is the essence of anarchy.
+
+Physically speaking, we cannot separate; we cannot move our respective
+sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A
+husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and
+beyond the reach of each other; but the different parts of our country
+cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face; and intercourse,
+either amicable or hostile, must continue between them.
+
+Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or
+more satisfactory after separation than before? Suppose you go to war,
+you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides, and
+no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical questions as to
+terms of intercourse are again upon you.
+
+Why should there not be patient confidence in the ultimate justice of
+the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world? In our
+present differences is either party without faith of being in the
+right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations with His eternal truth and
+justice be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that
+truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judgment of this
+great tribunal of the American people.
+
+By the frame of government under which we live, this same people have
+wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief, and
+have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their
+own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their
+virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any extreme of wickedness
+or folly, can very seriously injure the Government in the short space
+of four years.
+
+My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon the whole
+subject--nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an
+object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step which you would
+never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking
+time, but no good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are
+now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unimpaired, and, on
+the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing under it; while the
+new administration will have no immediate power if it wanted to change
+either. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the
+right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for
+precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm
+reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, are
+still competent to adjust in the best way all our present
+difficulties.
+
+In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the
+momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You
+can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have
+no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall
+have the most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.
+
+I am about to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
+enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds
+of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every
+battle field and patriot grave, to every loving heart and hearthstone
+all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when
+again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our
+nature.
+
+
+LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY
+
+The Administration, during the early months of the war for the Union,
+was greatly perplexed as to the proper mode of dealing with slavery,
+especially in the districts occupied by the Union forces. In the
+summer of 1862, when Mr. Lincoln was earnestly contemplating his
+Proclamation of Emancipation, Horace Greeley, the leading Republican
+editor, published in his paper, the New York Tribune, a severe article
+in the form of a letter addressed to the President, taking him to task
+for failing to meet the just expectations of twenty millions of loyal
+people. Thereupon Mr. Lincoln sent him the following letter:--
+
+                                      EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON,
+                                                AUGUST 22, 1862.
+
+HON. HORACE GREELEY.
+
+_Dear Sir:_ I have just read yours of the 19th, addressed to myself
+through the New York Tribune. If there be in it any statements or
+assumptions of fact which I may know to be erroneous, I do not now and
+here controvert them. If there be in it any inferences which I may
+believe to be falsely drawn, I do not now and here argue against them.
+If there be perceptible in it an impatient and dictatorial tone, I
+waive it in deference to an old friend, whose heart I have always
+supposed to be right. As to the policy I "seem to be pursuing," as you
+say, I have not meant to leave any one in doubt.
+
+I would save the Union. I would save it in the shortest way under the
+Constitution. The sooner the National authority can be restored, the
+nearer the Union will be "The Union as it was." If there be those who
+would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy
+slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this
+struggle is to save the Union and is not either to save or destroy
+Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would
+do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do
+it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I
+would also do that. What I do about Slavery and the colored race, I do
+because I believe it helps to save this Union; and what I forbear, I
+forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I
+shall do less, whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the
+cause; and I shall do more, whenever I shall believe doing more will
+help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors;
+and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true
+views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official
+duty, and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish
+that all men, everywhere, could be free.
+
+                                                 Yours,
+                                                    A. LINCOLN.
+
+
+EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
+
+(_Issued January 1, 1863_)
+
+Now therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power vested in me as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy, in a time of actual armed rebellion against the authority of the
+Government of the United States, as a fit and necessary war measure
+for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in
+the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and
+in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the
+full period of one hundred days from the date of the first
+above-mentioned order, designate as the States and parts of States
+therein the people whereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion
+against the United States, the following, to wit:
+
+Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard,
+Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension,
+Assumption, Terrebonne, La Fourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans,
+including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
+Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the
+forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the
+counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York,
+Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and
+Portsmouth), which excepted parts are for the present left precisely
+as if this proclamation were not issued; and by virtue of the power
+and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons
+held as slaves within designated States, or parts of States, are, and
+henceforward shall be free, and that the Executive Government of the
+United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof,
+will recognize and maintain the freedom of the said persons; and I
+hereby enjoin upon the people so declared free to abstain from all
+violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them
+that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable
+wages. And I further declare and make known that such persons, of
+suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the
+United States, to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other
+places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.
+
+And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice,
+warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the
+considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty
+God.
+
+
+THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION
+
+(_Issued October 3, 1863_)
+
+The year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the
+blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties,
+which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source
+from which they come, others have been added, which are of so
+extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften
+even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful
+Providence of Almighty God.
+
+In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which
+has sometimes seemed to invite and provoke the aggression of foreign
+states, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been
+maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has
+prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict.
+
+The needful diversion of wealth and strength from the fields of
+peaceful industry to the national defense has not arrested the plow,
+the shuttle, or the ship.
+
+The ax has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as
+well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even
+more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased,
+notwithstanding the waste that has been made by the camp, the siege,
+and the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness
+of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of
+years with large increase of freedom.
+
+No human council hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out,
+these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God,
+who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless
+remembered mercy.
+
+It seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly,
+reverentially, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and
+voice, by the whole American people.
+
+I recommend too, that, while offering up the ascriptions justly due to
+Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with
+humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience,
+commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans,
+mourners, or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are
+unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the
+Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as
+soon as may be consistent with divine purposes, to the full enjoyment
+of peace, harmony, tranquillity, and union.
+
+
+ADDRESS ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG
+
+(_At the Dedication of the Cemetery, November 19, 1863_)
+
+Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
+proposition that all men are created equal.
+
+Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
+or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
+met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
+portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave
+their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
+proper that we should do this.
+
+But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we
+cannot hallow--this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
+struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add
+or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
+here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the
+living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
+who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
+to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from
+these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
+they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly
+resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation,
+under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of
+the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
+earth.
+
+
+REMARKS TO NEGROES IN THE STREETS OF RICHMOND
+
+The President walked through the streets of Richmond--without a guard
+except a few seamen--in company with his son "Tad," and Admiral
+Porter, on the 4th of April, 1865, the day following the evacuation of
+the city. Colored people gathered about him on every side, eager to
+see and thank their liberator. Mr. Lincoln addressed the following
+remarks to one of these gatherings:
+
+My poor friends, you are free--free as air. You can cast off the name
+of slave and trample upon it; it will come to you no more. Liberty is
+your birthright. God gave it to you as he gave it to others, and it
+is a sin that you have been deprived of it for so many years.
+
+But you must try to deserve this priceless boon. Let the world see
+that you merit it, and are able to maintain it by your good works.
+Don't let your joy carry you into excesses; learn the laws, and obey
+them. Obey God's commandments, and thank Him for giving you liberty,
+for to Him you owe all things. There, now, let me pass on; I have but
+little time to spare. I want to see the Capitol, and must return at
+once to Washington to secure to you that liberty which you seem to
+prize so highly.
+
+
+SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1865
+
+Fellow-countrymen: At this second appearing to take the oath of the
+Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address
+than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of
+a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the
+expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been
+constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest
+which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the
+nation, little that is new could be presented.
+
+The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as
+well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably
+satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no
+prediction in regard to it is ventured.
+
+On the occasion corresponding to this, four years ago, all thoughts
+were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all
+sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered
+from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war,
+insurgents' agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without
+war--seeking to dissolve the Union and divide its effects by
+negotiation.
+
+Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather
+than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather
+than let it perish. And the war came.
+
+The prayer of both could not be answered--those of neither have been
+answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world
+because of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe
+to that man by whom the offense cometh."
+
+If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses
+which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having
+continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that
+He gives to North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those
+by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from
+those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always
+ascribe to Him?
+
+Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of
+war may soon pass away.
+
+Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the
+bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be
+sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by
+another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so
+still it must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and
+righteous altogether."
+
+With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
+right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
+the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him
+who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphan;
+to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
+ourselves, and with all nations.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Table of Contents Part VI:
+A section of Tributes beginning on Page 191 is not included in the
+table. Unchanged.
+
+Table of Contents Part VII:
+A section called 'Lincoln, The Tender-Hearted' by H. W. Botton
+should be by H. W. Bolton. Changed.
+
+Table of Contents Part IX:
+A section called "'Fooling' the People" on page 360 is not included
+in the table of contents. Unchanged.
+
+Table of Contents Part IX:
+A section called 'Lincoln's confab with a Committee on Grant's Whisky'
+is not included in the table of contents. Unchanged.
+
+Page 3:
+more definite than a similarity of Christain names
+Typo: Changed to [Christian].
+
+Page 82:
+answer inpregnable with facts.
+Spelling of inpregnable is probably correct for that time. Unchanged.
+
+Page 95:
+buy and exhibit him as a zoological curriosity.
+Likely misspelling. Changed to curiosity
+
+Page 278:
+fac-simile
+Spelled as in original. Unchanged.
+
+Hyphenation appears as either option in original:
+
+  careworn/care-worn
+  deathblow/death-blow
+  dooryard/door-yard
+  lifelong/life-long
+  masterpiece/master-piece
+  stepbrother/step-brother
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our American Holidays: Lincoln's
+Birthday, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 21267-8.txt or 21267-8.zip *****
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Our American Holidays: Lincoln's Birthday, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Our American Holidays: Lincoln's Birthday
+       A Comprehensive View of Lincoln as Given in the Most
+              Noteworthy Essays, Orations and Poems, in Fiction and in
+              Lincoln's Own Writings
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert Haven Schauffler
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2007 [EBook #21267]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bruce Albrecht, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>Our American Holidays<br />
+
+LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY</h1>
+
+
+<table class="advert" summary="book advertisement">
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><p class="bookdesctitle">Our American Holidays</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="ad_tp"><p>A series of Anthologies upon American Holidays, each volume a collection
+of writings from many sources, historical, poetic, religious, patriotic,
+etc., presenting each American festival as seen through the eyes of the
+representative writers of many ages and nations.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">EDITED BY<br />ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><i>12mo. Each volume $1.00 net</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><br />NOW READY</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>THANKSGIVING</td>  <td>LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CHRISTMAS</td>  <td>MEMORIAL DAY</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><br />IN PREPARATION</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY</td>  <td>EASTER</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ARBOR DAY</td>  <td>FLAG DAY</td></tr>
+<tr><td>FOURTH OF JULY</td>  <td>NEW YEAR'S DAY</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center" class="ad_tp">MOFFAT, YARD &amp; COMPANY</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center">31 East 17th Street&nbsp;  New York</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<div class="title_page">
+<h1>Our American Holidays<br />
+
+LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY</h1>
+
+<div class="subtitle">A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF LINCOLN AS
+GIVEN IN THE MOST NOTEWORTHY ESSAYS,
+ORATIONS AND POEMS, IN FICTION
+AND IN LINCOLN'S OWN WRITINGS</div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="byline">EDITED BY<br />
+ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER</div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="publisher">NEW YORK<br />
+MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY<br />
+1916</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="copyright">
+<p>Copyright, 1909, by<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moffat, Yard and Company</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">New York</span><br /></p>
+
+<hr class="minor" />
+
+<p>Published, January, 1909</p>
+
+<p>2nd Printing&mdash;June, 1911<br />
+3rd Printing&mdash;July, 1914<br />
+4th Printing&mdash;Feb.&nbsp; 1916<br /></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td align='right' colspan="3">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#I">I<br />
+A BIRDSEYE VIEW OF LINCOLN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#birdseye_1">Abraham Lincoln's Autobiography</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#birdseye_2">A Brief Summary of Lincoln's Life</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Osborn H. Oldroyd</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#II">II<br />
+EARLY LIFE</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_1">Lincoln's Education</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Horace Greeley</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_2">Abe Lincoln's Honesty</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_3">The Boy that Hungered for Knowledge</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_4">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Florence E. Pratt</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_5">Young Lincoln's Kindness of Heart</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_6">A Voice from the Wilderness</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Charles Sumner</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#life_7">Choosing Abe Lincoln Captain</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#III">III<br />
+MATURITY</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_1">Lincoln's Marriage</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_2">How Lincoln and Judge B&mdash;&mdash; Swapped Horses</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_3">Lincoln as a Man of Letters</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>H. W. Mabie</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_4">Lincoln's Presence of Body</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_5">How Lincoln Became a National Figure</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Ida M. Tarbell</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_6">Lincoln's Love for the Little Ones</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#maturity_7">How Lincoln Took his Altitude</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#IV">IV<br />
+IN THE WHITE HOUSE</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_1">How Lincoln was Abused</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_2">Sonnet in 1862</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>John James Piatt</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_3">Lincoln the President</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>James Russell Lowell</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_4">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Frank Moore</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_5">The Proclamation</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>John Greenleaf Whittier</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_6">The Emancipation</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>James A. Garfield</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_7">The Emancipation Group</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>John Greenleaf Whittier</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#house_8">Abraham Lincoln's Christmas Gift</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Nora Perry</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#V">V<br />
+DEATH OF LINCOLN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_1">O Captain! My Captain!</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Walt Whitman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_2">Abraham Lincoln's Death</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Walt Whitman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_3">Hushed be the Camps To-day</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Walt Whitman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_4">To the Memory of Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>William Cullen Bryant</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_5">Crown his Bloodstained Pillow</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Julia Ward Howe</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_6">The Death of Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Walt Whitman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_7">Our Sun Hath Gone Down</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Ph&oelig;be Cary</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_8">Tolling</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Lucy Larcom</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_9">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Rose Terry Cooke</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_10">Effect of the Death of Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Henry Ward Beecher</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_11">Hymn</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Oliver Wendell Holmes</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#death_12">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Tom Taylor</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#VI">VI<br />
+TRIBUTES</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_1">The Martyr Chief</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>James Russell Lowell</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_2">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Ralph Waldo Emerson</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_3">Washington and Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>William McKinley</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_4">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_5">Lincoln's Grave</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Maurice Thompson</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_6">Tributes to Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_7">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>H. H. Brownell</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_8">Tributes</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_9">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Joel Benton</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_10">On the Life-mask of Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Richard Watson Gilder</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_11">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>George H. Boker</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_12">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>James A. Garfield</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_13">An Horatian Ode</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>R. H. Stoddard</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_14">Some Foreign Tributes To Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Harriet Beecher Stowe</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_15">The Gettysburg Ode</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Bayard Taylor</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_16">Tributes</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_17">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Macmillan's Magazine</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_18">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>R. H. Stoddard</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_19">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Edna Dean Proctor</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#martyr_20">When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Walt Whitman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#VII">VII<br />
+THE WHOLE MAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_1">Lincoln, the Man of the People</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Edwin Markham</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_2">Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>George Bancroft</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_3">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Goldwin Smith</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_4">Greatness of his Simplicity</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>H. A. Delano</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_5">Horace Greeley's Estimate of Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_6">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>J. T. Trowbridge</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_7">The Religious Character of Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>B. B. Tyler</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_8">To the Spirit of Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>R. W. Gilder</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_9">Lincoln as a Typical American</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Phillips Brooks</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_10">Lincoln As Cavalier and Puritan</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>H. W. Grady</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_11">Lincoln, the Tender-Hearted</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>H. W. Bolton</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_12">The Character of Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>W. H. Herndon</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"<span class="smcap"><a href="#man_13">With Charity for All</a></span>"</td><td align='right'><i>W. T. Sherman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_14">Lincoln's Birthday</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Ida V. Woodbury</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_15">February Twelfth</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>M. H. Howliston</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#man_16">Two February Birthdays</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>L. M. Hadley and<br /> C. Z. Denton</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#VIII">VIII<br />
+LINCOLN'S PLACE IN HISTORY</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_1">The Three Greatest Americans</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_2">His Choice and His Destiny</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>F. M. Bristol</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_3">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Robert G. Ingersoll</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_334">334</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_4">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Paul Laurence Dunbar</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_5">The Grandest Figure</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Walt Whitman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_6">Abraham Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Lyman Abbott</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>"<span class="smcap"><a href="#place_7">Lincoln the Immortal</a></span>"</td><td align='right'><i>Anonymous</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_8">The Crisis and the Hero</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>Frederic Harrison</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_9">Lincoln</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>John Vance Cheney</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap"><a href="#place_10">Majestic in his Individuality</a></span></td><td align='right'><i>S. P. Newman</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_353">353</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#IX">IX<br />
+LINCOLN YARNS AND SAYINGS</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#yarn_1">The Question of Legs</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#yarn_2">How Lincoln Was Presented With a Knife</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">"<span class="smcap"><a href="#yarn_3">Weeping Water</a></span>"</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#yarn_4">Mild Rebuke to a Doctor</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_362">362</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center' colspan="3"><a href="#X">X<br />
+FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES AND WRITINGS</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_1">Lincoln's Life as Written by Himself</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_2">The Injustice of Slavery</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_3">Speech at Cooper Institute</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_4">First Inaugural Address</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_5">Letter to Horace Greeley</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_376">376</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_6">Emancipation Proclamation</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_378">378</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_7">Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_380">380</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_8">Gettysburg Address</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_382">382</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_9">Remarks to Negroes on the Streets of Richmond</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_383">383</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#speech_10">Second Inaugural Address</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_384">384</a></td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>An astounding number of books have been written on Abraham Lincoln.
+Our Library of Congress contains over one thousand of them in
+well-nigh every modern language. Yet, incredible as it may seem, no
+miner has until to-day delved in these vast fields of Lincolniana
+until he has brought together the most precious of the golden words
+written of and by the Man of the People. Howe has collected a few of
+the best poems on Lincoln; Rice, Oldroyd and others, the elder prose
+tributes and reminiscences. McClure has edited Lincoln's yarns and
+stories; Nicolay and Hay, his speeches and writings. But each
+successive twelfth of February has emphasized the growing need for a
+unification of this scattered material.</p>
+
+<p>The present volume offers, in small compass, the most noteworthy
+essays, orations, fiction and poems on Lincoln, together with some
+fiction, with characteristic anecdotes and "yarns" and his most famous
+speeches and writings. Taken in conjunction with a good biography, it
+presents the first succinct yet comprehensive view of "the first
+American." The Introduction gives some account of the celebration of
+Lincoln's Birthday and of his principal biographers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="NOTE" id="NOTE"></a>NOTE</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Editor and Publishers wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to
+Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company; the McClure Company, R. S. Peale and J.
+A. Hill Co.; Charles Scribner's Sons; Dana Estes Company; Mr. David
+McKay, Mr. Joel Benton, Mr. C. P. Farrell and others who have very
+kindly granted permission to reprint selections from works bearing
+their copyright.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, was born at
+Nolin Creek, Kentucky, on Feb. 12, 1809. As the following pages
+contain more than one biographical sketch it is not necessary here to
+touch on the story of his life. Lincoln's Birthday is now a legal
+holiday in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New
+York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Washington (state) and Wyoming, and
+is generally observed in the other Northern States.</p>
+
+<p>In its inspirational value to youth Lincoln's Birthday stands among
+the most important of our American holidays. Its celebration in school
+and home can not be made too impressive. "Rising as Lincoln did,"
+writes Edward Deems, "from social obscurity through a youth of manual
+toil and poverty, steadily upward to the highest level of honor in the
+world, and all this as the fruit of earnest purpose, hard work, humane
+feeling and integrity of character, he is an example and an
+inspiration to youth unparalleled in history. At the same time he is
+the best specimen of the possibilities attainable by genius in our
+land and under our free institutions."</p>
+
+<p>In arranging exercises for Lincoln's Birthday the teacher and parent
+should try not so much to teach the bare facts of his career as to
+give the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> children a sense of Lincoln's actual personality through his
+own yarns and speeches and such accounts as are given here by Herndon,
+Bancroft, Mabie, Tarbell, Phillips Brooks and others. He should show
+them Lincoln's greatest single act&mdash;Emancipation&mdash;through the eyes of
+Garfield and Whittier. He should try to reach the children with the
+thrill of an adoring sorrow-maddened country at the bier of its great
+preserver; with such a passion of love and patriotism as vibrates in
+the lines of Whitman, Brownell and Bryant, of Stoddard, Procter, Howe,
+Holmes, Lowell, and in the throbbing periods of Henry Ward Beecher.
+His main object should be to make his pupils love Lincoln. He should
+appeal to their national pride with the foreign tributes to Lincoln's
+greatness; make them feel how his memory still works through the years
+upon such contemporary poets as Gilder, Thompson, Markham, Cheney and
+Dunbar; and finally through the eyes of Harrison, Whitman, Ingersoll,
+Newman and others, show them our hero set in his proud, rightful place
+in the long vista of the ages.</p>
+
+<p>In order to use the present volume with the best results it is
+advisable for teacher and parent to gain a more consecutive view of
+Lincoln's life than is offered here.</p>
+
+<p>The standard biography of Lincoln is the monumental one in ten large
+volumes by Nicolay and Hay, the President's private secretaries. This
+contains considerable material not found elsewhere, but since its
+publication in 1890 much new matter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> has been unearthed, especially by
+the enterprise of Miss Ida Tarbell, whose "Life" in two volumes
+contains the essentials of the larger official work, is well balanced,
+and written in a simple, vigorous style perfectly adapted to the
+subject. If only one biography of Lincoln is to be read, Miss
+Tarbell's will, on the whole, be found most satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>The older Lives, written by Lincoln's friends and associates, such as
+Lamon and Herndon, make up in vividness and the intimate personal
+touch what they necessarily lack in perspective. Arnold's Life deals
+chiefly with the executive and legislative history of Lincoln's
+administration. The Life by the novelist J. G. Holland deals popularly
+with his hero's personality. The memoirs by Barrett, Abbott, Howells,
+Bartlett, Hanaford and Power were written in the main for political
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Among the later works there stand out Morse's scholarly and serious
+account (in the American Statesmen series) of Lincoln's public policy;
+the vivid portrayal of Lincoln's adroitness as a politician by Col.
+McClure in Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times; Whitney's Life on the
+Circuit with Lincoln, with its fund of entertaining anecdotes; Abraham
+Lincoln, an Essay by Carl Schurz; James Morgan's "short and simple
+annals" of Abraham Lincoln The Boy and the Man; Frederick Trevor
+Hill's brilliant account of Lincoln the Lawyer, the result of much
+recent research; the study of his personal magnetism in Alonzo
+Rothschild's Lincoln, Master of Men; and The True Abraham Lincoln by
+Curtis&mdash;a collec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>tion of sketches portraying Lincoln's character from
+several interesting points of view. Abraham Lincoln The Man of the
+People by Norman Hapgood is one of most recent and least conventional
+accounts. It is short, vigorous, vivid, and intensely American.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many popular Lives for young people are: Abraham Lincoln,
+the Pioneer Boy, by W. M. Thayer; Abraham Lincoln, The Backwoods Boy,
+by Horatio Alger, Jr.; Abraham Lincoln, by Charles Carleton Coffin;
+The True Story of Abraham Lincoln The American, by E. S. Brooks; The
+Boy Lincoln, by W. O. Stoddard; and&mdash;most important of all&mdash;Nicolay's
+Boy's Life of Abraham Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>
+R. H. S.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I<br />
+A BIRDSEYE VIEW OF LINCOLN</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="birdseye_1" id="birdseye_1"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY</h3>
+
+<p>The following autobiography was written by Mr. Lincoln's own hand at
+the request of J. W. Fell of Springfield, Ill., December 20, 1859.
+In the note which accompanied it the writer says: "Herewith is a
+little sketch, as you requested. There is not much of it, for the
+reason, I suppose, that there is not much of me."</p>
+
+<p>"I was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Ky. My parents were both
+born in Virginia, of undistinguished families&mdash;second families,
+perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a
+family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams Co., and
+others in Mason Co., Ill. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln,
+emigrated from Rockingham Co., Va., to Kentucky, about 1781 or 1782,
+where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians, not in battle,
+but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His
+ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks Co., Pa. An
+effort to identify them with the New England family of the same name
+ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of <ins class="corr" title="Original was Christain">Christian</ins> names in
+both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and
+the like.</p>
+
+<p>"My father, at the death of his father, was but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> six years of age, and
+grew up literally without any education. He removed from Kentucky to
+what is now Spencer Co., Ind., in my eighth year. We reached our new
+home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild
+region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods.
+There I grew up. There were some schools, so-called, but no
+qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond 'readin', writin',
+and cipherin', to the rule of three. If a straggler, supposed to
+understand Latin, happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was
+looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite
+ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age I did not know
+much. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of
+three, but that was all. I have not been to school since. The little
+advance I now have upon this store of education I have picked up from
+time to time under the pressure of necessity.</p>
+
+<p>"I was raised to farm work, at which I continued till I was
+twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois, and passed the first
+year in Macon County. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in
+Sangamon, now Menard County, where I remained a year as a sort of
+clerk in a store. Then came the Black Hawk War, and I was elected a
+captain of volunteers&mdash;a success which gave me more pleasure than any
+I have had since. I went into the campaign, was elected, ran for the
+Legislature the same year (1832), and was beaten&mdash;the only time I have
+ever been beaten by the people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> The next and three succeeding
+biennial elections I was elected to the Legislature. I was not a
+candidate afterward. During the legislative period I had studied law,
+and removed to Springfield to practice it. In 1846 I was elected to
+the Lower House of Congress. Was not a candidate for re-election. From
+1849 to 1854, both inclusive, practiced law more assiduously than ever
+before. Always a Whig in politics, and generally on the Whig electoral
+ticket, making active canvasses. I was losing interest in politics
+when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused me again. What I
+have done since then is pretty well known.</p>
+
+<p>"If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be
+said I am in height six feet four inches, nearly; lean in flesh,
+weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark
+complexion, with coarse black hair and gray eyes&mdash;no other marks or
+brands recollected.</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">
+"Yours very truly,<br />
+<span class="smcap">A. Lincoln</span>."<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="birdseye_2" id="birdseye_2"></a>A BRIEF SUMMARY OF LINCOLN'S LIFE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY OSBORN H. OLDROYD</p>
+
+<p class="center">From "Words of Lincoln"</p>
+
+
+<p>The sun which rose on the 12th of February, 1809, lighted up a little
+log cabin on Nolin Creek, Hardin Co., Ky., in which Abraham Lincoln
+was that day ushered into the world. Although born under the humblest
+and most unpromising circumstances, he was of honest parentage. In
+this backwoods hut, surrounded by virgin forests, Abraham's first four
+years were spent. His parents then moved to a point about six miles
+from Hodgensville, where he lived until he was seven years of age,
+when the family again moved, this time to Spencer Co., Ind.</p>
+
+<p>The father first visited the new settlement alone, taking with him his
+carpenter tools, a few farming implements, and ten barrels of whisky
+(the latter being the payment received for his little farm) on a
+flatboat down Salt Creek to the Ohio River. Crossing the river, he
+left his cargo in care of a friend, and then returned for his family.
+Packing the bedding and cooking utensils on two horses, the family of
+four started for their new home. They wended their way through the
+Kentucky forests to those of Indiana, the mother and daughter (Sarah)
+taking their turn in riding.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Fourteen years were spent in the Indiana home. It was from this place
+that Abraham, in company with young Gentry, made a trip to New Orleans
+on a flatboat loaded with country produce. During these years Abraham
+had less than twelve months of schooling, but acquired a large
+experience in the rough work of pioneer life. In the autumn of 1818
+the mother died, and Abraham experienced the first great sorrow of his
+life. Mrs. Lincoln had possessed a very limited education, but was
+noted for intellectual force of character.</p>
+
+<p>The year following the death of Abraham's mother his father returned
+to Kentucky, and brought a new guardian to the two motherless
+children. Mrs. Sally Johnson, as Mrs. Lincoln, brought into the family
+three children of her own, a goodly amount of household furniture,
+and, what proved a blessing above all others, a kind heart. It was not
+intended that this should be a permanent home; accordingly, in March,
+1830, they packed their effects in wagons, drawn by oxen, bade adieu
+to their old home, and took up a two weeks' march over untraveled
+roads, across mountains, swamps, and through dense forests, until they
+reached a spot on the Sangamon River, ten miles from Decatur, Ill.,
+where they built another primitive home. Abraham had now arrived at
+manhood, and felt at liberty to go out into the world and battle for
+himself. He did not leave, however, until he saw his parents
+comfortably fixed in their new home, which he helped build; he also
+split enough rails to surround the house and ten acres of ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the fall and winter of 1830, memorable to the early settlers of
+Illinois as the year of the deep snow, Abraham worked for the farmers
+who lived in the neighborhood. He made the acquaintance of a man of
+the name of Offutt, who hired him, together with his stepbrother, John
+D. Johnson, and his uncle, John Hanks, to take a flatboat loaded with
+country produce down the Sangamon River to Beardstown, thence down the
+Illinois and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. Abraham and his
+companions assisted in building the boat, which was finally launched
+and loaded in the spring of 1831, and their trip successfully made. In
+going over the dam at Rutledge Mill, New Salem, Ill., the boat struck
+and remained stationary, and a day passed before it was again started
+on its voyage. During this delay Lincoln made the acquaintance of New
+Salem and its people.</p>
+
+<p>On his return from New Orleans, after visiting his parents,&mdash;who had
+made another move, to Goose-Nest Prairie, Ill.,&mdash;he settled in the
+little village of New Salem, then in Sangamon, now Menard County.
+While living in this place, Mr. Lincoln served in the Black Hawk War,
+in 1832, as captain and private. His employment in the village was
+varied; he was at times a clerk, county surveyor, postmaster, and
+partner in the grocery business under the firm name of Lincoln &amp;
+Berry. He was defeated for the Illinois Legislature in 1832 by Peter
+Cartwright, the Methodist pioneer preacher. He was elected to the
+Legislature in 1834, and for three successive terms thereafter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln wielded a great influence among the people of New Salem.
+They respected him for his uprightness and admired him for his genial
+and social qualities. He had an earnest sympathy for the unfortunate
+and those in sorrow. All confided in him, honored and loved him. He
+had an unfailing fund of anecdote, was a sharp, witty talker, and
+possessed an accommodating spirit, which led him to exert himself for
+the entertainment of his friends. During the political canvass of
+1834, Mr. Lincoln made the acquaintance of Mr. John T. Stuart of
+Springfield, Ill. Mr. Stuart saw in the young man that which, if
+properly developed, could not fail to confer distinction on him. He
+therefore loaned Lincoln such law books as he needed, the latter often
+walking from New Salem to Springfield, a distance of twenty miles, to
+obtain them. It was very fortunate for Mr. Lincoln that he finally
+became associated with Mr. Stuart in the practice of law. He moved
+from New Salem to Springfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1837.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of November, 1842, Mr. Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd of
+Lexington, Ky., at the residence of Ninian W. Edwards of Springfield,
+Ill. The fruits of this marriage were four sons; Robert T., born
+August 1, 1843; Edward Baker, March 10, 1846, died February 1, 1850;
+William Wallace, December 21, 1850, died at the White House,
+Washington, February 20, 1862; Thomas ("Tad"), April 4, 1853, died at
+the Clifton House, Chicago, Ill., July 15, 1871. Mrs. Lincoln died at
+the house of her sister, Springfield, July 16, 1882.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1846 Mr. Lincoln was elected to Congress, as a Whig, his opponent
+being Peter Cartwright, who had defeated Mr. Lincoln for the
+Legislature in 1832.</p>
+
+<p>The most remarkable political canvass witnessed in the country took
+place between Mr. Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in 1858. They were
+candidates of their respective parties for the United States Senate.
+Seven joint debates took place in different parts of the State. The
+Legislature being of Mr. Douglas' political faith, he was elected.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860 Mr. Lincoln came before the country as the chosen candidate of
+the Republican party for the Presidency. The campaign was a memorable
+one, characterized by a novel organization called "Wide Awakes," which
+had its origin in Hartford, Conn. There were rail fence songs,
+rail-splitting on wagons in processions, and the building of fences by
+the torch-light marching clubs.</p>
+
+<p>The triumphant election of Mr. Lincoln took place in November, 1860.
+On the 11th of February, 1861, he bade farewell to his neighbors, and
+as the train slowly left the depot his sad face was forever lost to
+the friends who gathered that morning to bid him God speed. The people
+along the route flocked at the stations to see him and hear his words.
+At all points he was greeted as the President of the people, and such
+he proved to be. Mr. Lincoln reached Washington on the morning of the
+23rd of February, and on the 4th of March was inaugurated President.
+Through four years of terrible war his guiding star was justice and
+mercy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> He was sometimes censured by officers of the army for granting
+pardons to deserters and others, but he could not resist an appeal for
+the life of a soldier. He was the friend of the soldiers, and felt and
+acted toward them like a father. Even workingmen could write him
+letters of encouragement and receive appreciative words in reply.</p>
+
+<p>When the immortal Proclamation of Emancipation was issued, the whole
+world applauded, and slavery received its deathblow. The terrible
+strain of anxiety and responsibility borne by Mr. Lincoln during the
+war had worn him away to a marked degree, but that God who was with
+him throughout the struggle permitted him to live, and by his masterly
+efforts and unceasing vigilance pilot the ship of state back into the
+haven of peace.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th of April, 1865, after a day of unusual cheerfulness in
+those troublous times, and seeking relaxation from his cares, the
+President, accompanied by his wife and a few intimate friends, went to
+Ford's Theater, on Tenth Street, N. W. There the foul assassin, J.
+Wilkes Booth, awaited his coming and at twenty minutes past ten
+o'clock, just as the third act of "Our American Cousin" was about to
+commence, fired the shot that took the life of Abraham Lincoln. The
+bleeding President was carried to a house across the street, No. 516,
+where he died at twenty-two minutes past seven the next morning. The
+body was taken to the White House and, after lying in state in the
+East Room and at the Capitol, left Washington on the 21st of April,
+stopping at various places en route, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> finally arriving at
+Springfield on the 3rd of May. On the following day the funeral
+ceremonies took place at Oak Ridge Cemetery, and there the remains of
+the martyr were laid at rest.</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln needs no marble shaft to perpetuate his name; his
+<i>words</i> are the most enduring monument, and will forever live in the
+hearts of the people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II<br />
+EARLY LIFE</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="life_1" id="life_1"></a>LINCOLN'S EDUCATION<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY HORACE GREELEY</p>
+
+<p>Let me pause here to consider the surprise often expressed when a
+citizen of limited schooling is chosen to fill, or is presented for
+one of the highest civil trusts. Has that argument any foundation in
+reason, any justification in history?</p>
+
+<p>Of our country's great men, beginning with Ben Franklin, I estimate
+that a majority had little if anything more than a common-school
+education, while many had less. Washington, Jefferson, and Madison had
+rather more; Clay and Jackson somewhat less; Van Buren perhaps a
+little more; Lincoln decidedly less. How great was his consequent
+loss? I raise the question; let others decide it. Having seen much of
+Henry Clay, I confidently assert that not one in ten of those who knew
+him late in life would have suspected, from aught in his conversation
+or bearing, that his education had been inferior to that of the
+college graduates by whom he was surrounded. His knowledge was
+different from theirs; and the same is true of Lincoln's as well. Had
+the latter lived to be seventy years old, I judge that whatever of
+hesitation or rawness was observable in his manner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> would have
+vanished, and he would have met and mingled with educated gentlemen
+and statesmen on the same easy footing of equality with Henry Clay in
+his later prime of life. How far his two flatboat voyages to New
+Orleans are to be classed as educational exercise above or below a
+freshman's year in college, I will not say; doubtless some freshmen
+learn more, others less, than those journeys taught him. Reared under
+the shadow of the primitive woods, which on every side hemmed in the
+petty clearings of the generally poor, and rarely energetic or
+diligent, pioneers of the Southern Indiana wilderness, his first
+introduction to the outside world from the deck of a "broad-horn" must
+have been wonderfully interesting and suggestive. To one whose utmost
+experience of civilization had been a county town, consisting of a
+dozen to twenty houses, mainly log, with a shabby little court-house,
+including jail, and a shabbier, ruder little church, that must have
+been a marvelous spectacle which glowed in his face from the banks of
+the Ohio and the lower Mississippi. Though Cairo was then but a
+desolate swamp, Memphis a wood-landing, and Vicksburg a timbered ridge
+with a few stores at its base, even these were in striking contrast to
+the sombre monotony of the great woods. The rivers were enlivened by
+countless swift-speeding steamboats, dispensing smoke by day and flame
+by night; while New Orleans, though scarcely one fourth the city she
+now is, was the focus of a vast commerce, and of a civilization which
+(for America) might be deemed antique. I doubt not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> that our tall and
+green young backwoodsman needed only a piece of well-tanned sheepskin
+suitably (that is, learnedly) inscribed to have rendered those two
+boat trips memorable as his degrees in capacity to act well his part
+on that stage which has mankind for its audience.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>By permission of Mr. Joel Benton.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="life_2" id="life_2"></a>ABE LINCOLN'S HONESTY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln's Stories."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln could not rest for an instant under the consciousness that he
+had, even unwittingly, defrauded anybody. On one occasion, while
+clerking in Offutt's store, at New Salem, Ill., he sold a woman a
+little bill of goods, amounting in value by the reckoning, to two
+dollars six and a quarter cents. He received the money, and the woman
+went away. On adding the items of the bill again, to make sure of its
+correctness, he found that he had taken six and a quarter cents too
+much. It was night, and, closing and locking the store, he started out
+on foot, a distance of two or three miles, for the house of his
+defrauded customer, and, delivering over to her the sum whose
+possession had so much troubled him, went home satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion, just as he was closing the store for the night, a
+woman entered, and asked for a half pound of tea. The tea was weighed
+out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> and paid for, and the store was left for the night. The next
+morning, Lincoln entered to begin the duties of the day, when he
+discovered a four-ounce weight on the scales. He saw at once that he
+had made a mistake, and, shutting the store, he took a long walk
+before breakfast to deliver the remainder of the tea. These are very
+humble incidents, but they illustrate the man's perfect
+conscientiousness&mdash;his sensitive honesty&mdash;better perhaps than they
+would if they were of greater moment.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="life_3" id="life_3"></a>THE BOY THAT HUNGERED FOR KNOWLEDGE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln's Stories."</p>
+
+<p>In his eagerness to acquire knowledge, young Lincoln had borrowed of
+Mr. Crawford, a neighboring farmer, a copy of Weems' Life of
+Washington&mdash;the only one known to be in existence in that section of
+country. Before he had finished reading the book, it had been left, by
+a not unnatural oversight, in a window. Meantime, a rain storm came
+on, and the book was so thoroughly wet as to make it nearly worthless.
+This mishap caused him much pain; but he went, in all honesty, to Mr.
+Crawford with the ruined book, explained the calamity that had
+happened through his neglect, and offered, not having sufficient
+money, to "work out" the value of the book.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Well, Abe," said Mr. Crawford, after due deliberation, "as it's you,
+I won't be hard on you. Just come over and pull fodder for me for two
+days, and we will call our accounts even."</p>
+
+<p>The offer was readily accepted, and the engagement literally
+fulfilled. As a boy, no less than since, Abraham Lincoln had an
+honorable conscientiousness, integrity, industry, and an ardent love
+of knowledge.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="life_4" id="life_4"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY FLORENCE EVELYN PRATT</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lincoln, the woodsman, in the clearing stood,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hemmed by the solemn forest stretching round;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stalwart, ungainly, honest-eyed and rude,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The genius of that solitude profound.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He clove the way that future millions trod,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He passed, unmoved by worldly fear or pelf;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In all his lusty toil he found not God,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Though in the wilderness he found himself.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lincoln, the President, in bitter strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Best-loved, worst-hated of all living men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oft single-handed, for the nation's life<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fought on, nor rested ere he fought again.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With one unerring purpose armed, he clove<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Through selfish sin; then overwhelmed with care,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His great heart sank beneath its load of love;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Crushed to his knees, he found his God in prayer.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>From The Youth's Companion.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="life_5" id="life_5"></a>YOUNG LINCOLN'S KINDNESS OF HEART</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+<p>An instance of young Lincoln's practical humanity at an early period
+of his life is recorded, as follows: One evening, while returning from
+a "raising" in his wide neighborhood, with a number of companions, he
+discovered a straying horse, with saddle and bridle upon him. The
+horse was recognized as belonging to a man who was accustomed to
+excess in drink, and it was suspected at once that the owner was not
+far off. A short search only was necessary to confirm the suspicions
+of the young men.</p>
+
+<p>The poor drunkard was found in a perfectly helpless condition, upon
+the chilly ground. Abraham's companions urged the cowardly policy of
+leaving him to his fate, but young Lincoln would not hear to the
+proposition. At his request, the miserable sot was lifted to his
+shoulders, and he actually carried him eighty rods to the nearest
+house. Sending word to his father that he should not be back that
+night, with the reason for his absence, he attended and nursed the man
+until the morning, and had the pleasure of believing that he had saved
+his life.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="life_6" id="life_6"></a>A VOICE FROM THE WILDERNESS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY CHARLES SUMNER</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln was born, and, until he became President, always lived
+in a part of the country which, at the period of the Declaration of
+Independence, was a savage wilderness. Strange but happy Providence,
+that a voice from that savage wilderness, now fertile in men, was
+inspired to uphold the pledges and promises of the Declaration! The
+unity of the republic on the indestructible foundation of liberty and
+equality was vindicated by the citizen of a community which had no
+existence when the republic was formed.</p>
+
+<p>A cabin was built in primitive rudeness, and the future President
+split the rails for the fence to inclose the lot. These rails have
+become classical in our history, and the name of rail-splitter has
+been more than the degree of a college. Not that the splitter of rails
+is especially meritorious, but because the people are proud to trace
+aspiring talent to humble beginnings, and because they found in this
+tribute a new opportunity of vindicating the dignity of free labor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="life_7" id="life_7"></a>CHOOSING "ABE" LINCOLN CAPTAIN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Choosing 'Abe' Lincoln Captain, and Other Stories"</p>
+
+<p>When the Black Hawk war broke out in Illinois about 1832, young
+Abraham Lincoln was living at New Salem, a little village of the class
+familiarly known out west as "one-horse towns," and located near the
+capital city of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>He had just closed his clerkship of a year in a feeble grocery, and
+was the first to enlist under the call of Governor Reynolds for
+volunteer forces to go against the Sacs and Foxes, of whom Black Hawk
+was chief.</p>
+
+<p>By treaty these Indians had been removed west of the Mississippi into
+Iowa; but, thinking their old hunting-grounds the better, they had
+recrossed the river with their war paint on, causing some trouble, and
+a great deal of alarm among the settlers. Such was the origin of the
+war; and the handful of government troops stationed at Rock Island
+wanted help. Hence the State call.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln was twenty-three years old at that time, nine years older
+than his adopted State. The country was thinly settled, and a company
+of ninety men who could be spared from home for military service had
+to be gathered from a wide district. When full, the company met at the
+neighboring village of Richland to choose its officers. In those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> days
+the militia men were allowed to select their leaders in their own way;
+and they had a very peculiar mode of expressing their preference for
+captains. For then, as now, there were almost always two candidates
+for one office.</p>
+
+<p>They would meet on the green somewhere, and at the appointed hour, the
+competitors would step out from the crowds on the opposite sides of
+the ground, and each would call on all the "boys" who wanted him for
+captain to fall in behind him. As the line formed, the man next the
+candidate would put his hands on the candidate's shoulder; the third
+man also in the same manner to the second man; and so on to the end.
+And then they would march and cheer for their leader like so many wild
+men, in order to win over the fellows who didn't seem to have a
+choice, or whose minds were sure to run after the greater noise. When
+all had taken sides, the man who led the longer line, would be
+declared captain.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln never outgrew the familiar nickname, "Abe," but at that
+time he could hardly be said to have any other name than "Abe"; in
+fact he had emerged from clerking in that little corner grocery as
+"Honest Abe." He was not only liked, but loved, in the rough fashion
+of the frontier by all who knew him. He was a good hand at gunning,
+fishing, racing, wrestling and other games; he had a tall and strong
+figure; and he seemed to have been as often "reminded of a little
+story" in '32 as in '62. And the few men not won by these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> qualities,
+were won and held by his great common sense, which restrained him from
+excesses even in sports, and made him a safe friend.</p>
+
+<p>It is not singular therefore that though a stranger to many of the
+enlisted men, he should have had his warm friends who at once
+determined to make him captain.</p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Lincoln hung back with the feeling, he said, that if there was
+any older and better established citizen whom the "boys" had
+confidence in, it would be better to make such a one captain. His
+poverty was even more marked than his modesty; and for his stock of
+education about that time, he wrote in a letter to a friend
+twenty-seven years later:</p>
+
+<p>"I did not know much; still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher
+to the rule of three, but that was all."</p>
+
+<p>That, however, was up to the average education of the community; and
+having been clerk in a country grocery he was considered an educated
+man.</p>
+
+<p>In the company Mr. Lincoln had joined, there was a dapper little chap
+for whom Mr. Lincoln had labored as a farm hand a year before, and
+whom he had left on account of ill treatment from him. This man was
+eager for the captaincy. He put in his days and nights "log-rolling"
+among his fellow volunteers; said he had already smelt gun-powder in a
+brush with Indians, thus urging the value of experience; even thought
+he had a "martial bearing"; and he was very industrious in get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>ting
+those men to join the company who would probably vote for him to be
+captain.</p>
+
+<p>Muster-day came, and the recruits met to organize. About them stood
+several hundred relatives and other friends.</p>
+
+<p>The little candidate was early on hand and busily bidding for votes.
+He had felt so confident of the office in advance of muster-day, that
+he had rummaged through several country tailor-shops and got a new
+suit of the nearest approach to a captain's uniform that their scant
+stock could furnish. So there he was, arrayed in jaunty cap, and a
+swallow-tailed coat with brass buttons. He even wore fine boots, and
+moreover had them blacked&mdash;which was almost a crime among a country
+crowd of that day.</p>
+
+<p>Young Lincoln took not one step to make himself captain; and not one
+to prevent it. He simply put himself "in the hands of his friends," as
+the politicians say. He stood and quietly watched the trouble others
+were borrowing over the matter as if it were an election of officers
+they had enlisted for, rather than for fighting Indians. But after
+all, a good deal depends in war, on getting good officers.</p>
+
+<p>As two o'clock drew near, the hour set for making captain, four or
+five of young Lincoln's most zealous friends with a big stalwart
+fellow at the head edged along pretty close to him, yet not in a way
+to excite suspicion of a "conspiracy." Just a little bit before two,
+without even letting "Abe" himself know exactly "what was up," the big
+fel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>low stepped directly behind him, clapped his hands on the
+shoulders before him, and shouted as only prairie giants can, "Hurrah
+for Captain Abe Lincoln!" and plunged his really astonished candidate
+forward into a march.</p>
+
+<p>At the same instant, those in league with him also put hands to the
+shoulders before them, pushed, and took up the cheer, "Hurrah for
+Captain Abe Lincoln!" so loudly that there seemed to be several
+hundred already on their side; and so there were, for the outside
+crowd was also already cheering for "Abe."</p>
+
+<p>This little "ruse" of the Lincoln "boys" proved a complete success.
+"Abe" had to march, whether or no, to the music of their cheers; he
+was truly "in the hands of his friends" then, and couldn't get away;
+and it must be said he didn't seem to feel very bad over the
+situation. The storm of cheers and the sight of tall Abraham (six feet
+and four inches) at the head of the marching column, before the fussy
+little chap in brass buttons who was quite ready, caused a quick
+stampede even among the boys who intended to vote for the little
+fellow. One after another they rushed for a place in "Captain Abe's"
+line as though to be first to fall in was to win a prize.</p>
+
+<p>A few rods away stood that suit of captain's clothes alone, looking
+smaller than ever, "the starch all taken out of 'em," their occupant
+confounded, and themselves for sale. "Abe's" old "boss" said he was
+"astonished," and so he had good reason to be, but everybody could see
+it with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>out his saying so. His "style" couldn't win among the true and
+shrewd, though unpolished "boys" in coarse garments. They saw right
+through him.</p>
+
+<p>"Buttons," as he became known from that day, was the last man to fall
+into "Abe's" line; he said he'd make it unanimous.</p>
+
+<p>But his experience in making "Abe" Captain made himself so sick that
+he wasn't "able" to move when the company left for the "front," though
+he soon grew able to move out of the procession.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was "Father Abraham," so young as twenty-three, chosen captain of
+a militia company over him whose abused, hired-hand he had been. It is
+little wonder that in '59 after three elections to the State
+Legislature and one to Congress, Mr. Lincoln should write of his early
+event as "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had
+since." The war was soon over with but little field work for the
+volunteers; but no private was known to complain that "Abe" was not a
+good captain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III<br />
+
+MATURITY</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_1" id="maturity_1"></a>LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE&mdash;A PEEP INTO LINCOLN'S SOCIAL LIFE</h3>
+
+<p>In 1842, in his thirty-third year, Mr. Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd,
+a daughter of Hon. Robert S. Todd, of Lexington, Kentucky. The
+marriage took place in Springfield, where the lady had for several
+years resided, on the fourth of November of the year mentioned. It is
+probable that he married as early as the circumstances of his life
+permitted, for he had always loved the society of women, and possessed
+a nature that took profound delight in intimate female companionship.
+A letter written on the eighteenth of May following his marriage, to
+J. F. Speed, Esq., of Louisville, Kentucky, an early and a life-long
+personal friend, gives a pleasant glimpse of his domestic arrangements
+at this time. "We are not keeping house," Mr. Lincoln says in his
+letter, "but boarding at the Globe Tavern, which is very well kept now
+by a widow lady of the name of Beck. Our rooms are the same Dr.
+Wallace occupied there, and boarding only costs four dollars a
+week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny would not fail to
+come. Just let us know the time, a week in advance, and we will have a
+room prepared for you, and we'll all be merry together for awhile." He
+seems to have been in excellent spirits, and to have been very hearty
+in the enjoyment of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> his new relation. The private letters of Mr.
+Lincoln were charmingly natural and sincere. His personal friendships
+were the sweetest sources of his happiness.</p>
+
+<p>To a particular friend, he wrote February 25, 1842: "Yours of the
+sixteenth, announcing that Miss &mdash;&mdash; and you 'are no longer twain, but
+one flesh,' reached me this morning. I have no way of telling you how
+much happiness I wish you both, though I believe you both can conceive
+it. I feel somewhat jealous of both of you now, for you will be so
+exclusively concerned for one another that I shall be forgotten
+entirely. My acquaintance with Miss &mdash;&mdash; (I call her thus lest you
+should think I am speaking of your mother), was too short for me to
+reasonably hope to be long remembered by her; and still I am sure I
+shall not forget her soon. Try if you can not remind her of that debt
+she owes me, and be sure you do not interfere to prevent her paying
+it.</p>
+
+<p>"I regret to learn that you have resolved not to return to Illinois. I
+shall be very lonesome without you. How miserably things seem to be
+arranged in this world! If we have no friends we have no pleasure; and
+if we have them, we are sure to lose them, and be doubly pained by the
+loss. I did hope she and you would make your home here, yet I own I
+have no right to insist. You owe obligations to her ten thousand times
+more sacred than any you can owe to others, and in that light let them
+be respected and observed. It is natural that she should desire to
+remain with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> her relations and friends. As to friends, she could not
+need them anywhere&mdash;she would have them in abundance here. Give my
+kind regards to Mr. &mdash;&mdash; and his family, particularly to Miss E. Also
+to your mother, brothers and sisters. Ask little E. D. &mdash;&mdash; if she
+will ride to town with me if I come there again. And, finally, give
+&mdash;&mdash; a double reciprocation of all the love she sent me. Write me
+often, and believe me, yours forever,</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">
+Lincoln."<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_2" id="maturity_2"></a>HOW LINCOLN AND JUDGE B&mdash;&mdash; SWAPPED HORSES</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+<p>When Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer in Illinois, he and a certain Judge
+once got to bantering one another about trading horses; and it was
+agreed that the next morning at 9 o'clock they should make a trade,
+the horses to be unseen up to that hour, and no backing out, under a
+forfeiture of $25.</p>
+
+<p>At the hour appointed the Judge came up, leading the sorriest-looking
+specimen of a horse ever seen in those parts. In a few minutes Mr.
+Lincoln was seen approaching with a wooden saw-horse upon his
+shoulders. Great were the shouts and the laughter of the crowd, and
+both were greatly increased when Mr. Lincoln, on surveying the Judge's
+animal, set down his saw-horse, and exclaimed: "Well, Judge, this is
+the first time I ever got the worst of it in a horse trade."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_3" id="maturity_3"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS A MAN OF LETTERS<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE</p>
+
+<p class="center">From "Warner's Library of the World's Best Literature."</p>
+
+<p>Born in 1809 and dying in 1865, Mr. Lincoln was the contemporary of
+every distinguished man of letters in America to the close of the war;
+but from none of them does he appear to have received literary impulse
+or guidance. He might have read, if circumstances had been favorable,
+a large part of the work of Irving, Bryant, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson,
+Lowell, Whittier, Holmes, Longfellow, and Thoreau, as it came from the
+press; but he was entirely unfamiliar with it apparently until late in
+his career and it is doubtful if even at that period he knew it well
+or cared greatly for it. He was singularly isolated by circumstances
+and by temperament from those influences which usually determine,
+within certain limits, the quality and character of a man's style.</p>
+
+<p>And Mr. Lincoln had a style,&mdash;a distinctive, individual,
+characteristic form of expression. In his own way he gained an insight
+into the structure of English, and a freedom and skill in the
+selection and combination of words, which not only made him the most
+convincing speaker of his time, but which have secured for his
+speeches a permanent place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> in literature. One of those speeches is
+already known wherever the English language is spoken; it is a classic
+by virtue not only of its unique condensation of the sentiment of a
+tremendous struggle into the narrow compass of a few brief paragraphs,
+but by virtue of that instinctive felicity of style which gives to the
+largest thought the beauty of perfect simplicity. The two Inaugural
+Addresses are touched by the same deep feeling, the same large vision,
+the same clear, expressive and persuasive eloquence; and these
+qualities are found in a great number of speeches, from Mr. Lincoln's
+first appearance in public life. In his earliest expressions of his
+political views there is less range; but there is the structural
+order, clearness, sense of proportion, ease, and simplicity which give
+classic quality to the later utterances. Few speeches have so little
+of what is commonly regarded as oratorial quality; few have approached
+so constantly the standards and character of literature. While a group
+of men of gift and opportunity in the East were giving American
+literature its earliest direction, and putting the stamp of a high
+idealism on its thought and a rare refinement of spirit on its form,
+this lonely, untrained man on the old frontier was slowly working his
+way through the hardest and rudest conditions to perhaps the foremost
+place in American history, and forming at the same time a style of
+singular and persuasive charm.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no possible excellence without adequate education;
+no possible mastery of any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> art without thorough training. Mr. Lincoln
+has sometimes been called an accident, and his literary gift an
+unaccountable play of nature; but few men have ever more definitely
+and persistently worked out what was in them by clear intelligence
+than Mr. Lincoln, and no speaker or writer of our time has, according
+to his opportunities, trained himself more thoroughly in the use of
+English prose. Of educational opportunity in the scholastic sense, the
+future orator had only the slightest. He went to school "by littles,"
+and these "littles" put together aggregated less than a year; but he
+discerned very early the practical uses of knowledge, and set himself
+to acquire it. This pursuit soon became a passion, and this deep and
+irresistible yearning did more for him perhaps than richer
+opportunities would have done. It made him a constant student, and it
+taught him the value of fragments of time. "He was always at the head
+of his class," writes one of his schoolmates, "and passed us rapidly
+in his studies. He lost no time at home, and when he was not at work
+was at his books. He kept up his studies on Sunday, and carried his
+books with him to work, so that he might read when he rested from
+labor." "I induced my husband to permit Abe to read and study at home
+as well as at school," writes his stepmother. "At first he was not
+easily reconciled to it, but finally he too seemed willing to
+encourage him to a certain extent. Abe was a dutiful son to me always,
+and we took particular care when he was reading not to disturb
+him,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>&mdash;would let him read on and on until he quit of his own accord."</p>
+
+<p>The books within his reach were few, but they were among the best.
+First and foremost was that collection of literature in prose and
+verse, the Bible: a library of sixty-six volumes, presenting nearly
+every literary form, and translated at the fortunate moment when the
+English language had received the recent impress of its greatest
+masters of the speech of the imagination. This literature Mr. Lincoln
+knew intimately, familiarly, fruitfully; as Shakespeare knew it in an
+earlier version, and as Tennyson knew it and was deeply influenced by
+it in the form in which it entered into and trained Lincoln's
+imagination. Then there was that wise and very human text-book of the
+knowledge of character and life, "&AElig;sop's Fables"; that masterpiece of
+clear presentation, "Robinson Crusoe"; and that classic of pure
+English, "The Pilgrim's Progress." These four books&mdash;in the hands of a
+meditative boy, who read until the last ember went out on the hearth,
+began again when the earliest light reached his bed in the loft of the
+log cabin, who perched himself on a stump, book in hand, at the end of
+every furrow in the plowing season&mdash;contained the elements of a
+movable university.</p>
+
+<p>To these must be added many volumes borrowed from more fortunate
+neighbors; for he had "read through every book he had heard of in that
+country, for a circuit of fifty miles." A history of the United States
+and a copy of Weems's "Life of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Washington" laid the foundations of
+his political education. That he read with his imagination as well as
+with his eyes is clear from certain words spoken in the Senate Chamber
+at Trenton in 1861. "May I be pardoned," said Mr. Lincoln, "if on this
+occasion I mention that way back in my childhood, the earliest days of
+my being able to read, I got hold of a small book, such a one as few
+of the members have ever seen,&mdash;Weems's 'Life of Washington.' I
+remember all the accounts there given of the battle-fields and
+struggles for the liberties of the country; and none fixed themselves
+upon my imagination so deeply as the struggle here at Trenton, New
+Jersey. The crossing of the river, the contest with the Hessians, the
+great hardships endured at that time,&mdash;all fixed themselves on my
+memory more than any single Revolutionary event; and you all know, for
+you have all been boys, how those early impressions last longer than
+any others."</p>
+
+<p>"When Abe and I returned to the house from work," writes John Hanks,
+"he would go to the cupboard, snatch a piece of corn bread, sit down,
+take a book, cock his legs up as high as his head, and read. We
+grubbed, plowed, weeded, and worked together barefooted in the field.
+Whenever Abe had a chance in the field while at work, or at the house,
+he would stop and read." And this habit was kept up until Mr. Lincoln
+had found both his life work and his individual expression. Later he
+devoured Shakespeare and Burns; and the poetry of these masters of the
+dramatic and lyric form, sprung like himself from the common soil,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+and like him self-trained and directed, furnished a kind of running
+accompaniment to his work and his play. What he read he not only held
+tenaciously, but took into his imagination and incorporated into
+himself. His familiar talk was enriched with frequent and striking
+illustrations from the Bible and "&AElig;sop's Fables."</p>
+
+<p>This passion for knowledge and for companionship with the great
+writers would have gone for nothing, so far as the boy's training in
+expression was concerned, if he had contented himself with
+acquisition; but he turned everything to account. He was as eager for
+expression as for the material of expression; more eager to write and
+to talk than to read. Bits of paper, stray sheets, even boards served
+his purpose. He was continually transcribing with his own hand
+thoughts or phrases which had impressed him. Everything within reach
+bore evidence of his passion for reading, and for writing as well. The
+flat sides of logs, the surface of the broad wooden shovel, everything
+in his vicinity which could receive a legible mark, was covered with
+his figures and letters. He was studying expression quite as
+intelligently as he was searching for thought. Years afterwards, when
+asked how he had attained such extraordinary clearness of style, he
+recalled his early habit of retaining in his memory words or phrases
+overheard in ordinary conversation or met in books and newspapers,
+until night, meditating on them until he got at their meaning, and
+then translating them into his own simpler speech. This habit, kept up
+for years, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> the best possible training for the writing of such
+English as one finds in the Bible and in "The Pilgrim's Progress." His
+self-education in the art of expression soon bore fruit in a local
+reputation both as a talker and a writer. His facility in rhyme and
+essay-writing was not only greatly admired by his fellows, but
+awakened great astonishment, because these arts were not taught in the
+neighboring schools.</p>
+
+<p>In speech too he was already disclosing that command of the primary
+and universal elements of interest in human intercourse which was to
+make him, later, one of the most entertaining men of his time. His
+power of analyzing a subject so as to be able to present it to others
+with complete clearness was already disclosing itself. No matter how
+complex a question might be, he did not rest until he had reduced it
+to its simplest terms. When he had done this he was not only eager to
+make it clear to others, but to give his presentation freshness,
+variety, attractiveness. He had, in a word, the literary sense. "When
+he appeared in company," writes one of his early companions, "the boys
+would gather and cluster around him to hear him talk. Mr. Lincoln was
+figurative in his speech, talks and conversation. He argued much from
+analogy, and explained things hard for us to understand by stories,
+maxims, tales and figures. He would almost always point his lesson or
+idea by some story that was plain and near to us, that we might
+instantly see the force and bearing of what he said."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In that phrase lies the secret of the closeness of Mr. Lincoln's words
+to his theme and to his listeners,&mdash;one of the qualities of genuine,
+original expression. He fed himself with thought, and he trained
+himself in expression; but his supreme interest was in the men and
+women about him, and later, in the great questions which agitated
+them. He was in his early manhood when society was profoundly moved by
+searching which could neither be silenced nor evaded; and his lot was
+cast in a section where, as a rule, people read little and talked
+much. Public speech was the chief instrumentality of political
+education and the most potent means of persuasion; but behind the
+platform, upon which Mr. Lincoln was to become a commanding figure,
+were countless private debates carried on at street corners, in hotel
+rooms, by the country road, in every place where men met even in the
+most casual way. In these wayside schools Mr. Lincoln practiced the
+art of putting things until he became a past-master in debate, both
+formal and informal.</p>
+
+<p>If all these circumstances, habits and conditions are studied in their
+entirety, it will be seen that Mr. Lincoln's style, so far as its
+formal qualities are concerned, is in no sense accidental or even
+surprising. He was all his early life in the way of doing precisely
+what he did in his later life with a skill which had become instinct.
+He was educated, in a very unusual way, to speak for his time and to
+his time with perfect sincerity and simplicity; to feel the moral
+bearing of the questions which were before the country; to discern the
+principles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> involved; and to so apply the principles to the questions
+as to clarify and illuminate them. There is little difficulty in
+accounting for the lucidity, simplicity, flexibility, and compass of
+Mr. Lincoln's style; it is not until we turn to its temperamental and
+spiritual qualities, to the soul of it, that we find ourselves
+perplexed and baffled.</p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Lincoln's possession of certain rare qualities is in no way
+more surprising than their possession by Shakespeare, Burns, and
+Whitman. We are constantly tempted to look for the sources of a man's
+power in his educational opportunities instead of in his temperament
+and inheritance. The springs of genius are purified and directed in
+their flow by the processes of training, but they are fed from deeper
+sources. The man of obscure ancestry and rude surroundings is often in
+closer touch with nature, and with those universal experiences which
+are the very stuff of literature, than the man who is born on the
+upper reaches of social position and opportunity. Mr. Lincoln's
+ancestry for at least two generations were pioneers and frontiersmen,
+who knew hardship and privation, and were immersed in that great wave
+of energy and life which fertilized and humanized the central West.
+They were in touch with those original experiences out of which the
+higher evolution of civilization slowly rises; they knew the soil and
+the sky at first hand; they wrested a meagre subsistence out of the
+stubborn earth by constant toil; they shared to the full the
+vicissitudes and weariness of humanity at its elemental tasks.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was to this nearness to the heart of a new country, perhaps, that
+Mr. Lincoln owed his intimate knowledge of his people and his deep and
+beautiful sympathy with them. There was nothing sinuous or secondary
+in his processes of thought: they were broad, simple, and homely in
+the old sense of the word. He had rare gifts, but he was rooted deep
+in the soil of the life about him, and so completely in touch with it
+that he divined its secrets and used its speech. This vital sympathy
+gave his nature a beautiful gentleness, and suffused his thought with
+a tenderness born of deep compassion and love. He carried the sorrows
+of his country as truly as he bore its burdens; and when he came to
+speak on the second immortal day at Gettysburg, he condensed into a
+few sentences the innermost meaning of the struggle and the victory in
+the life of the nation. It was this deep heart of pity and love in him
+which carried him far beyond the reaches of statesmanship or oratory,
+and gave his words that finality of expression which marks the noblest
+art.</p>
+
+<p>That there was a deep vein of poetry in Mr. Lincoln's nature is clear
+to one who reads the story of his early life; and this innate
+idealism, set in surroundings so harsh and rude, had something to do
+with his melancholy. The sadness which was mixed with his whole life
+was, however, largely due to his temperament; in which the final
+tragedy seemed always to be predicted. In that temperament too is
+hidden the secret of the rare quality of nature and mind which
+suffused his public<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> speech and turned so much of it into literature.
+There was humor in it, there was deep human sympathy, there was clear
+mastery of words for the use to which he put them; but there was
+something deeper and more pervasive,&mdash;there was the quality of his
+temperament; and temperament is a large part of genius. The inner
+forces of his nature played through his thought; and when great
+occasions touched him to the quick, his whole nature shaped his speech
+and gave it clear intelligence, deep feeling, and that beauty which is
+distilled out of the depths of the sorrows and hopes of the world. He
+was as unlike Burke and Webster, those masters of the eloquence of
+statesmanship, as Burns was unlike Milton and Tennyson. Like Burns, he
+held the key of the life of his people; and through him, as through
+Burns, that life found a voice, vibrating, pathetic, and persuasive.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>By permission of R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill Co.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_4" id="maturity_4"></a>LINCOLN'S PRESENCE OF BODY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Abe Lincoln's Yarns and Stories"</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, Colonel Baker was speaking in a court-house, which
+had been a storehouse, and, on making some remarks that were offensive
+to certain political rowdies in the crowd, they cried: "Take him off
+the stand!" Immediate confusion followed, and there was an attempt to
+carry the demand into execution. Directly over the speaker's head was
+an old skylight, at which it appeared Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Lincoln had been listening
+to the speech. In an instant, Mr. Lincoln's feet came through the
+skylight, followed by his tall and sinewy frame, and he was standing
+by Colonel Baker's side. He raised his hand, and the assembly subsided
+into silence. "Gentlemen," said Mr. Lincoln, "let us not disgrace the
+age and country in which we live. This is a land where freedom of
+speech is guaranteed. Mr. Baker has a right to speak, and ought to be
+permitted to do so. I am here to protect him, and no man shall take
+him from this stand if I can prevent it."</p>
+
+<p>The suddenness of his appearance, his perfect calmness and fairness,
+and the knowledge that he would do what he had promised to do, quieted
+all disturbance, and the speaker concluded his remarks without
+difficulty.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_5" id="maturity_5"></a>HOW LINCOLN BECAME A NATIONAL FIGURE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY IDA M. TARBELL</p>
+
+<p class="center">From "The Life of Abraham Lincoln."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>"The greatest speech ever made in Illinois, and it puts Lincoln on the
+track for the Presidency," was the comment made by enthusiastic
+Republicans on Lincoln's speech before the Bloomington Convention.
+Conscious that it was he who had put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> the breath of life into their
+organization, the party instinctively turned to him as its leader. The
+effect of this local recognition was at once perceptible in the
+national organization. Less than three weeks after the delivery of the
+Bloomington speech, the national convention of the Republican party
+met in Philadelphia, June 17, to nominate candidates for the
+Presidency and Vice-presidency. Lincoln's name was the second proposed
+for the latter office, and on the first ballot he received one hundred
+and ten votes. The news reached him at Urbana, Ill., where he was
+attending court, one of his companions reading from a daily paper just
+received from Chicago, the result of the ballot. The simple name
+Lincoln was given, without the name of the man's State. Lincoln said
+indifferently that he did not suppose it could be himself; and added
+that there was "another great man" of the name, a man from
+Massachusetts. The next day, however, he knew that it was himself to
+whom the convention had given so strong an endorsement. He knew also
+that the ticket chosen was Fr&eacute;mont and Dayton.</p>
+
+<p>The campaign of the following summer and fall was one of intense
+activity for Lincoln. In Illinois and the neighboring States he made
+over fifty speeches, only fragments of which have been preserved. One
+of the first important ones was delivered on July 4, 1856, at a great
+mass meeting at Princeton, the home of the Lovejoys and the Bryants.
+The people were still irritated by the outrages in Kansas and by the
+attack on Sumner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> in the Senate, and the temptation to deliver a
+stirring and indignant oration must have been strong. Lincoln's speech
+was, however, a fine example of political wisdom, an historical
+argument admirably calculated to convince his auditors that they were
+right in their opposition to slavery extension, but so controlled and
+sane that it would stir no impulsive radical to violence. There
+probably was not uttered in the United States on that critical 4th of
+July, 1856, when the very foundation of the government was in dispute
+and the day itself seemed a mockery, a cooler, more logical speech
+than this by the man who, a month before, had driven a convention so
+nearly mad that the very reporters had forgotten to make notes. And
+the temper of this Princeton speech Lincoln kept throughout the
+campaign.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the valiant struggle of the Republicans, Buchanan was
+elected; but Lincoln was in no way discouraged. The Republicans had
+polled 1,341,264 votes in the country. In Illinois, they had given
+Fr&eacute;mont nearly 100,000 votes, and they had elected their candidate for
+governor, General Bissell. Lincoln turned from arguments to
+encouragement and good counsel.</p>
+
+<p>"All of us," he said at a Republican banquet in Chicago, a few weeks
+after the election, "who did not vote for Mr. Buchanan, taken
+together, are a majority of four hundred thousand. But in the late
+contest we were divided between Fr&eacute;mont and Fillmore. Can we not come
+together for the future? Let every one who really believes and is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+resolved that free society is not and shall not be a failure, and who
+can conscientiously declare that in the last contest he had done what
+he thought best&mdash;let every such one have charity to believe that every
+other one can say as much. Thus let bygones be bygones; let past
+differences as nothing be; and with steady eye on the real issue let
+us reinaugurate the good old 'central idea' of the republic. We can do
+it. The human heart is with us; God is with us. We shall again be
+able, not to declare that 'all States as States are equal,' nor yet
+that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader,
+better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men
+are created equal.'"</p>
+
+<p>The spring of 1857 gave Lincoln a new line of argument. Buchanan was
+scarcely in the Presidential chair before the Supreme Court, in the
+decision of the Dred Scott case, declared that a negro could not sue
+in the United States courts and that Congress could not prohibit
+slavery in the Territories. This decision was such an evident advance
+of the slave power that there was a violent uproar in the North.
+Douglas went at once to Illinois to calm his constituents. "What," he
+cried, "oppose the Supreme Court! is it not sacred? To resist it is
+anarchy."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln met him fairly on the issue in a speech at Springfield in
+June, 1857.</p>
+
+<p>"We believe as much as Judge Douglas (perhaps more) in obedience to
+and respect for the judicial department of government.... But<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> we
+think the Dred Scott decision is erroneous. We know the court that
+made it has often overruled its own decisions, and we shall do what we
+can to have it overrule this. We offer no resistance to it.... If this
+important decision had been made by the unanimous concurrence of the
+judges, and without any apparent partisan bias, and in accordance with
+legal public expectation and with the steady practice of the
+departments throughout our history, and had been in no part based on
+assumed historical facts which are not really true; or if, wanting in
+some of these, it had been before the court more than once, and had
+there been affirmed and reaffirmed through a course of years, it then
+might be, perhaps would be, factious, nay, even revolutionary, not to
+acquiesce in it as a precedent. But when, as is true, we find it
+wanting in all these claims to the public confidence, it is not
+resistance, it is not factious, it is not even disrespectful, to treat
+it as not having yet quite established a settled doctrine for the
+country."</p>
+
+<p>Let Douglas cry "awful," "anarchy," "revolution," as much as he would,
+Lincoln's arguments against the Dred Scott decision appealed to common
+sense and won him commendation all over the country. Even the radical
+leaders of the party in the East&mdash;Seward, Sumner, Theodore
+Parker&mdash;began to notice him, to read his speeches, to consider his
+arguments.</p>
+
+<p>With every month of 1857 Lincoln grew stronger, and his election in
+Illinois as United States senatorial candidate in 1858 against Douglas
+would have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> been insured if Douglas had not suddenly broken with
+Buchanan and his party in a way which won him the hearty sympathy and
+respect of a large part of the Republicans of the North. By a
+flagrantly unfair vote the pro-slavery leaders of Kansas had secured
+the adoption of the Lecompton Constitution allowing slavery in the
+State. President Buchanan urged Congress to admit Kansas with her
+bogus Constitution. Douglas, who would not sanction so base an
+injustice, opposed the measure, voting with the Republicans steadily
+against the admission. The Buchananists, outraged at what they called
+"Douglas's apostasy," broke with him. Then it was that a part of the
+Republican party, notably Horace Greeley at the head of the New York
+"Tribune," struck by the boldness and nobility of Douglas's
+opposition, began to hope to win him over from the Democrats to the
+Republicans. Their first step was to counsel the leaders of their
+party in Illinois to put up no candidate against Douglas for the
+United States senatorship in 1858.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln saw this change on the part of the Republican leaders with
+dismay. "Greeley is not doing me right," he said. "... I am a true
+Republican, and have been tried already in the hottest part of the
+anti-slavery fight; and yet I find him taking up Douglas, a veritable
+dodger,&mdash;once a tool of the South, now its enemy,&mdash;and pushing him to
+the front." He grew so restless over the returning popularity of
+Douglas among the Republicans that Herndon, his law-partner,
+determined to go East to find out the real feeling of the East<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>ern
+leaders towards Lincoln. Herndon had, for a long time, been in
+correspondence with the leading abolitionists and had no difficulty in
+getting interviews. The returns he brought back from his canvass were
+not altogether reassuring. Seward, Sumner, Phillips, Garrison,
+Beecher, Theodore Parker, all spoke favorably of Lincoln and Seward
+sent him word that the Republicans would never take up so slippery a
+quantity as Douglas had proved himself. But Greeley&mdash;the all-important
+Greeley&mdash;was lukewarm. "The Republican standard is too high," he told
+Herndon. "We want something practical.... Douglas is a brave man.
+Forget the past and sustain the righteous." "Good God, righteous, eh!"
+groaned Herndon in his letter to Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>But though the encouragement which came to Lincoln from the East in
+the spring of 1858 was meagre, that which came from Illinois was
+abundant. There the Republicans supported him in whole-hearted
+devotion. In June, the State convention, meeting in Springfield to
+nominate its candidate for Senator, declared that Abraham Lincoln was
+its first and only choice as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas. The
+press was jubilant. "Unanimity is a weak word," wrote the editor of
+the Bloomington "Pantagraph," "to express the universal and intense
+feeling of the convention. <i>Lincoln!</i> <span class="smcap">Lincoln!!</span> LINCOLN!!! was the cry
+everywhere, whenever the senatorship was alluded to. Delegates from
+Chicago and from Cairo, from the Wabash and the Illinois, from the
+north, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> center, and the south, were alike fierce with enthusiasm,
+whenever that loved name was breathed. Enemies at home and misjudging
+friends abroad, who have looked for dissension among us on the
+question of the senatorship, will please take notice that our
+nomination is a unanimous one; and that, in the event of a Republican
+majority in the next Legislature, no other name than Lincoln's will be
+mentioned, or thought of, by a solitary Republican legislator. One
+little incident in the convention was a pleasing illustration of the
+universality of the Lincoln sentiment. Cook County had brought a
+banner into the assemblage inscribed, 'Cook County for Abraham
+Lincoln.' During a pause in the proceedings, a delegate from another
+county rose and proposed, with the consent of the Cook County
+delegation, 'to amend the banner by substituting for "Cook County" the
+word which I hold in my hand,' at the same time unrolling a scroll,
+and revealing the word 'Illinois' in huge capitals. The Cook
+delegation promptly accepted the amendment, and amidst a perfect
+hurricane of hurrahs, the banner was duly altered to express the
+sentiment of the whole Republican party of the State, thus: 'Illinois
+for Abraham Lincoln.'"</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the day of his nomination, Lincoln addressed his
+constituents. The first paragraph of his speech gave the key to the
+campaign he proposed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I
+believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half
+free. I do not expect the house to fall&mdash;but I do expect it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> will
+cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other."</p>
+
+<p>Then followed the famous charge of conspiracy against the slavery
+advocates, the charge that Pierce, Buchanan, Chief Justice Taney, and
+Douglas had been making a concerted effort to legalize the institution
+of slavery "in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as
+South." He marshaled one after another of the measures that the
+pro-slavery leaders had secured in the past four years, and clinched
+the argument by one of his inimitable illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>"When we see a lot of framed timbers, different portions of which we
+know have been gotten out of different times and places and by
+different workmen,&mdash;Stephen, Franklin, Roger and James,<a name="FNanchor_A_5" id="FNanchor_A_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_5" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> for
+instance,&mdash;and we see these timbers joined together, and see they
+exactly make the frame of a house or a mill, all the tenons and
+mortises exactly fitting, and all the lengths and proportions of the
+different pieces exactly adapted to their respective places, and not a
+piece too many or too few, not omitting even the scaffolding&mdash;or, if a
+single piece be lacking, we see the place in the frame exactly fitted
+and prepared yet to bring such a piece in&mdash;in such a case we find it
+impossible not to believe that Stephen and Franklin and Roger and
+James all understood one another from the beginning, and all worked
+upon a common plan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> or draft, drawn up before the first blow was
+struck."</p>
+
+<p>The speech was severely criticised by Lincoln's friends. It was too
+radical. It was sectional. He heard the complaints unmoved. "If I had
+to draw a pen across my record," he said, one day, "and erase my whole
+life from sight, and I had one poor gift of choice left as to what I
+should save from the wreck, I should choose that speech and leave it
+to the world unerased."</p>
+
+<p>The speech, was, in fact, one of great political adroitness. It forced
+Douglas to do exactly what he did not want to do in Illinois; explain
+his own record during the past four years; explain the true meaning of
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill; discuss the Dred Scott decision; say whether
+or not he thought slavery so good a thing that the country could
+afford to extend it instead of confining it where it would be in
+course of gradual extinction. Douglas wanted the Republicans of
+Illinois to follow Greeley's advice: "Forgive the past." He wanted to
+make the most among them of his really noble revolt against the
+attempt of his party to fasten an unjust constitution on Kansas.
+Lincoln would not allow him to bask for an instant in the sun of that
+revolt. He crowded him step by step through his party's record, and
+compelled him to face what he called the "profound central truth" of
+the Republican party, "slavery is wrong and ought to be dealt with as
+wrong."</p>
+
+<p>But it was at once evident that Douglas did not mean to meet the issue
+squarely. He called the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> doctrine of Lincoln's
+"house-divided-against-itself" speech "sectionalism"; his charge of
+conspiracy "false"; his talk of the wrong of slavery extension
+"abolitionism." This went on for a month. Then Lincoln resolved to
+force Douglas to meet his arguments, and challenged him to a series of
+joint debates. Douglas was not pleased. His reply to the challenge was
+irritable, even slightly insolent. To those of his friends who talked
+with him privately of the contest, he said: "I do not feel, between
+you and me, that I want to go into this debate. The whole country
+knows me, and has me measured. Lincoln, as regards myself, is
+comparatively unknown, and if he gets the best of this debate,&mdash;and I
+want to say he is the ablest man the Republicans have got,&mdash;I shall
+lose everything and Lincoln will gain everything. Should I win, I
+shall gain but little. I do not want to go into a debate with Abe."
+Publicly, however, he carried off the prospect confidently, even
+jauntily. "Mr. Lincoln," he said patronizingly, "is a kind, amiable,
+intelligent gentleman." In the meantime his constituents boasted
+loudly of the fine spectacle they were going to give the State&mdash;"the
+Little Giant chawing up Old Abe!"</p>
+
+<p>Many of Lincoln's friends looked forward to the encounter with
+foreboding. Often, in spite of their best intentions, they showed
+anxiety. "Shortly before the first debate came off at Ottawa," says
+Judge H. W. Beckwith of Danville, Ill., "I passed the Chenery House,
+then the principal hotel in Springfield. The lobby was crowded with
+partisan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> leaders from various sections of the State, and Mr. Lincoln,
+from his greater height, was seen above the surging mass that clung
+about him like a swarm of bees to their ruler. He looked careworn, but
+he met the crowd patiently and kindly, shaking hands, answering
+questions, and receiving assurances of support. The day was warm, and
+at the first chance he broke away and came out for a little fresh air,
+wiping the sweat from his face.</p>
+
+<p>"As he passed the door he saw me, and, taking my hand, inquired for
+the health and views of his 'friends over in Vermilion County.' He was
+assured they were wide awake, and further told that they looked
+forward to the debate between him and Senator Douglas with deep
+concern. From the shadow that went quickly over his face, the pained
+look that came to give quickly way to a blaze of eyes and quiver of
+lips, I felt that Mr. Lincoln had gone beneath my mere words and
+caught my inner and current fears as to the result. And then, in a
+forgiving, jocular way peculiar to him, he said, 'Sit down; I have a
+moment to spare and will tell you a story.' Having been on his feet
+for some time, he sat on the end of the stone steps leading into the
+hotel door, while I stood closely fronting him.</p>
+
+<p>"'You have,' he continued, 'seen two men about to fight?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Yes, many times.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, one of them brags about what he means to do. He jumps high in
+the air, cracking his heels together, smites his fists, and wastes his
+breath trying to scare everybody. You see the other fellow,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> he says
+not a word,'&mdash;here Mr. Lincoln's voice and manner changed to great
+earnestness, and repeating&mdash;'you see the other man says not a word.
+His arms are at his side, his fists are closely doubled up, his head
+is drawn to the shoulder, and his teeth are set firm together. He is
+saving his wind for the fight, and as sure as it comes off he will win
+it, or die a-trying.'</p>
+
+<p>"He made no other comment, but arose, bade me good-by, and left me to
+apply that illustration."</p>
+
+<p>It was inevitable that Douglas's friends should be sanguine, Lincoln's
+doubtful. The contrast between the two candidates was almost pathetic.
+Senator Douglas was the most brilliant figure in the political life of
+the day. Winning in personality, fearless as an advocate, magnetic in
+eloquence, shrewd in political man&oelig;uvring, he had every quality to
+captivate the public. His resources had never failed him. From his
+entrance into Illinois politics in 1834, he had been the recipient of
+every political honor his party had to bestow. For the past eleven
+years he had been a member of the United States Senate, where he had
+influenced all the important legislation of the day and met in debate
+every strong speaker of North and South. In 1852, and again in 1856,
+he had been a strongly supported, though unsuccessful candidate for
+the Democratic Presidential nomination. In 1858 he was put at or near
+the head of every list of possible Presidential candidates made up for
+1860.</p>
+
+<p>How barren Lincoln's public career in comparison! Three terms in the
+lower house of the State<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> Assembly, one term in Congress, then a
+failure which drove him from public life. Now he returns as a bolter
+from his party, a leader in a new organization which the conservatives
+are denouncing as "visionary," "impractical," "revolutionary."</p>
+
+<p>No one recognized more clearly than Lincoln the difference between
+himself and his opponent. "With me," he said, sadly, in comparing the
+careers of himself and Douglas, "the race of ambition has been a
+failure&mdash;a flat failure. With him it has been one of splendid
+success." He warned his party at the outset that, with himself as a
+standard-bearer, the battle must be fought on principle alone, without
+any of the external aids which Douglas's brilliant career gave.
+"Senator Douglas is of world-wide renown," he said; "All the anxious
+politicians of his party, or who have been of his party for years
+past, have been looking upon him as certain, at no distant day, to be
+the President of the United States. They have seen in his round,
+jolly, fruitful face, post-offices, land-offices, marshal-ships, and
+cabinet appointments, charg&eacute;ships and foreign missions, bursting and
+sprouting out in wonderful exuberance, ready to be laid hold of by
+their greedy hands. And as they have been gazing upon this attractive
+picture so long, they cannot, in the little distraction that has taken
+place in the party, bring themselves to give up the charming hope; but
+with greedier anxiety they rush about him, sustain him, and give him
+marches, triumphal entries, and receptions beyond what even in the
+days of his highest prosperity they could have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> brought about in his
+favor. On the contrary, nobody has ever expected me to be President.
+In my poor, lean, lank face, nobody has ever seen that any cabbages
+were sprouting out. These are disadvantages, all taken together, that
+the Republicans labor under. We have to fight this battle upon
+principle, and upon principle alone."</p>
+
+<p>If one will take a map of Illinois and locate the points of the
+Lincoln and Douglas debates held between August 21 and October 15,
+1858, he will see that the whole State was traversed in the contest.
+The first took place at Ottawa, about seventy-five miles southwest of
+Chicago, on August 21; the second at Freeport, near the Wisconsin
+boundary, on August 27. The third was in the extreme southern part of
+the State, at Jonesboro, on September 15. Three days later the
+contestants met one hundred and fifty miles northeast of Jonesboro, at
+Charleston. The fifth, sixth, and seventh debates were held in the
+western part of the State; at Galesburg, October 7; Quincy, October
+13; and Alton, October 15.</p>
+
+<p>Constant exposure and fatigue were unavoidable in meeting these
+engagements. Both contestants spoke almost every day through the
+intervals between the joint debates; and as railroad communication in
+Illinois in 1858 was still very incomplete, they were often obliged to
+resort to horse, carriage, or steamer, to reach the desired points.
+Judge Douglas succeeded, however, in making this difficult journey
+something of a triumphal procession. He was accompanied throughout the
+campaign by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> wife&mdash;a beautiful and brilliant woman&mdash;and by a
+number of distinguished Democrats.</p>
+
+<p>On the Illinois Central Railroad he had always a special car,
+sometimes a special train. Frequently he swept by Lincoln,
+side-tracked in an accommodation or freight train. "The gentleman in
+that car evidently smelt no royalty on our carriage," laughed Lincoln
+one day, as he watched from the caboose of a laid-up freight train the
+decorated special of Douglas flying by.</p>
+
+<p>It was only when Lincoln left the railroad and crossed the prairie at
+some isolated town, that he went in state. The attentions he received
+were often very trying to him. He detested what he called "fizzlegigs
+and fireworks," and would squirm in disgust when his friends gave him
+a genuine prairie ovation. Usually, when he was going to a point
+distant from the railway, a "distinguished citizen" met him at the
+station nearest the place with a carriage. When they were come within
+two or three miles of the town, a long procession with banners and
+band would appear winding across the prairie to meet the speaker. A
+speech of greeting was made, and then the ladies of the entertainment
+committee would present Lincoln with flowers, sometimes even winding a
+garland about his head and lanky figure. His embarrassment at these
+attentions was thoroughly appreciated by his friends. At the Ottawa
+debate the enthusiasm of his supporters was so great that they
+insisted on carrying him from the platform to the house where he was
+to be entertained. Power<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>less to escape from the clutches of his
+admirers, he could only cry, "Don't, boys; let me down; come now,
+don't." But the "boys" persisted, and they tell to-day proudly of
+their exploit and of the cordial hand-shake Lincoln, all embarrassed
+as he was, gave each when at last he was free.</p>
+
+<p>On arrival at the towns where the joint debates were held, Douglas was
+always met by a brass band and a salute of thirty-two guns (the Union
+was composed of thirty-two States in 1858), and was escorted to the
+hotel in the finest equipage to be had. Lincoln's supporters took
+delight in showing their contempt of Douglas's elegance by affecting a
+Republican simplicity, often carrying their candidate through the
+streets on a high and unadorned hay-rack drawn by farm horses. The
+scenes in the towns on the occasion of the debates were perhaps never
+equalled at any other of the hustings of this country. No distance
+seemed too great for the people to go; no vehicle too slow or
+fatiguing. At Charleston there was a great delegation of men, women
+and children present which had come in a long procession from Indiana
+by farm wagons, afoot, on horseback, and in carriages. The crowds at
+three or four of the debates were for that day immense. There were
+estimated to be from eight thousand to fourteen thousand people at
+Quincy, some six thousand at Alton, from ten thousand to fifteen
+thousand at Charleston, some twenty thousand at Ottawa. Many of those
+at Ottawa came the night before. "It was a matter of but a short
+time," says Mr. George Beatty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> of Ottawa, "until the few hotels, the
+livery stables, and private houses were crowded, and there were no
+accommodations left. Then the campaigners spread out about the town,
+and camped in whatever spot was most convenient. They went along the
+bluff and on the bottom-lands, and that night, the camp-fires, spread
+up and down the valley for a mile, made it look as if an army was
+gathered about us."</p>
+
+<p>When the crowd was massed at the place of the debate, the scene was
+one of the greatest hubbub and confusion. On the corners of the
+squares, and scattered around the outskirts of the crowd, were fakirs
+of every description, selling painkillers and ague cures, watermelons
+and lemonade; jugglers and beggars plied their trades, and the brass
+bands of all the four corners within twenty-five miles tooted and
+pounded at "Hail Columbia, Happy Land," or "Columbia, the Gem of the
+Ocean."</p>
+
+<p>Conspicuous in the processions at all the points was what Lincoln
+called the "Basket of Flowers," thirty-two young girls in a
+resplendent car, representing the Union. At Charleston, a thirty-third
+young woman rode behind the car, representing Kansas. She carried a
+banner inscribed: "I will be free"; a motto which brought out from
+nearly all the newspaper reporters the comment that she was too fair
+to be long free.</p>
+
+<p>The mottoes at the different meetings epitomized the popular
+conception of the issues and the candidates. Among the Lincoln
+sentiments were:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Illinois born under the Ordinance of '87.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Free Territories and Free Men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Free Pulpits and Free Preachers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Free Press and a Free Pen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Free Schools and Free Teachers.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Westward the star of empire takes its way;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The girls link on to Lincoln, their mothers were for Clay."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Abe the Giant-Killer.</p>
+
+<p>Edgar County for the Tall Sucker.</p>
+
+<p>A striking feature of the crowds was the number of women they
+included. The intelligent and lively interest they took in the debates
+caused much comment. No doubt Mrs. Douglas's presence had something to
+do with this. They were particularly active in receiving the speakers,
+and at Quincy, Lincoln, on being presented with what the local press
+described as a "beautiful and elegant bouquet," took pains to express
+his gratification at the part women everywhere took in the contest.</p>
+
+<p>While this helter-skelter outpouring of prairiedom had the appearance
+of being little more than a great jollification, a lawless country
+fair, in reality it was with the majority of the people a profoundly
+serious matter. With every discussion it became more vital. Indeed, in
+the first debate, which was opened and closed by Douglas, the relation
+of the two speakers became dramatic. It was here that Douglas hoping
+to fasten on Lincoln the stigma of "abolitionist," charged him with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+having undertaken to abolitionize the old Whig party, and having been
+in 1854 a subscriber to a radical platform proclaimed at Springfield.
+This platform Douglas read. Lincoln, when he replied, could only say
+he was never at the convention&mdash;knew nothing of the resolutions; but
+the impression prevailed that he was cornered. The next issue of the
+Chicago "Press and Tribune" dispelled it. That paper had employed to
+report the debates the first shorthand reporter of Chicago, Mr. Robert
+L. Hitt&mdash;now a Member of Congress and the Chairman of the Committee on
+Foreign Affairs. Mr. Hitt, when Douglas began to read the resolutions,
+took an opportunity to rest, supposing he could get the original from
+the speaker. He took down only the first line of each resolution. He
+missed Douglas after the debate, but on reaching Chicago, where he
+wrote out his report, he sent an assistant to the files to find the
+platform adopted at the Springfield Convention. It was brought, but
+when Mr. Hitt began to transcribe it he saw at once that it was widely
+different from the one Douglas had read. There was great excitement in
+the office, and the staff, ardently Republican, went to work to
+discover where the resolutions had come from. It was found that they
+originated at a meeting of radical abolitionists with whom Lincoln had
+never been associated.</p>
+
+<p>The "Press and Tribune" announced the "forgery," as it was called in a
+caustic editorial, "The Little Dodger Cornered and Caught." Within a
+week even the remote school-districts of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> Illinois were discussing
+Douglas's action, and many of the most important papers of the nation
+had made it a subject of editorial comment.</p>
+
+<p>Almost without exception Douglas was condemned. No amount of
+explanation on his part helped him. "The particularity of Douglas's
+charge," said the Louisville "Journal," "precludes the idea that he
+was simply and innocently mistaken." Lovers of fair play were
+disgusted, and those of Douglas's own party who would have applauded a
+trick too clever to be discovered could not forgive him for one which
+had been found out. Greeley came out bitterly against him, and before
+long wrote to Lincoln and Herndon that Douglas was "like the man's boy
+who (he said) didn't weigh so much as he expected and he always knew
+he wouldn't."</p>
+
+<p>Douglas's error became a sharp-edged sword in Lincoln's hand. Without
+directly referring to it, he called his hearers' attention to the
+forgery every time he quoted a document by his elaborate explanation
+that he believed, unless there was some mistake on the part of those
+with whom the matter originated and which he had been unable to
+detect, that this was correct. Once when Douglas brought forward a
+document, Lincoln blandly remarked that he could scarcely be blamed
+for doubting its genuineness since the introduction of the Springfield
+resolutions at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the second debate, at Freeport, that Lincoln made the
+boldest stroke of the contest. Soon after the Ottawa debate, in
+discussing his plan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> for the next encounter, with a number of his
+political friends,&mdash;Washburne, Cook, Judd, and others,&mdash;he told them
+he proposed to ask Douglas four questions, which he read. One and all
+cried halt at the second question. Under no condition, they said, must
+he put it. If it were put, Douglas would answer it in such a way as to
+win the senatorship. The morning of the debate, while on the way to
+Freeport, Lincoln read the same questions to Mr. Joseph Medill. "I do
+not like this second question, Mr. Lincoln," said Mr. Medill. The two
+men argued to their journey's end, but Lincoln was still unconvinced.
+Even after he reached Freeport several Republican leaders came to him
+pleading, "Do not ask that question." He was obdurate; and he went on
+the platform with a higher head, a haughtier step than his friends had
+noted in him before. Lincoln was going to ruin himself, the committee
+said despondently; one would think he did not want the senatorship.</p>
+
+<p>The mooted question ran in Lincoln's notes: "Can the people of a
+United States territory in any lawful way, against the wish of any
+citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to
+the formation of a State Constitution?" Lincoln had seen the
+irreconcilableness of Douglas's own measure of popular sovereignty,
+which declared that the people of a territory should be left to
+regulate their domestic concerns in their own way subject only to the
+Constitution, and the decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott
+case that slaves, being property, could not under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> the Constitution be
+excluded from a territory. He knew that if Douglas said no to this
+question, his Illinois constituents would never return him to the
+Senate. He believed that if he said yes, the people of the South would
+never vote for him for President of the United States. He was willing
+himself to lose the senatorship in order to defeat Douglas for the
+Presidency in 1860. "I am after larger game; the battle of 1860 is
+worth a hundred of this," he said confidently.</p>
+
+<p>The question was put, and Douglas answered it with rare artfulness.
+"It matters not," he cried, "what way the Supreme Court may hereafter
+decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go
+into a territory under the Constitution; the people have the lawful
+means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason
+that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is
+supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can
+only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are
+opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body who
+will, by unfriendly legislation, effectually prevent the introduction
+of it into their midst. If, on the contrary, they are for it, their
+legislature will favor its extension."</p>
+
+<p>His democratic constituents went wild over the clever way in which
+Douglas had escaped Lincoln's trap. He now practically had his
+election. The Republicans shook their heads. Lincoln only was serene.
+He alone knew what he had done. The Freeport debate had no sooner
+reached the pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>-slavery press than a storm of protest went up.
+Douglas had betrayed the South. He had repudiated the Supreme Court
+decision. He had declared that slavery could be kept out of the
+territories by other legislation than a State Constitution. "The
+Freeport doctrine," or "the theory of unfriendly legislation," as it
+became known, spread month by month, and slowly but surely made
+Douglas an impossible candidate in the South. The force of the
+question was not realized in full by Lincoln's friends until the
+Democratic party met in Charleston, S. C., in 1860, and the Southern
+delegates refused to support Douglas because of the answer he gave to
+Lincoln's question in the Freeport debate of 1858.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you recollect the argument we had on the way up to Freeport two
+years ago over the question I was going to ask Judge Douglas?" Lincoln
+asked Mr. Joseph Medill, when the latter went to Springfield a few
+days after the election of 1860.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Medill, "I recollect it very well."</p>
+
+<p>"Don't you think I was right now?"</p>
+
+<p>"We were both right. The question hurt Douglas for the Presidency, but
+it lost you the senatorship."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, and I have won the place he was playing for."</p>
+
+<p>From the beginning of the campaign Lincoln supplemented the strength
+of his arguments by inexhaustible good humor. Douglas, physically
+worn, harassed by the trend which Lincoln had given<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> the discussions,
+irritated that his adroitness and eloquence could not so cover the
+fundamental truth of the Republican position but that it would up
+again, often grew angry, even abusive. Lincoln answered him with most
+effective raillery. At Havana, where he spoke the day after Douglas,
+he said:</p>
+
+<p>"I am informed that my distinguished friend yesterday became a little
+excited&mdash;nervous, perhaps&mdash;and he said something about fighting, as
+though referring to a pugilistic encounter between him and myself. Did
+anybody in this audience hear him use such language? (Cries of "Yes.")
+I am informed further, that somebody in his audience, rather more
+excited and nervous than himself, took off his coat, and offered to
+take the job off Judge Douglas's hands, and fight Lincoln himself. Did
+anybody here witness that war-like proceeding? (Laughter and cries of
+"Yes.") Well, I merely desire to say that I shall fight neither Judge
+Douglas nor his second. I shall not do this for two reasons, which I
+will now explain. In the first place, a fight would prove nothing
+which is in issue in this contest. It might establish that Judge
+Douglas is a more muscular man than myself, or it might demonstrate
+that I am a more muscular man than Judge Douglas. But this question is
+not referred to in the Cincinnati platform, nor in either of the
+Springfield platforms. Neither result would prove him right nor me
+wrong; and so of the gentleman who volunteered to do this fighting for
+him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> If my fighting Judge Douglas would not prove anything, it would
+certainly prove nothing for me to fight his bottle-holder.</p>
+
+<p>"My second reason for not having a personal encounter with the judge
+is, that I don't believe he wants it himself. He and I are about the
+best friends in the world, and when we get together he would no more
+think of fighting me than of fighting his wife. Therefore, ladies and
+gentlemen, when the judge talked about fighting, he was not giving
+vent to any ill feeling of his own, but merely trying to excite&mdash;well,
+enthusiasm against me on the part of his audience. And as I find he
+was tolerably successful, we will call it quits."</p>
+
+<p>More difficult for Lincoln to take good-naturedly than threats and
+hard names was the irrelevant matters which Douglas dragged into the
+debates to turn attention from the vital arguments. Thus Douglas
+insisted repeatedly on taunting Lincoln because his zealous friends
+had carried him off the platform at Ottawa. "Lincoln was so frightened
+by the questions put to him," said Douglas, "that he could not walk."
+He tried to arouse the prejudice of the audience by absurd charges of
+abolitionism. Lincoln wanted to give negroes social equality; he
+wanted a negro wife; he was willing to allow Fred Douglass to make
+speeches for him. Again he took up a good deal of Lincoln's time by
+forcing him to answer to a charge of refusing to vote supplies for the
+soldiers in the Mexican War. Lincoln denied and explained, until at
+last, at Charleston, he turned suddenly to Douglas's sup<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>porters,
+dragging one of the strongest of them&mdash;the Hon. O. B. Ficklin, with
+whom he had been in Congress in 1848&mdash;to the platform.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not mean to do anything with Mr. Ficklin," he said, "except to
+present his face and tell you that he personally knows it to be a
+lie." And Mr. Ficklin had to acknowledge that Lincoln was right.</p>
+
+<p>"Judge Douglas," said Lincoln in speaking of this policy, "is playing
+cuttlefish&mdash;a small species of fish that has no mode of defending
+himself when pursued except by throwing out a black fluid which makes
+the water so dark the enemy cannot see it, and thus it escapes."</p>
+
+<p>The question at stake was too serious in Lincoln's judgment, for
+platform jugglery. Every moment of his time which Douglas forced him
+to spend answering irrelevant charges he gave begrudgingly. He
+struggled constantly to keep his speeches on the line of solid
+argument. Slowly but surely those who followed the debates began to
+understand this. It was Douglas who drew the great masses to the
+debates in the first place; it was because of him that the public men
+and the newspapers of the East, as well as of the West, watched the
+discussions. But as the days went on it was not Douglas who made the
+impression.</p>
+
+<p>During the hours of the speeches the two men seemed well mated. "I can
+recall only one fact of the debates," says Mrs. William Crotty, of
+Seneca, Illinois, "that I felt so sorry for Lincoln when Douglas was
+speaking, and then to my sur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>prise I felt so sorry for Douglas when
+Lincoln replied." The disinterested to whom it was an intellectual
+game, felt the power and charm of both men. Partisans had each reason
+enough to cheer. It was afterwards, as the debates were talked over by
+auditors as they lingered at the country store or were grouped on the
+fence in the evening, or when they were read in the generous reports
+which the newspapers of Illinois and even of other States gave, that
+the thoroughness of Lincoln's argument was understood. Even the first
+debate at Ottawa had a surprising effect. "I tell you," says Mr.
+George Beatty of Ottawa, "that debate set people thinking on these
+important questions in a way they hadn't dreamed of. I heard any
+number of men say: 'This thing is an awfully serious question, and I
+have about concluded Lincoln has got it right.' My father, a
+thoughtful, God-fearing man, said to me, as we went home to supper,
+'George, you are young, and don't see what this thing means, as I do.
+Douglas's speeches of "squatter sovereignty" please you younger men,
+but I tell you that with us older men it's a great question that faces
+us. We've either got to keep slavery back or it's going to spread all
+over the country. That's the real question that's behind all this.
+Lincoln is right.' And that was the feeling that prevailed, I think,
+among the majority, after the debate was over. People went home
+talking about the danger of slavery getting a hold in the North. This
+territory had been Democratic; La Salle County, the morning of the day
+of the debate, was Democratic; but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> when the next day came around,
+hundreds of Democrats had been made Republicans, owing to the light in
+which Lincoln had brought forward the fact that slavery threatened."</p>
+
+<p>It was among Lincoln's own friends, however, that his speeches
+produced the deepest impression. They had believed him to be strong,
+but probably there was no one of them who had not felt dubious about
+his ability to meet Douglas. Many even feared a fiasco. Gradually it
+began to be clear to them that Lincoln was the stronger. Could it be
+that Lincoln really was a great man? The young Republican journalists
+of the "Press and Tribune"&mdash;Scripps, Hitt, Medill&mdash;began to ask
+themselves the question. One evening as they talked over Lincoln's
+argument a letter was received. It came from a prominent Eastern
+statesman. "Who is this man that is replying to Douglas in your
+State?" he asked. "Do you realize that no greater speeches have been
+made on public questions in the history of our country; that his
+knowledge of the subject is profound, his logical unanswerable, his
+style inimitable?" Similar letters kept coming from various parts of
+the country. Before the campaign was over Lincoln's friends were
+exultant. Their favorite was a great man, "a full-grown man," as one
+of them wrote in his paper.</p>
+
+<p>The country at large watched Lincoln with astonishment. When the
+debates began there were Republicans in Illinois of wider national
+reputation. Judge Lyman Trumbull, then Senator; was better known. He
+was an able debater, and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> speech which he made in August against
+Douglas's record called from the New York "Evening Post" the remark:
+"This is the heaviest blow struck at Senator Douglas since he took the
+field in Illinois; it is unanswerable, and we suspect that it will be
+fatal." Trumbull's speech the "Post" afterwards published in pamphlet
+form. Besides Trumbull, Owen Lovejoy, Oglesby, and Palmer were all
+speaking. That Lincoln should not only have so far outstripped men of
+his own party, but should have out-argued Douglas, was the cause of
+comment everywhere. "No man of this generation," said the "Evening
+Post" editorially, at the close of the debate, "has grown more rapidly
+before the country than Lincoln in this canvass." As a matter of fact,
+Lincoln had attracted the attention of all the thinking men of the
+country. "The first thing that really awakened my interest in him,"
+says Henry Ward Beecher, "was his speech parallel with Douglas in
+Illinois, and indeed it was that manifestation of ability that secured
+his nomination to the Presidency."</p>
+
+<p>But able as were Lincoln's arguments, deep as was the impression he
+had made, he was not elected to the senatorship. Douglas won fairly
+enough; though it is well to note that if the Republicans did not
+elect a senator they gained a substantial number of votes over those
+polled in 1856.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln accepted the result with a serenity inexplicable to his
+supporters. To him the contest was but one battle in a "durable"
+struggle. Little matter who won now, if in the end the right
+tri<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>umphed. From the first he had looked at the final result&mdash;not at
+the senatorship. "I do not claim, gentlemen, to be unselfish," he said
+at Chicago in July. "I do not pretend that I would not like to go to
+the United States Senate; I make no such hypocritical pretense; but I
+do say to you that in this mighty issue, it is nothing to you, nothing
+to the mass of the people of the nation, whether or not Judge Douglas
+or myself shall ever be heard of after this night; it may be a trifle
+to either of us, but in connection with this mighty question, upon
+which hang the destinies of the nation perhaps, it is absolutely
+nothing."</p>
+
+<p>The intense heat and fury of the debates, the defeat in November, did
+not alter a jot this high view. "I am glad I made the late race," he
+wrote Dr. A. H. Henry. "It gave me a hearing on the great and durable
+question of the age which I would have had in no other way; and though
+I now sink out of view and shall be forgotten, I believe I have made
+some marks which will tell for the cause of civil liberty long after I
+am gone."</p>
+
+<p>At that date perhaps no one appreciated the value of what Lincoln had
+done as well as he did himself. He was absolutely sure he was right
+and that in the end people would see it. Though he might not rise, he
+knew his cause would.</p>
+
+<p>"Douglas had the ingenuity to be supported in the late contest both as
+the best means to break down and to uphold the slave interest," he
+wrote. "No ingenuity can keep these antagonistic elements in harmony
+long. Another explosion will soon oc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>cur." His whole attention was
+given to conserving what the Republicans had gained&mdash;"We have some one
+hundred and twenty thousand clear Republican votes. That pile is worth
+keeping together;" to consoling his friends&mdash;"You are feeling badly,"
+he wrote to N. B. Judd, Chairman of the Republican Committee, "and
+this too shall pass away, never fear"; to rallying for another
+effort,&mdash;"The cause of civil liberty must not be surrendered at the
+end of one or even one hundred defeats."</p>
+
+<p>If Lincoln had at times a fear that his defeat would cause him to be
+set aside, it soon was dispelled. The interest awakened in him was
+genuine, and it spread with the wider reading and discussion of his
+arguments. He was besieged by letters from all parts of the Union,
+congratulations, encouragements, criticisms. Invitations for lectures
+poured in upon him, and he became the first choice of his entire party
+for political speeches.</p>
+
+<p>The greater number of these invitations he declined. He had given so
+much time to politics since 1854 that his law practice had been
+neglected and he was feeling poor; but there were certain of the calls
+which could not be resisted. Douglas spoke several times for the
+Democrats of Ohio in the 1859 campaign for governor and Lincoln
+naturally was asked to reply. He made but two speeches, one at
+Columbus on September 16 and the other at Cincinnati on September 17,
+but he had great audiences on both occasions. The Columbus speech was
+devoted almost entirely to answering an essay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> by Douglas which had
+been published in the September number of "Harper's Magazine," and
+which began by asserting that&mdash;"Under our complex system of government
+it is the first duty of American statesmen to mark distinctly the
+dividing-line between Federal and Local authority." It was an
+elaborate argument for "popular sovereignty" and attracted national
+attention. Indeed, at the moment it was the talk of the country.
+Lincoln literally tore it to bits.</p>
+
+<p>"What is Judge Douglas's popular sovereignty?" he asked. "It is, as a
+principle, no other than that if one man chooses to make a slave of
+another man, neither that other man nor anybody else has a right to
+object. Applied in government, as he seeks to apply it, it is this:
+If, in a new territory into which a few people are beginning to enter
+for the purpose of making their homes, they choose to either exclude
+from their limits or to establish it there, however one or the other
+may affect the persons to be enslaved, or the infinitely greater
+number of persons who are afterward to inhabit that territory, or the
+other members of the families, or communities, of which they are but
+an incipient member, or the general head of the family of States as
+parent of all&mdash;however their action may affect one or the other of
+these, there is no power or right to interfere. That is Douglas's
+popular sovereignty applied."</p>
+
+<p>It was in this address that Lincoln uttered the oft-quoted paragraphs:</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose the institution of slavery really looks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> small to him. He
+is so put up by nature that a lash upon his back would hurt him, but a
+lash upon anybody else's back does not hurt him. That is the build of
+the man, and consequently he looks upon the matter of slavery in this
+unimportant light.</p>
+
+<p>"Judge Douglas ought to remember, when he is endeavoring to force this
+policy upon the American people, that while he is put up in that way,
+a good many are not. He ought to remember that there was once in this
+country a man by the name of Thomas Jefferson, supposed to be a
+Democrat&mdash;a man whose principles and policy are not very prevalent
+amongst Democrats to-day, it is true; but that man did not exactly
+take this view of the insignificance of the element of slavery which
+our friend Judge Douglas does. In contemplation of this thing, we all
+know he was led to exclaim, 'I tremble for my country when I remember
+that God is just!' We know how he looked upon it when he thus
+expressed himself. There was danger to this country, danger of the
+avenging justice of God, in that little unimportant popular
+sovereignty question of Judge Douglas. He supposed there was a
+question of God's eternal justice wrapped up in the enslaving of any
+race of men, or any man, and that those who did so braved the arm of
+Jehovah&mdash;that when a nation thus dared the Almighty, every friend of
+that nation had cause to dread his wrath. Choose ye between Jefferson
+and Douglas as to what is the true view of this element among us."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One interesting point about the Columbus address is that in it appears
+the germ of the Cooper Institute speech delivered five months later in
+New York City.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln made so deep an impression in Ohio by his speeches that the
+State Republican Committee asked permission to publish them together
+with the Lincoln-Douglas Debates as campaign documents in the
+Presidential election of the next year.</p>
+
+<p>In December he yielded to the persuasion of his Kansas political
+friends and delivered five lectures in that State, only fragments of
+which have been preserved.</p>
+
+<p>Unquestionably the most effective piece of work he did that winter was
+the address at Cooper Institute, New York, on February 27. He had
+received an invitation in the fall of 1859 to lecture at Plymouth
+Church, Brooklyn. To his friends it was evident that he was greatly
+pleased by the compliment, but that he feared that he was not equal to
+an Eastern audience. After some hesitation he accepted, provided they
+would take a political speech if he could find time to get up no
+other. When he reached New York he found that he was to speak there
+instead of Brooklyn, and that he was certain to have a distinguished
+audience. Fearful lest he was not as well prepared as he ought to be,
+conscious, too, no doubt, that he had a great opportunity before him,
+he spent nearly all of the two days and a half before his lecture in
+revising his matter and in familiarizing himself with it. In order
+that he might be sure that he was heard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> he arranged with his friend,
+Mason Brayman, who had come on to New York with him, to sit in the
+back of the hall and in case he did not speak loud enough to raise his
+high hat on a cane.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln's audience was a notable one even for New York. It
+included William Cullen Bryant, who introduced him; Horace Greeley,
+David Dudley Field, and many more well known men of the day. It is
+doubtful if there were any persons present, even his best friends, who
+expected that Lincoln would do more than interest his hearers by his
+sound arguments. Many have confessed since that they feared his queer
+manner and quaint speeches would amuse people so much that they would
+fail to catch the weight of his logic. But to the surprise of
+everybody Lincoln impressed his audience from the start by his dignity
+and his seriousness. "His manner was, to a New York audience, a very
+strange one, but it was captivating," wrote an auditor. "He held the
+vast meeting spellbound, and as one by one his oddly expressed but
+trenchant and convincing arguments confirmed the soundness of his
+political conclusions, the house broke out in wild and prolonged
+enthusiasm. I think I never saw an audience more thoroughly carried
+away by an orator."</p>
+
+<p>The Cooper Union speech was founded on a sentence from one of
+Douglas's Ohio speeches:&mdash;"Our fathers when they framed the government
+under which we live understood this question just as well, and even
+better, than we do now." Douglas claimed that the "fathers" held that
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> Constitution forbade the Federal government controlling slavery
+in the Territories. Lincoln with infinite care had investigated the
+opinions and votes of each of the "fathers"&mdash;whom he took to be the
+thirty-nine men who signed the Constitution&mdash;and showed conclusively
+that a majority of them "certainly understood that no proper division
+of local from Federal authority nor any part of the Constitution
+forbade the Federal government to control slavery in the Federal
+Territories." Not only did he show this of the thirty-nine framers of
+the original Constitution, but he defied anybody to show that one of
+the seventy-six members of the Congress which framed the amendments to
+the Constitution ever held any such view.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us," he said, "who believe that 'our fathers who framed the
+government under which we live understood this question just as well,
+and even better, than we do now,' speak as they spoke, and act as they
+acted upon it. This is all Republicans ask&mdash;all Republicans desire&mdash;in
+relation to slavery. As those fathers marked it, so let it be again
+marked, as an evil not to be extended, but to be tolerated and
+protected only because of and so far as its actual presence among us
+makes that toleration and protection a necessity. Let all the
+guaranties those fathers gave it be not grudgingly, but fully and
+fairly, maintained. For this Republicans contend, and with this, so
+far as I know or believe, they will be content."</p>
+
+<p>One after another he took up and replied to the charges the South was
+making against the North<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> at the moment:&mdash;Sectionalism, radicalism,
+giving undue prominence to the slave question, stirring up
+insurrection among slaves, refusing to allow constitutional rights,
+and to each he had an unimpassioned answer <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original">inpregnable</ins> with facts.</p>
+
+<p>The discourse was ended with what Lincoln felt to be a precise
+statement of the opinion of the question on both sides, and of the
+duty of the Republican party under the circumstances. This portion of
+his address is one of the finest early examples of that simple and
+convincing style in which most of his later public documents were
+written.</p>
+
+<p>"If slavery is right," he said, "all words, acts, laws, and
+constitutions against it are themselves wrong, and should be silenced
+and swept away. If it is right, we cannot justly object to its
+nationality&mdash;its universality; if it is wrong, they cannot justly
+insist upon its extension&mdash;its enlargement. All they ask we could
+readily grant, if we thought slavery right; all we ask they could as
+readily grant, if they thought it wrong. Their thinking it right and
+our thinking it wrong is the precise fact upon which depends the whole
+controversy. Thinking it right, as they do, they are not to blame for
+desiring its full recognition as being right; but thinking it wrong,
+as we do, can we yield to them? Can we cast our votes with their
+views, and against our own? In view of our moral, social, and
+political responsibilities, can we do this?</p>
+
+<p>"Wrong, as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone
+where it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from
+its actual pres<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>ence in the nation; but can we, while our votes will
+prevent it, allow it to spread into the national Territories, and to
+overrun us here in these free States? If our sense of duty forbids
+this, then let us stand by our duty fearlessly and effectively. Let us
+be diverted by none of those sophistical contrivances wherewith we are
+so industriously plied and belabored&mdash;contrivances such as groping for
+some middle ground between right and wrong: vain as the search for a
+man who should be neither a living man nor a dead man; such as a
+policy of 'don't care' on a question about which all true men do care;
+such as Union appeals beseeching true Union men to yield to
+Disunionists, reversing the divine rule, and calling, not the sinners,
+but the righteous to repentance; such as invocations to Washington,
+imploring men to unsay what Washington said and undo what Washington
+did.</p>
+
+<p>"Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusations
+against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction to the
+government, nor of dungeons to ourselves. Let us have faith that right
+makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty
+as we understand it."</p>
+
+<p>From New York Lincoln went to New Hampshire to visit his son Robert,
+then at Phillips Exeter Academy. His coming was known only a short
+time before he arrived and hurried arrangements were made for him to
+speak at Concord, Manchester, Exeter and Dover. At Concord the address
+was made in the afternoon on only a few hours' notice; nevertheless,
+he had a great audience, so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> eager were men at the time to hear
+anybody who had serious arguments on the slavery question. Something
+of the impression Lincoln made in New Hampshire may be gathered from
+the following article, "Mr. Lincoln in New Hampshire," which appeared
+in the Boston "Atlas and Bee" for March 5:</p>
+
+<p>The Concord "Statesman" says that notwithstanding the rain of
+Thursday, rendering travelling very inconvenient, the largest hall in
+that city was crowded to hear Mr. Lincoln. The editor says it was one
+of the most powerful, logical and compacted speeches to which it was
+ever our fortune to listen; an argument against the system of slavery,
+and in defence of the position of the Republican party, from the
+deductions of which no reasonable man could possibly escape. He
+fortified every position assumed, by proofs which it is impossible to
+gainsay; and while his speech was at intervals enlivened by remarks
+which elicited applause at the expense of the Democratic party, there
+was, nevertheless, not a single word which tended to impair the
+dignity of the speaker, or weaken the force of the great truths he
+uttered.</p>
+
+<p>The "Statesman" adds that the address "was perfect and was closed by a
+peroration which brought his audience to their feet. We are not
+extravagant in the remark, that a political speech of greater power
+has rarely if ever been uttered in the Capital of New Hampshire. At
+its conclusion nine roof-raising cheers were given; three for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+speaker, three for the Republicans of Illinois, and three for the
+Republicans of New Hampshire."</p>
+
+<p>On the same evening Mr. Lincoln spoke at Manchester, to an immense
+gathering in Smyth's Hall. The "Mirror," a neutral paper, gives the
+following enthusiastic notice of his speech: "The audience was a
+flattering one to the reputation of the speaker. It was composed of
+persons of all sorts of political notions, earnest to hear one whose
+fame was so great, and we think most of them went away thinking better
+of him than they anticipated they should. He spoke an hour and a half
+with great fairness, great apparent candor, and with wonderful
+interest. He did not abuse the South, the Administration, or the
+Democrats, or indulge in any personalities, with the solitary
+exception of a few hits at Douglas's notions. He is far from
+prepossessing in personal appearance, and his voice is disagreeable,
+and yet he wins your attention and good will from the start.</p>
+
+<p>"He indulges in no flowers of rhetoric, no eloquent passages; he is
+not a wit, a humorist or a clown; yet, so great a vein of pleasantry
+and good nature pervades what he says, gliding over a deep current of
+practical argument, he keeps his hearers in a smiling good mood with
+their mouths open ready to swallow all he says. His sense of the
+ludicrous is very keen, and an exhibition of that is the clincher of
+all his arguments; not the ludicrous acts of persons, but ludicrous
+ideas. Hence he is never offensive, and steals away willingly into
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> train of belief, persons who are opposed to him. For the first
+half hour his opponents would agree with every word he uttered, and
+from that point he began to lead them off, little by little,
+cunningly, till it seemed as if he had got them all into his fold. He
+displays more shrewdness, more knowledge of the masses of mankind than
+any public speaker we have heard since long Jim Wilson left for
+California."</p>
+
+<p>From New Hampshire Lincoln went to Connecticut, where on March 5 he
+spoke at Hartford, on March 6 at New Haven, on March 8 at Woonsocket,
+on March 9 at Norwich. There are no reports of the New Hampshire
+speeches, but two of the Connecticut speeches were published in part
+and one in full. Their effect was very similar, according to the
+newspapers of the day, to that in New Hampshire, described by the
+"Atlas and Bee."</p>
+
+<p>By his debates with Douglas and the speeches in Ohio, Kansas, New York
+and New England, Lincoln had become a national figure in the minds of
+all the political leaders of the country, and of the thinking men of
+the North. Never in the history of the United States had a man become
+prominent in a more logical and intelligent way. At the beginning of
+the struggle against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854,
+Abraham Lincoln was scarcely known outside of his own State. Even most
+of the men whom he had met in his brief term in Congress had forgotten
+him. Yet in four years he had become one of the central figures of
+his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> party; and now, by worsting the greatest orator and politician of
+his time, he had drawn the eyes of the nation to him.</p>
+
+<p>It had been a long road he had travelled to make himself a national
+figure. Twenty-eight years before he had deliberately entered
+politics. He had been beaten, but had persisted; he had succeeded and
+failed; he had abandoned the struggle and returned to his profession.
+His outraged sense of justice had driven him back, and for six years
+he had travelled up and down Illinois trying to prove to men that
+slavery extension was wrong. It was by no one speech, by no one
+argument that he had wrought. Every day his ceaseless study and
+pondering gave him new matter, and every speech he made was fresh. He
+could not repeat an old speech, he said, because the subject enlarged
+and widened so in his mind as he went on that it was "easier to make a
+new one than an old one." He had never yielded in his campaign to
+tricks of oratory&mdash;never played on emotions. He had been so strong in
+his convictions of the right of his case that his speeches had been
+arguments pure and simple. Their elegance was that of a demonstration
+in Euclid. They persuaded because they proved. He had never for a
+moment counted personal ambition before the cause. To insure an ardent
+opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in the United States Senate, he
+had at one time given up his chance for the senatorship. To show the
+fallacy of Douglas's argument, he had asked a question which his party
+pleaded with him to pass<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> by, assuring him that it would lose him the
+election. In every step of this six years he had been disinterested,
+calm, unyielding, and courageous. He knew he was right, and could
+afford to wait. "The result is not doubtful," he told his friends. "We
+shall not fail&mdash;if we stand firm. We shall not fail. Wise counsels may
+accelerate or mistakes delay it; but, sooner or later, the victory is
+sure to come."</p>
+
+<p>The country, amazed at the rare moral and intellectual character of
+Lincoln, began to ask questions about him, and then his history came
+out; a pioneer home, little schooling, few books, hard labor at all
+the many trades of the frontiersman, a profession mastered o' nights
+by the light of a friendly cooper's fire, an early entry into politics
+and law&mdash;and then twenty-five years of incessant poverty and struggle.</p>
+
+<p>The homely story gave a touch of mystery to the figure which loomed so
+large. Men felt a sudden reverence for a mind and heart developed to
+these noble proportions in so unfriendly a habitat. They turned
+instinctively to one so familiar with strife for help in solving the
+desperate problem with which the nation had grappled. And thus it was
+that, at fifty years of age, Lincoln became a national figure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>By special permission of the McClure Company.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_5" id="Footnote_A_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_5"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <i>Stephen</i> A. Douglas, <i>Franklin</i> Pierce, <i>Roger</i> Taney,
+<i>James</i> Buchanan.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_6" id="maturity_6"></a>LINCOLN'S LOVE FOR THE LITTLE ONES</h3>
+
+<p>Soon after his election as President and while visiting Chicago, one
+evening at a social gathering Mr. Lincoln saw a little girl timidly
+approaching him. He at once called her to him, and asked the little
+girl what she wished.</p>
+
+<p>She replied that she wanted his name.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln looked back into the room and said: "But here are other
+little girls&mdash;they would feel badly if I should give my name only to
+you."</p>
+
+<p>The little girl replied that there were eight of them in all.</p>
+
+<p>"Then," said Mr. Lincoln, "get me eight sheets of paper, and a pen and
+ink, and I will see what I can do for you."</p>
+
+<p>The paper was brought, and Mr. Lincoln sat down in the crowded
+drawing-room, and wrote a sentence upon each sheet, appending his
+name; and thus every little girl carried off her souvenir.</p>
+
+<p>During the same visit and while giving a reception at one of the
+hotels, a fond father took in a little boy by the hand who was anxious
+to see the new President. The moment the child entered the parlor door
+he, of his own accord and quite to the surprise of his father, took
+off his hat, and, giving it a swing, cried: "Hurrah for Lincoln!"
+There was a crowd, but as soon as Mr. Lincoln could get hold of the
+little fellow, he lifted him in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> his hands, and, tossing him towards
+the ceiling, laughingly shouted: "Hurrah for you!"</p>
+
+<p>It was evidently a refreshing incident to Lincoln in the dreary work
+of hand-shaking.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="maturity_7" id="maturity_7"></a>HOW LINCOLN TOOK HIS ALTITUDE</h3>
+
+<p>Soon after Mr. Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency, the Executive
+Chamber, a large fine room in the State House at Springfield, was set
+apart for him, where he met the public until after his election.</p>
+
+<p>As illustrative of the nature of many of his calls, the following
+brace of incidents were related to Mr. Holland by an eye witness: "Mr.
+Lincoln, being seated in conversation with a gentleman one day, two
+raw, plainly-dressed young 'Suckers' entered the room, and bashfully
+lingered near the door. As soon as he observed them, and apprehended
+their embarrassment, he rose and walked to them, saying, 'How do you
+do, my good fellows? What can I do for you? Will you sit down?' The
+spokesman of the pair, the shorter of the two, declined to sit, and
+explained the object of the call thus: he had had a talk about the
+relative height of Mr. Lincoln and his companion, and had asserted his
+belief that they were of exactly the same height. He had come in to
+verify his judgment. Mr. Lincoln smiled, went and got his cane, and,
+placing the end of it upon the wall, said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"'Here, young man, come under here.'</p>
+
+<p>"The young man came under the cane, as Mr. Lincoln held it, and when
+it was perfectly adjusted to his height, Mr. Lincoln said:</p>
+
+<p>"'Now, come out, and hold up the cane.'</p>
+
+<p>"This he did while Mr. Lincoln stepped under. Rubbing his head back
+and forth to see that it worked easily under the measurement, he
+stepped out, and declared to the sagacious fellow who was curiously
+looking on, that he had guessed with remarkable accuracy&mdash;that he and
+the young man were exactly the same height. Then he shook hands with
+them and sent them on their way. Mr. Lincoln would just as soon have
+thought of cutting off his right hand as he would have thought of
+turning those boys away with the impression that they had in any way
+insulted his dignity."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV<br />
+IN THE WHITE HOUSE</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="house_1" id="house_1"></a>HOW LINCOLN WAS ABUSED</h3>
+
+<p>With the possible exception of President Washington, whose political
+opponents did not hesitate to rob the vocabulary of vulgarity and
+wickedness whenever they desired to vilify the Chief Magistrate,
+Lincoln was the most and "best" abused man who ever held office in the
+United States. During the first half of his initial term there was no
+epithet which was not applied to him.</p>
+
+<p>One newspaper in New York habitually characterized him as "that
+hideous baboon at the other end of the avenue," and declared that
+"Barnum should buy and exhibit him as a zoological <ins class="corr" title="Original spelling was 'curriosity'">curiosity</ins>."</p>
+
+<p>Although the President did not, to all appearances, exhibit annoyance
+because of the various diatribes printed and spoken, yet the fact is
+that his life was so cruelly embittered by these and other expressions
+quite as virulent, that he often declared to those most intimate with
+him, "I would rather be dead than, as President, be thus abused in the
+house of my friends."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="house_2" id="house_2"></a>SONNET IN 1862</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JOHN JAMES PIATT<a name="FNanchor_5_6" id="FNanchor_5_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_6" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Stern be the Pilot in the dreadful hour<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When a great nation, like a ship at sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With the wroth breakers whitening at her lee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Feels her last shudder if her Helmsman cower;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A godlike manhood be his mighty dower!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Such and so gifted, Lincoln, may'st thou be<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With thy high wisdom's low simplicity<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And awful tenderness of voted power:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From our hot records then thy name shall stand<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On Time's calm ledger out of passionate days&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the pure debt of gratitude begun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And only paid in never-ending praise&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One of the many of a mighty Land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Made by God's providence the Anointed One.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_6" id="Footnote_5_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_6"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="house_3" id="house_3"></a>LINCOLN THE PRESIDENT</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL</p>
+
+<p class="center">From the Essay in "My Study Windows"</p>
+
+<p>Never did a President enter upon office with less means at his
+command, outside his own strength of heart and steadiness of
+understanding, for in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>spiring confidence in the people, and so winning
+it for himself, than Mr. Lincoln. All that was known to him was that
+he was a good stump-speaker, nominated for his availability&mdash;that is,
+because he had no history&mdash;and chosen by a party with whose more
+extreme opinions he was not in sympathy. It might well be feared that
+a man past fifty, against whom the ingenuity of hostile partisans
+could rake up no accusation, must be lacking in manliness of
+character, in decision of principle, in strength of will; that a man
+who was at best only the representative of a party, and who yet did
+not fairly represent even that, would fail of political, much more of
+popular, support. And certainly no one ever entered upon office with
+so few resources of power in the past, and so many materials of
+weakness in the present, as Mr. Lincoln. Even in that half of the
+Union which acknowledged him as President, there was a large, and at
+that time dangerous minority, that hardly admitted his claim to the
+office, and even in the party that elected him there was also a large
+minority that suspected him of being secretly a communicant with the
+church of Laodicea. All that he did was sure to be virulently attacked
+as ultra by one side; all that he left undone, to be stigmatized as
+proof of lukewarmness and backsliding by the other. Meanwhile he was
+to carry on a truly colossal war by means of both; he was to disengage
+the country from diplomatic entanglements of unprecedented peril
+undisturbed by the help or the hindrance of either, and to win from
+the crowning dangers of his administration,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> in the confidence of the
+people, the means of his safety and their own. He has contrived to do
+it, and perhaps none of our Presidents since Washington has stood so
+firm in the confidence of the people as he does after three years of
+stormy administration.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln's policy was a tentative one, and rightly so. He laid down
+no programme which must compel him to be either inconsistent or
+unwise, no cast-iron theorem to which circumstances must be fitted as
+they rose, or else be useless to his ends. He seemed to have chosen
+Mazarin's motto, <i>Le temps et moi</i>. The <i>moi</i>, to be sure, was not
+very prominent at first; but it has grown more and more so, till the
+world is beginning to be persuaded that it stands for a character of
+marked individuality and capacity for affairs. Time was his
+prime-minister, and, we began to think, at one period, his
+general-in-chief also. At first he was so slow that he tired out all
+those who see no evidence of progress but in blowing up the engine;
+then he was so fast, that he took the breath away from those who think
+there is no getting on safely while there is a spark of fire under the
+boilers. God is the only being who has time enough; but a prudent man,
+who knows how to seize occasion, can commonly make a shift to find as
+much as he needs. Mr. Lincoln, as it seems to us in reviewing his
+career, though we have sometimes in our impatience thought otherwise,
+has always waited, as a wise man should, till the right moment
+brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> up all his reserves. <i>Semper nocuit differre paratis</i>, is a
+sound axiom, but the really efficacious man will also be sure to know
+when he is not ready, and be firm against all persuasion and reproach
+till he is.</p>
+
+<p>One would be apt to think, from some of the criticisms made on Mr.
+Lincoln's course by those who mainly agree with him in principle, that
+the chief object of a statesman should be rather to proclaim his
+adhesion to certain doctrines, than to achieve their triumph by
+quietly accomplishing his ends. In our opinion, there is no more
+unsafe politician than a conscientiously rigid doctrinaire, nothing
+more sure to end in disaster than a theoretic scheme of policy that
+admits of no pliability for contingencies. True, there is a popular
+image of an impossible He, in whose plastic hands the submissive
+destinies of mankind become as wax, and to whose commanding necessity
+the toughest facts yield with the graceful pliancy of fiction; but in
+real life we commonly find that the men who control circumstances, as
+it is called, are those who have learned to allow for the influence of
+their eddies, and have the nerve to turn them to account at the happy
+instant. Mr. Lincoln's perilous task has been to carry a rather shaky
+raft through the rapids, making fast the unrulier logs as he could
+snatch opportunity, and the country is to be congratulated that he did
+not think it his duty to run straight at all hazards, but cautiously
+to assure himself with his setting-pole where the main current was,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> keep steadily to that. He is still in wild water, but we have
+faith that his skill and sureness of eye will bring him out right at
+last.</p>
+
+<p>A curious, and, as we think, not inapt parallel, might be drawn
+between Mr. Lincoln and one of the most striking figures in modern
+history&mdash;Henry IV. of France. The career of the latter may be more
+picturesque, as that of a daring captain always is; but in all its
+vicissitudes there is nothing more romantic than that sudden change,
+as by a rub of Aladdin's lamp, from the attorney's office in a country
+town of Illinois to the helm of a great nation in times like these.
+The analogy between the characters and circumstances of the two men is
+in many respects singularly close. Succeeding to a rebellion rather
+than a crown, Henry's chief material dependence was the Huguenot
+party, whose doctrines sat upon him with a looseness distasteful
+certainly, if not suspicious, to the more fanatical among them. King
+only in name over the greater part of France, and with his capital
+barred against him, it yet gradually became clear to the more
+far-seeing even of the Catholic party that he was the only center of
+order and legitimate authority round which France could reorganize
+itself. While preachers who held the divine right of kings made the
+churches of Paris ring with declamations in favor of democracy rather
+than submit to the heretic dog of a B&eacute;arnois&mdash;much as our <i>soi-disant</i>
+Democrats have lately been preaching the divine right of slavery, and
+denouncing the heresies of the Declaration of Independence&mdash;Henry bore
+both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> parties in hand till he was convinced that only one course of
+action could possibly combine his own interests and those of France.
+Meanwhile the Protestants believed somewhat doubtfully that he was
+theirs, the Catholics hoped somewhat doubtfully that he would be
+theirs, and Henry himself turned aside remonstrance, advice, and
+curiosity alike with a jest or a proverb (if a little high, he liked
+them none the worse), joking continually as his manner was. We have
+seen Mr. Lincoln contemptuously compared to Sancho Panza by persons
+incapable of appreciating one of the deepest pieces of wisdom in the
+profoundest romance ever written; namely, that, while Don Quixote was
+incomparable in theoretic and ideal statesmanship, Sancho, with his
+stock of proverbs, the ready money of human experience, made the best
+possible practical governor. Henry IV. was as full of wise saws and
+modern instances as Mr. Lincoln, but beneath all this was the
+thoughtful, practical, humane, and thoroughly earnest man, around whom
+the fragments of France were to gather themselves till she took her
+place again as a planet of the first magnitude in the European system.
+In one respect Mr. Lincoln was more fortunate than Henry. However some
+may think him wanting in zeal, the most fanatical can find no taint of
+apostasy in any measure of his, nor can the most bitter charge him
+with being influenced by motives of personal interest. The leading
+distinction between the policies of the two is one of circumstances.
+Henry went over to the nation; Mr. Lincoln has steadily drawn the
+nation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> over to him. One left a united France; the other, we hope and
+believe, will leave a reunited America. We leave our readers to trace
+the further points of difference and resemblance for themselves,
+merely suggesting a general similarity which has often occurred to us.
+One only point of melancholy interest we will allow ourselves to touch
+upon. That Mr. Lincoln is not handsome nor elegant, we learn from
+certain English tourists who would consider similar revelations in
+regard to Queen Victoria as thoroughly American in their want of
+<i>biens&eacute;ance</i>. It is no concern of ours, nor does it affect his fitness
+for the high place he so worthily occupies; but he is certainly as
+fortunate as Henry in the matter of good looks, if we may trust
+contemporary evidence. Mr. Lincoln has also been reproached with
+Americanism by some not unfriendly British critics; but, with all
+deference, we cannot say that we like him any the worse for it, or see
+in it any reason why he should govern Americans the less wisely.</p>
+
+<p>People of more sensitive organizations may be shocked, but we are glad
+that in this our true war of independence, which is to free us forever
+from the Old World, we have had at the head of our affairs a man whom
+America made as God made Adam, out of the very earth, unancestried,
+unprivileged, unknown, to show us how much truth, how much
+magnanimity, and how much statecraft await the call of opportunity in
+simple manhood when it believes in the justice of God and the worth of
+man. Conventionalities are all very well in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> proper place, but
+they shrivel at the touch of nature like stubble in the fire. The
+genius that sways a nation by its arbitrary will seems less august to
+us than that which multiplies and reinforces itself in the instincts
+and convictions of an entire people. Autocracy may have something in
+it more melodramatic than this, but falls far short of it in human
+value and interest.</p>
+
+<p>Experience would have bred in us a rooted distrust of improvised
+statesmanship, even if we did not believe politics to be a science,
+which, if it cannot always command men of special aptitude and great
+powers, at least demands the long and steady application of the best
+powers of such men as it can command to master even its first
+principles. It is curious, that, in a country which boasts of its
+intelligence, the theory should be so generally held that the most
+complicated of human contrivances, and one which every day becomes
+more complicated, can be worked at sight by any man able to talk for
+an hour or two without stopping to think.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln is sometimes claimed as an example of a ready-made ruler.
+But no case could well be less in point; for, besides that he was a
+man of such fair-mindedness as is always the raw material of wisdom,
+he had in his profession a training precisely the opposite of that to
+which a partisan is subjected. His experience as a lawyer compelled
+him not only to see that there is a principle underlying every
+phenomenon in human affairs, but that there are always two sides to
+every question, both of which must be fully understood in order<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> to
+understand either, and that it is of greater advantage to an advocate
+to appreciate the strength than the weakness of his antagonist's
+position. Nothing is more remarkable than the unerring tact with
+which, in his debate with Mr. Douglas, he went straight to the reason
+of the question; nor have we ever had a more striking lesson in
+political tactics than the fact, that, opposed to a man exceptionally
+adroit in using popular prejudice and bigotry to his purpose,
+exceptionally unscrupulous in appealing to those baser motives that
+turn a meeting of citizens into a mob of barbarians, he should yet
+have won his case before a jury of the people. Mr. Lincoln was as far
+as possible from an impromptu politician. His wisdom was made up of a
+knowledge of things as well as of men; his sagacity resulted from a
+clear perception and honest acknowledgment of difficulties, which
+enabled him to see that the only durable triumph of political opinion
+is based, not on any abstract right, but upon so much of justice, the
+highest attainable at any given moment in human affairs, as may be had
+in the balance of mutual concession. Doubtless he had an ideal, but it
+was the ideal of a practical statesman&mdash;to aim at the best, and to
+take the next best, if he is lucky enough to get even that. His slow,
+but singularly masculine intelligence taught him that precedent is
+only another name for embodied experience, and that it counts for even
+more in the guidance of communities of men than in that of the
+individual life. He was not a man who held it good public economy to
+pull<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> down on the mere chance of rebuilding better. Mr. Lincoln's
+faith in God was qualified by a very well-founded distrust of the
+wisdom of man. Perhaps it was his want of self-confidence that more
+than anything else won him the unlimited confidence of the people, for
+they felt that there would be no need of retreat from any position he
+had deliberately taken. The cautious, but steady, advance of his
+policy during the war was like that of a Roman army. He left behind
+him a firm road on which public confidence could follow; he took
+America with him where he went; what he gained he occupied, and his
+advanced posts became colonies. The very homeliness of his genius was
+its distinction. His kingship was conspicuous by its work-day
+homespun. Never was ruler so absolute as he, nor so little conscious
+of it; for he was the incarnate common-sense of the people. With all
+that tenderness of nature whose sweet sadness touched whoever saw him
+with something of its own pathos, there was no trace of sentimentalism
+in his speech or action. He seems to have had but one rule of conduct,
+always that of practical and successful politics, to let himself be
+guided by events, when they were sure to bring him out where he wished
+to go, though by what seemed to unpractical minds, which let go the
+possible to grasp at the desirable, a longer road.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>No higher compliment was ever paid to a nation than the simple
+confidence, the fireside plainness, with which Mr. Lincoln always
+addresses him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>self to the reason of the American people. This was,
+indeed, a true democrat, who grounded himself on the assumption that a
+democracy can think. "Come, let us reason together about this matter,"
+has been the tone of all his addresses to the people; and accordingly
+we have never had a chief magistrate who so won to himself the love
+and at the same time the judgment of his countrymen. To us, that
+simple confidence of his in the right-mindedness of his fellow-men is
+very touching, and its success is as strong an argument as we have
+ever seen in favor of the theory that men can govern themselves. He
+never appeals to any vulgar sentiment, he never alludes to the
+humbleness of his origin; it probably never occurred to him, indeed
+that there was anything higher to start from than manhood; and he put
+himself on a level with those he addressed, not by going down to them,
+but only by taking it for granted that they had brains and would come
+up to a common ground of reason. In an article lately printed in "The
+Nation," Mr. Bayard Taylor mentions the striking fact, that in the
+foulest dens of the Five Points he found the portrait of Lincoln. The
+wretched population that makes its hive there threw all its votes and
+more against him, and yet paid this instinctive tribute to the sweet
+humanity of his nature. Their ignorance sold its vote and took its
+money, but all that was left of manhood in them recognized its saint
+and martyr.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln is not in the habit of saying, "This is my opinion, or my
+theory," but, "This is the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> conclusion to which, in my judgment, the
+time has come, and to which, accordingly the sooner we come the better
+for us." His policy has been the policy of public opinion based on
+adequate discussion and on a timely recognition of the influence of
+passing events in shaping the features of events to come.</p>
+
+<p>One secret of Mr. Lincoln's remarkable success in captivating the
+popular mind is undoubtedly an unconsciousness of self which enables
+him, though under the necessity of constantly using the capital I, to
+do it without any suggestion of egotism. There is no single vowel
+which men's mouths can pronounce with such difference of effect. That
+which one shall hide away, as it were, behind the substance of his
+discourse, or, if he bring it to the front, shall use merely to give
+an agreeable accent of individuality to what he says, another shall
+make an offensive challenge to the self-satisfaction of all his
+hearers, and an unwarranted intrusion upon each man's sense of
+personal importance, irritating every pore of his vanity, like a dry
+northeast wind, to a goose-flesh of opposition and hostility. Mr.
+Lincoln has never studied Quintilian; but he has, in the earnest
+simplicity and unaffected Americanism of his own character, one art of
+oratory worth all the rest. He forgets himself so entirely in his
+object as to give his I the sympathetic and persuasive effect of We
+with the great body of his countrymen. Homely, dispassionate, showing
+all the rough-edged process of his thought as it goes along, yet
+arriving at his conclusions with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> an honest kind of every-day logic,
+he is so eminently our representative man, that, when he speaks, it
+seems as if the people were listening to their own thinking aloud. The
+dignity of his thought owes nothing to any ceremonial garb of words,
+but to the manly movement that comes of settled purpose and an energy
+of reason that knows not what rhetoric means. There has been nothing
+of Cleon, still less of Strepsiades striving to underbid him in
+demagogism, to be found in the public utterances of Mr. Lincoln. He
+has always addressed the intelligence of men, never their prejudice,
+their passion, or their ignorance.</p>
+
+<hr class="minor" />
+
+<p>On the day of his death, this simple Western attorney, who according
+to one party was a vulgar joker, and whom the doctrinaires among his
+own supporters accused of wanting every element of statesmanship, was
+the most absolute ruler in Christendom, and this solely by the hold
+his good-humored sagacity had laid on the hearts and understandings of
+his countrymen. Nor was this all, for it appeared that he had drawn
+the great majority, not only of his fellow-citizens, but of mankind,
+also, to his side. So strong and so persuasive is honest manliness
+without a single quality of romance or unreal sentiment to help it! A
+civilian during times of the most captivating military achievement,
+awkward, with no skill in the lower technicalities of manners, he left
+behind him a fame beyond that of any conqueror, the memory of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> grace
+higher than that of outward person, and of gentlemanliness deeper than
+mere breeding. Never before that startled April morning did such
+multitudes of men shed tears for the death of one they had never seen,
+as if with him a friendly presence had been taken away from their
+lives, leaving them colder and darker. Never was funeral panegyric so
+eloquent as the silent look of sympathy which strangers exchanged when
+they met on that day. Their common manhood had lost a kinsman.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="house_4" id="house_4"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">January First, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-Three</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY FRANK MOORE</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Stand like an anvil, when 'tis beaten<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With the full vigor of the smith's right arm!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stand like the noble oak-tree, when 'tis eaten<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By the Saperda and his ravenous swarm!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For many smiths will strike the ringing blows<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ere the red drama now enacting close;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And human insects, gnawing at thy fame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Conspire to bring thy honored head to shame.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Stand like the firmament, upholden<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By an invisible but Almighty hand!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He whomsoever JUSTICE doth embolden,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Unshaken, unseduced, unawed shall stand.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span><span class="i0">Invisible support is mightier far,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With noble aims, than walls of granite are;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And simple consciousness of justice gives<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strength to a purpose while that purpose lives.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Stand like the rock that looks defiant<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Far o'er the surging seas that lash its form!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Composed, determined, watchful, self-reliant,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Be master of thyself, and rule the storm!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thou shalt soon behold the bow of peace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Span the broad heavens, and the wild tumult cease;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And see the billows, with the clouds that meet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Subdued and calm, come crouching to thy feet.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="house_5" id="house_5"></a>THE PROCLAMATION<a name="FNanchor_6_7" id="FNanchor_6_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_7" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Saint Patrick, slave to Milcho of the herds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Ballymena, sleeping, heard these words:<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">"Arise, and flee<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Out from the land of bondage, and be free!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Glad as a soul in pain, who hears from heaven<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The angels singing of his sins forgiven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">And, wondering, sees<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His prison opening to their golden keys,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He rose a Man who laid him down a Slave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shook from his locks the ashes of the grave,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span><span class="i12">And onward trod<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into the glorious liberty of God.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He cast the symbols of his shame away;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And passing where the sleeping Milcho lay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">Though back and limb<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Smarted with wrong, he prayed, "God pardon him!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So went he forth: but in God's time he came<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To light on Uilline's hills a holy flame;<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">And, dying, gave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The land a Saint that lost him as a Slave.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O, dark, sad millions, patiently and dumb<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Waiting for God, your hour, at last, has come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">And Freedom's song<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Breaks the long silence of your night of wrong!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Arise, and flee! shake off the vile restraint<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of ages! but, like Ballymena's saint,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">The oppressor spare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heap only on his head the coals of prayer.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Go forth, like him! like him return again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To bless the land whereon, in bitter pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">Ye toiled at first,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And heal with Freedom what your Slavery cursed.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_7" id="Footnote_6_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_7"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>By special permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp;
+Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="house_6" id="house_6"></a>THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION</h3>
+
+<p>From the address delivered before Congress on February 12, 1878,
+presenting to the re-United States, on behalf of Mrs. Elizabeth
+Thompson, Carpenter's painting&mdash;The First Reading of the
+Emancipation Proclamation before the Cabinet.</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD</p>
+
+<p>Let us pause to consider the actors in that scene. In force of
+character, in thoroughness and breadth of culture, in experience of
+public affairs, and in national reputation, the Cabinet that sat
+around that council-board has had no superior, perhaps no equal in our
+history. Seward, the finished scholar, the consummate orator, the
+great leader of the Senate, had come to crown his career with those
+achievements which placed him in the first rank of modern
+diplomatists. Chase, with a culture and a fame of massive grandeur,
+stood as the rock and pillar of the public credit, the noble
+embodiment of the public faith. Stanton was there, a very Titan of
+strength, the great organizer of victory. Eminent lawyers, men of
+business, leaders of states and leaders of men, completed the group.</p>
+
+<p>But the man who presided over that council, who inspired and guided
+its deliberations, was a character so unique that he stood alone,
+without a model in history or a parallel among men. Born<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> on this day,
+sixty-nine years ago, to an inheritance of extremest poverty;
+surrounded by the rude forces of the wilderness; wholly unaided by
+parents; only one year in any school; never, for a day, master of his
+own time until he reached his majority; making his way to the
+profession of the law by the hardest and roughest road;&mdash;yet by force
+of unconquerable will and persistent, patient work he attained a
+foremost place in his profession,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And, moving up from high to higher,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Became on Fortune's crowning slope<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The pillar of a people's hope,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The centre of a world's desire."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>At first, it was the prevailing belief that he would be only the
+nominal head of his administration,&mdash;that its policy would be directed
+by the eminent statesmen he had called to his council. How erroneous
+this opinion was may be seen from a single incident.</p>
+
+<p>Among the earliest, most difficult, and most delicate duties of his
+administration was the adjustment of our relations with Great Britain.
+Serious complications, even hostilities, were apprehended. On the 21st
+of May, 1861, the Secretary of State presented to the President his
+draught of a letter of instructions to Minister Adams, in which the
+position of the United States and the attitude of Great Britain were
+set forth with the clearness and force which long experience and great
+ability had placed at the command of the Secretary. Upon almost every
+page of that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> original draught are erasures, additions, and marginal
+notes in the handwriting of Abraham Lincoln, which exhibit a sagacity,
+a breadth of wisdom, and a comprehension of the whole subject,
+impossible to be found except in a man of the very first order. And
+these modifications of a great state paper were made by a man who but
+three months before had entered for the first time the wide theatre of
+Executive action.</p>
+
+<p>Gifted with an insight and a foresight which the ancients would have
+called divination, he saw, in the midst of darkness and obscurity, the
+logic of events, and forecast the result. From the first, in his own
+quaint, original way, without ostentation or offense to his
+associates, he was pilot and commander of his administration. He was
+one of the few great rulers whose wisdom increased with his power, and
+whose spirit grew gentler and tenderer as his triumphs were
+multiplied.</p>
+
+<p>This was the man, and these his associates, who look down upon us from
+the canvas.</p>
+
+<p>The present is not a fitting occasion to examine, with any
+completeness, the causes that led to the Proclamation of Emancipation;
+but the peculiar relation of that act to the character of Abraham
+Lincoln cannot be understood, without considering one remarkable fact
+in his history. His earlier years were passed in a region remote from
+the centers of political thought, and without access to the great
+world of books. But the few books that came within his reach he
+devoured with the divine hunger of genius. One paper, above all
+others, led him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> captive, and filled his spirit with the majesty of
+its truth and the sublimity of its eloquence. It was the Declaration
+of American Independence. The author and the signers of that
+instrument became, in his early youth, the heroes of his political
+worship. I doubt if history affords any example of a life so early, so
+deeply, and so permanently influenced by a single political truth, as
+was Abraham Lincoln's by the central doctrine of the Declaration,&mdash;the
+liberty and equality of all men. Long before his fame had become
+national he said, "That is the electric cord in the Declaration, that
+links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together, and
+that will link such hearts as long as the love of freedom exists in
+the minds of men throughout the world."</p>
+
+<p>That truth runs, like a thread of gold, through the whole web of his
+political life. It was the spear-point of his logic in his debates
+with Douglas. It was the inspiring theme of his remarkable speech at
+the Cooper Institute, New York, in 1860, which gave him the nomination
+to the Presidency. It filled him with reverent awe when on his way to
+the capital to enter the shadows of the terrible conflict then
+impending, he uttered, in Independence Hall, at Philadelphia, these
+remarkable words, which were prophecy then but are history now:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have never had a feeling, politically, that did not spring from the
+sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. I have often
+pondered over the dangers which were incurred by the men who assembled
+here, and framed and adopted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> that Declaration of Independence. I have
+pondered over the toils that were endured by the officers and soldiers
+of the army who achieved that independence I have often inquired of
+myself what great principle or idea it was that kept this confederacy
+so long together. It was not the mere matter of the separation of the
+Colonies from the mother land, but that sentiment in the Declaration
+of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
+country, but, I hope, to the world for all future time. It was that
+which gave promise that, in due time, the weight would be lifted from
+the shoulders of all men. This is the sentiment embodied in the
+Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be
+saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the
+happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it cannot be
+saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. But if this country
+cannot be saved without giving up that principle, I was about to say,
+I would rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it."</p>
+
+<p>Deep and strong was his devotion to liberty; yet deeper and stronger
+still was his devotion to the Union; for he believed that without the
+Union permanent liberty for either race on this continent would be
+impossible. And because of this belief, he was reluctant, perhaps more
+reluctant than most of his associates, to strike slavery with the
+sword. For many months, the passionate appeals of millions of his
+associates seemed not to move him. He listened to all the phases of
+the discussion, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> stated, in language clearer and stronger than any
+opponent had used, the dangers, the difficulties, and the possible
+futility of the act. In reference to its practical wisdom, Congress,
+the Cabinet and the country were divided. Several of his generals had
+proclaimed the freedom of slaves within the limits of their commands.
+The President revoked their proclamations. His first Secretary of War
+had inserted a paragraph in his annual report advocating a similar
+policy. The President suppressed it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of August, 1862, Horace Greeley published a letter,
+addressed to the President, entitled "The Prayer of Twenty Millions,"
+in which he said, "On the face of this wide earth, Mr. President,
+there is not one disinterested, determined, intelligent champion of
+the Union cause who does not feel that all attempts to put down the
+rebellion and at the same time uphold its inciting cause are
+preposterous and futile."</p>
+
+<p>To this the President responded in that ever-memorable reply of August
+22, in which he said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them.</p>
+
+<p>"If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them.</p>
+
+<p>"My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or
+to destroy slavery.</p>
+
+<p>"If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it.
+If I could save it by freeing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> all the slaves, I would do it,&mdash;and if
+I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also
+do that.</p>
+
+<p>"What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe
+it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do
+not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever
+I shall believe that what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do
+more whenever I believe doing more will help the cause."</p>
+
+<p>Thus, against all importunities on the one hand and remonstrances on
+the other, he took the mighty question to his own heart, and, during
+the long months of that terrible battle-summer, wrestled with it
+alone. But at length he realized the saving truth, that great,
+unsettled questions have no pity for the repose of nations. On the
+22nd of September, he summoned his Cabinet to announce his conclusion.
+It was my good fortune, on that same day, and a few hours after the
+meeting, to hear, from the lips of one who participated, the story of
+the scene. As the chiefs of the Executive Departments came in, one by
+one, they found the President reading a favorite chapter from a
+popular humorist. He was lightening the weight of the great burden
+which rested upon his spirit. He finished the chapter, reading it
+aloud. And here I quote, from the published Journal of the late Chief
+Justice, an entry, written immediately after the meeting, and bearing
+unmistakable evidence that it is almost a literal transcript of
+Lincoln's words.</p>
+
+<p>"The President then took a graver tone, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> said: 'Gentlemen, I have,
+as you are aware, thought a great deal about the relation of this war
+to slavery; and you all remember that, several weeks ago, I read to
+you an order I had prepared upon the subject, which, on account of
+objections made by some of you, was not issued. Ever since then my
+mind has been much occupied with this subject, and I have thought all
+along that the time for acting on it might probably come. I think the
+time has come now. I wish it was a better time. I wish that we were in
+a better condition. The action of the army against the rebels has not
+been quite what I should have best liked. But they have been driven
+out of Maryland, and Pennsylvania is no longer in danger of invasion.
+When the rebel army was at Frederick, I determined as soon as it
+should be driven out of Maryland to issue a proclamation of
+emancipation, such as I thought most likely to be useful. I said
+nothing to any one, but I made a promise to myself and (hesitating a
+little) to my Maker. The rebel army is now driven out, and I am going
+to fulfil that promise. I have got you together to hear what I have
+written down. I do not wish your advice about the main matter, for
+that I have determined for myself. This I say without intending
+anything but respect for any one of you. But I already know the views
+of each on this question. They have been heretofore expressed, and I
+have considered them as thoroughly and carefully as I can. What I have
+written is that which my reflections have determined me to say. If
+there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> anything in the expressions I use, or in any minor matter
+which any one of you thinks had best be changed, I shall be glad to
+receive your suggestions. One other observation I will make. I know
+very well that many others might, in this matter as in others, do
+better than I can; and if I was satisfied that the public confidence
+was more fully possessed by any one of them than by me, and knew of
+any constitutional way in which he could be put in my place, he should
+have it. I would gladly yield it to him. But though I believe I have
+not so much of the confidence of the people as I had some time since,
+I do not know that, all things considered, any other person has more;
+and, however this may be, there is no way in which I can have any
+other man put where I am. I must do the best I can and bear the
+responsibility of taking the course which I feel I ought to take.'</p>
+
+<p>"The President then proceeded to read his Emancipation Proclamation,
+making remarks on the several parts as he went on, and showing that he
+had fully considered the subject in all the lights under which it had
+been presented to him."</p>
+
+<p>The Proclamation was amended in a few matters of detail. It was signed
+and published that day. The world knows the rest, and will not forget
+it till "the last syllable of recorded time."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="house_7" id="house_7"></a>THE EMANCIPATION GROUP<a name="FNanchor_7_8" id="FNanchor_7_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_8" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER</p>
+
+<p>Moses Kimball, a citizen of Boston, presented to the city a duplicate
+of the Freedman's Memorial Statue erected in Lincoln Square,
+Washington, after a design by Thomas Ball. The group, which stands in
+Park Square, represents the figure of a slave, from whose limbs the
+broken fetters have fallen, kneeling in gratitude at the feet of
+Lincoln. The verses which follow were written for the unveiling of the
+statue, December 9, 1879.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Amidst thy sacred effigies<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If old renown give place,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O city, Freedom-loved! to his<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose hand unchained a race<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Take the worn frame, that rested not<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Save in a martyr's grave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The care-lined face, that none forgot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bent to the kneeling slave.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Let man be free! The mighty word<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He spake was not his own;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An impulse from the Highest stirred<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">These chiselled lips alone.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The cloudy sign, the fiery guide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Along his pathway ran,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span><span class="i0">And Nature, through his voice, denied<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The ownership of man.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We rest in peace where these sad eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Saw peril, strife, and pain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His was the nation's sacrifice,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And ours the priceless gain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O symbol of God's will on earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As it is done above!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bear witness to the cost and worth<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of justice and of love.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Stand in thy place and testify<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To coming ages long,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That truth is stronger than a lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And righteousness than wrong.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_8" id="Footnote_7_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_8"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>By special permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin &amp;
+Company.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="house_8" id="house_8"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S CHRISTMAS GIFT<a name="FNanchor_8_9" id="FNanchor_8_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_9" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY NORA PERRY</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Twas in eighteen hundred and sixty-four,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That terrible year when the shock and roar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the nation's battles shook the land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the fire leapt up into fury fanned,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The passionate, patriotic fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With its throbbing pulse and its wild desire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To conquer and win, or conquer and die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the thick of the fight when hearts beat high<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With the hero's thrill to do and to dare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twixt the bullet's rush and the muttered prayer.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the North, and the East and the great Northwest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Men waited and watched with eager zest<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For news of the desperate, terrible strife,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For a nation's death or a nation's life;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While over the wires there flying sped<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">News of the wounded, the dying and dead.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Defeat and defeat! Ah! what was the fault<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the grand old army's sturdy assault<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At Richmond's gates?" in a querulous key<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Men questioned at last impatiently,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">As the hours crept by, and day by day<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They watched the Potomac Army at bay.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Defeat and defeat! It was here, just here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the very height of the fret and fear,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Click, click! across the electric wire<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came suddenly flashing words of fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a great shout broke from city and town<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At the news of Sherman's marching down,&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Marching down on his way to the sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through the Georgia swamps to victory.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Faster and faster the great news came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Flashing along like tongues of flame,&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">McAllister ours! And then, ah! then,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To that patientest, tenderest, noblest of men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This message from Sherman came flying swift,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"I send you Savannah for a Christmas gift!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_9" id="Footnote_8_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_9"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V<br />
+DEATH OF LINCOLN</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="death_1" id="death_1"></a>O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!<a name="FNanchor_9_10" id="FNanchor_9_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_10" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY WALT WHITMAN</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">But O heart! heart! heart!<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">O the bleeding drops of red,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">Where on the deck my Captain lies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i14">Fallen cold and dead.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rise up&mdash;for you the flag is flung&mdash;for you the bugle trills,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths&mdash;for you the shores a-crowding,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Here Captain! dear father!<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">This arm beneath your head!<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">It is some dream that on the deck,<br /></span>
+<span class="i14">You've fallen cold and dead.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span><span class="i0">The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">But I with mournful tread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">Walk the deck my Captain lies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i14">Fallen cold and dead.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_10" id="Footnote_9_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_10"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>By permission of David McKay.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="death_2" id="death_2"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S DEATH&mdash;A DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENE AT FORD'S
+THEATRE<a name="FNanchor_10_11" id="FNanchor_10_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_11" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">WALT WHITMAN</p>
+
+<p>The day (April 14, 1865) seems to have been a pleasant one throughout
+the whole land&mdash;the moral atmosphere pleasant, too&mdash;the long storm, so
+dark, so fratricidal, full of blood and doubt and gloom, over and
+ended at last by the sunrise of such an absolute National victory, and
+utter breaking down of secessionism&mdash;we almost doubted our senses! Lee
+had capitulated beneath the apple tree at Appomattox. The other
+armies, the flanges of the revolt, swiftly followed.</p>
+
+<p>And could it really be, then? Out of all the affairs of this world of
+woe and passion, of failure and disorder and dismay, was there really
+come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> the confirmed, unerring sign of peace, like a shaft of pure
+light&mdash;of rightful rule&mdash;of God?</p>
+
+<p>But I must not dwell on accessories. The deed hastens. The popular
+afternoon paper, the little Evening Star, had scattered all over its
+third page, divided among the advertisements in a sensational manner
+in a hundred different places: "The President and his lady will be at
+the theatre this evening." Lincoln was fond of the theatre. I have
+myself seen him there several times. I remember thinking how funny it
+was that he, in some respects the leading actor in the greatest and
+stormiest drama known to real history's stage through centuries,
+should sit there and be so completely interested in those human
+jack-straws, moving about with their silly little gestures, foreign
+spirit, and flatulent text.</p>
+
+<p>So the day, as I say, was propitious. Early herbage, early flowers,
+were out. I remembered where I was stopping at the time, the season
+being advanced, there were many lilacs in full bloom. By one of those
+caprices that enter and give tinge to events without being at all a
+part of them, I find myself always reminded of the great tragedy of
+that day by the sight and odor of these blossoms. It never fails.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion the theatre was crowded, many ladies in rich and gay
+costumes, officers in their uniforms, many well-known citizens, young
+folks, the usual clusters of gas-lights, the usual magnetism of so
+many people, cheerful, with perfumes, music of violins and flutes&mdash;and
+over all, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> saturating, that vast, vague wonder, Victory, the
+Nation's victory, the triumph of the Union, filling the air, the
+thought, the sense, with exhilaration more than all perfumes.</p>
+
+<p>The President came betimes and, with his wife, witnessed the play,
+from the large stage boxes of the second tier, two thrown into one,
+and profusely draped with the National flag. The acts and scenes of
+the piece&mdash;one of those singularly witless compositions which have at
+least the merit of giving entire relief to an audience engaged in
+mental action or business excitements and cares during the day, as it
+makes not the slightest call on either the moral, emotional, esthetic
+or spiritual nature&mdash;a piece ("Our American Cousin") in which, among
+other characters so called, a Yankee, certainly such a one as was
+never seen, or at least ever seen in North America, is introduced in
+England, with a varied fol-de-rol of talk, plot, scenery, and such
+phantasmagoria as goes to make up a modern popular drama&mdash;had
+progressed through perhaps a couple of its acts, when in the midst of
+this comedy, or tragedy, or non-such, or whatever it is to be called,
+and to offset it, or finish it out, as if in Nature's and the Great
+Muse's mockery of these poor mimics, come interpolated that scene, not
+really or exactly to be described at all (for on the many hundreds who
+were there it seems to this hour to have left little but a passing
+blur, a dream, a blotch)&mdash;and yet partially to be described as I now
+proceed to give it:</p>
+
+<p>There is a scene in the play representing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> modern parlor, in which
+two unprecedented English ladies are informed by the unprecedented and
+impossible Yankee that he is not a man of fortune, and therefore
+undesirable for marriage catching purposes; after which, the comments
+being finished, the dramatic trio make exit, leaving the stage clear
+for a moment. There was a pause, a hush, as it were. At this period
+came the murder of Abraham Lincoln. Great as that was, with all its
+manifold train circling around it, and stretching into the future for
+many a century, in the politics, history, art, etc., of the New World,
+in point of fact, the main thing, the actual murder, transpired with
+the quiet and simplicity of any commonest occurrence&mdash;the bursting of
+a bud or pod in the growth of vegetation, for instance.</p>
+
+<p>Through the general hum following the stage pause, with the change of
+positions, etc., came the muffled sound of a pistol shot, which not
+one-hundredth part of the audience heard at the time&mdash;and yet a
+moment's hush&mdash;somehow, surely a vague, startled thrill&mdash;and then,
+through the ornamented, draperied, starred, and striped space-way of
+the President's box, a sudden figure, a man, raises himself with hands
+and feet, stands a moment on the railing, leaps below to the stage (a
+distance of perhaps 14 or 15 feet), falls out of position, catching
+his boot heel in the copious drapery (the American flag), falls on one
+knee, quickly recovers himself, rises as if nothing had happened (he
+really sprains his ankle, but unfelt then)&mdash;and the figure, Booth, the
+murderer, dressed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> plain black broadcloth, bare-headed, with a full
+head of glossy, raven hair, and his eyes, like some mad animal's
+flashing with light and resolution, yet with a certain strange
+calmness, holds aloft in one hand a large knife&mdash;walks along not much
+back of the foot-lights&mdash;turns fully towards the audience his face of
+statuesque beauty, lit by those basilisk eyes, flashing with
+desperation, perhaps insanity&mdash;launches out in a firm and steady voice
+the words <i>Sic Semper Tyrannis</i>&mdash;and then walks with neither slow nor
+very rapid pace diagonally across to the back of the stage, and
+disappears. (Had not all this terrible scene&mdash;making the mimic ones
+preposterous&mdash;had it not all been rehearsed, in blank, by Booth,
+beforehand?)</p>
+
+<p>A moment's hush, incredulous&mdash;a scream&mdash;the cry of murder&mdash;Mrs.
+Lincoln leaning out of the box, with ashy cheeks and lips, with
+involuntary cry, pointing to the retreating figure, "He has killed the
+President." And still a moment's strange, incredulous suspense&mdash;and
+then the deluge!&mdash;then that mixture of horror, noises,
+uncertainty&mdash;(the sound, somewhere back, of a horse's hoofs clattering
+with speed) the people burst through chairs and railings, and break
+them up&mdash;that noise adds to the queerness of the scene&mdash;there is
+extricable confusion and terror&mdash;women faint&mdash;quite feeble persons
+fall, and are trampled on&mdash;many cries of agony are heard&mdash;the broad
+stage suddenly fills to suffocation with a dense and motley crowd,
+like some horrible carnival&mdash;the audience rush generally upon it&mdash;at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+least the strong men do&mdash;the actors and actresses are there in their
+play costumes and painted faces, with moral fright showing through the
+rouge&mdash;some trembling, some in tears, the screams and calls, confused
+talk&mdash;redoubled, trebled&mdash;two or three manage to pass up water from
+the stage to the President's box&mdash;others try to clamber up&mdash;etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of all this the soldiers of the President's Guard, with
+others, suddenly drawn to the scene, burst in&mdash;some 200
+altogether&mdash;they storm the house, through all the tiers, especially
+the upper ones&mdash;inflamed with fury, literally charging the audience
+with fixed bayonets, muskets and pistols, shouting "Clear out! clear
+out!..." Such the wild scene, or a suggestion of it, rather, inside
+the play house that night.</p>
+
+<p>Outside, too, in the atmosphere of shock and craze, crowds of people
+filled with frenzy, ready to seize any outlet for it, came near
+committing murder several times on innocent individuals. One such case
+was especially exciting. The infuriated crowd, through some chance,
+got started against one man, either for words he uttered, or perhaps
+without any cause at all, and were proceeding at once to hang him on a
+neighboring lamp-post, when he was rescued by a few heroic policemen,
+who placed him in their midst and fought their way slowly and amid
+great peril toward the station house. It was a fitting episode of the
+whole affair. The crowd rushing and eddying to and fro, the night, the
+yells, the pale faces, many fright<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>ened people trying in vain to
+extricate themselves, the attacked man, not yet freed from the jaws of
+death, looking like a corpse, the silent, resolute half dozen
+policemen, with no weapons but their little clubs, yet stern and
+steady through all those eddying swarms&mdash;made indeed a fitting side
+scene to the grand tragedy of the murder. They gained the station
+house with the protected man, whom they placed in security for the
+night and discharged in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>And in the midst of that night pandemonium of senseless hate,
+infuriated soldiers, the audience and the crowd&mdash;the stage, and all
+its actors and actresses, its paint pots, spangles and gaslight&mdash;the
+life blood from those veins, the best and sweetest of the land, drips
+slowly down....</p>
+
+<p>Such, hurriedly sketched, were the accompaniments of the death of
+President Lincoln. So suddenly, and in murder and horror unsurpassed,
+he was taken from us. But his death was painless.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_11" id="Footnote_10_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_11"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>By permission of David McKay.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="death_3" id="death_3"></a>HUSH'D BE THE CAMPS TO-DAY<a name="FNanchor_11_12" id="FNanchor_11_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_12" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">(May 4, 1865)</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY WALT WHITMAN</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hush'd be the camps to-day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And soldiers, let us drape our war-worn weapons,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And each with musing soul retire to celebrate<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our dear commander's death.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span><span class="i0">No more for him life's stormy conflicts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor victory, nor defeat&mdash;no more time's dark events,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Charging like ceaseless clouds across the sky.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But sing, poet, in our name.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing of the love we bore him&mdash;because you, dweller in camps, know it truly.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">As they invault the coffin there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing&mdash;as they close the doors of earth upon him&mdash;one verse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the heavy hearts of soldiers.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_12" id="Footnote_11_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_12"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>By permission of David McKay.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="death_4" id="death_4"></a>TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(1865)</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O, slow to smite and swift to spare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Gentle and merciful and just!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who, in the fear of God, didst bear<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sword of power&mdash;a nation's trust.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In sorrow by thy bier we stand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Amid the awe that hushes all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And speak the anguish of a land<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That shook with horror at thy fall.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thy task is done&mdash;the bond are free;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We bear thee to an honored grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose noblest monument shall be<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The broken fetters of the slave.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Pure was thy life; its bloody close<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hath placed thee with the sons of light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Among the noble host of those<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">cause of right.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="death_5" id="death_5"></a>CROWN HIS BLOODSTAINED PILLOW</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JULIA WARD HOWE</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Crown his blood-stained pillow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With a victor's palm;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Life's receding billow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Leaves eternal calm.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">At the feet Almighty<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lay this gift sincere;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of a purpose weighty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And a record clear.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With deliverance freighted<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Was this passive hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And this heart, high-fated,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Would with love command.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Let him rest serenely<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In a Nation's care,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where her waters queenly<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Make the West more fair.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In the greenest meadow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That the prairies show,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let his marble's shadow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Give all men to know:<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Our First Hero, living,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Made his country free;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heed the Second's giving,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Death for Liberty."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="death_6" id="death_6"></a>THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_12_13" id="FNanchor_12_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_13" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY WALT WHITMAN</p>
+
+<p>Thus ended the attempted secession of these States; thus the four
+years' war. But the main things come subtly and invisibly afterward,
+perhaps long afterward&mdash;neither military, political, nor (great as
+those are), historical. I say, certain secondary and indirect results,
+out of the tragedy of this death, are, in my opinion, greatest. Not
+the event of the murder itself. Not that Mr. Lincoln strings the
+principal points and personages of the period, like beads, upon the
+single string of his career. Not that his idiosyncrasy, in its sudden
+appearance and disappearance, stamps this Republic with a stamp more
+mark'd and enduring than any yet given by any one man&mdash;(more even than
+Washington's)&mdash;but, join'd with these, the immeasurable value and
+meaning of that whole tragedy lies, to me, in senses finally dearest
+to a nation (and here all our own)&mdash;the imaginative and artistic
+senses&mdash;the literary and dramatic ones. Not in any common or low
+meaning of those terms, but a meaning precious to the race,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> and to
+every age. A long and varied series of contradictory events arrives at
+last at its highest poetic, single, central, pictorial denouement. The
+whole involved, baffling, multiform whirl of the secession period
+comes to a head, and is gather'd in one brief flash of
+lightning-illumination&mdash;one simple, fierce deed. Its sharp
+culmination, and as it were solution, of so many bloody and angry
+problems, illustrates those climax-moments on the stage of universal
+Time, where the historic Muse at one entrance, and the tragic Muse at
+the other, suddenly ringing down the curtain, close an immense act in
+the long drama of creative thought, and give it radiation, tableau,
+stranger than fiction. Fit radiation&mdash;fit close! How the
+imagination&mdash;how the student loves these things! America, too, is to
+have them. For not in all great deaths, nor far or near&mdash;not C&aelig;sar in
+the Roman senate-house, nor Napoleon passing away in the wild
+night-storm at St. Helena&mdash;not Paleologus, falling, desperately
+fighting, piled over dozens deep with Grecian corpses&mdash;not calm old
+Socrates, drinking the hemlock&mdash;outvies that terminus of the secession
+war, in one man's life, here in our midst, in our own time&mdash;that seal
+of the emancipation of three million slaves&mdash;that parturition and
+delivery of our at last really free Republic, born again, henceforth
+to commence its career of genuine homogeneous Union, compact,
+consistent with itself.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_13" id="Footnote_12_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_13"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>By permission of David McKay.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="death_7" id="death_7"></a>OUR SUN HATH GONE DOWN<a name="FNanchor_13_14" id="FNanchor_13_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_14" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY PH&OElig;BE CARY</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our sun hath gone down at the noonday,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The heavens are black;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And over the morning the shadows<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of night-time are back.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Stop the proud boasting mouth of the cannon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hush the mirth and the shout;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">God is God! and the ways of Jehovah<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are past finding out.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lo! the beautiful feet on the mountains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That yesterday stood;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The white feet that came with glad tidings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are dabbled in blood.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Nation that firmly was settling<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The crown on her head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sits, like Rizpah, in sackcloth and ashes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And watches her dead.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Who is dead? who, unmoved by our wailing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is lying so low?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O, my Land, stricken dumb in your anguish,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Do you feel, do you know,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">That the hand which reached out of the darkness<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hath taken the whole?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yea, the arm and the head of the people&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The heart and the soul!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And that heart, o'er whose dread awful silence<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A nation has wept;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was the truest, and gentlest, and sweetest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A man ever kept!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Once this good man, we mourn, overwearied,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Worn, anxious, oppressed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was going out from his audience chamber<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For a season to rest;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Unheeding the thousands who waited<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To honor and greet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When the cry of a child smote upon him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And turned back his feet.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Three days hath a woman been waiting,"<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Said they, "patient and meek."<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he answered, "Whatever her errand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Let me hear; let her speak!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So she came, and stood trembling before him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And pleaded her cause;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Told him all; how her child's erring father<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Had broken the laws.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Humbly spake she: "I mourn for his folly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His weakness, his fall";<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Proudly spake she: "he is not a TRAITOR,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And I love him through all!"<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Then the great man, whose heart had been shaken<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By a little babe's cry;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Answered soft, taking counsel of mercy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">"This man shall not die!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Why, he heard from the dungeons, the rice-fields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The dark holds of ships;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Every faint, feeble cry which oppression<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Smothered down on men's lips.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In her furnace, the centuries had welded<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their fetter and chain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And like withes, in the hands of his purpose,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He snapped them in twain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Who can be what he was to the people;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">What he was to the State?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall the ages bring to us another<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As good, and as great?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our hearts with their anguish are broken,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our wet eyes are dim;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For us is the loss and the sorrow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The triumph for him!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For, ere this, face to face with his Father<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our Martyr hath stood;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Giving unto his hand the white record,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With its great seal of blood!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_14" id="Footnote_13_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_14"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="death_8" id="death_8"></a>TOLLING<a name="FNanchor_14_15" id="FNanchor_14_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_15" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">(April 15, 1865)</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY LUCY LARCOM</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tolling, tolling, tolling!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All the bells of the land!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lo, the patriot martyr<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Taketh his journey grand!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Travels into the ages,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bearing a hope how dear!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into life's unknown vistas,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Liberty's great pioneer.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tolling, tolling, tolling!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">See, they come as a cloud,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hearts of a mighty people,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bearing his pall and shroud;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lifting up, like a banner,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Signals of loss and woe;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wonder of breathless nations,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Moveth the solemn show.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tolling, tolling, tolling!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Was it, O man beloved,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was it thy funeral only<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Over the land that moved?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Veiled by that hour of anguish,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Borne with the rebel rout,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forth into utter darkness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Slavery's curse went out.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_15" id="Footnote_14_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_15"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="death_9" id="death_9"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_15_16" id="FNanchor_15_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_16" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">"Strangulatus Pro Republica"</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY ROSE TERRY COOKE</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hundreds there have been, loftier than their kind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heroes and victors in the world's great wars:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hundreds, exalted as the eternal stars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By the great heart, or keen and mighty mind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There have been sufferers, maimed and halt and blind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who bore their woes in such triumphant calm<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That God hath crowned them with the martyr's palm;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And there were those who fought through fire to find<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their Master's face, and were by fire refined.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But who like thee, oh Sire! hath ever stood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Steadfast for truth and right, when lies and wrong<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rolled their dark waters, turbulent and strong;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who bore reviling, baseness, tears and blood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Poured out like water, till thine own was spent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then reaped Earth's sole reward&mdash;a grave and monument!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_16" id="Footnote_15_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_16"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="death_10" id="death_10"></a>EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY HENRY WARD BEECHER</p>
+
+<p>Again a great leader of the people has passed through toil, sorrow,
+battle and war, and come near to the promised land of peace into which
+he might not pass over. Who shall recount our martyr's sufferings for
+this people? Since the November of 1860, his horizon has been black
+with storms.</p>
+
+<p>By day and by night, he trod a way of danger and darkness. On his
+shoulders rested a government dearer to him than his own life. At its
+integrity millions of men were striking at home. Upon this government
+foreign eyes lowered. It stood like a lone island in a sea full of
+storms, and every tide and wave seemed eager to devour it. Upon
+thousands of hearts great sorrows and anxieties have rested, but not
+on one such, and in such measure, as upon that simple, truthful, noble
+soul, our faithful and sainted Lincoln. Never rising to the enthusiasm
+of more impassioned natures in hours of hope, and never sinking with
+the mercurial, in hours of defeat, to the depths of despondency, he
+held on with immovable patience and fortitude, putting caution against
+hope, that it might not be premature, and hope against caution that it
+might not yield to dread and danger. He wrestled ceaselessly, through
+four<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> black and dreadful purgatorial years, wherein God was cleansing
+the sin of His people as by fire.</p>
+
+<p>At last, the watcher beheld the gray dawn for the country. The
+mountains began to give forth their forms from out the darkness and
+the East came rushing toward us with arms full of joy for all our
+sorrows. Then it was for him to be glad exceedingly that had sorrowed
+immeasurably. Peace could bring to no other heart such joy and rest,
+such honor, such trust, such gratitude. But he looked upon it as Moses
+looked upon the promised land. Then the wail of a nation proclaimed
+that he had gone from among us. Not thine the sorrow, but ours,
+sainted soul. Thou hast, indeed, entered the promised land, while we
+are yet on the march. To us remain the rocking of the deep, the storm
+upon the land, days of duty and nights of watching; but thou art
+sphered high above all darkness and fear, beyond all sorrow and
+weariness. Rest, O weary heart! Rejoice exceedingly,&mdash;thou that hast
+enough suffered! Thou hast beheld Him who invisibly led thee in this
+great wilderness. Thou standest among the elect. Around thee are the
+royal men that have ennobled human life in every age. Kingly art thou,
+with glory on thy brow as a diadem. And joy is upon thee for evermore.
+Over all this land, over all the little cloud of years that now from
+thine infinite horizon moves back as a speck, thou art lifted up as
+high as the star is above the clouds that hide us, but never reach it.
+In the goodly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> company of Mount Zion thou shalt find that rest which
+thou hast sorrowing sought in vain; and thy name, an everlasting name
+in heaven, shall flourish in fragrance and beauty as long as men shall
+last upon the earth, or hearts remain, to revere truth, fidelity and
+goodness.</p>
+
+<p>Never did two such orbs of experience meet in one hemisphere, as the
+joy and the sorrow of the same week in this land. The joy was as
+sudden as if no man had expected it, and as entrancing as if it had
+fallen a sphere from heaven. It rose up over sobriety, and swept
+business from its moorings, and ran down through the land in
+irresistible course. Men embraced each other in brotherhood that were
+strangers in the flesh. They sang, or prayed, or deeper yet, many
+could only think thanksgiving and weep gladness.</p>
+
+<p>That peace was sure; that government was firmer than ever; that the
+land was cleansed of plague; that the ages were opening to our
+footsteps, and we were to begin a march of blessings; that blood was
+staunched and scowling enmities were sinking like storms beneath the
+horizon; that the dear fatherland, nothing lost, much gained, was to
+rise up in unexampled honor among the nations of the earth&mdash;these
+thoughts, and that undistinguishable throng of fancies, and hopes, and
+desires, and yearnings, that filled the soul with tremblings like the
+heated air of midsummer days&mdash;all these kindled up such a surge of joy
+as no words may describe.</p>
+
+<p>In one hour, joy lay without a pulse, without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> a gleam or breath. A
+sorrow came that swept through the land as huge storms sweep through
+the forest and field, rolling thunder along the sky, disheveling the
+flowers, daunting every singer in thicket or forest, and pouring
+blackness and darkness across the land and up the mountains. Did ever
+so many hearts, in so brief a time, touch two such boundless feelings?
+It was the uttermost of joy; it was the uttermost of sorrow&mdash;noon and
+midnight, without a space between.</p>
+
+<p>The blow brought not a sharp pang. It was so terrible that at first it
+stunned sensibility. Citizens were like men awakened at midnight by an
+earthquake, and bewildered to find everything that they were
+accustomed to trust wavering and falling. The very earth was no longer
+solid. The first feeling was the least. Men waited to get strength to
+feel. They wandered in the streets as if groping after some impending
+dread, or undeveloped sorrow, or some one to tell them what ailed
+them. They met each other as if each would ask the other, "Am I awake,
+or do I dream?" There was a piteous helplessness. Strong men bowed
+down and wept. Other and common griefs belonged to someone in chief;
+this belonged to all. It was each and every man's. Every virtuous
+household in the land felt as if its firstborn were gone. Men were
+bereaved and walked for days as if a corpse lay unburied in their
+dwellings. There was nothing else to think of. They could speak of
+nothing but that; and yet of that they could speak only falteringly.
+All busi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>ness was laid aside. Pleasure forgot to smile. The city for
+nearly a week ceased to roar. The great Leviathan lay down, and was
+still. Even avarice stood still, and greed was strangely moved to
+generous sympathy and universal sorrow. Rear to his name monuments,
+found charitable institutions, and write his name above their lintels,
+but no monument will ever equal the universal, spontaneous, and
+sublime sorrow that in a moment swept down lines and parties, and
+covered up animosities, in an hour brought a divided people into unity
+of grief and indivisible fellowship of anguish.</p>
+
+<p>This Nation has dissolved&mdash;but in tears only. It stands four-square,
+more solid to-day than any pyramid in Egypt. This people are neither
+wasted, nor daunted, nor disordered. Men hate slavery and love liberty
+with stronger hate and love to-day than ever before. The government is
+not weakened; it is made stronger. How naturally and easily were the
+ranks closed! Another steps forward, in the hour that one fell, to
+take his place and his mantle; and I avow my belief that he will be
+found a man true to every instinct of liberty; true to the whole trust
+that is reposed in him; vigilant of the Constitution; careful of the
+laws; wise for liberty, in that he himself, through his life, has
+known what it was to suffer from the stings of slavery, and to prize
+liberty from bitter personal experiences.</p>
+
+<p>Where could the head of government of any monarchy be smitten down by
+the hand of an assassin, and the funds not quiver or fall one-half of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+one per cent? After a long period of national disturbance, after four
+years of drastic war, after tremendous drafts on the resources of the
+country, in the height and top of our burdens, the heart of this
+people is such that now, when the head of government is stricken down,
+the public funds do not waver, but stand as the granite ribs in our
+mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Republican institutions have been vindicated in this experience as
+they never were before; and the whole history of the last four years,
+rounded up by this cruel stroke, seems in the providence of God, to
+have been clothed now, with an illustration, with a sympathy, with an
+aptness, and with a significance, such as we never could have expected
+nor imagined. God, I think, has said, by the voice of this event, to
+all nations of the earth: "Republican liberty, based upon true
+Christianity, is firm as the foundation of the globe."</p>
+
+<p>Even he who now sleeps has, by this event, been clothed with new
+influence. Dead, he speaks to men who now willingly hear what before
+they refused to listen to. Now his simple and weighty words will be
+gathered like those of Washington, and your children and your
+children's children shall be taught to ponder the simplicity and deep
+wisdom of utterances which, in their time, passed, in party heat, as
+idle words. Men will receive a new impulse of patriotism for his sake,
+and will guard with zeal the whole country which he loved so well. I
+swear you, on the altar of his memory, to be more faithful to the
+country for which he has perished.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> They will, as they follow his
+hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which he warred,
+and which, in vanquishing him, has made him a martyr and a conqueror.
+I swear you, by the memory of this martyr, to hate slavery, with an
+unappeasable hatred. They will admire and imitate the firmness of this
+man, his inflexible conscience for the right, and yet his gentleness,
+as tender as a woman's, his moderation of spirit, which not all the
+heat of party could inflame, nor all the jars and disturbances of his
+country shake out of place. I swear you to an emulation of his
+justice, his moderation, and his mercy.</p>
+
+<p>You I can comfort; but how can I speak to that twilight million to
+whom his name was as the name of an angel of God? There will be
+wailing in places which no minister shall be able to reach. When, in
+hovel and in cot, in wood and in wilderness, in the field throughout
+the South, the dusky children, who looked upon him as that Moses whom
+God sent before them to lead them out of the land of bondage, learn
+that he has fallen, who shall comfort them? O, thou Shepherd of
+Israel, that didst comfort Thy people of old, to Thy care we commit
+the helpless, the long-wronged, and grieved.</p>
+
+<p>And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than when
+alive. The Nation rises up at every stage of his coming. Cities and
+States are his pallbearers, and the cannon beats the hours with solemn
+progression. Dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is Washington dead? Is
+Hamp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>den dead? Is David dead? Is any man that was ever fit to live
+dead? Disenthralled of flesh, and risen in the unobstructed sphere
+where passion never comes, he begins his illimitable work. His life
+now is grafted upon the infinite, and will be fruitful as no earthly
+life can be.</p>
+
+<p>Pass on, thou that hast overcome. Your sorrows, O people, are his
+peace. Your bells and bands and muffled drums sound triumph in his
+ear. Wail and weep here; God made it echo joy and triumph there. Pass
+on.</p>
+
+<p>Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man,
+and from among the people. We return him to you a mighty conqueror.
+Not thine any more, but the Nation's; not ours, but the world's. Give
+him place, O ye prairies. In the midst of this great continent his
+dust shall rest, a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim to
+that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds that
+move over the mighty places of the West, chant his requiem. Ye people,
+behold a martyr whose blood as so many articulate words, pleads for
+fidelity, for law, for liberty.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="death_11" id="death_11"></a>HYMN<a name="FNanchor_16_17" id="FNanchor_16_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_17" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Thou of soul and sense and breath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The ever-present Giver,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span><span class="i0">Unto Thy mighty angel, death,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All flesh thou didst deliver;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What most we cherish, we resign,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For life and death alike are Thine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who reignest Lord forever!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our hearts lie buried in the dust<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With him, so true and tender,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The patriot's stay, the people's trust,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The shield of the offender;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet every murmuring voice is still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As, bowing to Thy sovereign will,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our best loved we surrender.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dear Lord, with pitying eye behold<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This martyr generation,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which Thou, through trials manifold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Art showing Thy salvation!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O let the blood by murder split<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wash out Thy stricken children's guilt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And sanctify our nation!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Be Thou Thy orphaned Israel's friend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Forsake Thy people never,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In One our broken Many blend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That none again may sever!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hear us, O Father, while we raise<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With trembling lips our song of praise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And bless Thy name forever!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_17" id="Footnote_16_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_17"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="death_12" id="death_12"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">Foully Assassinated April 14, 1865</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY TOM TAYLOR (MARK LEMON) IN LONDON PUNCH.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">You lay a wreath on murdered Lincoln's bier,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">You, who with mocking pencil wont to trace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Broad for the self-complacent British sneer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His length of shambling limb, his furrowed face,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">His gaunt, gnarled hands, his unkempt, bristling hair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His garb uncouth, his bearing ill at ease,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His lack of all we prize as debonair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of power or will to shine, of art to please;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">You whose smart pen backed up the pencil's laugh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Judging each step as though the way were plain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Reckless, so it could point its paragraph,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of chief's perplexity, or people's pain:<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Beside this corpse, that bears for winding-sheet<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Stars and Stripes he lived to rear anew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Between the mourners at his head and feet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Say, scurrile jester, is there room for you?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yes: he had lived to shame me from my sneer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To lame my pencil, and confute my pen:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To make me own this man of princes peer,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This rail-splitter a true-born king of men.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My shallow judgment I had learned to rue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Noting how to occasion's height he rose;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How his quaint wit made home-truth seem more true;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">How, iron-like, his temper grew by blows.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How humble, yet how hopeful he could be:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">How in good fortune and in ill, the same:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor bitter in success, nor boastful he,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thirsty for gold, nor feverish for fame.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He went about his work,&mdash;such work as few<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ever had laid on head and heart and hand,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As one who knows, where there's a task to do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Man's honest will must heaven's good grace command;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Who trusts the strength will with the burden grow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That God makes instruments to work His will,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If but that will we can arrive to know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor tamper with the weights of good and ill.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So he went forth to battle, on the side<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That he felt clear was Liberty's and Right's,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As in his peasant boyhood he had plied<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His warfare with rude Nature's thwarting mights,&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The uncleared forest, the unbroken soil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The iron-bark, that turns the lumberer's axe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rapid, that o'erbears the boatsman's toil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The prairie, hiding the mazed wanderer's tracks,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The ambushed Indian, and the prowling bear;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Such were the deeds that helped his youth to train:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rough culture,&mdash;but such trees large fruit may bear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If but their stocks be of right girth and grain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So he grew up, a destined work to do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And lived to do it: four long suffering years,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ill-fate, ill-feeling, ill-report, lived through,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And then he heard the hisses change to cheers.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The taunts to tribute, the abuse to praise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And took both with the same unwavering mood:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till, as he came on light, from darkling days,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And seem to touch the goal from where he stood,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A felon hand, between the goal and him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Reached from behind his back, a trigger prest,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And those perplexed and patient eyes were dim,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Those gaunt, long-laboring limbs were laid to rest!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The words of mercy were upon his lips,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Forgiveness in his heart and on his pen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When this vile murderer brought swift eclipse<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To thoughts of peace on earth, good-will to men.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Old World and the New, from sea to sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Utter one voice of sympathy and shame!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sore heart, so stopped when it at last beat high;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sad life, cut short just as its triumph came.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A deed accurst! Strokes have been struck before<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By the assassin's hand, whereof men doubt<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If more of horror or disgrace they bore;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But thy foul crime, like Cain's, stands darkly out.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vile hand, that brandest murder on a strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Whate'er its grounds, stoutly and nobly striven;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with the martyr's crown crownest a life<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With much to praise, little to be forgiven.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI<br />
+TRIBUTES</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="martyr_1" id="martyr_1"></a>THE MARTYR CHIEF<a name="FNanchor_17_18" id="FNanchor_17_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_18" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">From the Harvard Commemoration Ode,</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY JAMES RUSSEL LOWELL</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Life may be given in many ways,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And loyalty to Truth be sealed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As bravely in the closet as the field,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">So generous is Fate;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But then to stand beside her,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">When craven churls deride her,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To front a lie in arms, and not to yield&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">This shows, methinks, God's plan<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And measure of a stalwart man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Limbed, like the old heroic breeds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who stands self-poised on manhood's solid earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Not forced to frame excuses for his birth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fed from within with all the strength he needs.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such was he, our Martyr Chief,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Whom late the nation he had led,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With ashes on her head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wept with the passion of an angry grief:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forgive me, if from present things I turn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To speak what in my heart will beat and burn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hang my wreath on his world-honored urn.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Nature, they say, doth dote,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And cannot make a man<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Save on some worn-out plan,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Repeating us by rote:<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span><span class="i0">For him her Old-World moulds aside she threw,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And, choosing sweet clay from the breast<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of the unexhausted West,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With stuff untainted shaped a hero new,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wise, steadfast in the strength of God, and true.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">How beautiful to see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Once more a shepherd of mankind indeed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who loved his charge, but never loved to lead;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One whose meek flock the people joyed to be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Not lured by any cheat of birth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But by his clear-grained human worth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And brave old wisdom of sincerity!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">They knew that outward grace is dust;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">They could not choose but trust<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In that sure-footed mind's unfaltering skill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And supple-tempered will<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That bent like perfect steel to spring again and thrust.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">His was no lonely mountain-peak of mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Thrusting to thin air o'er our cloudy bars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">A seamark now, now lost in vapors blind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Broad prairie rather, genial, level-lined,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Fruitful and friendly for all human kind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet also nigh to heaven and loved of loftiest stars.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Nothing of Europe here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or, then, of Europe fronting mornward still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Ere any names of serf and peer<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Could Nature's equal scheme deface;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Here was a type of the true elder race,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And one of Plutarch's men talked with us face to face.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span><span class="i4">I praise him not; it were too late;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And some innative weakness there must be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In him who condescends to victory<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Such as the present gives, and cannot wait,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Safe in himself as in a fate.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">So always firmly he;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">He knew to bide him time,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And can his fame abide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still patient in his simple faith sublime,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Till the wise years decide.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Great captains, with their guns and drums,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Disturb our judgment for the hour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">But at last silence comes:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These are all gone, and, standing like a tower,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our children shall behold his fame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">New birth of our new soil the first American.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_18" id="Footnote_17_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_18"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_2" id="martyr_2"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_18_19" id="FNanchor_18_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_19" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">Remarks at the funeral services held in Concord, April 19, 1865</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON</p>
+
+<p>We meet under the gloom of a calamity which darkens down over the
+minds of good men in all civil society, as the fearful tidings travel
+over sea,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> over land, from country to country, like the shadow of an
+uncalculated eclipse over the planet. Old as history is, and manifold
+as are its tragedies, I doubt if any death has caused so much pain to
+mankind as this has caused, or will cause, on its announcement; and
+this, not so much because nations are by modern arts brought so
+closely together, as because of the mysterious hopes and fears which,
+in the present day, are connected with the name and institutions of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>In this country, on Saturday, every one was struck dumb, and saw at
+first only deep below deep, as he meditated on the ghastly blow. And
+perhaps, at this hour, when the coffin which contains the dust of the
+President sets forward on its long march through mourning States, on
+its way to his home in Illinois, we might well be silent and suffer
+the awful voices of the time to thunder to us. Yes, but that first
+despair was brief: the man was not so to be mourned. He was the most
+active and hopeful of men; and his work has not perished: but
+acclamations of praise for the task he has accomplished burst out into
+a song of triumph, which even tears for his death cannot keep down.</p>
+
+<p>The President stood before us as a man of the people. He was
+thoroughly American, had never crossed the sea, had never been spoiled
+by English insularity or French dissipation; a quiet native,
+aboriginal man, as an acorn from the oak; no aping of foreigners, no
+frivolous accomplishments, Kentuckian born, working on a farm, a
+flatboat-man, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> captain in the Black Hawk war, a country lawyer, a
+representative in the rural legislature of Illinois;&mdash;on such modest
+foundations the broad structure of his fame was laid. How slowly, and
+yet by happily prepared steps, he came to his place. All of us
+remember&mdash;it is only a history of five or six years&mdash;the surprise and
+the disappointment of the country at his first nomination by the
+convention at Chicago. Mr. Seward, then in the culmination of his good
+fame, was the favorite of the Eastern States. And when the new and
+comparatively unknown name of Lincoln was announced (notwithstanding
+the report of the acclamations of that convention), we heard the
+result coldly and sadly. It seemed too rash, on a purely local
+reputation, to build so grave a trust in such anxious times; and men
+naturally talked of the chances in politics as incalculable. But it
+turned out not to be chance. The profound good opinion which the
+people of Illinois and of the West had conceived of him, and which
+they had imparted to their colleagues, that they also might justify
+themselves to their constituents at home, was not rash, though they
+did not begin to know the riches of his worth.</p>
+
+<p>A plain man of the people, an extraordinary fortune attended him. He
+offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend
+by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion,
+which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man
+without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy
+for him to obey. Then he had what farmers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> call a long head; was
+excellent in working out the sum for himself; in arguing his case and
+convincing you fairly and firmly. Then it turned out that he was a
+great worker; had prodigious faculty of performance; worked easily. A
+good worker is so rare; everybody has some disabling quality. In a
+host of young men that start together and promise so many brilliant
+leaders for the next age, each fails on trial; one by bad health, one
+by conceit, or by love of pleasure, or lethargy, or an ugly
+temper,&mdash;each has some disqualifying fault that throws him out of the
+career. But this man was sound to the core, cheerful, persistent, all
+right for labor, and liked nothing so well.</p>
+
+<p>Then he had a vast good nature, which made him tolerant and accessible
+to all; fair minded, leaning to the claim of the petitioner; affable,
+and not sensible to the affliction which the innumerable visits paid
+to him when President would have brought to any one else. And how this
+good nature became a noble humanity, in many a tragic case which the
+events of the war brought to him, every one will remember; and with
+what increasing tenderness he dealt when a whole race was thrown on
+his compassion. The poor negro said of him, on an impressive occasion,
+"Massa Linkum am ebery-where." Then his broad good humor, running
+easily into jocular talk, in which he delighted and in which he
+excelled, was a rich gift to this wise man. It enabled him to keep his
+secret; to meet every kind of man and every rank in society; to take
+off the edge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> of the severest decisions; to mask his own purpose and
+sound his companion; and to catch with true instinct the temper of
+every company he addressed. And, more than all, it is to a man of
+severe labor, in anxious and exhausting crises, the natural
+restorative, good as sleep, and is the protection of the overdriven
+brain against rancor and insanity.</p>
+
+<p>He is the author of a multitude of good sayings, so disguised as
+pleasantries that it is certain they had no reputation at first but as
+jests; and only later, by the very acceptance and adoption they find
+in the mouths of millions, turn out to be the wisdom of the hour. I am
+sure if this man had ruled in a period of less facility of printing,
+he would have become mythological in a very few years, like &AElig;sop or
+Pilpay, or one of the Seven Wise Masters, by his fables and proverbs.
+But the weight and penetration of many passages in his letters,
+messages, and speeches, hidden now by the very closeness of their
+application to the moment, are destined hereafter to wide fame. What
+pregnant definitions; what unerring common sense; what foresight; and,
+on great occasion, what lofty, and more than national, what humane
+tone! His brief speech at Gettysburg will not easily be surpassed by
+words on any recorded occasion. This, and one other American speech,
+that of John Brown to the court that tried him, and a part of
+Kossuth's speech at Birmingham, can only be compared with each other,
+and with no fourth.</p>
+
+<p>His occupying the chair of State was a triumph of the good sense of
+mankind, and of the public<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> conscience. This middle-class country had
+got a middle-class President, at last. Yes, in manners and sympathies,
+but not in powers, for his powers were superior. This man grew
+according to the need. His mind mastered the problem of the day; and
+as the problem grew, so did his comprehension of it. Rarely was man so
+fitted to the event. In the midst of fears and jealousies, in the
+Babel of counsels and parties, this man wrought incessantly with all
+his might and all his honesty, laboring to find what the people
+wanted, and how to obtain that. It cannot be said there is any
+exaggeration of his worth. If ever a man was fairly tested, he was.
+There was no lack of resistance, nor of slander, nor of ridicule. The
+times have allowed no state secrets; the nation has been in such
+ferment, such multitudes had to be trusted, that no secret could be
+kept. Every door was ajar, and we know all that befell.</p>
+
+<p>Then, what an occasion was the whirlwind of the war. Here was place
+for no holiday magistrate, no fair-weather sailor; the new pilot was
+hurried to the helm in a tornado. In four years,&mdash;four years of
+battle-days,&mdash;his endurance, his fertility of resources, his
+magnanimity, were sorely tried and never found wanting. There, by his
+courage, his justice, his even temper, his fertile counsel, his
+humanity, he stood a heroic figure in the centre of a heroic epoch. He
+is the true history of the American people in his time. Step by step
+he walked before them; slow with their slowness, quickening his march
+by theirs, the true representative of this con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>tinent; an entirely
+public man; father of his country, the pulse of twenty-millions
+throbbing in his heart, the thought of their minds articulated by his
+tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Adam Smith remarks that the axe, which in Houbraken's portraits of
+British kings and worthies is engraved under those who have suffered
+at the block, adds a certain lofty charm to the picture. And who does
+not see, even in this tragedy so recent, how fast the terror and ruin
+of the massacre are already burning into glory around the victim? Far
+happier this fate than to have lived to be wished away; to have
+watched the decay of his own faculties; to have seen&mdash;perhaps even
+be&mdash;the proverbial ingratitude of statesmen; to have seen mean men
+preferred. Had he not lived long enough to keep the greatest promise
+that ever man made to his fellow men,&mdash;the practicable abolition of
+slavery? He had seen Tennessee, Missouri, and Maryland emancipate
+their slaves. He had seen Savannah, Charleston, and Richmond
+surrendered; had seen the main army of the rebellion lay down its
+arms. He had conquered the public opinion of Canada, England, and
+France. Only Washington can compare with him in fortune.</p>
+
+<p>And what if it should turn out, in the unfolding of the web, that he
+had reached the term; that this heroic deliverer could no longer serve
+us; that the rebellion had touched its natural conclusion, and what
+remained to be done required new and uncommitted hands,&mdash;a new spirit
+born out of the ashes of the war; and that Heaven, wishing to show
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> world a completed benefactor, shall make him serve his country
+even more by his death than by his life? Nations, like kings, are not
+good by facility and complaisance. "The kindness of kings consists in
+justice and strength." Easy good nature has been the dangerous foible
+of the Republic, and it was necessary that its enemies should outrage
+it, and drive us to unwonted firmness, to secure the salvation of this
+country in the next ages.</p>
+
+<p>The ancients believed in a serene and beautiful Genius which ruled in
+the affairs of nations; which, with a slow but stern justice, carried
+forward the fortunes of certain chosen houses, weeding out single
+offenders or offending families, and securing at last the firm
+prosperity of the favorites of Heaven. It was too narrow a view of the
+Eternal Nemesis. There is a serene Providence which rules the fate of
+nations, which makes little account of time, little of one generation
+or race, makes no account of disasters, conquers alike by what is
+called defeat or by what is called victory, thrusts aside enemy and
+obstruction, crushes everything immoral as inhuman, and obtains the
+ultimate triumph of the best race by the sacrifice of everything which
+resists the moral laws of the world. It makes its own instruments,
+creates the man for the time, trains him in poverty, inspires his
+genius, and arms him for his task. It has given every race its own
+talent, and ordains that only that race which combines perfectly with
+the virtues of all shall endure.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_19" id="Footnote_18_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_19"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_3" id="martyr_3"></a>WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY WILLIAM MCKINLEY</p>
+
+<p>The greatest names in American history are Washington and Lincoln. One
+is forever associated with the independence of the States and the
+formation of the Federal Union; the other with universal freedom and
+the preservation of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Washington enforced the Declaration of Independence as against
+England. Lincoln proclaimed the fulfilment not only to a down-trodden
+race in America, but to all people for all time who may seek the
+protection of our flag. These illustrious men achieved grander results
+for mankind within a single century than any other men ever
+accomplished in all the years since the first flight of time began.</p>
+
+<p>Washington drew his sword not for a change of rulers upon an
+established throne, but to establish a new government which should
+acknowledge no throne but the tribute of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln accepted war to save the Union, the safeguard of our
+liberties, and re-established it on indestructible foundations as
+forever "one and indivisible." To quote his own words: "Now we are
+contending that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of
+freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the
+people shall not perish from the earth."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_4" id="martyr_4"></a>LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln&mdash;the spirit incarnate of those who won victory in the
+Civil War&mdash;was the true representative of this people, not only for
+his own generation, but for all time, because he was a man among men.
+A man who embodied the qualities of his fellow-men, but who embodied
+them to the highest and most unusual degree of perfection, who
+embodied all that there was in the nation of courage, of wisdom, of
+gentle, patient kindliness, and of common sense.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_5" id="martyr_5"></a>LINCOLN'S GRAVE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY MAURICE THOMPSON</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">May one who fought in honor for the South<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Uncovered stand and sing by Lincoln's grave?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Why, if I shrunk not at the cannon's mouth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor swerved one inch for any battle-wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Should I now tremble in this quiet close<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hearing the prairie wind go lightly by<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From billowy plains of grass and miles of corn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">While out of deep repose<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The great sweet spirit lifts itself on high<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And broods above our land this summer morn?<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Meseems I feel his presence. Is he dead?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Death is a word. He lives and grander grows.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At Gettysburg he bows his bleeding head;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He spreads his arms where Chickamauga flows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As if to clasp old soldiers to his breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of South or North no matter which they be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not thinking of what uniform they wore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">His heart a palimpsest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Record on record of humanity,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where love is first and last forevermore.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He was the Southern mother leaning forth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At dead of night to hear the cannon roar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beseeching God to turn the cruel North<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And break it that her son might come once more;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He was New England's maiden pale and pure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose gallant lover fell on Shiloh's plain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He was the mangled body of the dead;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">He writhing did endure<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wounds and disfigurement and racking pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gangrene and amputation, all things dread.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He was the North, the South, the East, the West,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The thrall, the master, all of us in one;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There was no section that he held the best;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His love shone as impartial as the sun;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And so revenge appealed to him in vain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He smiled at it, as at a thing forlorn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gently put it from him, rose and stood<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">A moment's space in pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Remembering the prairies and the corn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the glad voices of the field and wood.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And then when Peace set wing upon the wind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And northward flying fanned the clouds away,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He passed as martyrs pass. Ah, who shall find<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The chord to sound the pathos of that day!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mid-April blowing sweet across the land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">New bloom of freedom opening to the world,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Loud p&aelig;ans of the homeward-looking host,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The salutations grand<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From grimy guns, the tattered flags unfurled;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he must sleep to all the glory lost!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sleep! loss! But there is neither sleep nor loss,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the glory mantles him about;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Above his breast the precious banners cross,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Does he not hear his armies tramp and shout?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, every kiss of mother, wife or maid<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dashed on the grizzly lip of veteran,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Comes forthright to that calm and quiet mouth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And will not be delayed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And every slave, no longer slave but man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sends up a blessing from the broken South.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He is not dead, France knows he is not dead;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He stirs strong hearts in Spain and Germany,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In far Siberian mines his words are said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He tells the English Ireland shall be free,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He calls poor serfs about him in the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And whispers of a power that laughs at kings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And of a force that breaks the strongest chain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Old tyranny feels his might<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tearing away its deepest fastenings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And jewelled sceptres threaten him in vain.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Years pass away, but freedom does not pass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thrones crumble, but man's birthright crumbles not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, like the wind across the prairie grass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A whole world's aspirations fan this spot<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With ceaseless panting after liberty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One breath of which would make dark Russia fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And blow sweet summer through the exile's cave<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And set the exile free;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For which I pray, here in the open air<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Freedom's morning-tide, by Lincoln's grave.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_6" id="martyr_6"></a>TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p>A man of great ability, pure patriotism, unselfish nature, full of
+forgiveness to his enemies, bearing malice toward none, he proved to
+be the man above all others for the struggle through which the nation
+had to pass to place itself among the greatest in the family of
+nations. His fame will grow brighter as time passes and his great
+great work is better understood.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>U. S. Grant.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>At the moment when the stars of the Union, sparkling and resplendent
+with the golden fires of liberty, are waving over the subdued walls of
+Richmond the sepulchre opens, and the strong, the powerful enters it.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Sr. Rebello Da Silva.</i></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>He ascended the mount where he could see the fair fields and the
+smiling vineyards of the promised land. But, like the great leader of
+Israel, he was not permitted to come to the possession.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Seth Sweetser.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>In his freedom from passion and bitterness; in his acute sense of
+justice; in his courageous faith in the right, and his
+inextinguishable hatred of wrong; in his warm and heartfelt sympathy
+and mercy; in his coolness of judgment; in his unquestioned rectitude
+of intention&mdash;in a word, in his ability to lift himself for his
+country's sake above all mere partisanship, in all the marked traits
+of his character combined, he has had no parallel since Washington,
+and while our republic endures he will live with him in the grateful
+hearts of his grateful countrymen.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Schuyler Colfax.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_7" id="martyr_7"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dead is the roll of the drums,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the distant thunders die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They fade in the far-off sky;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a lovely summer comes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Like the smile of Him on high.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lulled, the storm and the onset.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Earth lies in a sunny swoon;<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span><span class="i2">Stiller splendor of noon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Softer glory of sunset,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Milder starlight and moon!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For the kindly Seasons love us;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They smile over trench and clod<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(Where we left the bravest of us)&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">There's a brighter green of the sod,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a holier calm above us<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the blessed Blue of God.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The roar and ravage were vain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Nature, that never yields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is busy with sun and rain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At her old sweet work again<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On the lonely battle-fields.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How the tall white daisies grow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where the grim artillery rolled!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(Was it only a moon ago?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It seems a century old)&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And the bee hums in the clover,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As the pleasant June comes on;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aye, the wars are all over,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But our good Father is gone.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">There was tumbling of traitor fort,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Flaming of traitor fleet&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lighting of city and port,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Clasping in square and street.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">There was thunder of mine and gun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Cheering by mast and tent,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When&mdash;his dread work all done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And his high fame full won&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Died the Good President.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In his quiet chair he sate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pure of malice or guile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stainless of fear or hate,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And there played a pleasant smile<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On the rough and careworn face;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For his heart was all the while<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On means of mercy and grace.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The brave old Flag drooped o'er him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">(A fold in the hard hand lay)&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He looked, perchance, on the play&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the scene was a shadow before him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For his thoughts were far away.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Twas but the morn (yon fearful<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Death-shade, gloomy and vast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lifting slowly at last),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His household heard him say,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'Tis long since I've been so cheerful,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">So light of heart as to-day."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Twas dying, the long dread clang&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But, or ever the bless&egrave;d ray<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of peace could brighten to-day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Murder stood by the way&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Treason struck home his fang!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One throb&mdash;and, without a pang,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That pure soul passed away.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Kindly Spirit!&mdash;Ah, when did treason<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bid such a generous nature cease,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mild by temper and strong by reason,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But ever leaning to love and peace?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A head how sober; a heart how spacious;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A manner equal with high or low;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rough but gentle, uncouth but gracious,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And still inclining to lips of woe.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Patient when saddest, calm when sternest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Grieved when rigid for justice' sake;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Given to jest, yet ever in earnest<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If aught of right or truth were at stake.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Simple of heart, yet shrewd therewith,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Slow to resolve, but firm to hold;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still with parable and with myth<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Seasoning truth, like Them of old;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aptest humor and quaintest pith!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">(Still we smile o'er the tales he told.)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yet whoso might pierce the guise<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of mirth in the man we mourn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Would mark, and with grieved surprise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All the great soul had borne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the piteous lines, and the kind, sad eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">So dreadfully wearied and worn.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And we trusted (the last dread page<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Once turned, of our Dooms-day Scroll),<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To have seen him, sunny of soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In a cheery, grand old age.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But, Father, 'tis well with thee!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And since ever, when God draws nigh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Some grief for the good must be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Twas well, even so to die,&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Mid the thunder of Treason's fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The yielding of haughty town,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The crashing of cruel wall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The trembling of tyrant crown!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The ringing of hearth and pavement<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To the clash of falling chains,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The centuries of enslavement<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dead, with their blood-bought gains!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And through trouble weary and long,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Well hadst thou seen the way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leaving the State so strong<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It did not reel for a day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And even in death couldst give<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A token for Freedom's strife&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A proof how republics live,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And not by a single life,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But the Right Divine of man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the many, trained to be free,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And none, since the world began,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ever was mourned like thee.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dost thou feel it, O noble Heart!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">(So grieved and so wronged below),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the rest wherein thou art?<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span><span class="i0">Do they see it, those patient eyes?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is there heed in the happy skies<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For tokens of world-wide woe?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Land's great lamentations,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The mighty mourning of cannon<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The myriad flags half-mast&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The late remorse of the nations,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Grief from Volga to Shannon!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(Now they know thee at last.)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How, from gray Niagara's shore<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To Canaveral's surfy shoal&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the rough Atlantic roar<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To the long Pacific roll&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For bereavement and for dole,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Every cottage wears its weed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">White as thine own pure soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And black as the traitor deed.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How, under a nation's pall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The dust so dear in our sight<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To its home on the prairie passed,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The leagues of funeral,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The myriads, morn and night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Pressing to look their last.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor alone the State's Eclipse;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But tears in hard eyes gather&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on rough and bearded lips,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the regiments and the ships&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">"Oh, our dear Father!"<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And methinks of all the million<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That looked on the dark dead face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Neath its sable-plumed pavilion,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The crone of a humbler race<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is saddest of all to think on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the old swart lips that said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sobbing, "Abraham Lincoln!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Oh, he is dead, he is dead!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hush! let our heavy souls<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To-day be glad; for again<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The stormy music swells and rolls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Stirring the hearts of men.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And under the Nation's Dome,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They've guarded so well and long,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our boys come marching home,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Two hundred thousand strong.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All in the pleasant month of May,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With war-worn colors and drums,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still through the livelong summer's day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Regiment, regiment comes.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Like the tide, yesty and barmy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That sets on a wild lee-shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Surge the ranks of an army<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Never reviewed before!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Who shall look on the like again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or see such host of the brave?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A mighty River of marching men<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Rolls the Capital through&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rank on rank, and wave on wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of bayonet-crested blue!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">How the chargers neigh and champ,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(Their riders weary of camp),<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With curvet and with caracole!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The cavalry comes with thunderous tramp,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the cannons heavily roll.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And ever, flowery and gay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Staff sweeps on in a spray<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of tossing forelocks and manes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But each bridle-arm has a weed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of funeral, black as the steed<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That fiery Sheridan reins.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Grandest of mortal sights<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sun-browned ranks to view&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Colors ragg'd in a hundred fights,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the dusty Frocks of Blue!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And all day, mile on mile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With cheer, and waving, and smile,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The war-worn legions defile<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where the nation's noblest stand;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the Great Lieutenant looks on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With the Flower of a rescued Land,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the terrible work is done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the Good Fight is won<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For God and for Fatherland.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So, from the fields they win,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our men are marching home,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A million are marching home!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the cannon's thundering din,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span><span class="i2">And banners on mast and dome,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the ships come sailing in<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With all their ensigns dight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As erst for a great sea-fight.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Let every color fly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Every pennon flaunt in pride;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wave, Starry Flag, on high!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Float in the sunny sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Stream o'er the stormy tide!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For every stripe of stainless hue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And every star in the field of blue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ten thousand of the brave and true<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Have laid them down and died.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And in all our pride to-day<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We think, with a tender pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of those so far away<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They will not come home again.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And our boys had fondly thought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To-day, in marching by,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the ground so dearly bought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the fields so bravely fought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To have met their Father's eye.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But they may not see him in place,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor their ranks be seen of him;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We look for the well-known face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the splendor is strangely dim.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Perish?&mdash;who was it said<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our Leader had passed away?<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span><span class="i0">Dead? Our President dead?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He has not died for a day!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We mourn for a little breath<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Such as, late or soon, dust yields;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the Dark Flower of Death<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Blooms in the fadeless fields.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We looked on a cold, still brow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But Lincoln could yet survive;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He never was more alive,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Never nearer than now.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For the pleasant season found him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Guarded by faithful hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In the fairest of Summer Lands;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With his own brave Staff around him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">There our President stands.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">There they are all at his side,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The noble hearts and true,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That did all men might do&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then slept, with their swords and died.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And around&mdash;(for there can cease<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This earthly trouble)&mdash;they throng,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The friends that have passed in peace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The foes that have seen their wrong.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">(But, a little from the rest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With sad eyes looking down,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And brows of softened frown,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span><span class="i0">With stern arms on the chest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are two, standing abreast&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Stonewall and Old John Brown.)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But the stainless and the true,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">These by their President stand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To look on his last review,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or march with the old command.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And lo! from a thousand fields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">From all the old battle-haunts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A greater Army than Sherman wields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A grander Review than Grant's!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Gathered home from the grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Risen from sun and rain&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rescued from wind and wave<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Out of the stormy main&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Legions of our Brave<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are all in their lines again!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Many a stout Corps that went,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Full-ranked, from camp and tent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And brought back a brigade;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Many a brave regiment,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That mustered only a squad.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The lost battalions,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That, when the fight went wrong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stood and died at their guns,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The stormers steady and strong,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With their best blood that bought<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Scrap, and ravelin, and wall,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The companies that fought<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Till a corporal's guard was all.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Many a valiant crew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That passed in battle and wreck,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ah, so faithful and true!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They died on the bloody deck,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They sank in the soundless blue.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All the loyal and bold<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That lay on a soldier's bier,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The stretchers borne to the rear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hammocks lowered to the hold.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The shattered wreck we hurried,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In death-fight, from deck and port,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Blacks that Wagner buried&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That died in the Bloody Fort!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Comrades of camp and mess,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Left, as they lay, to die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the battle's sorest stress,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When the storm of fight swept by,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They lay in the Wilderness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ah, where did they not lie?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In the tangled swamp they lay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They lay so still on the sward!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They rolled in the sick-bay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Moaning their lives away&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They flushed in the fevered ward.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They rotted in Libby yonder,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They starved in the foul stockade&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hearing afar the thunder<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of the Union cannonade!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But the old wounds all are healed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the dungeoned limbs are free,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Blue Frocks rise from the field,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Blue Jackets out of the sea.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They've 'scaped from the torture-den,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They've broken the bloody sod,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They're all come to life again!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Third of a Million men<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That died for Thee and for God!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A tenderer green than May<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Eternal Season wears,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The blue of our summer's day<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is dim and pallid to theirs,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Horror faded away,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And 'twas heaven all unawares!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tents on the Infinite Shore!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Flags in the azuline sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sails on the seas once more!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To-day, in the heaven on high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All under arms once more!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The troops are all in their lines,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The guidons flutter and play;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But every bayonet shines,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For all must march to-day.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">What lofty pennons flaunt?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What mighty echoes haunt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As of great guns, o'er the main?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hark to the sound again&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Congress is all a-taunt!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Cumberland's manned again!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All the ships and their men<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are in line of battle to-day,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All at quarters, as when<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Their last roll thundered away,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All at their guns, as then,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the Fleet salutes to-day.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The armies have broken camp<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">On the vast and sunny plain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The drums are rolling again;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With steady, measured tramp,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They're marching all again.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With alignment firm and solemn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Once again they form<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In mighty square and column,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But never for charge and storm.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Old Flag they died under<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Floats above them on the shore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And on the great ships yonder<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The ensigns dip once more&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And once again the thunder<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of the thirty guns and four!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In solid platoons of steel,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Under heaven's triumphal arch,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The long lines break and wheel&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And the word is, "Forward, march!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Colors ripple o'erhead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The drums roll up to the sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And with martial time and tread<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The regiments all pass by&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ranks of our faithful Dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Meeting their President's eye.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With a soldier's quiet pride<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They smile o'er the perished pain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For their anguish was not vain&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For thee, O Father, we died!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And we did not die in vain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">March on, your last brave mile!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Salute him, Star and Lace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Form round him, rank and file,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And look on the kind, rough face;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But the quaint and homely smile<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Has a glory and a grace<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It never had known erewhile&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Never, in time and space.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Close round him, hearts of pride!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Press near him, side by side,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our Father is not alone!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the Holy Right ye died,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Christ, the Crucified,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Waits to welcome His own.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_8" id="martyr_8"></a>TRIBUTES</h3>
+
+<p>A statesman of the school of sound common sense, and a philanthropist
+of the most practical type, a patriot without a superior&mdash;his monument
+is a country preserved.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>C. S. Harrington.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Now all men begin to see that the plain people, who at last came to
+love him and to lean upon his wisdom, and trust him absolutely, were
+altogether right, and that in deed and purpose he was earnestly
+devoted to the welfare of the whole country, and of all its
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>R. B. Hayes.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_9" id="martyr_9"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_19_20" id="FNanchor_19_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_20" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JOEL BENTON</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Some opulent force of genius, soul, and race,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Some deep life-current from far centuries<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Flowed to his mind, and lighted his sad eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gave his name, among great names, high place.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But these are miracles we may not trace&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor say why from a source and lineage mean<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He rose to grandeur never dreamt or seen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or told on the long scroll of history's space.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The tragic fate of one broad hemisphere<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fell on stern days to his supreme control,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All that the world and liberty held dear<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pressed like a nightmare on his patient soul.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Martyr beloved, on whom, when life was done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fame looked, and saw another Washington!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_20" id="Footnote_19_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_20"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>By permission of the author.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_10" id="martyr_10"></a>ON THE LIFE-MASK OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_20_21" id="FNanchor_20_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_21" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">This bronze doth keep the very form and mold<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of our great martyr's face. Yes, this is he:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That brow all wisdom, all benignity;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That human, humorous mouth; those cheeks that hold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Like some harsh landscape all the summer's gold;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That spirit fit for sorrow, as the sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For storms to beat on; the lone agony<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Those silent, patient lips too well foretold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yes, this is he who ruled a world of men<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As might some prophet of the elder day&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Brooding above the tempest and the fray<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With deep-eyed thought and more than mortal ken.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A power was his beyond the touch of art<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or armed strength&mdash;his pure and mighty heart.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_21" id="Footnote_20_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_21"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TRIBUTES</h3>
+
+<p>To him belongs the credit of having worked his way up from the
+humblest position an American freeman can occupy to the highest and
+most powerful, without losing, in the least, the simplicity and
+sincerity of nature which endeared him alike to the plantation slave
+and the metropolitan millionaire.</p>
+
+<p>The most malignant party opposition has never been able to call in
+question the patriotism of his motives, or tarnish with the breath of
+suspicion the brightness of his spotless fidelity. Ambition did not
+warp, power corrupt, nor glory dazzle him.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Warren H. Cudworth.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>By his steady, enduring confidence in God, and in the complete
+ultimate success of the cause of God which is the cause of humanity,
+more than in any other way does he now speak to us, and to the nation
+he loved and served so well.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>P. D. Gurley.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Chieftain, farewell! The nation mourns thee. Mothers shall teach thy
+name to their lisping children. The youth of our land shall emulate
+thy virtues. Statesmen shall study thy record, and learn lessons of
+wisdom. Mute though thy lips be, yet they still speak. Hushed is thy
+voice, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> its echoes of liberty are ringing through the world, and
+the sons of bondage listen with joy.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Matthew Simpson.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_11" id="martyr_11"></a>LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY GEORGE HENRY BOKER.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Crown we our heroes with a holier wreath<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than man e'er wore upon this side of death;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mix with their laurels deathless asphodels,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And chime their p&aelig;ans from the sacred bells!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor in your prayers forget the martyred Chief,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fallen for the gospel of your own belief,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who, ere he mounted to the people's throne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Asked for your prayers, and joined in them his own.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I knew the man. I see him, as he stands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With gifts of mercy in his outstretched hands;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A kindly light within his gentle eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sad as the toil in which his heart grew wise;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His lips half-parted with the constant smile<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That kindled truth, but foiled the deepest guile;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His head bent forward, and his willing ear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Divinely patient right and wrong to hear:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Great in his goodness, humble in his state,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Firm in his purpose, yet not passionate,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He led his people with a tender hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And won by love a sway beyond command,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Summoned by lot to mitigate a time<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Frenzied with rage, unscrupulous with crime,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span><span class="i0">He bore his mission with so meek a heart<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That Heaven itself took up his people's part;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when he faltered, helped him ere he fell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eking his efforts out by miracle.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No king this man, by grace of God's intent;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No, something better, freeman,&mdash;President!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A nature, modeled on a higher plan,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lord of himself, an inborn gentleman!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_12" id="martyr_12"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">JAMES A. GARFIELD</p>
+
+<p>In the great drama of the rebellion there were two acts. The first was
+the war, with its battles and sieges, its victories and defeats, its
+sufferings and tears. Just as the curtain was lifting on the second
+and final act, the restoration of peace and liberty, the evil spirit
+of the rebellion, in the fury of despair, nerved and directed the hand
+of an assassin to strike down the chief character in both. It was no
+one man who killed Abraham Lincoln; it was the embodied spirit of
+treason and slavery, inspired with fearful and despairing hate, that
+struck him down in the moment of the nation's supremest joy.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, there are times in the history of men and nations when they stand
+so near the veil that separates mortals from the immortals, time from
+eternity, and men from God that they can almost hear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> the beatings and
+pulsations of the heart of the Infinite. Through such a time has this
+nation passed.</p>
+
+<p>When two hundred and fifty thousand brave spirits passed from the
+field of honor, through that thin veil, to the presence of God, and
+when at last its parting folds admitted the martyr President to the
+company of those dead heroes of the Republic, the nation stood so near
+the veil that the whispers of God were heard by the children of men.
+Awe-stricken by his voice, the American people knelt in tearful
+reverence and made a solemn covenant with him and with each other that
+this nation should be saved from its enemies, that all its glories
+should be restored, and, on the ruins of slavery and treason, the
+temples of freedom and justice should be built, and should survive
+forever.</p>
+
+<p>It remains for us, consecrated by that great event and under a
+covenant with God, to keep that faith, to go forward in the great work
+until it shall be completed. Following the lead of that great man, and
+obeying the high behests of God, let us remember that:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment seat;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer him! be jubilant, my feet!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our God is marching on.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_13" id="martyr_13"></a>AN HORATIAN ODE<a name="FNanchor_21_22" id="FNanchor_21_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_22" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY RICHARD HENRY STODDARD</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not as when some great captain falls<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In battle, where his country calls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Beyond the struggling lines<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That push his dread designs<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To doom, by some stray ball struck dead:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or in the last charge, at the head<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of his determined men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who must be victors then!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor as when sink the civic great,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The safer pillars of the State,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Whose calm, mature, wise words<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Suppress the need of swords!&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With no such tears as e'er were shed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Above the noblest of our dead<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Do we to-day deplore<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The man that is no more!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our sorrow hath a wider scope,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Too strange for fear, too vast for hope,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">A wonder, blind and dumb,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That waits&mdash;what is to come!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not more astonished had we been<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If madness, that dark night, unseen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Had in our chambers crept,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And murdered while we slept!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We woke to find a mourning earth&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Our Lares shivered on the hearth,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To roof-tree fallen,&mdash;all<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That could affright, appall!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Such thunderbolts, in other lands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have smitten the rod from royal hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But spared, with us, till now,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Each laurelled C&aelig;sar's brow!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No C&aelig;sar he, whom we lament,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A man without a precedent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Sent it would seem, to do<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">His work&mdash;and perish too!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not by the weary cares of state,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The endless tasks, which will not wait,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Which, often done in vain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Must yet be done again:<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not in the dark, wild tide of war,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which rose so high, and rolled so far,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Sweeping from sea to sea<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">In awful anarchy:&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Four fateful years of mortal strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which slowly drained the nation's life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(Yet, for each drop that ran<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">There sprang an armed man!)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not then;&mdash;but when by measures meet,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By victory, and by defeat,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">By courage, patience, skill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The people's fixed "We will!"<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Had pierced, had crushed rebellion dead,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Without a hand, without a head:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">At last, when all was well,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">He fell&mdash;O, how he fell!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The time,&mdash;the place,&mdash;the stealing shape,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The coward shot,&mdash;the swift escape,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The wife,&mdash;the widow's scream,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It is a hideous dream!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A dream?&mdash;what means this pageant, then?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These multitudes of solemn men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who speak not when they meet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But throng the silent street?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The flags half-mast, that late so high<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Flaunted at each new victory?<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(The stars no brightness shed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But bloody looks the red!)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The black festoons that stretch for miles,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And turn the streets to funeral aisles?<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(No house too poor to show<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The nation's badge of woe!)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The cannon's sudden, sullen boom,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The bells that toll of death and doom,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The rolling of the drums,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The dreadful car that comes?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cursed be the hand that fired the shot!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The frenzied brain that hatched the plot!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Thy country's father slain<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">By thee, thou worse than Cain!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Tyrants have fallen by such as thou,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And good hath followed&mdash;may it now!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(God lets bad instruments<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Produce the best events.)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But he, the man we mourn to-day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No tyrant was: so mild a sway<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">In one such weight who bore<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Was never known before!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cool should be he, of balanced powers.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The ruler of a race like ours,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Impatient, headstrong, wild,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The man to guide the child!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And this he was, who most unfit<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(So hard the sense of God to hit!)<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Did seem to fill his place.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With such a homely face,&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Such rustic manners,&mdash;speech uncouth,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(That somehow blundered out the truth!)<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Untried, untrained to bear<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The more than kingly care!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ay! And his genius put to scorn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The proudest in the purple born,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Whose wisdom never grew<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To what, untaught, he knew&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The people, of whom he was one.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No gentleman like Washington,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(Whose bones, methinks, make room,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To have him in their tomb!)<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A laboring man, with horny hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who swung the axe, who tilled his lands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who shrank from nothing new,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But did as poor men do!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">One of the people! Born to be<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their curious epitome;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To share, yet rise above<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Their shifting hate and love.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Common his mind (it seemed so then),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His thought the thoughts of other men:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Plain were his words, and poor&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But now they will endure!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No hasty fool, of stubborn will,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But prudent, cautious, pliant, still;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who, since his work was good,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Would do it, as he could.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Doubting, was not ashamed to doubt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, lacking prescience, went without:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Often appeared to halt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And was, of course, at fault:<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Heard all opinions, nothing loth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And loving both sides, angered both:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Was&mdash;not like justice, blind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But watchful, clement, kind.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No hero, this, of Roman mould;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor like our stately sires of old:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Perhaps he was not great&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But he preserved that State!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O honest face, which all men knew!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O tender heart, but known to few!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">O wonder of the age,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Cut off by tragic rage!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Peace! Let the long procession come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For hark!&mdash;the mournful, muffled drum&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The trumpet's wail afar,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And see! the awful car!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Peace! Let the sad procession go,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While cannon boom, and bells toll slow:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And go, thou sacred car,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Bearing our woe afar!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Go, darkly borne, from State to State,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whose loyal, sorrowing cities wait<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To honor all they can<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The dust of that good man!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Go, grandly borne, with such a train<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As greatest kings might die to gain:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The just, the wise, the brave<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Attend thee to the grave!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And you, the soldiers of our wars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bronzed veterans, grim with noble scars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Salute him once again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Your late commander&mdash;slain!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yes, let your tears, indignant, fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But leave your muskets on the wall:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Your country needs you now<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Beside the forge, the plough!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">(When justice shall unsheathe her brand,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If mercy may not stay her hand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Nor would we have it so&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">She must direct the blow!)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And you, amid the master-race,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who seem so strangely out of place,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Know ye who cometh? He<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who hath declared ye free!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Bow while the body passes&mdash;nay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fall on your knees, and weep, and pray!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Weep, weep&mdash;I would ye might&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Your poor, black faces white!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And children, you must come in bands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With garlands in your little hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of blue, and white, and red,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To strew before the dead!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So sweetly, sadly, sternly goes<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fallen to his last repose:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Beneath no mighty dome.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">But in his modest home;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The churchyard where his children rest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The quiet spot that suits him best:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">There shall his grave be made,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And there his bones be laid!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And there his countrymen shall come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With memory proud, with pity dumb,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And strangers far and near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">For many and many a year!<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For many a year, and many an age,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While history on her ample page<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The virtues shall enroll<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of that paternal soul!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_22" id="Footnote_21_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_22"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>By permission of Charles Scribner's Sons.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_14" id="martyr_14"></a>SOME FOREIGN TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "The Lives and Deeds of Our Self-made Men"<a name="FNanchor_22_23" id="FNanchor_22_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_23" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">BY MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE</p>
+
+<p class="center">(1889)</p>
+
+<p>On the first of May, 1865, Sir George Grey, in the English House of
+Commons, moved an address to the Crown, to express the feelings of the
+House upon the assassination of Mr. Lincoln. In this address he said
+that he was convinced that Mr. Lincoln "in the hour of victory, and in
+the triumph of victory, would have shown that wise forbearance, and
+that generous consideration, which would have added tenfold lustre to
+the fame that he had already acquired, amidst the varying fortunes of
+the war."</p>
+
+<p>In seconding the second address, at the same time and place, Mr.
+Benjamin Disraeli said: "But in the character of the victim, and in
+the very accessories of his almost latest moments, there is something
+so homely and so innocent that it takes the subject, as it were, out
+of the pomp of history, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> out of the ceremonial of diplomacy. It
+touches the heart of nations, and appeals to the domestic sentiments
+of mankind."</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Lords, Lord John Russell, in moving a similar address,
+observed: "President Lincoln was a man who, although he had not been
+distinguished before his election, had from that time displayed a
+character of so much integrity, sincerity and straightforwardness, and
+at the same time of so much kindness, that if any one could have been
+able to alleviate the pain and animosity which have prevailed during
+the civil war, I believe President Lincoln was the man to have done
+so." And again, in speaking of the question of amending the
+Constitution so as to prohibit slavery, he said: "We must all feel
+that there again the death of President Lincoln deprives the United
+States of the man who was the leader on this subject."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Stuart Mill, the distinguished philosopher, in a letter to an
+American friend, used far stronger expressions than these guarded
+phrases of high officials. He termed Mr. Lincoln "the great citizen
+who had afforded so noble an example of the qualities befitting the
+first magistrate of a free people, and who, in the most trying
+circumstances, had gradually won not only the admiration, but almost
+the personal affection of all who love freedom or appreciate
+simplicity or uprightness."</p>
+
+<p>Professor Goldwin Smith writing to the London Daily News, began by
+saying, "It is difficult to measure the calamity which the United
+States and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> the world have sustained by the murder of President
+Lincoln. The assassin has done his best to strike down mercy and
+moderation, of both of which this good and noble life was the
+mainstay."</p>
+
+<p>Senhor Rebello da Silva, a member of the Portuguese Chamber of Peers,
+in moving a resolution on the death of Mr. Lincoln, thus outlined his
+character: "He is truly great who rises to the loftiest heights from
+profound obscurity, relying solely on his own merits as did Napoleon,
+Washington, Lincoln. For these arose to power and greatness, not
+through any favor or grace, by a chance cradle, or genealogy, but
+through the prestige of their own deeds, through the nobility which
+begins and ends with themselves&mdash;the sole offspring of their own
+works.... Lincoln was of this privileged class; he belonged to this
+aristocracy. In infancy, his energetic soul was nourished by poverty.
+In youth, he learned through toil the love of liberty, and respect for
+the rights of man. Even to the age of twenty-two, educated in
+adversity, his hands made callous by honorable labor, he rested from
+the fatigues of the field, spelling out, in the pages of the Bible, in
+the lessons of the gospel, in the fugitive leaves of the daily
+journal&mdash;which the aurora opens, and the night disperses&mdash;the first
+rudiments of instruction, which his solitary meditations ripened. The
+chrysalis felt one day the ray of the sun, which called it to life,
+broke its involucrum, and it launched forth fearlessly from the
+darkness of its humble cloister into the luminous spaces of its
+destiny. The farmer, day-laborer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> shepherd, like Cincinnatus, left
+the ploughshare in the half-broken furrow, and, legislator of his own
+State, and afterwards of the Great Republic, saw himself proclaimed in
+the tribunal the popular chief of several millions of people, the
+maintainer of the holy principle inaugurated by Wilberforce."</p>
+
+<p>There are some vague and some only partially correct statements in
+this diffuse passage; but it shows plainly enough how enthusiastically
+the Portuguese nobleman had admired the antique simplicity and
+strength of Mr. Lincoln's character.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Merle d'Aubigne, the historian of the Reformation, writing to Mr.
+Fogg, U. S. Minister to Switzerland, said: "While not venturing to
+compare him to the great sacrifice of Golgotha, which gave liberty to
+the captives, is it not just, in this hour, to recall the word of an
+apostle (I John iii, 16): 'Hereby perceive we the love of God, because
+he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for
+the brethren?' Who can say that the President did not lay down his
+life by the firmness of his devotion to a great duty? The name of
+Lincoln will remain one of the greatest that history has to inscribe
+on its annals.... Among the legacies which Lincoln leaves to us, we
+shall all regard as the most precious, his spirit of equity, of
+moderation, and of peace, according to which he will still preside, if
+I may so speak, over the restoration of your great nation."</p>
+
+<p>The "Democratic Association" of Florence, addressed "to the Free
+People of the United States," a letter, in which they term Mr. Lincoln
+"the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> honest, the magnanimous citizen, the most worthy chief
+magistrate of your glorious Federation."</p>
+
+<p>The eminent French liberal, M. Edouard Laboulaye, in a speech showing
+a remarkably just understanding and extremely broad views with respect
+to the affairs and the men of the United States, said: "Mr. Lincoln
+was one of those heroes who are ignorant of themselves; his thoughts
+will reign after him. The name of Washington has already been
+pronounced, and I think with reason. Doubtless Mr. Lincoln resembled
+Franklin more than Washington. By his origin, his arch good nature,
+his ironical good sense, and his love of anecdotes and jesting, he was
+of the same blood as the printer of Philadelphia. But it is
+nevertheless true that in less than a century, America has passed
+through two crises in which its liberty might have been lost, if it
+had not had honest men at its head; and that each time it has had the
+happiness to meet the man best fitted to serve it. If Washington
+founded the Union, Lincoln has saved it. History will draw together
+and unite those two names. A single word explains Mr. Lincoln's whole
+life: it was Duty. Never did he put himself forward; never did he
+think of himself; never did he seek one of those ingenious
+combinations which puts the head of a state in bold relief, and
+enhances his importance at the expense of the country; his only
+ambition, his only thought was faithfully to fulfil the mission which
+his fellow-citizens had entrusted to him.... His inaugural address,
+March 4, 1865, shows us what progress had been made in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> his soul. This
+piece of familiar eloquence is a master-piece; it is the testament of
+a patriot. I do not believe that any eulogy of the President would
+equal this page on which he had depicted himself in all his greatness
+and all his simplicity.... History is too often only a school of
+immorality. It shows us the victory of force or stratagem much more
+than the success of justice, moderation, and probity. It is too often
+only the apotheosis of triumphant selfishness. There are noble and
+great exceptions; happy those who can increase the number, and thus
+bequeath a noble and beneficent example to posterity! Mr. Lincoln is
+among these. He would willingly have repeated, after Franklin, that
+'falsehood and artifice are the practice of fools who have not wit
+enough to be honest.' All his private life, and all his political
+life, were inspired and directed by this profound faith in the
+omnipotence of virtue. It is through this, again, that he deserves to
+be compared with Washington; it is through this that he will remain in
+history with the most glorious name that can be merited by the head of
+a free people&mdash;a name given him by his cotemporaries, and which will
+be preserved to him by posterity&mdash;that of Honest Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+<p>A letter from the well-known French historian, Henri Martin, to the
+Paris Si&egrave;cle, contained the following passages: "Lincoln will remain
+the austere and sacred personification of a great epoch, the most
+faithful expression of democracy. This simple and upright man, prudent
+and strong, ele<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>vated step by step from the artisan's bench to the
+command of a great nation, and always without parade and without
+effort, at the height of his position; executing without
+precipitation, without flourish, and with invincible good sense, the
+most colossal acts; giving to the world this decisive example of the
+civil power in a republic; directing a gigantic war, without free
+institutions being for an instant compromised or threatened by
+military usurpation; dying, finally, at the moment when, after
+conquering, he was intent on pacification, ... this man will stand
+out, in the traditions of his country and the world, as an incarnation
+of the people, and of modern democracy itself. The great work of
+emancipation had to be sealed, therefore, with the blood of the just,
+even as it was inaugurated with the blood of the just. The tragic
+history of the abolition of slavery, which opened with the gibbet of
+John Brown, will close with the assassination of Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>"And now let him rest by the side of Washington, as the second founder
+of the great Republic. European democracy is present in spirit at his
+funeral, as it voted in its heart for his re-election, and applauded
+the victory in the midst of which he passed away. It will wish with
+one accord to associate itself with the monument that America will
+raise to him upon the capitol of prostrate slavery."</p>
+
+<p>The London Globe, in commenting on Mr. Lincoln's assassination, said
+that he "had come nobly through a great ordeal. He had extorted the
+ad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>miration even of his opponents, at least on this side of the water.
+They had come to admire, reluctantly, his firmness, honesty, fairness
+and sagacity. He tried to do, and had done, what he considered his
+duty, with magnanimity."</p>
+
+<p>The London Express said, "He had tried to show the world how great,
+how moderate, and how true he could be, in the moment of his great
+triumph."</p>
+
+<p>The Liverpool Post said, "If ever there was a man who in trying times
+avoided offenses, it was Mr. Lincoln. If there ever was a leader in a
+civil contest who shunned acrimony and eschewed passion, it was he. In
+a time of much cant and affectation he was simple, unaffected, true,
+transparent. In a season of many mistakes he was never known to be
+wrong.... By a happy tact, not often so felicitously blended with pure
+evidence of soul, Abraham Lincoln knew when to speak, and never spoke
+too early or too late.... The memory of his statesmanship, translucent
+in the highest degree, and above the average, and openly faithful,
+more than almost any of this age has witnessed, to fact and right,
+will live in the hearts and minds of the whole Anglo-Saxon race, as
+one of the noblest examples of that race's highest qualities. Add to
+all this that Abraham Lincoln was the humblest and pleasantest of men,
+that he had raised himself from nothing, and that to the last no grain
+of conceit or ostentation was found in him, and there stands before
+the world a man whose like we shall not soon look upon again."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the remarks of M. Rouher, the French Minister, in the Legislative
+Assembly, on submitting to that Assembly the official despatch of the
+French Foreign Minister of the Charg&eacute; at Washington, M. Rouher
+remarked, of Mr. Lincoln's personal character, that he had exhibited
+"that calm firmness and indomitable energy which belong to strong
+minds, and are the necessary conditions of the accomplishment of great
+duties. In the hour of victory he exhibited generosity, moderation and
+conciliation."</p>
+
+<p>And in the despatch, which was signed by Mr. Drouyn de L'Huys, were
+the following expressions: "Abraham Lincoln exhibited, in the exercise
+of the power placed in his hands, the most substantial qualities. In
+him, firmness of character was allied to elevation of principle.... In
+reviewing these last testimonies to his exalted wisdom, as well as the
+examples of good sense, of courage, and of patriotism, which he has
+given, history will not hesitate to place him in the rank of citizens
+who have the most honored their country."</p>
+
+<p>In the Prussian Lower House, Herr Loewes, in speaking of the news of
+the assassination, said that Mr. Lincoln "performed his duties without
+pomp or ceremony, and relied on that dignity of his inner self alone,
+which is far above rank, orders and titles. He was a faithful servant,
+not less of his own commonwealth than of civilization, freedom and
+humanity."</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_23" id="Footnote_22_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_23"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>By permission of Dana Estes Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_15" id="martyr_15"></a><span class="smcap">From</span> 'THE GETTYSBURG ODE'</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY BAYARD TAYLOR</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">After the eyes that looked, the lips that spake<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here, from the shadows of impending death,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Those words of solemn breath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">What voice may fitly break<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The silence, doubly hallowed, left by him?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We can but bow the head, with eyes grown dim,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And as a Nation's litany, repeat<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The phrase his martyrdom hath made complete,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Noble as then, but now more sadly sweet:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Let us, the Living, rather dedicate<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ourselves to the unfinished work, which they<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus far advanced so nobly on its way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">And saved the perilled State!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let us, upon this field where they, the brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their last full measure of devotion gave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Highly resolve they have not died in vain!&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That, under God, the Nation's later birth<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of Freedom, and the people's gain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of their own Sovereignty, shall never wane<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And perish from the circle of the earth!"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From such a perfect text, shall Song aspire<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">To light her faded fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And into wandering music turn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its virtue, simple, sorrowful, and stern?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His voice all elegies anticipated;<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">For, whatsoe'er the strain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">We hear that one refrain:<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span><span class="i0">"We consecrate ourselves to them, the Consecrated!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>[Transcriber's Note: Some of the poem omitted in original.]</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_16" id="martyr_16"></a>TRIBUTES</h3>
+
+<p>Thank God for Abraham Lincoln! However lightly the words may sometimes
+pass your lips, let us speak them now and always of this man
+sincerely, solemnly, reverently, as so often dying soldiers and
+bereaved women and little children spoke them. Thank God for Abraham
+Lincoln&mdash;for the Lincoln who died and whose ashes rest at
+Springfield&mdash;for the Lincoln who lives in the hearts of the American
+people&mdash;in their widened sympathies and uplifted ideals. Thank God for
+the work he did, is doing, and is to do. Thank God for Abraham
+Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>James Willis Gleed.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Let us not then try to compare and to measure him with others, and let
+us not quarrel as to whether he was greater or less than Washington,
+as to whether either of them set to perform the other's task would
+have succeeded in it, or, perchance would have failed. Not only is the
+competition itself an ungracious one, but to make Lincoln a competitor
+is foolish and useless. He was the most individual man who ever lived;
+let us be content with this fact. Let us take him simply<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> as Abraham
+Lincoln, singular and solitary, as we all see that he was; let us be
+thankful if we can make a niche big enough for him among the world's
+heroes, without worrying ourselves about the proportion which it may
+bear to other niches; and there let him remain forever, lonely, as in
+his strange lifetime, impressive, mysterious, unmeasured, and
+unsolved.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>John T. Morse, Jr.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Those who are raised high enough to be able to look over the stone
+walls, those who are intelligent enough to take a broader view of
+things than that which is bounded by the lines of any one State or
+section, understand that the unity of the nation is of the first
+importance, and are prepared to make those sacrifices and concessions,
+within the bounds of loyalty, which are necessary for its maintenance,
+and to cherish that temper of fraternal affection which alone can fill
+the form of national existence with the warm blood of life. The first
+man after the Civil War, to recognize this great principle and to act
+upon it was the head of the nation,&mdash;that large and generous soul
+whose worth was not fully felt until he was taken from his people by
+the stroke of the assassin, in the very hour when his presence was
+most needed for the completion of the work of reunion.</p>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Henry Van Dyke.</i><br /></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_17" id="martyr_17"></a>LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From <i>MacMillan's Magazine</i>, England</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">LINCOLN! When men would name a man<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Just, unperturbed, magnanimous,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tried in the lowest seat of all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Tried in the chief seat of the house&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lincoln! When men would name a man<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who wrought the great work of his age,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who fought and fought the noblest fight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And marshalled it from stage to stage,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Victorious, out of dusk and dark,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And into dawn and on till day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Most humble when the p&aelig;ans rang,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Least rigid when the enemy lay<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Prostrated for his feet to tread&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">This name of Lincoln will they name,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A name revered, a name of scorn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of scorn to sundry, not to fame.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lincoln, the man who freed the slave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lincoln whom never self enticed;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slain Lincoln, worthy found to die<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A soldier of his captain Christ.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_18" id="martyr_18"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">This man whose homely face you look upon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was one of Nature's masterful, great men;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Born with strong arms, that unfought battles won,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Direct of speech, and cunning with the pen.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chosen for large designs, he had the art<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of winning with his humor, and he went<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Straight to his mark, which was the human heart;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wise, too, for what he could not break he bent.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon his back a more than Atlas-load,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The burden of the Commonwealth, was laid;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He stooped, and rose up to it, though the road<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shot suddenly downwards, not a whit dismayed.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hold, warriors, councillors, kings! All now give place<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To this dead Benefactor of the race!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="citation">
+<i>Richard Henry Stoddard.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_19" id="martyr_19"></a>LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_23_24" id="FNanchor_23_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_24" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY EDNA DEAN PROCTOR</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Now must the storied Potomac<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Laurels for ever divide,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now to the Sangamon fameless<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Give of its century's pride.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span><span class="i0">Sangamon, stream of the prairies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Placidly westward that flows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Far in whose city of silence<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Calm he has sought his repose.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Over our Washington's river<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sunrise beams rosy and fair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sunset on Sangamon fairer&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Father and martyr lies there.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Kings under pyramids slumber,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sealed in the Lybian sands;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Princes in gorgeous cathedrals<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Decked with the spoil of the lands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kinglier, princelier sleeps he<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Couched 'mid the prairies serene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Only the turf and the willow<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Him and God's heaven between!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Temple nor column to cumber<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Verdure and bloom of the sod&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So, in the vale by Beth-peor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Moses was buried of God.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Break into blossom, O prairies!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Snowy and golden and red;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Peers of the Palestine lilies<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Heap for your glorious dead!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Roses as fair as of Sharon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Branches as stately as palm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Odors as rich as the spices&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Cassia and aloes and balm&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mary the loved and Salome,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">All with a gracious accord,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ere the first glow of the morning<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Brought to the tomb of the Lord<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Wind of the West! breathe around him<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Soft as the saddened air's sigh<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When to the summit of Pisgah<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Moses had journeyed to die.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clear as its anthem that floated<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Wide o'er the Moabite plain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Low with the wail of the people<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Blending its burdened refrain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rarer, O Wind! and diviner,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sweet as the breeze that went by<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When, over Olivet's mountain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Jesus was lost in the sky.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not for thy sheaves nor savannas<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Crown we thee, proud Illinois!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here in his grave is thy grandeur;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Born of his sorrow thy joy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Only the tomb by Mount Zion<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hewn for the Lord do we hold<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dearer than his in thy prairies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Girdled with harvests of gold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still for the world, through the ages<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Wreathing with glory his brow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He shall be Liberty's Saviour&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Freedom's Jerusalem thou!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_24" id="Footnote_23_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_24"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="martyr_20" id="martyr_20"></a>WHEN LILACS LAST IN THE DOORYARD BLOOM'D<a name="FNanchor_24_25" id="FNanchor_24_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_25" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY WALT WHITMAN</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">I<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the great star early droop'd in the western sky in the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I mourn'd, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ever-returning spring, trinity sure to me you bring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thought of him I love.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">II<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O powerful western fallen star!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O shades of night&mdash;O moody, tearful night!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O great star disappear'd&mdash;O the black murk that hides the star!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O cruel hands that hold me powerless&mdash;O helpless soul of me!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O harsh surrounding cloud that will not free my soul.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">III<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In the dooryard fronting an old farm-house near the white-wash'd palings,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stands the lilac-bush tall-growing with heart-shaped leaves of rich green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With many a pointed blossom rising delicate, with the perfume strong I love,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With every leaf a miracle&mdash;and from this bush in the dooryard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With delicate-color'd blossoms and heart-shaped leaves of rich green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sprig with its flower I break.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">IV<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In the swamp in secluded recesses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A shy and hidden bird is warbling a song.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Solitary the thrush,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlements,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sings by himself a song.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Song of the bleeding throat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Death's outlet song of life (for well, dear brother, I know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If thou wast not granted to sing thou would'st surely die).<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">V<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Over the breast of the spring, the land, amid cities,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Amid lanes and through old woods, where lately <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>the violets peep'd from the ground, spotting the gray debris,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Amid the grass in the fields each side of the lanes, passing the endless grass.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Passing the yellow-spear'd wheat, every grain from its shroud in the dark-brown fields uprisen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Passing the apple-tree blows of white and pink in the orchards,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Carrying a corpse to where it shall rest in the grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Night and day journeys a coffin.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">VI<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Coffin that passes through lanes and streets,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through day and night with the great cloud darkening the land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the pomp of the inloop'd flags with the cities draped in black,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the show of the States themselves as of crape-veil'd women standing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With processions long and winding and the flambeaus of the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the countless torches lit, with the silent sea of faces and the unbared heads,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the waiting depot, the arriving coffin, and the sombre faces,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With dirges through the night, with the thousand voices rising strong and solemn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With all the mournful voices of the dirges pour'd around the coffin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The dim-lit churches and the shuddering organs&mdash;where amid these you journey,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span><span class="i0">With the tolling, tolling bells' perpetual clang,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here, coffin that slowly passes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I give you my sprig of lilac.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">VII<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">(Nor for you, for one alone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blossoms and branches green to coffins all I bring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For fresh as the morning, thus would I chant a song for you, O sane and sacred death.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All over bouquets of roses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O death, I cover you over with roses and early lilies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But mostly and now the lilac that blooms the first.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Copious I break, I break the sprigs from the bushes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With loaded arms I come, pouring for you,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For you and the coffins all of you, O death).<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">VIII<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O western orb sailing the heaven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now I know what you must have meant as a month since I walk'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As I walk'd in silence the transparent shadowy night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As I saw you had something to tell as you bent to me night after night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As you droop'd from the sky low down as if to my side (while the other stars all look'd on),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As we wander'd together the solemn night (for something, I know not what, kept me from sleep),<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span><span class="i0">As the night advanced, and I saw on the rim of the west how full you were of woe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As I stood on the rising ground in the breeze in the cool transparent night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As I watch'd where you pass'd and was lost in the netherward black of the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As my soul in its trouble dissatisfied sank, as where you, sad orb,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Concluded, dropt in the night, and was gone.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">IX<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sing on there in the swamp,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O singer, bashful and tender, I hear your notes, I hear your call,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I hear, I come presently, I understand you,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But a moment I linger, for the lustrous star has detain'd me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The star, my departing comrade holds and detains<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">me.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">X<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O how shall I warble myself for the dead one there I loved?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And how shall I deck my song for the large sweet soul that has gone?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And what shall my perfume be for the grave of him I love?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sea-winds blown from east and west,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Blown from the Eastern sea and blown from the Western sea, till there on the prairies meeting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">These and with these and the breath of my chant,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I'll perfume the grave of him I love.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">XI<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O what shall I hang on the chamber walls?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And what shall the pictures be that I hang on the walls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To adorn the burial-house of him I love?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Pictures of growing spring and farms and homes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the Fourth-month eve at sundown, and the gray smoke lucid and bright,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With floods of the yellow gold of the gorgeous, indolent, sinking sun, burning, expanding the air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the fresh sweet herbage under foot, and the pale green leaves of the trees prolific,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the distance the flowing glaze, the breast of the<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">river, with a wind-dapple here and there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With ranging hills on the banks, with many a line against the sky, and shadows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the city at hand with dwellings so dense, and stacks of chimneys,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all the scenes of life and the workshops, and the workmen homeward returning.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">XII<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lo, body and soul&mdash;this land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My own Manhattan with spires, and the sparkling and hurrying tides, and the ships,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The varied and ample land, the South and the North in the light, Ohio's shores and flashing Missouri,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ever the far-spreading prairies cover'd with grass and corn.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span><span class="i0">Lo, the most excellent sun so calm and haughty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The violet and purple morn with just-felt breezes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gentle soft-born measureless light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The miracle spreading, bathing all, the fulfill'd noon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The coming eve delicious, the welcome night and the stars,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Over my cities shining all, enveloping man and land.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">XIII<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sing on, sing on, you gray-brown bird,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing from the swamps, the recesses, pour your chant from the bushes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Limitless out of the dusk, out of the cedars and pines.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sing on, dearest brother, warble your reedy song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Loud human song, with voice of uttermost woe.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O liquid and free and tender!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O wild and loose to my soul&mdash;O wondrous singer!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">You only I hear&mdash;yet the star holds me (but will soon depart),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet the lilac with mastering odor holds me.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">XIV<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Now while I sat in the day and look'd forth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the close of the day with its light and the fields of spring, and the farmers preparing their crops,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span><span class="i0">In the large unconscious scenery of my land with its lakes and forests,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In the heavenly aerial beauty (after the perturb'd winds and the storms),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Under the arching heavens of the afternoon swift passing, and the voices of children and women,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The many-moving sea-tides, and I saw the ships how they sail'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the summer approaching with richness, and the fields all busy with labor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the infinite separate houses, how they all went on, each with its meals and minutia of daily usages,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the streets, how their throbbings throbb'd, and the cities pent&mdash;lo, then and there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Falling upon them all and among them all, enveloping me with the rest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Appear'd the cloud, appear'd the long black trail,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And I knew death, its thought, and the sacred knowledge of death.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then with the knowledge of death as walking one side of me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the thought of death close-walking the other side of me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in the middle as with companions, and as holding the hands of companions,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I fled forth to the hiding, receiving night that talks not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Down to the shores of the water, the path by the swamp in the dimness,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the solemn shadowy cedars and ghostly pines so still.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span><span class="i0">And the singer so shy to the rest receiv'd me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gray-brown bird I know receiv'd us comrades three,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he sang the carol of death, and a verse for him I love.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">From deep secluded recesses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From the fragrant cedars and the ghostly pines so still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Came the carol of the bird.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And the charm of the carol rapt me,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As I held as if by their hands my comrades in the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the voice of my spirit tallied the song of the bird.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Come, lovely and soothing death,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Undulate round the world, serenely arriving, arriving,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>In the day, in the night, to all, to each,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Sooner or later, delicate death.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Prais'd be the fathomless universe,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>For life and joy, and for objects and knowledge curious,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And for love, sweet love&mdash;but praise! praise! praise!</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>For the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Dark mother, always gliding near with soft feet,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome?</i><br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span><span class="i0"><i>Then I chant it for thee, I glorify thee above all,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>I bring thee a song that when thou must indeed come, come unfalteringly.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Approach, strong deliveress,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>When it is so, when thou hast taken them I joyously sing the dead,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Lost in the loving, floating ocean of thee,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Laved in the flood of thy bliss, O death.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>From me to thee, glad serenades,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Dances for thee I propose saluting thee, adornments and feastings for thee,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And the sights of the open landscape and the high-spread sky are fitting,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And life and the fields, and the huge and thoughtful night.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>The night in silence under many a star,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>The ocean shore and the husky whispering wave whose voice I know,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And the soul turning to thee, O vast and well-veil'd death,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And the body gratefully nestling close to thee.</i><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Over the tree-tops I float thee a song,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Over the rising and sinking waves, over the myriad fields and the prairies wide,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Over the dense-pack'd cities all and the teeming wharves and ways,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>I float this carol with joy, with joy to thee, O death.</i><br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">XV<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To the tally of my soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Loud and strong kept up the gray-brown bird,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With pure deliberate notes spreading, filling the night.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Loud in the pines and cedars dim,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clear in the freshness moist and the swamp-perfume,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And I with my comrades there in the night.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">While my sight that was bound in my eyes unclosed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As to long panoramas of visions.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And I saw askant the armies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I saw as in noiseless dreams hundreds of battle-flags,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Borne through the smoke of the battles and pierc'd with missiles I saw them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And carried hither and yon through the smoke, and torn and bloody,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And at last but a few shreds left on the staffs (and all in silence),<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the staffs all splinter'd and broken.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I saw battle-corpses, myriads of them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the white skeletons of young men, I saw them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I saw the debris and debris of all the slain soldiers of the war,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But I saw they were not as was thought,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They themselves were fully at rest, they suffer'd not,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span><span class="i0">The living remain'd and suffer'd, the mother suffer'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the armies that remain'd suffer'd.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">XVI<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Passing the visions, passing the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Passing, unloosing the hold of my comrade's hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Passing the song of the hermit bird and the tallying song of my soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Victorious song, death's outlet song, yet varying ever-altering song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As low and wailing, yet clear the notes, rising and falling, flooding the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sadly sinking and fainting, as warning and warning, and yet again bursting with joy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Covering the earth and filling the spread of the heaven,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As that powerful psalm in the night I heard from recesses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Passing, I leave thee lilac with heart-shaped leaves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I leave thee there in the door-yard, blooming, returning with spring.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I cease from song for thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From my gaze on thee in the west, fronting the west, communing with thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">O comrade lustrous with silver face in the night.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yet each to keep and all, retrievements out of the night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The song, the wondrous chant of the grey-brown bird,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span><span class="i0">And the tallying chant, the echo arous'd in my soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the lustrous and drooping star with the countenance full of woe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With the holders holding my hand nearing the call of the bird,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Comrades mine and I in the midst, and their memory ever to keep, for the dead I loved so well.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For the sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands&mdash;and this for his dear sake,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There in the fragrant pines and cedars, dusk and dim.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_25" id="Footnote_24_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_25"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>By permission of David McKay.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII<br />
+THE WHOLE MAN</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="man_1" id="man_1"></a>LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE<a name="FNanchor_25_26" id="FNanchor_25_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_26" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY EDWIN MARKHAM</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Revised especially for this volume.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">When the Norn Mother saw the Whirlwind Hour<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Greatening and darkening as it hurried on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She left the Heaven of Heroes and came down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To make a man to meet the mortal need.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She took the tried clay of the common road&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clay warm yet with the genial heat of Earth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dashed through it all a strain of prophecy;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tempered the heap with thrill of human tears;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then mixed a laughter with the serious stuff.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into the shape she breathed a flame to light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That tender, tragic, ever-changing face.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Here was a man to hold against the world,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A man to match the mountains and the sea.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The color of the ground was in him, the red earth;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The smack and smell of elemental things&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rectitude and patience of the rocks;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The good-will of the rain that falls for all;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The courage of the bird that dares the sea;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The gladness of the wind that shakes the corn;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The friendly welcome of the wayside well;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mercy of the snow that hides all scars;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The undelaying justice of the light<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That gives as freely to the shrinking flower<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span><span class="i0">As to the great oak flaring to the wind&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the grave's low hill as to the Matterhorn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That shoulders out the sky.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i14">Born of the ground,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Great West nursed him on her rugged knees.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her rigors keyed the sinews of his will;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The strength of virgin forests braced his mind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The hush of spacious prairies stilled his soul.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tools were his first teachers, kindly stern.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The plow, the flail, the maul, the echoing ax<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Taught him their homely wisdom, and their peace.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A rage for knowledge drove his restless mind:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He fed his spirit with the bread of books,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He slaked his thirst at all the wells of thought.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hunger and hardship, penury and pain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Waylaid his youth and wrestled for his life.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They came to master, but he made them serve.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">From prairie cabin up to Capitol,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One fire was on his spirit, one resolve&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To strike the stroke that rounds the perfect star.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The grip that swung the ax on Sangamon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was on the pen that spelled Emancipation.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He built the rail-pile as he built the State,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pouring his splendid strength through every blow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The conscience of him testing every stroke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To make his deed the measure of a man.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So came the Captain with the thinking heart;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when the judgment thunders split the house,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wrenching the rafters from their ancient rest,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span><span class="i0">He held the ridgepole up, and spiked again<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rafters of the Home. He held his place&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Held the long purpose like a growing tree&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Held on through blame and faltered not at praise.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And when he fell in whirlwind, he went down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As when a lordly cedar green with boughs<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Goes down with a great shout upon the hills,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And leaves a lonesome place against the sky.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_26" id="Footnote_25_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_26"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>All rights reserved by the author.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 2em;" class="center">From the Memorial Address to Congress on the</p>
+
+<h3 style="margin-top: 1em;"><a name="man_2" id="man_2"></a>LIFE AND CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY GEORGE BANCROFT</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><i>Senators, Representatives of America:</i></p>
+
+<p>That God rules in the affairs of men is as certain as any truth of
+physical science. On the great moving power which is from the
+beginning hangs the world of the senses and the world of thought and
+action. Eternal wisdom marshals the great procession of the nations,
+working in patient continuity through the ages, never halting and
+never abrupt, encompassing all events in its oversight, and ever
+effecting its will, though mortals may slumber in apathy or oppose
+with madness. Kings are lifted up or thrown down, nations come and go,
+republics flourish and wither, dynasties pass away like a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> tale that
+is told; but nothing is by chance, though men, in their ignorance of
+causes, may think so. The deeds of time are governed, as well as
+judged, by the decrees of eternity. The caprice of fleeting existences
+bends to the immovable omnipotence, which plants its foot on all the
+centuries and has neither change of purpose nor repose. Sometimes,
+like a messenger through the thick darkness of night, it steps along
+mysterious ways; but when the hour strikes for a people, or for
+mankind, to pass into a new form of being, unseen hands draw the bolts
+from the gates of futurity; an all-subsiding influence prepares the
+minds of men for the coming revolution; those who plan resistance find
+themselves in conflict with the will of Providence rather than with
+human devices; and all hearts and all understandings, most of all the
+opinions and influences of the unwilling, are wonderfully attracted
+and compelled to bear forward the change, which becomes more an
+obedience to the law of universal nature than submission to the
+arbitrament of man.</p>
+
+<p>In the fulness of time a republic rose up in the wilderness of
+America. Thousands of years had passed away before this child of the
+ages could be born. From whatever there was of good in the systems of
+former centuries she drew her nourishment; the wrecks of the past were
+her warnings. With the deepest sentiment of faith fixed in her inmost
+nature, she disenthralled religion from bondage to temporal power,
+that her worship might be worship only in spirit and in truth. The
+wisdom which had passed from India through Greece,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> with what Greece
+had added of her own; the jurisprudence of Rome; the medi&aelig;val
+municipalities; the Teutonic method of representation; the political
+experience of England; the benignant wisdom of the expositors of the
+law of nature and of nations in France and Holland, all shed on her
+their selectest influence. She washed the gold of political wisdom
+from the sands wherever it was found; she cleft it from the rocks; she
+gleaned it among ruins. Out of all the discoveries of statesmen and
+sages, out of all the experience of past human life, she compiled a
+perennial political philosophy, the primordial principles of national
+ethics. The wise men of Europe sought the best government in a mixture
+of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy; America went behind these
+names to extract from them the vital elements of social forms, and
+blend them harmoniously in the free commonwealth, which comes nearest
+to the illustration of the natural equality of all men. She intrusted
+the guardianship of established rights to law, the movements of reform
+to the spirit of the people, and drew her force from the happy
+reconciliation of both.</p>
+
+<p>Republics had heretofore been limited to small cantons, or cities and
+their dependencies; America, doing that of which the like had not
+before been known upon the earth, or believed by kings and statesmen
+to be possible, extended her republic across a continent. Under her
+auspices the vine of liberty took deep root and filled the land; the
+hills were covered with its shadow, its boughs were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> like the goodly
+cedars, and reached unto both oceans. The fame of this only daughter
+of freedom went out into all the lands of the earth; from her the
+human race drew hope.</p>
+
+<p>Neither hereditary monarchy nor hereditary aristocracy planted itself
+on our soil; the only hereditary condition that fastened itself upon
+us was servitude. Nature works in sincerity, and is ever true to its
+law. The bee hives honey; the viper distils poison; the vine stores
+its juices, and so do the poppy and the upas. In like manner every
+thought and every action ripens its seed, each according to its kind.
+In the individual man, and still more in a nation, a just idea gives
+life, and progress, and glory; a false conception portends disaster,
+shame, and death. A hundred and twenty years ago a West Jersey Quaker
+wrote: "This trade of importing slaves is dark gloominess hanging over
+the land; the consequences will be grievous to posterity." At the
+North the growth of slavery was arrested by natural causes; in the
+region nearest the tropics it throve rankly, and worked itself into
+the organism of the rising States. Virginia stood between the two,
+with soil, and climate, and resources demanding free labor, yet
+capable of the profitable employment of the slave. She was the land of
+great statesmen, and they saw the danger of her being whelmed under
+the rising flood in time to struggle against the delusions of avarice
+and pride. Ninety-four years ago the legislature of Virginia addressed
+the British king, saying that the trade in slaves was "of great
+in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>humanity," was opposed to the "security and happiness" of their
+constituents, "would in time have the most destructive influence," and
+"endanger their very existence." And the king answered them that,
+"upon pain of his highest displeasure, the importation of slaves
+should not be in any respect obstructed." "Pharisaical Britain," wrote
+Franklin in behalf of Virginia, "to pride thyself in setting free a
+single slave that happened to land on thy coasts, while thy laws
+continue a traffic whereby so many hundreds of thousands are dragged
+into a slavery that is entailed on their posterity." "A serious view
+of this subject," said Patrick Henry in 1773, "gives a gloomy prospect
+to future times." In the same year George Mason wrote to the
+legislature of Virginia: "The laws of impartial Providence may avenge
+our injustice upon our posterity." Conforming his conduct to his
+convictions, Jefferson, in Virginia and in the Continental Congress,
+with the approval of Edmund Pendleton, branded the slave-trade as
+piracy; and he fixed in the Declaration of Independence, as the
+corner-stone of America: "All men are created equal, with an
+unalienable right to liberty." On the first organization of temporary
+governments for the continental domain, Jefferson, but for the default
+of New Jersey, would, in 1784, have consecrated every part of that
+territory to freedom. In the formation of the national Constitution,
+Virginia, opposed by a part of New England, vainly struggled to
+abolish the slave trade at once and forever; and when the ordinance
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> 1787 was introduced by Nathan Dane without the clause prohibiting
+slavery, it was through the favorable disposition of Virginia and the
+South that the clause of Jefferson was restored, and the whole
+northwestern territory&mdash;all the territory that then belonged to the
+nation&mdash;was reserved for the labor of freemen.</p>
+
+<p>The hope prevailed in Virginia that the abolition of the slave-trade
+would bring with it the gradual abolition of slavery; but the
+expectation was doomed to disappointment. In supporting incipient
+measures for emancipation, Jefferson encountered difficulties greater
+than he could overcome, and, after vain wrestlings, the words that
+broke from him, "I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is
+just, that His justice cannot sleep forever," were words of despair.
+It was the desire of Washington's heart that Virginia should remove
+slavery by a public act; and as the prospects of a general
+emancipation grew more and more dim, he, in utter hopelessness of the
+action of the State, did all that he could by bequeathing freedom to
+his own slaves. Good and true men had, from the days of 1776,
+suggested the colonizing of the negro in the home of his ancestors;
+but the idea of colonization was thought to increase the difficulty of
+emancipation, and, in spite of strong support, while it accomplished
+much good for Africa, it proved impracticable as a remedy at home.
+Madison, who in early life disliked slavery so much that he wished "to
+depend as little as possible on the labor of slaves"; Madison, who
+held that where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> slavery exists "the republican theory becomes
+fallacious"; Madison, who in the last years of his life would not
+consent to the annexation of Texas, lest his countrymen should fill it
+with slaves; Madison, who said, "slavery is the greatest evil under
+which the nation labors&mdash;a portentous evil&mdash;an evil, moral, political,
+and economical&mdash;a sad blot on our free country"&mdash;went mournfully into
+old age with the cheerless words: "No satisfactory plan has yet been
+devised for taking out the stain."</p>
+
+<p>The men of the Revolution passed away; a new generation sprang up,
+impatient that an institution to which they clung should be condemned
+as inhuman, unwise, and unjust. In the throes of discontent at the
+self-reproach of their fathers, and blinded by the lustre of wealth to
+be acquired by the culture of a new staple, they devised the theory
+that slavery, which they would not abolish, was not evil, but good.
+They turned on the friends of colonization, and confidently demanded:
+"Why take black men from a civilized and Christian country, where
+their labor is a source of immense gain, and a power to control the
+markets of the world, and send them to a land of ignorance, idolatry,
+and indolence, which was the home of their forefathers, but not
+theirs? Slavery is a blessing. Were they not in their ancestral land
+naked, scarcely lifted above brutes, ignorant of the course of the
+sun, controlled by nature? And in their new abode have they not been
+taught to know the difference of the seasons, to plough, and plant,
+and reap, to drive oxen, to tame the horse, to exchange<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> their scanty
+dialect for the richest of all the languages among men, and the stupid
+adoration of follies for the purest religion? And since slavery is
+good for the blacks, it is good for their masters, bringing opulence
+and the opportunity of educating a race. The slavery of the black is
+good in itself; he shall serve the white man forever." And nature,
+which better understood the quality of fleeting interest and passion,
+laughed as it caught the echo, "man" and "forever!"</p>
+
+<p>A regular development of pretensions followed the new declaration with
+logical consistency. Under the old declaration every one of the States
+had retained, each for itself, the right of manumitting all slaves by
+an ordinary act of legislation; now the power of the people over
+servitude through their legislatures was curtailed, and the privileged
+class was swift in imposing legal and constitutional obstructions of
+the people themselves. The power of emancipation was narrowed or taken
+away. The slave might not be disquieted by education. There remained
+an unconfessed consciousness that the system of bondage was wrong, and
+a restless memory that it was at variance with the true American
+tradition; its safety was therefore to be secured by political
+organization. The generation that made the Constitution took care for
+the predominance of freedom in Congress by the ordinance of Jefferson;
+the new school aspired to secure for slavery an equality of votes in
+the Senate, and while it hinted at an organic act that should concede
+to the collective South a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> veto power on national legislation, it
+assumed that each State separately had the right to revise and nullify
+laws of the United States, according to the discretion of its
+judgment.</p>
+
+<p>The new theory hung as a bias on the foreign relations of the country;
+there could be no recognition of Hayti, nor even of the American
+colony of Liberia; and the world was given to understand that the
+establishment of free labor in Cuba would be a reason for wresting
+that island from Spain. Territories were annexed&mdash;Louisiana, Florida,
+Texas, half of Mexico; slavery must have its share in them all, and it
+accepted for a time a dividing line between the unquestioned domain of
+free labor and that in which involuntary labor was to be tolerated. A
+few years passed away, and the new school, strong and arrogant,
+demanded and received an apology for applying the Jefferson proviso to
+Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>The application of that proviso was interrupted for three
+administrations, but justice moved steadily onward. In the news that
+the men of California had chosen freedom, Calhoun heard the knell of
+parting slavery, and on his deathbed he counseled secession.
+Washington, and Jefferson, and Madison had died despairing of the
+abolition of slavery; Calhoun died in despair at the growth of
+freedom. His system rushed irresistibly to its natural development.
+The death-struggle for California was followed by a short truce; but
+the new school of politicians, who said that slavery was not evil, but
+good, soon sought to recover the ground they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> had lost, and, confident
+of securing Kansas, they demanded that the established line in the
+Territories between freedom and slavery should be blotted out. The
+country, believing in the strength and enterprise and expansive energy
+of freedom, made answer, though reluctantly: "Be it so; let there be
+no strife between brethren; let freedom and slavery compete for the
+Territories on equal terms, in a fair field, under an impartial
+administration"; and on this theory, if on any, the contest might have
+been left to the decision of time.</p>
+
+<p>The South started back in appallment from its victory, for it knew
+that a fair competition foreboded its defeat. But where could it now
+find an ally to save it from its own mistake? What I have next to say
+is spoken with no emotion but regret. Our meeting to-day is, as it
+were, at the grave, in the presence of eternity, and the truth must be
+uttered in soberness and sincerity. In a great republic, as was
+observed more than two thousand years ago, any attempt to overturn the
+state owes its strength to aid from some branch of the government. The
+Chief Justice of the United States, without any necessity or occasion,
+volunteered to come to the rescue of the theory of slavery; and from
+his court there lay no appeal but to the bar of humanity and history.
+Against the Constitution, against the memory of the nation, against a
+previous decision, against a series of enactments, he decided that the
+slave is property; that slave property is entitled to no less
+protection than any other property; that the Constitution up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>holds it
+in every Territory against any act of a local legislature, and even
+against Congress itself; or, as the President for that term tersely
+promulgated the saying, "Kansas is as much a slave State as South
+Carolina or Georgia; slavery, by virtue of the Constitution, exists in
+every Territory." The municipal character of slavery being thus taken
+away, and slave property decreed to be "sacred," the authority of the
+courts was invoked to introduce it by the comity of law into States
+where slavery had been abolished, and in one of the courts of the
+United States a judge pronounced the African slave-trade legitimate,
+and numerous and powerful advocates demanded its restoration.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the Chief Justice, in his elaborate opinion, announced what
+had never been heard from any magistrate of Greece or Rome; what was
+unknown to civil law, and canon law, and feudal law, and common law,
+and constitutional law; unknown to Jay, to Rutledge, Ellsworth and
+Marshall&mdash;that there are "slave races." The spirit of evil is
+intensely logical. Having the authority of this decision, five States
+swiftly followed the earlier example of a sixth, and opened the way
+for reducing the free negro to bondage; the migrating free negro
+became a slave if he but entered within the jurisdiction of a seventh;
+and an eighth, from its extent, and soil, and mineral resources,
+destined to incalculable greatness, closed its eyes on its coming
+prosperity, and enacted, as by Taney's dictum it had the right to do,
+that every free black man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> who would live within its limits must
+accept the condition of slavery for himself and his posterity.</p>
+
+<p>Only one step more remained to be taken. Jefferson and the leading
+statesmen of his day held fast to the idea that the enslavement of the
+African was socially, morally and politically wrong. The new school
+was founded exactly upon the opposite idea; and they resolved, first,
+to distract the democratic party, for which the Supreme Court had now
+furnished the means, and then to establish a new government, with
+negro slavery for its corner-stone, as socially, morally, and
+politically right.</p>
+
+<p>As the Presidential election drew on, one of the great traditional
+parties did not make its appearance; the other reeled as it sought to
+preserve its old position, and the candidate who most nearly
+represented its best opinion, driven by patriotic zeal, roamed the
+country from end to end to speak for union, eager, at least, to
+confront its enemies, yet not having hope that it would find its
+deliverance through him. The storm rose to a whirlwind; who would
+allay its wrath? The most experienced statesmen of the country had
+failed; there was no hope from those who were great after the flesh:
+could relief come from one whose wisdom was like the wisdom of little
+children?</p>
+
+<p>The choice of America fell on a man born west of the Alleghenies, in
+the cabin of poor people of Hardin county, Kentucky&mdash;ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</p>
+
+<p>His mother could read, but not write; his father would do neither; but
+his parents sent him, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> an old spelling-book, to school, and he
+learned in his childhood to do both.</p>
+
+<p>When eight years old he floated down the Ohio with his father on a
+raft, which bore the family and all their possessions to the shore of
+Indiana; and, child as he was, he gave help as they toiled through
+dense forests to the interior of Spencer County. There, in the land of
+free labor, he grew up in a log-cabin, with the solemn solitude for
+his teacher in his meditative hours. Of Asiatic literature he knew
+only the Bible; of Greek, Latin, and medi&aelig;val, no more than the
+translation of &AElig;sop's Fables; of English, John Bunyan's Pilgrim's
+Progress. The traditions of George Fox and William Penn passed to him
+dimly along the lines of two centuries through his ancestors, who were
+Quakers.</p>
+
+<p>Otherwise his education was altogether American. The Declaration of
+Independence was his compendium of political wisdom, the Life of
+Washington his constant study, and something of Jefferson and Madison
+reached him through Henry Clay, whom he honored from boyhood. For the
+rest, from day to day, he lived the life of the American people,
+walked in its light, reasoned with its reason, thought with its power
+of thought, felt the beatings of its mighty heart, and so was in every
+way a child of nature, a child of the West, a child of America.</p>
+
+<p>At nineteen, feeling impulses of ambition to get on in the world, he
+engaged himself to go down the Mississippi in a flatboat, receiving
+ten dollars a month for his wages, and afterwards he made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> the trip
+once more. At twenty-one he drove his father's cattle as the family
+migrated to Illinois, and split rails to fence in the new homestead in
+the wild. At twenty-three he was a captain of volunteers in the Black
+Hawk war. He kept a store. He learned something of surveying, but of
+English literature he added to Bunyan nothing but Shakespeare's plays.
+At twenty-five he was elected to the legislature of Illinois, where he
+served eight years. At twenty-seven he was admitted to the bar. In
+1837 he chose his home in Springfield, the beautiful centre of the
+richest land in the State. In 1847 he was a member of the national
+Congress, where he voted about forty times in favor of the principle
+of the Jefferson proviso. In 1849 he sought, eagerly but
+unsuccessfully, the place of Commissioner of the Land Office, and he
+refused an appointment that would have transferred his residence to
+Oregon. In 1854 he gave his influence to elect from Illinois, to the
+American Senate, a Democrat, who would certainly do justice to Kansas.
+In 1858, as the rival of Douglas, he went before the people of the
+mighty Prairie State, saying, "This Union cannot permanently endure
+half slave and half free; the Union will not be dissolved, but the
+house will cease to be divided"; and now, in 1861, with no experience
+whatever as an executive officer, while States were madly flying from
+their orbit, and wise men knew not where to find counsel, this
+descendant of Quakers, this pupil of Bunyan, this offspring of the
+great West, was elected President of America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He measured the difficulty of the duty that devolved upon him, and was
+resolved to fulfil it. As on the eleventh of February, 1861, he left
+Springfield, which for a quarter of a century had been his happy home,
+to the crowd of his friends and neighbors, whom he was never more to
+meet, he spoke a solemn farewell: "I know not how soon I shall see you
+again. A duty has devolved upon me, greater than that which has
+devolved upon any other man since Washington. He never would have
+succeeded, except for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at
+all times relied. On the same Almighty Being I place my reliance. Pray
+that I may receive that Divine assistance, without which I cannot
+succeed, but with which success is certain." To the men of Indiana he
+said: "I am but an accidental, temporary instrument; it is your
+business to rise up and preserve the Union and liberty." At the
+capital of Ohio he said: "Without a name, without a reason why I
+should have a name, there has fallen upon me a task such as did not
+rest even upon the Father of his country." At various places in New
+York, especially at Albany, before the legislature, which tendered him
+the united support of the great Empire State, he said: "While I hold
+myself the humblest of all the individuals who have ever been elevated
+to the Presidency, I have a more difficult task to perform than any of
+them. I bring a true heart to the work. I must rely upon the people of
+the whole country for support, and with their sustaining aid, even I,
+humble as I am, cannot fail to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> carry the ship of state safely through
+the storm." To the assembly of New Jersey, at Trenton, he explained:
+"I shall take the ground I deem most just to the North, the East, the
+West, the South, and the whole country, in good temper, certainly with
+no malice to any section. I am devoted to peace, but it may be
+necessary to put the foot down firmly." In the old Independence Hall,
+of Philadelphia, he said: "I have never had a feeling politically that
+did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of
+Independence, which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
+country, but to the world in all future time. If the country cannot be
+saved without giving up that principle, I would rather be assassinated
+on the spot than surrender it. I have said nothing but what I am
+willing to live and die by."</p>
+
+<p>Travelling, in the dead of night to escape assassination, LINCOLN
+arrived at Washington nine days before his inauguration. The outgoing
+President, at the opening of the session of Congress, had still kept
+as the majority of his advisors men engaged in treason; had declared
+that in case of even an "imaginary" apprehension of danger from
+notions of freedom among the slaves, "disunion would become
+inevitable." LINCOLN and others had questioned the opinion of Taney;
+such impugning he ascribed to the "factious temper of the times." The
+favorite doctrine of the majority of the Democratic party on the power
+of a territorial legislature over slavery he condemned as an attack on
+"the sacred rights of property." The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> State legislature, he insisted,
+must repeal what he called "their unconstitutional and obnoxious
+enactments," and which, if such, were "null and void" or "it would be
+impossible for any human power to save the Union." Nay! if these
+unimportant acts were not repealed, "the injured States would be
+justified in revolutionary resistance to the government of the Union."
+He maintained that no State might secede at its sovereign will and
+pleasure; that the Union was meant for perpetuity, and that Congress
+might attempt to preserve it, but only by conciliation; that "the
+sword was not placed in their hands to preserve it by force"; that
+"the last desperate remedy of a despairing people would be an
+explanatory amendment recognizing the decision of the Supreme Court of
+the United States." The American Union he called "a confederacy" of
+States, and he thought it a duty to make the appeal for the amendment
+"before any of these States should separate themselves from the
+Union." The views of the Lieutenant-General, containing some patriotic
+advice, "conceded the right of secession," pronounced a quadruple
+rupture of the Union "a smaller evil than the reuniting of the
+fragments by the sword," and "eschewed the idea of invading a seceded
+State." After changes in the Cabinet, the President informed Congress
+that "matters were still worse"; that "the South suffered serious
+grievances," which should be redressed "in peace." The day after this
+message the flag of the Union was fired upon from Fort Morris, and
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> insult was not revenged or noticed. Senators in Congress
+telegraphed to their constituents to seize the national forts, and
+they were not arrested. The finances of the country were grievously
+embarrassed. Its little army was not within reach; the part of it in
+Texas, with all its stores, was made over by its commander to rebels.
+One State after another voted in convention to secede. A peace
+congress, so called, met at the request of Virginia, to concert the
+terms of a capitulation which should secure permission for the
+continuance of the Union. Congress, in both branches, sought to devise
+conciliatory expedients; the territories of the country were organized
+in a manner not to conflict with any pretensions of the South, or any
+decision of the Supreme Court; and, nevertheless, the representatives
+of the rebellion formed at Montgomery a provisional government, and
+pursued their relentless purpose with such success that the
+Lieutenant-General feared the city of Washington might find itself
+"included in a foreign country," and proposed, among the options for
+the consideration of LINCOLN, to bid the wayward States "depart in
+peace." The great republic appeared to have its emblem in the vast
+unfinished Capitol, at that moment surrounded by masses of stone and
+prostrate columns never yet lifted into their places, seemingly the
+moment of high but delusive aspirations, the confused wreck of
+inchoate magnificence, sadder than any ruin of Egyptian Thebes or
+Athens.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth of March came. With instinctive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> wisdom the new President,
+speaking to the people on taking the oath of office, put aside every
+question that divided the country, and gained a right to universal
+support by planting himself on the single idea of Union. The Union he
+declared to be unbroken and perpetual, and he announced his
+determination to fulfil "the simple duty of taking care that the laws
+be faithfully executed in all the States." Seven days later, the
+convention of Confederate States unanimously adopted a constitution of
+their own, and the new government was authoritatively announced to be
+founded on the idea that the negro race is a slave race; that slavery
+is its natural and normal condition. The issue was made up, whether
+the great republic was to maintain its providential place in the
+history of mankind, or a rebellion founded on negro slavery gain a
+recognition of its principle throughout the civilized world. To the
+disaffected LINCOLN had said, "You can have no conflict without being
+yourselves the aggressors." To fire the passions of the southern
+portion of the people, the confederate government chose to become
+aggressors, and, on the morning of the twelfth of April, began the
+bombardment of Fort Sumter, and compelled its evacuation.</p>
+
+<p>It is the glory of the late President that he had perfect faith in the
+perpetuity of the Union. Supported in advance by Douglas, who spoke as
+with the voice of a million, he instantly called a meeting of
+Congress, and summoned the people to come up and repossess the forts,
+places, and property which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> had been seized from the Union. The men of
+the North were trained in schools; industrious and frugal; many of
+them delicately bred, their minds teeming with ideas and fertile in
+plans of enterprise; given to the culture of the arts; eager in the
+pursuit of wealth, yet employing wealth less for ostentation than for
+developing the resources of their country; seeking happiness in the
+calm of domestic life; and such lovers of peace, that for generations
+they had been reputed unwarlike. Now, at the cry of their country in
+its distress, they rose up with unappeasable patriotism; not
+hirelings&mdash;the purest and the best blood in the land. Sons of a pious
+ancestry, with a clear perception of duty, unclouded faith and fixed
+resolve to succeed, they thronged around the President, to support the
+wronged, the beautiful flag of the nation. The halls of theological
+seminaries sent forth their young men, whose lips were touched with
+eloquence, whose hearts kindled with devotion, to serve in the ranks,
+and make their way to command only as they learned the art of war.
+Striplings in the colleges, as well the most gentle and the most
+studious, those of sweetest temper and loveliest character and
+brightest genius, passed from their classes to the camp. The lumbermen
+from the forests, the mechanics from their benches, where they had
+been trained, by the exercise of political rights, to share the life
+and hope of the republic, to feel their responsibility to their
+forefathers, their posterity and mankind, went to the front, resolved
+that their dignity, as a constituent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> part of this republic, should
+not be impaired. Farmers and sons of farmers left the land but half
+ploughed, the grain but half planted, and, taking up the musket,
+learned to face without fear the presence of peril and the coming of
+death in the shocks of war, while their hearts were still attracted to
+their herds and fields, and all the tender affections of home.
+Whatever there was of truth and faith and public love in the common
+heart, broke out with one expression. The mighty winds blew from every
+quarter, to fan the flame of the sacred and unquenchable fire.</p>
+
+<p>For a time the war was thought to be confined to our own domestic
+affairs, but it was soon seen that it involved the destinies of
+mankind; its principles and causes shook the politics of Europe to the
+centre, and from Lisbon to Pekin divided the governments of the world.</p>
+
+<p>There was a kingdom whose people had in an eminent degree attained to
+freedom of industry and the security of person and property. Its
+middle class rose to greatness. Out of that class sprung the noblest
+poets and philosophers, whose words built up the intellect of its
+people; skilful navigators, to find out for its merchants the many
+paths of the oceans; discoverers in natural science, whose inventions
+guided its industry to wealth, till it equalled any nation of the
+world in letters, and excelled all in trade and commerce. But its
+government was become a government of land, and not of men; every
+blade of grass was represented, but only a small minority of the
+people. In the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> transition from the feudal forms the heads of the
+social organization freed themselves from the military services which
+were the conditions of their tenure, and, throwing the burden on the
+industrial classes, kept all the soil to themselves. Vast estates that
+had been managed by monasteries as endowments for religion and charity
+were impropriated to swell the wealth of courtiers and favorites; and
+the commons, where the poor man once had his right of pasture, were
+taken away, and, under forms of law, enclosed distributively within
+the domains of the adjacent landholders. Although no law forbade any
+inhabitant from purchasing land, the costliness of the transfer
+constituted a prohibition; so that it was the rule of the country that
+the plough should not be in the hands of its owner. The Church was
+rested on a contradiction; claiming to be an embodiment of absolute
+truth, it was a creature of the statute-book.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of time increased the terrible contrast between wealth
+and poverty. In their years of strength the laboring people, cut off
+from all share in governing that state, derived a scant support from
+the severest toil, and had no hope for old age but in public charity
+or death. A grasping ambition had dotted the world with military
+posts, kept watch over our borders on the northeast, at the Bermudas,
+in the West Indies, appropriated the gates of the Pacific, of the
+Southern and of the Indian ocean, hovered on our northwest at
+Vancouver, held the whole of the newest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> continent, and the entrances
+to the old Mediterranean and Red Sea, and garrisoned forts all the way
+from Madras to China. That aristocracy had gazed with terror on the
+growth of a commonwealth where freeholders existed by the million, and
+religion was not in bondage to the state, and now they could not
+repress their joy at its perils. They had not one word of sympathy for
+the kind-hearted poor man's son whom America had chosen for her chief;
+they jeered at his large hands, and long feet, and ungainly stature;
+and the British secretary of state for foreign affairs made haste to
+send word through the places of Europe that the great republic was in
+its agony; that the republic was no more; that a headstone was all
+that remained due by the law of nations to "the late Union." But it is
+written, "Let the dead bury their dead"; they may not bury the living.
+Let the dead bury their dead; let a bill of reform remove the worn-out
+government of a class, and infuse new life into the British
+constitution by confiding rightful power to the people.</p>
+
+<p>But while the vitality of America is indestructible, the British
+government hurried to do what never before had been done by Christian
+powers; what was in direct conflict with its own exposition of public
+law in the time of our struggle for independence. Though the insurgent
+States had not a ship in an open harbor, it invested them with all the
+rights of a belligerent, even on the ocean; and this, too, when the
+rebellion was not only directed against the gentlest and most
+beneficent govern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>ment on earth, without a shadow of justifiable
+cause, but when the rebellion was directed against human nature itself
+for the perpetual enslavement of a race. And the effect of this
+recognition was, that acts in themselves piratical found shelter in
+British courts of law. The resources of British capitalists, their
+workshops, their armories, their private arsenals, their shipyards,
+were in league with the insurgents, and every British harbor in the
+wide world became a safe port for British ships, manned by British
+sailors, and armed with British guns, to prey on our peaceful
+commerce; even on our ships coming from British ports, freighted with
+British products, or that had carried gifts of grain to the English
+poor. The prime minister, in the House of Commons, sustained by
+cheers, scoffed at the thought that their laws could be amended at our
+request, so as to preserve real neutrality; and to remonstrances, now
+owned to have been just, their secretary of state answered that they
+could not change their laws ad infinitum.</p>
+
+<p>The people of America then wished, as they always have wished, as they
+still wish, friendly relations with England, and no man in England or
+America can desire it more strongly than I. This country has always
+yearned for good relations with England. Thrice only in all its
+history has that yearning been fairly met: in the days of Hampden and
+Cromwell, again in the first ministry of the elder Pitt, and once
+again in the ministry of Shelburne. Not that there have not at all
+times been just men among the peers of Britain&mdash;like Hali<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>fax in the
+days of James the Second, or a Granville, an Argyll, or a Houghton in
+ours; and we cannot be indifferent to a country that produces
+statesmen like Cobden and Bright; but the best bower anchor of peace
+was the working class of England, who suffered most from our civil
+war, but who, while they broke their diminished bread in sorrow,
+always encouraged us to persevere.</p>
+
+<p>The act of recognizing the rebel belligerents was concerted with
+France&mdash;France, so beloved in America, on which she had conferred the
+greatest benefits that one people ever conferred on another; France,
+which stands foremost on the continent of Europe for the solidity of
+her culture, as well as for the bravery and generous impulses of her
+sons; France, which for centuries had been moving steadily in her own
+way towards intellectual and political freedom. The policy regarding
+further colonization of America by European powers, known commonly as
+the doctrine of Monroe, had its origin in France, and if it takes any
+man's name, should bear the name of Turgot. It was adopted by Louis
+the Sixteenth, in the cabinet of which Vergennes was the most
+important member. It is emphatically the policy of France, to which,
+with transient deviations, the Bourbons, the first Napoleon, the House
+of Orleans have adherred.</p>
+
+<p>The late President was perpetually harassed by rumors that the Emperor
+Napoleon the Third desired formally to recognize the States in
+rebellion as an independent power, and that England held him back by
+her reluctance, or France by her tra<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>ditions of freedom, or he himself
+by his own better judgment and clear perception of events. But the
+republic of Mexico, on our borders, was, like ourselves, distracted by
+a rebellion, and from a similar cause. The monarchy of England had
+fastened upon us slavery which did not disappear with independence; in
+like manner, the ecclesiastical policy established by the Spanish
+council of the Indies, in the days of Charles the Fifth and Philip the
+Second, retained its vigor in the Mexican republic.</p>
+
+<p>The fifty years of civil war under which she had languished was due to
+the bigoted system which was the legacy of monarchy, just as here the
+inheritance of slavery kept alive political strife, and culminated in
+civil war. As with us there could be no quiet but through the end of
+slavery, so in Mexico there could be no prosperity until the crushing
+tyranny of intolerance should cease. The party of slavery in the
+United States sent their emissaries to Europe to solicit aid; and so
+did the party of the Church in Mexico, as organized by the old Spanish
+council of the Indies, but with a different result. Just as the
+Republican party had made an end of the rebellion, and was
+establishing the best government ever known in that region, and giving
+promise to the nation of order, peace, and prosperity, word was
+brought us, in the moment of our deepest affliction, that the French
+Emperor, moved by a desire to erect in North America a buttress for
+imperialism, would transform the republic of Mexico into a
+secundo-geniture for the House of Hapsburg. America might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> complain;
+she could not then interpose, and delay seemed justifiable. It was
+seen that Mexico could not, with all its wealth of land, compete in
+cereal products with our northwest, nor in tropical products with
+Cuba, nor could it, under a disputed dynasty, attract capital, or
+create public works, or develop mines, or borrow money; so that the
+imperial system of Mexico, which was forced at once to recognize the
+wisdom of the policy of the republic by adopting it, could prove only
+an unremunerating drain on the French treasury for the support of an
+Austrian adventurer.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime a new series of momentous questions grows up, and forces
+itself on the consideration of the thoughtful. Republicanism has
+learned how to introduce into its constitution every element of order,
+as well as every element of freedom; but thus far the continuity of
+its government has seemed to depend on the continuity of elections. It
+is now to be considered how perpetuity is to be secured against
+foreign occupation. The successor of Charles the First of England
+dated his reign from the death of his father; the Bourbons, coming
+back after a long series of revolutions, claimed that the Louis who
+became king was the eighteenth of that name. The present Emperor of
+the French, disdaining a title from election alone, calls himself
+Napoleon the Third. Shall a republic have less power of continuance
+when invading armies prevent a peaceful resort to the ballot-box? What
+force shall it attach to intervening legislation? What validity to
+debts contracted for its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> overthrow? These momentous questions are, by
+the invasion of Mexico, thrown up for solution. A free State once
+truly constituted should be as undying as its people: the republic of
+Mexico must rise again.</p>
+
+<p>It was the condition of affairs in Mexico that involved the Pope of
+Rome in our difficulties so far that he alone among sovereigns
+recognized the chief of the Confederate States as a president, and his
+supporters as a people; and in letters to two great prelates of the
+Catholic Church in the United States gave counsels for peace at a time
+when peace meant the victory of secession. Yet events move as they are
+ordered. The blessing of the Pope at Rome on the head of Duke
+Maximilian could not revive in the nineteenth century the
+ecclesiastical policy of the sixteenth, and the result is only a new
+proof that there can be no prosperity in the State without religious
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>When it came home to the consciousness of the Americans that the war
+which they were waging was a war for the liberty of all the nations of
+the world, for freedom itself, they thanked God for giving them
+strength to endure the severity of the trial to which He put their
+sincerity, and nerved themselves for their duty with an inexorable
+will. The President was led along by the greatness of their
+self-sacrificing example, and as a child, in a dark night, on a rugged
+way, catches hold of the hand of its father for guidance and support,
+he clung fast to the hand of the people, and moved calmly through the
+gloom. While the statesman<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>ship of Europe was mocking at the hopeless
+vanity of their efforts, they put forth such miracles of energy as the
+history of the world had never known. The contributions to the popular
+loans amounted in four years to twenty-seven and a half hundred
+millions of dollars; the revenue of the country from taxation was
+increased sevenfold. The navy of the United States, drawing into the
+public service the willing militia of the seas, doubled its tonnage in
+eight months, and established an actual blockade from Cape Hatteras to
+the Rio Grande; in the course of the war it was increased five-fold in
+men and in tonnage, while the inventive genius of the country devised
+more effective kinds of ordnance, and new forms of naval architecture
+in wood and iron. There went into the field, for various terms of
+enlistment, about two million men, and in March last the men in the
+army exceeded a million: that is to say, nine of every twenty
+able-bodied men in the free Territories and States took some part in
+the war; and at one time every fifth of their able-bodied men was in
+service. In one single month one hundred and sixty-five thousand men
+were recruited into service. Once, within four weeks, Ohio organized
+and placed in the field forty-two regiments of infantry&mdash;nearly
+thirty-six thousand men; and Ohio was like other States in the East
+and in the West. The well-mounted cavalry numbered eighty-four
+thousand; of horses and mules there were bought, from first to last,
+two-thirds of a million. In the movements of troops science came in
+aid of pa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>triotism, so that, to choose a single instance out of many,
+an army twenty-three thousand strong, with its artillery, trains,
+baggage, and animals, were moved by rail from the Potomac to the
+Tennessee, twelve hundred miles, in seven days. On the long marches,
+wonders of military construction bridged the rivers, and wherever an
+army halted, ample supplies awaited them at their ever-changing base.
+The vile thought that life is the greatest of blessings did not rise
+up. In six hundred and twenty-five battles and severe skirmishes blood
+flowed like water. It streamed over the grassy plains; it stained the
+rocks; the undergrowth of the forests was red with it; and the armies
+marched on with majestic courage from one conflict to another, knowing
+that they were fighting for God and liberty. The organization of the
+medical department met its infinitely multiplied duties with exactness
+and despatch. At the news of a battle, the best surgeons of our cities
+hastened to the field, to offer the untiring aid of the greatest
+experience and skill. The gentlest and most refined of women left
+homes of luxury and ease to build hospital tents near the armies, and
+serve as nurses to the sick and dying. Beside the large supply of
+religious teachers by the public, the congregations spared to their
+brothers in the field the ablest ministers. The Christian Commission,
+which expended more than six and a quarter millions, sent nearly five
+thousand clergymen, chosen out of the best, to keep unsoiled the
+religious character of the men, and made gifts of clothes and food and
+medi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>cine. The organization of private charity assumed unheard-of
+dimensions. The Sanitary Commission, which had seven thousand
+societies, distributed, under the direction of an unpaid board,
+spontaneous contributions to the amount of fifteen millions in
+supplies or money&mdash;a million and a half in money from California
+alone&mdash;and dotted the scene of war, from Paducah to Port Royal, from
+Belle Plain, Virginia, to Brownsville, Texas, with homes and lodges.</p>
+
+<p>The country had for its allies the river Mississippi, which would not
+be divided, and the range of mountains which carried the stronghold of
+the free through Western Virginia and Kentucky and Tennessee to the
+highlands of Alabama. But it invoked the still higher power of
+immortal justice. In ancient Greece, where servitude was the universal
+custom, it was held that if a child were to strike its parent, the
+slave should defend the parent, and by that act recover his freedom.
+After vain resistance, LINCOLN, who had tried to solve the question by
+gradual emancipation, by colonization, and by compensation, at last
+saw that slavery must be abolished, or the republic must die; and on
+the first day of January, 1863, he wrote liberty on the banners of the
+armies. When this proclamation, which struck the fetters from three
+millions of slaves, reached Europe, Lord Russell, a countryman of
+Milton and Wilberforce, eagerly put himself forward to speak of it in
+the name of mankind, saying: "It is of a very strange nature"; "a
+measure of war of a very questionable kind";<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> an act "of vengeance on
+the slave owner," that does no more than "profess to emancipate slaves
+where the United States authorities cannot make emancipation a
+reality." Now there was no part of the country embraced in the
+proclamation where the United States could not and did not make
+emancipation a reality. Those who saw LINCOLN most frequently had
+never before heard him speak with bitterness of any human being, but
+he did not conceal how keenly he felt that he had been wronged by Lord
+Russell. And he wrote, in reply to other cavils: "The emancipation
+policy and the use of colored troops were the greatest blows yet dealt
+to the rebellion; the job was a great national one, and let none be
+slighted who bore an honorable part in it. I hope peace will come
+soon, and come to stay; then will there be some black men who can
+remember that they have helped mankind to this great consummation."</p>
+
+<p>The proclamation accomplished its end, for, during the war, our armies
+came into military possession of every State in rebellion. Then, too,
+was called forth the new power that comes from the simultaneous
+diffusion of thought and feeling among the nations of mankind. The
+mysterious sympathy of the millions throughout the world was given
+spontaneously. The best writers of Europe waked the conscience of the
+thoughtful, till the intelligent moral sentiment of the Old World was
+drawn to the side of the unlettered statesman of the West. Russia,
+whose emperor had just accomplished one of the grandest acts in the
+course of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> time, by raising twenty millions of bondmen into
+freeholders, and thus assuring the growth and culture of a Russian
+people, remained our unwavering friend. From the oldest abode of
+civilization, which gave the first example of an imperial government
+with equality among the people, Prince Kung, the secretary of state
+for foreign affairs, remembered the saying of Confucius, that we
+should not do to others what we would not that others should do to us,
+and, in the name of his emperor, read a lesson to European
+diplomatists by closing the ports of China against the warships and
+privateers of "the seditious."</p>
+
+<p>The war continued, with all the peoples of the world, for anxious
+spectators. Its cares weighed heavily on LINCOLN, and his face was
+ploughed with the furrows of thought and sadness. With malice towards
+none, free from the spirit of revenge, victory made him importunate
+for peace, and his enemies never doubted his word, or despaired of his
+abounding clemency. He longed to utter pardon as the word for all, but
+not unless the freedom of the negro should be assured. The grand
+battles of Fort Donelson, Chattanooga, Malvern Hill, Antietam,
+Gettysburg, the Wilderness of Virginia, Winchester, Nashville, the
+capture of New Orleans, Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Fisher, the march from
+Atlanta, and the capture of Savannah and Charleston, all foretold the
+issue. Still more, the self-regeneration of Missouri, the heart of the
+continent; of Maryland, whose sons never heard the midnight bells
+chime so sweetly as when they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> rang out to earth and heaven that, by
+the voice of her own people, she took her place among the free; of
+Tennessee, which passed through fire and blood, through sorrows and
+the shadow of death, to work out her own deliverance, and by the
+faithfulness of her own sons to renew her youth like the eagle&mdash;proved
+that victory was deserved, and would be worth all that it cost. If
+words of mercy, uttered as they were by LINCOLN on the waters of
+Virginia, were defiantly repelled, the armies of the country, moving
+with one will, went as the arrow to its mark, and, without a feeling
+of revenge, struck the death-blow at rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>Where, in the history of nations, had a Chief Magistrate possessed
+more sources of consolation and joy than LINCOLN? His countrymen had
+shown their love by choosing him to a second term of service. The
+raging war that had divided the country had lulled, and private grief
+was hushed by the grandeur of the result. The nation had its new birth
+of freedom, soon to be secured forever by an amendment of the
+Constitution. His persistent gentleness had conquered for him a
+kindlier feeling on the part of the South. His scoffers among the
+grandees of Europe began to do him honor. The laboring classes
+everywhere saw in his advancement their own. All peoples sent him
+their benedictions. And at this moment of the height of his fame, to
+which his humility and modesty added charms, he fell by the hand of
+the assassin, and the only triumph awarded him was the march to the
+grave.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is no time to say that human glory is but dust and ashes; that we
+mortals are no more than shadows in pursuit of shadows. How mean a
+thing were man if there were not that within him which is higher than
+himself; if he could not master the illusions of sense, and discern
+the connexions of events by a superior light which comes from God! He
+so shares the divine impulses that he has power to subject ambition to
+the ennoblement of his kind. Not in vain has LINCOLN lived, for he has
+helped to make this republic an example of justice, with no caste but
+the caste of humanity. The heroes who led our armies and ships into
+battle and fell in the service&mdash;Lyon, McPherson, Reynolds, Sedgwick,
+Wadsworth, Foote, Ward, with their compeers&mdash;did not die in vain; they
+and the myriads of nameless martyrs, and he, the chief martyr, gave up
+their lives willingly "that government of the people, by the people,
+and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."</p>
+
+<p>The assassination of LINCOLN, who was so free from malice, has, by
+some mysterious influence, struck the country with solemn awe, and
+hushed, instead of exciting, the passion for revenge. It seems as if
+the just had died for the unjust. When I think of the friends I have
+lost in this war&mdash;and every one who hears me has, like myself, lost
+some of those whom he most loved&mdash;there is no consolation to be
+derived from victims on the scaffold, or from anything but the
+established union of the regenerated nation.</p>
+
+<p>In his character LINCOLN was through and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> through an American. He is
+the first native of the region west of the Alleghenies to attain to
+the highest station; and how happy it is that the man who was brought
+forward as the natural outgrowth and first fruits of that region
+should have been of unblemished purity in private life, a good son, a
+kind husband, a most affectionate father, and, as a man, so gentle to
+all. As to integrity, Douglas, his rival, said of him: "Lincoln is the
+honestest man I ever knew."</p>
+
+<p>The habits of his mind were those of meditation and inward thought,
+rather than of action. He delighted to express his opinions by an
+apothegm, illustrate them by a parable, or drive them home by a story.
+He was skilful in analysis, discerned with precision the central idea
+on which a question turned, and knew how to disengage it and present
+it by itself in a few homely, strong old English words that would be
+intelligible to all. He excelled in logical statements more than in
+executive ability. He reasoned clearly, his reflective judgment was
+good, and his purposes were fixed; but, like the Hamlet of his only
+poet, his will was tardy in action, and, for this reason, and not from
+humility or tenderness of feeling, he sometimes deplored that the duty
+which devolved on him had not fallen to the lot of another.</p>
+
+<p>LINCOLN gained a name by discussing questions which, of all others,
+most easily lead to fanaticism; but he was never carried away by
+enthusiastic zeal, never indulged in extravagant language, never
+hurried to support extreme measures,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> never allowed himself to be
+controlled by sudden impulses. During the progress of the election at
+which he was chosen President he expressed no opinion that went beyond
+the Jefferson proviso of 1784. Like Jefferson and Lafayette, he had
+faith in the intuitions of the people, and read those intuitions with
+rare sagacity. He knew how to bide time, and was less apt to run ahead
+of public thought than to lag behind. He never sought to electrify the
+community by taking an advanced position with a banner of opinion, but
+rather studied to move forward compactly, exposing no detachment in
+front or rear; so that the course of his administration might have
+been explained as the calculating policy of a shrewd and watchful
+politician, had there not been seen behind it a fixedness of principle
+which from the first determined his purpose, and grew more intense
+with every year, consuming his life by its energy. Yet his
+sensibilities were not acute; he had no vividness of imagination to
+picture to his mind the horrors of the battlefield or the sufferings
+in hospitals; his conscience was more tender than his feelings.</p>
+
+<p>LINCOLN was one of the most unassuming of men. In time of success, he
+gave credit for it to those whom he employed, to the people, and to
+the Providence of God. He did not know what ostentation is; when he
+became President he was rather saddened than elated, and conduct and
+manners showed more than ever his belief that all men are born equal.
+He was no respecter of persons, and neither rank, nor reputation, nor
+services overawed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> him. In judging of character he failed in
+discrimination, and his appointments were sometimes bad; but he
+readily deferred to public opinion, and in appointing the head of the
+armies he followed the manifest preference of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>A good President will secure unity to his administration by his own
+supervision of the various departments. LINCOLN, who accepted advice
+readily, was never governed by any member of his cabinet, and could
+not be moved from a purpose deliberately formed; but his supervision
+of affairs was unsteady and incomplete, and sometimes, by a sudden
+interference transcending the usual forms, he rather confused than
+advanced the public business. If he ever failed in the scrupulous
+regard due to the relative rights of Congress, it was so evidently
+without design that no conflict could ensue, or evil precedent be
+established. Truth he would receive from any one, but when impressed
+by others, he did not use their opinions till, by reflection, he had
+made them thoroughly his own.</p>
+
+<p>It was the nature of LINCOLN to forgive. When hostilities ceased, he,
+who had always sent forth the flag with every one of its stars in the
+field, was eager to receive back his returning countrymen, and
+meditated "some new announcement to the South." The amendment of the
+Constitution abolishing slavery had his most earnest and unwearied
+support. During the rage of war we get a glimpse into his soul from
+his privately suggesting to Louisiana, that "in defining the franchise
+some of the colored people might be let in,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> saying: "They would
+probably help, in some trying time to come, to keep the jewel of
+liberty in the family of freedom." In 1857 he avowed himself "not in
+favor of" what he improperly called "negro citizenship," for the
+Constitution discriminates between citizens and electors. Three days
+before his death he declared his preference that "the elective
+franchise were now conferred on the very intelligent of the colored
+men, and on those of them who served our cause as soldiers"; but he
+wished it done by the States themselves, and he never harbored the
+thought of exacting it from a new government, as a condition of its
+recognition.</p>
+
+<p>The last day of his life beamed with sunshine, as he sent, by the
+Speaker of this House, his friendly greetings to the men of the Rocky
+mountains and the Pacific slope; as he contemplated the return of
+hundreds of thousands of soldiers to fruitful industry; as he welcomed
+in advance hundreds of thousands of emigrants from Europe; as his eye
+kindled with enthusiasm at the coming wealth of the nation. And so,
+with these thoughts for his country, he was removed from the toils and
+temptations of this life, and was at peace.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had the late President been consigned to the grave when the
+prime minister of England died, full of years and honors. Palmerston
+traced his lineage to the time of the conqueror; LINCOLN went back
+only to his grandfather. Palmerston received his education from the
+best scholars of Harrow, Edinburg, and Cambridge; LINCOLN'S early
+teachers were the silent forests, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> prairie, the river, and the
+stars. Palmerston was in public life for sixty years; LINCOLN for but
+a tenth of that time. Palmerston was a skilful guide of an established
+aristocracy; LINCOLN a leader, or rather a companion, of the people.
+Palmerston was exclusively an Englishman, and made his boast in the
+House of Commons that the interest of England was his Shibboleth;
+LINCOLN thought always of mankind, as well as his own country, and
+served human nature itself. Palmerston, from his narrowness as an
+Englishman, did not endear his country to any one court or to any one
+nation, but rather caused general uneasiness and dislike; LINCOLN left
+America more beloved than ever by all the peoples of Europe.
+Palmerston was self-possessed and adroit in reconciling the
+conflicting factions of the aristocracy; LINCOLN, frank and ingenuous,
+knew how to poise himself on the ever-moving opinions of the masses.
+Palmerston was capable of insolence towards the weak, quick to the
+sense of honor, not heedful of right; LINCOLN rejected counsel given
+only as a matter of policy, and was not capable of being wilfully
+unjust. Palmerston, essentially superficial, delighted in banter, and
+knew how to divert grave opposition by playful levity; LINCOLN was a
+man of infinite jest on his lips with saddest earnestness at his
+heart. Palmerston was a fair representative of the aristocratic
+liberality of the day, choosing for his tribunal, not the conscience
+of humanity, but the House of Commons; LINCOLN took to heart the
+eternal truths of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> liberty, obeyed them as the commands of Providence,
+and accepted the human race as the judge of his fidelity. Palmerston
+did nothing that will endure; LINCOLN finished a work which all time
+cannot overthrow. Palmerston is a shining example of the ablest of a
+cultivated aristocracy; LINCOLN is the genuine fruit of institutions
+where the laboring man shares and assists to form the great ideas and
+designs of his country. Palmerston was buried in Westminster Abbey by
+the order of his Queen, and was attended by the British aristocracy to
+his grave, which, after a few years, will hardly be noticed by the
+side of the graves of Fox and Chatham; LINCOLN was followed by the
+sorrow of his country across the continent to his resting-place in the
+heart of the Mississippi valley, to be remembered through all time by
+his countrymen, and by all the peoples of the world.</p>
+
+<p>As the sum of all, the hand of LINCOLN raised the flag; the American
+people was the hero of the war; and, therefore, the result is a new
+era of republicanism. The disturbances in the country grew not out of
+anything republican, but out of slavery, which is a part of the system
+of hereditary wrong; and the expulsion of this domestic anomaly opens
+to the renovated nation a career of unthought of dignity and glory.
+Henceforth our country has a moral unity as the land of free labor.
+The party for slavery and the party against slavery are no more, and
+are merged in the party of Union and freedom. The States which would
+have left<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> us are not brought back as subjugated States, for then we
+should hold them only so long as that conquest could be maintained;
+they come to their rightful place under the constitution as original,
+necessary, and inseparable members of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>We build monuments to the dead, but no monuments of victory. We
+respect the example of the Romans, who never, even in conquered lands,
+raised emblems of triumph. And our generals are not to be classed in
+the herd of vulgar warriors, but are of the school of Timoleon, and
+William of Nassau, and Washington. They have used the sword only to
+give peace to their country and restore her to her place in the great
+assembly of the nations.</p>
+
+<p>SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES of America: as I bid you farewell, my
+last words shall be words of hope and confidence; for now slavery is
+no more, the Union is restored, a people begins to live according to
+the laws of reason, and republicanism is intrenched in a continent.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_3" id="man_3"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY GOLDWIN SMITH</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln is assuredly one of the marvels of history. No land
+but America has produced his like. This destined chief of a nation in
+its most perilous hour was the son of a thriftless and wandering
+settler. He had a strong and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> eminently fair understanding, with great
+powers of patient thought, which he cultivated by the study of Euclid.
+In all his views there was the simplicity of his character. Both as an
+advocate and as a politician he was "Honest Abe." As an advocate he
+would throw up his brief when he knew that his case was bad. He said
+himself that he had not controlled events, but had been guided by
+them. To know how to be guided by events, however, if it is not
+imperial genius, is practical wisdom. Lincoln's goodness of heart, his
+sense of duty, his unselfishness, his freedom from vanity, his long
+suffering, his simplicity, were never disturbed either by power or by
+opposition. To the charge of levity no man could be less open. Though
+he trusted in Providence, care for the public and sorrow for the
+public calamities filled his heart and sat visibly upon his brow. His
+State papers are excellent, not only as public documents, but as
+compositions, and are distinguished by their depth of human feeling
+and tenderness, from those of other statesmen. He spoke always from
+his own heart to the heart of the people. His brief funeral oration
+over the graves of those who had fallen in the war is one of the gems
+of the language.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_4" id="man_4"></a>GREATNESS OF HIS SIMPLICITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY H. A. DELANO</p>
+
+<p>He was uneducated, as that term goes to-day, and yet he gave statesmen
+and educators things to think about for a hundred years to come.
+Beneath the awkward, angular and diffident frame beat one of the
+noblest, largest, tenderest hearts that ever swelled in aspiration for
+truth, or longed to accomplish a freeman's duty. He might have lacked
+in that acute analysis which knows the "properties of matter," but he
+knew the passions, emotions, and weaknesses of men; he knew their
+motives. He had the genius to mine men and strike easily the rich ore
+of human nature. He was poor in this world's goods, and I prize
+gratefully a <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original">fac-simile</ins> letter lying among the treasures of my study
+written by Mr. Lincoln to an old friend, requesting the favor of a
+small loan, as he had entered upon that campaign of his that was not
+done until death released the most steadfast hero of that cruel war.
+Men speculate as to his religion. It was the religion of the seer, the
+hero, the patriot, and the lover of his race and time. Amid the
+political idiocy of the times, the corruption in high places, the
+dilettante culture, the vaporings of wild and helpless theorists, in
+this swamp of political quagmire, O Lincoln, it is refreshing to think
+of thee!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_5" id="man_5"></a>HORACE GREELEY'S ESTIMATE OF LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">From "Greeley on Lincoln"</p>
+
+<p>When I last saw him, some five or six weeks before his death, his face
+was haggard with care, and seamed with thought and trouble. It looked
+care-ploughed, tempest-tossed, weather-beaten, as if he were some
+tough old mariner, who had for years been beating up against the wind
+and tide, unable to make his port or find safe anchorage. Judging from
+that scathed, rugged countenance, I do not believe he could have lived
+out his second term had no felon hand been lifted against his
+priceless life.</p>
+
+<p>The chief moral I deduce from his eventful career asserts</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The might that slumbers in a peasant's arm!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>the majestic heritage, the measureless opportunity, of the humblest
+American youth. Here was an heir of poverty and insignificance,
+obscure, untaught, buried throughout his childhood in the frontier
+forests, with no transcendent, dazzling abilities, such as make their
+way in any country, under any institutions, but emphatically in
+intellect, as in station, one of the millions of strivers for a rude
+livelihood, who, though attaching himself stubbornly to the less
+popular party, and especially so in the State which he has chosen as
+his home, did nevertheless become a central figure of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> Western
+Hemisphere, and an object of honor, love, and reverence throughout the
+civilized world. Had he been a genius, an intellectual prodigy, like
+Julius Caesar, or Shakespeare, or Mirabeau, or Webster, we might say:
+"This lesson is not for us&mdash;with such faculties any one could achieve
+and succeed"; but he was not a born king of men, ruling by the
+resistless might of his natural superiority, but a child of the
+people, who made himself a great persuader, therefore a leader by dint
+of firm resolve, and patient effort, and dogged perseverance. He
+slowly won his way to eminence and renown by ever doing the work that
+lay next to him&mdash;doing it with all his growing might&mdash;doing it as well
+as he could, and learning by his failure, when failure was
+encountered, how to do it better. Wendell Phillips once coarsely said,
+"He grew because we watered him"; which was only true in so far as
+this&mdash;he was open to all impressions and influences, and gladly
+profited by all the teachings of events and circumstances, no matter
+how adverse or unwelcome. There was probably no year of his life in
+which he was not a wiser, larger, better man than he had been the year
+preceding. It was of such a nature&mdash;patient, plodding, sometimes
+groping, but ever towards the light&mdash;that Tennyson sings:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Perplext in faith, but pure in deeds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">At last he beat his music out.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">There lives more faith in honest doubt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Believe me, than in half the creeds.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>There are those who profess to have been always satisfied with his
+conduct of the war, deeming it prompt, energetic, vigorous, masterly.
+I did not, and could not, so regard it. I believed then&mdash;I believe
+this hour,&mdash;that a Napoleon I., a Jackson, would have crushed
+secession out in a single short campaign&mdash;almost in a single victory.
+I believed that an advance to Richmond 100,000 strong might have been
+made by the end of June, 1861; that would have insured a
+counter-revolution throughout the South, and a voluntary return of
+every State, through a dispersion and disavowal of its rebel chiefs,
+to the councils and the flag of the Union. But such a return would
+have not merely left slavery intact&mdash;it would have established it on
+firmer foundations than ever before. The momentarily alienated North
+and South would have fallen on each other's necks, and, amid tears and
+kisses, have sealed their reunion by ignominiously making the Black
+the scapegoat of their bygone quarrel, and wreaking on him the spite
+which they had purposed to expend on each other. But God had higher
+ends, to which a Bull Run, a Ball's Bluff, a Gaines's Mill, a
+Groveton, were indispensable: and so they came to pass, and were
+endured and profited by. The Republic needed to be passed through
+chastening, purifying fires of adversity and suffering: so these came
+and did their work and the verdure of a new national life springs
+greenly, luxuriantly, from their ashes. Other men were helpful to the
+great renovation, and nobly did their part in it; yet, looking back
+through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> lifting mists of seven eventful, tragic, trying, glorious
+years, I clearly discern that the one providential leader, the
+indispensable hero of the great drama&mdash;faithfully reflecting even in
+his hesitations and seeming vacillations the sentiment of the
+masses&mdash;fitted by his very defects and shortcomings for the burden
+laid upon him, the good to be wrought out through him, was Abraham
+Lincoln.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_6" id="man_6"></a>LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY J. T. TROWBRIDGE</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Heroic soul, in homely garb half hid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sincere, sagacious, melancholy, quaint;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What he endured, no less than what he did,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Has reared his monument, and crowned him saint.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_7" id="man_7"></a>THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_26_27" id="FNanchor_26_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_27" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY B. B. TYLER</p>
+
+<p>In 1865, the bullet of an assassin suddenly terminated the life among
+men of one who was an honor to his race. He was great and good. He was
+great because he was good. Lincoln's re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>ligious character was the one
+thing which, above all other features of his unique mental and moral
+as well as physical personality, lifted him above his fellow men.</p>
+
+<p>Because an effort has been made to parade Abraham Lincoln as an
+unbeliever, I have been led to search carefully for the facts in his
+life bearing on this point. The testimony seems to be almost entirely,
+if not altogether, on one side. I cannot account for the statement
+which William H. Herndon makes in his life of the martyred President,
+that, "Mr. Lincoln had no faith." For twenty-five years Mr. Herndon
+was Abraham Lincoln's law partner in Springfield, Ill. He had the best
+opportunities to know Abraham Lincoln. When, however, he affirms that
+"Mr. Lincoln had no faith," he speaks without warrant. It is simply
+certain that he uses words in their usually accepted signification,
+although his statement concerning Lincoln is not true.</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln was a man of profound faith. He believed in God. He
+believed in Christ. He believed in the Bible. He believed in men. His
+faith made him great. His life is a beautiful commentary on the words,
+"This is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith." There
+was a time in Lincoln's experience when his faith faltered, as there
+was a time when his reason tottered, but these sad experiences were
+temporary, and Abraham Lincoln was neither an infidel nor a lunatic.
+It is easy to trace in the life of this colossal character, a steady
+growth of faith. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> grace in him increased steadily in breadth and
+in strength with the passing years, until it came to pass that his
+last public utterances show forth the confidence and the fire of an
+ancient Hebrew prophet.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that Lincoln never united with the Church, although a
+lifelong and regular attendant on its services. He had a reason for
+occupying a position outside the fellowship of the Church of Christ as
+it existed in his day and in his part of the world. This reason
+Lincoln did not hesitate to declare. He explained on one occasion that
+he had never become a church member because he did not like and could
+not in conscience subscribe to the long and frequently complicated
+statements of Christian doctrines which characterized the confessions
+of the Churches. He said: "When any Church will inscribe over its
+altar as its sole qualification for membership the Savior's condensed
+statement of the substance of both law and gospel, 'Thou shalt love
+the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with
+all thy mind, and thy neighbor as thyself,' that Church will I join
+with all my heart and soul."</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln in these words recognizes the central figure of the
+Bible, Jesus of Nazareth, as "the Saviour." He recognizes God as the
+supreme Lawgiver, and expresses readiness, while eschewing theological
+subtleties, to submit heart and soul to the supreme Lawgiver of the
+universe. His faith, according to this language, goes out manward as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+well as Godward. He believed not only in God, but he believed in man
+as well, and this Christianity, according to Christ, requires of all
+disciples of the great Teacher.</p>
+
+<p>About a year before his assassination Lincoln, in a letter to Joshua
+Speed, said: "I am profitably engaged in reading the Bible. Take all
+of this book upon reason that you can and the balance on faith, and
+you will live and die a better man." He saw and declared that the
+teaching of the Bible had a tendency to improve character. He had a
+right view of this sacred literature. Its purpose is character
+building.</p>
+
+<p>Leonard Swett, who knew Abraham Lincoln well, said at the unveiling of
+the Chicago monument that Lincoln "believed in God as the supreme
+ruler of the universe, the guide of men, and the controller of the
+great events and destinies of mankind. He believed himself to be an
+instrument and leader in this country of the force of freedom."</p>
+
+<p>From this it appears that his belief was not merely theoretical, but
+that it was practical. He regarded himself as an instrument, as Moses
+was an instrument in the hands of Almighty God, to lead men into
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>It was after his election, in the autumn of 1860, and but a short time
+before his inauguration as President of the United States, that in a
+letter to Judge Joseph Gillespie, he said: "I have read on my knees
+the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of God prayed in vain that the
+cup of bitter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>ness might pass from Him. I am in the garden of
+Gethsemane now, and my cup of bitterness is full and overflowing."</p>
+
+<p>From this it is clear that he believed the Jesus of the Gospels to be
+"the Son of God." And what a sense of responsibility he must at the
+time of writing this letter have experienced to cause him to declare,
+"I am in the garden of Gethsemane now, and my cup of bitterness is
+full and overflowing!" Only a superlatively good man, only a man of
+genuine piety, could use honestly such language as this. These words
+do not indicate unbelief or agnosticism. If ever a man in public life
+in these United States was removed the distance of the antipodes from
+the coldness and bleakness of agnosticism, that man was Abraham
+Lincoln. This confession of faith, incidentally made in a brief letter
+to a dear friend, is not only orthodox according to the accepted
+standards of orthodoxy, but, better, it is evangelical. To him the
+hero of the Gospel histories was none other than "the Son of God." By
+the use of these words did Lincoln characterize Jesus of Nazareth.</p>
+
+<p>Herndon has said in his life of Abraham Lincoln that he never read the
+Bible, but Alexander Williamson, who was employed as a tutor in
+President Lincoln's family in Washington, said that "Mr. Lincoln very
+frequently studied the Bible, with the aid of Cruden's Concordance,
+which lay on his table." If Lincoln was not a reader and student of
+the inspired literature which we call the Bible, what explanation can
+be made of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> language just quoted, addressed to Judge Gillespie, "I
+have read on my knees the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of God
+prayed in vain that the cup of bitterness might pass from Him"?</p>
+
+<p>I have admitted that in Lincoln's experience there was a time when his
+faith faltered. It is interesting to know in what manner he came to
+have the faith which in the maturity of his royal manhood and in the
+zenith of his intellectual powers he expressed. One of his
+pastors&mdash;for he sat under the ministry of James Smith, has told in
+what way Lincoln came to be an intelligent believer in the Bible, in
+Jesus as the Son of God, and in Christianity as Divine in its origin,
+and a mighty moral and spiritual power for the regeneration of men and
+of the race. Mr. Smith placed before him, he says, the arguments for
+and against the Divine authority and inspiration of the Scriptures. To
+the arguments on both sides Lincoln gave a patient, impartial, and
+searching investigation. He himself said that he examined the
+arguments as a lawyer investigates testimony in a case in which he is
+deeply interested. At the conclusion of the investigation he declared
+that the arguments in favor of the Divine authority and inspiration of
+the Bible is unanswerable.</p>
+
+<p>So far did Lincoln go in his open sympathy with the teachings of the
+Bible that on one occasion in the presence of a large assembly, he
+delivered the address at an annual meeting of the Springfield,
+Illinois, Bible Society. In the course of his address he drew a
+contrast between the decalog and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> the most eminent lawgiver of
+antiquity, in which he said: "It seems to me that nothing short of
+infinite wisdom could by any possibility have devised and given to man
+this excellent and perfect moral code. It is suited to men in all the
+conditions of life, and inculcates all the duties they owe to their
+Creator, to themselves, and their fellow men."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln prepared an address, in which he declared that this country
+cannot exist half slave and half-free. He affirmed the saying of
+Jesus, "A house divided against itself cannot stand." Having read this
+address to some friends, they urged him to strike out that portion of
+it. If he would do so, he could probably be elected to the United
+States Senate; but if he delivered the address as written, the ground
+taken was so high, the position was so advanced, his sentiments were
+so radical, he would probably fail of gaining a seat in the supreme
+legislative body of the greatest republic on earth.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, under those circumstances, said: "I know there is a God, and
+that He hates the injustice of slavery. I see the storm coming, and I
+know that His hand is in it. If He has a place and a work for me, and
+I think he has, I believe I am ready. I am nothing but truth is
+everything. I know I am right, because I know that liberty is right,
+for Christ teaches it, and Christ is God."</p>
+
+<p>And yet we are asked to believe that a man who could express himself
+in this way and show<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> this courage was a doubter, a skeptic, an
+unbeliever, an agnostic, an infidel. "Christ is God." This was
+Lincoln's faith in 1860, found in a letter addressed to the Hon.
+Newton Bateman.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln's father was a Christian. Old Uncle Tommy Lincoln, as his
+friends familiarly called him, was a good man. He was what might be
+called a ne'er-do-well. As the world counts success, Thomas Lincoln,
+the father of Abraham Lincoln, was not successful, but he was an
+honest man. He was a truthful man. He was a man of faith. He
+worshipped God. He belonged to the church. He was a member of a
+congregation in Charleston, Ill., which I had the honor to serve in
+the beginning of my ministry, known as the Christian Church. He died
+not far from Charleston, and is buried a few miles distant from the
+beautiful little town, the county seat of Coles County, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>During the last illness of his father, Lincoln wrote a letter to his
+step-brother, John Johnston, which closes with the following
+sentences: "I sincerely hope that father may recover his health, but
+at all events tell him to remember to call upon and confide in our
+great, and good, and merciful Maker, who will not turn away from him
+in any extremity. He notes the fall of the sparrow, and numbers the
+hairs of our heads, and He will not forget the dying man who puts his
+trust in Him. Say to him that if we could meet now it is doubtful
+whether it would not be more painful than pleasant, but that if it be
+his lot to go now he will soon have a joyful meeting with loved ones
+gone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> before, and where the rest of us, through the mercy of God, hope
+ere long to join them."</p>
+
+<p>From this it appears that Lincoln cherished a hope of life everlasting
+through the mercy of God. This sounds very much like the talk of a
+Christian.</p>
+
+<p>Although Lincoln was not a church member, he was a man of prayer. He
+believed that God can hear, does hear, and answer prayer. Lincoln said
+in conversation with General Sickles concerning the battle of
+Gettysburg, that he had no anxiety as to the result. At this General
+Sickles expressed surprise, and inquired into the reason for this
+unusual state of mind at that period in the history of the war.
+Lincoln hesitated to accede to the request of General Sickles, but was
+finally prevailed upon to do so, and this is what he said:</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I will tell you how it was. In the pinch of your campaign up
+there, when everybody seemed panic stricken, and nobody could tell
+what was going to happen, oppressed by the gravity of our affairs, I
+went into my room one day and locked the door, and got down on my
+knees before Almighty God, and prayed to Him mightily for victory at
+Gettysburg. I told Him this was His war, and our cause His cause, but
+that we could not stand another Fredericksburg or Chancellorsville.
+And I then and there made a solemn vow to Almighty God that if He
+would stand by our boys at Gettysburg I would stand by Him. And He did
+and I will. And after that (I don't know how it was, and I can't
+explain it) but soon a sweet comfort crept into my soul that things
+would go all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> right at Gettysburg, and that is why I had no fears
+about you."</p>
+
+<p>Such faith as this will put to the blush many who are members of the
+church.</p>
+
+<p>It was afterward that General Sickles asked him what news he had from
+Vicksburg. He answered that he had no news worth mentioning, but that
+Grant was still "pegging away" down there, and he thought a good deal
+of him as a general, and had no thought of removing him
+notwithstanding that he was urged to do so; and, "besides," he added,
+"I have been praying over Vicksburg also, and believe our Heavenly
+Father is going to give us victory there too, because we need it, in
+order to bisect the Confederacy and have the Mississippi flow unvexed
+to the sea."</p>
+
+<p>When he entered upon the task to which the people of the United States
+had called him, at the railway station in Springfield on the eve of
+his departure to Washington to take the oath of office, he delivered
+an address. It is a model. I quote it entire. It is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"My friends, no one not in my position can realize the sadness I feel
+at this parting. To this people I owe all that I am. Here I have lived
+more than a quarter of a century. Here my children were born, and here
+one of them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall see you again. I
+go to assume a task more than that which has devolved upon any other
+man since the days of Washington. He never would have succeeded except
+for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> at all times relied.
+I feel that I cannot succeed without the same Divine blessing which
+sustained him, and on the same almighty Being I place my reliance for
+support. And I hope you, my friends, will all pray that I may receive
+that Divine assistance, without which I cannot succeed, but with which
+success is certain. Again, I bid you an affectionate farewell."</p>
+
+<p>At the time of Lincoln's assassination these words were printed in a
+great variety of forms. In my home for a number of years, beautifully
+framed, these parting words addressed to the friends of many years in
+Springfield, Ill., ornamented my humble residence. And yet one of his
+biographers refers to this address as if its genuineness may well be
+doubted. At the time of its delivery it was taken down and published
+broadcast in the papers of the day.</p>
+
+<p>But it would be wearisome to you to recite all the evidences bearing
+on the religious character of Abraham Lincoln. John G. Nicolay well
+says: "Benevolence and forgiveness were the very basis of his
+character; his world-wide humanity is aptly embodied in a phrase of
+his second inaugural: 'With malice toward none, with charity for all.'
+His nature was deeply religious, but he belonged to no denomination;
+he had faith in the eternal justice and boundless mercy of Providence,
+and made the Golden Rule of Christ his practical creed."</p>
+
+<p>In this passage Mr. Nicolay refers especially to Lincoln's second
+inaugural address. This address<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> has the ring of an ancient Hebrew
+prophet. Only a man of faith and piety could deliver such an address.
+After the struggles through which the country had passed Lincoln's
+self-poise, his confidence in God, his belief in and affection for his
+fellow men, remained unabated. In Lincoln's second inaugural address
+he used these words:</p>
+
+<p>"Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration
+which it has already attained: neither anticipated that the cause of
+the conflict might cease when or even before the conflict itself
+should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less
+fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the
+same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem
+strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in
+wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us
+judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be
+answered: that of neither has been answered fully.</p>
+
+<p>"The Almighty has His own purposes. 'Wo unto the world because of
+offenses, for it must needs be that offenses come; but we to that man
+by whom the offense cometh.' If we shall suppose that American slavery
+is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs
+come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now
+wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this
+terrible war, as the wo due to those by whom the offense came, shall
+we discern therein any departure from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> those divine attributes which
+the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him. Fondly do we
+hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may
+speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the
+wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of
+unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn
+with a lash shall be paid with another drawn by a sword, as was said
+three thousand years ago, so still it must be said. 'The judgments of
+the Lord are true and righteous altogether.'</p>
+
+<p>"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
+right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
+work we are in; to bind up the Nation's wounds; to care for him who
+shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan&mdash;to do
+all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among our
+selves and with all nations."</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of this address, under the circumstances, is intensely
+Christian, and it is one of the most remarkable speeches in the
+literature of the world.</p>
+
+<p>When Lincoln was urged to issue his Proclamation of Emancipation he
+waited on God for guidance. He said to some who urged this matter, who
+were anxious to have the President act without delay: "I hope it will
+not be irreverent for me to say that, if it is probable that God would
+reveal His will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it
+might be supposed He would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> reveal it directly to me, for, unless I am
+more deceived in myself that I often am, it is my earnest desire to
+know the will of Providence in this matter, and if I can learn what it
+is, I will do it."</p>
+
+<p>Stoddard, in his Life of Lincoln, gives attention beyond any of his
+biographers to the religious side of Lincoln's character. Commenting
+on the inaugural from which I have quoted, Mr. Stoddard said:</p>
+
+<p>"His mind and soul have reached the full development in a religious
+life so unusually intense and absorbing that it could not otherwise
+than utter itself in the grand sentences of his last address to the
+people. The knowledge had come, and the faith had come, and the
+charity had come, and with all had come the love of God which had put
+away all thought of rebellious resistance to the will of God leading,
+as in his earlier days of trial, to despair and insanity."</p>
+
+<p>I wish to call special attention to Lincoln's temperance habits. He
+was a teetotaler so far as the use of intoxicating liquors as a
+beverage was concerned. When the committee of the Chicago Convention
+waited upon Lincoln to inform him of his nomination he treated them to
+ice-water and said:</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen, we must pledge our mutual healths in the most healthy
+beverage which God has given to man. It is the only beverage I have
+ever used or allowed in my family, and I cannot conscientiously depart
+from it on the present occasion. It is pure Adam's ale from the
+spring."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Hay, one of his biographers, says: "Mr. Lincoln was a man of
+exceedingly temperate habits. He made no use of either whisky or
+tobacco during all the years that I knew him."</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln was a model in every respect but one. It was a mistake
+on the part of this great and good man that he never identified
+himself openly with the Church. I know what can be said in favor of
+his position. It is not, however, satisfactory. If all men were to act
+in this matter as Lincoln did, there would be no Church. This is
+obvious. Hence the mistake which he made. Otherwise, as to his
+personal habits; as to his confidence in God; as to his faith in man;
+as to his conception and use of the Bible; as to his habits of prayer;
+as to his judicial fairness; as to his sympathy with men&mdash;in all these
+respects, as in many others, Abraham Lincoln is a character to be
+studied and imitated.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_27" id="Footnote_26_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_27"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>From 'The Homiletic Review,' Funk &amp; Wagnalls,
+Publishers.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_8" id="man_8"></a>TO THE SPIRIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_27_28" id="FNanchor_27_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_28" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Reunion at Gettysburg Twenty-Five Years After the Battle)</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER</p>
+
+<p class="center">1888</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Shade of our greatest, O look down to day!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Here the long, dread midsummer battle roared,<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span><span class="i2">And brother in brother plunged the accursed sword;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Here foe meets foe once more in proud array<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet not as once to harry and to slay<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But to strike hands, and with sublime accord<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Weep tears heroic for the souls that soared<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Quick from earth's carnage to the starry way.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Each fought for what he deemed the people's good,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And proved his bravery with his offered life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And sealed his honor with his outpoured blood;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the Eternal did direct the strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And on this sacred field one patriot host<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Now calls thee father,&mdash;dear, majestic ghost!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_28" id="Footnote_27_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_28"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>By permission of Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Company.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_9" id="man_9"></a>LINCOLN AS A TYPICAL AMERICAN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY PHILLIPS BROOKS</p>
+
+<p>While I speak to you to-day, the body of the President who ruled this
+people, is lying, honored and loved, in our city. It is impossible,
+with that sacred presence in our midst, for me to stand and speak of
+ordinary topics which occupy the pulpit. I must speak of him to-day;
+and I therefore undertake to do what I have intended to do at some
+future time, to invite you to study with me the character of Abraham
+Lincoln, the impulse of his life and the causes of his death. I know
+how hard it is to do it rightly, how impossible it is to do it
+worthily. But I shall speak with confidence, because I speak to those
+who love him, and whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> ready love will fill out the deficiencies in
+a picture which my words will weakly try to draw.</p>
+
+<p>We take it for granted, first of all, that there is an essential
+connection between Mr. Lincoln's character and his violent and bloody
+death. It is no accident, no arbitrary decree of Providence. He lived
+as he did, and he died as he did, because he was what he was. The more
+we see of events the less we come to believe in any fate, or destiny,
+except the destiny of character. It will be our duty, then, to see
+what there was in the character of our great President that created
+the history of his life, and at last produced the catastrophe of his
+cruel death. After the first trembling horror, the first outburst of
+indignant sorrow, has grown calm, these are the questions which we are
+bound to ask and answer.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary for me even to sketch the biography of Mr.
+Lincoln. He was born in Kentucky fifty-six years ago, when Kentucky
+was a pioneer State. He lived, as a boy and man, the hard and needy
+life of a backwoodsman, a farmer, a river boatman, and, finally, by
+his own efforts at self-education, of an active, respected,
+influential citizen, in the half organized and manifold interests of a
+new and energetic community. From his boyhood up he lived in direct
+and vigorous contact with men and things, not as in older states and
+easier conditions with words and theories; and both his moral
+convictions and intellectual opinions gathered from that contact a
+supreme degree of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> that character by which men knew him; that
+character which is the most distinctive possession of the best
+American nature; that almost indescribable quality which we call, in
+general, clearness or truth, and which appears in the physical
+structure as health, in the moral constitution as honesty, in the
+mental structure as sagacity, and in the region of active life as
+practicalness. This one character, with many sides, all shaped of the
+same essential force and testifying to the same inner influences, was
+what was powerful in him and decreed for him the life he was to live
+and the death he was to die. We must take no smaller view then this of
+what he was.</p>
+
+<p>It is the great boon of such characters as Mr. Lincoln's, that they
+reunite what God has joined together and man has put asunder. In him
+was vindicated the greatness of real goodness and the goodness of real
+greatness. The twain were one flesh. Not one of all the multitudes who
+stood and looked up to him for direction with such a loving and
+implicit trust can tell you to-day whether the wise judgments that he
+gave came most from a strong head or a sound heart. If you ask them,
+they are puzzled. There are men as good as he, but they do bad things.
+There are men as intelligent as he, but they do foolish things. In
+him, goodness and intelligence combined and made their best result of
+wisdom. For perfect truth consists not merely in the right
+constituents of character, but in their right and intimate
+conjunction. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> union of the mental and moral into a life of
+admirable simplicity is what we most admire in children; but in them
+it is unsettled and unpractical. But when it is preserved into
+manhood, deepened into reliability and maturity, it is that glorified
+childlikeness, that high and reverend simplicity, which shames and
+baffles the most accomplished astuteness, and is chosen by God to fill
+His purposes when He needs a ruler for His people, of faithful and
+true heart, such as he had, who was our President.</p>
+
+<p>Another evident quality of such character as this will be its
+freshness or newness, if we may so speak; its freshness or
+readiness,&mdash;call it what you will,&mdash;its ability to take up new duties
+and do them in a new way, will result of necessity from its truth and
+clearness. The simple natures and forces will always be the most
+pliant ones. Water bends and shapes itself to any channel. Air folds
+and adapts itself to each new figure. They are the simplest and the
+most infinitely active things in nature. So this nature, in very
+virtue of its simplicity, must be also free, always fitting itself to
+each new need. It will always start from the most fundamental and
+eternal conditions, and work in the straightest, even though they be
+the newest ways, to the present prescribed purpose. In one word, it
+must be broad and independent and radical. So that freedom and
+radicalness in the character of Abraham Lincoln were not separate
+qualities, but the necessary results of his simplicity and
+childlikeness and truth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Here then we have some conception of the man. Out of this character
+came the life which we admire and the death which we lament to-day. He
+was called in that character to that life and death. It was just the
+nature, as you see, which a new nation such as ours ought to produce.
+All the conditions of his birth, his youth, his manhood, which made
+him what he was, were not irregular and exceptional, but were the
+normal conditions of a new and simple country. His pioneer home in
+Indiana was a type of the pioneer land in which he lived. If ever
+there was a man who was a part of the time and country he lived in,
+this was he. The same simple respect for labor won in the school of
+work and incorporated into blood and muscle; the same unassuming
+loyalty to the simple virtues of temperance and industry and
+integrity; the same sagacious judgment which had learned to be
+quick-eyed and quick-brained in the constant presence of emergency;
+the same direct and clear thought about things, social, political and
+religious, that was in him supremely, was in the people he was sent to
+rule. Surely, with such a type-man for ruler, there would seem to be
+but a smooth and even road over which he might lead the people whose
+character he represented into the new region of national happiness,
+and comfort, and usefulness, for which that character had been
+designed.</p>
+
+<p>The cause that Abraham Lincoln died for shall grow stronger by his
+death, stronger and sterner. Stronger to set its pillars deep into the
+structure of our Nation's life; sterner to execute the justice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> of the
+Lord upon his enemies. Stronger to spread its arms and grasp our whole
+land into freedom; sterner to sweep the last poor ghost of slavery out
+of our haunted homes.</p>
+
+<p>So let him lie there in our midst to-day and let our people go and
+bend with solemn thoughtfulness and look upon his face and read the
+lessons of his burial. As he passed here on his journey from the
+Western home and told us what, by the help of God, he meant to do, so
+let him pause upon his way back to his Western grave and tell us, with
+a silence more eloquent than words, how bravely, how truly, by the
+strength of God, he did it. God brought him up as He brought David up
+from the sheep-folds to feed Jacob, His people, and Israel, His
+inheritance. He came up in earnestness and faith, and he goes back in
+triumph. As he pauses here to-day, and from his cold lips bids us bear
+witness how he has met the duty that was laid on him, what can we say
+out of our full hearts but this:&mdash;"He fed them with a faithful and
+true heart, and ruled them prudently with all his power."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Shepherd of the People!</span> that old name that the best rulers ever
+craved. What ruler ever won it like this dead President of ours? He
+fed us faithfully and truly. He fed us with counsel when we were in
+doubt, with inspiration when we sometimes faltered, with caution when
+we would be rash, with calm, clear, trustful cheerfulness through many
+an hour, when our hearts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> were dark. He fed hungry souls all over the
+country with sympathy and consolation. He spread before the whole land
+feasts of great duty and devotion and patriotism, on which the land
+grew strong. He fed us with solemn, solid truths. He taught us the
+sacredness of government, the wickedness of treason. He made our souls
+glad and vigorous with the love of liberty that was in his. He showed
+us how to love truth and yet be charitable&mdash;how to hate wrong and all
+oppression, and yet not treasure one personal injury or insult. He fed
+all his people, from the highest to the lowest, from the most
+privileged down to the most enslaved. Best of all, he fed us with a
+reverent and genuine religion. He spread before us the love and fear
+of God just in that shape in which we need them most, and out of his
+faithful service of a higher Master, who of us has not taken and eaten
+and grown strong? "He fed them with a faithful and true heart." Yes,
+till the last. For at the last, behold him standing with hand reached
+out to feed the South with mercy, and the North with charity, and the
+whole land with peace, when the Lord who had sent him called him, and
+his work was done!</p>
+
+<p>He stood once on the battlefield of our own State, and said of the
+brave men who had saved it, words as noble as any countryman of ours
+ever spoke. Let us stand in the country he has saved, and which is to
+be his grave and monument, and say of Abraham Lincoln what he said of
+the soldiers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> who had died at Gettysburg. He stood there with their
+graves before him, and these are the words he said:</p>
+
+<p>"We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this
+ground. These brave men who struggled here have consecrated it far
+beyond our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor
+long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
+here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated to the unfinished
+work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
+rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
+us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
+cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we
+here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; and
+this nation, under God shall have a new birth of freedom; and that
+government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not
+perish from the earth."</p>
+
+<p>May God make us worthy of the memory of Abraham Lincoln!</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_10" id="man_10"></a>LINCOLN AS CAVALIER AND PURITAN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY H. W. GRADY</p>
+
+<p>The virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the
+inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion. But both
+Puritan and Cavalier were lost in the storm of their first
+revo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>lution, and the American citizen, supplanting both, and stronger
+than either, took possession of the Republic bought by their common
+blood and fashioned in wisdom, and charged himself with teaching men
+free government and establishing the voice of the people as the voice
+of God. Great types like valuable plants are slow to flower and fruit.
+But from the union of these colonists, from the straightening of their
+purposes and the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a
+century, came he who stands as the first typical American, the first
+who comprehended within himself all the strength and gentleness, all
+the majesty and grace of this Republic&mdash;Abraham Lincoln. He was the
+sum of Puritan and Cavalier, for in his ardent nature were fused the
+virtues of both, and in the depths of his great soul the faults of
+both were lost. He was greater than Puritan, greater than Cavalier, in
+that he was American, and that in his homely form were first gathered
+the vast and thrilling forces of this ideal government&mdash;charging it
+with such tremendous meaning and so elevating it above human suffering
+that martyrdom, though infamously aimed came as a fitting crown to a
+life consecrated from its cradle to human liberty. Let us, each
+cherishing his traditions and honoring his fathers, build with
+reverent hands to the type of this simple but sublime life, in which
+all types are honored, and in the common glory we shall win as
+Americans, there will be plenty and to spare for your forefathers and
+for mine.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_11" id="man_11"></a>LINCOLN, THE TENDER-HEARTED</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY H. W. BOLTON</p>
+
+<p>His biography is written in blood and tears; uncounted millions arise
+and call him blessed; a redeemed and reunited republic is his
+monument. History embalms the memory of Richard the Lion-Hearted;
+here, too, our martyr finds loyal sepulture as Lincoln the
+tender-hearted.</p>
+
+<p>He was brave. While assassins swarmed in Washington, he went
+everywhere, without guard or arms. He was magnanimous. He harbored no
+grudge, nursed no grievance; was quick to forgive, and was anxious for
+reconciliation. Hear him appealing to the South: "We are not enemies,
+but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained,
+it must not break, our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of
+memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every
+loving heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell
+the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be,
+by the better angels of our nature."</p>
+
+<p>He was compassionate. With what joy he brought liberty to the
+enslaved. He was forgiving. In this respect he was strikingly
+suggestive of the Saviour. He was great. Time will but augment the
+greatness of his name and fame. Perhaps a greater man never ruled in
+this or any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> other nation. He was good and pure and incorruptible. He
+was a patriot; he loved his country; he poured out his soul unto death
+for it. He was human, and thus touched the chord that makes the whole
+world kin.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_12" id="man_12"></a>THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY W. H. HERNDON (LINCOLN'S LAW PARTNER)</p>
+
+<p>The true peculiarity of Mr. Lincoln has not been seen by his various
+biographers; or, if seen, they have failed wofully to give it that
+prominence which it deserves. It is said that Newton saw an apple fall
+to the ground from a tree, and beheld the law of the universe in that
+fall; Shakespeare saw human nature in the laugh of a man; Professor
+Owen saw the animal in its claw; and Spencer saw the evolution of the
+universe in the growth of a seed. Nature was suggestive to all these
+men. Mr. Lincoln no less saw philosophy in a story, and a schoolmaster
+in a joke. No man, no men, saw nature, fact, thing, or man from his
+stand-point. His was a new and original position, which was always
+suggesting, hinting something to him. Nature, insinuations, hints and
+suggestions were new, fresh, original and odd to him. The world, fact,
+man, principle, all had their powers of suggestion to his susceptible
+soul. They continually put him in mind of something. He was odd,
+fresh, new, original, and peculiar, for this reason, that he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> a
+new, odd, and original creation and fact. He had keen susceptibilities
+to the hints and suggestions of nature, which always put him in mind
+of something known or unknown. Hence his power and tenacity of what is
+called association of ideas must have been great. His memory was
+tenacious and strong. His susceptibility to all suggestions and hints
+enabled him at will to call up readily the associated and classified
+fact and idea.</p>
+
+<p>As an evidence of this, especially peculiar to Mr. Lincoln, let me ask
+one question. Were Mr. Lincoln's expression and language odd and
+original, standing out peculiar from those of all other men? What does
+this imply? Oddity and originality of vision as well as expression;
+and what is expression in words and human language, but a telling of
+what we see, defining the idea arising from and created by vision and
+view in us? Words and language are but the counterparts of the
+idea&mdash;the other half of the idea; they are but the stinging, hot,
+heavy, leaden bullets that drop from the mold; and what are they in a
+rifle with powder stuffed behind them and fire applied, but an
+embodied force pursuing their object? So are words an embodied power
+feeling for comprehension in other minds. Mr. Lincoln was often
+perplexed to give expression to his ideas: first, because he was not
+master of the English language: and, secondly, because there were no
+words in it containing the coloring, shape, exactness, power, and
+gravity of his ideas. He was frequently at a loss for a word, and
+hence was compelled to resort to stories, max<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>ims, and jokes to embody
+his idea, that it might be comprehended. So true was this peculiar
+mental vision of his, that though mankind has been gathering,
+arranging, and classifying facts for thousands of years, Lincoln's
+peculiar stand-point could give him no advantage of other men's labor.
+Hence he tore up to the deep foundations all arrangements of facts,
+and coined and arranged new plans to govern himself. He was compelled,
+from his peculiar mental organization, to do this. His labor was
+great, continuous, patient and all-enduring.</p>
+
+<p>The truth about this whole matter is that Mr. Lincoln read less and
+thought more than any man in his sphere in America. No man can put his
+finger on any great book written in the last or present century that
+he read. When young he read the Bible, and when of age he read
+Shakespeare. This latter book was scarcely ever out of his mind. Mr.
+Lincoln is acknowledged to have been a great man, but the question is,
+what made him great? I repeat, that he read less and thought more than
+any man of his standing in America, if not in the world. He possessed
+originality and power of thought in an eminent degree. He was
+cautious, cool, concentrated, with continuity of reflection; was
+patient and enduring. These are some of the grounds of his wonderful
+success.</p>
+
+<p>Not only was nature, man, fact and principle suggestive to Mr.
+Lincoln, not only had he accurate and exact perceptions, but he was
+causative, i. e., his mind ran back behind all facts, things and
+principles to their origin, history and first cause, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> that point
+where forces act at once as effect and cause. He would stop and stand
+in the street and analyze a machine. He would whittle things to a
+point, and then count the numberless inclined planes, and their pitch,
+making the point. Mastering and defining this, he would then cut that
+point back, and get a broad transverse section of his pine stick, and
+peel and define that. Clocks, omnibuses and language, paddle-wheels
+and idioms, never escaped his observation and analysis. Before he
+could form any idea of anything, before he would express his opinion
+on any subject, he must know it in origin and history, in substance
+and quality, in magnitude and gravity. He must know his subject inside
+and outside, upside and down side. He searched his own mind and nature
+thoroughly, as I have often heard him say. He must analyze a
+sensation, an idea, and words, and run them back to their origin,
+history, purpose and destiny. He was most emphatically a remorseless
+analyzer of facts, things and principles. When all these processes had
+been well and thoroughly gone through, he could form an opinion and
+express it, but no sooner. He had no faith. "Say so's" he had no
+respect for, coming though they might from tradition, power or
+authority.</p>
+
+<p>All things, facts and principles had to run through his crucible and
+be tested by the fires of his analytic mind; and hence, when he did
+speak, his utterances rang out gold-like, quick, keen and current upon
+the counters of the understanding. He reasoned logically, through
+analogy and com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>parison. All opponents dreaded him in his originality
+of idea, condensation, definition and force of expression, and woe be
+to the man who hugged to his bosom a secret error if Mr. Lincoln got
+on the chase of it. I say, woe to him! Time could hide the error in no
+nook or corner of space in which he would not detect and expose it.</p>
+
+<p>[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]</p>
+
+<p>The great predominating elements of Mr. Lincoln's peculiar character,
+were: First, his great capacity and power of reason; secondly, his
+excellent understanding; thirdly, an exalted idea of the sense of
+right and equity; and, fourthly, his intense veneration of what was
+true and good. His reason ruled despotically all other faculties and
+qualities of his mind. His conscience and heart were ruled by it. His
+conscience was ruled by one faculty&mdash;reason. His heart was ruled by
+two faculties&mdash;reason and conscience. I know it is generally believed
+that Mr. Lincoln's heart, his love and kindness, his tenderness and
+benevolence, were his ruling qualities; but this opinion is erroneous
+in every particular. First, as to his reason. He dwelt in the mind,
+not in the conscience, and not in the heart. He lived and breathed and
+acted from his reason&mdash;the throne of logic and the home of principle,
+the realm of Deity in man. It is from this point that Mr. Lincoln must
+be viewed. His views were correct and original. He was cautious not to
+be deceived; he was patient and enduring. He had concentration and
+great continuity of thought; he had a profound analytic power; his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
+visions were clear, and he was emphatically the master of statement.
+His pursuit of the truth was indefatigable, terrible. He reasoned from
+his well-chosen principles with such clearness, force, and
+compactness, that the tallest intellects in the land bowed to him with
+respect. He was the strongest man I ever saw, looking at him from the
+stand-point of his reason&mdash;the throne of his logic. He came down from
+that height with an irresistible and crushing force. His printed
+speeches will prove this; but his speeches before courts, especially
+before the Supreme Courts of the State and Nation, would demonstrate
+it: unfortunately, none of them have been preserved. Here he demanded
+time to think and prepare. The office of reason is to determine the
+truth. Truth is the power of reason&mdash;the child of reason. He loved and
+idolized truth for its own sake. It was reason's food.</p>
+
+<p>Conscience, the second great quality and force of Mr. Lincoln's
+character, is that faculty which loves the just: its office is
+justice; right and equity are its correlatives. It decides upon all
+acts of all people at all times. Mr. Lincoln had a deep, broad, living
+conscience. His great reason told him what was true, good and bad,
+right, wrong, just or unjust, and his conscience echoed back its
+decision; and it was from this point that he acted and spoke and wove
+his character and fame among us. His conscience ruled his heart; he
+was always just before he was gracious. This was his motto, his glory:
+and this is as it should be. It cannot be truthfully said of any
+mortal man that he was always just. Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> Lincoln was not always just;
+but his great general life was. It follows that if Mr. Lincoln had
+great reason and great conscience, he was an honest man. His great and
+general life was honest, and he was justly and rightfully entitled to
+the appellation, "Honest Abe." Honesty was his great polar star.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln had also a good understanding; that is, the faculty that
+understands and comprehends the exact state of things, their near and
+remote relations. The understanding does not necessarily inquire for
+the reason of things. I must here repeat that Mr. Lincoln was an odd
+and original man; he lived by himself and out of himself. He could not
+absorb. He was a very sensitive man, unobtrusive and gentlemanly, and
+often hid himself in the common mass of men, in order to prevent the
+discovery of his individuality. He had no insulting egotism, and no
+pompous pride; no haughtiness, and no aristocracy. He was not
+indifferent, however, to approbation and public opinion. He was not an
+upstart, and had no insolence. He was a meek, quiet, unobtrusive
+gentleman.... Read Mr. Lincoln's speeches, letters, messages and
+proclamations, read his whole record in his actual life, and you
+cannot fail to perceive that he had good understanding. He understood
+and fully comprehended himself, and what he did and why he did it,
+better than most living men.</p>
+
+<p>[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]</p>
+
+<p>There are contradictory opinions in reference to Mr. Lincoln's heart
+and humanity. One opinion is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> that he was cold and obdurate, and the
+other opinion is that he was warm and affectionate. I have shown you
+that Mr. Lincoln first lived and breathed upon the world from his head
+and conscience. I have attempted to show you that he lived and
+breathed upon the world through the tender side of his heart, subject
+at all times and places to the logic of his reason, and to his exalted
+sense of right and equity; namely, his conscience. He always held his
+conscience subject to his head; he held his heart always subject to
+his head and conscience. His heart was the lowest organ, the weakest
+of the three. Some men would reverse this order, and declare that his
+heart was his ruling organ; that always manifested itself with love,
+regardless of truth and justice, right and equity. The question still
+is, was Mr. Lincoln a cold, heartless man, or a warm, affectionate
+man? Can a man be a warm-hearted man who is all head and conscience,
+or nearly so? What, in the first place, do we mean by a warm-hearted
+man? Is it one who goes out of himself and reaches for others
+spontaneously because of a deep love of humanity, apart from equity
+and truth, and does what it does for love's sake? If so, Mr. Lincoln
+was a cold man. Or, do we mean that when a human being, man or child,
+approached him in behalf of a matter of right, and that the prayer of
+such a one was granted, that this is an evidence of his love? The
+African was enslaved, his rights were violated, and a principle was
+violated in them. Rights imply obligations as well as duties. Mr.
+Lincoln was Presi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>dent; he was in a position that made it his duty,
+through his sense of right, his love of principle, his constitutional
+obligations imposed upon him by oath of office, to strike the blow
+against slavery. But did he do it for love? He himself has answered
+the question: "I would not free the slaves if I could preserve the
+Union without it." I use this argument against his too enthusiastic
+friends. If you mean that this is love for love's sake, then Mr.
+Lincoln was a warm-hearted man&mdash;not otherwise. To use a general
+expression, his general life was cold. He had, however, a strong
+latent capacity to love; but the object must first come as principle,
+second as right, and third as lovely. He loved abstract humanity when
+it was oppressed. This was an abstract love, not concrete in the
+individual, as said by some. He rarely used the term love, yet was he
+tender and gentle. He gave the key-note to his own character when he
+said, "with malice toward none, with charity for all," he did what he
+did. He had no intense loves, and hence no hates and no malice. He had
+a broad charity for imperfect man, and let us imitate his great life
+in this.</p>
+
+<p>"But was not Mr. Lincoln a man of great humanity?" asks a friend at my
+elbow, a little angrily; to which I reply, "Has not that question been
+answered already?" Let us suppose that it has not. We must understand
+each other. What do you mean by humanity? Do you mean that he had much
+of human nature in him? If so, I will grant that he was a man of
+humanity. Do you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> mean, if the above definition is unsatisfactory,
+that Mr. Lincoln was tender and kind? Then I agree with you. But if
+you mean to say that he so loved a man that he would sacrifice truth
+and right for him, for love's sake, then he was not a man of humanity.
+Do you mean to say that he so loved man, for love's sake, that his
+heart led him out of himself, and compelled him to go in search of the
+objects of his love, for their sake? He never, to my knowledge,
+manifested this side of his character. Such is the law of human
+nature, that it cannot be all head, all conscience, and all heart at
+one and the same time in one and the same person. Our Maker made it
+so, and where God through reason blazed the path, walk therein boldly.
+Mr. Lincoln's glory and power lay in the just combination of head,
+conscience, and heart, and it is here that his fame must rest, or not
+at all.</p>
+
+<p>Not only were Mr. Lincoln's perceptions good; not only was nature
+suggestive to him; not only was he original and strong; not only had
+he great reason, good understanding; not only did he love the true and
+good&mdash;the eternal right; not only was he tender and kind&mdash;but in due
+proportion and in legitimate subordination, had he a glorious
+combination of them all. Through his perceptions&mdash;the suggestiveness
+of nature, his originality and strength; through his magnificent
+reason, his understanding, his conscience, his tenderness and
+kindness, his heart, rather than love&mdash;he approximated as nearly as
+most human beings in this imperfect state to an embodiment of the
+great moral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> principle, "Do unto others as ye would they should do
+unto you."</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_13" id="man_13"></a>"WITH CHARITY FOR ALL"</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY WILLIAM T. SHERMAN</p>
+
+<p>I know, when I left him, that I was more than ever impressed by his
+kindly nature, his deep and earnest sympathy with the afflictions of
+the whole people, resulting from the war, and by the march of hostile
+armies through the South; and that his earnest desire seemed to be to
+end the war speedily, without more bloodshed or devastation, and to
+restore all the men of both sections to their homes. In the language
+of his second inaugural address he seemed to have "charity for all,
+malice toward none," and, above all, an absolute faith in the courage,
+manliness, and integrity of the armies in the field. When at rest or
+listening, his legs and arms seemed to hang almost lifeless, and his
+face was care-worn and haggard; but the moment he began to talk his
+face lightened up, his tall form, as it were, unfolded, and he was the
+very impersonation of good-humor and fellowship. The last words I
+recall as addressed to me were that he would feel better when I was
+back at Goldsboro'. We parted at the gang-way of the River Queen about
+noon of March 28th, and I never saw him again. Of all the men I ever
+met, he seemed to possess more of the elements of greatness, combined
+with goodness, than any other.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_14" id="man_14"></a>LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">IDA VOSE WOODBURY</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Again thy birthday dawns, O man beloved,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dawns on the land thy blood was shed to save,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hearts of millions, by one impulse moved,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Bow and fresh laurels lay upon thy grave.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The years but add new luster to thy glory,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And watchmen on the heights of vision see<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Reflected in thy life the old, old story,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The story of the Man of Galilee.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We see in thee the image of Him kneeling<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Before the close-shut tomb, and at the word<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Come forth," from out the blackness long concealing<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">There rose a man; clearly again was heard<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Master's voice, and then, his cerements broken,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Friends of the dead a living brother see;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou, at the tomb where millions lay, hast spoken:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">"Loose him and let him go!"&mdash;the slave was free.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And in the man so long in thraldom hidden<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We see the likeness of the Father's face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clod changed to soul; by thy atonement bidden,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">We hasten to the uplift of a race.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Spirit of Lincoln! Summon all thy loyal;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nerve them to follow where thy feet have trod,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To prove, by voice as clear and deed as royal,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Man's brotherhood in our one Father&mdash;God.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_15" id="man_15"></a>FEBRUARY TWELFTH</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY MARY H. HOWLISTON</p>
+
+<p>It was early in the evening in a shop where flags were sold.</p>
+
+<p>There were large flags, middle-sized flags, small flags and little
+bits of flags. The finest of all was Old Glory. Old Glory was made of
+silk and hung in graceful folds from the wall.</p>
+
+<p>"Attention!" called Old Glory.</p>
+
+<p>Starry eyes all over the room looked at him.</p>
+
+<p>"What day of the month is it?"</p>
+
+<p>"February Twelfth," quickly answered the flags.</p>
+
+<p>"Whose birthday is it?" "Abraham Lincoln's."</p>
+
+<p>"Where is he buried?" "Springfield, Illinois."</p>
+
+<p>"Very well," said Old Glory, "you are to take some of Uncle Sam's
+children there to-night."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, captain," said the flags, wondering what he meant.</p>
+
+<p>"First, I must know whether you are good American flags. How many red
+stripes have you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Seven!" was the answer.</p>
+
+<p>"How many white stripes?" "Six!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"How many stars?" "Forty-five!" shouted the large flags.</p>
+
+<p>The little ones said nothing.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, I see," said Old Glory, "but you are not to blame. Do you see
+that open transom?" he went on. "Go through it into the street, put
+your staffs into the hands of any little boys you find and bring them
+here."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, captain," called the flags, as they fluttered away.</p>
+
+<p>Last of all, Old Glory pulled his silken stripes into the hallway and
+waited for the flags to come back. "It's much too cold for little
+girls," he said to himself. "Their pretty noses might freeze."</p>
+
+<p>By and by the flags came back, each bringing a small boy. Old Glory
+looked at them.</p>
+
+<p>"What's the matter?" said he; "you don't seem pleased."</p>
+
+<p>No one spoke, the little boys stared with round eyes at Old Glory, but
+held tightly to the flags.</p>
+
+<p>At last one of the flags said: "Please, captain, these are the only
+little boys we could find."</p>
+
+<p>"Well!" said Old Glory.</p>
+
+<p>"And we think they don't belong to Uncle Sam," was the answer.</p>
+
+<p>"Why not?" said Old Glory.</p>
+
+<p>"Some of them are ragged," called one flag.</p>
+
+<p>"And some are dirty," said another.</p>
+
+<p>"This one is a colored boy," said another.</p>
+
+<p>"Some of them can't speak English at all."</p>
+
+<p>"The one I found, why, he blacks boots!"</p>
+
+<p>"And mine is a newsboy."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Mine sleeps in a dry goods box."</p>
+
+<p>"Mine plays a violin on the street corner."</p>
+
+<p>"Just look at mine, captain!" said the last flag proudly, when the
+rest were through.</p>
+
+<p>"What about him?" asked Old Glory.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm sure he belongs to Uncle Sam; he lives in a brown-stone house and
+he wears such good clothes!"</p>
+
+<p>"Of course I belong to Uncle Sam," said the brown-stone boy quickly,
+"but I think these street boys do not."</p>
+
+<p>"There, there!" said Old Glory; "I'll telephone to Washington and find
+out," and Old Glory floated away.</p>
+
+<p>The little boys watched and waited.</p>
+
+<p>Back came Old Glory.</p>
+
+<p>"It's all right," said he, "Uncle Sam says every one of you belongs to
+him and he wants you to be brave and honest, for some day he may need
+you for soldiers; oh, yes! and he said, 'Tell those poor little chaps
+who have such a hard time of it and no one to help them, that Mr.
+Lincoln was a poor boy too, and yet he was the grandest and best of
+all my sons.'"</p>
+
+<p>The moon was just rising.</p>
+
+<p>It made the snow and ice shine.</p>
+
+<p>"It's almost time," said Old Glory softly.</p>
+
+<p>"Hark! you must not wink, nor cough nor sneeze nor move for
+three-quarters of a minute!"</p>
+
+<p>That was dreadful!</p>
+
+<p>The newsboy swallowed a cough.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The boot-black held his breath for fear of sneezing.</p>
+
+<p>The brown-stone boy shut his eyes so as not to wink.</p>
+
+<p>They all stood as if turned to stone.</p>
+
+<p>Tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, came a faint sound of bells.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing else was heard but the beating of their own hearts.</p>
+
+<p>In exactly three-quarters of a minute, Old Glory said, "What do you
+think of that?"</p>
+
+<p>Behold! a wonderful fairy sleigh, white as a snowdrift, and shining in
+the moonlight as if covered with diamond dust.</p>
+
+<p>It was piled high with softest cushions and robes of fur.</p>
+
+<p>It was drawn by thirteen fairy horses, with arching necks and flowing
+manes and tails.</p>
+
+<p>Each horse wore knots of red, white and blue at his ears and the lines
+were wound with ribbons of the same.</p>
+
+<p>"Jump in," said Old Glory.</p>
+
+<p>Into the midst of the cushions and furs they sprang.</p>
+
+<p>Crack went the whip, tinkle went the bells. Over the house-tops,
+through the frosty air, among the moonbeams, up and away sailed fairy
+horses and sleigh, American flags and Uncle Sam's boys.</p>
+
+<p>Santa Claus with his reindeer never went faster.</p>
+
+<p>Presently the tinkling bells were hushed, and the fairy horses stood
+very still before the tomb of Abraham Lincoln.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Come," said Old Glory, and he led them inside.</p>
+
+<p>You must get your father or mother to tell you what they saw there.</p>
+
+<p>Just before they left, a dirty little hand touched Old Glory and a
+shrill little voice said: "I'd like to leave my flag here. May I?"</p>
+
+<p>"And may I?" said another.</p>
+
+<p>Old Glory looked around and saw the same wish in the other faces.</p>
+
+<p>"You forget," said he, "that the flags are not yours. It would not be
+right to keep them. What did the people call Mr. Lincoln? You don't
+know? Well, I'll tell you. It was 'Honest Old Abe,' and Uncle Sam
+wants you to be like him."</p>
+
+<p>Again the merry bells tinkled, again the proud horses, with their
+flowing manes and tails, sprang into the air, and before the moon had
+said "good-night" to the earth, they were back at the flag shop.</p>
+
+<p>The very moment they reached it, horses and sleigh, cushions and
+robes, melted away and the children saw them no more.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="man_16" id="man_16"></a>TWO FEBRUARY BIRTHDAYS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Exercise for the Schoolroom)</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY LIZZIE M. HADLEY AND CLARA J. DENTON</p>
+
+<p class="center">FOR EIGHT BOYS.</p>
+
+<p>This dialogue, or exercise, is to be given by eight boys. While they
+and the school are singing the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> song the boys march upon the
+stage and form into a semicircle, the four boys speaking for
+Washington on the right, the other four (for Lincoln) on the left.
+Portraits of Washington and Lincoln should be placed in a convenient
+position on the stage beneath a double arch wreathed with evergreens.
+The portraits should be draped with American flags. Each one of the
+boys should wear a small American flag pinned to his coat.</p>
+
+<p class="center">SONG. TUNE, <i>Rally 'Round the Flag</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We are marching from the East,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We are marching from the West,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Singing the praises of a nation.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That all the world may hear<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the men we hold so dear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Singing the praises of a nation.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center">CHORUS</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For Washington and Lincoln,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hurrah, all hurrah,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing as we gather<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Here from afar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yes, for Washington and Lincoln,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Let us ever sing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sing all the praises of a nation.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yes, we love to sing this song,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As we proudly march along,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Singing the praises of the heroes.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Through this great and happy land,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We would sound their names so grand.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Singing the praises of our heroes.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p class="center">CHORUS</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">All:</span> We have come to tell you of two men whose names must be linked
+together as long as the nation shall stand, Washington and Lincoln.
+They stand for patriotism, goodness, truth and true manliness. Hand in
+hand they shall go down the centuries together.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Speaker on the Washington Side:</span> Virginia sends you greeting. I
+come in her name in honor of her illustrious son, George Washington,
+and she bids me tell you that he was born in her state, Feb. 22, 1732.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">All:</span> 'Twas years and years ago.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Speaker:</span> Yes, more than a hundred and seventy, nearly two
+centuries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">All:</span> A long time to be remembered.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Speaker:</span> Yes, but Washington's name is still cherished and
+honored all over the land which his valor and wisdom helped save, and,
+for generations yet to come, the children of the schools shall give
+him a million-tongued fame.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Second Speaker:</span> Virginia bids me tell you that as a boy, Washington
+was manly, brave, obedient and kind, and that he never told a lie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Song:</span> (Either as solo or chorus). <span class="smcap">Air</span>, <i>What Can the Matter Be?</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dear, dear, who can believe it?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dear, dear, who can conceive it?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dear, dear, we scarce can believe that<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Never did he tell a lie.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O, surely temptation must oft have assailed him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But courage and honor we know never failed him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So let us all follow his wondrous example,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And never, no never tell lies.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And never, no never, tell lies.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Third Speaker:</span> A brave and manly boy, he began work early in life,
+and, in 1748, when only sixteen years old, he was a surveyor of lands,
+and took long tramps into the wilderness. In 1775 came the
+Revolutionary War, and he was appointed commander-in-chief of the
+American Army. In 1787 he was elected president of the convention
+which framed the constitution of our country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fourth Speaker:</span> In 1789 he was chosen first president of the United
+States. He was re-elected in 1793 and, at the close of the second term
+he retired to private life at his beautiful and beloved home, Mt.
+Vernon. He died there, Dec. 14, 1799, honored and mourned by the whole
+nation, and leaving to the world a life which is a "pattern for all
+public men, teaching what greatness is and what is the pathway to
+undying fame," and richly deserving the title, "Father of his
+country."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">All:</span> "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
+countrymen," he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes
+of private life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Boys Representing Lincoln:</span> Washington was a great and good man, and
+so, too, was the man whom we delight to honor, whose title, "Honest
+Abe," has passed into the language of our times<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> as a synonym for all
+that is just and honest in man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Speaker on the Lincoln Side:</span> Kentucky is proud to claim Abraham
+Lincoln as one of her honored sons, and she bids me say that he was
+born in that state in Hardin County, Feb. 12, 1809. Indiana, too,
+claims him, he was her son by adoption, for, when but seven years old,
+his father moved to the southwestern part of that state. Illinois also
+has a claim upon him. It was there that he helped build a log cabin
+for a new home, and split rails to fence in a cornfield. Afterwards he
+split rails for a suit of clothes, one hundred rails for every yard of
+cloth, and so won the name, "The Rail-splitter."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Second Speaker:</span> In 1828 he became a flat-boatman and twice went down
+the river to New Orleans. In 1832 he served as captain of a company in
+the Black Hawk War. After the war he kept a country store, and won a
+reputation for honesty. Then, for a while, he was a surveyor, next, a
+lawyer, and in 1834 he was elected to the Legislature of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Third Speaker:</span> In 1846 he was made a member of Congress, in 1860 he
+was elected president of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fourth Speaker:</span> The Civil War followed, and in 1864 he was elected
+president for the second term. On April 14 he was shot by an assassin
+and died on the morning of the 15th.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">SONG BY SCHOOL: AIR, <i>John Brown's Body</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In spite of changing seasons of the years that come and go,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Still his name to-day is cherished in the hearts of friend and foe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the land for which he suffered e'er shall honor him we know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">While truth goes marching on.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center">CHORUS</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Both Groups Together:</span> To both these men, George Washington and Abraham
+Lincoln, we, the children of the nation, owe a debt of gratitude which
+we can only repay by a lifetime of work, for God, humanity, and our
+country. Both have left behind them words of wisdom, which, if heeded,
+will make us wiser and better boys and girls, and so wiser and better
+men and women.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Two Boys from the Washington Group:</span> Washington said, "Without virtue
+and without integrity, the finest talents and the most brilliant
+accomplishments can never gain the respect or conciliate the esteem of
+the most valuable part of mankind."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Two Boys from the Lincoln Group:</span> Lincoln said, "I have one vote, and I
+shall always cast that against wrong as long as I live."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Two Boys from Washington Group:</span> "If to please the people we offer what
+we ourselves disapprove, how can we afterwards defend our work?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Two Boys from Lincoln Group:</span> Lincoln said, "In every event of life, it
+is right makes might."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">All:</span> O, wise and great!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their like, perchance, we ne'er shall see again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But let us write their golden words upon the hearts of men.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center">SONG: TUNE <i>"America"</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Turn now unto the past,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There, long as life shall last,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their names you'll find.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Faithful and true and brave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sent here our land to save.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Men whom our father gave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brave, true, and kind.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Exeunt</i>)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII<br />
+LINCOLN'S PLACE IN HISTORY</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="place_1" id="place_1"></a>THE THREE GREATEST AMERICANS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT</p>
+
+<p>As the generations slip away, as the dust of conflict settles, and as
+through the clearing air we look back with keener vision into the
+Nation's past, mightiest among the mighty dead, loom up the three
+great figures of Washington, Lincoln and Grant. These three greatest
+men have taken their places among the great men of all nations, the
+great men of all times. They stood supreme in the two great crises of
+our history, in the two great occasions, when we stood in the van of
+all humanity, and struck the most effective blows that have ever been
+struck for the cause of human freedom under the law.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_2" id="place_2"></a>HIS CHOICE AND HIS DESTINY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY F. M. BRISTOL</p>
+
+<p>As God appeared to Solomon and Joseph in dreams to urge them to make
+wise choices for the power of great usefulness, so it would appear
+that in their waking dreams the Almighty appeared to such
+history-making souls as Paul and Constantine, Alfred the Great,
+Washington, and Lincoln.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> It was the commonest kind of a life this
+young Lincoln was living on the frontier of civilization, but out of
+that commonest kind of living came the uncommonest kind of character
+of these modern years, the sublimest liberative power in the history
+of freedom. Lincoln felt there, as a great awkward boy, that God and
+history had something for him to do. He dreamed his destiny. He chose
+to champion the cause of the oppressed. He vowed that when the chance
+came he would deal slavery a hard blow. When he came to his high
+office, he came with a character which had been fitting itself for its
+grave responsibilities. He had been making wise choices on the great
+questions of human rights, of national union, of constitutional
+freedom, of universal brotherhood.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_3" id="place_3"></a>FROM "REMINISCENCES OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN"<a name="FNanchor_28_29" id="FNanchor_28_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_29" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY ROBERT G. INGERSOLL</p>
+
+<p>Strange mingling of mirth and tears, of the tragic and grotesque, of
+cap and crown, of Socrates and Rabelais, of &AElig;sop and Marcus Aurelius,
+of all that is gentle and just, humorous and honest, merciful, wise,
+laughable, lovable and divine, and all consecrated to the use of man;
+while through all, and over all, an overwhelming sense of obligation,
+of chivalric loyalty to truth, and upon all the shadow of the tragic
+end.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p>
+<p>Nearly all the great historic characters are impossible monsters,
+disproportioned by flattery, or by calumny deformed. We know nothing
+of their peculiarities, or nothing but their peculiarities. About the
+roots of these oaks there clings none of the earth of humanity.
+Washington is now only a steel engraving. About the real man who lived
+and loved and hated and schemed we know but little. The glass through
+which we look at him is of such high magnifying power that the
+features are exceedingly indistinct. Hundreds of people are now
+engaged in smoothing out the lines of Lincoln's face&mdash;forcing all
+features to the common mold&mdash;so that he may be known, not as he really
+was, but, according to their poor standard, as he should have been.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln was not a type. He stands alone&mdash;no ancestors, no fellows, and
+no successors. He had the advantage of living in a new country, of
+social equality, of personal freedom, of seeing in the horizon of his
+future the perpetual star of hope. He preserved his individuality and
+his self-respect. He knew and mingled with men of every kind; and,
+after all, men are the best books. He became acquainted with the
+ambitions and hopes of the heart, the means used to accomplish ends,
+the springs of action and the seeds of thought. He was familiar with
+nature, with actual things, with common facts. He loved and
+appreciated the poem of the year, the drama of the seasons.</p>
+
+<p>In a new country, a man must possess at least three virtues&mdash;honesty,
+courage and generosity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> In cultivated society, cultivation is often
+more important than soil. A well executed counterfeit passes more
+readily than a blurred genuine. It is necessary only to observe the
+unwritten laws of society&mdash;to be honest enough to keep out of prison,
+and generous enough to subscribe in public&mdash;where the subscription can
+be defended as an investment. In a new country, character is
+essential; in the old, reputation is sufficient. In the new, they find
+what a man really is; in the old, he generally passes for what he
+resembles. People separated only by distance are much nearer together
+than those divided by the walls of caste.</p>
+
+<p>It is no advantage to live in a great city, where poverty degrades and
+failure brings despair. The fields are lovelier than paved streets,
+and the great forests than walls of brick. Oaks and elms are more
+poetic than steeples and chimneys. In the country is the idea of home.
+There you see the rising and setting sun; you become acquainted with
+the stars and clouds. The constellations are your friends. You hear
+the rain on the roof and listen to the rhythmic sighing of the winds.
+You are thrilled by the resurrection called Spring, touched and
+saddened by Autumn, the grace and poetry of death. Every field is a
+picture, a landscape; every landscape, a poem; every flower, a tender
+thought; and every forest, a fairy-land. In the country you preserve
+your identity&mdash;your personality. There you are an aggregation of
+atoms, but in the city you are only an atom of an aggregation.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln never finished his education. To the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> night of his death he
+was a pupil, a learner, an inquirer, a seeker after knowledge. You
+have no idea how many men are spoiled by what is called education. For
+the most part, colleges are places where pebbles are polished and
+diamonds are dimmed. If Shakespeare had graduated at Oxford, he might
+have been a quibbling attorney or a hypocritical parson.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln was a many-sided man, acquainted with smiles and tears,
+complex in brain, single in heart, direct as light; and his words,
+candid as mirrors, gave the perfect image of his thought. He was never
+afraid to ask&mdash;never too dignified to admit that he did not know. No
+man had keener wit or kinder humor. He was not solemn. Solemnity is a
+mask worn by ignorance and hypocrisy&mdash;it is the preface, prologue, and
+index to the cunning or the stupid. He was natural in his life and
+thought&mdash;master of the story-teller's art, in illustration apt, in
+application perfect, liberal in speech, shocking Pharisees and prudes,
+using any word that wit could disinfect.</p>
+
+<p>He was a logician. Logic is the necessary product of intelligence and
+sincerity. It cannot be learned. It is the child of a clear head and a
+good heart. He was candid, and with candor often deceived the
+deceitful. He had intellect without arrogance, genius without pride,
+and religion without cant&mdash;that is to say, without bigotry and without
+deceit.</p>
+
+<p>He was an orator&mdash;clear, sincere, natural. He did not pretend. He did
+not say what he thought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> others thought, but what he thought. If you
+wish to be sublime you must be natural&mdash;you must keep close to the
+grass. You must sit by the fireside of the heart; above the clouds it
+is too cold. You must be simple in your speech: too much polish
+suggests insincerity. The great orator idealizes the real,
+transfigures the common, makes even the inanimate throb and thrill,
+fills the gallery of the imagination with statues and pictures perfect
+in form and color, brings to light the gold hoarded by memory, the
+miser&mdash;shows the glittering coin to the spendthrift, hope&mdash;enriches
+the brain, ennobles the heart, and quickens the conscience. Between
+his lips, words bud and blossom.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to know the difference between an orator and an
+elocutionist&mdash;between what is felt and what is said&mdash;between what the
+heart and brain can do together and what the brain can do alone&mdash;read
+Lincoln's wondrous words at Gettysburg, and then the speech of Edward
+Everett. The oration of Lincoln will never be forgotten. It will live
+until languages are dead and lips are dust. The speech of Everett will
+never be read. The elocutionists believe in the virtue of voice, the
+sublimity of syntax, the majesty of long sentences, and the genius of
+gesture. The orator loves the real, the simple, the natural. He places
+the thought above all. He knows that the greatest ideas should be
+expressed in the shortest words&mdash;that the greatest statues need the
+least drapery.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln was an immense personality&mdash;firm but not obstinate. Obstinacy
+is egotism&mdash;firmness,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> heroism. He influenced others without effort,
+unconsciously; and they submitted to him as men submit to nature,
+unconsciously. He was severe with himself, and for that reason lenient
+with others. He appeared to apologize for being kinder than his
+fellows. He did merciful things as stealthily as others committed
+crimes. Almost ashamed of tenderness, he said and did the noblest
+words and deeds with that charming confusion&mdash;that awkwardness&mdash;that
+is the perfect grace of modesty. As a noble man, wishing to pay a
+small debt to a poor neighbor, reluctantly offers a hundred-dollar
+bill and asks for change, fearing that he may be suspected either of
+making a display of wealth or a pretense of payment, so Lincoln
+hesitated to show his wealth of goodness, even to the best he knew. A
+great man stooping, not wishing to make his fellows feel that they
+were small or mean.</p>
+
+<p>He knew others, because perfectly acquainted with himself. He cared
+nothing for place, but everything for principle; nothing for money,
+but everything for independence. Where no principle was involved,
+easily swayed&mdash;willing to go slowly, if in the right
+direction&mdash;sometimes willing to stop, but he would not go back, and he
+would not go wrong. He was willing to wait. He knew that the event was
+not waiting, and that fate was not the fool of chance. He knew that
+slavery had defenders, but no defense, and that they who attack the
+right must wound themselves. He was neither tyrant nor slave. He
+neither knelt nor scorned. With him, men were neither great nor
+small,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>&mdash;they were right or wrong. Through manners, clothes, titles,
+rags and race he saw the real&mdash;that which is. Beyond accident, policy,
+compromise and war he saw the end. He was patient as Destiny, whose
+undecipherable hieroglyphs were so deeply graven on his sad and tragic
+face.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing discloses real character like the use of power. It is easy for
+the weak to be gentle. Most people can bear adversity. But if you wish
+to know what a man really is, give him power. This is the supreme
+test. It is the glory of Lincoln that, having almost absolute power,
+he never abused it, except upon the side of mercy.</p>
+
+<p>Wealth could not purchase, power could not awe this divine, this
+loving man. He knew no fear except the fear of doing wrong. Hating
+slavery, pitying the master&mdash;seeking to conquer, not persons, but
+prejudices&mdash;he was the embodiment of the self-denial, the courage, the
+hope, and the nobility of a nation. He spoke, not to inflame, not to
+upbraid, but to convince. He raised his hands, not to strike, but in
+benediction. He longed to pardon. He loved to see the pearls of joy on
+the cheeks of a wife whose husband he had rescued from death.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln was the grandest figure of the fiercest civil war. He is the
+gentlest memory of our world.</p>
+
+<p>[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_29" id="Footnote_28_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_29"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>By permission of Mr. C. P. Farrell.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_4" id="place_4"></a>LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_29_30" id="FNanchor_29_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_30" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hurt was the Nation with a mighty wound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all her ways were filled with clam'rous sound,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wailed loud the South with unremitting grief,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wept the North that could not find relief.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then madness joined its harshest tone to strife:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A minor note swelled in the song of life<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till, stirring with the love that filled his breast,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But still, unflinching at the Right's behest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grave Lincoln came, strong-handed, from afar,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mighty Homer of the lyre of war!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twas he who bade the raging tempest cease,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wrenched from his strings the harmony of peace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Muted the strings that made the discord,&mdash;Wrong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And gave his spirit up in thund'rous song.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, mighty Master of the mighty lyre!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Earth heard and trembled at thy strains of fire:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Earth learned of thee what Heav'n already knew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wrote thee down among her treasured few!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_30" id="Footnote_29_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_30"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>By permission of Mrs. Mathilde Dunbar.</i></p></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="place_5" id="place_5"></a>THE GRANDEST FIGURE<a name="FNanchor_30_31" id="FNanchor_30_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_31" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY WALT WHITMAN</p>
+
+<p>Glad am I to give even the most brief and shorn testimony in memory of
+Abraham Lincoln. Everything I heard about him authentically, and every
+time I saw him (and it was my fortune through 1862 to '65 to see, or
+pass a word with, or watch him, personally, perhaps twenty or thirty
+times), added to and annealed my respect and love at the passing
+moment. And as I dwell on what I myself heard or saw of the mighty
+Westerner, and blend it with the history and literature of my age, and
+conclude it with his death, it seems like some tragic play, superior
+to all else I know&mdash;vaster and fierier and more convulsionary, for
+this America of ours, than Eschylus or Shakespeare ever drew for
+Athens or for England. And then the Moral permeating, underlying all!
+the Lesson that none so remote, none so illiterate&mdash;no age, no
+class&mdash;but may directly or indirectly read!</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln's was really one of those characters, the best of
+which is the result of long trains of cause and effect&mdash;needing a
+certain spaciousness of time, and perhaps even remoteness, to properly
+enclose them&mdash;having unequaled influence on the shaping of this
+Republic (and therefore the world) as to-day, and then far more
+important in the future. Thus the time has by no means yet <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>come for a
+thorough measurement of him. Nevertheless, we who live in his era&mdash;who
+have seen him, and heard him, face to face, and in the midst of, or
+just parting from, the strong and strange events which he and we have
+had to do with, can in some respects bear valuable, perhaps
+indispensable testimony concerning him.</p>
+
+<p>How does this man compare with the acknowledged "Father of his
+country?" Washington was modeled on the best Saxon and Franklin of the
+age of the Stuarts (rooted in the Elizabethan period)&mdash;was essentially
+a noble Englishman, and just the kind needed for the occasions and the
+times of 1776-'83. Lincoln, underneath his practicality, was far less
+European, far more Western, original, essentially non-conventional,
+and had a certain sort of out-door or prairie stamp. One of the best
+of the late commentators on Shakespeare (Professor Dowden), makes the
+height and aggregate of his quality as a poet to be, that he
+thoroughly blended the ideal with the practical or realistic. If this
+be so, I should say that what Shakespeare did in poetic expression,
+Abraham Lincoln essentially did in his personal and official life. I
+should say the invisible foundations and vertebrae of his character,
+more than any man's in history, were mystical, abstract, moral and
+spiritual&mdash;while upon all of them was built, and out of all of them
+radiated, under the control of the average of circumstances, what the
+vulgar call horse-sense, and a life often bent by temporary but most
+urgent materialistic and political reasons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He seems to have been a man of indomitable firmness (even obstinacy)
+on rare occasions, involving great points; but he was generally very
+easy, flexible, tolerant, respecting minor matters. I note that even
+those reports and anecdotes intended to level him down, all leave the
+tinge of a favorable impression of him. As to his religious nature, it
+seems to me to have certainly been of the amplest, deepest-rooted
+kind.</p>
+
+<p>Dear to Democracy, to the very last! And among the paradoxes generated
+by America not the least curious, was that spectacle of all the kings
+and queens and emperors of the earth, many from remote distances,
+sending tributes of condolence and sorrow in memory of one raised
+through the commonest average of life&mdash;a rail-splitter and
+flat-boatman!</p>
+
+<p>Considered from contemporary points of view&mdash;who knows what the future
+may decide?&mdash;and from the points of view of current Democracy and The
+Union (the only thing like passion or infatuation in the man was the
+passion for the Union of these States), Abraham Lincoln seems to me
+the grandest figure yet, on all the crowded canvas of the Nineteenth
+Century.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_31" id="Footnote_30_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_31"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>By permission of David McKay.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_6" id="place_6"></a>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY LYMAN ABBOTT</p>
+
+<p>To comprehend the current of history sympathetically, to appreciate
+the spirit of the age, prophetically, to know what God, by His
+providence, is working out in the epoch and the community, and so to
+work with him as to guide the current and embody in noble deeds the
+spirit of the age in working out the divine problem,&mdash;this is true
+greatness. The man who sets his powers, however gigantic, to stemming
+the current and thwarting the divine purposes, is not truly great.</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln was made the Chief Executive of a nation whose
+Constitution was unlike that of any other nation on the face of the
+globe. We assume that, ordinarily, public sentiment will change so
+gradually that the nation can always secure a true representative of
+its purpose in the presidential chair by an election every four years.
+Mr. Lincoln held the presidential office at a time when public
+sentiment was revolutionized in less than four years.... It was the
+peculiar genius of Abraham Lincoln, that he was able, by his
+sympathetic insight, to perceive the change in public sentiment
+without waiting for it to be formulated in any legislative action; to
+keep pace with it, to lead and direct it, to quicken laggard spirits,
+to hold in the too ardent, too impetuous, and too hasty ones, and
+thus, when he signed the emancipation proclama<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>tion, to make his
+signature, not the act of an individual man, the edict of a military
+imperator, but the representative act of a great nation. He was the
+greatest President in American History, because in a time of
+revolution he grasped the purposes of the American people and embodied
+them in an act of justice and humanity which was in the highest sense
+the act of the American Republic.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_7" id="place_7"></a>LINCOLN THE IMMORTAL</h3>
+
+<p class="center">'ADDRESS FOR LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY'</p>
+
+<p class="center">ANONYMOUS</p>
+
+<p>From C&aelig;sar to Bismarck and Gladstone the world has had its soldiers
+and its statesmen, who rose to eminence and power step by step through
+a series of geometrical progression, as it were, each promotion
+following in regular order, the whole obedient to well-established and
+well-understood laws of cause and effect. These were not what we call
+"men of destiny." They were men of the time. They were men whose
+career had a beginning, a middle and an end, rounding off a life with
+a history, full, it may be, of interesting and exciting events, but
+comprehensible and comprehensive, simple, clear, complete.</p>
+
+<p>The inspired men are fewer. Whence their emanation, where and how they
+got their power, and by what rule they lived, moved and had their
+being, we cannot see. There is no explication to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> these lives. They
+rose from shadow and went in mist. We see them, feel them, but we know
+them not. They arrived, God's word upon their lips; they did their
+office, God's mantle upon them; and they passed away God's holy light
+between the world and them, leaving behind a memory half mortal and
+half myth. From first to last they were distinctly the creations of
+some special providence, baffling the wit of man to fathom, defeating
+the machinations of the world, the flesh and the devil until their
+work was done, and passed from the scene as mysteriously as they had
+come upon it; Luther, to wit; Shakespeare, Burns, even Bonaparte, the
+archangel of war, havoc and ruin; not to go back into the dark ages
+for examples of the hand of God stretched out to raise us, to protect
+and to cast down.</p>
+
+<p>Tried by this standard and observed in an historic spirit, where shall
+we find an illustration more impressive than in Abraham Lincoln, whose
+life, career and death might be chanted by a Greek chorus as at once
+the prelude and the epilogue of the most imperial theme of modern
+times.</p>
+
+<p>Born as low as the Son of God in a hovel, of what real parentage we
+know not; reared in penury, squalor, with no gleam of light, nor fair
+surroundings; a young manhood vexed by weird dreams and visions,
+bordering at times on madness; singularly awkward, ungainly, even
+among the uncouth about him; grotesque in his aspects and ways, it was
+reserved for this strange being, late in life, without name or fame or
+ordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> preparation, to be snatched from obscurity, raised to
+supreme command, and entrusted with the destiny of a nation.</p>
+
+<p>The great leaders of his party were made to stand aside; the most
+experienced and accomplished men of the day, men like Seward and Chase
+and Sumner, statesmen famous and trained, were sent to the rear; while
+this comparatively unknown and fantastic figure was brought by unseen
+hands to the front and given the reins of power. It is entirely
+immaterial whether we believe in what he said or did, whether we are
+for him or against him; but for us to admit that during four years,
+carrying with them such a pressure of responsibility as the world has
+never witnessed before, he filled the measure of the vast space
+allotted him in the actions of mankind and in the eyes of the world,
+is to say that he was inspired of God, for nowhere else could he have
+acquired the enormous equipment indispensable to the situation.</p>
+
+<p>Where did Shakespeare get his genius? Where did Mozart get his music?
+Whose hand smote the lyre of the Scottish plowman? and stayed the life
+of the German priest? God alone; and, so surely as these were raised
+up by God, inspired by God was Abraham Lincoln, and, a thousand years
+hence, no story, no tragedy, no epic poem will be filled with greater
+wonder than that which tells of his life and death. If Lincoln was not
+inspired of God, then were not Luther, or Shakespeare, or Burns. If
+Lincoln was not inspired by God, then there is no such thing on earth
+as special<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> providence or the interposition of divine power in the
+affairs of men.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_8" id="place_8"></a>THE CRISIS AND THE HERO</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY FREDERIC HARRISON</p>
+
+<p>The great struggle which has for ever decided the cause of slavery of
+man to man, is, beyond all question, the most critical which the world
+has seen since the great revolutionary outburst. If ever there was a
+question which was to test political capacity and honesty it was this.
+A true statesman, here if ever, was bound to forecast truly the issue,
+and to judge faithfully that cause at stake. We know now, it is beyond
+dispute, that the cause which won was certain to win in the end, that
+its reserve force was absolutely without limit, that its triumph was
+one of the turning-points in modern civilization. It was morally
+certain to succeed, and it did succeed with an overwhelming and mighty
+success. From first to last both might and right went all one way. The
+people of England went wholly that way. The official classes went
+wholly some other way.</p>
+
+<p>One of the great key-notes of England's future is simply this&mdash;what
+will be her relations with that great republic? If the two branches of
+the Anglo-Saxon race are to form two phases of one political movement,
+their welfare and that of the world will be signally promoted. If
+their courses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> are marred by jealousies or contests, both will be
+fatally retarded. Real confidence and sympathy extended to that people
+in the hour of their trial would have forged an eternal bond between
+us. To discredit and distrust them, then, was to sow deep the seeds of
+antipathy. Yet, although a union in feeling was of importance so
+great, although so little would have secured it, the governing classes
+of England wantonly did all they could to foment a breach.</p>
+
+<p>A great political judgment fell upon a race of men, our own brothers;
+the inveterate social malady they inherited came to a crisis. We
+watched it gather with exultation and insult. There fell on them the
+most terrible necessity which can befall men, the necessity of
+sacrificing the flower of their citizens in civil war, of tearing up
+their civil and social system by the roots, of transforming the most
+peaceful type of society into the most military. We magnified and
+shouted over every disaster; we covered them with insult; we filled
+the world with ominous forebodings and unjust accusations. There came
+on them one awful hour when the powers of evil seemed almost too
+strong; when any but a most heroic race would have sunk under the
+blows of their traitorous kindred. We chose that moment to give actual
+succour to their enemy, and stabbed them in the back with a wound
+which stung their pride even more than it crippled their strength.
+They displayed the most splendid examples of energy and fortitude
+which the modern world has seen, with which the defence of Greece<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>
+against Asia, and of France against Europe, alone can be compared in
+the whole annals of mankind. They developed almost ideal civic virtues
+and gifts; generosity, faith, firmness; sympathy the most affecting,
+resources the most exhaustless, ingenuity the most magical. They
+brought forth the most beautiful and heroic character who in recent
+times has ever led a nation, the only blameless type of the statesman
+since the days of Washington. Under him they created the purest model
+of government which has yet been seen on the earth&mdash;a whole nation
+throbbing into one great heart and brain, one great heart and brain
+giving unity and life to a whole nation. The hour of their success
+came; unchequered in the completeness of its triumph, unsullied by any
+act of vengeance, hallowed by a great martyrdom.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_9" id="place_9"></a>LINCOLN<a name="FNanchor_31_32" id="FNanchor_31_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_32" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY JOHN VANCE CHENEY</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The hour was on us; where the man?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The fateful sands unfaltering ran,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And up the way of tears<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He came into the years,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our pastoral captain. Forth he came,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As one that answers to his name;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor dreamed how high his charge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His work how fair and large,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To set the stones back in the wall<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lest the divided house should fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And peace from men depart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hope and the childlike heart.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">We looked on him; "'Tis he," we said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Come crownless and unheralded,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The shepherd who will keep<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The flocks, will fold the sheep."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Unknightly, yes; yet 'twas the mien<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Presaging the immortal scene,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Some battle of His wars<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who sealeth up the stars.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not he would take the past between<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His hands, wipe valor's tablets clean,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Commanding greatness wait<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Till he stand at the gate;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not he would cramp to one small head<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The awful laurels of the dead,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Time's mighty vintage cup,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And drink all honor up.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">No flutter of the banners bold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Borne by the lusty sons of old,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The haughty conquerors<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sent forward to their wars;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Not his their blare, their pageantries,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their goal, their glory, was not his;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Humbly he came to keep<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The flocks, to fold the sheep.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The need comes not without the man;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The prescient hours unceasing ran,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And up the way of tears<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He came into the years,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Our pastoral captain, skilled to crook<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The spear into the pruning hook,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The simple, kindly man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lincoln, American.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_32" id="Footnote_31_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_32"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>By permission of 'The Interior,' Chicago.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<h3><a name="place_10" id="place_10"></a>MAJESTIC IN HIS INDIVIDUALITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">BY J. P. NEWMAN</p>
+
+<p>Human glory is often fickle as the winds, and transient as a summer
+day, but Abraham Lincoln's place in history is assured. All the
+symbols of this world's admiration are his. He is embalmed in song;
+recorded in history; eulogized in panegyric; cast in bronze;
+sculptured in marble; painted on canvas; enshrined in the hearts of
+his countrymen, and lives in the memories of mankind. Some men are
+brilliant in their times, but their words and deeds are of little
+worth to history; but his mission was as large as his country, vast as
+humanity, enduring as time. No greater thought can ever enter the
+human mind than obedience to law and freedom for all. Some men are not
+honored by their contemporaries, and die neglected. Here is one more
+honored than any other man while living, more revered when dying, and
+destined to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> be loved to the last syllable of recorded time. He has
+this three-fold greatness,&mdash;great in life, great in death, great in
+the history of the world. Lincoln will grow upon the attention and
+affections of posterity, because he saved the life of the greatest
+nation, whose ever-widening influence is to bless humanity. Measured
+by this standard, Lincoln shall live in history from age to age.</p>
+
+<p>Great men appear in groups, and in groups they disappear from the
+vision of the world; but we do not love or hate men in groups. We
+speak of Gutenberg and his coadjutors, of Washington and his generals,
+of Lincoln and his cabinet: but when the day of judgment comes, we
+crown the inventor of printing; we place the laurel on the brow of the
+father of his country, and the chaplet of renown upon the head of the
+saviour of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>Some men are great from the littleness of their surroundings; but he
+only is great who is great amid greatness. Lincoln had great
+associates,&mdash;Seward, the sagacious diplomatist; Chase, the eminent
+financier; Stanton, the incomparable Secretary of War; with
+illustrious Senators and soldiers. Neither could take his part nor
+fill his position. And the same law of the coming and going of great
+men is true of our own day. In piping times of peace, genius is not
+aflame, and true greatness is not apparent; but when the crisis comes,
+then God lifts the curtain from obscurity, and reveals the man for the
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln stands forth on the page of history, unique in his character,
+and majestic in his in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>dividuality. Like Milton's angel, he was an
+original conception. He was raised up for his times. He was a leader
+of leaders. By instinct the common heart trusted in him. He was of the
+people and for the people. He had been poor and laborious; but
+greatness did not change the tone of his spirit, or lessen the
+sympathies of his nature. His character was strangely symmetrical. He
+was temperate, without austerity; brave, without rashness; constant,
+without obstinacy. His love of justice was only equalled by his
+delight in compassion. His regard for personal honor was only excelled
+by love of country. His self-abnegation found its highest expression
+in the public good. His integrity was never questioned. His honesty
+was above suspicion. He was more solid than brilliant; his judgment
+dominated his imagination; his ambition was subject to his modesty,
+and his love of justice held the mastery over all personal
+considerations. Not excepting Washington, who inherited wealth and
+high social position, Lincoln is the fullest representative American
+in our national annals. He had touched every round in the human
+ladder. He illustrated the possibilities of our citizenship. We are
+not ashamed of his humble origin. We are proud of his greatness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p>
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX<br />
+LINCOLN'S YARNS AND SAYINGS</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="yarn_1" id="yarn_1"></a>THE QUESTION OF LEGS</h3>
+
+<p>Whenever the people of Lincoln's neighborhood engaged in dispute;
+whenever a bet was to be decided; when they differed on points of
+religion or politics; when they wanted to get out of trouble, or
+desired advice regarding anything on the earth, below it, above it, or
+under the sea, they went to "Abe."</p>
+
+<p>Two fellows, after a hot dispute lasting some hours, over the problem
+as to how long a man's legs should be in proportion to the size of his
+body, stamped into Lincoln's office one day and put the question to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln listened gravely to the arguments advanced by both
+contestants, spent some time in "reflecting" upon the matter, and
+then, turning around in his chair and facing the disputants, delivered
+his opinion with all the gravity of a judge sentencing a fellow-being
+to death.</p>
+
+<p>"This question has been a source of controversy," he said, slowly and
+deliberately, "for untold ages, and it is about time it should be
+definitely decided. It has led to bloodshed in the past, and there is
+no reason to suppose it will not lead to the same in the future.</p>
+
+<p>"After much thought and consideration, not to mention mental worry and
+anxiety, it is my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> opinion, all side issues being swept aside, that a
+man's lower limbs, in order to preserve harmony of proportion, should
+be at least long enough to reach from his body to the ground."</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="yarn_2" id="yarn_2"></a>A FAMOUS STORY&mdash;HOW LINCOLN WAS PRESENTED WITH A KNIFE!</h3>
+
+<p>"In the days when I used to be 'on the circuit,'" said Lincoln, "I was
+accosted in the cars by a stranger, who said:</p>
+
+<p>"'Excuse me, sir, but I have an article in my possession which belongs
+to you.'</p>
+
+<p>"'How is that?' I asked, considerably astonished.</p>
+
+<p>"The stranger took a jack-knife from his pocket. 'This knife,' said
+he, 'was placed in my hands some years ago, with the injunction that I
+was to keep it until I found a man uglier than myself. I have carried
+it from that time to this. Allow me now to say, sir, that I think you
+are fairly entitled to the property.'"</p>
+
+
+<h3>"FOOLING" THE PEOPLE</h3>
+
+<p>Lincoln was a strong believer in the virtue of dealing honestly with
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>"If you once forfeit the confidence of your fel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>low-citizens," he said
+to a caller at the White House, "you can never regain their respect
+and esteem.</p>
+
+<p>"It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time; you can
+even fool some of the people all the time; but you can't fool all of
+the people all the time."</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="yarn_3" id="yarn_3"></a>LINCOLN'S NAME FOR "WEEPING WATER"</h3>
+
+<p>"I was speaking one time to Mr. Lincoln," said Governor Saunders, of
+Nebraska, "of a little Nebraskan settlement on the Weeping Waters, a
+stream in our State."</p>
+
+<p>"'Weeping Water!'" said he.</p>
+
+<p>"Then with a twinkle in his eye, he continued.</p>
+
+<p>"'I suppose the Indians out there call it Minneboohoo, don't they?
+They ought to, if Laughing Water is Minnehaha in their language.'"</p>
+
+
+<h3>LINCOLN'S CONFAB WITH A COMMITTEE ON GRANT'S WHISKY</h3>
+
+<p>Just previous to the fall of Vicksburg, a self-constituted committee,
+solicitous for the morale of our armies, took it upon themselves to
+visit the President and urge the removal of General Grant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In some surprise Mr. Lincoln inquired, "For what reason?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why," replied the spokesman, "he drinks too much whisky."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah!" rejoined Mr. Lincoln, dropping his lower lip. "By the way,
+gentlemen, can either of you tell me where General Grant procures his
+whisky? because, if I can find out, I will send every general in the
+field a barrel of it!"</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="yarn_4" id="yarn_4"></a>MILD REBUKE TO A DOCTOR</h3>
+
+<p>Dr. Jerome Walker, of Brooklyn, told how Mr. Lincoln once administered
+to him a mild rebuke. The doctor was showing Mr. Lincoln through the
+hospital at City Point.</p>
+
+<p>"Finally, after visiting the wards occupied by our invalid and
+convalescing soldiers," said Dr. Walker, "we came to three wards
+occupied by sick and wounded Southern prisoners. With a feeling of
+patriotic duty, I said: 'Mr. President, you won't want to go in there;
+they are only rebels.'</p>
+
+<p>"I will never forget how he stopped and gently laid his large hand
+upon my shoulder and quietly answered, 'You mean Confederates!' And I
+have meant Confederates ever since.</p>
+
+<p>"There was nothing left for me to do after the President's remark but
+to go with him through these three wards; and I could not see but that
+he was just as kind, his hand-shakings just as hearty, his interest
+just as real for the welfare of the men, as when he was among our own
+soldiers."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X<br />
+FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES AND WRITINGS</h2>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+<h3><a name="speech_1" id="speech_1"></a>LINCOLN'S LIFE AS WRITTEN BY HIMSELF</h3>
+
+<p>The compiler of the "Dictionary of Congress" states that while
+preparing that work for publication in 1858, he sent to Mr. Lincoln
+the usual request for a sketch of his life, and received the
+following reply:</p>
+
+<p>"Born February 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Education Defective. Profession a Lawyer. Have been a Captain of
+Volunteers in Black Hawk War. Postmaster at a very small office. Four
+times a member of the Illinois Legislature, and was a member of the
+Lower House of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">
+Yours, etc.<br />
+A. Lincoln."<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_2" id="speech_2"></a>THE INJUSTICE OF SLAVERY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Speech at Peoria, Ill., October 16, 1854</i>)</p>
+
+<p>This declared indifference, but, as I must think, covert zeal, for the
+spread of slavery, I cannot but hate. I hate it because of the
+monstrous injustice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> of slavery itself; I hate it because it deprives
+our republic of an example of its just influence in the world; enables
+the enemies of free institutions with plausibility to taunt us as
+hypocrites; causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity;
+and, especially, because it forces so many really good men among
+ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of
+civil liberty, criticising the Declaration of Independence and
+insisting that there is no right principle of action but
+self-interest.</p>
+
+<p>The doctrine of self-government is right,&mdash;absolutely and eternally
+right,&mdash;but it has no just application, as here attempted. Or,
+perhaps, I should rather say, that whether it has such just
+application depends upon whether a negro is not, or is, a man. If he
+is not a man, in that case he who is a man may, as a matter of
+self-government, do just what he pleases with him. But if the negro is
+a man, is it not to that extent a total destruction of self-government
+to say that he, too, shall not govern himself?</p>
+
+<p>When the white man governs himself that is self-government; but when
+he governs himself, and also governs another man, that is more than
+self-government&mdash;that is despotism.</p>
+
+<p>What I do say is, that no man is good enough to govern another man
+without that other's consent.</p>
+
+<p>The master not only governs the slave without his consent, but he
+governs him by a set of rules altogether different from those which he
+prescribes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> for himself. Allow all the governed an equal voice in the
+government; that, and that only, is self-government.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery is founded in the selfishness of man's nature&mdash;opposition to
+it, in his love of justice. These principles are an eternal
+antagonism; and when brought into collision so fiercely as slavery
+extension brings them, shocks and throes and convulsions must
+ceaselessly follow.</p>
+
+<p>Repeal the Missouri Compromise&mdash;repeal all compromise&mdash;and repeal the
+Declaration of Independence&mdash;repeal all past history&mdash;still you cannot
+repeal human nature.</p>
+
+<p>I particularly object to the new position which the avowed principles
+of the Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to
+it, because it assumes that there can be moral right in the enslaving
+of one man by another. I object to it as a dangerous dalliance for a
+free people,&mdash;a sad evidence that feeling prosperity, we forget
+right,&mdash;that liberty as a principle we have ceased to revere.</p>
+
+<p>Little by little, but steadily as man's march to the grave, we have
+been giving up the old for the new faith. Near eighty years ago we
+began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that
+beginning we have run down to the other declaration that for some men
+to enslave others is a 'sacred right of self-government.' These
+principles cannot stand together. They are as opposite as God and
+Mammon.</p>
+
+<p>Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> dust. Let us purify
+it. Let us turn and wash it white, in the spirit, if not in the blood,
+of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Let us turn slavery from its claims of 'moral right' back upon its
+existing legal rights, and its arguments of 'necessity.' Let us return
+it to the position our fathers gave it, and there let it rest in
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and the practices and
+policy which harmonize with it. Let North and South&mdash;let all
+Americans&mdash;let all lovers of liberty everywhere, join in the great and
+good work.</p>
+
+<p>If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union, but shall have
+so saved it, as to make and to keep it forever worthy of saving. We
+shall have so saved it that the succeeding millions of free, happy
+people, the world over, shall rise up and call us blessed to the
+latest generations.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_3" id="speech_3"></a>SPEECH AT COOPER INSTITUTE, FEBRUARY 27, 1860</h3>
+
+<p>I defy anyone to show that any living man in the whole world ever did,
+prior to the beginning of the present century (and I might almost say
+prior to the beginning of the last half of the present century),
+declare that, in his understanding, any proper division of local from
+Federal authority, or any part of the Constitution, forbade the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>
+Federal Government to control as to slavery in the Federal
+Territories.</p>
+
+<p>To those who now so declare, I give, not only 'our fathers who framed
+the government under which we live,' but with them all other living
+men within the century in which it was framed, among whom to search,
+and they shall not be able to find the evidence of a single man
+agreeing with them.</p>
+
+<p>I do not mean to say we are bound to follow implicitly in whatever our
+fathers did. To do so would be to discard all the lights of current
+experience, to reject all progress, all improvement. What I do say is,
+that if we would supplant the opinions and policy of our fathers in
+any case, we should do so upon evidence so conclusive, and argument so
+clear, that even their authority, fairly considered and weighed,
+cannot stand; and most surely not in a case whereof we ourselves
+declare they understood the question better than we.</p>
+
+<p>Let all who believe that 'our fathers, who framed the government under
+which we live,' understood this question just as well, and even
+better, than we do now, speak as they spoke, and act as they acted
+upon it.</p>
+
+<p>It is exceedingly desirable that all parts of this great confederacy
+shall be at peace, and in harmony, one with another. Let us
+Republicans do our part to have it so. Even though much provoked, let
+us do nothing through passion and ill-temper.</p>
+
+<p>Even though the Southern people will not so much as listen to us, let
+us calmly consider their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> demands, and yield to them if, in our
+deliberate view of our duty, we possibly can. Judging by all they say
+and do, and by the subject and nature of their controversy with us,
+let us determine, if we can, what will satisfy them.</p>
+
+<p>Wrong as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone where
+it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from its
+actual presence in the nation. But can we, while our votes will
+prevent it, allow it to spread into the national Territories, and to
+overrun us here in these free States?</p>
+
+<p>If our sense of duty forbids this, then let us stand by our duty,
+fearlessly and effectively. Let us be diverted by none of those
+sophistical contrivances wherewith we are so industriously plied and
+belabored&mdash;contrivances such as groping for some middle ground between
+the right and wrong, vain as the search for a man who should be
+neither a living man nor a dead man; such as a policy of 'don't care'
+on a question about which all true men do care; such as Union appeals
+beseeching true Union men to yield to Disunionists, reversing the
+divine rule, and calling, not the sinners, but the righteous to
+repentance; such as invocations to Washington imploring men to unsay
+what Washington said, and undo what Washington did.</p>
+
+<p>Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us,
+to the end, dare to do our duty, as we understand it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_4" id="speech_4"></a>FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1861</h3>
+
+<p>Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States,
+that by the occasion of a Republican administration, their property
+and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has
+never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the
+most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and
+been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published
+speeches of him who now addresses you.</p>
+
+<p>I do but quote from one of those speeches, when I declared that "I
+have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the
+institution of slavery, in the States where it exists."</p>
+
+<p>I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination
+to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with the full
+knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations, and had
+never recanted them. I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing
+so, I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive
+evidence of which the case is susceptible, that the property, peace,
+and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now
+incoming administration.</p>
+
+<p>I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations, and with
+no purpose to construe the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> Constitution or laws by any hypercritical
+rules; and, while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of
+Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much
+safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to
+and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate
+any of them, trusting to find impunity in having them held to be
+unconstitutional.</p>
+
+<p>It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a president
+under our national constitution. During that period, fifteen different
+and very distinguished citizens have in succession administered the
+executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through
+many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with this scope
+for precedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief
+constitutional term of four years, under great and peculiar
+difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>I hold, that in the contemplation of universal law and the
+Constitution, the union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is
+implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national
+governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a
+provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to
+execute all the express provisions of our national Constitution, and
+the Union will endure forever.</p>
+
+<p>To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? Before
+entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national
+fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, would it
+not be well to ascertain why we do it?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> Will you hazard so desperate a
+step while any portion of the ills you fly from have no real
+existence? Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater
+than all the real ones you fly from? Will you risk the commission of
+so fearful a mistake?</p>
+
+<p>All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights
+can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in
+the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind
+is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing
+this.</p>
+
+<p>All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly
+assured to them by affirmations and negations, guarantees and
+prohibitions, in the Constitution, that controversies never arise
+concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a
+provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in
+practical administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any
+document of reasonable length contain, express provision for all
+possible questions.</p>
+
+<p>Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by National or by State
+authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress
+protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not
+expressly say.</p>
+
+<p>From questions of this class spring all our constitutional
+controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities.
+If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the
+government must cease. There is no alternative for con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>tinuing the
+government but acquiescence on the one side or the other.</p>
+
+<p>If the minority will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a
+precedent which, in turn, will ruin and divide them; for a minority of
+their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be
+controlled by such a minority. For instance, why should not any
+portion of a new confederacy, a year or two hence, arbitrarily secede
+again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede
+from it?</p>
+
+<p>All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the
+exact temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interest
+among the States to compose a new union as to produce harmony only,
+and prevent renewed secession? Plainly, the central idea of secession
+is the essence of anarchy.</p>
+
+<p>Physically speaking, we cannot separate; we cannot move our respective
+sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A
+husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and
+beyond the reach of each other; but the different parts of our country
+cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face; and intercourse,
+either amicable or hostile, must continue between them.</p>
+
+<p>Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or
+more satisfactory after separation than before? Suppose you go to war,
+you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides, and
+no gain on either, you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> cease fighting, the identical questions as to
+terms of intercourse are again upon you.</p>
+
+<p>Why should there not be patient confidence in the ultimate justice of
+the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world? In our
+present differences is either party without faith of being in the
+right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations with His eternal truth and
+justice be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that
+truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judgment of this
+great tribunal of the American people.</p>
+
+<p>By the frame of government under which we live, this same people have
+wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief, and
+have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their
+own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their
+virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any extreme of wickedness
+or folly, can very seriously injure the Government in the short space
+of four years.</p>
+
+<p>My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon the whole
+subject&mdash;nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an
+object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step which you would
+never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking
+time, but no good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are
+now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unimpaired, and, on
+the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing under it; while the
+new administration will have no immediate power if it wanted to change
+either. If it were admitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> that you who are dissatisfied hold the
+right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for
+precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm
+reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, are
+still competent to adjust in the best way all our present
+difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the
+momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You
+can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have
+no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall
+have the most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.</p>
+
+<p>I am about to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
+enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds
+of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every
+battle field and patriot grave, to every loving heart and hearthstone
+all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when
+again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our
+nature.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_5" id="speech_5"></a>LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY</h3>
+
+<p>The Administration, during the early months of the war for the Union,
+was greatly perplexed as to the proper mode of dealing with slavery,
+especially in the districts occupied by the Union forces. In the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>
+summer of 1862, when Mr. Lincoln was earnestly contemplating his
+Proclamation of Emancipation, Horace Greeley, the leading Republican
+editor, published in his paper, the New York Tribune, a severe article
+in the form of a letter addressed to the President, taking him to task
+for failing to meet the just expectations of twenty millions of loyal
+people. Thereupon Mr. Lincoln sent him the following letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quotdate">
+<span class="smcap">Executive Mansion, Washington,<br />
+August 22, 1862.</span><br />
+<br /></p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Horace Greeley.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Dear Sir:</i> I have just read yours of the 19th, addressed to myself
+through the New York Tribune. If there be in it any statements or
+assumptions of fact which I may know to be erroneous, I do not now and
+here controvert them. If there be in it any inferences which I may
+believe to be falsely drawn, I do not now and here argue against them.
+If there be perceptible in it an impatient and dictatorial tone, I
+waive it in deference to an old friend, whose heart I have always
+supposed to be right. As to the policy I "seem to be pursuing," as you
+say, I have not meant to leave any one in doubt.</p>
+
+<p>I would save the Union. I would save it in the shortest way under the
+Constitution. The sooner the National authority can be restored, the
+nearer the Union will be "The Union as it was." If there be those who
+would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy
+slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this
+struggle is to save the Union and is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> either to save or destroy
+Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would
+do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do
+it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I
+would also do that. What I do about Slavery and the colored race, I do
+because I believe it helps to save this Union; and what I forbear, I
+forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I
+shall do less, whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the
+cause; and I shall do more, whenever I shall believe doing more will
+help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors;
+and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true
+views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official
+duty, and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish
+that all men, everywhere, could be free.</p>
+
+<p class="quotsig">
+Yours,<br />
+<span class="smcap">A. Lincoln</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_6" id="speech_6"></a>EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Issued January 1, 1863</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Now therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power vested in me as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy, in a time of actual armed rebellion against the authority of the
+Government of the United States, as a fit and necessary war measure
+for sup<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>pressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in
+the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and
+in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the
+full period of one hundred days from the date of the first
+above-mentioned order, designate as the States and parts of States
+therein the people whereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion
+against the United States, the following, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard,
+Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension,
+Assumption, Terrebonne, La Fourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans,
+including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
+Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the
+forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the
+counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York,
+Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and
+Portsmouth), which excepted parts are for the present left precisely
+as if this proclamation were not issued; and by virtue of the power
+and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons
+held as slaves within designated States, or parts of States, are, and
+henceforward shall be free, and that the Executive Government of the
+United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof,
+will recognize and maintain the freedom of the said persons; and I
+hereby enjoin upon the people so declared free to abstain from all
+violence, unless in necessary self-defense;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> and I recommend to them
+that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable
+wages. And I further declare and make known that such persons, of
+suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the
+United States, to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other
+places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.</p>
+
+<p>And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice,
+warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the
+considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty
+God.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_7" id="speech_7"></a>THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Issued October 3, 1863</i>)</p>
+
+<p>The year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the
+blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties,
+which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source
+from which they come, others have been added, which are of so
+extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften
+even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful
+Providence of Almighty God.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which
+has sometimes seemed to invite and provoke the aggression of foreign
+states, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been
+maintained, the laws have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> respected and obeyed, and harmony has
+prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict.</p>
+
+<p>The needful diversion of wealth and strength from the fields of
+peaceful industry to the national defense has not arrested the plow,
+the shuttle, or the ship.</p>
+
+<p>The ax has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as
+well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even
+more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased,
+notwithstanding the waste that has been made by the camp, the siege,
+and the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness
+of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of
+years with large increase of freedom.</p>
+
+<p>No human council hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out,
+these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God,
+who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless
+remembered mercy.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly,
+reverentially, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and
+voice, by the whole American people.</p>
+
+<p>I recommend too, that, while offering up the ascriptions justly due to
+Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with
+humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience,
+commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans,
+mourners, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are
+unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the
+Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as
+soon as may be consistent with divine purposes, to the full enjoyment
+of peace, harmony, tranquillity, and union.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_8" id="speech_8"></a>ADDRESS ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>At the Dedication of the Cemetery, November 19, 1863</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
+proposition that all men are created equal.</p>
+
+<p>Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
+or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
+met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
+portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave
+their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
+proper that we should do this.</p>
+
+<p>But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate&mdash;we cannot consecrate&mdash;we
+cannot hallow&mdash;this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
+struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add
+or detract. The world will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> little note, nor long remember what we say
+here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the
+living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
+who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
+to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us&mdash;that from
+these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
+they gave the last full measure of devotion&mdash;that we here highly
+resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain&mdash;that this nation,
+under God, shall have a new birth of freedom&mdash;and that government of
+the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
+earth.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_9" id="speech_9"></a>REMARKS TO NEGROES IN THE STREETS OF RICHMOND</h3>
+
+<p>The President walked through the streets of Richmond&mdash;without a
+guard except a few seamen&mdash;in company with his son "Tad," and
+Admiral Porter, on the 4th of April, 1865, the day following the
+evacuation of the city. Colored people gathered about him on every
+side, eager to see and thank their liberator. Mr. Lincoln addressed
+the following remarks to one of these gatherings:</p>
+
+<p>My poor friends, you are free&mdash;free as air. You can cast off the name
+of slave and trample upon it; it will come to you no more. Liberty is
+your birthright. God gave it to you as he gave it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> to others, and it
+is a sin that you have been deprived of it for so many years.</p>
+
+<p>But you must try to deserve this priceless boon. Let the world see
+that you merit it, and are able to maintain it by your good works.
+Don't let your joy carry you into excesses; learn the laws, and obey
+them. Obey God's commandments, and thank Him for giving you liberty,
+for to Him you owe all things. There, now, let me pass on; I have but
+little time to spare. I want to see the Capitol, and must return at
+once to Washington to secure to you that liberty which you seem to
+prize so highly.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="speech_10" id="speech_10"></a>SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1865</h3>
+
+<p>Fellow-countrymen: At this second appearing to take the oath of the
+Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address
+than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of
+a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the
+expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been
+constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest
+which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the
+nation, little that is new could be presented.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as
+well known to the public as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably
+satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no
+prediction in regard to it is ventured.</p>
+
+<p>On the occasion corresponding to this, four years ago, all thoughts
+were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all
+sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered
+from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war,
+insurgents' agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without
+war&mdash;seeking to dissolve the Union and divide its effects by
+negotiation.</p>
+
+<p>Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather
+than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather
+than let it perish. And the war came.</p>
+
+<p>The prayer of both could not be answered&mdash;those of neither have been
+answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world
+because of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe
+to that man by whom the offense cometh."</p>
+
+<p>If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses
+which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having
+continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that
+He gives to North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those
+by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from
+those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always
+ascribe to Him?</p>
+
+<p>Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> this mighty scourge of
+war may soon pass away.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the
+bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be
+sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by
+another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so
+still it must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and
+righteous altogether."</p>
+
+<p>With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
+right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
+the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him
+who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphan;
+to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
+ourselves, and with all nations.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">THE END.</p>
+
+<div class="tnotes">
+<h4>Transcriber's Notes:</h4>
+
+<p>Table of Contents Part VI:<br />
+A section of Tributes beginning on Page 191 is not included in the
+table. Unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Table of Contents Part VII:<br />
+A section called 'Lincoln, The Tender-Hearted' by H. W. Botton
+should be by H. W. Bolton. Changed.</p>
+
+<p>Table of Contents Part IX:<br />
+A section called "'Fooling' the People" on page 360 is not included
+in the table of contents. Unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Table of Contents Part IX:<br />
+A section called 'Lincoln's confab with a Committee on Grant's Whisky'
+is not included in the table of contents. Unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Page 3: <br />
+more definite than a similarity of Christain names<br />
+Typo: Changed to [Christian].</p>
+
+<p>Page 82:<br />
+answer inpregnable with facts.<br />
+Spelling of inpregnable is probably correct for that time. Unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Page 95:<br />
+buy and exhibit him as a zoological curriosity.<br />
+Likely misspelling. Changed to curiosity</p>
+
+<p>Page 278:<br />
+fac-simile<br />
+Spelled as in original. Unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>Hyphenation appears as either option in original:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>careworn/care-worn.</li>
+<li>deathblow/death-blow</li>
+<li>dooryard/door-yard</li>
+<li>lifelong/life-long</li>
+<li>masterpiece/master-piece</li>
+<li>stepbrother/step-brother</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our American Holidays: Lincoln's
+Birthday, by Various
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+Project Gutenberg's Our American Holidays: Lincoln's Birthday, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Our American Holidays: Lincoln's Birthday
+       A Comprehensive View of Lincoln as Given in the Most
+       Noteworthy Essays, Orations and Poems, in Fiction and in
+       Lincoln's Own Writings
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert Haven Schauffler
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2007 [EBook #21267]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bruce Albrecht, Leonard Johnson and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                         Our American Holidays
+
+                           LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+
+
+
+                         Our American Holidays
+
+A series of Anthologies upon American Holidays, each volume a collection
+of writings from many sources, historical, poetic, religious, patriotic,
+etc., presenting each American festival as seen through the eyes of the
+representative writers of many ages and nations.
+
+
+                               EDITED BY
+                       ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER
+
+                    _12mo. Each volume $1.00 net_
+
+                               NOW READY
+
+                THANKSGIVING            LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+                CHRISTMAS               MEMORIAL DAY
+
+
+                             IN PREPARATION
+
+                WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY   EASTER
+                ARBOR DAY               FLAG DAY
+                FOURTH OF JULY          NEW YEAR'S DAY
+
+                          MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY
+                      31 East 17th Street   New York
+
+
+
+
+                          Our American Holidays
+
+                            LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+                    A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF LINCOLN AS
+                   GIVEN IN THE MOST NOTEWORTHY ESSAYS,
+                     ORATIONS AND POEMS, IN FICTION
+                      AND IN LINCOLN'S OWN WRITINGS
+
+
+                               EDITED BY
+                        ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER
+
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                        MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY
+                                  1916
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1909, by
+                        MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY
+                               NEW YORK
+
+                         Published, January, 1909
+
+
+                         2nd Printing--June, 1911
+                         3rd Printing--July, 1914
+                         4th Printing--Feb.  1916
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+PREFACE                                                             ix
+
+INTRODUCTION                                                        xi
+
+
+I
+A BIRDSEYE VIEW OF LINCOLN
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY                                      3
+A BRIEF SUMMARY OF LINCOLN'S LIFE       _Osborn H. Oldroyd_          6
+
+
+II
+EARLY LIFE
+
+LINCOLN'S EDUCATION                        _Horace Greeley_         15
+ABE LINCOLN'S HONESTY                                               17
+THE BOY THAT HUNGERED FOR KNOWLEDGE                                 18
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                         _Florence E. Pratt_         19
+YOUNG LINCOLN'S KINDNESS OF HEART                                   20
+A VOICE FROM THE WILDERNESS                _Charles Sumner_         21
+CHOOSING ABE LINCOLN CAPTAIN                                        22
+
+
+III
+MATURITY
+
+LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE                                                  31
+HOW LINCOLN AND JUDGE B---- SWAPPED HORSES                          33
+LINCOLN AS A MAN OF LETTERS                   _H. W. Mabie_         34
+LINCOLN'S PRESENCE OF BODY                                          44
+HOW LINCOLN BECAME A NATIONAL FIGURE       _Ida M. Tarbell_         45
+LINCOLN'S LOVE FOR THE LITTLE ONES                                  89
+HOW LINCOLN TOOK HIS ALTITUDE                                       90
+
+
+IV
+IN THE WHITE HOUSE
+
+HOW LINCOLN WAS ABUSED                                              95
+SONNET IN 1862                           _John James Piatt_         96
+LINCOLN THE PRESIDENT                _James Russell Lowell_         96
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                               _Frank Moore_        109
+THE PROCLAMATION                  _John Greenleaf Whittier_        110
+THE EMANCIPATION                        _James A. Garfield_        112
+THE EMANCIPATION GROUP            _John Greenleaf Whittier_        121
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S CHRISTMAS GIFT               _Nora Perry_        122
+
+
+V
+DEATH OF LINCOLN
+
+O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!                       _Walt Whitman_        127
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S DEATH                      _Walt Whitman_        128
+HUSHED BE THE CAMPS TO-DAY                   _Walt Whitman_        134
+TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN    _William Cullen Bryant_        135
+CROWN HIS BLOODSTAINED PILLOW             _Julia Ward Howe_        136
+THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN                 _Walt Whitman_        137
+OUR SUN HATH GONE DOWN                        _Phoebe Cary_        139
+TOLLING                                       _Lucy Larcom_        142
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                          _Rose Terry Cooke_        143
+EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF LINCOLN         _Henry Ward Beecher_        144
+HYMN                                _Oliver Wendell Holmes_        151
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                                _Tom Taylor_        153
+
+
+VI
+TRIBUTES
+
+THE MARTYR CHIEF                     _James Russell Lowell_        159
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                       _Ralph Waldo Emerson_        161
+WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN                   _William McKinley_        169
+LINCOLN                                _Theodore Roosevelt_        170
+LINCOLN'S GRAVE                          _Maurice Thompson_        170
+TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN                                                173
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                            _H. H. Brownell_        174
+TRIBUTES                                                           189
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                               _Joel Benton_        189
+ON THE LIFE-MASK OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN _Richard Watson Gilder_        190
+LINCOLN                                   _George H. Boker_        192
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                         _James A. Garfield_        193
+AN HORATIAN ODE                            _R. H. Stoddard_        195
+SOME FOREIGN TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN    _Harriet Beecher Stowe_        202
+THE GETTYSBURG ODE                          _Bayard Taylor_        211
+TRIBUTES                                                           212
+LINCOLN                              _Macmillan's Magazine_        214
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                            _R. H. Stoddard_        215
+LINCOLN                                 _Edna Dean Proctor_        215
+WHEN LILACS LAST IN THE DOORYARD BLOOM'D     _Walt Whitman_        218
+
+
+VII
+THE WHOLE MAN
+
+LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE              _Edwin Markham_        233
+LIFE AND CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN     _George Bancroft_        235
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                             _Goldwin Smith_        276
+GREATNESS OF HIS SIMPLICITY                  _H. A. Delano_        278
+HORACE GREELEY'S ESTIMATE OF LINCOLN                               279
+LINCOLN                                  _J. T. Trowbridge_        282
+THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF LINCOLN            _B. B. Tyler_        282
+TO THE SPIRIT OF LINCOLN                     _R. W. Gilder_        296
+LINCOLN AS A TYPICAL AMERICAN             _Phillips Brooks_        297
+LINCOLN AS CAVALIER AND PURITAN               _H. W. Grady_        304
+LINCOLN, THE TENDER-HEARTED                  _H. W. Bolton_        306
+THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN                    _W. H. Herndon_        307
+"WITH CHARITY FOR ALL"                      _W. T. Sherman_        317
+LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY                        _Ida V. Woodbury_        318
+FEBRUARY TWELFTH                          _M. H. Howliston_        319
+TWO FEBRUARY BIRTHDAYS      _L. M. Hadley and C. Z. Denton_        323
+
+
+VIII
+LINCOLN'S PLACE IN HISTORY
+
+THE THREE GREATEST AMERICANS           _Theodore Roosevelt_        333
+HIS CHOICE AND HIS DESTINY                  _F. M. Bristol_        333
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                       _Robert G. Ingersoll_        334
+LINCOLN                              _Paul Laurence Dunbar_        341
+THE GRANDEST FIGURE                          _Walt Whitman_        342
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN                              _Lyman Abbott_        345
+"LINCOLN THE IMMORTAL"                          _Anonymous_        346
+THE CRISIS AND THE HERO                 _Frederic Harrison_        349
+LINCOLN                                 _John Vance Cheney_        351
+MAJESTIC IN HIS INDIVIDUALITY                _S. P. Newman_        353
+
+
+IX
+LINCOLN YARNS AND SAYINGS
+
+THE QUESTION OF LEGS                                               359
+HOW LINCOLN WAS PRESENTED WITH A KNIFE                             360
+"WEEPING WATER"                                                    361
+MILD REBUKE TO A DOCTOR                                            362
+
+
+X
+FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES AND WRITINGS
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AS WRITTEN BY HIMSELF                               365
+THE INJUSTICE OF SLAVERY                                           365
+SPEECH AT COOPER INSTITUTE                                         368
+FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS                                            371
+LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY                                           376
+EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION                                          378
+THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION                                          380
+GETTYSBURG ADDRESS                                                 382
+REMARKS TO NEGROES ON THE STREETS OF RICHMOND                      383
+SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS                                           384
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+An astounding number of books have been written on Abraham Lincoln.
+Our Library of Congress contains over one thousand of them in
+well-nigh every modern language. Yet, incredible as it may seem, no
+miner has until to-day delved in these vast fields of Lincolniana
+until he has brought together the most precious of the golden words
+written of and by the Man of the People. Howe has collected a few of
+the best poems on Lincoln; Rice, Oldroyd and others, the elder prose
+tributes and reminiscences. McClure has edited Lincoln's yarns and
+stories; Nicolay and Hay, his speeches and writings. But each
+successive twelfth of February has emphasized the growing need for a
+unification of this scattered material.
+
+The present volume offers, in small compass, the most noteworthy
+essays, orations, fiction and poems on Lincoln, together with some
+fiction, with characteristic anecdotes and "yarns" and his most famous
+speeches and writings. Taken in conjunction with a good biography, it
+presents the first succinct yet comprehensive view of "the first
+American." The Introduction gives some account of the celebration of
+Lincoln's Birthday and of his principal biographers.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The Editor and Publishers wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to
+Houghton, Mifflin & Company; the McClure Company, R. S. Peale and J.
+A. Hill Co.; Charles Scribner's Sons; Dana Estes Company; Mr. David
+McKay, Mr. Joel Benton, Mr. C. P. Farrell and others who have very
+kindly granted permission to reprint selections from works bearing
+their copyright.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, was born at
+Nolin Creek, Kentucky, on Feb. 12, 1809. As the following pages
+contain more than one biographical sketch it is not necessary here to
+touch on the story of his life. Lincoln's Birthday is now a legal
+holiday in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New
+York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Washington (state) and Wyoming, and
+is generally observed in the other Northern States.
+
+In its inspirational value to youth Lincoln's Birthday stands among
+the most important of our American holidays. Its celebration in school
+and home can not be made too impressive. "Rising as Lincoln did,"
+writes Edward Deems, "from social obscurity through a youth of manual
+toil and poverty, steadily upward to the highest level of honor in the
+world, and all this as the fruit of earnest purpose, hard work, humane
+feeling and integrity of character, he is an example and an
+inspiration to youth unparalleled in history. At the same time he is
+the best specimen of the possibilities attainable by genius in our
+land and under our free institutions."
+
+In arranging exercises for Lincoln's Birthday the teacher and parent
+should try not so much to teach the bare facts of his career as to
+give the children a sense of Lincoln's actual personality through his
+own yarns and speeches and such accounts as are given here by Herndon,
+Bancroft, Mabie, Tarbell, Phillips Brooks and others. He should show
+them Lincoln's greatest single act--Emancipation--through the eyes of
+Garfield and Whittier. He should try to reach the children with the
+thrill of an adoring sorrow-maddened country at the bier of its great
+preserver; with such a passion of love and patriotism as vibrates in
+the lines of Whitman, Brownell and Bryant, of Stoddard, Procter, Howe,
+Holmes, Lowell, and in the throbbing periods of Henry Ward Beecher.
+His main object should be to make his pupils love Lincoln. He should
+appeal to their national pride with the foreign tributes to Lincoln's
+greatness; make them feel how his memory still works through the years
+upon such contemporary poets as Gilder, Thompson, Markham, Cheney and
+Dunbar; and finally through the eyes of Harrison, Whitman, Ingersoll,
+Newman and others, show them our hero set in his proud, rightful place
+in the long vista of the ages.
+
+In order to use the present volume with the best results it is
+advisable for teacher and parent to gain a more consecutive view of
+Lincoln's life than is offered here.
+
+The standard biography of Lincoln is the monumental one in ten large
+volumes by Nicolay and Hay, the President's private secretaries. This
+contains considerable material not found elsewhere, but since its
+publication in 1890 much new matter has been unearthed, especially by
+the enterprise of Miss Ida Tarbell, whose "Life" in two volumes
+contains the essentials of the larger official work, is well balanced,
+and written in a simple, vigorous style perfectly adapted to the
+subject. If only one biography of Lincoln is to be read, Miss
+Tarbell's will, on the whole, be found most satisfactory.
+
+The older Lives, written by Lincoln's friends and associates, such as
+Lamon and Herndon, make up in vividness and the intimate personal
+touch what they necessarily lack in perspective. Arnold's Life deals
+chiefly with the executive and legislative history of Lincoln's
+administration. The Life by the novelist J. G. Holland deals popularly
+with his hero's personality. The memoirs by Barrett, Abbott, Howells,
+Bartlett, Hanaford and Power were written in the main for political
+purposes.
+
+Among the later works there stand out Morse's scholarly and serious
+account (in the American Statesmen series) of Lincoln's public policy;
+the vivid portrayal of Lincoln's adroitness as a politician by Col.
+McClure in Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times; Whitney's Life on the
+Circuit with Lincoln, with its fund of entertaining anecdotes; Abraham
+Lincoln, an Essay by Carl Schurz; James Morgan's "short and simple
+annals" of Abraham Lincoln The Boy and the Man; Frederick Trevor
+Hill's brilliant account of Lincoln the Lawyer, the result of much
+recent research; the study of his personal magnetism in Alonzo
+Rothschild's Lincoln, Master of Men; and The True Abraham Lincoln by
+Curtis--a collection of sketches portraying Lincoln's character from
+several interesting points of view. Abraham Lincoln The Man of the
+People by Norman Hapgood is one of most recent and least conventional
+accounts. It is short, vigorous, vivid, and intensely American.
+
+Among the many popular Lives for young people are: Abraham Lincoln,
+the Pioneer Boy, by W. M. Thayer; Abraham Lincoln, The Backwoods Boy,
+by Horatio Alger, Jr.; Abraham Lincoln, by Charles Carleton Coffin;
+The True Story of Abraham Lincoln The American, by E. S. Brooks; The
+Boy Lincoln, by W. O. Stoddard; and--most important of all--Nicolay's
+Boy's Life of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+                                                              R. H. S.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+A BIRDSEYE VIEW OF LINCOLN
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+The following autobiography was written by Mr. Lincoln's own hand at
+the request of J. W. Fell of Springfield, Ill., December 20, 1859. In
+the note which accompanied it the writer says: "Herewith is a little
+sketch, as you requested. There is not much of it, for the reason, I
+suppose, that there is not much of me."
+
+"I was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Ky. My parents were both
+born in Virginia, of undistinguished families--second families,
+perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a
+family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams Co., and
+others in Mason Co., Ill. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln,
+emigrated from Rockingham Co., Va., to Kentucky, about 1781 or 1782,
+where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians, not in battle,
+but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His
+ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks Co., Pa. An
+effort to identify them with the New England family of the same name
+ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of Christian names in
+both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and
+the like.
+
+"My father, at the death of his father, was but six years of age, and
+grew up literally without any education. He removed from Kentucky to
+what is now Spencer Co., Ind., in my eighth year. We reached our new
+home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild
+region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods.
+There I grew up. There were some schools, so-called, but no
+qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond 'readin', writin',
+and cipherin', to the rule of three. If a straggler, supposed to
+understand Latin, happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was
+looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite
+ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age I did not know
+much. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of
+three, but that was all. I have not been to school since. The little
+advance I now have upon this store of education I have picked up from
+time to time under the pressure of necessity.
+
+"I was raised to farm work, at which I continued till I was
+twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois, and passed the first
+year in Macon County. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in
+Sangamon, now Menard County, where I remained a year as a sort of
+clerk in a store. Then came the Black Hawk War, and I was elected a
+captain of volunteers--a success which gave me more pleasure than any
+I have had since. I went into the campaign, was elected, ran for the
+Legislature the same year (1832), and was beaten--the only time I have
+ever been beaten by the people. The next and three succeeding
+biennial elections I was elected to the Legislature. I was not a
+candidate afterward. During the legislative period I had studied law,
+and removed to Springfield to practice it. In 1846 I was elected to
+the Lower House of Congress. Was not a candidate for re-election. From
+1849 to 1854, both inclusive, practiced law more assiduously than ever
+before. Always a Whig in politics, and generally on the Whig electoral
+ticket, making active canvasses. I was losing interest in politics
+when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused me again. What I
+have done since then is pretty well known.
+
+"If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be
+said I am in height six feet four inches, nearly; lean in flesh,
+weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark
+complexion, with coarse black hair and gray eyes--no other marks or
+brands recollected.
+
+                                               "Yours very truly,
+                                                          A. LINCOLN."
+
+
+A BRIEF SUMMARY OF LINCOLN'S LIFE
+
+BY OSBORN H. OLDROYD
+
+From "Words of Lincoln"
+
+The sun which rose on the 12th of February, 1809, lighted up a little
+log cabin on Nolin Creek, Hardin Co., Ky., in which Abraham Lincoln
+was that day ushered into the world. Although born under the humblest
+and most unpromising circumstances, he was of honest parentage. In
+this backwoods hut, surrounded by virgin forests, Abraham's first four
+years were spent. His parents then moved to a point about six miles
+from Hodgensville, where he lived until he was seven years of age,
+when the family again moved, this time to Spencer Co., Ind.
+
+The father first visited the new settlement alone, taking with him his
+carpenter tools, a few farming implements, and ten barrels of whisky
+(the latter being the payment received for his little farm) on a
+flatboat down Salt Creek to the Ohio River. Crossing the river, he
+left his cargo in care of a friend, and then returned for his family.
+Packing the bedding and cooking utensils on two horses, the family of
+four started for their new home. They wended their way through the
+Kentucky forests to those of Indiana, the mother and daughter (Sarah)
+taking their turn in riding.
+
+Fourteen years were spent in the Indiana home. It was from this place
+that Abraham, in company with young Gentry, made a trip to New Orleans
+on a flatboat loaded with country produce. During these years Abraham
+had less than twelve months of schooling, but acquired a large
+experience in the rough work of pioneer life. In the autumn of 1818
+the mother died, and Abraham experienced the first great sorrow of his
+life. Mrs. Lincoln had possessed a very limited education, but was
+noted for intellectual force of character.
+
+The year following the death of Abraham's mother his father returned
+to Kentucky, and brought a new guardian to the two motherless
+children. Mrs. Sally Johnson, as Mrs. Lincoln, brought into the family
+three children of her own, a goodly amount of household furniture,
+and, what proved a blessing above all others, a kind heart. It was not
+intended that this should be a permanent home; accordingly, in March,
+1830, they packed their effects in wagons, drawn by oxen, bade adieu
+to their old home, and took up a two weeks' march over untraveled
+roads, across mountains, swamps, and through dense forests, until they
+reached a spot on the Sangamon River, ten miles from Decatur, Ill.,
+where they built another primitive home. Abraham had now arrived at
+manhood, and felt at liberty to go out into the world and battle for
+himself. He did not leave, however, until he saw his parents
+comfortably fixed in their new home, which he helped build; he also
+split enough rails to surround the house and ten acres of ground.
+
+In the fall and winter of 1830, memorable to the early settlers of
+Illinois as the year of the deep snow, Abraham worked for the farmers
+who lived in the neighborhood. He made the acquaintance of a man of
+the name of Offutt, who hired him, together with his stepbrother, John
+D. Johnson, and his uncle, John Hanks, to take a flatboat loaded with
+country produce down the Sangamon River to Beardstown, thence down the
+Illinois and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. Abraham and his
+companions assisted in building the boat, which was finally launched
+and loaded in the spring of 1831, and their trip successfully made. In
+going over the dam at Rutledge Mill, New Salem, Ill., the boat struck
+and remained stationary, and a day passed before it was again started
+on its voyage. During this delay Lincoln made the acquaintance of New
+Salem and its people.
+
+On his return from New Orleans, after visiting his parents,--who had
+made another move, to Goose-Nest Prairie, Ill.,--he settled in the
+little village of New Salem, then in Sangamon, now Menard County.
+While living in this place, Mr. Lincoln served in the Black Hawk War,
+in 1832, as captain and private. His employment in the village was
+varied; he was at times a clerk, county surveyor, postmaster, and
+partner in the grocery business under the firm name of Lincoln &
+Berry. He was defeated for the Illinois Legislature in 1832 by Peter
+Cartwright, the Methodist pioneer preacher. He was elected to the
+Legislature in 1834, and for three successive terms thereafter.
+
+Mr. Lincoln wielded a great influence among the people of New Salem.
+They respected him for his uprightness and admired him for his genial
+and social qualities. He had an earnest sympathy for the unfortunate
+and those in sorrow. All confided in him, honored and loved him. He
+had an unfailing fund of anecdote, was a sharp, witty talker, and
+possessed an accommodating spirit, which led him to exert himself for
+the entertainment of his friends. During the political canvass of
+1834, Mr. Lincoln made the acquaintance of Mr. John T. Stuart of
+Springfield, Ill. Mr. Stuart saw in the young man that which, if
+properly developed, could not fail to confer distinction on him. He
+therefore loaned Lincoln such law books as he needed, the latter often
+walking from New Salem to Springfield, a distance of twenty miles, to
+obtain them. It was very fortunate for Mr. Lincoln that he finally
+became associated with Mr. Stuart in the practice of law. He moved
+from New Salem to Springfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1837.
+
+On the 4th of November, 1842, Mr. Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd of
+Lexington, Ky., at the residence of Ninian W. Edwards of Springfield,
+Ill. The fruits of this marriage were four sons; Robert T., born
+August 1, 1843; Edward Baker, March 10, 1846, died February 1, 1850;
+William Wallace, December 21, 1850, died at the White House,
+Washington, February 20, 1862; Thomas ("Tad"), April 4, 1853, died at
+the Clifton House, Chicago, Ill., July 15, 1871. Mrs. Lincoln died at
+the house of her sister, Springfield, July 16, 1882.
+
+In 1846 Mr. Lincoln was elected to Congress, as a Whig, his opponent
+being Peter Cartwright, who had defeated Mr. Lincoln for the
+Legislature in 1832.
+
+The most remarkable political canvass witnessed in the country took
+place between Mr. Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in 1858. They were
+candidates of their respective parties for the United States Senate.
+Seven joint debates took place in different parts of the State. The
+Legislature being of Mr. Douglas' political faith, he was elected.
+
+In 1860 Mr. Lincoln came before the country as the chosen candidate of
+the Republican party for the Presidency. The campaign was a memorable
+one, characterized by a novel organization called "Wide Awakes," which
+had its origin in Hartford, Conn. There were rail fence songs,
+rail-splitting on wagons in processions, and the building of fences by
+the torch-light marching clubs.
+
+The triumphant election of Mr. Lincoln took place in November, 1860.
+On the 11th of February, 1861, he bade farewell to his neighbors, and
+as the train slowly left the depot his sad face was forever lost to
+the friends who gathered that morning to bid him God speed. The people
+along the route flocked at the stations to see him and hear his words.
+At all points he was greeted as the President of the people, and such
+he proved to be. Mr. Lincoln reached Washington on the morning of the
+23rd of February, and on the 4th of March was inaugurated President.
+Through four years of terrible war his guiding star was justice and
+mercy. He was sometimes censured by officers of the army for granting
+pardons to deserters and others, but he could not resist an appeal for
+the life of a soldier. He was the friend of the soldiers, and felt and
+acted toward them like a father. Even workingmen could write him
+letters of encouragement and receive appreciative words in reply.
+
+When the immortal Proclamation of Emancipation was issued, the whole
+world applauded, and slavery received its deathblow. The terrible
+strain of anxiety and responsibility borne by Mr. Lincoln during the
+war had worn him away to a marked degree, but that God who was with
+him throughout the struggle permitted him to live, and by his masterly
+efforts and unceasing vigilance pilot the ship of state back into the
+haven of peace.
+
+On the 14th of April, 1865, after a day of unusual cheerfulness in
+those troublous times, and seeking relaxation from his cares, the
+President, accompanied by his wife and a few intimate friends, went to
+Ford's Theater, on Tenth Street, N. W. There the foul assassin, J.
+Wilkes Booth, awaited his coming and at twenty minutes past ten
+o'clock, just as the third act of "Our American Cousin" was about to
+commence, fired the shot that took the life of Abraham Lincoln. The
+bleeding President was carried to a house across the street, No. 516,
+where he died at twenty-two minutes past seven the next morning. The
+body was taken to the White House and, after lying in state in the
+East Room and at the Capitol, left Washington on the 21st of April,
+stopping at various places en route, and finally arriving at
+Springfield on the 3rd of May. On the following day the funeral
+ceremonies took place at Oak Ridge Cemetery, and there the remains of
+the martyr were laid at rest.
+
+Abraham Lincoln needs no marble shaft to perpetuate his name; his
+_words_ are the most enduring monument, and will forever live in the
+hearts of the people.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+EARLY LIFE
+
+
+LINCOLN'S EDUCATION[1]
+
+BY HORACE GREELEY
+
+Let me pause here to consider the surprise often expressed when a
+citizen of limited schooling is chosen to fill, or is presented for
+one of the highest civil trusts. Has that argument any foundation in
+reason, any justification in history?
+
+Of our country's great men, beginning with Ben Franklin, I estimate
+that a majority had little if anything more than a common-school
+education, while many had less. Washington, Jefferson, and Madison had
+rather more; Clay and Jackson somewhat less; Van Buren perhaps a
+little more; Lincoln decidedly less. How great was his consequent
+loss? I raise the question; let others decide it. Having seen much of
+Henry Clay, I confidently assert that not one in ten of those who knew
+him late in life would have suspected, from aught in his conversation
+or bearing, that his education had been inferior to that of the
+college graduates by whom he was surrounded. His knowledge was
+different from theirs; and the same is true of Lincoln's as well. Had
+the latter lived to be seventy years old, I judge that whatever of
+hesitation or rawness was observable in his manner would have
+vanished, and he would have met and mingled with educated gentlemen
+and statesmen on the same easy footing of equality with Henry Clay in
+his later prime of life. How far his two flatboat voyages to New
+Orleans are to be classed as educational exercise above or below a
+freshman's year in college, I will not say; doubtless some freshmen
+learn more, others less, than those journeys taught him. Reared under
+the shadow of the primitive woods, which on every side hemmed in the
+petty clearings of the generally poor, and rarely energetic or
+diligent, pioneers of the Southern Indiana wilderness, his first
+introduction to the outside world from the deck of a "broad-horn" must
+have been wonderfully interesting and suggestive. To one whose utmost
+experience of civilization had been a county town, consisting of a
+dozen to twenty houses, mainly log, with a shabby little court-house,
+including jail, and a shabbier, ruder little church, that must have
+been a marvelous spectacle which glowed in his face from the banks of
+the Ohio and the lower Mississippi. Though Cairo was then but a
+desolate swamp, Memphis a wood-landing, and Vicksburg a timbered ridge
+with a few stores at its base, even these were in striking contrast to
+the sombre monotony of the great woods. The rivers were enlivened by
+countless swift-speeding steamboats, dispensing smoke by day and flame
+by night; while New Orleans, though scarcely one fourth the city she
+now is, was the focus of a vast commerce, and of a civilization which
+(for America) might be deemed antique. I doubt not that our tall and
+green young backwoodsman needed only a piece of well-tanned sheepskin
+suitably (that is, learnedly) inscribed to have rendered those two
+boat trips memorable as his degrees in capacity to act well his part
+on that stage which has mankind for its audience.
+
+[1] _By permission of Mr. Joel Benton._
+
+
+ABE LINCOLN'S HONESTY
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln's Stories."
+
+Lincoln could not rest for an instant under the consciousness that he
+had, even unwittingly, defrauded anybody. On one occasion, while
+clerking in Offutt's store, at New Salem, Ill., he sold a woman a
+little bill of goods, amounting in value by the reckoning, to two
+dollars six and a quarter cents. He received the money, and the woman
+went away. On adding the items of the bill again, to make sure of its
+correctness, he found that he had taken six and a quarter cents too
+much. It was night, and, closing and locking the store, he started out
+on foot, a distance of two or three miles, for the house of his
+defrauded customer, and, delivering over to her the sum whose
+possession had so much troubled him, went home satisfied.
+
+On another occasion, just as he was closing the store for the night, a
+woman entered, and asked for a half pound of tea. The tea was weighed
+out and paid for, and the store was left for the night. The next
+morning, Lincoln entered to begin the duties of the day, when he
+discovered a four-ounce weight on the scales. He saw at once that he
+had made a mistake, and, shutting the store, he took a long walk
+before breakfast to deliver the remainder of the tea. These are very
+humble incidents, but they illustrate the man's perfect
+conscientiousness--his sensitive honesty--better perhaps than they
+would if they were of greater moment.
+
+
+THE BOY THAT HUNGERED FOR KNOWLEDGE
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln's Stories."
+
+In his eagerness to acquire knowledge, young Lincoln had borrowed of
+Mr. Crawford, a neighboring farmer, a copy of Weems' Life of
+Washington--the only one known to be in existence in that section of
+country. Before he had finished reading the book, it had been left, by
+a not unnatural oversight, in a window. Meantime, a rain storm came
+on, and the book was so thoroughly wet as to make it nearly worthless.
+This mishap caused him much pain; but he went, in all honesty, to Mr.
+Crawford with the ruined book, explained the calamity that had
+happened through his neglect, and offered, not having sufficient
+money, to "work out" the value of the book.
+
+"Well, Abe," said Mr. Crawford, after due deliberation, "as it's you,
+I won't be hard on you. Just come over and pull fodder for me for two
+days, and we will call our accounts even."
+
+The offer was readily accepted, and the engagement literally
+fulfilled. As a boy, no less than since, Abraham Lincoln had an
+honorable conscientiousness, integrity, industry, and an ardent love
+of knowledge.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[2]
+
+BY FLORENCE EVELYN PRATT
+
+    Lincoln, the woodsman, in the clearing stood,
+      Hemmed by the solemn forest stretching round;
+    Stalwart, ungainly, honest-eyed and rude,
+      The genius of that solitude profound.
+    He clove the way that future millions trod,
+      He passed, unmoved by worldly fear or pelf;
+    In all his lusty toil he found not God,
+      Though in the wilderness he found himself.
+
+    Lincoln, the President, in bitter strife,
+      Best-loved, worst-hated of all living men,
+    Oft single-handed, for the nation's life
+      Fought on, nor rested ere he fought again.
+    With one unerring purpose armed, he clove
+      Through selfish sin; then overwhelmed with care,
+    His great heart sank beneath its load of love;
+      Crushed to his knees, he found his God in prayer.
+
+[2] _From The Youth's Companion._
+
+
+YOUNG LINCOLN'S KINDNESS OF HEART
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln."
+
+An instance of young Lincoln's practical humanity at an early period
+of his life is recorded, as follows: One evening, while returning from
+a "raising" in his wide neighborhood, with a number of companions, he
+discovered a straying horse, with saddle and bridle upon him. The
+horse was recognized as belonging to a man who was accustomed to
+excess in drink, and it was suspected at once that the owner was not
+far off. A short search only was necessary to confirm the suspicions
+of the young men.
+
+The poor drunkard was found in a perfectly helpless condition, upon
+the chilly ground. Abraham's companions urged the cowardly policy of
+leaving him to his fate, but young Lincoln would not hear to the
+proposition. At his request, the miserable sot was lifted to his
+shoulders, and he actually carried him eighty rods to the nearest
+house. Sending word to his father that he should not be back that
+night, with the reason for his absence, he attended and nursed the man
+until the morning, and had the pleasure of believing that he had saved
+his life.
+
+
+A VOICE FROM THE WILDERNESS
+
+BY CHARLES SUMNER
+
+Abraham Lincoln was born, and, until he became President, always lived
+in a part of the country which, at the period of the Declaration of
+Independence, was a savage wilderness. Strange but happy Providence,
+that a voice from that savage wilderness, now fertile in men, was
+inspired to uphold the pledges and promises of the Declaration! The
+unity of the republic on the indestructible foundation of liberty and
+equality was vindicated by the citizen of a community which had no
+existence when the republic was formed.
+
+A cabin was built in primitive rudeness, and the future President
+split the rails for the fence to inclose the lot. These rails have
+become classical in our history, and the name of rail-splitter has
+been more than the degree of a college. Not that the splitter of rails
+is especially meritorious, but because the people are proud to trace
+aspiring talent to humble beginnings, and because they found in this
+tribute a new opportunity of vindicating the dignity of free labor.
+
+
+CHOOSING "ABE" LINCOLN CAPTAIN
+
+From "Choosing 'Abe' Lincoln Captain, and Other Stories"
+
+When the Black Hawk war broke out in Illinois about 1832, young
+Abraham Lincoln was living at New Salem, a little village of the class
+familiarly known out west as "one-horse towns," and located near the
+capital city of Illinois.
+
+He had just closed his clerkship of a year in a feeble grocery, and
+was the first to enlist under the call of Governor Reynolds for
+volunteer forces to go against the Sacs and Foxes, of whom Black Hawk
+was chief.
+
+By treaty these Indians had been removed west of the Mississippi into
+Iowa; but, thinking their old hunting-grounds the better, they had
+recrossed the river with their war paint on, causing some trouble, and
+a great deal of alarm among the settlers. Such was the origin of the
+war; and the handful of government troops stationed at Rock Island
+wanted help. Hence the State call.
+
+Mr. Lincoln was twenty-three years old at that time, nine years older
+than his adopted State. The country was thinly settled, and a company
+of ninety men who could be spared from home for military service had
+to be gathered from a wide district. When full, the company met at the
+neighboring village of Richland to choose its officers. In those days
+the militia men were allowed to select their leaders in their own way;
+and they had a very peculiar mode of expressing their preference for
+captains. For then, as now, there were almost always two candidates
+for one office.
+
+They would meet on the green somewhere, and at the appointed hour, the
+competitors would step out from the crowds on the opposite sides of
+the ground, and each would call on all the "boys" who wanted him for
+captain to fall in behind him. As the line formed, the man next the
+candidate would put his hands on the candidate's shoulder; the third
+man also in the same manner to the second man; and so on to the end.
+And then they would march and cheer for their leader like so many wild
+men, in order to win over the fellows who didn't seem to have a
+choice, or whose minds were sure to run after the greater noise. When
+all had taken sides, the man who led the longer line, would be
+declared captain.
+
+Mr. Lincoln never outgrew the familiar nickname, "Abe," but at that
+time he could hardly be said to have any other name than "Abe"; in
+fact he had emerged from clerking in that little corner grocery as
+"Honest Abe." He was not only liked, but loved, in the rough fashion
+of the frontier by all who knew him. He was a good hand at gunning,
+fishing, racing, wrestling and other games; he had a tall and strong
+figure; and he seemed to have been as often "reminded of a little
+story" in '32 as in '62. And the few men not won by these qualities,
+were won and held by his great common sense, which restrained him from
+excesses even in sports, and made him a safe friend.
+
+It is not singular therefore that though a stranger to many of the
+enlisted men, he should have had his warm friends who at once
+determined to make him captain.
+
+But Mr. Lincoln hung back with the feeling, he said, that if there was
+any older and better established citizen whom the "boys" had
+confidence in, it would be better to make such a one captain. His
+poverty was even more marked than his modesty; and for his stock of
+education about that time, he wrote in a letter to a friend
+twenty-seven years later:
+
+"I did not know much; still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher
+to the rule of three, but that was all."
+
+That, however, was up to the average education of the community; and
+having been clerk in a country grocery he was considered an educated
+man.
+
+In the company Mr. Lincoln had joined, there was a dapper little chap
+for whom Mr. Lincoln had labored as a farm hand a year before, and
+whom he had left on account of ill treatment from him. This man was
+eager for the captaincy. He put in his days and nights "log-rolling"
+among his fellow volunteers; said he had already smelt gun-powder in a
+brush with Indians, thus urging the value of experience; even thought
+he had a "martial bearing"; and he was very industrious in getting
+those men to join the company who would probably vote for him to be
+captain.
+
+Muster-day came, and the recruits met to organize. About them stood
+several hundred relatives and other friends.
+
+The little candidate was early on hand and busily bidding for votes.
+He had felt so confident of the office in advance of muster-day, that
+he had rummaged through several country tailor-shops and got a new
+suit of the nearest approach to a captain's uniform that their scant
+stock could furnish. So there he was, arrayed in jaunty cap, and a
+swallow-tailed coat with brass buttons. He even wore fine boots, and
+moreover had them blacked--which was almost a crime among a country
+crowd of that day.
+
+Young Lincoln took not one step to make himself captain; and not one
+to prevent it. He simply put himself "in the hands of his friends," as
+the politicians say. He stood and quietly watched the trouble others
+were borrowing over the matter as if it were an election of officers
+they had enlisted for, rather than for fighting Indians. But after
+all, a good deal depends in war, on getting good officers.
+
+As two o'clock drew near, the hour set for making captain, four or
+five of young Lincoln's most zealous friends with a big stalwart
+fellow at the head edged along pretty close to him, yet not in a way
+to excite suspicion of a "conspiracy." Just a little bit before two,
+without even letting "Abe" himself know exactly "what was up," the big
+fellow stepped directly behind him, clapped his hands on the
+shoulders before him, and shouted as only prairie giants can, "Hurrah
+for Captain Abe Lincoln!" and plunged his really astonished candidate
+forward into a march.
+
+At the same instant, those in league with him also put hands to the
+shoulders before them, pushed, and took up the cheer, "Hurrah for
+Captain Abe Lincoln!" so loudly that there seemed to be several
+hundred already on their side; and so there were, for the outside
+crowd was also already cheering for "Abe."
+
+This little "ruse" of the Lincoln "boys" proved a complete success.
+"Abe" had to march, whether or no, to the music of their cheers; he
+was truly "in the hands of his friends" then, and couldn't get away;
+and it must be said he didn't seem to feel very bad over the
+situation. The storm of cheers and the sight of tall Abraham (six feet
+and four inches) at the head of the marching column, before the fussy
+little chap in brass buttons who was quite ready, caused a quick
+stampede even among the boys who intended to vote for the little
+fellow. One after another they rushed for a place in "Captain Abe's"
+line as though to be first to fall in was to win a prize.
+
+A few rods away stood that suit of captain's clothes alone, looking
+smaller than ever, "the starch all taken out of 'em," their occupant
+confounded, and themselves for sale. "Abe's" old "boss" said he was
+"astonished," and so he had good reason to be, but everybody could see
+it without his saying so. His "style" couldn't win among the true and
+shrewd, though unpolished "boys" in coarse garments. They saw right
+through him.
+
+"Buttons," as he became known from that day, was the last man to fall
+into "Abe's" line; he said he'd make it unanimous.
+
+But his experience in making "Abe" Captain made himself so sick that
+he wasn't "able" to move when the company left for the "front," though
+he soon grew able to move out of the procession.
+
+Thus was "Father Abraham," so young as twenty-three, chosen captain of
+a militia company over him whose abused, hired-hand he had been. It is
+little wonder that in '59 after three elections to the State
+Legislature and one to Congress, Mr. Lincoln should write of his early
+event as "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had
+since." The war was soon over with but little field work for the
+volunteers; but no private was known to complain that "Abe" was not a
+good captain.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+MATURITY
+
+
+LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE--A PEEP INTO LINCOLN'S SOCIAL LIFE
+
+In 1842, in his thirty-third year, Mr. Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd,
+a daughter of Hon. Robert S. Todd, of Lexington, Kentucky. The
+marriage took place in Springfield, where the lady had for several
+years resided, on the fourth of November of the year mentioned. It is
+probable that he married as early as the circumstances of his life
+permitted, for he had always loved the society of women, and possessed
+a nature that took profound delight in intimate female companionship.
+A letter written on the eighteenth of May following his marriage, to
+J. F. Speed, Esq., of Louisville, Kentucky, an early and a life-long
+personal friend, gives a pleasant glimpse of his domestic arrangements
+at this time. "We are not keeping house," Mr. Lincoln says in his
+letter, "but boarding at the Globe Tavern, which is very well kept now
+by a widow lady of the name of Beck. Our rooms are the same Dr.
+Wallace occupied there, and boarding only costs four dollars a
+week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny would not fail to
+come. Just let us know the time, a week in advance, and we will have a
+room prepared for you, and we'll all be merry together for awhile." He
+seems to have been in excellent spirits, and to have been very hearty
+in the enjoyment of his new relation. The private letters of Mr.
+Lincoln were charmingly natural and sincere. His personal friendships
+were the sweetest sources of his happiness.
+
+To a particular friend, he wrote February 25, 1842: "Yours of the
+sixteenth, announcing that Miss ---- and you 'are no longer twain, but
+one flesh,' reached me this morning. I have no way of telling you how
+much happiness I wish you both, though I believe you both can conceive
+it. I feel somewhat jealous of both of you now, for you will be so
+exclusively concerned for one another that I shall be forgotten
+entirely. My acquaintance with Miss ---- (I call her thus lest you
+should think I am speaking of your mother), was too short for me to
+reasonably hope to be long remembered by her; and still I am sure I
+shall not forget her soon. Try if you can not remind her of that debt
+she owes me, and be sure you do not interfere to prevent her paying
+it.
+
+"I regret to learn that you have resolved not to return to Illinois. I
+shall be very lonesome without you. How miserably things seem to be
+arranged in this world! If we have no friends we have no pleasure; and
+if we have them, we are sure to lose them, and be doubly pained by the
+loss. I did hope she and you would make your home here, yet I own I
+have no right to insist. You owe obligations to her ten thousand times
+more sacred than any you can owe to others, and in that light let them
+be respected and observed. It is natural that she should desire to
+remain with her relations and friends. As to friends, she could not
+need them anywhere--she would have them in abundance here. Give my
+kind regards to Mr. ---- and his family, particularly to Miss E. Also
+to your mother, brothers and sisters. Ask little E. D. ---- if she
+will ride to town with me if I come there again. And, finally, give
+---- a double reciprocation of all the love she sent me. Write me
+often, and believe me, yours forever,
+
+                                                         Lincoln."
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN AND JUDGE B---- SWAPPED HORSES
+
+From "Anecdotes of Abraham Lincoln."
+
+When Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer in Illinois, he and a certain Judge
+once got to bantering one another about trading horses; and it was
+agreed that the next morning at 9 o'clock they should make a trade,
+the horses to be unseen up to that hour, and no backing out, under a
+forfeiture of $25.
+
+At the hour appointed the Judge came up, leading the sorriest-looking
+specimen of a horse ever seen in those parts. In a few minutes Mr.
+Lincoln was seen approaching with a wooden saw-horse upon his
+shoulders. Great were the shouts and the laughter of the crowd, and
+both were greatly increased when Mr. Lincoln, on surveying the Judge's
+animal, set down his saw-horse, and exclaimed: "Well, Judge, this is
+the first time I ever got the worst of it in a horse trade."
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN AS A MAN OF LETTERS[3]
+
+BY HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE
+
+From "Warner's Library of the World's Best Literature."
+
+Born in 1809 and dying in 1865, Mr. Lincoln was the contemporary of
+every distinguished man of letters in America to the close of the war;
+but from none of them does he appear to have received literary impulse
+or guidance. He might have read, if circumstances had been favorable,
+a large part of the work of Irving, Bryant, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson,
+Lowell, Whittier, Holmes, Longfellow, and Thoreau, as it came from the
+press; but he was entirely unfamiliar with it apparently until late in
+his career and it is doubtful if even at that period he knew it well
+or cared greatly for it. He was singularly isolated by circumstances
+and by temperament from those influences which usually determine,
+within certain limits, the quality and character of a man's style.
+
+And Mr. Lincoln had a style,--a distinctive, individual,
+characteristic form of expression. In his own way he gained an insight
+into the structure of English, and a freedom and skill in the
+selection and combination of words, which not only made him the most
+convincing speaker of his time, but which have secured for his
+speeches a permanent place in literature. One of those speeches is
+already known wherever the English language is spoken; it is a classic
+by virtue not only of its unique condensation of the sentiment of a
+tremendous struggle into the narrow compass of a few brief paragraphs,
+but by virtue of that instinctive felicity of style which gives to the
+largest thought the beauty of perfect simplicity. The two Inaugural
+Addresses are touched by the same deep feeling, the same large vision,
+the same clear, expressive and persuasive eloquence; and these
+qualities are found in a great number of speeches, from Mr. Lincoln's
+first appearance in public life. In his earliest expressions of his
+political views there is less range; but there is the structural
+order, clearness, sense of proportion, ease, and simplicity which give
+classic quality to the later utterances. Few speeches have so little
+of what is commonly regarded as oratorial quality; few have approached
+so constantly the standards and character of literature. While a group
+of men of gift and opportunity in the East were giving American
+literature its earliest direction, and putting the stamp of a high
+idealism on its thought and a rare refinement of spirit on its form,
+this lonely, untrained man on the old frontier was slowly working his
+way through the hardest and rudest conditions to perhaps the foremost
+place in American history, and forming at the same time a style of
+singular and persuasive charm.
+
+There is, however, no possible excellence without adequate education;
+no possible mastery of any art without thorough training. Mr. Lincoln
+has sometimes been called an accident, and his literary gift an
+unaccountable play of nature; but few men have ever more definitely
+and persistently worked out what was in them by clear intelligence
+than Mr. Lincoln, and no speaker or writer of our time has, according
+to his opportunities, trained himself more thoroughly in the use of
+English prose. Of educational opportunity in the scholastic sense, the
+future orator had only the slightest. He went to school "by littles,"
+and these "littles" put together aggregated less than a year; but he
+discerned very early the practical uses of knowledge, and set himself
+to acquire it. This pursuit soon became a passion, and this deep and
+irresistible yearning did more for him perhaps than richer
+opportunities would have done. It made him a constant student, and it
+taught him the value of fragments of time. "He was always at the head
+of his class," writes one of his schoolmates, "and passed us rapidly
+in his studies. He lost no time at home, and when he was not at work
+was at his books. He kept up his studies on Sunday, and carried his
+books with him to work, so that he might read when he rested from
+labor." "I induced my husband to permit Abe to read and study at home
+as well as at school," writes his stepmother. "At first he was not
+easily reconciled to it, but finally he too seemed willing to
+encourage him to a certain extent. Abe was a dutiful son to me always,
+and we took particular care when he was reading not to disturb
+him,--would let him read on and on until he quit of his own accord."
+
+The books within his reach were few, but they were among the best.
+First and foremost was that collection of literature in prose and
+verse, the Bible: a library of sixty-six volumes, presenting nearly
+every literary form, and translated at the fortunate moment when the
+English language had received the recent impress of its greatest
+masters of the speech of the imagination. This literature Mr. Lincoln
+knew intimately, familiarly, fruitfully; as Shakespeare knew it in an
+earlier version, and as Tennyson knew it and was deeply influenced by
+it in the form in which it entered into and trained Lincoln's
+imagination. Then there was that wise and very human text-book of the
+knowledge of character and life, "AEsop's Fables"; that masterpiece of
+clear presentation, "Robinson Crusoe"; and that classic of pure
+English, "The Pilgrim's Progress." These four books--in the hands of a
+meditative boy, who read until the last ember went out on the hearth,
+began again when the earliest light reached his bed in the loft of the
+log cabin, who perched himself on a stump, book in hand, at the end of
+every furrow in the plowing season--contained the elements of a
+movable university.
+
+To these must be added many volumes borrowed from more fortunate
+neighbors; for he had "read through every book he had heard of in that
+country, for a circuit of fifty miles." A history of the United States
+and a copy of Weems's "Life of Washington" laid the foundations of
+his political education. That he read with his imagination as well as
+with his eyes is clear from certain words spoken in the Senate Chamber
+at Trenton in 1861. "May I be pardoned," said Mr. Lincoln, "if on this
+occasion I mention that way back in my childhood, the earliest days of
+my being able to read, I got hold of a small book, such a one as few
+of the members have ever seen,--Weems's 'Life of Washington.' I
+remember all the accounts there given of the battle-fields and
+struggles for the liberties of the country; and none fixed themselves
+upon my imagination so deeply as the struggle here at Trenton, New
+Jersey. The crossing of the river, the contest with the Hessians, the
+great hardships endured at that time,--all fixed themselves on my
+memory more than any single Revolutionary event; and you all know, for
+you have all been boys, how those early impressions last longer than
+any others."
+
+"When Abe and I returned to the house from work," writes John Hanks,
+"he would go to the cupboard, snatch a piece of corn bread, sit down,
+take a book, cock his legs up as high as his head, and read. We
+grubbed, plowed, weeded, and worked together barefooted in the field.
+Whenever Abe had a chance in the field while at work, or at the house,
+he would stop and read." And this habit was kept up until Mr. Lincoln
+had found both his life work and his individual expression. Later he
+devoured Shakespeare and Burns; and the poetry of these masters of the
+dramatic and lyric form, sprung like himself from the common soil,
+and like him self-trained and directed, furnished a kind of running
+accompaniment to his work and his play. What he read he not only held
+tenaciously, but took into his imagination and incorporated into
+himself. His familiar talk was enriched with frequent and striking
+illustrations from the Bible and "AEsop's Fables."
+
+This passion for knowledge and for companionship with the great
+writers would have gone for nothing, so far as the boy's training in
+expression was concerned, if he had contented himself with
+acquisition; but he turned everything to account. He was as eager for
+expression as for the material of expression; more eager to write and
+to talk than to read. Bits of paper, stray sheets, even boards served
+his purpose. He was continually transcribing with his own hand
+thoughts or phrases which had impressed him. Everything within reach
+bore evidence of his passion for reading, and for writing as well. The
+flat sides of logs, the surface of the broad wooden shovel, everything
+in his vicinity which could receive a legible mark, was covered with
+his figures and letters. He was studying expression quite as
+intelligently as he was searching for thought. Years afterwards, when
+asked how he had attained such extraordinary clearness of style, he
+recalled his early habit of retaining in his memory words or phrases
+overheard in ordinary conversation or met in books and newspapers,
+until night, meditating on them until he got at their meaning, and
+then translating them into his own simpler speech. This habit, kept up
+for years, was the best possible training for the writing of such
+English as one finds in the Bible and in "The Pilgrim's Progress." His
+self-education in the art of expression soon bore fruit in a local
+reputation both as a talker and a writer. His facility in rhyme and
+essay-writing was not only greatly admired by his fellows, but
+awakened great astonishment, because these arts were not taught in the
+neighboring schools.
+
+In speech too he was already disclosing that command of the primary
+and universal elements of interest in human intercourse which was to
+make him, later, one of the most entertaining men of his time. His
+power of analyzing a subject so as to be able to present it to others
+with complete clearness was already disclosing itself. No matter how
+complex a question might be, he did not rest until he had reduced it
+to its simplest terms. When he had done this he was not only eager to
+make it clear to others, but to give his presentation freshness,
+variety, attractiveness. He had, in a word, the literary sense. "When
+he appeared in company," writes one of his early companions, "the boys
+would gather and cluster around him to hear him talk. Mr. Lincoln was
+figurative in his speech, talks and conversation. He argued much from
+analogy, and explained things hard for us to understand by stories,
+maxims, tales and figures. He would almost always point his lesson or
+idea by some story that was plain and near to us, that we might
+instantly see the force and bearing of what he said."
+
+In that phrase lies the secret of the closeness of Mr. Lincoln's words
+to his theme and to his listeners,--one of the qualities of genuine,
+original expression. He fed himself with thought, and he trained
+himself in expression; but his supreme interest was in the men and
+women about him, and later, in the great questions which agitated
+them. He was in his early manhood when society was profoundly moved by
+searching which could neither be silenced nor evaded; and his lot was
+cast in a section where, as a rule, people read little and talked
+much. Public speech was the chief instrumentality of political
+education and the most potent means of persuasion; but behind the
+platform, upon which Mr. Lincoln was to become a commanding figure,
+were countless private debates carried on at street corners, in hotel
+rooms, by the country road, in every place where men met even in the
+most casual way. In these wayside schools Mr. Lincoln practiced the
+art of putting things until he became a past-master in debate, both
+formal and informal.
+
+If all these circumstances, habits and conditions are studied in their
+entirety, it will be seen that Mr. Lincoln's style, so far as its
+formal qualities are concerned, is in no sense accidental or even
+surprising. He was all his early life in the way of doing precisely
+what he did in his later life with a skill which had become instinct.
+He was educated, in a very unusual way, to speak for his time and to
+his time with perfect sincerity and simplicity; to feel the moral
+bearing of the questions which were before the country; to discern the
+principles involved; and to so apply the principles to the questions
+as to clarify and illuminate them. There is little difficulty in
+accounting for the lucidity, simplicity, flexibility, and compass of
+Mr. Lincoln's style; it is not until we turn to its temperamental and
+spiritual qualities, to the soul of it, that we find ourselves
+perplexed and baffled.
+
+But Mr. Lincoln's possession of certain rare qualities is in no way
+more surprising than their possession by Shakespeare, Burns, and
+Whitman. We are constantly tempted to look for the sources of a man's
+power in his educational opportunities instead of in his temperament
+and inheritance. The springs of genius are purified and directed in
+their flow by the processes of training, but they are fed from deeper
+sources. The man of obscure ancestry and rude surroundings is often in
+closer touch with nature, and with those universal experiences which
+are the very stuff of literature, than the man who is born on the
+upper reaches of social position and opportunity. Mr. Lincoln's
+ancestry for at least two generations were pioneers and frontiersmen,
+who knew hardship and privation, and were immersed in that great wave
+of energy and life which fertilized and humanized the central West.
+They were in touch with those original experiences out of which the
+higher evolution of civilization slowly rises; they knew the soil and
+the sky at first hand; they wrested a meagre subsistence out of the
+stubborn earth by constant toil; they shared to the full the
+vicissitudes and weariness of humanity at its elemental tasks.
+
+It was to this nearness to the heart of a new country, perhaps, that
+Mr. Lincoln owed his intimate knowledge of his people and his deep and
+beautiful sympathy with them. There was nothing sinuous or secondary
+in his processes of thought: they were broad, simple, and homely in
+the old sense of the word. He had rare gifts, but he was rooted deep
+in the soil of the life about him, and so completely in touch with it
+that he divined its secrets and used its speech. This vital sympathy
+gave his nature a beautiful gentleness, and suffused his thought with
+a tenderness born of deep compassion and love. He carried the sorrows
+of his country as truly as he bore its burdens; and when he came to
+speak on the second immortal day at Gettysburg, he condensed into a
+few sentences the innermost meaning of the struggle and the victory in
+the life of the nation. It was this deep heart of pity and love in him
+which carried him far beyond the reaches of statesmanship or oratory,
+and gave his words that finality of expression which marks the noblest
+art.
+
+That there was a deep vein of poetry in Mr. Lincoln's nature is clear
+to one who reads the story of his early life; and this innate
+idealism, set in surroundings so harsh and rude, had something to do
+with his melancholy. The sadness which was mixed with his whole life
+was, however, largely due to his temperament; in which the final
+tragedy seemed always to be predicted. In that temperament too is
+hidden the secret of the rare quality of nature and mind which
+suffused his public speech and turned so much of it into literature.
+There was humor in it, there was deep human sympathy, there was clear
+mastery of words for the use to which he put them; but there was
+something deeper and more pervasive,--there was the quality of his
+temperament; and temperament is a large part of genius. The inner
+forces of his nature played through his thought; and when great
+occasions touched him to the quick, his whole nature shaped his speech
+and gave it clear intelligence, deep feeling, and that beauty which is
+distilled out of the depths of the sorrows and hopes of the world. He
+was as unlike Burke and Webster, those masters of the eloquence of
+statesmanship, as Burns was unlike Milton and Tennyson. Like Burns, he
+held the key of the life of his people; and through him, as through
+Burns, that life found a voice, vibrating, pathetic, and persuasive.
+
+[3] _By permission of R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill Co._
+
+
+LINCOLN'S PRESENCE OF BODY
+
+From "Abe Lincoln's Yarns and Stories"
+
+On one occasion, Colonel Baker was speaking in a court-house, which
+had been a storehouse, and, on making some remarks that were offensive
+to certain political rowdies in the crowd, they cried: "Take him off
+the stand!" Immediate confusion followed, and there was an attempt to
+carry the demand into execution. Directly over the speaker's head was
+an old skylight, at which it appeared Mr. Lincoln had been listening
+to the speech. In an instant, Mr. Lincoln's feet came through the
+skylight, followed by his tall and sinewy frame, and he was standing
+by Colonel Baker's side. He raised his hand, and the assembly subsided
+into silence. "Gentlemen," said Mr. Lincoln, "let us not disgrace the
+age and country in which we live. This is a land where freedom of
+speech is guaranteed. Mr. Baker has a right to speak, and ought to be
+permitted to do so. I am here to protect him, and no man shall take
+him from this stand if I can prevent it."
+
+The suddenness of his appearance, his perfect calmness and fairness,
+and the knowledge that he would do what he had promised to do, quieted
+all disturbance, and the speaker concluded his remarks without
+difficulty.
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN BECAME A NATIONAL FIGURE
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL
+
+From "The Life of Abraham Lincoln."[4]
+
+"The greatest speech ever made in Illinois, and it puts Lincoln on the
+track for the Presidency," was the comment made by enthusiastic
+Republicans on Lincoln's speech before the Bloomington Convention.
+Conscious that it was he who had put the breath of life into their
+organization, the party instinctively turned to him as its leader. The
+effect of this local recognition was at once perceptible in the
+national organization. Less than three weeks after the delivery of the
+Bloomington speech, the national convention of the Republican party
+met in Philadelphia, June 17, to nominate candidates for the
+Presidency and Vice-presidency. Lincoln's name was the second proposed
+for the latter office, and on the first ballot he received one hundred
+and ten votes. The news reached him at Urbana, Ill., where he was
+attending court, one of his companions reading from a daily paper just
+received from Chicago, the result of the ballot. The simple name
+Lincoln was given, without the name of the man's State. Lincoln said
+indifferently that he did not suppose it could be himself; and added
+that there was "another great man" of the name, a man from
+Massachusetts. The next day, however, he knew that it was himself to
+whom the convention had given so strong an endorsement. He knew also
+that the ticket chosen was Fremont and Dayton.
+
+The campaign of the following summer and fall was one of intense
+activity for Lincoln. In Illinois and the neighboring States he made
+over fifty speeches, only fragments of which have been preserved. One
+of the first important ones was delivered on July 4, 1856, at a great
+mass meeting at Princeton, the home of the Lovejoys and the Bryants.
+The people were still irritated by the outrages in Kansas and by the
+attack on Sumner in the Senate, and the temptation to deliver a
+stirring and indignant oration must have been strong. Lincoln's speech
+was, however, a fine example of political wisdom, an historical
+argument admirably calculated to convince his auditors that they were
+right in their opposition to slavery extension, but so controlled and
+sane that it would stir no impulsive radical to violence. There
+probably was not uttered in the United States on that critical 4th of
+July, 1856, when the very foundation of the government was in dispute
+and the day itself seemed a mockery, a cooler, more logical speech
+than this by the man who, a month before, had driven a convention so
+nearly mad that the very reporters had forgotten to make notes. And
+the temper of this Princeton speech Lincoln kept throughout the
+campaign.
+
+In spite of the valiant struggle of the Republicans, Buchanan was
+elected; but Lincoln was in no way discouraged. The Republicans had
+polled 1,341,264 votes in the country. In Illinois, they had given
+Fremont nearly 100,000 votes, and they had elected their candidate for
+governor, General Bissell. Lincoln turned from arguments to
+encouragement and good counsel.
+
+"All of us," he said at a Republican banquet in Chicago, a few weeks
+after the election, "who did not vote for Mr. Buchanan, taken
+together, are a majority of four hundred thousand. But in the late
+contest we were divided between Fremont and Fillmore. Can we not come
+together for the future? Let every one who really believes and is
+resolved that free society is not and shall not be a failure, and who
+can conscientiously declare that in the last contest he had done what
+he thought best--let every such one have charity to believe that every
+other one can say as much. Thus let bygones be bygones; let past
+differences as nothing be; and with steady eye on the real issue let
+us reinaugurate the good old 'central idea' of the republic. We can do
+it. The human heart is with us; God is with us. We shall again be
+able, not to declare that 'all States as States are equal,' nor yet
+that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader,
+better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men
+are created equal.'"
+
+The spring of 1857 gave Lincoln a new line of argument. Buchanan was
+scarcely in the Presidential chair before the Supreme Court, in the
+decision of the Dred Scott case, declared that a negro could not sue
+in the United States courts and that Congress could not prohibit
+slavery in the Territories. This decision was such an evident advance
+of the slave power that there was a violent uproar in the North.
+Douglas went at once to Illinois to calm his constituents. "What," he
+cried, "oppose the Supreme Court! is it not sacred? To resist it is
+anarchy."
+
+Lincoln met him fairly on the issue in a speech at Springfield in
+June, 1857.
+
+"We believe as much as Judge Douglas (perhaps more) in obedience to
+and respect for the judicial department of government.... But we
+think the Dred Scott decision is erroneous. We know the court that
+made it has often overruled its own decisions, and we shall do what we
+can to have it overrule this. We offer no resistance to it.... If this
+important decision had been made by the unanimous concurrence of the
+judges, and without any apparent partisan bias, and in accordance with
+legal public expectation and with the steady practice of the
+departments throughout our history, and had been in no part based on
+assumed historical facts which are not really true; or if, wanting in
+some of these, it had been before the court more than once, and had
+there been affirmed and reaffirmed through a course of years, it then
+might be, perhaps would be, factious, nay, even revolutionary, not to
+acquiesce in it as a precedent. But when, as is true, we find it
+wanting in all these claims to the public confidence, it is not
+resistance, it is not factious, it is not even disrespectful, to treat
+it as not having yet quite established a settled doctrine for the
+country."
+
+Let Douglas cry "awful," "anarchy," "revolution," as much as he would,
+Lincoln's arguments against the Dred Scott decision appealed to common
+sense and won him commendation all over the country. Even the radical
+leaders of the party in the East--Seward, Sumner, Theodore
+Parker--began to notice him, to read his speeches, to consider his
+arguments.
+
+With every month of 1857 Lincoln grew stronger, and his election in
+Illinois as United States senatorial candidate in 1858 against Douglas
+would have been insured if Douglas had not suddenly broken with
+Buchanan and his party in a way which won him the hearty sympathy and
+respect of a large part of the Republicans of the North. By a
+flagrantly unfair vote the pro-slavery leaders of Kansas had secured
+the adoption of the Lecompton Constitution allowing slavery in the
+State. President Buchanan urged Congress to admit Kansas with her
+bogus Constitution. Douglas, who would not sanction so base an
+injustice, opposed the measure, voting with the Republicans steadily
+against the admission. The Buchananists, outraged at what they called
+"Douglas's apostasy," broke with him. Then it was that a part of the
+Republican party, notably Horace Greeley at the head of the New York
+"Tribune," struck by the boldness and nobility of Douglas's
+opposition, began to hope to win him over from the Democrats to the
+Republicans. Their first step was to counsel the leaders of their
+party in Illinois to put up no candidate against Douglas for the
+United States senatorship in 1858.
+
+Lincoln saw this change on the part of the Republican leaders with
+dismay. "Greeley is not doing me right," he said. "... I am a true
+Republican, and have been tried already in the hottest part of the
+anti-slavery fight; and yet I find him taking up Douglas, a veritable
+dodger,--once a tool of the South, now its enemy,--and pushing him to
+the front." He grew so restless over the returning popularity of
+Douglas among the Republicans that Herndon, his law-partner,
+determined to go East to find out the real feeling of the Eastern
+leaders towards Lincoln. Herndon had, for a long time, been in
+correspondence with the leading abolitionists and had no difficulty in
+getting interviews. The returns he brought back from his canvass were
+not altogether reassuring. Seward, Sumner, Phillips, Garrison,
+Beecher, Theodore Parker, all spoke favorably of Lincoln and Seward
+sent him word that the Republicans would never take up so slippery a
+quantity as Douglas had proved himself. But Greeley--the all-important
+Greeley--was lukewarm. "The Republican standard is too high," he told
+Herndon. "We want something practical.... Douglas is a brave man.
+Forget the past and sustain the righteous." "Good God, righteous, eh!"
+groaned Herndon in his letter to Lincoln.
+
+But though the encouragement which came to Lincoln from the East in
+the spring of 1858 was meagre, that which came from Illinois was
+abundant. There the Republicans supported him in whole-hearted
+devotion. In June, the State convention, meeting in Springfield to
+nominate its candidate for Senator, declared that Abraham Lincoln was
+its first and only choice as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas. The
+press was jubilant. "Unanimity is a weak word," wrote the editor of
+the Bloomington "Pantagraph," "to express the universal and intense
+feeling of the convention. _Lincoln!_ LINCOLN!! LINCOLN!!! was the cry
+everywhere, whenever the senatorship was alluded to. Delegates from
+Chicago and from Cairo, from the Wabash and the Illinois, from the
+north, the center, and the south, were alike fierce with enthusiasm,
+whenever that loved name was breathed. Enemies at home and misjudging
+friends abroad, who have looked for dissension among us on the
+question of the senatorship, will please take notice that our
+nomination is a unanimous one; and that, in the event of a Republican
+majority in the next Legislature, no other name than Lincoln's will be
+mentioned, or thought of, by a solitary Republican legislator. One
+little incident in the convention was a pleasing illustration of the
+universality of the Lincoln sentiment. Cook County had brought a
+banner into the assemblage inscribed, 'Cook County for Abraham
+Lincoln.' During a pause in the proceedings, a delegate from another
+county rose and proposed, with the consent of the Cook County
+delegation, 'to amend the banner by substituting for "Cook County" the
+word which I hold in my hand,' at the same time unrolling a scroll,
+and revealing the word 'Illinois' in huge capitals. The Cook
+delegation promptly accepted the amendment, and amidst a perfect
+hurricane of hurrahs, the banner was duly altered to express the
+sentiment of the whole Republican party of the State, thus: 'Illinois
+for Abraham Lincoln.'"
+
+On the evening of the day of his nomination, Lincoln addressed his
+constituents. The first paragraph of his speech gave the key to the
+campaign he proposed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I
+believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half
+free. I do not expect the house to fall--but I do expect it will
+cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other."
+
+Then followed the famous charge of conspiracy against the slavery
+advocates, the charge that Pierce, Buchanan, Chief Justice Taney, and
+Douglas had been making a concerted effort to legalize the institution
+of slavery "in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as
+South." He marshaled one after another of the measures that the
+pro-slavery leaders had secured in the past four years, and clinched
+the argument by one of his inimitable illustrations.
+
+"When we see a lot of framed timbers, different portions of which we
+know have been gotten out of different times and places and by
+different workmen,--Stephen, Franklin, Roger and James,[A] for
+instance,--and we see these timbers joined together, and see they
+exactly make the frame of a house or a mill, all the tenons and
+mortises exactly fitting, and all the lengths and proportions of the
+different pieces exactly adapted to their respective places, and not a
+piece too many or too few, not omitting even the scaffolding--or, if a
+single piece be lacking, we see the place in the frame exactly fitted
+and prepared yet to bring such a piece in--in such a case we find it
+impossible not to believe that Stephen and Franklin and Roger and
+James all understood one another from the beginning, and all worked
+upon a common plan or draft, drawn up before the first blow was
+struck."
+
+The speech was severely criticised by Lincoln's friends. It was too
+radical. It was sectional. He heard the complaints unmoved. "If I had
+to draw a pen across my record," he said, one day, "and erase my whole
+life from sight, and I had one poor gift of choice left as to what I
+should save from the wreck, I should choose that speech and leave it
+to the world unerased."
+
+The speech, was, in fact, one of great political adroitness. It forced
+Douglas to do exactly what he did not want to do in Illinois; explain
+his own record during the past four years; explain the true meaning of
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill; discuss the Dred Scott decision; say whether
+or not he thought slavery so good a thing that the country could
+afford to extend it instead of confining it where it would be in
+course of gradual extinction. Douglas wanted the Republicans of
+Illinois to follow Greeley's advice: "Forgive the past." He wanted to
+make the most among them of his really noble revolt against the
+attempt of his party to fasten an unjust constitution on Kansas.
+Lincoln would not allow him to bask for an instant in the sun of that
+revolt. He crowded him step by step through his party's record, and
+compelled him to face what he called the "profound central truth" of
+the Republican party, "slavery is wrong and ought to be dealt with as
+wrong."
+
+But it was at once evident that Douglas did not mean to
+meet the issue squarely. He called the doctrine of Lincoln's
+"house-divided-against-itself" speech "sectionalism"; his charge of
+conspiracy "false"; his talk of the wrong of slavery extension
+"abolitionism." This went on for a month. Then Lincoln resolved to
+force Douglas to meet his arguments, and challenged him to a series of
+joint debates. Douglas was not pleased. His reply to the challenge was
+irritable, even slightly insolent. To those of his friends who talked
+with him privately of the contest, he said: "I do not feel, between
+you and me, that I want to go into this debate. The whole country
+knows me, and has me measured. Lincoln, as regards myself, is
+comparatively unknown, and if he gets the best of this debate,--and I
+want to say he is the ablest man the Republicans have got,--I shall
+lose everything and Lincoln will gain everything. Should I win, I
+shall gain but little. I do not want to go into a debate with Abe."
+Publicly, however, he carried off the prospect confidently, even
+jauntily. "Mr. Lincoln," he said patronizingly, "is a kind, amiable,
+intelligent gentleman." In the meantime his constituents boasted
+loudly of the fine spectacle they were going to give the State--"the
+Little Giant chawing up Old Abe!"
+
+Many of Lincoln's friends looked forward to the encounter with
+foreboding. Often, in spite of their best intentions, they showed
+anxiety. "Shortly before the first debate came off at Ottawa," says
+Judge H. W. Beckwith of Danville, Ill., "I passed the Chenery House,
+then the principal hotel in Springfield. The lobby was crowded with
+partisan leaders from various sections of the State, and Mr. Lincoln,
+from his greater height, was seen above the surging mass that clung
+about him like a swarm of bees to their ruler. He looked careworn, but
+he met the crowd patiently and kindly, shaking hands, answering
+questions, and receiving assurances of support. The day was warm, and
+at the first chance he broke away and came out for a little fresh air,
+wiping the sweat from his face.
+
+"As he passed the door he saw me, and, taking my hand, inquired for
+the health and views of his 'friends over in Vermilion County.' He was
+assured they were wide awake, and further told that they looked
+forward to the debate between him and Senator Douglas with deep
+concern. From the shadow that went quickly over his face, the pained
+look that came to give quickly way to a blaze of eyes and quiver of
+lips, I felt that Mr. Lincoln had gone beneath my mere words and
+caught my inner and current fears as to the result. And then, in a
+forgiving, jocular way peculiar to him, he said, 'Sit down; I have a
+moment to spare and will tell you a story.' Having been on his feet
+for some time, he sat on the end of the stone steps leading into the
+hotel door, while I stood closely fronting him.
+
+"'You have,' he continued, 'seen two men about to fight?'
+
+"'Yes, many times.'
+
+"'Well, one of them brags about what he means to do. He jumps high in
+the air, cracking his heels together, smites his fists, and wastes his
+breath trying to scare everybody. You see the other fellow, he says
+not a word,'--here Mr. Lincoln's voice and manner changed to great
+earnestness, and repeating--'you see the other man says not a word.
+His arms are at his side, his fists are closely doubled up, his head
+is drawn to the shoulder, and his teeth are set firm together. He is
+saving his wind for the fight, and as sure as it comes off he will win
+it, or die a-trying.'
+
+"He made no other comment, but arose, bade me good-by, and left me to
+apply that illustration."
+
+It was inevitable that Douglas's friends should be sanguine, Lincoln's
+doubtful. The contrast between the two candidates was almost pathetic.
+Senator Douglas was the most brilliant figure in the political life of
+the day. Winning in personality, fearless as an advocate, magnetic in
+eloquence, shrewd in political manoeuvring, he had every quality to
+captivate the public. His resources had never failed him. From his
+entrance into Illinois politics in 1834, he had been the recipient of
+every political honor his party had to bestow. For the past eleven
+years he had been a member of the United States Senate, where he had
+influenced all the important legislation of the day and met in debate
+every strong speaker of North and South. In 1852, and again in 1856,
+he had been a strongly supported, though unsuccessful candidate for
+the Democratic Presidential nomination. In 1858 he was put at or near
+the head of every list of possible Presidential candidates made up for
+1860.
+
+How barren Lincoln's public career in comparison! Three terms in the
+lower house of the State Assembly, one term in Congress, then a
+failure which drove him from public life. Now he returns as a bolter
+from his party, a leader in a new organization which the conservatives
+are denouncing as "visionary," "impractical," "revolutionary."
+
+No one recognized more clearly than Lincoln the difference between
+himself and his opponent. "With me," he said, sadly, in comparing the
+careers of himself and Douglas, "the race of ambition has been a
+failure--a flat failure. With him it has been one of splendid
+success." He warned his party at the outset that, with himself as a
+standard-bearer, the battle must be fought on principle alone, without
+any of the external aids which Douglas's brilliant career gave.
+"Senator Douglas is of world-wide renown," he said; "All the anxious
+politicians of his party, or who have been of his party for years
+past, have been looking upon him as certain, at no distant day, to be
+the President of the United States. They have seen in his round,
+jolly, fruitful face, post-offices, land-offices, marshal-ships, and
+cabinet appointments, chargeships and foreign missions, bursting and
+sprouting out in wonderful exuberance, ready to be laid hold of by
+their greedy hands. And as they have been gazing upon this attractive
+picture so long, they cannot, in the little distraction that has taken
+place in the party, bring themselves to give up the charming hope; but
+with greedier anxiety they rush about him, sustain him, and give him
+marches, triumphal entries, and receptions beyond what even in the
+days of his highest prosperity they could have brought about in his
+favor. On the contrary, nobody has ever expected me to be President.
+In my poor, lean, lank face, nobody has ever seen that any cabbages
+were sprouting out. These are disadvantages, all taken together, that
+the Republicans labor under. We have to fight this battle upon
+principle, and upon principle alone."
+
+If one will take a map of Illinois and locate the points of the
+Lincoln and Douglas debates held between August 21 and October 15,
+1858, he will see that the whole State was traversed in the contest.
+The first took place at Ottawa, about seventy-five miles southwest of
+Chicago, on August 21; the second at Freeport, near the Wisconsin
+boundary, on August 27. The third was in the extreme southern part of
+the State, at Jonesboro, on September 15. Three days later the
+contestants met one hundred and fifty miles northeast of Jonesboro, at
+Charleston. The fifth, sixth, and seventh debates were held in the
+western part of the State; at Galesburg, October 7; Quincy, October
+13; and Alton, October 15.
+
+Constant exposure and fatigue were unavoidable in meeting these
+engagements. Both contestants spoke almost every day through the
+intervals between the joint debates; and as railroad communication in
+Illinois in 1858 was still very incomplete, they were often obliged to
+resort to horse, carriage, or steamer, to reach the desired points.
+Judge Douglas succeeded, however, in making this difficult journey
+something of a triumphal procession. He was accompanied throughout the
+campaign by his wife--a beautiful and brilliant woman--and by a
+number of distinguished Democrats.
+
+On the Illinois Central Railroad he had always a special car,
+sometimes a special train. Frequently he swept by Lincoln,
+side-tracked in an accommodation or freight train. "The gentleman in
+that car evidently smelt no royalty on our carriage," laughed Lincoln
+one day, as he watched from the caboose of a laid-up freight train the
+decorated special of Douglas flying by.
+
+It was only when Lincoln left the railroad and crossed the prairie at
+some isolated town, that he went in state. The attentions he received
+were often very trying to him. He detested what he called "fizzlegigs
+and fireworks," and would squirm in disgust when his friends gave him
+a genuine prairie ovation. Usually, when he was going to a point
+distant from the railway, a "distinguished citizen" met him at the
+station nearest the place with a carriage. When they were come within
+two or three miles of the town, a long procession with banners and
+band would appear winding across the prairie to meet the speaker. A
+speech of greeting was made, and then the ladies of the entertainment
+committee would present Lincoln with flowers, sometimes even winding a
+garland about his head and lanky figure. His embarrassment at these
+attentions was thoroughly appreciated by his friends. At the Ottawa
+debate the enthusiasm of his supporters was so great that they
+insisted on carrying him from the platform to the house where he was
+to be entertained. Powerless to escape from the clutches of his
+admirers, he could only cry, "Don't, boys; let me down; come now,
+don't." But the "boys" persisted, and they tell to-day proudly of
+their exploit and of the cordial hand-shake Lincoln, all embarrassed
+as he was, gave each when at last he was free.
+
+On arrival at the towns where the joint debates were held, Douglas was
+always met by a brass band and a salute of thirty-two guns (the Union
+was composed of thirty-two States in 1858), and was escorted to the
+hotel in the finest equipage to be had. Lincoln's supporters took
+delight in showing their contempt of Douglas's elegance by affecting a
+Republican simplicity, often carrying their candidate through the
+streets on a high and unadorned hay-rack drawn by farm horses. The
+scenes in the towns on the occasion of the debates were perhaps never
+equalled at any other of the hustings of this country. No distance
+seemed too great for the people to go; no vehicle too slow or
+fatiguing. At Charleston there was a great delegation of men, women
+and children present which had come in a long procession from Indiana
+by farm wagons, afoot, on horseback, and in carriages. The crowds at
+three or four of the debates were for that day immense. There were
+estimated to be from eight thousand to fourteen thousand people at
+Quincy, some six thousand at Alton, from ten thousand to fifteen
+thousand at Charleston, some twenty thousand at Ottawa. Many of those
+at Ottawa came the night before. "It was a matter of but a short
+time," says Mr. George Beatty of Ottawa, "until the few hotels, the
+livery stables, and private houses were crowded, and there were no
+accommodations left. Then the campaigners spread out about the town,
+and camped in whatever spot was most convenient. They went along the
+bluff and on the bottom-lands, and that night, the camp-fires, spread
+up and down the valley for a mile, made it look as if an army was
+gathered about us."
+
+When the crowd was massed at the place of the debate, the scene was
+one of the greatest hubbub and confusion. On the corners of the
+squares, and scattered around the outskirts of the crowd, were fakirs
+of every description, selling painkillers and ague cures, watermelons
+and lemonade; jugglers and beggars plied their trades, and the brass
+bands of all the four corners within twenty-five miles tooted and
+pounded at "Hail Columbia, Happy Land," or "Columbia, the Gem of the
+Ocean."
+
+Conspicuous in the processions at all the points was what Lincoln
+called the "Basket of Flowers," thirty-two young girls in a
+resplendent car, representing the Union. At Charleston, a thirty-third
+young woman rode behind the car, representing Kansas. She carried a
+banner inscribed: "I will be free"; a motto which brought out from
+nearly all the newspaper reporters the comment that she was too fair
+to be long free.
+
+The mottoes at the different meetings epitomized the popular
+conception of the issues and the candidates. Among the Lincoln
+sentiments were:
+
+Illinois born under the Ordinance of '87.
+
+    Free Territories and Free Men,
+      Free Pulpits and Free Preachers,
+    Free Press and a Free Pen,
+      Free Schools and Free Teachers.
+
+    "Westward the star of empire takes its way;
+    The girls link on to Lincoln, their mothers were for Clay."
+
+Abe the Giant-Killer.
+
+Edgar County for the Tall Sucker.
+
+A striking feature of the crowds was the number of women they
+included. The intelligent and lively interest they took in the debates
+caused much comment. No doubt Mrs. Douglas's presence had something to
+do with this. They were particularly active in receiving the speakers,
+and at Quincy, Lincoln, on being presented with what the local press
+described as a "beautiful and elegant bouquet," took pains to express
+his gratification at the part women everywhere took in the contest.
+
+While this helter-skelter outpouring of prairiedom had the appearance
+of being little more than a great jollification, a lawless country
+fair, in reality it was with the majority of the people a profoundly
+serious matter. With every discussion it became more vital. Indeed, in
+the first debate, which was opened and closed by Douglas, the relation
+of the two speakers became dramatic. It was here that Douglas hoping
+to fasten on Lincoln the stigma of "abolitionist," charged him with
+having undertaken to abolitionize the old Whig party, and having been
+in 1854 a subscriber to a radical platform proclaimed at Springfield.
+This platform Douglas read. Lincoln, when he replied, could only say
+he was never at the convention--knew nothing of the resolutions; but
+the impression prevailed that he was cornered. The next issue of the
+Chicago "Press and Tribune" dispelled it. That paper had employed to
+report the debates the first shorthand reporter of Chicago, Mr. Robert
+L. Hitt--now a Member of Congress and the Chairman of the Committee on
+Foreign Affairs. Mr. Hitt, when Douglas began to read the resolutions,
+took an opportunity to rest, supposing he could get the original from
+the speaker. He took down only the first line of each resolution. He
+missed Douglas after the debate, but on reaching Chicago, where he
+wrote out his report, he sent an assistant to the files to find the
+platform adopted at the Springfield Convention. It was brought, but
+when Mr. Hitt began to transcribe it he saw at once that it was widely
+different from the one Douglas had read. There was great excitement in
+the office, and the staff, ardently Republican, went to work to
+discover where the resolutions had come from. It was found that they
+originated at a meeting of radical abolitionists with whom Lincoln had
+never been associated.
+
+The "Press and Tribune" announced the "forgery," as it was called in a
+caustic editorial, "The Little Dodger Cornered and Caught." Within a
+week even the remote school-districts of Illinois were discussing
+Douglas's action, and many of the most important papers of the nation
+had made it a subject of editorial comment.
+
+Almost without exception Douglas was condemned. No amount of
+explanation on his part helped him. "The particularity of Douglas's
+charge," said the Louisville "Journal," "precludes the idea that he
+was simply and innocently mistaken." Lovers of fair play were
+disgusted, and those of Douglas's own party who would have applauded a
+trick too clever to be discovered could not forgive him for one which
+had been found out. Greeley came out bitterly against him, and before
+long wrote to Lincoln and Herndon that Douglas was "like the man's boy
+who (he said) didn't weigh so much as he expected and he always knew
+he wouldn't."
+
+Douglas's error became a sharp-edged sword in Lincoln's hand. Without
+directly referring to it, he called his hearers' attention to the
+forgery every time he quoted a document by his elaborate explanation
+that he believed, unless there was some mistake on the part of those
+with whom the matter originated and which he had been unable to
+detect, that this was correct. Once when Douglas brought forward a
+document, Lincoln blandly remarked that he could scarcely be blamed
+for doubting its genuineness since the introduction of the Springfield
+resolutions at Ottawa.
+
+It was in the second debate, at Freeport, that Lincoln made the
+boldest stroke of the contest. Soon after the Ottawa debate, in
+discussing his plan for the next encounter, with a number of his
+political friends,--Washburne, Cook, Judd, and others,--he told them
+he proposed to ask Douglas four questions, which he read. One and all
+cried halt at the second question. Under no condition, they said, must
+he put it. If it were put, Douglas would answer it in such a way as to
+win the senatorship. The morning of the debate, while on the way to
+Freeport, Lincoln read the same questions to Mr. Joseph Medill. "I do
+not like this second question, Mr. Lincoln," said Mr. Medill. The two
+men argued to their journey's end, but Lincoln was still unconvinced.
+Even after he reached Freeport several Republican leaders came to him
+pleading, "Do not ask that question." He was obdurate; and he went on
+the platform with a higher head, a haughtier step than his friends had
+noted in him before. Lincoln was going to ruin himself, the committee
+said despondently; one would think he did not want the senatorship.
+
+The mooted question ran in Lincoln's notes: "Can the people of a
+United States territory in any lawful way, against the wish of any
+citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to
+the formation of a State Constitution?" Lincoln had seen the
+irreconcilableness of Douglas's own measure of popular sovereignty,
+which declared that the people of a territory should be left to
+regulate their domestic concerns in their own way subject only to the
+Constitution, and the decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott
+case that slaves, being property, could not under the Constitution be
+excluded from a territory. He knew that if Douglas said no to this
+question, his Illinois constituents would never return him to the
+Senate. He believed that if he said yes, the people of the South would
+never vote for him for President of the United States. He was willing
+himself to lose the senatorship in order to defeat Douglas for the
+Presidency in 1860. "I am after larger game; the battle of 1860 is
+worth a hundred of this," he said confidently.
+
+The question was put, and Douglas answered it with rare artfulness.
+"It matters not," he cried, "what way the Supreme Court may hereafter
+decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go
+into a territory under the Constitution; the people have the lawful
+means to introduce it or exclude it as they please, for the reason
+that slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is
+supported by local police regulations. Those police regulations can
+only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are
+opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body who
+will, by unfriendly legislation, effectually prevent the introduction
+of it into their midst. If, on the contrary, they are for it, their
+legislature will favor its extension."
+
+His democratic constituents went wild over the clever way in which
+Douglas had escaped Lincoln's trap. He now practically had his
+election. The Republicans shook their heads. Lincoln only was serene.
+He alone knew what he had done. The Freeport debate had no sooner
+reached the pro-slavery press than a storm of protest went up.
+Douglas had betrayed the South. He had repudiated the Supreme Court
+decision. He had declared that slavery could be kept out of the
+territories by other legislation than a State Constitution. "The
+Freeport doctrine," or "the theory of unfriendly legislation," as it
+became known, spread month by month, and slowly but surely made
+Douglas an impossible candidate in the South. The force of the
+question was not realized in full by Lincoln's friends until the
+Democratic party met in Charleston, S. C., in 1860, and the Southern
+delegates refused to support Douglas because of the answer he gave to
+Lincoln's question in the Freeport debate of 1858.
+
+"Do you recollect the argument we had on the way up to Freeport two
+years ago over the question I was going to ask Judge Douglas?" Lincoln
+asked Mr. Joseph Medill, when the latter went to Springfield a few
+days after the election of 1860.
+
+"Yes," said Medill, "I recollect it very well."
+
+"Don't you think I was right now?"
+
+"We were both right. The question hurt Douglas for the Presidency, but
+it lost you the senatorship."
+
+"Yes, and I have won the place he was playing for."
+
+From the beginning of the campaign Lincoln supplemented the strength
+of his arguments by inexhaustible good humor. Douglas, physically
+worn, harassed by the trend which Lincoln had given the discussions,
+irritated that his adroitness and eloquence could not so cover the
+fundamental truth of the Republican position but that it would up
+again, often grew angry, even abusive. Lincoln answered him with most
+effective raillery. At Havana, where he spoke the day after Douglas,
+he said:
+
+"I am informed that my distinguished friend yesterday became a little
+excited--nervous, perhaps--and he said something about fighting, as
+though referring to a pugilistic encounter between him and myself. Did
+anybody in this audience hear him use such language? (Cries of "Yes.")
+I am informed further, that somebody in his audience, rather more
+excited and nervous than himself, took off his coat, and offered to
+take the job off Judge Douglas's hands, and fight Lincoln himself. Did
+anybody here witness that war-like proceeding? (Laughter and cries of
+"Yes.") Well, I merely desire to say that I shall fight neither Judge
+Douglas nor his second. I shall not do this for two reasons, which I
+will now explain. In the first place, a fight would prove nothing
+which is in issue in this contest. It might establish that Judge
+Douglas is a more muscular man than myself, or it might demonstrate
+that I am a more muscular man than Judge Douglas. But this question is
+not referred to in the Cincinnati platform, nor in either of the
+Springfield platforms. Neither result would prove him right nor me
+wrong; and so of the gentleman who volunteered to do this fighting for
+him. If my fighting Judge Douglas would not prove anything, it would
+certainly prove nothing for me to fight his bottle-holder.
+
+"My second reason for not having a personal encounter with the judge
+is, that I don't believe he wants it himself. He and I are about the
+best friends in the world, and when we get together he would no more
+think of fighting me than of fighting his wife. Therefore, ladies and
+gentlemen, when the judge talked about fighting, he was not giving
+vent to any ill feeling of his own, but merely trying to excite--well,
+enthusiasm against me on the part of his audience. And as I find he
+was tolerably successful, we will call it quits."
+
+More difficult for Lincoln to take good-naturedly than threats and
+hard names was the irrelevant matters which Douglas dragged into the
+debates to turn attention from the vital arguments. Thus Douglas
+insisted repeatedly on taunting Lincoln because his zealous friends
+had carried him off the platform at Ottawa. "Lincoln was so frightened
+by the questions put to him," said Douglas, "that he could not walk."
+He tried to arouse the prejudice of the audience by absurd charges of
+abolitionism. Lincoln wanted to give negroes social equality; he
+wanted a negro wife; he was willing to allow Fred Douglass to make
+speeches for him. Again he took up a good deal of Lincoln's time by
+forcing him to answer to a charge of refusing to vote supplies for the
+soldiers in the Mexican War. Lincoln denied and explained, until at
+last, at Charleston, he turned suddenly to Douglas's supporters,
+dragging one of the strongest of them--the Hon. O. B. Ficklin, with
+whom he had been in Congress in 1848--to the platform.
+
+"I do not mean to do anything with Mr. Ficklin," he said, "except to
+present his face and tell you that he personally knows it to be a
+lie." And Mr. Ficklin had to acknowledge that Lincoln was right.
+
+"Judge Douglas," said Lincoln in speaking of this policy, "is playing
+cuttlefish--a small species of fish that has no mode of defending
+himself when pursued except by throwing out a black fluid which makes
+the water so dark the enemy cannot see it, and thus it escapes."
+
+The question at stake was too serious in Lincoln's judgment, for
+platform jugglery. Every moment of his time which Douglas forced him
+to spend answering irrelevant charges he gave begrudgingly. He
+struggled constantly to keep his speeches on the line of solid
+argument. Slowly but surely those who followed the debates began to
+understand this. It was Douglas who drew the great masses to the
+debates in the first place; it was because of him that the public men
+and the newspapers of the East, as well as of the West, watched the
+discussions. But as the days went on it was not Douglas who made the
+impression.
+
+During the hours of the speeches the two men seemed well mated. "I can
+recall only one fact of the debates," says Mrs. William Crotty, of
+Seneca, Illinois, "that I felt so sorry for Lincoln when Douglas was
+speaking, and then to my surprise I felt so sorry for Douglas when
+Lincoln replied." The disinterested to whom it was an intellectual
+game, felt the power and charm of both men. Partisans had each reason
+enough to cheer. It was afterwards, as the debates were talked over by
+auditors as they lingered at the country store or were grouped on the
+fence in the evening, or when they were read in the generous reports
+which the newspapers of Illinois and even of other States gave, that
+the thoroughness of Lincoln's argument was understood. Even the first
+debate at Ottawa had a surprising effect. "I tell you," says Mr.
+George Beatty of Ottawa, "that debate set people thinking on these
+important questions in a way they hadn't dreamed of. I heard any
+number of men say: 'This thing is an awfully serious question, and I
+have about concluded Lincoln has got it right.' My father, a
+thoughtful, God-fearing man, said to me, as we went home to supper,
+'George, you are young, and don't see what this thing means, as I do.
+Douglas's speeches of "squatter sovereignty" please you younger men,
+but I tell you that with us older men it's a great question that faces
+us. We've either got to keep slavery back or it's going to spread all
+over the country. That's the real question that's behind all this.
+Lincoln is right.' And that was the feeling that prevailed, I think,
+among the majority, after the debate was over. People went home
+talking about the danger of slavery getting a hold in the North. This
+territory had been Democratic; La Salle County, the morning of the day
+of the debate, was Democratic; but when the next day came around,
+hundreds of Democrats had been made Republicans, owing to the light in
+which Lincoln had brought forward the fact that slavery threatened."
+
+It was among Lincoln's own friends, however, that his speeches
+produced the deepest impression. They had believed him to be strong,
+but probably there was no one of them who had not felt dubious about
+his ability to meet Douglas. Many even feared a fiasco. Gradually it
+began to be clear to them that Lincoln was the stronger. Could it be
+that Lincoln really was a great man? The young Republican journalists
+of the "Press and Tribune"--Scripps, Hitt, Medill--began to ask
+themselves the question. One evening as they talked over Lincoln's
+argument a letter was received. It came from a prominent Eastern
+statesman. "Who is this man that is replying to Douglas in your
+State?" he asked. "Do you realize that no greater speeches have been
+made on public questions in the history of our country; that his
+knowledge of the subject is profound, his logical unanswerable, his
+style inimitable?" Similar letters kept coming from various parts of
+the country. Before the campaign was over Lincoln's friends were
+exultant. Their favorite was a great man, "a full-grown man," as one
+of them wrote in his paper.
+
+The country at large watched Lincoln with astonishment. When the
+debates began there were Republicans in Illinois of wider national
+reputation. Judge Lyman Trumbull, then Senator; was better known. He
+was an able debater, and a speech which he made in August against
+Douglas's record called from the New York "Evening Post" the remark:
+"This is the heaviest blow struck at Senator Douglas since he took the
+field in Illinois; it is unanswerable, and we suspect that it will be
+fatal." Trumbull's speech the "Post" afterwards published in pamphlet
+form. Besides Trumbull, Owen Lovejoy, Oglesby, and Palmer were all
+speaking. That Lincoln should not only have so far outstripped men of
+his own party, but should have out-argued Douglas, was the cause of
+comment everywhere. "No man of this generation," said the "Evening
+Post" editorially, at the close of the debate, "has grown more rapidly
+before the country than Lincoln in this canvass." As a matter of fact,
+Lincoln had attracted the attention of all the thinking men of the
+country. "The first thing that really awakened my interest in him,"
+says Henry Ward Beecher, "was his speech parallel with Douglas in
+Illinois, and indeed it was that manifestation of ability that secured
+his nomination to the Presidency."
+
+But able as were Lincoln's arguments, deep as was the impression he
+had made, he was not elected to the senatorship. Douglas won fairly
+enough; though it is well to note that if the Republicans did not
+elect a senator they gained a substantial number of votes over those
+polled in 1856.
+
+Lincoln accepted the result with a serenity inexplicable to his
+supporters. To him the contest was but one battle in a "durable"
+struggle. Little matter who won now, if in the end the right
+triumphed. From the first he had looked at the final result--not at
+the senatorship. "I do not claim, gentlemen, to be unselfish," he said
+at Chicago in July. "I do not pretend that I would not like to go to
+the United States Senate; I make no such hypocritical pretense; but I
+do say to you that in this mighty issue, it is nothing to you, nothing
+to the mass of the people of the nation, whether or not Judge Douglas
+or myself shall ever be heard of after this night; it may be a trifle
+to either of us, but in connection with this mighty question, upon
+which hang the destinies of the nation perhaps, it is absolutely
+nothing."
+
+The intense heat and fury of the debates, the defeat in November, did
+not alter a jot this high view. "I am glad I made the late race," he
+wrote Dr. A. H. Henry. "It gave me a hearing on the great and durable
+question of the age which I would have had in no other way; and though
+I now sink out of view and shall be forgotten, I believe I have made
+some marks which will tell for the cause of civil liberty long after I
+am gone."
+
+At that date perhaps no one appreciated the value of what Lincoln had
+done as well as he did himself. He was absolutely sure he was right
+and that in the end people would see it. Though he might not rise, he
+knew his cause would.
+
+"Douglas had the ingenuity to be supported in the late contest both as
+the best means to break down and to uphold the slave interest," he
+wrote. "No ingenuity can keep these antagonistic elements in harmony
+long. Another explosion will soon occur." His whole attention was
+given to conserving what the Republicans had gained--"We have some one
+hundred and twenty thousand clear Republican votes. That pile is worth
+keeping together;" to consoling his friends--"You are feeling badly,"
+he wrote to N. B. Judd, Chairman of the Republican Committee, "and
+this too shall pass away, never fear"; to rallying for another
+effort,--"The cause of civil liberty must not be surrendered at the
+end of one or even one hundred defeats."
+
+If Lincoln had at times a fear that his defeat would cause him to be
+set aside, it soon was dispelled. The interest awakened in him was
+genuine, and it spread with the wider reading and discussion of his
+arguments. He was besieged by letters from all parts of the Union,
+congratulations, encouragements, criticisms. Invitations for lectures
+poured in upon him, and he became the first choice of his entire party
+for political speeches.
+
+The greater number of these invitations he declined. He had given so
+much time to politics since 1854 that his law practice had been
+neglected and he was feeling poor; but there were certain of the calls
+which could not be resisted. Douglas spoke several times for the
+Democrats of Ohio in the 1859 campaign for governor and Lincoln
+naturally was asked to reply. He made but two speeches, one at
+Columbus on September 16 and the other at Cincinnati on September 17,
+but he had great audiences on both occasions. The Columbus speech was
+devoted almost entirely to answering an essay by Douglas which had
+been published in the September number of "Harper's Magazine," and
+which began by asserting that--"Under our complex system of government
+it is the first duty of American statesmen to mark distinctly the
+dividing-line between Federal and Local authority." It was an
+elaborate argument for "popular sovereignty" and attracted national
+attention. Indeed, at the moment it was the talk of the country.
+Lincoln literally tore it to bits.
+
+"What is Judge Douglas's popular sovereignty?" he asked. "It is, as a
+principle, no other than that if one man chooses to make a slave of
+another man, neither that other man nor anybody else has a right to
+object. Applied in government, as he seeks to apply it, it is this:
+If, in a new territory into which a few people are beginning to enter
+for the purpose of making their homes, they choose to either exclude
+from their limits or to establish it there, however one or the other
+may affect the persons to be enslaved, or the infinitely greater
+number of persons who are afterward to inhabit that territory, or the
+other members of the families, or communities, of which they are but
+an incipient member, or the general head of the family of States as
+parent of all--however their action may affect one or the other of
+these, there is no power or right to interfere. That is Douglas's
+popular sovereignty applied."
+
+It was in this address that Lincoln uttered the oft-quoted paragraphs:
+
+"I suppose the institution of slavery really looks small to him. He
+is so put up by nature that a lash upon his back would hurt him, but a
+lash upon anybody else's back does not hurt him. That is the build of
+the man, and consequently he looks upon the matter of slavery in this
+unimportant light.
+
+"Judge Douglas ought to remember, when he is endeavoring to force this
+policy upon the American people, that while he is put up in that way,
+a good many are not. He ought to remember that there was once in this
+country a man by the name of Thomas Jefferson, supposed to be a
+Democrat--a man whose principles and policy are not very prevalent
+amongst Democrats to-day, it is true; but that man did not exactly
+take this view of the insignificance of the element of slavery which
+our friend Judge Douglas does. In contemplation of this thing, we all
+know he was led to exclaim, 'I tremble for my country when I remember
+that God is just!' We know how he looked upon it when he thus
+expressed himself. There was danger to this country, danger of the
+avenging justice of God, in that little unimportant popular
+sovereignty question of Judge Douglas. He supposed there was a
+question of God's eternal justice wrapped up in the enslaving of any
+race of men, or any man, and that those who did so braved the arm of
+Jehovah--that when a nation thus dared the Almighty, every friend of
+that nation had cause to dread his wrath. Choose ye between Jefferson
+and Douglas as to what is the true view of this element among us."
+
+One interesting point about the Columbus address is that in it appears
+the germ of the Cooper Institute speech delivered five months later in
+New York City.
+
+Lincoln made so deep an impression in Ohio by his speeches that the
+State Republican Committee asked permission to publish them together
+with the Lincoln-Douglas Debates as campaign documents in the
+Presidential election of the next year.
+
+In December he yielded to the persuasion of his Kansas political
+friends and delivered five lectures in that State, only fragments of
+which have been preserved.
+
+Unquestionably the most effective piece of work he did that winter was
+the address at Cooper Institute, New York, on February 27. He had
+received an invitation in the fall of 1859 to lecture at Plymouth
+Church, Brooklyn. To his friends it was evident that he was greatly
+pleased by the compliment, but that he feared that he was not equal to
+an Eastern audience. After some hesitation he accepted, provided they
+would take a political speech if he could find time to get up no
+other. When he reached New York he found that he was to speak there
+instead of Brooklyn, and that he was certain to have a distinguished
+audience. Fearful lest he was not as well prepared as he ought to be,
+conscious, too, no doubt, that he had a great opportunity before him,
+he spent nearly all of the two days and a half before his lecture in
+revising his matter and in familiarizing himself with it. In order
+that he might be sure that he was heard he arranged with his friend,
+Mason Brayman, who had come on to New York with him, to sit in the
+back of the hall and in case he did not speak loud enough to raise his
+high hat on a cane.
+
+Mr. Lincoln's audience was a notable one even for New York. It
+included William Cullen Bryant, who introduced him; Horace Greeley,
+David Dudley Field, and many more well known men of the day. It is
+doubtful if there were any persons present, even his best friends, who
+expected that Lincoln would do more than interest his hearers by his
+sound arguments. Many have confessed since that they feared his queer
+manner and quaint speeches would amuse people so much that they would
+fail to catch the weight of his logic. But to the surprise of
+everybody Lincoln impressed his audience from the start by his dignity
+and his seriousness. "His manner was, to a New York audience, a very
+strange one, but it was captivating," wrote an auditor. "He held the
+vast meeting spellbound, and as one by one his oddly expressed but
+trenchant and convincing arguments confirmed the soundness of his
+political conclusions, the house broke out in wild and prolonged
+enthusiasm. I think I never saw an audience more thoroughly carried
+away by an orator."
+
+The Cooper Union speech was founded on a sentence from one of
+Douglas's Ohio speeches:--"Our fathers when they framed the government
+under which we live understood this question just as well, and even
+better, than we do now." Douglas claimed that the "fathers" held that
+the Constitution forbade the Federal government controlling slavery
+in the Territories. Lincoln with infinite care had investigated the
+opinions and votes of each of the "fathers"--whom he took to be the
+thirty-nine men who signed the Constitution--and showed conclusively
+that a majority of them "certainly understood that no proper division
+of local from Federal authority nor any part of the Constitution
+forbade the Federal government to control slavery in the Federal
+Territories." Not only did he show this of the thirty-nine framers of
+the original Constitution, but he defied anybody to show that one of
+the seventy-six members of the Congress which framed the amendments to
+the Constitution ever held any such view.
+
+"Let us," he said, "who believe that 'our fathers who framed the
+government under which we live understood this question just as well,
+and even better, than we do now,' speak as they spoke, and act as they
+acted upon it. This is all Republicans ask--all Republicans desire--in
+relation to slavery. As those fathers marked it, so let it be again
+marked, as an evil not to be extended, but to be tolerated and
+protected only because of and so far as its actual presence among us
+makes that toleration and protection a necessity. Let all the
+guaranties those fathers gave it be not grudgingly, but fully and
+fairly, maintained. For this Republicans contend, and with this, so
+far as I know or believe, they will be content."
+
+One after another he took up and replied to the charges the South was
+making against the North at the moment:--Sectionalism, radicalism,
+giving undue prominence to the slave question, stirring up
+insurrection among slaves, refusing to allow constitutional rights,
+and to each he had an unimpassioned answer inpregnable with facts.
+
+The discourse was ended with what Lincoln felt to be a precise
+statement of the opinion of the question on both sides, and of the
+duty of the Republican party under the circumstances. This portion of
+his address is one of the finest early examples of that simple and
+convincing style in which most of his later public documents were
+written.
+
+"If slavery is right," he said, "all words, acts, laws, and
+constitutions against it are themselves wrong, and should be silenced
+and swept away. If it is right, we cannot justly object to its
+nationality--its universality; if it is wrong, they cannot justly
+insist upon its extension--its enlargement. All they ask we could
+readily grant, if we thought slavery right; all we ask they could as
+readily grant, if they thought it wrong. Their thinking it right and
+our thinking it wrong is the precise fact upon which depends the whole
+controversy. Thinking it right, as they do, they are not to blame for
+desiring its full recognition as being right; but thinking it wrong,
+as we do, can we yield to them? Can we cast our votes with their
+views, and against our own? In view of our moral, social, and
+political responsibilities, can we do this?
+
+"Wrong, as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone
+where it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from
+its actual presence in the nation; but can we, while our votes will
+prevent it, allow it to spread into the national Territories, and to
+overrun us here in these free States? If our sense of duty forbids
+this, then let us stand by our duty fearlessly and effectively. Let us
+be diverted by none of those sophistical contrivances wherewith we are
+so industriously plied and belabored--contrivances such as groping for
+some middle ground between right and wrong: vain as the search for a
+man who should be neither a living man nor a dead man; such as a
+policy of 'don't care' on a question about which all true men do care;
+such as Union appeals beseeching true Union men to yield to
+Disunionists, reversing the divine rule, and calling, not the sinners,
+but the righteous to repentance; such as invocations to Washington,
+imploring men to unsay what Washington said and undo what Washington
+did.
+
+"Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusations
+against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction to the
+government, nor of dungeons to ourselves. Let us have faith that right
+makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty
+as we understand it."
+
+From New York Lincoln went to New Hampshire to visit his son Robert,
+then at Phillips Exeter Academy. His coming was known only a short
+time before he arrived and hurried arrangements were made for him to
+speak at Concord, Manchester, Exeter and Dover. At Concord the address
+was made in the afternoon on only a few hours' notice; nevertheless,
+he had a great audience, so eager were men at the time to hear
+anybody who had serious arguments on the slavery question. Something
+of the impression Lincoln made in New Hampshire may be gathered from
+the following article, "Mr. Lincoln in New Hampshire," which appeared
+in the Boston "Atlas and Bee" for March 5:
+
+The Concord "Statesman" says that notwithstanding the rain of
+Thursday, rendering travelling very inconvenient, the largest hall in
+that city was crowded to hear Mr. Lincoln. The editor says it was one
+of the most powerful, logical and compacted speeches to which it was
+ever our fortune to listen; an argument against the system of slavery,
+and in defence of the position of the Republican party, from the
+deductions of which no reasonable man could possibly escape. He
+fortified every position assumed, by proofs which it is impossible to
+gainsay; and while his speech was at intervals enlivened by remarks
+which elicited applause at the expense of the Democratic party, there
+was, nevertheless, not a single word which tended to impair the
+dignity of the speaker, or weaken the force of the great truths he
+uttered.
+
+The "Statesman" adds that the address "was perfect and was closed by a
+peroration which brought his audience to their feet. We are not
+extravagant in the remark, that a political speech of greater power
+has rarely if ever been uttered in the Capital of New Hampshire. At
+its conclusion nine roof-raising cheers were given; three for the
+speaker, three for the Republicans of Illinois, and three for the
+Republicans of New Hampshire."
+
+On the same evening Mr. Lincoln spoke at Manchester, to an immense
+gathering in Smyth's Hall. The "Mirror," a neutral paper, gives the
+following enthusiastic notice of his speech: "The audience was a
+flattering one to the reputation of the speaker. It was composed of
+persons of all sorts of political notions, earnest to hear one whose
+fame was so great, and we think most of them went away thinking better
+of him than they anticipated they should. He spoke an hour and a half
+with great fairness, great apparent candor, and with wonderful
+interest. He did not abuse the South, the Administration, or the
+Democrats, or indulge in any personalities, with the solitary
+exception of a few hits at Douglas's notions. He is far from
+prepossessing in personal appearance, and his voice is disagreeable,
+and yet he wins your attention and good will from the start.
+
+"He indulges in no flowers of rhetoric, no eloquent passages; he is
+not a wit, a humorist or a clown; yet, so great a vein of pleasantry
+and good nature pervades what he says, gliding over a deep current of
+practical argument, he keeps his hearers in a smiling good mood with
+their mouths open ready to swallow all he says. His sense of the
+ludicrous is very keen, and an exhibition of that is the clincher of
+all his arguments; not the ludicrous acts of persons, but ludicrous
+ideas. Hence he is never offensive, and steals away willingly into
+his train of belief, persons who are opposed to him. For the first
+half hour his opponents would agree with every word he uttered, and
+from that point he began to lead them off, little by little,
+cunningly, till it seemed as if he had got them all into his fold. He
+displays more shrewdness, more knowledge of the masses of mankind than
+any public speaker we have heard since long Jim Wilson left for
+California."
+
+From New Hampshire Lincoln went to Connecticut, where on March 5 he
+spoke at Hartford, on March 6 at New Haven, on March 8 at Woonsocket,
+on March 9 at Norwich. There are no reports of the New Hampshire
+speeches, but two of the Connecticut speeches were published in part
+and one in full. Their effect was very similar, according to the
+newspapers of the day, to that in New Hampshire, described by the
+"Atlas and Bee."
+
+By his debates with Douglas and the speeches in Ohio, Kansas, New York
+and New England, Lincoln had become a national figure in the minds of
+all the political leaders of the country, and of the thinking men of
+the North. Never in the history of the United States had a man become
+prominent in a more logical and intelligent way. At the beginning of
+the struggle against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854,
+Abraham Lincoln was scarcely known outside of his own State. Even most
+of the men whom he had met in his brief term in Congress had forgotten
+him. Yet in four years he had become one of the central figures of
+his party; and now, by worsting the greatest orator and politician of
+his time, he had drawn the eyes of the nation to him.
+
+It had been a long road he had travelled to make himself a national
+figure. Twenty-eight years before he had deliberately entered
+politics. He had been beaten, but had persisted; he had succeeded and
+failed; he had abandoned the struggle and returned to his profession.
+His outraged sense of justice had driven him back, and for six years
+he had travelled up and down Illinois trying to prove to men that
+slavery extension was wrong. It was by no one speech, by no one
+argument that he had wrought. Every day his ceaseless study and
+pondering gave him new matter, and every speech he made was fresh. He
+could not repeat an old speech, he said, because the subject enlarged
+and widened so in his mind as he went on that it was "easier to make a
+new one than an old one." He had never yielded in his campaign to
+tricks of oratory--never played on emotions. He had been so strong in
+his convictions of the right of his case that his speeches had been
+arguments pure and simple. Their elegance was that of a demonstration
+in Euclid. They persuaded because they proved. He had never for a
+moment counted personal ambition before the cause. To insure an ardent
+opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in the United States Senate, he
+had at one time given up his chance for the senatorship. To show the
+fallacy of Douglas's argument, he had asked a question which his party
+pleaded with him to pass by, assuring him that it would lose him the
+election. In every step of this six years he had been disinterested,
+calm, unyielding, and courageous. He knew he was right, and could
+afford to wait. "The result is not doubtful," he told his friends. "We
+shall not fail--if we stand firm. We shall not fail. Wise counsels may
+accelerate or mistakes delay it; but, sooner or later, the victory is
+sure to come."
+
+The country, amazed at the rare moral and intellectual character of
+Lincoln, began to ask questions about him, and then his history came
+out; a pioneer home, little schooling, few books, hard labor at all
+the many trades of the frontiersman, a profession mastered o' nights
+by the light of a friendly cooper's fire, an early entry into politics
+and law--and then twenty-five years of incessant poverty and struggle.
+
+The homely story gave a touch of mystery to the figure which loomed so
+large. Men felt a sudden reverence for a mind and heart developed to
+these noble proportions in so unfriendly a habitat. They turned
+instinctively to one so familiar with strife for help in solving the
+desperate problem with which the nation had grappled. And thus it was
+that, at fifty years of age, Lincoln became a national figure.
+
+[4] _By special permission of the McClure Company._
+
+[A] _Stephen_ A. Douglas, _Franklin_ Pierce, _Roger_ Taney, _James_
+Buchanan.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S LOVE FOR THE LITTLE ONES
+
+Soon after his election as President and while visiting Chicago, one
+evening at a social gathering Mr. Lincoln saw a little girl timidly
+approaching him. He at once called her to him, and asked the little
+girl what she wished.
+
+She replied that she wanted his name.
+
+Mr. Lincoln looked back into the room and said: "But here are other
+little girls--they would feel badly if I should give my name only to
+you."
+
+The little girl replied that there were eight of them in all.
+
+"Then," said Mr. Lincoln, "get me eight sheets of paper, and a pen and
+ink, and I will see what I can do for you."
+
+The paper was brought, and Mr. Lincoln sat down in the crowded
+drawing-room, and wrote a sentence upon each sheet, appending his
+name; and thus every little girl carried off her souvenir.
+
+During the same visit and while giving a reception at one of the
+hotels, a fond father took in a little boy by the hand who was anxious
+to see the new President. The moment the child entered the parlor door
+he, of his own accord and quite to the surprise of his father, took
+off his hat, and, giving it a swing, cried: "Hurrah for Lincoln!"
+There was a crowd, but as soon as Mr. Lincoln could get hold of the
+little fellow, he lifted him in his hands, and, tossing him towards
+the ceiling, laughingly shouted: "Hurrah for you!"
+
+It was evidently a refreshing incident to Lincoln in the dreary work
+of hand-shaking.
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN TOOK HIS ALTITUDE
+
+Soon after Mr. Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency, the Executive
+Chamber, a large fine room in the State House at Springfield, was set
+apart for him, where he met the public until after his election.
+
+As illustrative of the nature of many of his calls, the following
+brace of incidents were related to Mr. Holland by an eye witness: "Mr.
+Lincoln, being seated in conversation with a gentleman one day, two
+raw, plainly-dressed young 'Suckers' entered the room, and bashfully
+lingered near the door. As soon as he observed them, and apprehended
+their embarrassment, he rose and walked to them, saying, 'How do you
+do, my good fellows? What can I do for you? Will you sit down?' The
+spokesman of the pair, the shorter of the two, declined to sit, and
+explained the object of the call thus: he had had a talk about the
+relative height of Mr. Lincoln and his companion, and had asserted his
+belief that they were of exactly the same height. He had come in to
+verify his judgment. Mr. Lincoln smiled, went and got his cane, and,
+placing the end of it upon the wall, said:
+
+"'Here, young man, come under here.'
+
+"The young man came under the cane, as Mr. Lincoln held it, and when
+it was perfectly adjusted to his height, Mr. Lincoln said:
+
+"'Now, come out, and hold up the cane.'
+
+"This he did while Mr. Lincoln stepped under. Rubbing his head back
+and forth to see that it worked easily under the measurement, he
+stepped out, and declared to the sagacious fellow who was curiously
+looking on, that he had guessed with remarkable accuracy--that he and
+the young man were exactly the same height. Then he shook hands with
+them and sent them on their way. Mr. Lincoln would just as soon have
+thought of cutting off his right hand as he would have thought of
+turning those boys away with the impression that they had in any way
+insulted his dignity."
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+IN THE WHITE HOUSE
+
+
+HOW LINCOLN WAS ABUSED
+
+With the possible exception of President Washington, whose political
+opponents did not hesitate to rob the vocabulary of vulgarity and
+wickedness whenever they desired to vilify the Chief Magistrate,
+Lincoln was the most and "best" abused man who ever held office in the
+United States. During the first half of his initial term there was no
+epithet which was not applied to him.
+
+One newspaper in New York habitually characterized him as "that
+hideous baboon at the other end of the avenue," and declared that
+"Barnum should buy and exhibit him as a zoological curiosity."
+
+Although the President did not, to all appearances, exhibit annoyance
+because of the various diatribes printed and spoken, yet the fact is
+that his life was so cruelly embittered by these and other expressions
+quite as virulent, that he often declared to those most intimate with
+him, "I would rather be dead than, as President, be thus abused in the
+house of my friends."
+
+
+SONNET IN 1862
+
+BY JOHN JAMES PIATT[5]
+
+    Stern be the Pilot in the dreadful hour
+      When a great nation, like a ship at sea
+      With the wroth breakers whitening at her lee,
+    Feels her last shudder if her Helmsman cower;
+    A godlike manhood be his mighty dower!
+      Such and so gifted, Lincoln, may'st thou be
+      With thy high wisdom's low simplicity
+    And awful tenderness of voted power:
+    From our hot records then thy name shall stand
+      On Time's calm ledger out of passionate days--
+    With the pure debt of gratitude begun,
+      And only paid in never-ending praise--
+    One of the many of a mighty Land,
+    Made by God's providence the Anointed One.
+
+[5] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+LINCOLN THE PRESIDENT
+
+BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL
+
+From the Essay in "My Study Windows"
+
+Never did a President enter upon office with less means at his
+command, outside his own strength of heart and steadiness of
+understanding, for inspiring confidence in the people, and so winning
+it for himself, than Mr. Lincoln. All that was known to him was that
+he was a good stump-speaker, nominated for his availability--that is,
+because he had no history--and chosen by a party with whose more
+extreme opinions he was not in sympathy. It might well be feared that
+a man past fifty, against whom the ingenuity of hostile partisans
+could rake up no accusation, must be lacking in manliness of
+character, in decision of principle, in strength of will; that a man
+who was at best only the representative of a party, and who yet did
+not fairly represent even that, would fail of political, much more of
+popular, support. And certainly no one ever entered upon office with
+so few resources of power in the past, and so many materials of
+weakness in the present, as Mr. Lincoln. Even in that half of the
+Union which acknowledged him as President, there was a large, and at
+that time dangerous minority, that hardly admitted his claim to the
+office, and even in the party that elected him there was also a large
+minority that suspected him of being secretly a communicant with the
+church of Laodicea. All that he did was sure to be virulently attacked
+as ultra by one side; all that he left undone, to be stigmatized as
+proof of lukewarmness and backsliding by the other. Meanwhile he was
+to carry on a truly colossal war by means of both; he was to disengage
+the country from diplomatic entanglements of unprecedented peril
+undisturbed by the help or the hindrance of either, and to win from
+the crowning dangers of his administration, in the confidence of the
+people, the means of his safety and their own. He has contrived to do
+it, and perhaps none of our Presidents since Washington has stood so
+firm in the confidence of the people as he does after three years of
+stormy administration.
+
+Mr. Lincoln's policy was a tentative one, and rightly so. He laid down
+no programme which must compel him to be either inconsistent or
+unwise, no cast-iron theorem to which circumstances must be fitted as
+they rose, or else be useless to his ends. He seemed to have chosen
+Mazarin's motto, _Le temps et moi_. The _moi_, to be sure, was not
+very prominent at first; but it has grown more and more so, till the
+world is beginning to be persuaded that it stands for a character of
+marked individuality and capacity for affairs. Time was his
+prime-minister, and, we began to think, at one period, his
+general-in-chief also. At first he was so slow that he tired out all
+those who see no evidence of progress but in blowing up the engine;
+then he was so fast, that he took the breath away from those who think
+there is no getting on safely while there is a spark of fire under the
+boilers. God is the only being who has time enough; but a prudent man,
+who knows how to seize occasion, can commonly make a shift to find as
+much as he needs. Mr. Lincoln, as it seems to us in reviewing his
+career, though we have sometimes in our impatience thought otherwise,
+has always waited, as a wise man should, till the right moment
+brought up all his reserves. _Semper nocuit differre paratis_, is a
+sound axiom, but the really efficacious man will also be sure to know
+when he is not ready, and be firm against all persuasion and reproach
+till he is.
+
+One would be apt to think, from some of the criticisms made on Mr.
+Lincoln's course by those who mainly agree with him in principle, that
+the chief object of a statesman should be rather to proclaim his
+adhesion to certain doctrines, than to achieve their triumph by
+quietly accomplishing his ends. In our opinion, there is no more
+unsafe politician than a conscientiously rigid doctrinaire, nothing
+more sure to end in disaster than a theoretic scheme of policy that
+admits of no pliability for contingencies. True, there is a popular
+image of an impossible He, in whose plastic hands the submissive
+destinies of mankind become as wax, and to whose commanding necessity
+the toughest facts yield with the graceful pliancy of fiction; but in
+real life we commonly find that the men who control circumstances, as
+it is called, are those who have learned to allow for the influence of
+their eddies, and have the nerve to turn them to account at the happy
+instant. Mr. Lincoln's perilous task has been to carry a rather shaky
+raft through the rapids, making fast the unrulier logs as he could
+snatch opportunity, and the country is to be congratulated that he did
+not think it his duty to run straight at all hazards, but cautiously
+to assure himself with his setting-pole where the main current was,
+and keep steadily to that. He is still in wild water, but we have
+faith that his skill and sureness of eye will bring him out right at
+last.
+
+A curious, and, as we think, not inapt parallel, might be drawn
+between Mr. Lincoln and one of the most striking figures in modern
+history--Henry IV. of France. The career of the latter may be more
+picturesque, as that of a daring captain always is; but in all its
+vicissitudes there is nothing more romantic than that sudden change,
+as by a rub of Aladdin's lamp, from the attorney's office in a country
+town of Illinois to the helm of a great nation in times like these.
+The analogy between the characters and circumstances of the two men is
+in many respects singularly close. Succeeding to a rebellion rather
+than a crown, Henry's chief material dependence was the Huguenot
+party, whose doctrines sat upon him with a looseness distasteful
+certainly, if not suspicious, to the more fanatical among them. King
+only in name over the greater part of France, and with his capital
+barred against him, it yet gradually became clear to the more
+far-seeing even of the Catholic party that he was the only center of
+order and legitimate authority round which France could reorganize
+itself. While preachers who held the divine right of kings made the
+churches of Paris ring with declamations in favor of democracy rather
+than submit to the heretic dog of a Bearnois--much as our _soi-disant_
+Democrats have lately been preaching the divine right of slavery, and
+denouncing the heresies of the Declaration of Independence--Henry bore
+both parties in hand till he was convinced that only one course of
+action could possibly combine his own interests and those of France.
+Meanwhile the Protestants believed somewhat doubtfully that he was
+theirs, the Catholics hoped somewhat doubtfully that he would be
+theirs, and Henry himself turned aside remonstrance, advice, and
+curiosity alike with a jest or a proverb (if a little high, he liked
+them none the worse), joking continually as his manner was. We have
+seen Mr. Lincoln contemptuously compared to Sancho Panza by persons
+incapable of appreciating one of the deepest pieces of wisdom in the
+profoundest romance ever written; namely, that, while Don Quixote was
+incomparable in theoretic and ideal statesmanship, Sancho, with his
+stock of proverbs, the ready money of human experience, made the best
+possible practical governor. Henry IV. was as full of wise saws and
+modern instances as Mr. Lincoln, but beneath all this was the
+thoughtful, practical, humane, and thoroughly earnest man, around whom
+the fragments of France were to gather themselves till she took her
+place again as a planet of the first magnitude in the European system.
+In one respect Mr. Lincoln was more fortunate than Henry. However some
+may think him wanting in zeal, the most fanatical can find no taint of
+apostasy in any measure of his, nor can the most bitter charge him
+with being influenced by motives of personal interest. The leading
+distinction between the policies of the two is one of circumstances.
+Henry went over to the nation; Mr. Lincoln has steadily drawn the
+nation over to him. One left a united France; the other, we hope and
+believe, will leave a reunited America. We leave our readers to trace
+the further points of difference and resemblance for themselves,
+merely suggesting a general similarity which has often occurred to us.
+One only point of melancholy interest we will allow ourselves to touch
+upon. That Mr. Lincoln is not handsome nor elegant, we learn from
+certain English tourists who would consider similar revelations in
+regard to Queen Victoria as thoroughly American in their want of
+_bienseance_. It is no concern of ours, nor does it affect his fitness
+for the high place he so worthily occupies; but he is certainly as
+fortunate as Henry in the matter of good looks, if we may trust
+contemporary evidence. Mr. Lincoln has also been reproached with
+Americanism by some not unfriendly British critics; but, with all
+deference, we cannot say that we like him any the worse for it, or see
+in it any reason why he should govern Americans the less wisely.
+
+People of more sensitive organizations may be shocked, but we are glad
+that in this our true war of independence, which is to free us forever
+from the Old World, we have had at the head of our affairs a man whom
+America made as God made Adam, out of the very earth, unancestried,
+unprivileged, unknown, to show us how much truth, how much
+magnanimity, and how much statecraft await the call of opportunity in
+simple manhood when it believes in the justice of God and the worth of
+man. Conventionalities are all very well in their proper place, but
+they shrivel at the touch of nature like stubble in the fire. The
+genius that sways a nation by its arbitrary will seems less august to
+us than that which multiplies and reinforces itself in the instincts
+and convictions of an entire people. Autocracy may have something in
+it more melodramatic than this, but falls far short of it in human
+value and interest.
+
+Experience would have bred in us a rooted distrust of improvised
+statesmanship, even if we did not believe politics to be a science,
+which, if it cannot always command men of special aptitude and great
+powers, at least demands the long and steady application of the best
+powers of such men as it can command to master even its first
+principles. It is curious, that, in a country which boasts of its
+intelligence, the theory should be so generally held that the most
+complicated of human contrivances, and one which every day becomes
+more complicated, can be worked at sight by any man able to talk for
+an hour or two without stopping to think.
+
+Mr. Lincoln is sometimes claimed as an example of a ready-made ruler.
+But no case could well be less in point; for, besides that he was a
+man of such fair-mindedness as is always the raw material of wisdom,
+he had in his profession a training precisely the opposite of that to
+which a partisan is subjected. His experience as a lawyer compelled
+him not only to see that there is a principle underlying every
+phenomenon in human affairs, but that there are always two sides to
+every question, both of which must be fully understood in order to
+understand either, and that it is of greater advantage to an advocate
+to appreciate the strength than the weakness of his antagonist's
+position. Nothing is more remarkable than the unerring tact with
+which, in his debate with Mr. Douglas, he went straight to the reason
+of the question; nor have we ever had a more striking lesson in
+political tactics than the fact, that, opposed to a man exceptionally
+adroit in using popular prejudice and bigotry to his purpose,
+exceptionally unscrupulous in appealing to those baser motives that
+turn a meeting of citizens into a mob of barbarians, he should yet
+have won his case before a jury of the people. Mr. Lincoln was as far
+as possible from an impromptu politician. His wisdom was made up of a
+knowledge of things as well as of men; his sagacity resulted from a
+clear perception and honest acknowledgment of difficulties, which
+enabled him to see that the only durable triumph of political opinion
+is based, not on any abstract right, but upon so much of justice, the
+highest attainable at any given moment in human affairs, as may be had
+in the balance of mutual concession. Doubtless he had an ideal, but it
+was the ideal of a practical statesman--to aim at the best, and to
+take the next best, if he is lucky enough to get even that. His slow,
+but singularly masculine intelligence taught him that precedent is
+only another name for embodied experience, and that it counts for even
+more in the guidance of communities of men than in that of the
+individual life. He was not a man who held it good public economy to
+pull down on the mere chance of rebuilding better. Mr. Lincoln's
+faith in God was qualified by a very well-founded distrust of the
+wisdom of man. Perhaps it was his want of self-confidence that more
+than anything else won him the unlimited confidence of the people, for
+they felt that there would be no need of retreat from any position he
+had deliberately taken. The cautious, but steady, advance of his
+policy during the war was like that of a Roman army. He left behind
+him a firm road on which public confidence could follow; he took
+America with him where he went; what he gained he occupied, and his
+advanced posts became colonies. The very homeliness of his genius was
+its distinction. His kingship was conspicuous by its work-day
+homespun. Never was ruler so absolute as he, nor so little conscious
+of it; for he was the incarnate common-sense of the people. With all
+that tenderness of nature whose sweet sadness touched whoever saw him
+with something of its own pathos, there was no trace of sentimentalism
+in his speech or action. He seems to have had but one rule of conduct,
+always that of practical and successful politics, to let himself be
+guided by events, when they were sure to bring him out where he wished
+to go, though by what seemed to unpractical minds, which let go the
+possible to grasp at the desirable, a longer road.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No higher compliment was ever paid to a nation than the simple
+confidence, the fireside plainness, with which Mr. Lincoln always
+addresses himself to the reason of the American people. This was,
+indeed, a true democrat, who grounded himself on the assumption that a
+democracy can think. "Come, let us reason together about this matter,"
+has been the tone of all his addresses to the people; and accordingly
+we have never had a chief magistrate who so won to himself the love
+and at the same time the judgment of his countrymen. To us, that
+simple confidence of his in the right-mindedness of his fellow-men is
+very touching, and its success is as strong an argument as we have
+ever seen in favor of the theory that men can govern themselves. He
+never appeals to any vulgar sentiment, he never alludes to the
+humbleness of his origin; it probably never occurred to him, indeed
+that there was anything higher to start from than manhood; and he put
+himself on a level with those he addressed, not by going down to them,
+but only by taking it for granted that they had brains and would come
+up to a common ground of reason. In an article lately printed in "The
+Nation," Mr. Bayard Taylor mentions the striking fact, that in the
+foulest dens of the Five Points he found the portrait of Lincoln. The
+wretched population that makes its hive there threw all its votes and
+more against him, and yet paid this instinctive tribute to the sweet
+humanity of his nature. Their ignorance sold its vote and took its
+money, but all that was left of manhood in them recognized its saint
+and martyr.
+
+Mr. Lincoln is not in the habit of saying, "This is my opinion, or my
+theory," but, "This is the conclusion to which, in my judgment, the
+time has come, and to which, accordingly the sooner we come the better
+for us." His policy has been the policy of public opinion based on
+adequate discussion and on a timely recognition of the influence of
+passing events in shaping the features of events to come.
+
+One secret of Mr. Lincoln's remarkable success in captivating the
+popular mind is undoubtedly an unconsciousness of self which enables
+him, though under the necessity of constantly using the capital I, to
+do it without any suggestion of egotism. There is no single vowel
+which men's mouths can pronounce with such difference of effect. That
+which one shall hide away, as it were, behind the substance of his
+discourse, or, if he bring it to the front, shall use merely to give
+an agreeable accent of individuality to what he says, another shall
+make an offensive challenge to the self-satisfaction of all his
+hearers, and an unwarranted intrusion upon each man's sense of
+personal importance, irritating every pore of his vanity, like a dry
+northeast wind, to a goose-flesh of opposition and hostility. Mr.
+Lincoln has never studied Quintilian; but he has, in the earnest
+simplicity and unaffected Americanism of his own character, one art of
+oratory worth all the rest. He forgets himself so entirely in his
+object as to give his I the sympathetic and persuasive effect of We
+with the great body of his countrymen. Homely, dispassionate, showing
+all the rough-edged process of his thought as it goes along, yet
+arriving at his conclusions with an honest kind of every-day logic,
+he is so eminently our representative man, that, when he speaks, it
+seems as if the people were listening to their own thinking aloud. The
+dignity of his thought owes nothing to any ceremonial garb of words,
+but to the manly movement that comes of settled purpose and an energy
+of reason that knows not what rhetoric means. There has been nothing
+of Cleon, still less of Strepsiades striving to underbid him in
+demagogism, to be found in the public utterances of Mr. Lincoln. He
+has always addressed the intelligence of men, never their prejudice,
+their passion, or their ignorance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the day of his death, this simple Western attorney, who according
+to one party was a vulgar joker, and whom the doctrinaires among his
+own supporters accused of wanting every element of statesmanship, was
+the most absolute ruler in Christendom, and this solely by the hold
+his good-humored sagacity had laid on the hearts and understandings of
+his countrymen. Nor was this all, for it appeared that he had drawn
+the great majority, not only of his fellow-citizens, but of mankind,
+also, to his side. So strong and so persuasive is honest manliness
+without a single quality of romance or unreal sentiment to help it! A
+civilian during times of the most captivating military achievement,
+awkward, with no skill in the lower technicalities of manners, he left
+behind him a fame beyond that of any conqueror, the memory of a grace
+higher than that of outward person, and of gentlemanliness deeper than
+mere breeding. Never before that startled April morning did such
+multitudes of men shed tears for the death of one they had never seen,
+as if with him a friendly presence had been taken away from their
+lives, leaving them colder and darker. Never was funeral panegyric so
+eloquent as the silent look of sympathy which strangers exchanged when
+they met on that day. Their common manhood had lost a kinsman.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+January First, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-Three
+
+BY FRANK MOORE
+
+    Stand like an anvil, when 'tis beaten
+      With the full vigor of the smith's right arm!
+    Stand like the noble oak-tree, when 'tis eaten
+      By the Saperda and his ravenous swarm!
+    For many smiths will strike the ringing blows
+    Ere the red drama now enacting close;
+    And human insects, gnawing at thy fame,
+    Conspire to bring thy honored head to shame.
+
+    Stand like the firmament, upholden
+      By an invisible but Almighty hand!
+    He whomsoever JUSTICE doth embolden,
+      Unshaken, unseduced, unawed shall stand.
+    Invisible support is mightier far,
+    With noble aims, than walls of granite are;
+    And simple consciousness of justice gives
+    Strength to a purpose while that purpose lives.
+
+    Stand like the rock that looks defiant
+      Far o'er the surging seas that lash its form!
+    Composed, determined, watchful, self-reliant,
+      Be master of thyself, and rule the storm!
+    And thou shalt soon behold the bow of peace
+    Span the broad heavens, and the wild tumult cease;
+    And see the billows, with the clouds that meet,
+    Subdued and calm, come crouching to thy feet.
+
+
+THE PROCLAMATION[6]
+
+BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER
+
+    Saint Patrick, slave to Milcho of the herds
+    Of Ballymena, sleeping, heard these words:
+                "Arise, and flee
+    Out from the land of bondage, and be free!"
+
+    Glad as a soul in pain, who hears from heaven
+    The angels singing of his sins forgiven,
+                And, wondering, sees
+    His prison opening to their golden keys,
+    He rose a Man who laid him down a Slave,
+    Shook from his locks the ashes of the grave,
+                And onward trod
+    Into the glorious liberty of God.
+
+    He cast the symbols of his shame away;
+    And passing where the sleeping Milcho lay,
+                Though back and limb
+    Smarted with wrong, he prayed, "God pardon him!"
+
+    So went he forth: but in God's time he came
+    To light on Uilline's hills a holy flame;
+                And, dying, gave
+    The land a Saint that lost him as a Slave.
+
+    O, dark, sad millions, patiently and dumb
+    Waiting for God, your hour, at last, has come,
+                And Freedom's song
+    Breaks the long silence of your night of wrong!
+
+    Arise, and flee! shake off the vile restraint
+    Of ages! but, like Ballymena's saint,
+                The oppressor spare,
+    Heap only on his head the coals of prayer.
+
+    Go forth, like him! like him return again,
+    To bless the land whereon, in bitter pain,
+                Ye toiled at first,
+    And heal with Freedom what your Slavery cursed.
+
+[6] _By special permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
+
+From the address delivered before Congress on February 12, 1878,
+presenting to the re-United States, on behalf of Mrs. Elizabeth
+Thompson, Carpenter's painting--The First Reading of the Emancipation
+Proclamation before the Cabinet.
+
+BY JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD
+
+Let us pause to consider the actors in that scene. In force of
+character, in thoroughness and breadth of culture, in experience of
+public affairs, and in national reputation, the Cabinet that sat
+around that council-board has had no superior, perhaps no equal in our
+history. Seward, the finished scholar, the consummate orator, the
+great leader of the Senate, had come to crown his career with those
+achievements which placed him in the first rank of modern
+diplomatists. Chase, with a culture and a fame of massive grandeur,
+stood as the rock and pillar of the public credit, the noble
+embodiment of the public faith. Stanton was there, a very Titan of
+strength, the great organizer of victory. Eminent lawyers, men of
+business, leaders of states and leaders of men, completed the group.
+
+But the man who presided over that council, who inspired and guided
+its deliberations, was a character so unique that he stood alone,
+without a model in history or a parallel among men. Born on this day,
+sixty-nine years ago, to an inheritance of extremest poverty;
+surrounded by the rude forces of the wilderness; wholly unaided by
+parents; only one year in any school; never, for a day, master of his
+own time until he reached his majority; making his way to the
+profession of the law by the hardest and roughest road;--yet by force
+of unconquerable will and persistent, patient work he attained a
+foremost place in his profession,
+
+    "And, moving up from high to higher,
+      Became on Fortune's crowning slope
+      The pillar of a people's hope,
+      The centre of a world's desire."
+
+At first, it was the prevailing belief that he would be only the
+nominal head of his administration,--that its policy would be directed
+by the eminent statesmen he had called to his council. How erroneous
+this opinion was may be seen from a single incident.
+
+Among the earliest, most difficult, and most delicate duties of his
+administration was the adjustment of our relations with Great Britain.
+Serious complications, even hostilities, were apprehended. On the 21st
+of May, 1861, the Secretary of State presented to the President his
+draught of a letter of instructions to Minister Adams, in which the
+position of the United States and the attitude of Great Britain were
+set forth with the clearness and force which long experience and great
+ability had placed at the command of the Secretary. Upon almost every
+page of that original draught are erasures, additions, and marginal
+notes in the handwriting of Abraham Lincoln, which exhibit a sagacity,
+a breadth of wisdom, and a comprehension of the whole subject,
+impossible to be found except in a man of the very first order. And
+these modifications of a great state paper were made by a man who but
+three months before had entered for the first time the wide theatre of
+Executive action.
+
+Gifted with an insight and a foresight which the ancients would have
+called divination, he saw, in the midst of darkness and obscurity, the
+logic of events, and forecast the result. From the first, in his own
+quaint, original way, without ostentation or offense to his
+associates, he was pilot and commander of his administration. He was
+one of the few great rulers whose wisdom increased with his power, and
+whose spirit grew gentler and tenderer as his triumphs were
+multiplied.
+
+This was the man, and these his associates, who look down upon us from
+the canvas.
+
+The present is not a fitting occasion to examine, with any
+completeness, the causes that led to the Proclamation of Emancipation;
+but the peculiar relation of that act to the character of Abraham
+Lincoln cannot be understood, without considering one remarkable fact
+in his history. His earlier years were passed in a region remote from
+the centers of political thought, and without access to the great
+world of books. But the few books that came within his reach he
+devoured with the divine hunger of genius. One paper, above all
+others, led him captive, and filled his spirit with the majesty of
+its truth and the sublimity of its eloquence. It was the Declaration
+of American Independence. The author and the signers of that
+instrument became, in his early youth, the heroes of his political
+worship. I doubt if history affords any example of a life so early, so
+deeply, and so permanently influenced by a single political truth, as
+was Abraham Lincoln's by the central doctrine of the Declaration,--the
+liberty and equality of all men. Long before his fame had become
+national he said, "That is the electric cord in the Declaration, that
+links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving men together, and
+that will link such hearts as long as the love of freedom exists in
+the minds of men throughout the world."
+
+That truth runs, like a thread of gold, through the whole web of his
+political life. It was the spear-point of his logic in his debates
+with Douglas. It was the inspiring theme of his remarkable speech at
+the Cooper Institute, New York, in 1860, which gave him the nomination
+to the Presidency. It filled him with reverent awe when on his way to
+the capital to enter the shadows of the terrible conflict then
+impending, he uttered, in Independence Hall, at Philadelphia, these
+remarkable words, which were prophecy then but are history now:--
+
+"I have never had a feeling, politically, that did not spring from the
+sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. I have often
+pondered over the dangers which were incurred by the men who assembled
+here, and framed and adopted that Declaration of Independence. I have
+pondered over the toils that were endured by the officers and soldiers
+of the army who achieved that independence I have often inquired of
+myself what great principle or idea it was that kept this confederacy
+so long together. It was not the mere matter of the separation of the
+Colonies from the mother land, but that sentiment in the Declaration
+of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
+country, but, I hope, to the world for all future time. It was that
+which gave promise that, in due time, the weight would be lifted from
+the shoulders of all men. This is the sentiment embodied in the
+Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be
+saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the
+happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it cannot be
+saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. But if this country
+cannot be saved without giving up that principle, I was about to say,
+I would rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it."
+
+Deep and strong was his devotion to liberty; yet deeper and stronger
+still was his devotion to the Union; for he believed that without the
+Union permanent liberty for either race on this continent would be
+impossible. And because of this belief, he was reluctant, perhaps more
+reluctant than most of his associates, to strike slavery with the
+sword. For many months, the passionate appeals of millions of his
+associates seemed not to move him. He listened to all the phases of
+the discussion, and stated, in language clearer and stronger than any
+opponent had used, the dangers, the difficulties, and the possible
+futility of the act. In reference to its practical wisdom, Congress,
+the Cabinet and the country were divided. Several of his generals had
+proclaimed the freedom of slaves within the limits of their commands.
+The President revoked their proclamations. His first Secretary of War
+had inserted a paragraph in his annual report advocating a similar
+policy. The President suppressed it.
+
+On the 19th of August, 1862, Horace Greeley published a letter,
+addressed to the President, entitled "The Prayer of Twenty Millions,"
+in which he said, "On the face of this wide earth, Mr. President,
+there is not one disinterested, determined, intelligent champion of
+the Union cause who does not feel that all attempts to put down the
+rebellion and at the same time uphold its inciting cause are
+preposterous and futile."
+
+To this the President responded in that ever-memorable reply of August
+22, in which he said:--
+
+"If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them.
+
+"If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them.
+
+"My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or
+to destroy slavery.
+
+"If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it.
+If I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it,--and if
+I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also
+do that.
+
+"What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe
+it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do
+not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever
+I shall believe that what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do
+more whenever I believe doing more will help the cause."
+
+Thus, against all importunities on the one hand and remonstrances on
+the other, he took the mighty question to his own heart, and, during
+the long months of that terrible battle-summer, wrestled with it
+alone. But at length he realized the saving truth, that great,
+unsettled questions have no pity for the repose of nations. On the
+22nd of September, he summoned his Cabinet to announce his conclusion.
+It was my good fortune, on that same day, and a few hours after the
+meeting, to hear, from the lips of one who participated, the story of
+the scene. As the chiefs of the Executive Departments came in, one by
+one, they found the President reading a favorite chapter from a
+popular humorist. He was lightening the weight of the great burden
+which rested upon his spirit. He finished the chapter, reading it
+aloud. And here I quote, from the published Journal of the late Chief
+Justice, an entry, written immediately after the meeting, and bearing
+unmistakable evidence that it is almost a literal transcript of
+Lincoln's words.
+
+"The President then took a graver tone, and said: 'Gentlemen, I have,
+as you are aware, thought a great deal about the relation of this war
+to slavery; and you all remember that, several weeks ago, I read to
+you an order I had prepared upon the subject, which, on account of
+objections made by some of you, was not issued. Ever since then my
+mind has been much occupied with this subject, and I have thought all
+along that the time for acting on it might probably come. I think the
+time has come now. I wish it was a better time. I wish that we were in
+a better condition. The action of the army against the rebels has not
+been quite what I should have best liked. But they have been driven
+out of Maryland, and Pennsylvania is no longer in danger of invasion.
+When the rebel army was at Frederick, I determined as soon as it
+should be driven out of Maryland to issue a proclamation of
+emancipation, such as I thought most likely to be useful. I said
+nothing to any one, but I made a promise to myself and (hesitating a
+little) to my Maker. The rebel army is now driven out, and I am going
+to fulfil that promise. I have got you together to hear what I have
+written down. I do not wish your advice about the main matter, for
+that I have determined for myself. This I say without intending
+anything but respect for any one of you. But I already know the views
+of each on this question. They have been heretofore expressed, and I
+have considered them as thoroughly and carefully as I can. What I have
+written is that which my reflections have determined me to say. If
+there is anything in the expressions I use, or in any minor matter
+which any one of you thinks had best be changed, I shall be glad to
+receive your suggestions. One other observation I will make. I know
+very well that many others might, in this matter as in others, do
+better than I can; and if I was satisfied that the public confidence
+was more fully possessed by any one of them than by me, and knew of
+any constitutional way in which he could be put in my place, he should
+have it. I would gladly yield it to him. But though I believe I have
+not so much of the confidence of the people as I had some time since,
+I do not know that, all things considered, any other person has more;
+and, however this may be, there is no way in which I can have any
+other man put where I am. I must do the best I can and bear the
+responsibility of taking the course which I feel I ought to take.'
+
+"The President then proceeded to read his Emancipation Proclamation,
+making remarks on the several parts as he went on, and showing that he
+had fully considered the subject in all the lights under which it had
+been presented to him."
+
+The Proclamation was amended in a few matters of detail. It was signed
+and published that day. The world knows the rest, and will not forget
+it till "the last syllable of recorded time."
+
+
+THE EMANCIPATION GROUP[7]
+
+BY JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER
+
+Moses Kimball, a citizen of Boston, presented to the city a duplicate
+of the Freedman's Memorial Statue erected in Lincoln Square,
+Washington, after a design by Thomas Ball. The group, which stands in
+Park Square, represents the figure of a slave, from whose limbs the
+broken fetters have fallen, kneeling in gratitude at the feet of
+Lincoln. The verses which follow were written for the unveiling of the
+statue, December 9, 1879.
+
+    Amidst thy sacred effigies
+      If old renown give place,
+    O city, Freedom-loved! to his
+      Whose hand unchained a race
+
+    Take the worn frame, that rested not
+      Save in a martyr's grave;
+    The care-lined face, that none forgot,
+      Bent to the kneeling slave.
+
+    Let man be free! The mighty word
+      He spake was not his own;
+    An impulse from the Highest stirred
+      These chiselled lips alone.
+
+    The cloudy sign, the fiery guide,
+      Along his pathway ran,
+    And Nature, through his voice, denied
+      The ownership of man.
+
+    We rest in peace where these sad eyes
+      Saw peril, strife, and pain;
+    His was the nation's sacrifice,
+      And ours the priceless gain.
+
+    O symbol of God's will on earth
+      As it is done above!
+    Bear witness to the cost and worth
+      Of justice and of love.
+
+    Stand in thy place and testify
+      To coming ages long,
+    That truth is stronger than a lie,
+      And righteousness than wrong.
+
+[7] _By special permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S CHRISTMAS GIFT[8]
+
+BY NORA PERRY
+
+    'Twas in eighteen hundred and sixty-four,
+    That terrible year when the shock and roar
+    Of the nation's battles shook the land,
+    And the fire leapt up into fury fanned,
+
+    The passionate, patriotic fire,
+    With its throbbing pulse and its wild desire
+    To conquer and win, or conquer and die,
+    In the thick of the fight when hearts beat high
+
+    With the hero's thrill to do and to dare,
+    'Twixt the bullet's rush and the muttered prayer.
+    In the North, and the East and the great Northwest,
+    Men waited and watched with eager zest
+
+    For news of the desperate, terrible strife,--
+    For a nation's death or a nation's life;
+    While over the wires there flying sped
+    News of the wounded, the dying and dead.
+
+    "Defeat and defeat! Ah! what was the fault
+    Of the grand old army's sturdy assault
+    At Richmond's gates?" in a querulous key
+    Men questioned at last impatiently,
+
+    As the hours crept by, and day by day
+    They watched the Potomac Army at bay.
+    Defeat and defeat! It was here, just here,
+    In the very height of the fret and fear,
+
+    Click, click! across the electric wire
+    Came suddenly flashing words of fire,
+    And a great shout broke from city and town
+    At the news of Sherman's marching down,--
+
+    Marching down on his way to the sea
+    Through the Georgia swamps to victory.
+    Faster and faster the great news came,
+    Flashing along like tongues of flame,--
+
+    McAllister ours! And then, ah! then,
+    To that patientest, tenderest, noblest of men,
+    This message from Sherman came flying swift,--
+    "I send you Savannah for a Christmas gift!"
+
+[8] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+DEATH OF LINCOLN
+
+
+O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN![9]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+    O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
+    The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,
+    The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
+    While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
+            But O heart! heart! heart!
+              O the bleeding drops of red,
+                Where on the deck my Captain lies,
+                  Fallen cold and dead.
+
+    O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
+    Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills,
+    For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding,
+    For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
+            Here Captain! dear father!
+              This arm beneath your head!
+                It is some dream that on the deck,
+                  You've fallen cold and dead.
+
+    My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
+    My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
+    The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
+    From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
+            Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
+              But I with mournful tread,
+                Walk the deck my Captain lies,
+                  Fallen cold and dead.
+
+[9] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S DEATH--A DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENE AT FORD'S
+THEATRE[10]
+
+WALT WHITMAN
+
+The day (April 14, 1865) seems to have been a pleasant one throughout
+the whole land--the moral atmosphere pleasant, too--the long storm, so
+dark, so fratricidal, full of blood and doubt and gloom, over and
+ended at last by the sunrise of such an absolute National victory, and
+utter breaking down of secessionism--we almost doubted our senses! Lee
+had capitulated beneath the apple tree at Appomattox. The other
+armies, the flanges of the revolt, swiftly followed.
+
+And could it really be, then? Out of all the affairs of this world of
+woe and passion, of failure and disorder and dismay, was there really
+come the confirmed, unerring sign of peace, like a shaft of pure
+light--of rightful rule--of God?
+
+But I must not dwell on accessories. The deed hastens. The popular
+afternoon paper, the little Evening Star, had scattered all over its
+third page, divided among the advertisements in a sensational manner
+in a hundred different places: "The President and his lady will be at
+the theatre this evening." Lincoln was fond of the theatre. I have
+myself seen him there several times. I remember thinking how funny it
+was that he, in some respects the leading actor in the greatest and
+stormiest drama known to real history's stage through centuries,
+should sit there and be so completely interested in those human
+jack-straws, moving about with their silly little gestures, foreign
+spirit, and flatulent text.
+
+So the day, as I say, was propitious. Early herbage, early flowers,
+were out. I remembered where I was stopping at the time, the season
+being advanced, there were many lilacs in full bloom. By one of those
+caprices that enter and give tinge to events without being at all a
+part of them, I find myself always reminded of the great tragedy of
+that day by the sight and odor of these blossoms. It never fails.
+
+On this occasion the theatre was crowded, many ladies in rich and gay
+costumes, officers in their uniforms, many well-known citizens, young
+folks, the usual clusters of gas-lights, the usual magnetism of so
+many people, cheerful, with perfumes, music of violins and flutes--and
+over all, and saturating, that vast, vague wonder, Victory, the
+Nation's victory, the triumph of the Union, filling the air, the
+thought, the sense, with exhilaration more than all perfumes.
+
+The President came betimes and, with his wife, witnessed the play,
+from the large stage boxes of the second tier, two thrown into one,
+and profusely draped with the National flag. The acts and scenes of
+the piece--one of those singularly witless compositions which have at
+least the merit of giving entire relief to an audience engaged in
+mental action or business excitements and cares during the day, as it
+makes not the slightest call on either the moral, emotional, esthetic
+or spiritual nature--a piece ("Our American Cousin") in which, among
+other characters so called, a Yankee, certainly such a one as was
+never seen, or at least ever seen in North America, is introduced in
+England, with a varied fol-de-rol of talk, plot, scenery, and such
+phantasmagoria as goes to make up a modern popular drama--had
+progressed through perhaps a couple of its acts, when in the midst of
+this comedy, or tragedy, or non-such, or whatever it is to be called,
+and to offset it, or finish it out, as if in Nature's and the Great
+Muse's mockery of these poor mimics, come interpolated that scene, not
+really or exactly to be described at all (for on the many hundreds who
+were there it seems to this hour to have left little but a passing
+blur, a dream, a blotch)--and yet partially to be described as I now
+proceed to give it:
+
+There is a scene in the play representing the modern parlor, in which
+two unprecedented English ladies are informed by the unprecedented and
+impossible Yankee that he is not a man of fortune, and therefore
+undesirable for marriage catching purposes; after which, the comments
+being finished, the dramatic trio make exit, leaving the stage clear
+for a moment. There was a pause, a hush, as it were. At this period
+came the murder of Abraham Lincoln. Great as that was, with all its
+manifold train circling around it, and stretching into the future for
+many a century, in the politics, history, art, etc., of the New World,
+in point of fact, the main thing, the actual murder, transpired with
+the quiet and simplicity of any commonest occurrence--the bursting of
+a bud or pod in the growth of vegetation, for instance.
+
+Through the general hum following the stage pause, with the change of
+positions, etc., came the muffled sound of a pistol shot, which not
+one-hundredth part of the audience heard at the time--and yet a
+moment's hush--somehow, surely a vague, startled thrill--and then,
+through the ornamented, draperied, starred, and striped space-way of
+the President's box, a sudden figure, a man, raises himself with hands
+and feet, stands a moment on the railing, leaps below to the stage (a
+distance of perhaps 14 or 15 feet), falls out of position, catching
+his boot heel in the copious drapery (the American flag), falls on one
+knee, quickly recovers himself, rises as if nothing had happened (he
+really sprains his ankle, but unfelt then)--and the figure, Booth, the
+murderer, dressed in plain black broadcloth, bare-headed, with a full
+head of glossy, raven hair, and his eyes, like some mad animal's
+flashing with light and resolution, yet with a certain strange
+calmness, holds aloft in one hand a large knife--walks along not much
+back of the foot-lights--turns fully towards the audience his face of
+statuesque beauty, lit by those basilisk eyes, flashing with
+desperation, perhaps insanity--launches out in a firm and steady voice
+the words _Sic Semper Tyrannis_--and then walks with neither slow nor
+very rapid pace diagonally across to the back of the stage, and
+disappears. (Had not all this terrible scene--making the mimic ones
+preposterous--had it not all been rehearsed, in blank, by Booth,
+beforehand?)
+
+A moment's hush, incredulous--a scream--the cry of murder--Mrs.
+Lincoln leaning out of the box, with ashy cheeks and lips, with
+involuntary cry, pointing to the retreating figure, "He has
+killed the President." And still a moment's strange, incredulous
+suspense--and then the deluge!--then that mixture of horror, noises,
+uncertainty--(the sound, somewhere back, of a horse's hoofs clattering
+with speed) the people burst through chairs and railings, and break
+them up--that noise adds to the queerness of the scene--there is
+extricable confusion and terror--women faint--quite feeble persons
+fall, and are trampled on--many cries of agony are heard--the broad
+stage suddenly fills to suffocation with a dense and motley crowd,
+like some horrible carnival--the audience rush generally upon it--at
+least the strong men do--the actors and actresses are there in their
+play costumes and painted faces, with moral fright showing through the
+rouge--some trembling, some in tears, the screams and calls, confused
+talk--redoubled, trebled--two or three manage to pass up water from
+the stage to the President's box--others try to clamber up--etc., etc.
+
+In the midst of all this the soldiers of the President's Guard, with
+others, suddenly drawn to the scene, burst in--some 200
+altogether--they storm the house, through all the tiers, especially
+the upper ones--inflamed with fury, literally charging the audience
+with fixed bayonets, muskets and pistols, shouting "Clear out! clear
+out!..." Such the wild scene, or a suggestion of it, rather, inside
+the play house that night.
+
+Outside, too, in the atmosphere of shock and craze, crowds of people
+filled with frenzy, ready to seize any outlet for it, came near
+committing murder several times on innocent individuals. One such case
+was especially exciting. The infuriated crowd, through some chance,
+got started against one man, either for words he uttered, or perhaps
+without any cause at all, and were proceeding at once to hang him on a
+neighboring lamp-post, when he was rescued by a few heroic policemen,
+who placed him in their midst and fought their way slowly and amid
+great peril toward the station house. It was a fitting episode of the
+whole affair. The crowd rushing and eddying to and fro, the night, the
+yells, the pale faces, many frightened people trying in vain to
+extricate themselves, the attacked man, not yet freed from the jaws of
+death, looking like a corpse, the silent, resolute half dozen
+policemen, with no weapons but their little clubs, yet stern and
+steady through all those eddying swarms--made indeed a fitting side
+scene to the grand tragedy of the murder. They gained the station
+house with the protected man, whom they placed in security for the
+night and discharged in the morning.
+
+And in the midst of that night pandemonium of senseless hate,
+infuriated soldiers, the audience and the crowd--the stage, and all
+its actors and actresses, its paint pots, spangles and gaslight--the
+life blood from those veins, the best and sweetest of the land, drips
+slowly down....
+
+Such, hurriedly sketched, were the accompaniments of the death of
+President Lincoln. So suddenly, and in murder and horror unsurpassed,
+he was taken from us. But his death was painless.
+
+[10] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+HUSH'D BE THE CAMPS TO-DAY[11]
+
+(May 4, 1865)
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+    Hush'd be the camps to-day,
+    And soldiers, let us drape our war-worn weapons,
+    And each with musing soul retire to celebrate
+    Our dear commander's death.
+
+    No more for him life's stormy conflicts,
+    Nor victory, nor defeat--no more time's dark events,
+    Charging like ceaseless clouds across the sky.
+
+    But sing, poet, in our name.
+    Sing of the love we bore him--because you, dweller in camps,
+        know it truly.
+
+    As they invault the coffin there,
+    Sing--as they close the doors of earth upon him--one verse,
+    For the heavy hearts of soldiers.
+
+[11] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+TO THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+(1865)
+
+BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT
+
+    O, slow to smite and swift to spare,
+      Gentle and merciful and just!
+    Who, in the fear of God, didst bear
+      The sword of power--a nation's trust.
+
+    In sorrow by thy bier we stand,
+      Amid the awe that hushes all,
+    And speak the anguish of a land
+      That shook with horror at thy fall.
+
+    Thy task is done--the bond are free;
+      We bear thee to an honored grave,
+    Whose noblest monument shall be
+      The broken fetters of the slave.
+
+    Pure was thy life; its bloody close
+      Hath placed thee with the sons of light,
+    Among the noble host of those
+      cause of right.
+
+
+CROWN HIS BLOODSTAINED PILLOW
+
+BY JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+    Crown his blood-stained pillow
+      With a victor's palm;
+    Life's receding billow
+      Leaves eternal calm.
+
+    At the feet Almighty
+      Lay this gift sincere;
+    Of a purpose weighty,
+      And a record clear.
+
+    With deliverance freighted
+      Was this passive hand,
+    And this heart, high-fated,
+      Would with love command.
+
+    Let him rest serenely
+      In a Nation's care,
+    Where her waters queenly
+      Make the West more fair.
+
+    In the greenest meadow
+      That the prairies show,
+    Let his marble's shadow
+      Give all men to know:
+
+    "Our First Hero, living,
+      Made his country free;
+    Heed the Second's giving,
+      Death for Liberty."
+
+
+THE DEATH OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[12]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+Thus ended the attempted secession of these States; thus the four
+years' war. But the main things come subtly and invisibly afterward,
+perhaps long afterward--neither military, political, nor (great as
+those are), historical. I say, certain secondary and indirect results,
+out of the tragedy of this death, are, in my opinion, greatest. Not
+the event of the murder itself. Not that Mr. Lincoln strings the
+principal points and personages of the period, like beads, upon the
+single string of his career. Not that his idiosyncrasy, in its sudden
+appearance and disappearance, stamps this Republic with a stamp more
+mark'd and enduring than any yet given by any one man--(more even than
+Washington's)--but, join'd with these, the immeasurable value and
+meaning of that whole tragedy lies, to me, in senses finally dearest
+to a nation (and here all our own)--the imaginative and artistic
+senses--the literary and dramatic ones. Not in any common or low
+meaning of those terms, but a meaning precious to the race, and
+to every age. A long and varied series of contradictory events
+arrives at last at its highest poetic, single, central, pictorial
+denouement. The whole involved, baffling, multiform whirl of the
+secession period comes to a head, and is gather'd in one brief flash
+of lightning-illumination--one simple, fierce deed. Its sharp
+culmination, and as it were solution, of so many bloody and angry
+problems, illustrates those climax-moments on the stage of universal
+Time, where the historic Muse at one entrance, and the tragic Muse at
+the other, suddenly ringing down the curtain, close an immense act in
+the long drama of creative thought, and give it radiation, tableau,
+stranger than fiction. Fit radiation--fit close! How the
+imagination--how the student loves these things! America, too, is to
+have them. For not in all great deaths, nor far or near--not Caesar in
+the Roman senate-house, nor Napoleon passing away in the wild
+night-storm at St. Helena--not Paleologus, falling, desperately
+fighting, piled over dozens deep with Grecian corpses--not calm old
+Socrates, drinking the hemlock--outvies that terminus of the secession
+war, in one man's life, here in our midst, in our own time--that seal
+of the emancipation of three million slaves--that parturition and
+delivery of our at last really free Republic, born again, henceforth
+to commence its career of genuine homogeneous Union, compact,
+consistent with itself.
+
+[12] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+OUR SUN HATH GONE DOWN[13]
+
+BY PHOEBE CARY
+
+    Our sun hath gone down at the noonday,
+      The heavens are black;
+    And over the morning the shadows
+      Of night-time are back.
+
+    Stop the proud boasting mouth of the cannon,
+      Hush the mirth and the shout;--
+    God is God! and the ways of Jehovah
+      Are past finding out.
+
+    Lo! the beautiful feet on the mountains,
+      That yesterday stood;
+    The white feet that came with glad tidings,
+      Are dabbled in blood.
+
+    The Nation that firmly was settling
+      The crown on her head,
+    Sits, like Rizpah, in sackcloth and ashes,
+      And watches her dead.
+
+    Who is dead? who, unmoved by our wailing,
+      Is lying so low?
+    O, my Land, stricken dumb in your anguish,
+     Do you feel, do you know,
+
+    That the hand which reached out of the darkness
+      Hath taken the whole?
+    Yea, the arm and the head of the people--
+      The heart and the soul!
+
+    And that heart, o'er whose dread awful silence
+      A nation has wept;
+    Was the truest, and gentlest, and sweetest,
+      A man ever kept!
+
+    Once this good man, we mourn, overwearied,
+      Worn, anxious, oppressed,
+    Was going out from his audience chamber
+      For a season to rest;
+
+    Unheeding the thousands who waited
+      To honor and greet,
+    When the cry of a child smote upon him,
+      And turned back his feet.
+
+    "Three days hath a woman been waiting,"
+      Said they, "patient and meek."
+    And he answered, "Whatever her errand,
+      Let me hear; let her speak!"
+
+    So she came, and stood trembling before him,
+      And pleaded her cause;
+    Told him all; how her child's erring father
+      Had broken the laws.
+
+    Humbly spake she: "I mourn for his folly,
+      His weakness, his fall";
+    Proudly spake she: "he is not a TRAITOR,
+      And I love him through all!"
+
+    Then the great man, whose heart had been shaken
+      By a little babe's cry;
+    Answered soft, taking counsel of mercy,
+      "This man shall not die!"
+
+    Why, he heard from the dungeons, the rice-fields,
+      The dark holds of ships;
+    Every faint, feeble cry which oppression
+      Smothered down on men's lips.
+
+    In her furnace, the centuries had welded
+      Their fetter and chain;
+    And like withes, in the hands of his purpose,
+      He snapped them in twain.
+
+    Who can be what he was to the people;
+      What he was to the State?
+    Shall the ages bring to us another
+      As good, and as great?
+
+    Our hearts with their anguish are broken,
+      Our wet eyes are dim;
+    For us is the loss and the sorrow,
+      The triumph for him!
+
+    For, ere this, face to face with his Father
+      Our Martyr hath stood;
+    Giving unto his hand the white record,
+      With its great seal of blood!
+
+[13] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+TOLLING[14]
+
+(April 15, 1865)
+
+BY LUCY LARCOM
+
+    Tolling, tolling, tolling!
+      All the bells of the land!
+    Lo, the patriot martyr
+      Taketh his journey grand!
+    Travels into the ages,
+      Bearing a hope how dear!
+    Into life's unknown vistas,
+      Liberty's great pioneer.
+
+    Tolling, tolling, tolling!
+      See, they come as a cloud,
+    Hearts of a mighty people,
+      Bearing his pall and shroud;
+    Lifting up, like a banner,
+      Signals of loss and woe;
+    Wonder of breathless nations,
+      Moveth the solemn show.
+
+    Tolling, tolling, tolling!
+      Was it, O man beloved,
+    Was it thy funeral only
+      Over the land that moved?
+    Veiled by that hour of anguish,
+      Borne with the rebel rout,
+    Forth into utter darkness,
+      Slavery's curse went out.
+
+[14] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[15]
+
+"Strangulatus Pro Republica"
+
+BY ROSE TERRY COOKE
+
+    Hundreds there have been, loftier than their kind,
+    Heroes and victors in the world's great wars:
+    Hundreds, exalted as the eternal stars,
+    By the great heart, or keen and mighty mind;
+    There have been sufferers, maimed and halt and blind,
+    Who bore their woes in such triumphant calm
+    That God hath crowned them with the martyr's palm;
+    And there were those who fought through fire to find
+    Their Master's face, and were by fire refined.
+    But who like thee, oh Sire! hath ever stood
+    Steadfast for truth and right, when lies and wrong
+    Rolled their dark waters, turbulent and strong;
+    Who bore reviling, baseness, tears and blood
+    Poured out like water, till thine own was spent,
+    Then reaped Earth's sole reward--a grave and monument!
+
+[15] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+EFFECT OF THE DEATH OF LINCOLN
+
+BY HENRY WARD BEECHER
+
+Again a great leader of the people has passed through toil, sorrow,
+battle and war, and come near to the promised land of peace into which
+he might not pass over. Who shall recount our martyr's sufferings for
+this people? Since the November of 1860, his horizon has been black
+with storms.
+
+By day and by night, he trod a way of danger and darkness. On his
+shoulders rested a government dearer to him than his own life. At its
+integrity millions of men were striking at home. Upon this government
+foreign eyes lowered. It stood like a lone island in a sea full of
+storms, and every tide and wave seemed eager to devour it. Upon
+thousands of hearts great sorrows and anxieties have rested, but not
+on one such, and in such measure, as upon that simple, truthful, noble
+soul, our faithful and sainted Lincoln. Never rising to the enthusiasm
+of more impassioned natures in hours of hope, and never sinking with
+the mercurial, in hours of defeat, to the depths of despondency, he
+held on with immovable patience and fortitude, putting caution against
+hope, that it might not be premature, and hope against caution that it
+might not yield to dread and danger. He wrestled ceaselessly, through
+four black and dreadful purgatorial years, wherein God was cleansing
+the sin of His people as by fire.
+
+At last, the watcher beheld the gray dawn for the country. The
+mountains began to give forth their forms from out the darkness and
+the East came rushing toward us with arms full of joy for all our
+sorrows. Then it was for him to be glad exceedingly that had sorrowed
+immeasurably. Peace could bring to no other heart such joy and rest,
+such honor, such trust, such gratitude. But he looked upon it as Moses
+looked upon the promised land. Then the wail of a nation proclaimed
+that he had gone from among us. Not thine the sorrow, but ours,
+sainted soul. Thou hast, indeed, entered the promised land, while we
+are yet on the march. To us remain the rocking of the deep, the storm
+upon the land, days of duty and nights of watching; but thou art
+sphered high above all darkness and fear, beyond all sorrow and
+weariness. Rest, O weary heart! Rejoice exceedingly,--thou that hast
+enough suffered! Thou hast beheld Him who invisibly led thee in this
+great wilderness. Thou standest among the elect. Around thee are the
+royal men that have ennobled human life in every age. Kingly art thou,
+with glory on thy brow as a diadem. And joy is upon thee for evermore.
+Over all this land, over all the little cloud of years that now from
+thine infinite horizon moves back as a speck, thou art lifted up as
+high as the star is above the clouds that hide us, but never reach it.
+In the goodly company of Mount Zion thou shalt find that rest which
+thou hast sorrowing sought in vain; and thy name, an everlasting name
+in heaven, shall flourish in fragrance and beauty as long as men shall
+last upon the earth, or hearts remain, to revere truth, fidelity and
+goodness.
+
+Never did two such orbs of experience meet in one hemisphere, as the
+joy and the sorrow of the same week in this land. The joy was as
+sudden as if no man had expected it, and as entrancing as if it had
+fallen a sphere from heaven. It rose up over sobriety, and swept
+business from its moorings, and ran down through the land in
+irresistible course. Men embraced each other in brotherhood that were
+strangers in the flesh. They sang, or prayed, or deeper yet, many
+could only think thanksgiving and weep gladness.
+
+That peace was sure; that government was firmer than ever; that the
+land was cleansed of plague; that the ages were opening to our
+footsteps, and we were to begin a march of blessings; that blood was
+staunched and scowling enmities were sinking like storms beneath the
+horizon; that the dear fatherland, nothing lost, much gained, was to
+rise up in unexampled honor among the nations of the earth--these
+thoughts, and that undistinguishable throng of fancies, and hopes, and
+desires, and yearnings, that filled the soul with tremblings like the
+heated air of midsummer days--all these kindled up such a surge of joy
+as no words may describe.
+
+In one hour, joy lay without a pulse, without a gleam or breath. A
+sorrow came that swept through the land as huge storms sweep through
+the forest and field, rolling thunder along the sky, disheveling the
+flowers, daunting every singer in thicket or forest, and pouring
+blackness and darkness across the land and up the mountains. Did ever
+so many hearts, in so brief a time, touch two such boundless feelings?
+It was the uttermost of joy; it was the uttermost of sorrow--noon and
+midnight, without a space between.
+
+The blow brought not a sharp pang. It was so terrible that at first it
+stunned sensibility. Citizens were like men awakened at midnight by an
+earthquake, and bewildered to find everything that they were
+accustomed to trust wavering and falling. The very earth was no longer
+solid. The first feeling was the least. Men waited to get strength to
+feel. They wandered in the streets as if groping after some impending
+dread, or undeveloped sorrow, or some one to tell them what ailed
+them. They met each other as if each would ask the other, "Am I awake,
+or do I dream?" There was a piteous helplessness. Strong men bowed
+down and wept. Other and common griefs belonged to someone in chief;
+this belonged to all. It was each and every man's. Every virtuous
+household in the land felt as if its firstborn were gone. Men were
+bereaved and walked for days as if a corpse lay unburied in their
+dwellings. There was nothing else to think of. They could speak of
+nothing but that; and yet of that they could speak only falteringly.
+All business was laid aside. Pleasure forgot to smile. The city for
+nearly a week ceased to roar. The great Leviathan lay down, and was
+still. Even avarice stood still, and greed was strangely moved to
+generous sympathy and universal sorrow. Rear to his name monuments,
+found charitable institutions, and write his name above their lintels,
+but no monument will ever equal the universal, spontaneous, and
+sublime sorrow that in a moment swept down lines and parties, and
+covered up animosities, in an hour brought a divided people into unity
+of grief and indivisible fellowship of anguish.
+
+This Nation has dissolved--but in tears only. It stands four-square,
+more solid to-day than any pyramid in Egypt. This people are neither
+wasted, nor daunted, nor disordered. Men hate slavery and love liberty
+with stronger hate and love to-day than ever before. The government is
+not weakened; it is made stronger. How naturally and easily were the
+ranks closed! Another steps forward, in the hour that one fell, to
+take his place and his mantle; and I avow my belief that he will be
+found a man true to every instinct of liberty; true to the whole trust
+that is reposed in him; vigilant of the Constitution; careful of the
+laws; wise for liberty, in that he himself, through his life, has
+known what it was to suffer from the stings of slavery, and to prize
+liberty from bitter personal experiences.
+
+Where could the head of government of any monarchy be smitten down by
+the hand of an assassin, and the funds not quiver or fall one-half of
+one per cent? After a long period of national disturbance, after four
+years of drastic war, after tremendous drafts on the resources of the
+country, in the height and top of our burdens, the heart of this
+people is such that now, when the head of government is stricken down,
+the public funds do not waver, but stand as the granite ribs in our
+mountains.
+
+Republican institutions have been vindicated in this experience as
+they never were before; and the whole history of the last four years,
+rounded up by this cruel stroke, seems in the providence of God, to
+have been clothed now, with an illustration, with a sympathy, with an
+aptness, and with a significance, such as we never could have expected
+nor imagined. God, I think, has said, by the voice of this event, to
+all nations of the earth: "Republican liberty, based upon true
+Christianity, is firm as the foundation of the globe."
+
+Even he who now sleeps has, by this event, been clothed with new
+influence. Dead, he speaks to men who now willingly hear what before
+they refused to listen to. Now his simple and weighty words will be
+gathered like those of Washington, and your children and your
+children's children shall be taught to ponder the simplicity and deep
+wisdom of utterances which, in their time, passed, in party heat, as
+idle words. Men will receive a new impulse of patriotism for his sake,
+and will guard with zeal the whole country which he loved so well. I
+swear you, on the altar of his memory, to be more faithful to the
+country for which he has perished. They will, as they follow his
+hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which he warred,
+and which, in vanquishing him, has made him a martyr and a conqueror.
+I swear you, by the memory of this martyr, to hate slavery, with an
+unappeasable hatred. They will admire and imitate the firmness of this
+man, his inflexible conscience for the right, and yet his gentleness,
+as tender as a woman's, his moderation of spirit, which not all the
+heat of party could inflame, nor all the jars and disturbances of his
+country shake out of place. I swear you to an emulation of his
+justice, his moderation, and his mercy.
+
+You I can comfort; but how can I speak to that twilight million to
+whom his name was as the name of an angel of God? There will be
+wailing in places which no minister shall be able to reach. When, in
+hovel and in cot, in wood and in wilderness, in the field throughout
+the South, the dusky children, who looked upon him as that Moses whom
+God sent before them to lead them out of the land of bondage, learn
+that he has fallen, who shall comfort them? O, thou Shepherd of
+Israel, that didst comfort Thy people of old, to Thy care we commit
+the helpless, the long-wronged, and grieved.
+
+And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, mightier than when
+alive. The Nation rises up at every stage of his coming. Cities and
+States are his pallbearers, and the cannon beats the hours with solemn
+progression. Dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is Washington dead? Is
+Hampden dead? Is David dead? Is any man that was ever fit to live
+dead? Disenthralled of flesh, and risen in the unobstructed sphere
+where passion never comes, he begins his illimitable work. His life
+now is grafted upon the infinite, and will be fruitful as no earthly
+life can be.
+
+Pass on, thou that hast overcome. Your sorrows, O people, are his
+peace. Your bells and bands and muffled drums sound triumph in his
+ear. Wail and weep here; God made it echo joy and triumph there. Pass
+on.
+
+Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man,
+and from among the people. We return him to you a mighty conqueror.
+Not thine any more, but the Nation's; not ours, but the world's. Give
+him place, O ye prairies. In the midst of this great continent his
+dust shall rest, a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim to
+that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds that
+move over the mighty places of the West, chant his requiem. Ye people,
+behold a martyr whose blood as so many articulate words, pleads for
+fidelity, for law, for liberty.
+
+
+HYMN[16]
+
+BY OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
+
+    O Thou of soul and sense and breath,
+      The ever-present Giver,
+    Unto Thy mighty angel, death,
+      All flesh thou didst deliver;
+    What most we cherish, we resign,
+    For life and death alike are Thine,
+      Who reignest Lord forever!
+
+    Our hearts lie buried in the dust
+      With him, so true and tender,
+    The patriot's stay, the people's trust,
+      The shield of the offender;
+    Yet every murmuring voice is still,
+    As, bowing to Thy sovereign will,
+      Our best loved we surrender.
+
+    Dear Lord, with pitying eye behold
+      This martyr generation,
+    Which Thou, through trials manifold,
+      Art showing Thy salvation!
+    O let the blood by murder split
+    Wash out Thy stricken children's guilt,
+      And sanctify our nation!
+
+    Be Thou Thy orphaned Israel's friend,
+      Forsake Thy people never,
+    In One our broken Many blend,
+      That none again may sever!
+    Hear us, O Father, while we raise
+    With trembling lips our song of praise,
+      And bless Thy name forever!
+
+[16] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+Foully Assassinated April 14, 1865
+
+BY TOM TAYLOR (MARK LEMON) IN LONDON PUNCH.
+
+    You lay a wreath on murdered Lincoln's bier,
+      You, who with mocking pencil wont to trace,
+    Broad for the self-complacent British sneer,
+      His length of shambling limb, his furrowed face,
+
+    His gaunt, gnarled hands, his unkempt, bristling hair,
+      His garb uncouth, his bearing ill at ease,
+    His lack of all we prize as debonair,
+      Of power or will to shine, of art to please;
+
+    You whose smart pen backed up the pencil's laugh,
+      Judging each step as though the way were plain;
+    Reckless, so it could point its paragraph,
+      Of chief's perplexity, or people's pain:
+
+    Beside this corpse, that bears for winding-sheet
+      The Stars and Stripes he lived to rear anew,
+    Between the mourners at his head and feet,
+      Say, scurrile jester, is there room for you?
+
+    Yes: he had lived to shame me from my sneer,
+      To lame my pencil, and confute my pen:--
+    To make me own this man of princes peer,
+      This rail-splitter a true-born king of men.
+
+    My shallow judgment I had learned to rue,
+      Noting how to occasion's height he rose;
+    How his quaint wit made home-truth seem more true;
+      How, iron-like, his temper grew by blows.
+
+    How humble, yet how hopeful he could be:
+      How in good fortune and in ill, the same:
+    Nor bitter in success, nor boastful he,
+      Thirsty for gold, nor feverish for fame.
+
+    He went about his work,--such work as few
+      Ever had laid on head and heart and hand,--
+    As one who knows, where there's a task to do,
+      Man's honest will must heaven's good grace command;
+
+    Who trusts the strength will with the burden grow,
+      That God makes instruments to work His will,
+    If but that will we can arrive to know,
+      Nor tamper with the weights of good and ill.
+
+    So he went forth to battle, on the side
+      That he felt clear was Liberty's and Right's,
+    As in his peasant boyhood he had plied
+      His warfare with rude Nature's thwarting mights,--
+
+    The uncleared forest, the unbroken soil,
+      The iron-bark, that turns the lumberer's axe,
+    The rapid, that o'erbears the boatsman's toil,
+      The prairie, hiding the mazed wanderer's tracks,
+
+    The ambushed Indian, and the prowling bear;--
+      Such were the deeds that helped his youth to train:
+    Rough culture,--but such trees large fruit may bear,
+      If but their stocks be of right girth and grain.
+
+    So he grew up, a destined work to do,
+      And lived to do it: four long suffering years,
+    Ill-fate, ill-feeling, ill-report, lived through,
+      And then he heard the hisses change to cheers.
+
+    The taunts to tribute, the abuse to praise,
+      And took both with the same unwavering mood:
+    Till, as he came on light, from darkling days,
+      And seem to touch the goal from where he stood,
+
+    A felon hand, between the goal and him,
+      Reached from behind his back, a trigger prest,--
+    And those perplexed and patient eyes were dim,
+      Those gaunt, long-laboring limbs were laid to rest!
+
+    The words of mercy were upon his lips,
+      Forgiveness in his heart and on his pen,
+    When this vile murderer brought swift eclipse
+      To thoughts of peace on earth, good-will to men.
+
+    The Old World and the New, from sea to sea,
+      Utter one voice of sympathy and shame!
+    Sore heart, so stopped when it at last beat high;
+      Sad life, cut short just as its triumph came.
+
+    A deed accurst! Strokes have been struck before
+      By the assassin's hand, whereof men doubt
+    If more of horror or disgrace they bore;
+      But thy foul crime, like Cain's, stands darkly out.
+
+    Vile hand, that brandest murder on a strife,
+      Whate'er its grounds, stoutly and nobly striven;
+    And with the martyr's crown crownest a life
+      With much to praise, little to be forgiven.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+
+THE MARTYR CHIEF[17]
+
+From the Harvard Commemoration Ode,
+
+BY JAMES RUSSEL LOWELL
+
+    Life may be given in many ways,
+          And loyalty to Truth be sealed
+    As bravely in the closet as the field,
+        So generous is Fate;
+        But then to stand beside her,
+        When craven churls deride her,
+    To front a lie in arms, and not to yield--
+        This shows, methinks, God's plan
+        And measure of a stalwart man,
+    Limbed, like the old heroic breeds,
+        Who stands self-poised on manhood's solid earth,
+        Not forced to frame excuses for his birth,
+    Fed from within with all the strength he needs.
+    Such was he, our Martyr Chief,
+        Whom late the nation he had led,
+        With ashes on her head,
+    Wept with the passion of an angry grief:
+    Forgive me, if from present things I turn
+    To speak what in my heart will beat and burn,
+    And hang my wreath on his world-honored urn.
+        Nature, they say, doth dote,
+        And cannot make a man
+        Save on some worn-out plan,
+        Repeating us by rote:
+    For him her Old-World moulds aside she threw,
+        And, choosing sweet clay from the breast
+        Of the unexhausted West,
+    With stuff untainted shaped a hero new,
+    Wise, steadfast in the strength of God, and true.
+        How beautiful to see
+    Once more a shepherd of mankind indeed,
+    Who loved his charge, but never loved to lead;
+    One whose meek flock the people joyed to be,
+        Not lured by any cheat of birth,
+        But by his clear-grained human worth,
+    And brave old wisdom of sincerity!
+        They knew that outward grace is dust;
+        They could not choose but trust
+    In that sure-footed mind's unfaltering skill,
+        And supple-tempered will
+    That bent like perfect steel to spring again and thrust.
+        His was no lonely mountain-peak of mind,
+        Thrusting to thin air o'er our cloudy bars,
+        A seamark now, now lost in vapors blind,
+        Broad prairie rather, genial, level-lined,
+        Fruitful and friendly for all human kind,
+    Yet also nigh to heaven and loved of loftiest stars.
+          Nothing of Europe here,
+    Or, then, of Europe fronting mornward still,
+          Ere any names of serf and peer
+        Could Nature's equal scheme deface;
+        Here was a type of the true elder race,
+    And one of Plutarch's men talked with us face to face.
+        I praise him not; it were too late;
+    And some innative weakness there must be
+    In him who condescends to victory
+    Such as the present gives, and cannot wait,
+        Safe in himself as in a fate.
+          So always firmly he;
+          He knew to bide him time,
+          And can his fame abide,
+    Still patient in his simple faith sublime,
+          Till the wise years decide.
+      Great captains, with their guns and drums,
+        Disturb our judgment for the hour,
+          But at last silence comes:
+    These are all gone, and, standing like a tower,
+    Our children shall behold his fame,
+        The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man,
+    Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame,
+      New birth of our new soil the first American.
+
+[17] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[18]
+
+Remarks at the funeral services held in Concord, April 19, 1865
+
+BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON
+
+We meet under the gloom of a calamity which darkens down over the
+minds of good men in all civil society, as the fearful tidings travel
+over sea, over land, from country to country, like the shadow of an
+uncalculated eclipse over the planet. Old as history is, and manifold
+as are its tragedies, I doubt if any death has caused so much pain to
+mankind as this has caused, or will cause, on its announcement; and
+this, not so much because nations are by modern arts brought so
+closely together, as because of the mysterious hopes and fears which,
+in the present day, are connected with the name and institutions of
+America.
+
+In this country, on Saturday, every one was struck dumb, and saw at
+first only deep below deep, as he meditated on the ghastly blow. And
+perhaps, at this hour, when the coffin which contains the dust of the
+President sets forward on its long march through mourning States, on
+its way to his home in Illinois, we might well be silent and suffer
+the awful voices of the time to thunder to us. Yes, but that first
+despair was brief: the man was not so to be mourned. He was the most
+active and hopeful of men; and his work has not perished: but
+acclamations of praise for the task he has accomplished burst out into
+a song of triumph, which even tears for his death cannot keep down.
+
+The President stood before us as a man of the people. He was
+thoroughly American, had never crossed the sea, had never been spoiled
+by English insularity or French dissipation; a quiet native,
+aboriginal man, as an acorn from the oak; no aping of foreigners, no
+frivolous accomplishments, Kentuckian born, working on a farm, a
+flatboat-man, a captain in the Black Hawk war, a country lawyer, a
+representative in the rural legislature of Illinois;--on such modest
+foundations the broad structure of his fame was laid. How slowly, and
+yet by happily prepared steps, he came to his place. All of us
+remember--it is only a history of five or six years--the surprise and
+the disappointment of the country at his first nomination by the
+convention at Chicago. Mr. Seward, then in the culmination of his good
+fame, was the favorite of the Eastern States. And when the new and
+comparatively unknown name of Lincoln was announced (notwithstanding
+the report of the acclamations of that convention), we heard the
+result coldly and sadly. It seemed too rash, on a purely local
+reputation, to build so grave a trust in such anxious times; and men
+naturally talked of the chances in politics as incalculable. But it
+turned out not to be chance. The profound good opinion which the
+people of Illinois and of the West had conceived of him, and which
+they had imparted to their colleagues, that they also might justify
+themselves to their constituents at home, was not rash, though they
+did not begin to know the riches of his worth.
+
+A plain man of the people, an extraordinary fortune attended him. He
+offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend
+by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion,
+which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man
+without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy
+for him to obey. Then he had what farmers call a long head; was
+excellent in working out the sum for himself; in arguing his case and
+convincing you fairly and firmly. Then it turned out that he was a
+great worker; had prodigious faculty of performance; worked easily. A
+good worker is so rare; everybody has some disabling quality. In a
+host of young men that start together and promise so many brilliant
+leaders for the next age, each fails on trial; one by bad health, one
+by conceit, or by love of pleasure, or lethargy, or an ugly
+temper,--each has some disqualifying fault that throws him out of the
+career. But this man was sound to the core, cheerful, persistent, all
+right for labor, and liked nothing so well.
+
+Then he had a vast good nature, which made him tolerant and accessible
+to all; fair minded, leaning to the claim of the petitioner; affable,
+and not sensible to the affliction which the innumerable visits paid
+to him when President would have brought to any one else. And how this
+good nature became a noble humanity, in many a tragic case which the
+events of the war brought to him, every one will remember; and with
+what increasing tenderness he dealt when a whole race was thrown on
+his compassion. The poor negro said of him, on an impressive occasion,
+"Massa Linkum am ebery-where." Then his broad good humor, running
+easily into jocular talk, in which he delighted and in which he
+excelled, was a rich gift to this wise man. It enabled him to keep his
+secret; to meet every kind of man and every rank in society; to take
+off the edge of the severest decisions; to mask his own purpose and
+sound his companion; and to catch with true instinct the temper of
+every company he addressed. And, more than all, it is to a man of
+severe labor, in anxious and exhausting crises, the natural
+restorative, good as sleep, and is the protection of the overdriven
+brain against rancor and insanity.
+
+He is the author of a multitude of good sayings, so disguised as
+pleasantries that it is certain they had no reputation at first but as
+jests; and only later, by the very acceptance and adoption they find
+in the mouths of millions, turn out to be the wisdom of the hour. I am
+sure if this man had ruled in a period of less facility of printing,
+he would have become mythological in a very few years, like AEsop or
+Pilpay, or one of the Seven Wise Masters, by his fables and proverbs.
+But the weight and penetration of many passages in his letters,
+messages, and speeches, hidden now by the very closeness of their
+application to the moment, are destined hereafter to wide fame. What
+pregnant definitions; what unerring common sense; what foresight; and,
+on great occasion, what lofty, and more than national, what humane
+tone! His brief speech at Gettysburg will not easily be surpassed by
+words on any recorded occasion. This, and one other American speech,
+that of John Brown to the court that tried him, and a part of
+Kossuth's speech at Birmingham, can only be compared with each other,
+and with no fourth.
+
+His occupying the chair of State was a triumph of the good sense of
+mankind, and of the public conscience. This middle-class country had
+got a middle-class President, at last. Yes, in manners and sympathies,
+but not in powers, for his powers were superior. This man grew
+according to the need. His mind mastered the problem of the day; and
+as the problem grew, so did his comprehension of it. Rarely was man so
+fitted to the event. In the midst of fears and jealousies, in the
+Babel of counsels and parties, this man wrought incessantly with all
+his might and all his honesty, laboring to find what the people
+wanted, and how to obtain that. It cannot be said there is any
+exaggeration of his worth. If ever a man was fairly tested, he was.
+There was no lack of resistance, nor of slander, nor of ridicule. The
+times have allowed no state secrets; the nation has been in such
+ferment, such multitudes had to be trusted, that no secret could be
+kept. Every door was ajar, and we know all that befell.
+
+Then, what an occasion was the whirlwind of the war. Here was place
+for no holiday magistrate, no fair-weather sailor; the new pilot was
+hurried to the helm in a tornado. In four years,--four years of
+battle-days,--his endurance, his fertility of resources, his
+magnanimity, were sorely tried and never found wanting. There, by his
+courage, his justice, his even temper, his fertile counsel, his
+humanity, he stood a heroic figure in the centre of a heroic epoch. He
+is the true history of the American people in his time. Step by step
+he walked before them; slow with their slowness, quickening his march
+by theirs, the true representative of this continent; an entirely
+public man; father of his country, the pulse of twenty-millions
+throbbing in his heart, the thought of their minds articulated by his
+tongue.
+
+Adam Smith remarks that the axe, which in Houbraken's portraits of
+British kings and worthies is engraved under those who have suffered
+at the block, adds a certain lofty charm to the picture. And who does
+not see, even in this tragedy so recent, how fast the terror and ruin
+of the massacre are already burning into glory around the victim? Far
+happier this fate than to have lived to be wished away; to have
+watched the decay of his own faculties; to have seen--perhaps even
+be--the proverbial ingratitude of statesmen; to have seen mean men
+preferred. Had he not lived long enough to keep the greatest promise
+that ever man made to his fellow men,--the practicable abolition of
+slavery? He had seen Tennessee, Missouri, and Maryland emancipate
+their slaves. He had seen Savannah, Charleston, and Richmond
+surrendered; had seen the main army of the rebellion lay down its
+arms. He had conquered the public opinion of Canada, England, and
+France. Only Washington can compare with him in fortune.
+
+And what if it should turn out, in the unfolding of the web, that he
+had reached the term; that this heroic deliverer could no longer serve
+us; that the rebellion had touched its natural conclusion, and what
+remained to be done required new and uncommitted hands,--a new spirit
+born out of the ashes of the war; and that Heaven, wishing to show
+the world a completed benefactor, shall make him serve his country
+even more by his death than by his life? Nations, like kings, are not
+good by facility and complaisance. "The kindness of kings consists in
+justice and strength." Easy good nature has been the dangerous foible
+of the Republic, and it was necessary that its enemies should outrage
+it, and drive us to unwonted firmness, to secure the salvation of this
+country in the next ages.
+
+The ancients believed in a serene and beautiful Genius which ruled in
+the affairs of nations; which, with a slow but stern justice, carried
+forward the fortunes of certain chosen houses, weeding out single
+offenders or offending families, and securing at last the firm
+prosperity of the favorites of Heaven. It was too narrow a view of the
+Eternal Nemesis. There is a serene Providence which rules the fate of
+nations, which makes little account of time, little of one generation
+or race, makes no account of disasters, conquers alike by what is
+called defeat or by what is called victory, thrusts aside enemy and
+obstruction, crushes everything immoral as inhuman, and obtains the
+ultimate triumph of the best race by the sacrifice of everything which
+resists the moral laws of the world. It makes its own instruments,
+creates the man for the time, trains him in poverty, inspires his
+genius, and arms him for his task. It has given every race its own
+talent, and ordains that only that race which combines perfectly with
+the virtues of all shall endure.
+
+[18] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN
+
+BY WILLIAM MCKINLEY
+
+The greatest names in American history are Washington and Lincoln. One
+is forever associated with the independence of the States and the
+formation of the Federal Union; the other with universal freedom and
+the preservation of the Union.
+
+Washington enforced the Declaration of Independence as against
+England. Lincoln proclaimed the fulfilment not only to a down-trodden
+race in America, but to all people for all time who may seek the
+protection of our flag. These illustrious men achieved grander results
+for mankind within a single century than any other men ever
+accomplished in all the years since the first flight of time began.
+
+Washington drew his sword not for a change of rulers upon an
+established throne, but to establish a new government which should
+acknowledge no throne but the tribute of the people.
+
+Lincoln accepted war to save the Union, the safeguard of our
+liberties, and re-established it on indestructible foundations as
+forever "one and indivisible." To quote his own words: "Now we are
+contending that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of
+freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the
+people shall not perish from the earth."
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+Abraham Lincoln--the spirit incarnate of those who won victory in the
+Civil War--was the true representative of this people, not only for
+his own generation, but for all time, because he was a man among men.
+A man who embodied the qualities of his fellow-men, but who embodied
+them to the highest and most unusual degree of perfection, who
+embodied all that there was in the nation of courage, of wisdom, of
+gentle, patient kindliness, and of common sense.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S GRAVE
+
+BY MAURICE THOMPSON
+
+    May one who fought in honor for the South
+    Uncovered stand and sing by Lincoln's grave?
+    Why, if I shrunk not at the cannon's mouth,
+    Nor swerved one inch for any battle-wave,
+    Should I now tremble in this quiet close
+    Hearing the prairie wind go lightly by
+    From billowy plains of grass and miles of corn,
+        While out of deep repose
+    The great sweet spirit lifts itself on high
+    And broods above our land this summer morn?
+
+    Meseems I feel his presence. Is he dead?
+    Death is a word. He lives and grander grows.
+    At Gettysburg he bows his bleeding head;
+    He spreads his arms where Chickamauga flows,
+    As if to clasp old soldiers to his breast,
+    Of South or North no matter which they be,
+    Not thinking of what uniform they wore,
+        His heart a palimpsest,
+    Record on record of humanity,
+    Where love is first and last forevermore.
+
+    He was the Southern mother leaning forth,
+    At dead of night to hear the cannon roar,
+    Beseeching God to turn the cruel North
+    And break it that her son might come once more;
+    He was New England's maiden pale and pure,
+    Whose gallant lover fell on Shiloh's plain;
+    He was the mangled body of the dead;
+        He writhing did endure
+    Wounds and disfigurement and racking pain,
+    Gangrene and amputation, all things dread.
+
+    He was the North, the South, the East, the West,
+    The thrall, the master, all of us in one;
+    There was no section that he held the best;
+    His love shone as impartial as the sun;
+    And so revenge appealed to him in vain;
+    He smiled at it, as at a thing forlorn,
+    And gently put it from him, rose and stood
+        A moment's space in pain,
+    Remembering the prairies and the corn
+    And the glad voices of the field and wood.
+
+    And then when Peace set wing upon the wind
+    And northward flying fanned the clouds away,
+    He passed as martyrs pass. Ah, who shall find
+    The chord to sound the pathos of that day!
+    Mid-April blowing sweet across the land,
+    New bloom of freedom opening to the world,
+    Loud paeans of the homeward-looking host,
+        The salutations grand
+    From grimy guns, the tattered flags unfurled;
+    And he must sleep to all the glory lost!
+
+    Sleep! loss! But there is neither sleep nor loss,
+    And all the glory mantles him about;
+    Above his breast the precious banners cross,
+    Does he not hear his armies tramp and shout?
+    Oh, every kiss of mother, wife or maid
+    Dashed on the grizzly lip of veteran,
+    Comes forthright to that calm and quiet mouth,
+        And will not be delayed,
+    And every slave, no longer slave but man,
+    Sends up a blessing from the broken South.
+
+    He is not dead, France knows he is not dead;
+    He stirs strong hearts in Spain and Germany,
+    In far Siberian mines his words are said,
+    He tells the English Ireland shall be free,
+    He calls poor serfs about him in the night,
+    And whispers of a power that laughs at kings,
+    And of a force that breaks the strongest chain;
+        Old tyranny feels his might
+    Tearing away its deepest fastenings,
+    And jewelled sceptres threaten him in vain.
+
+    Years pass away, but freedom does not pass,
+    Thrones crumble, but man's birthright crumbles not,
+    And, like the wind across the prairie grass,
+    A whole world's aspirations fan this spot
+    With ceaseless panting after liberty,
+    One breath of which would make dark Russia fair,
+    And blow sweet summer through the exile's cave
+        And set the exile free;
+    For which I pray, here in the open air
+    Of Freedom's morning-tide, by Lincoln's grave.
+
+
+TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN
+
+A man of great ability, pure patriotism, unselfish nature, full of
+forgiveness to his enemies, bearing malice toward none, he proved to
+be the man above all others for the struggle through which the nation
+had to pass to place itself among the greatest in the family of
+nations. His fame will grow brighter as time passes and his great
+great work is better understood.
+
+                                                      _U. S. Grant._
+
+
+At the moment when the stars of the Union, sparkling and resplendent
+with the golden fires of liberty, are waving over the subdued walls of
+Richmond the sepulchre opens, and the strong, the powerful enters it.
+
+                                               _Sr. Rebello Da Silva._
+
+
+He ascended the mount where he could see the fair fields and the
+smiling vineyards of the promised land. But, like the great leader of
+Israel, he was not permitted to come to the possession.
+
+                                                     _Seth Sweetser._
+
+
+In his freedom from passion and bitterness; in his acute sense
+of justice; in his courageous faith in the right, and his
+inextinguishable hatred of wrong; in his warm and heartfelt sympathy
+and mercy; in his coolness of judgment; in his unquestioned rectitude
+of intention--in a word, in his ability to lift himself for his
+country's sake above all mere partisanship, in all the marked traits
+of his character combined, he has had no parallel since Washington,
+and while our republic endures he will live with him in the grateful
+hearts of his grateful countrymen.
+
+                                                   _Schuyler Colfax._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL
+
+    Dead is the roll of the drums,
+      And the distant thunders die,
+      They fade in the far-off sky;
+    And a lovely summer comes,
+      Like the smile of Him on high.
+
+    Lulled, the storm and the onset.
+      Earth lies in a sunny swoon;
+      Stiller splendor of noon,
+    Softer glory of sunset,
+      Milder starlight and moon!
+
+    For the kindly Seasons love us;
+      They smile over trench and clod
+    (Where we left the bravest of us)--
+      There's a brighter green of the sod,
+    And a holier calm above us
+      In the blessed Blue of God.
+
+    The roar and ravage were vain;
+      And Nature, that never yields,
+    Is busy with sun and rain
+    At her old sweet work again
+      On the lonely battle-fields.
+
+    How the tall white daisies grow,
+      Where the grim artillery rolled!
+    (Was it only a moon ago?
+      It seems a century old)--
+
+    And the bee hums in the clover,
+      As the pleasant June comes on;
+    Aye, the wars are all over,--
+      But our good Father is gone.
+
+    There was tumbling of traitor fort,
+      Flaming of traitor fleet--
+    Lighting of city and port,
+      Clasping in square and street.
+
+    There was thunder of mine and gun,
+      Cheering by mast and tent,--
+    When--his dread work all done,
+    And his high fame full won--
+      Died the Good President.
+
+    In his quiet chair he sate,
+      Pure of malice or guile,
+    Stainless of fear or hate,--
+      And there played a pleasant smile
+    On the rough and careworn face;
+      For his heart was all the while
+    On means of mercy and grace.
+
+    The brave old Flag drooped o'er him,
+      (A fold in the hard hand lay)--
+      He looked, perchance, on the play--
+    But the scene was a shadow before him,
+      For his thoughts were far away.
+
+    'Twas but the morn (yon fearful
+      Death-shade, gloomy and vast,
+      Lifting slowly at last),
+    His household heard him say,
+    "'Tis long since I've been so cheerful,
+      So light of heart as to-day."
+
+    'Twas dying, the long dread clang--
+      But, or ever the blessed ray
+      Of peace could brighten to-day,
+      Murder stood by the way--
+    Treason struck home his fang!
+    One throb--and, without a pang,
+      That pure soul passed away.
+
+    Kindly Spirit!--Ah, when did treason
+      Bid such a generous nature cease,
+    Mild by temper and strong by reason,
+      But ever leaning to love and peace?
+
+    A head how sober; a heart how spacious;
+      A manner equal with high or low;
+    Rough but gentle, uncouth but gracious,
+      And still inclining to lips of woe.
+
+    Patient when saddest, calm when sternest,
+      Grieved when rigid for justice' sake;
+    Given to jest, yet ever in earnest
+      If aught of right or truth were at stake.
+
+    Simple of heart, yet shrewd therewith,
+      Slow to resolve, but firm to hold;
+    Still with parable and with myth
+      Seasoning truth, like Them of old;
+    Aptest humor and quaintest pith!
+      (Still we smile o'er the tales he told.)
+
+    Yet whoso might pierce the guise
+      Of mirth in the man we mourn,
+    Would mark, and with grieved surprise,
+      All the great soul had borne,
+    In the piteous lines, and the kind, sad eyes
+      So dreadfully wearied and worn.
+
+    And we trusted (the last dread page
+      Once turned, of our Dooms-day Scroll),
+      To have seen him, sunny of soul,
+    In a cheery, grand old age.
+
+    But, Father, 'tis well with thee!
+      And since ever, when God draws nigh,
+    Some grief for the good must be,
+      'Twas well, even so to die,--
+
+    'Mid the thunder of Treason's fall,
+      The yielding of haughty town,
+    The crashing of cruel wall,
+      The trembling of tyrant crown!
+
+    The ringing of hearth and pavement
+      To the clash of falling chains,--
+    The centuries of enslavement
+      Dead, with their blood-bought gains!
+
+    And through trouble weary and long,
+      Well hadst thou seen the way,
+    Leaving the State so strong
+      It did not reel for a day.
+
+    And even in death couldst give
+      A token for Freedom's strife--
+    A proof how republics live,
+      And not by a single life,
+
+    But the Right Divine of man,
+      And the many, trained to be free,--
+    And none, since the world began,
+      Ever was mourned like thee.
+
+    Dost thou feel it, O noble Heart!
+      (So grieved and so wronged below),
+    From the rest wherein thou art?
+    Do they see it, those patient eyes?
+    Is there heed in the happy skies
+      For tokens of world-wide woe?
+
+    The Land's great lamentations,
+      The mighty mourning of cannon
+        The myriad flags half-mast--
+    The late remorse of the nations,
+      Grief from Volga to Shannon!
+        (Now they know thee at last.)
+
+    How, from gray Niagara's shore
+      To Canaveral's surfy shoal--
+    From the rough Atlantic roar
+      To the long Pacific roll--
+      For bereavement and for dole,
+    Every cottage wears its weed,
+      White as thine own pure soul,
+    And black as the traitor deed.
+
+    How, under a nation's pall,
+      The dust so dear in our sight
+        To its home on the prairie passed,--
+    The leagues of funeral,
+      The myriads, morn and night,
+        Pressing to look their last.
+
+    Nor alone the State's Eclipse;
+      But tears in hard eyes gather--
+    And on rough and bearded lips,
+    Of the regiments and the ships--
+      "Oh, our dear Father!"
+
+    And methinks of all the million
+      That looked on the dark dead face,
+    'Neath its sable-plumed pavilion,
+      The crone of a humbler race
+    Is saddest of all to think on,
+      And the old swart lips that said,
+    Sobbing, "Abraham Lincoln!
+      Oh, he is dead, he is dead!"
+
+    Hush! let our heavy souls
+      To-day be glad; for again
+    The stormy music swells and rolls,
+      Stirring the hearts of men.
+
+    And under the Nation's Dome,
+      They've guarded so well and long,
+    Our boys come marching home,
+      Two hundred thousand strong.
+
+    All in the pleasant month of May,
+      With war-worn colors and drums,
+    Still through the livelong summer's day,
+      Regiment, regiment comes.
+
+    Like the tide, yesty and barmy,
+      That sets on a wild lee-shore,
+    Surge the ranks of an army
+      Never reviewed before!
+
+    Who shall look on the like again,
+      Or see such host of the brave?
+    A mighty River of marching men
+      Rolls the Capital through--
+    Rank on rank, and wave on wave,
+      Of bayonet-crested blue!
+
+    How the chargers neigh and champ,
+    (Their riders weary of camp),
+      With curvet and with caracole!--
+    The cavalry comes with thunderous tramp,
+      And the cannons heavily roll.
+
+    And ever, flowery and gay,
+    The Staff sweeps on in a spray
+      Of tossing forelocks and manes;
+    But each bridle-arm has a weed
+    Of funeral, black as the steed
+      That fiery Sheridan reins.
+
+    Grandest of mortal sights
+      The sun-browned ranks to view--
+    The Colors ragg'd in a hundred fights,
+      And the dusty Frocks of Blue!
+
+    And all day, mile on mile,
+    With cheer, and waving, and smile,
+    The war-worn legions defile
+      Where the nation's noblest stand;
+    And the Great Lieutenant looks on,
+      With the Flower of a rescued Land,--
+    For the terrible work is done,
+    And the Good Fight is won
+      For God and for Fatherland.
+
+    So, from the fields they win,
+      Our men are marching home,
+      A million are marching home!
+    To the cannon's thundering din,
+      And banners on mast and dome,--
+    And the ships come sailing in
+    With all their ensigns dight,
+    As erst for a great sea-fight.
+
+    Let every color fly,
+      Every pennon flaunt in pride;
+    Wave, Starry Flag, on high!
+    Float in the sunny sky,
+      Stream o'er the stormy tide!
+    For every stripe of stainless hue,
+    And every star in the field of blue,
+    Ten thousand of the brave and true
+      Have laid them down and died.
+
+    And in all our pride to-day
+      We think, with a tender pain,
+    Of those so far away
+      They will not come home again.
+
+    And our boys had fondly thought,
+      To-day, in marching by,
+    From the ground so dearly bought,
+    And the fields so bravely fought,
+      To have met their Father's eye.
+
+    But they may not see him in place,
+      Nor their ranks be seen of him;
+    We look for the well-known face,
+      And the splendor is strangely dim.
+
+    Perish?--who was it said
+      Our Leader had passed away?
+    Dead? Our President dead?
+      He has not died for a day!
+
+    We mourn for a little breath
+      Such as, late or soon, dust yields;
+    But the Dark Flower of Death
+      Blooms in the fadeless fields.
+
+    We looked on a cold, still brow,
+      But Lincoln could yet survive;
+      He never was more alive,
+    Never nearer than now.
+
+    For the pleasant season found him,
+      Guarded by faithful hands,
+      In the fairest of Summer Lands;
+    With his own brave Staff around him,
+      There our President stands.
+
+    There they are all at his side,
+      The noble hearts and true,
+      That did all men might do--
+    Then slept, with their swords and died.
+
+    And around--(for there can cease
+      This earthly trouble)--they throng,
+    The friends that have passed in peace,
+      The foes that have seen their wrong.
+
+    (But, a little from the rest,
+      With sad eyes looking down,
+      And brows of softened frown,
+    With stern arms on the chest,
+    Are two, standing abreast--
+      Stonewall and Old John Brown.)
+
+    But the stainless and the true,
+      These by their President stand,
+    To look on his last review,
+      Or march with the old command.
+
+    And lo! from a thousand fields,
+      From all the old battle-haunts,
+    A greater Army than Sherman wields,
+      A grander Review than Grant's!
+
+    Gathered home from the grave,
+      Risen from sun and rain--
+    Rescued from wind and wave
+      Out of the stormy main--
+    The Legions of our Brave
+      Are all in their lines again!
+
+    Many a stout Corps that went,
+    Full-ranked, from camp and tent,
+      And brought back a brigade;
+    Many a brave regiment,
+      That mustered only a squad.
+
+    The lost battalions,
+      That, when the fight went wrong,
+    Stood and died at their guns,--
+      The stormers steady and strong,
+
+    With their best blood that bought
+      Scrap, and ravelin, and wall,--
+    The companies that fought
+      Till a corporal's guard was all.
+
+    Many a valiant crew,
+      That passed in battle and wreck,--
+    Ah, so faithful and true!
+      They died on the bloody deck,
+    They sank in the soundless blue.
+
+    All the loyal and bold
+      That lay on a soldier's bier,--
+      The stretchers borne to the rear,
+    The hammocks lowered to the hold.
+
+    The shattered wreck we hurried,
+      In death-fight, from deck and port,--
+    The Blacks that Wagner buried--
+      That died in the Bloody Fort!
+
+    Comrades of camp and mess,
+      Left, as they lay, to die,
+    In the battle's sorest stress,
+      When the storm of fight swept by,--
+    They lay in the Wilderness,
+      Ah, where did they not lie?
+
+    In the tangled swamp they lay,
+      They lay so still on the sward!--
+    They rolled in the sick-bay,
+    Moaning their lives away--
+      They flushed in the fevered ward.
+
+    They rotted in Libby yonder,
+      They starved in the foul stockade--
+    Hearing afar the thunder
+      Of the Union cannonade!
+
+    But the old wounds all are healed,
+      And the dungeoned limbs are free,--
+    The Blue Frocks rise from the field,
+      The Blue Jackets out of the sea.
+
+    They've 'scaped from the torture-den,
+      They've broken the bloody sod,
+    They're all come to life again!--
+    The Third of a Million men
+      That died for Thee and for God!
+
+    A tenderer green than May
+      The Eternal Season wears,--
+    The blue of our summer's day
+      Is dim and pallid to theirs,--
+    The Horror faded away,
+      And 'twas heaven all unawares!
+
+    Tents on the Infinite Shore!
+      Flags in the azuline sky,
+    Sails on the seas once more!
+      To-day, in the heaven on high,
+    All under arms once more!
+
+    The troops are all in their lines,
+      The guidons flutter and play;
+    But every bayonet shines,
+      For all must march to-day.
+
+    What lofty pennons flaunt?
+    What mighty echoes haunt,
+      As of great guns, o'er the main?
+      Hark to the sound again--
+    The Congress is all a-taunt!
+      The Cumberland's manned again!
+
+    All the ships and their men
+      Are in line of battle to-day,--
+    All at quarters, as when
+      Their last roll thundered away,--
+    All at their guns, as then,
+    For the Fleet salutes to-day.
+
+    The armies have broken camp
+      On the vast and sunny plain,
+      The drums are rolling again;
+    With steady, measured tramp,
+      They're marching all again.
+
+    With alignment firm and solemn,
+      Once again they form
+    In mighty square and column,--
+      But never for charge and storm.
+
+    The Old Flag they died under
+      Floats above them on the shore,
+    And on the great ships yonder
+      The ensigns dip once more--
+    And once again the thunder
+      Of the thirty guns and four!
+
+    In solid platoons of steel,
+      Under heaven's triumphal arch,
+    The long lines break and wheel--
+      And the word is, "Forward, march!"
+
+    The Colors ripple o'erhead,
+      The drums roll up to the sky,
+    And with martial time and tread
+      The regiments all pass by--
+    The ranks of our faithful Dead,
+      Meeting their President's eye.
+
+    With a soldier's quiet pride
+      They smile o'er the perished pain,
+      For their anguish was not vain--
+    For thee, O Father, we died!
+      And we did not die in vain.
+
+    March on, your last brave mile!
+      Salute him, Star and Lace,
+    Form round him, rank and file,
+      And look on the kind, rough face;
+
+    But the quaint and homely smile
+      Has a glory and a grace
+    It never had known erewhile--
+      Never, in time and space.
+
+    Close round him, hearts of pride!
+    Press near him, side by side,--
+      Our Father is not alone!
+    For the Holy Right ye died,
+    And Christ, the Crucified,
+      Waits to welcome His own.
+
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+A statesman of the school of sound common sense, and a philanthropist
+of the most practical type, a patriot without a superior--his monument
+is a country preserved.
+
+                                                  _C. S. Harrington._
+
+
+Now all men begin to see that the plain people, who at last came to
+love him and to lean upon his wisdom, and trust him absolutely, were
+altogether right, and that in deed and purpose he was earnestly
+devoted to the welfare of the whole country, and of all its
+inhabitants.
+
+                                                       _R. B. Hayes._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN[19]
+
+BY JOEL BENTON
+
+    Some opulent force of genius, soul, and race,
+      Some deep life-current from far centuries
+      Flowed to his mind, and lighted his sad eyes,
+    And gave his name, among great names, high place.
+
+    But these are miracles we may not trace--
+      Nor say why from a source and lineage mean
+      He rose to grandeur never dreamt or seen,
+    Or told on the long scroll of history's space.
+
+    The tragic fate of one broad hemisphere
+      Fell on stern days to his supreme control,
+    All that the world and liberty held dear
+      Pressed like a nightmare on his patient soul.
+    Martyr beloved, on whom, when life was done,
+    Fame looked, and saw another Washington!
+
+[19] _By permission of the author._
+
+
+ON THE LIFE-MASK OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[20]
+
+BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER
+
+    This bronze doth keep the very form and mold
+      Of our great martyr's face. Yes, this is he:
+      That brow all wisdom, all benignity;
+    That human, humorous mouth; those cheeks that hold
+    Like some harsh landscape all the summer's gold;
+      That spirit fit for sorrow, as the sea
+      For storms to beat on; the lone agony
+    Those silent, patient lips too well foretold.
+    Yes, this is he who ruled a world of men
+      As might some prophet of the elder day--
+      Brooding above the tempest and the fray
+    With deep-eyed thought and more than mortal ken.
+      A power was his beyond the touch of art
+      Or armed strength--his pure and mighty heart.
+
+[20] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+To him belongs the credit of having worked his way up from the
+humblest position an American freeman can occupy to the highest and
+most powerful, without losing, in the least, the simplicity and
+sincerity of nature which endeared him alike to the plantation slave
+and the metropolitan millionaire.
+
+The most malignant party opposition has never been able to call in
+question the patriotism of his motives, or tarnish with the breath of
+suspicion the brightness of his spotless fidelity. Ambition did not
+warp, power corrupt, nor glory dazzle him.
+
+                                               _Warren H. Cudworth._
+
+
+By his steady, enduring confidence in God, and in the complete
+ultimate success of the cause of God which is the cause of humanity,
+more than in any other way does he now speak to us, and to the nation
+he loved and served so well.
+
+                                                      _P. D. Gurley._
+
+
+Chieftain, farewell! The nation mourns thee. Mothers shall teach thy
+name to their lisping children. The youth of our land shall emulate
+thy virtues. Statesmen shall study thy record, and learn lessons of
+wisdom. Mute though thy lips be, yet they still speak. Hushed is thy
+voice, but its echoes of liberty are ringing through the world, and
+the sons of bondage listen with joy.
+
+                                                   _Matthew Simpson._
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+BY GEORGE HENRY BOKER.
+
+    Crown we our heroes with a holier wreath
+    Than man e'er wore upon this side of death;
+    Mix with their laurels deathless asphodels,
+    And chime their paeans from the sacred bells!
+    Nor in your prayers forget the martyred Chief,
+    Fallen for the gospel of your own belief,
+    Who, ere he mounted to the people's throne,
+    Asked for your prayers, and joined in them his own.
+    I knew the man. I see him, as he stands
+    With gifts of mercy in his outstretched hands;
+    A kindly light within his gentle eyes,
+    Sad as the toil in which his heart grew wise;
+    His lips half-parted with the constant smile
+    That kindled truth, but foiled the deepest guile;
+    His head bent forward, and his willing ear
+    Divinely patient right and wrong to hear:
+    Great in his goodness, humble in his state,
+    Firm in his purpose, yet not passionate,
+    He led his people with a tender hand,
+    And won by love a sway beyond command,
+    Summoned by lot to mitigate a time
+    Frenzied with rage, unscrupulous with crime,
+    He bore his mission with so meek a heart
+    That Heaven itself took up his people's part;
+    And when he faltered, helped him ere he fell,
+    Eking his efforts out by miracle.
+    No king this man, by grace of God's intent;
+    No, something better, freeman,--President!
+    A nature, modeled on a higher plan,
+    Lord of himself, an inborn gentleman!
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+JAMES A. GARFIELD
+
+In the great drama of the rebellion there were two acts. The first was
+the war, with its battles and sieges, its victories and defeats, its
+sufferings and tears. Just as the curtain was lifting on the second
+and final act, the restoration of peace and liberty, the evil spirit
+of the rebellion, in the fury of despair, nerved and directed the hand
+of an assassin to strike down the chief character in both. It was no
+one man who killed Abraham Lincoln; it was the embodied spirit of
+treason and slavery, inspired with fearful and despairing hate, that
+struck him down in the moment of the nation's supremest joy.
+
+Sir, there are times in the history of men and nations when they stand
+so near the veil that separates mortals from the immortals, time from
+eternity, and men from God that they can almost hear the beatings and
+pulsations of the heart of the Infinite. Through such a time has this
+nation passed.
+
+When two hundred and fifty thousand brave spirits passed from the
+field of honor, through that thin veil, to the presence of God, and
+when at last its parting folds admitted the martyr President to the
+company of those dead heroes of the Republic, the nation stood so near
+the veil that the whispers of God were heard by the children of men.
+Awe-stricken by his voice, the American people knelt in tearful
+reverence and made a solemn covenant with him and with each other that
+this nation should be saved from its enemies, that all its glories
+should be restored, and, on the ruins of slavery and treason, the
+temples of freedom and justice should be built, and should survive
+forever.
+
+It remains for us, consecrated by that great event and under a
+covenant with God, to keep that faith, to go forward in the great work
+until it shall be completed. Following the lead of that great man, and
+obeying the high behests of God, let us remember that:
+
+    He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat;
+    He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment seat;
+    Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer him! be jubilant, my feet!
+      Our God is marching on.
+
+
+AN HORATIAN ODE[21]
+
+BY RICHARD HENRY STODDARD
+
+    Not as when some great captain falls
+    In battle, where his country calls,
+        Beyond the struggling lines
+        That push his dread designs
+
+    To doom, by some stray ball struck dead:
+    Or in the last charge, at the head
+        Of his determined men,
+        Who must be victors then!
+
+    Nor as when sink the civic great,
+    The safer pillars of the State,
+        Whose calm, mature, wise words
+        Suppress the need of swords!--
+
+    With no such tears as e'er were shed
+    Above the noblest of our dead
+        Do we to-day deplore
+        The man that is no more!
+
+    Our sorrow hath a wider scope,
+    Too strange for fear, too vast for hope,--
+        A wonder, blind and dumb,
+        That waits--what is to come!
+
+    Not more astonished had we been
+    If madness, that dark night, unseen,
+        Had in our chambers crept,
+        And murdered while we slept!
+
+    We woke to find a mourning earth--
+    Our Lares shivered on the hearth,--
+        To roof-tree fallen,--all
+        That could affright, appall!
+
+    Such thunderbolts, in other lands,
+    Have smitten the rod from royal hands,
+        But spared, with us, till now,
+        Each laurelled Caesar's brow!
+
+    No Caesar he, whom we lament,
+    A man without a precedent,
+        Sent it would seem, to do
+        His work--and perish too!
+
+    Not by the weary cares of state,
+    The endless tasks, which will not wait,
+        Which, often done in vain,
+        Must yet be done again:
+
+    Not in the dark, wild tide of war,
+    Which rose so high, and rolled so far,
+        Sweeping from sea to sea
+        In awful anarchy:--
+
+    Four fateful years of mortal strife,
+    Which slowly drained the nation's life,
+        (Yet, for each drop that ran
+        There sprang an armed man!)
+
+    Not then;--but when by measures meet,--
+    By victory, and by defeat,--
+        By courage, patience, skill,
+        The people's fixed "We will!"
+
+    Had pierced, had crushed rebellion dead,--
+    Without a hand, without a head:--
+        At last, when all was well,
+        He fell--O, how he fell!
+
+    The time,--the place,--the stealing shape,--
+    The coward shot,--the swift escape,--
+        The wife,--the widow's scream,--
+        It is a hideous dream!
+
+    A dream?--what means this pageant, then?
+    These multitudes of solemn men,
+        Who speak not when they meet,
+        But throng the silent street?
+
+    The flags half-mast, that late so high
+    Flaunted at each new victory?
+        (The stars no brightness shed,
+        But bloody looks the red!)
+
+    The black festoons that stretch for miles,
+    And turn the streets to funeral aisles?
+        (No house too poor to show
+        The nation's badge of woe!)
+
+    The cannon's sudden, sullen boom,--
+    The bells that toll of death and doom,--
+        The rolling of the drums,--
+        The dreadful car that comes?
+
+    Cursed be the hand that fired the shot!
+    The frenzied brain that hatched the plot!
+        Thy country's father slain
+        By thee, thou worse than Cain!
+
+    Tyrants have fallen by such as thou,
+    And good hath followed--may it now!
+        (God lets bad instruments
+        Produce the best events.)
+
+    But he, the man we mourn to-day,
+    No tyrant was: so mild a sway
+        In one such weight who bore
+        Was never known before!
+
+    Cool should be he, of balanced powers.
+    The ruler of a race like ours,
+        Impatient, headstrong, wild,--
+        The man to guide the child!
+
+    And this he was, who most unfit
+    (So hard the sense of God to hit!)
+        Did seem to fill his place.
+        With such a homely face,--
+
+    Such rustic manners,--speech uncouth,--
+    (That somehow blundered out the truth!)
+        Untried, untrained to bear
+        The more than kingly care!
+
+    Ay! And his genius put to scorn
+    The proudest in the purple born,
+        Whose wisdom never grew
+        To what, untaught, he knew--
+
+    The people, of whom he was one.
+    No gentleman like Washington,--
+        (Whose bones, methinks, make room,
+        To have him in their tomb!)
+
+    A laboring man, with horny hands,
+    Who swung the axe, who tilled his lands,
+        Who shrank from nothing new,
+        But did as poor men do!
+
+    One of the people! Born to be
+    Their curious epitome;
+        To share, yet rise above
+        Their shifting hate and love.
+
+    Common his mind (it seemed so then),
+    His thought the thoughts of other men:
+        Plain were his words, and poor--
+        But now they will endure!
+
+    No hasty fool, of stubborn will,
+    But prudent, cautious, pliant, still;
+        Who, since his work was good,
+        Would do it, as he could.
+
+    Doubting, was not ashamed to doubt,
+    And, lacking prescience, went without:
+        Often appeared to halt,
+        And was, of course, at fault:
+
+    Heard all opinions, nothing loth,
+    And loving both sides, angered both:
+        Was--not like justice, blind,
+        But watchful, clement, kind.
+
+    No hero, this, of Roman mould;
+    Nor like our stately sires of old:
+        Perhaps he was not great--
+        But he preserved that State!
+
+    O honest face, which all men knew!
+    O tender heart, but known to few!
+        O wonder of the age,
+        Cut off by tragic rage!
+
+    Peace! Let the long procession come,
+    For hark!--the mournful, muffled drum--
+        The trumpet's wail afar,--
+        And see! the awful car!
+
+    Peace! Let the sad procession go,
+    While cannon boom, and bells toll slow:
+        And go, thou sacred car,
+        Bearing our woe afar!
+
+    Go, darkly borne, from State to State,
+    Whose loyal, sorrowing cities wait
+        To honor all they can
+        The dust of that good man!
+
+    Go, grandly borne, with such a train
+    As greatest kings might die to gain:
+        The just, the wise, the brave
+        Attend thee to the grave!
+
+    And you, the soldiers of our wars,
+    Bronzed veterans, grim with noble scars,
+        Salute him once again,
+        Your late commander--slain!
+
+    Yes, let your tears, indignant, fall,
+    But leave your muskets on the wall:
+        Your country needs you now
+        Beside the forge, the plough!
+
+    (When justice shall unsheathe her brand,--
+    If mercy may not stay her hand,
+        Nor would we have it so--
+        She must direct the blow!)
+
+    And you, amid the master-race,
+    Who seem so strangely out of place,
+        Know ye who cometh? He
+        Who hath declared ye free!
+
+    Bow while the body passes--nay,
+    Fall on your knees, and weep, and pray!
+        Weep, weep--I would ye might--
+        Your poor, black faces white!
+
+    And children, you must come in bands,
+    With garlands in your little hands,
+        Of blue, and white, and red,
+        To strew before the dead!
+
+    So sweetly, sadly, sternly goes
+    The fallen to his last repose:
+        Beneath no mighty dome.
+        But in his modest home;
+
+    The churchyard where his children rest,
+    The quiet spot that suits him best:
+        There shall his grave be made,
+        And there his bones be laid!
+
+    And there his countrymen shall come,
+    With memory proud, with pity dumb,
+        And strangers far and near,
+        For many and many a year!
+
+    For many a year, and many an age,
+    While history on her ample page
+        The virtues shall enroll
+        Of that paternal soul!
+
+[21] _By permission of Charles Scribner's Sons._
+
+
+SOME FOREIGN TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN
+
+From "The Lives and Deeds of Our Self-made Men"[22]
+
+BY MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE
+
+(1889)
+
+On the first of May, 1865, Sir George Grey, in the English House of
+Commons, moved an address to the Crown, to express the feelings of the
+House upon the assassination of Mr. Lincoln. In this address he said
+that he was convinced that Mr. Lincoln "in the hour of victory, and in
+the triumph of victory, would have shown that wise forbearance, and
+that generous consideration, which would have added tenfold lustre to
+the fame that he had already acquired, amidst the varying fortunes of
+the war."
+
+In seconding the second address, at the same time and place, Mr.
+Benjamin Disraeli said: "But in the character of the victim, and in
+the very accessories of his almost latest moments, there is something
+so homely and so innocent that it takes the subject, as it were, out
+of the pomp of history, and out of the ceremonial of diplomacy. It
+touches the heart of nations, and appeals to the domestic sentiments
+of mankind."
+
+In the House of Lords, Lord John Russell, in moving a similar address,
+observed: "President Lincoln was a man who, although he had not been
+distinguished before his election, had from that time displayed a
+character of so much integrity, sincerity and straightforwardness, and
+at the same time of so much kindness, that if any one could have been
+able to alleviate the pain and animosity which have prevailed during
+the civil war, I believe President Lincoln was the man to have done
+so." And again, in speaking of the question of amending the
+Constitution so as to prohibit slavery, he said: "We must all feel
+that there again the death of President Lincoln deprives the United
+States of the man who was the leader on this subject."
+
+Mr. John Stuart Mill, the distinguished philosopher, in a letter to an
+American friend, used far stronger expressions than these guarded
+phrases of high officials. He termed Mr. Lincoln "the great citizen
+who had afforded so noble an example of the qualities befitting the
+first magistrate of a free people, and who, in the most trying
+circumstances, had gradually won not only the admiration, but almost
+the personal affection of all who love freedom or appreciate
+simplicity or uprightness."
+
+Professor Goldwin Smith writing to the London Daily News, began by
+saying, "It is difficult to measure the calamity which the United
+States and the world have sustained by the murder of President
+Lincoln. The assassin has done his best to strike down mercy and
+moderation, of both of which this good and noble life was the
+mainstay."
+
+Senhor Rebello da Silva, a member of the Portuguese Chamber of Peers,
+in moving a resolution on the death of Mr. Lincoln, thus outlined his
+character: "He is truly great who rises to the loftiest heights from
+profound obscurity, relying solely on his own merits as did Napoleon,
+Washington, Lincoln. For these arose to power and greatness, not
+through any favor or grace, by a chance cradle, or genealogy, but
+through the prestige of their own deeds, through the nobility which
+begins and ends with themselves--the sole offspring of their own
+works.... Lincoln was of this privileged class; he belonged to this
+aristocracy. In infancy, his energetic soul was nourished by poverty.
+In youth, he learned through toil the love of liberty, and respect for
+the rights of man. Even to the age of twenty-two, educated in
+adversity, his hands made callous by honorable labor, he rested from
+the fatigues of the field, spelling out, in the pages of the Bible, in
+the lessons of the gospel, in the fugitive leaves of the daily
+journal--which the aurora opens, and the night disperses--the first
+rudiments of instruction, which his solitary meditations ripened. The
+chrysalis felt one day the ray of the sun, which called it to life,
+broke its involucrum, and it launched forth fearlessly from the
+darkness of its humble cloister into the luminous spaces of its
+destiny. The farmer, day-laborer, shepherd, like Cincinnatus, left
+the ploughshare in the half-broken furrow, and, legislator of his own
+State, and afterwards of the Great Republic, saw himself proclaimed in
+the tribunal the popular chief of several millions of people, the
+maintainer of the holy principle inaugurated by Wilberforce."
+
+There are some vague and some only partially correct statements in
+this diffuse passage; but it shows plainly enough how enthusiastically
+the Portuguese nobleman had admired the antique simplicity and
+strength of Mr. Lincoln's character.
+
+Dr. Merle d'Aubigne, the historian of the Reformation, writing to Mr.
+Fogg, U. S. Minister to Switzerland, said: "While not venturing to
+compare him to the great sacrifice of Golgotha, which gave liberty to
+the captives, is it not just, in this hour, to recall the word of an
+apostle (I John iii, 16): 'Hereby perceive we the love of God, because
+he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for
+the brethren?' Who can say that the President did not lay down his
+life by the firmness of his devotion to a great duty? The name of
+Lincoln will remain one of the greatest that history has to inscribe
+on its annals.... Among the legacies which Lincoln leaves to us, we
+shall all regard as the most precious, his spirit of equity, of
+moderation, and of peace, according to which he will still preside, if
+I may so speak, over the restoration of your great nation."
+
+The "Democratic Association" of Florence, addressed "to the Free
+People of the United States," a letter, in which they term Mr. Lincoln
+"the honest, the magnanimous citizen, the most worthy chief
+magistrate of your glorious Federation."
+
+The eminent French liberal, M. Edouard Laboulaye, in a speech showing
+a remarkably just understanding and extremely broad views with respect
+to the affairs and the men of the United States, said: "Mr. Lincoln
+was one of those heroes who are ignorant of themselves; his thoughts
+will reign after him. The name of Washington has already been
+pronounced, and I think with reason. Doubtless Mr. Lincoln resembled
+Franklin more than Washington. By his origin, his arch good nature,
+his ironical good sense, and his love of anecdotes and jesting, he was
+of the same blood as the printer of Philadelphia. But it is
+nevertheless true that in less than a century, America has passed
+through two crises in which its liberty might have been lost, if it
+had not had honest men at its head; and that each time it has had the
+happiness to meet the man best fitted to serve it. If Washington
+founded the Union, Lincoln has saved it. History will draw together
+and unite those two names. A single word explains Mr. Lincoln's whole
+life: it was Duty. Never did he put himself forward; never did he
+think of himself; never did he seek one of those ingenious
+combinations which puts the head of a state in bold relief, and
+enhances his importance at the expense of the country; his only
+ambition, his only thought was faithfully to fulfil the mission which
+his fellow-citizens had entrusted to him.... His inaugural address,
+March 4, 1865, shows us what progress had been made in his soul. This
+piece of familiar eloquence is a master-piece; it is the testament of
+a patriot. I do not believe that any eulogy of the President would
+equal this page on which he had depicted himself in all his greatness
+and all his simplicity.... History is too often only a school of
+immorality. It shows us the victory of force or stratagem much more
+than the success of justice, moderation, and probity. It is too often
+only the apotheosis of triumphant selfishness. There are noble and
+great exceptions; happy those who can increase the number, and thus
+bequeath a noble and beneficent example to posterity! Mr. Lincoln is
+among these. He would willingly have repeated, after Franklin, that
+'falsehood and artifice are the practice of fools who have not wit
+enough to be honest.' All his private life, and all his political
+life, were inspired and directed by this profound faith in the
+omnipotence of virtue. It is through this, again, that he deserves to
+be compared with Washington; it is through this that he will remain in
+history with the most glorious name that can be merited by the head of
+a free people--a name given him by his cotemporaries, and which will
+be preserved to him by posterity--that of Honest Abraham Lincoln."
+
+A letter from the well-known French historian, Henri Martin, to the
+Paris Siecle, contained the following passages: "Lincoln will remain
+the austere and sacred personification of a great epoch, the most
+faithful expression of democracy. This simple and upright man, prudent
+and strong, elevated step by step from the artisan's bench to the
+command of a great nation, and always without parade and without
+effort, at the height of his position; executing without
+precipitation, without flourish, and with invincible good sense, the
+most colossal acts; giving to the world this decisive example of the
+civil power in a republic; directing a gigantic war, without free
+institutions being for an instant compromised or threatened by
+military usurpation; dying, finally, at the moment when, after
+conquering, he was intent on pacification, ... this man will stand
+out, in the traditions of his country and the world, as an incarnation
+of the people, and of modern democracy itself. The great work of
+emancipation had to be sealed, therefore, with the blood of the just,
+even as it was inaugurated with the blood of the just. The tragic
+history of the abolition of slavery, which opened with the gibbet of
+John Brown, will close with the assassination of Lincoln.
+
+"And now let him rest by the side of Washington, as the second founder
+of the great Republic. European democracy is present in spirit at his
+funeral, as it voted in its heart for his re-election, and applauded
+the victory in the midst of which he passed away. It will wish with
+one accord to associate itself with the monument that America will
+raise to him upon the capitol of prostrate slavery."
+
+The London Globe, in commenting on Mr. Lincoln's assassination, said
+that he "had come nobly through a great ordeal. He had extorted the
+admiration even of his opponents, at least on this side of the water.
+They had come to admire, reluctantly, his firmness, honesty, fairness
+and sagacity. He tried to do, and had done, what he considered his
+duty, with magnanimity."
+
+The London Express said, "He had tried to show the world how great,
+how moderate, and how true he could be, in the moment of his great
+triumph."
+
+The Liverpool Post said, "If ever there was a man who in trying times
+avoided offenses, it was Mr. Lincoln. If there ever was a leader in a
+civil contest who shunned acrimony and eschewed passion, it was he. In
+a time of much cant and affectation he was simple, unaffected, true,
+transparent. In a season of many mistakes he was never known to be
+wrong.... By a happy tact, not often so felicitously blended with pure
+evidence of soul, Abraham Lincoln knew when to speak, and never spoke
+too early or too late.... The memory of his statesmanship, translucent
+in the highest degree, and above the average, and openly faithful,
+more than almost any of this age has witnessed, to fact and right,
+will live in the hearts and minds of the whole Anglo-Saxon race, as
+one of the noblest examples of that race's highest qualities. Add to
+all this that Abraham Lincoln was the humblest and pleasantest of men,
+that he had raised himself from nothing, and that to the last no grain
+of conceit or ostentation was found in him, and there stands before
+the world a man whose like we shall not soon look upon again."
+
+In the remarks of M. Rouher, the French Minister, in the Legislative
+Assembly, on submitting to that Assembly the official despatch of the
+French Foreign Minister of the Charge at Washington, M. Rouher
+remarked, of Mr. Lincoln's personal character, that he had exhibited
+"that calm firmness and indomitable energy which belong to strong
+minds, and are the necessary conditions of the accomplishment of great
+duties. In the hour of victory he exhibited generosity, moderation and
+conciliation."
+
+And in the despatch, which was signed by Mr. Drouyn de L'Huys, were
+the following expressions: "Abraham Lincoln exhibited, in the exercise
+of the power placed in his hands, the most substantial qualities. In
+him, firmness of character was allied to elevation of principle.... In
+reviewing these last testimonies to his exalted wisdom, as well as the
+examples of good sense, of courage, and of patriotism, which he has
+given, history will not hesitate to place him in the rank of citizens
+who have the most honored their country."
+
+In the Prussian Lower House, Herr Loewes, in speaking of the news of
+the assassination, said that Mr. Lincoln "performed his duties without
+pomp or ceremony, and relied on that dignity of his inner self alone,
+which is far above rank, orders and titles. He was a faithful servant,
+not less of his own commonwealth than of civilization, freedom and
+humanity."
+
+[22] _By permission of Dana Estes Company._
+
+
+FROM 'THE GETTYSBURG ODE'
+
+BY BAYARD TAYLOR
+
+    After the eyes that looked, the lips that spake
+    Here, from the shadows of impending death,
+            Those words of solemn breath,
+            What voice may fitly break
+    The silence, doubly hallowed, left by him?
+    We can but bow the head, with eyes grown dim,
+        And as a Nation's litany, repeat
+    The phrase his martyrdom hath made complete,
+    Noble as then, but now more sadly sweet:
+    "Let us, the Living, rather dedicate
+    Ourselves to the unfinished work, which they
+    Thus far advanced so nobly on its way,
+            And saved the perilled State!
+    Let us, upon this field where they, the brave,
+    Their last full measure of devotion gave,
+    Highly resolve they have not died in vain!--
+    That, under God, the Nation's later birth
+        Of Freedom, and the people's gain
+    Of their own Sovereignty, shall never wane
+    And perish from the circle of the earth!"
+    From such a perfect text, shall Song aspire
+            To light her faded fire,
+        And into wandering music turn
+    Its virtue, simple, sorrowful, and stern?
+    His voice all elegies anticipated;
+            For, whatsoe'er the strain,
+            We hear that one refrain:
+    "We consecrate ourselves to them, the Consecrated!"
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Some of the poem omitted in original.]
+
+
+TRIBUTES
+
+Thank God for Abraham Lincoln! However lightly the words may sometimes
+pass your lips, let us speak them now and always of this man
+sincerely, solemnly, reverently, as so often dying soldiers and
+bereaved women and little children spoke them. Thank God for Abraham
+Lincoln--for the Lincoln who died and whose ashes rest at
+Springfield--for the Lincoln who lives in the hearts of the American
+people--in their widened sympathies and uplifted ideals. Thank God for
+the work he did, is doing, and is to do. Thank God for Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+                                                 _James Willis Gleed._
+
+
+Let us not then try to compare and to measure him with others, and let
+us not quarrel as to whether he was greater or less than Washington,
+as to whether either of them set to perform the other's task would
+have succeeded in it, or, perchance would have failed. Not only is the
+competition itself an ungracious one, but to make Lincoln a competitor
+is foolish and useless. He was the most individual man who ever lived;
+let us be content with this fact. Let us take him simply as Abraham
+Lincoln, singular and solitary, as we all see that he was; let us be
+thankful if we can make a niche big enough for him among the world's
+heroes, without worrying ourselves about the proportion which it may
+bear to other niches; and there let him remain forever, lonely, as in
+his strange lifetime, impressive, mysterious, unmeasured, and
+unsolved.
+
+                                                _John T. Morse, Jr._
+
+
+Those who are raised high enough to be able to look over the stone
+walls, those who are intelligent enough to take a broader view of
+things than that which is bounded by the lines of any one State or
+section, understand that the unity of the nation is of the first
+importance, and are prepared to make those sacrifices and concessions,
+within the bounds of loyalty, which are necessary for its maintenance,
+and to cherish that temper of fraternal affection which alone can fill
+the form of national existence with the warm blood of life. The first
+man after the Civil War, to recognize this great principle and to act
+upon it was the head of the nation,--that large and generous soul
+whose worth was not fully felt until he was taken from his people by
+the stroke of the assassin, in the very hour when his presence was
+most needed for the completion of the work of reunion.
+
+                                                 _Henry Van Dyke._
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+From _MacMillan's Magazine_, England
+
+    LINCOLN! When men would name a man
+      Just, unperturbed, magnanimous,
+    Tried in the lowest seat of all,
+      Tried in the chief seat of the house--
+
+    Lincoln! When men would name a man
+      Who wrought the great work of his age,
+    Who fought and fought the noblest fight,
+      And marshalled it from stage to stage,
+
+    Victorious, out of dusk and dark,
+      And into dawn and on till day,
+    Most humble when the paeans rang,
+      Least rigid when the enemy lay
+
+    Prostrated for his feet to tread--
+      This name of Lincoln will they name,
+    A name revered, a name of scorn,
+      Of scorn to sundry, not to fame.
+
+    Lincoln, the man who freed the slave;
+      Lincoln whom never self enticed;
+    Slain Lincoln, worthy found to die
+      A soldier of his captain Christ.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+    This man whose homely face you look upon,
+    Was one of Nature's masterful, great men;
+    Born with strong arms, that unfought battles won,
+    Direct of speech, and cunning with the pen.
+    Chosen for large designs, he had the art
+    Of winning with his humor, and he went
+    Straight to his mark, which was the human heart;
+    Wise, too, for what he could not break he bent.
+    Upon his back a more than Atlas-load,
+    The burden of the Commonwealth, was laid;
+    He stooped, and rose up to it, though the road
+    Shot suddenly downwards, not a whit dismayed.
+    Hold, warriors, councillors, kings! All now give place
+    To this dead Benefactor of the race!
+
+                                     _Richard Henry Stoddard._
+
+
+LINCOLN[23]
+
+BY EDNA DEAN PROCTOR
+
+    Now must the storied Potomac
+      Laurels for ever divide,
+    Now to the Sangamon fameless
+      Give of its century's pride.
+
+    Sangamon, stream of the prairies,
+      Placidly westward that flows,
+    Far in whose city of silence
+      Calm he has sought his repose.
+    Over our Washington's river
+      Sunrise beams rosy and fair,
+    Sunset on Sangamon fairer--
+      Father and martyr lies there.
+
+    Kings under pyramids slumber,
+      Sealed in the Lybian sands;
+    Princes in gorgeous cathedrals
+      Decked with the spoil of the lands
+    Kinglier, princelier sleeps he
+      Couched 'mid the prairies serene,
+    Only the turf and the willow
+      Him and God's heaven between!
+    Temple nor column to cumber
+      Verdure and bloom of the sod--
+    So, in the vale by Beth-peor,
+      Moses was buried of God.
+
+    Break into blossom, O prairies!
+      Snowy and golden and red;
+    Peers of the Palestine lilies
+      Heap for your glorious dead!
+    Roses as fair as of Sharon,
+      Branches as stately as palm,
+    Odors as rich as the spices--
+      Cassia and aloes and balm--
+    Mary the loved and Salome,
+      All with a gracious accord,
+    Ere the first glow of the morning
+      Brought to the tomb of the Lord
+
+    Wind of the West! breathe around him
+      Soft as the saddened air's sigh
+    When to the summit of Pisgah
+      Moses had journeyed to die.
+    Clear as its anthem that floated
+      Wide o'er the Moabite plain,
+    Low with the wail of the people
+      Blending its burdened refrain.
+    Rarer, O Wind! and diviner,--
+      Sweet as the breeze that went by
+    When, over Olivet's mountain,
+      Jesus was lost in the sky.
+
+    Not for thy sheaves nor savannas
+      Crown we thee, proud Illinois!
+    Here in his grave is thy grandeur;
+      Born of his sorrow thy joy.
+    Only the tomb by Mount Zion
+      Hewn for the Lord do we hold
+    Dearer than his in thy prairies,
+      Girdled with harvests of gold.
+    Still for the world, through the ages
+      Wreathing with glory his brow,
+    He shall be Liberty's Saviour--
+      Freedom's Jerusalem thou!
+
+[23] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+WHEN LILACS LAST IN THE DOORYARD BLOOM'D[24]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+I
+
+    When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd,
+    And the great star early droop'd in the western sky in the night,
+    I mourn'd, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring.
+
+    Ever-returning spring, trinity sure to me you bring,
+    Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west,
+    And thought of him I love.
+
+    II
+
+    O powerful western fallen star!
+    O shades of night--O moody, tearful night!
+    O great star disappear'd--O the black murk that hides the star!
+    O cruel hands that hold me powerless--O helpless soul of me!
+    O harsh surrounding cloud that will not free my soul.
+
+    III
+
+    In the dooryard fronting an old farm-house near the white-wash'd
+        palings,
+    Stands the lilac-bush tall-growing with heart-shaped leaves of rich
+        green,
+    With many a pointed blossom rising delicate, with the perfume strong
+        I love,
+
+    With every leaf a miracle--and from this bush in the dooryard,
+    With delicate-color'd blossoms and heart-shaped leaves of rich green,
+    A sprig with its flower I break.
+
+    IV
+
+    In the swamp in secluded recesses,
+    A shy and hidden bird is warbling a song.
+    Solitary the thrush,
+    The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlements,
+    Sings by himself a song.
+
+    Song of the bleeding throat,
+    Death's outlet song of life (for well, dear brother, I know,
+    If thou wast not granted to sing thou would'st surely die).
+
+    V
+
+    Over the breast of the spring, the land, amid cities,
+    Amid lanes and through old woods, where lately the violets peep'd
+        from the ground, spotting the gray debris,
+    Amid the grass in the fields each side of the lanes, passing the
+        endless grass.
+    Passing the yellow-spear'd wheat, every grain from its shroud in
+        the dark-brown fields uprisen,
+    Passing the apple-tree blows of white and pink in the orchards,
+    Carrying a corpse to where it shall rest in the grave,
+    Night and day journeys a coffin.
+
+    VI
+
+    Coffin that passes through lanes and streets,
+    Through day and night with the great cloud darkening the land,
+    With the pomp of the inloop'd flags with the cities draped in black,
+    With the show of the States themselves as of crape-veil'd women
+        standing,
+    With processions long and winding and the flambeaus of the night,
+    With the countless torches lit, with the silent sea of faces and
+        the unbared heads,
+    With the waiting depot, the arriving coffin, and the sombre faces,
+    With dirges through the night, with the thousand voices rising
+        strong and solemn,
+    With all the mournful voices of the dirges pour'd around the coffin,
+    The dim-lit churches and the shuddering organs--where amid these you
+        journey,
+    With the tolling, tolling bells' perpetual clang,
+    Here, coffin that slowly passes,
+    I give you my sprig of lilac.
+
+    VII
+
+    (Nor for you, for one alone,
+    Blossoms and branches green to coffins all I bring,
+    For fresh as the morning, thus would I chant a song for you, O sane
+        and sacred death.
+
+    All over bouquets of roses,
+    O death, I cover you over with roses and early lilies,
+    But mostly and now the lilac that blooms the first.
+    Copious I break, I break the sprigs from the bushes,
+    With loaded arms I come, pouring for you,
+    For you and the coffins all of you, O death).
+
+    VIII
+
+    O western orb sailing the heaven,
+    Now I know what you must have meant as a month since I walk'd,
+    As I walk'd in silence the transparent shadowy night,
+    As I saw you had something to tell as you bent to me night after
+        night,
+    As you droop'd from the sky low down as if to my side (while the
+        other stars all look'd on),
+    As we wander'd together the solemn night (for something, I know not
+        what, kept me from sleep),
+    As the night advanced, and I saw on the rim of the west how full
+        you were of woe,
+    As I stood on the rising ground in the breeze in the cool
+        transparent night,
+    As I watch'd where you pass'd and was lost in the netherward black
+        of the night,
+    As my soul in its trouble dissatisfied sank, as where you, sad orb,
+    Concluded, dropt in the night, and was gone.
+
+    IX
+
+    Sing on there in the swamp,
+    O singer, bashful and tender, I hear your notes, I hear your call,
+    I hear, I come presently, I understand you,
+    But a moment I linger, for the lustrous star has detain'd me,
+    The star, my departing comrade holds and detains
+    me.
+
+    X
+
+    O how shall I warble myself for the dead one there I loved?
+    And how shall I deck my song for the large sweet soul that has gone?
+    And what shall my perfume be for the grave of him I love?
+    Sea-winds blown from east and west,
+    Blown from the Eastern sea and blown from the Western sea, till
+        there on the prairies meeting,
+    These and with these and the breath of my chant,
+    I'll perfume the grave of him I love.
+
+    XI
+
+    O what shall I hang on the chamber walls?
+    And what shall the pictures be that I hang on the walls,
+    To adorn the burial-house of him I love?
+
+    Pictures of growing spring and farms and homes,
+    With the Fourth-month eve at sundown, and the gray smoke lucid and
+        bright,
+    With floods of the yellow gold of the gorgeous, indolent, sinking
+        sun, burning, expanding the air,
+    With the fresh sweet herbage under foot, and the pale green leaves
+        of the trees prolific,
+    In the distance the flowing glaze, the breast of the
+    river, with a wind-dapple here and there,
+    With ranging hills on the banks, with many a line against the sky,
+        and shadows,
+    And the city at hand with dwellings so dense, and stacks of
+        chimneys,
+    And all the scenes of life and the workshops, and the workmen
+        homeward returning.
+
+    XII
+
+    Lo, body and soul--this land,
+    My own Manhattan with spires, and the sparkling and hurrying tides,
+        and the ships,
+    The varied and ample land, the South and the North in the light,
+        Ohio's shores and flashing Missouri,
+    And ever the far-spreading prairies cover'd with grass and corn.
+
+    Lo, the most excellent sun so calm and haughty,
+    The violet and purple morn with just-felt breezes,
+    The gentle soft-born measureless light,
+    The miracle spreading, bathing all, the fulfill'd noon,
+    The coming eve delicious, the welcome night and the stars,
+    Over my cities shining all, enveloping man and land.
+
+    XIII
+
+    Sing on, sing on, you gray-brown bird,
+    Sing from the swamps, the recesses, pour your chant from the bushes,
+    Limitless out of the dusk, out of the cedars and pines.
+
+    Sing on, dearest brother, warble your reedy song,
+    Loud human song, with voice of uttermost woe.
+
+    O liquid and free and tender!
+    O wild and loose to my soul--O wondrous singer!
+    You only I hear--yet the star holds me (but will soon depart),
+    Yet the lilac with mastering odor holds me.
+
+    XIV
+
+    Now while I sat in the day and look'd forth,
+    In the close of the day with its light and the fields of spring,
+        and the farmers preparing their crops,
+    In the large unconscious scenery of my land with its lakes and forests,
+    In the heavenly aerial beauty (after the perturb'd winds and the
+        storms),
+    Under the arching heavens of the afternoon swift passing, and the
+        voices of children and women,
+    The many-moving sea-tides, and I saw the ships how they sail'd,
+    And the summer approaching with richness, and the fields all busy
+        with labor,
+    And the infinite separate houses, how they all went on, each with
+        its meals and minutia of daily usages,
+    And the streets, how their throbbings throbb'd, and the cities
+        pent--lo, then and there,
+    Falling upon them all and among them all, enveloping me with the
+        rest,
+    Appear'd the cloud, appear'd the long black trail,
+    And I knew death, its thought, and the sacred knowledge of death.
+    Then with the knowledge of death as walking one side of me,
+    And the thought of death close-walking the other side of me,
+    And in the middle as with companions, and as holding the hands of
+        companions,
+    I fled forth to the hiding, receiving night that talks not,
+    Down to the shores of the water, the path by the swamp in the
+        dimness,
+    To the solemn shadowy cedars and ghostly pines so still.
+
+    And the singer so shy to the rest receiv'd me,
+    The gray-brown bird I know receiv'd us comrades three,
+    And he sang the carol of death, and a verse for him I love.
+
+    From deep secluded recesses,
+    From the fragrant cedars and the ghostly pines so still,
+    Came the carol of the bird.
+
+    And the charm of the carol rapt me,
+    As I held as if by their hands my comrades in the night,
+    And the voice of my spirit tallied the song of the bird.
+
+    _Come, lovely and soothing death,
+    Undulate round the world, serenely arriving, arriving,
+    In the day, in the night, to all, to each,
+    Sooner or later, delicate death._
+
+    _Prais'd be the fathomless universe,
+    For life and joy, and for objects and knowledge curious,
+    And for love, sweet love--but praise! praise! praise!
+    For the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding death.
+
+    Dark mother, always gliding near with soft feet,
+    Have none chanted for thee a chant of fullest welcome?_
+    _Then I chant it for thee, I glorify thee above all,
+    I bring thee a song that when thou must indeed come, come
+        unfalteringly._
+
+    _Approach, strong deliveress,
+    When it is so, when thou hast taken them I joyously sing the dead,
+    Lost in the loving, floating ocean of thee,
+    Laved in the flood of thy bliss, O death._
+
+    _From me to thee, glad serenades,
+    Dances for thee I propose saluting thee, adornments and feastings
+        for thee,
+    And the sights of the open landscape and the high-spread sky are
+        fitting,
+    And life and the fields, and the huge and thoughtful night._
+
+    _The night in silence under many a star,
+    The ocean shore and the husky whispering wave whose voice I know,
+    And the soul turning to thee, O vast and well-veil'd death,
+    And the body gratefully nestling close to thee._
+
+    _Over the tree-tops I float thee a song,
+    Over the rising and sinking waves, over the myriad fields and the
+        prairies wide,
+    Over the dense-pack'd cities all and the teeming wharves and ways,
+    I float this carol with joy, with joy to thee, O death._
+
+    XV
+
+    To the tally of my soul,
+    Loud and strong kept up the gray-brown bird,
+    With pure deliberate notes spreading, filling the night.
+
+    Loud in the pines and cedars dim,
+    Clear in the freshness moist and the swamp-perfume,
+    And I with my comrades there in the night.
+
+    While my sight that was bound in my eyes unclosed,
+    As to long panoramas of visions.
+
+    And I saw askant the armies,
+    I saw as in noiseless dreams hundreds of battle-flags,
+    Borne through the smoke of the battles and pierc'd with missiles
+        I saw them,
+    And carried hither and yon through the smoke, and torn and bloody,
+    And at last but a few shreds left on the staffs (and all in silence),
+    And the staffs all splinter'd and broken.
+
+    I saw battle-corpses, myriads of them,
+    And the white skeletons of young men, I saw them,
+    I saw the debris and debris of all the slain soldiers of the war,
+    But I saw they were not as was thought,
+    They themselves were fully at rest, they suffer'd not,
+    The living remain'd and suffer'd, the mother suffer'd,
+    And the armies that remain'd suffer'd.
+
+    XVI
+
+    Passing the visions, passing the night,
+    Passing, unloosing the hold of my comrade's hands,
+    Passing the song of the hermit bird and the tallying song of my soul,
+    Victorious song, death's outlet song, yet varying ever-altering song,
+    As low and wailing, yet clear the notes, rising and falling, flooding
+        the night,
+    Sadly sinking and fainting, as warning and warning, and yet again
+        bursting with joy,
+    Covering the earth and filling the spread of the heaven,
+    As that powerful psalm in the night I heard from recesses,
+    Passing, I leave thee lilac with heart-shaped leaves,
+    I leave thee there in the door-yard, blooming, returning with spring.
+
+    I cease from song for thee,
+    From my gaze on thee in the west, fronting the west, communing with
+        thee,
+    O comrade lustrous with silver face in the night.
+
+    Yet each to keep and all, retrievements out of the night,
+    The song, the wondrous chant of the grey-brown bird,
+    And the tallying chant, the echo arous'd in my soul,
+    With the lustrous and drooping star with the countenance full of woe,
+    With the holders holding my hand nearing the call of the bird,
+    Comrades mine and I in the midst, and their memory ever to keep,
+        for the dead I loved so well.
+    For the sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands--and this
+        for his dear sake,
+    Lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul,
+    There in the fragrant pines and cedars, dusk and dim.
+
+[24] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE WHOLE MAN
+
+
+LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE[25]
+
+BY EDWIN MARKHAM
+
+_Revised especially for this volume._
+
+    When the Norn Mother saw the Whirlwind Hour
+    Greatening and darkening as it hurried on,
+    She left the Heaven of Heroes and came down
+    To make a man to meet the mortal need.
+    She took the tried clay of the common road--
+    Clay warm yet with the genial heat of Earth,
+    Dashed through it all a strain of prophecy;
+    Tempered the heap with thrill of human tears;
+    Then mixed a laughter with the serious stuff.
+    Into the shape she breathed a flame to light
+    That tender, tragic, ever-changing face.
+    Here was a man to hold against the world,
+    A man to match the mountains and the sea.
+
+    The color of the ground was in him, the red earth;
+    The smack and smell of elemental things--
+    The rectitude and patience of the rocks;
+    The good-will of the rain that falls for all;
+    The courage of the bird that dares the sea;
+    The gladness of the wind that shakes the corn;
+    The friendly welcome of the wayside well;
+    The mercy of the snow that hides all scars;
+    The undelaying justice of the light
+    That gives as freely to the shrinking flower
+    As to the great oak flaring to the wind--
+    To the grave's low hill as to the Matterhorn
+    That shoulders out the sky.
+
+                  Born of the ground,
+    The Great West nursed him on her rugged knees.
+    Her rigors keyed the sinews of his will;
+    The strength of virgin forests braced his mind;
+    The hush of spacious prairies stilled his soul.
+    The tools were his first teachers, kindly stern.
+    The plow, the flail, the maul, the echoing ax
+    Taught him their homely wisdom, and their peace.
+    A rage for knowledge drove his restless mind:
+    He fed his spirit with the bread of books,
+    He slaked his thirst at all the wells of thought.
+    Hunger and hardship, penury and pain
+    Waylaid his youth and wrestled for his life.
+    They came to master, but he made them serve.
+
+    From prairie cabin up to Capitol,
+    One fire was on his spirit, one resolve--
+    To strike the stroke that rounds the perfect star.
+    The grip that swung the ax on Sangamon
+    Was on the pen that spelled Emancipation.
+    He built the rail-pile as he built the State,
+    Pouring his splendid strength through every blow,
+    The conscience of him testing every stroke,
+    To make his deed the measure of a man.
+
+    So came the Captain with the thinking heart;
+    And when the judgment thunders split the house,
+    Wrenching the rafters from their ancient rest,
+    He held the ridgepole up, and spiked again
+    The rafters of the Home. He held his place--
+    Held the long purpose like a growing tree--
+    Held on through blame and faltered not at praise.
+    And when he fell in whirlwind, he went down
+    As when a lordly cedar green with boughs
+    Goes down with a great shout upon the hills,
+    And leaves a lonesome place against the sky.
+
+[25] _All rights reserved by the author._
+
+
+From the Memorial Address to Congress on the
+
+LIFE AND CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY GEORGE BANCROFT
+
+_Senators, Representatives of America:_
+
+That God rules in the affairs of men is as certain as any truth of
+physical science. On the great moving power which is from the
+beginning hangs the world of the senses and the world of thought and
+action. Eternal wisdom marshals the great procession of the nations,
+working in patient continuity through the ages, never halting and
+never abrupt, encompassing all events in its oversight, and ever
+effecting its will, though mortals may slumber in apathy or oppose
+with madness. Kings are lifted up or thrown down, nations come and go,
+republics flourish and wither, dynasties pass away like a tale that
+is told; but nothing is by chance, though men, in their ignorance of
+causes, may think so. The deeds of time are governed, as well as
+judged, by the decrees of eternity. The caprice of fleeting existences
+bends to the immovable omnipotence, which plants its foot on all the
+centuries and has neither change of purpose nor repose. Sometimes,
+like a messenger through the thick darkness of night, it steps along
+mysterious ways; but when the hour strikes for a people, or for
+mankind, to pass into a new form of being, unseen hands draw the bolts
+from the gates of futurity; an all-subsiding influence prepares the
+minds of men for the coming revolution; those who plan resistance find
+themselves in conflict with the will of Providence rather than with
+human devices; and all hearts and all understandings, most of all the
+opinions and influences of the unwilling, are wonderfully attracted
+and compelled to bear forward the change, which becomes more an
+obedience to the law of universal nature than submission to the
+arbitrament of man.
+
+In the fulness of time a republic rose up in the wilderness of
+America. Thousands of years had passed away before this child of the
+ages could be born. From whatever there was of good in the systems of
+former centuries she drew her nourishment; the wrecks of the past were
+her warnings. With the deepest sentiment of faith fixed in her inmost
+nature, she disenthralled religion from bondage to temporal power,
+that her worship might be worship only in spirit and in truth. The
+wisdom which had passed from India through Greece, with what Greece
+had added of her own; the jurisprudence of Rome; the mediaeval
+municipalities; the Teutonic method of representation; the political
+experience of England; the benignant wisdom of the expositors of the
+law of nature and of nations in France and Holland, all shed on her
+their selectest influence. She washed the gold of political wisdom
+from the sands wherever it was found; she cleft it from the rocks; she
+gleaned it among ruins. Out of all the discoveries of statesmen and
+sages, out of all the experience of past human life, she compiled a
+perennial political philosophy, the primordial principles of national
+ethics. The wise men of Europe sought the best government in a mixture
+of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy; America went behind these
+names to extract from them the vital elements of social forms, and
+blend them harmoniously in the free commonwealth, which comes nearest
+to the illustration of the natural equality of all men. She intrusted
+the guardianship of established rights to law, the movements of reform
+to the spirit of the people, and drew her force from the happy
+reconciliation of both.
+
+Republics had heretofore been limited to small cantons, or cities and
+their dependencies; America, doing that of which the like had not
+before been known upon the earth, or believed by kings and statesmen
+to be possible, extended her republic across a continent. Under her
+auspices the vine of liberty took deep root and filled the land; the
+hills were covered with its shadow, its boughs were like the goodly
+cedars, and reached unto both oceans. The fame of this only daughter
+of freedom went out into all the lands of the earth; from her the
+human race drew hope.
+
+Neither hereditary monarchy nor hereditary aristocracy planted itself
+on our soil; the only hereditary condition that fastened itself upon
+us was servitude. Nature works in sincerity, and is ever true to its
+law. The bee hives honey; the viper distils poison; the vine stores
+its juices, and so do the poppy and the upas. In like manner every
+thought and every action ripens its seed, each according to its kind.
+In the individual man, and still more in a nation, a just idea gives
+life, and progress, and glory; a false conception portends disaster,
+shame, and death. A hundred and twenty years ago a West Jersey Quaker
+wrote: "This trade of importing slaves is dark gloominess hanging over
+the land; the consequences will be grievous to posterity." At the
+North the growth of slavery was arrested by natural causes; in the
+region nearest the tropics it throve rankly, and worked itself into
+the organism of the rising States. Virginia stood between the two,
+with soil, and climate, and resources demanding free labor, yet
+capable of the profitable employment of the slave. She was the land of
+great statesmen, and they saw the danger of her being whelmed under
+the rising flood in time to struggle against the delusions of avarice
+and pride. Ninety-four years ago the legislature of Virginia addressed
+the British king, saying that the trade in slaves was "of great
+inhumanity," was opposed to the "security and happiness" of their
+constituents, "would in time have the most destructive influence," and
+"endanger their very existence." And the king answered them that,
+"upon pain of his highest displeasure, the importation of slaves
+should not be in any respect obstructed." "Pharisaical Britain," wrote
+Franklin in behalf of Virginia, "to pride thyself in setting free a
+single slave that happened to land on thy coasts, while thy laws
+continue a traffic whereby so many hundreds of thousands are dragged
+into a slavery that is entailed on their posterity." "A serious view
+of this subject," said Patrick Henry in 1773, "gives a gloomy prospect
+to future times." In the same year George Mason wrote to the
+legislature of Virginia: "The laws of impartial Providence may avenge
+our injustice upon our posterity." Conforming his conduct to his
+convictions, Jefferson, in Virginia and in the Continental Congress,
+with the approval of Edmund Pendleton, branded the slave-trade as
+piracy; and he fixed in the Declaration of Independence, as the
+corner-stone of America: "All men are created equal, with an
+unalienable right to liberty." On the first organization of temporary
+governments for the continental domain, Jefferson, but for the default
+of New Jersey, would, in 1784, have consecrated every part of that
+territory to freedom. In the formation of the national Constitution,
+Virginia, opposed by a part of New England, vainly struggled to
+abolish the slave trade at once and forever; and when the ordinance
+of 1787 was introduced by Nathan Dane without the clause prohibiting
+slavery, it was through the favorable disposition of Virginia and the
+South that the clause of Jefferson was restored, and the whole
+northwestern territory--all the territory that then belonged to the
+nation--was reserved for the labor of freemen.
+
+The hope prevailed in Virginia that the abolition of the slave-trade
+would bring with it the gradual abolition of slavery; but the
+expectation was doomed to disappointment. In supporting incipient
+measures for emancipation, Jefferson encountered difficulties greater
+than he could overcome, and, after vain wrestlings, the words that
+broke from him, "I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is
+just, that His justice cannot sleep forever," were words of despair.
+It was the desire of Washington's heart that Virginia should remove
+slavery by a public act; and as the prospects of a general
+emancipation grew more and more dim, he, in utter hopelessness of the
+action of the State, did all that he could by bequeathing freedom to
+his own slaves. Good and true men had, from the days of 1776,
+suggested the colonizing of the negro in the home of his ancestors;
+but the idea of colonization was thought to increase the difficulty of
+emancipation, and, in spite of strong support, while it accomplished
+much good for Africa, it proved impracticable as a remedy at home.
+Madison, who in early life disliked slavery so much that he wished "to
+depend as little as possible on the labor of slaves"; Madison, who
+held that where slavery exists "the republican theory becomes
+fallacious"; Madison, who in the last years of his life would not
+consent to the annexation of Texas, lest his countrymen should fill it
+with slaves; Madison, who said, "slavery is the greatest evil under
+which the nation labors--a portentous evil--an evil, moral, political,
+and economical--a sad blot on our free country"--went mournfully into
+old age with the cheerless words: "No satisfactory plan has yet been
+devised for taking out the stain."
+
+The men of the Revolution passed away; a new generation sprang up,
+impatient that an institution to which they clung should be condemned
+as inhuman, unwise, and unjust. In the throes of discontent at the
+self-reproach of their fathers, and blinded by the lustre of wealth to
+be acquired by the culture of a new staple, they devised the theory
+that slavery, which they would not abolish, was not evil, but good.
+They turned on the friends of colonization, and confidently demanded:
+"Why take black men from a civilized and Christian country, where
+their labor is a source of immense gain, and a power to control the
+markets of the world, and send them to a land of ignorance, idolatry,
+and indolence, which was the home of their forefathers, but not
+theirs? Slavery is a blessing. Were they not in their ancestral land
+naked, scarcely lifted above brutes, ignorant of the course of the
+sun, controlled by nature? And in their new abode have they not been
+taught to know the difference of the seasons, to plough, and plant,
+and reap, to drive oxen, to tame the horse, to exchange their scanty
+dialect for the richest of all the languages among men, and the stupid
+adoration of follies for the purest religion? And since slavery is
+good for the blacks, it is good for their masters, bringing opulence
+and the opportunity of educating a race. The slavery of the black is
+good in itself; he shall serve the white man forever." And nature,
+which better understood the quality of fleeting interest and passion,
+laughed as it caught the echo, "man" and "forever!"
+
+A regular development of pretensions followed the new declaration with
+logical consistency. Under the old declaration every one of the States
+had retained, each for itself, the right of manumitting all slaves by
+an ordinary act of legislation; now the power of the people over
+servitude through their legislatures was curtailed, and the privileged
+class was swift in imposing legal and constitutional obstructions of
+the people themselves. The power of emancipation was narrowed or taken
+away. The slave might not be disquieted by education. There remained
+an unconfessed consciousness that the system of bondage was wrong, and
+a restless memory that it was at variance with the true American
+tradition; its safety was therefore to be secured by political
+organization. The generation that made the Constitution took care for
+the predominance of freedom in Congress by the ordinance of Jefferson;
+the new school aspired to secure for slavery an equality of votes in
+the Senate, and while it hinted at an organic act that should concede
+to the collective South a veto power on national legislation, it
+assumed that each State separately had the right to revise and nullify
+laws of the United States, according to the discretion of its
+judgment.
+
+The new theory hung as a bias on the foreign relations of the country;
+there could be no recognition of Hayti, nor even of the American
+colony of Liberia; and the world was given to understand that the
+establishment of free labor in Cuba would be a reason for wresting
+that island from Spain. Territories were annexed--Louisiana, Florida,
+Texas, half of Mexico; slavery must have its share in them all, and it
+accepted for a time a dividing line between the unquestioned domain of
+free labor and that in which involuntary labor was to be tolerated. A
+few years passed away, and the new school, strong and arrogant,
+demanded and received an apology for applying the Jefferson proviso to
+Oregon.
+
+The application of that proviso was interrupted for three
+administrations, but justice moved steadily onward. In the news that
+the men of California had chosen freedom, Calhoun heard the knell of
+parting slavery, and on his deathbed he counseled secession.
+Washington, and Jefferson, and Madison had died despairing of the
+abolition of slavery; Calhoun died in despair at the growth of
+freedom. His system rushed irresistibly to its natural development.
+The death-struggle for California was followed by a short truce; but
+the new school of politicians, who said that slavery was not evil, but
+good, soon sought to recover the ground they had lost, and, confident
+of securing Kansas, they demanded that the established line in the
+Territories between freedom and slavery should be blotted out. The
+country, believing in the strength and enterprise and expansive energy
+of freedom, made answer, though reluctantly: "Be it so; let there be
+no strife between brethren; let freedom and slavery compete for the
+Territories on equal terms, in a fair field, under an impartial
+administration"; and on this theory, if on any, the contest might have
+been left to the decision of time.
+
+The South started back in appallment from its victory, for it knew
+that a fair competition foreboded its defeat. But where could it now
+find an ally to save it from its own mistake? What I have next to say
+is spoken with no emotion but regret. Our meeting to-day is, as it
+were, at the grave, in the presence of eternity, and the truth must be
+uttered in soberness and sincerity. In a great republic, as was
+observed more than two thousand years ago, any attempt to overturn the
+state owes its strength to aid from some branch of the government. The
+Chief Justice of the United States, without any necessity or occasion,
+volunteered to come to the rescue of the theory of slavery; and from
+his court there lay no appeal but to the bar of humanity and history.
+Against the Constitution, against the memory of the nation, against a
+previous decision, against a series of enactments, he decided that the
+slave is property; that slave property is entitled to no less
+protection than any other property; that the Constitution upholds it
+in every Territory against any act of a local legislature, and even
+against Congress itself; or, as the President for that term tersely
+promulgated the saying, "Kansas is as much a slave State as South
+Carolina or Georgia; slavery, by virtue of the Constitution, exists in
+every Territory." The municipal character of slavery being thus taken
+away, and slave property decreed to be "sacred," the authority of the
+courts was invoked to introduce it by the comity of law into States
+where slavery had been abolished, and in one of the courts of the
+United States a judge pronounced the African slave-trade legitimate,
+and numerous and powerful advocates demanded its restoration.
+
+Moreover, the Chief Justice, in his elaborate opinion, announced what
+had never been heard from any magistrate of Greece or Rome; what was
+unknown to civil law, and canon law, and feudal law, and common law,
+and constitutional law; unknown to Jay, to Rutledge, Ellsworth and
+Marshall--that there are "slave races." The spirit of evil is
+intensely logical. Having the authority of this decision, five States
+swiftly followed the earlier example of a sixth, and opened the way
+for reducing the free negro to bondage; the migrating free negro
+became a slave if he but entered within the jurisdiction of a seventh;
+and an eighth, from its extent, and soil, and mineral resources,
+destined to incalculable greatness, closed its eyes on its coming
+prosperity, and enacted, as by Taney's dictum it had the right to do,
+that every free black man who would live within its limits must
+accept the condition of slavery for himself and his posterity.
+
+Only one step more remained to be taken. Jefferson and the leading
+statesmen of his day held fast to the idea that the enslavement of the
+African was socially, morally and politically wrong. The new school
+was founded exactly upon the opposite idea; and they resolved, first,
+to distract the democratic party, for which the Supreme Court had now
+furnished the means, and then to establish a new government, with
+negro slavery for its corner-stone, as socially, morally, and
+politically right.
+
+As the Presidential election drew on, one of the great traditional
+parties did not make its appearance; the other reeled as it sought to
+preserve its old position, and the candidate who most nearly
+represented its best opinion, driven by patriotic zeal, roamed the
+country from end to end to speak for union, eager, at least, to
+confront its enemies, yet not having hope that it would find its
+deliverance through him. The storm rose to a whirlwind; who would
+allay its wrath? The most experienced statesmen of the country had
+failed; there was no hope from those who were great after the flesh:
+could relief come from one whose wisdom was like the wisdom of little
+children?
+
+The choice of America fell on a man born west of the Alleghenies, in
+the cabin of poor people of Hardin county, Kentucky--ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+His mother could read, but not write; his father would do neither; but
+his parents sent him, with an old spelling-book, to school, and he
+learned in his childhood to do both.
+
+When eight years old he floated down the Ohio with his father on a
+raft, which bore the family and all their possessions to the shore of
+Indiana; and, child as he was, he gave help as they toiled through
+dense forests to the interior of Spencer County. There, in the land of
+free labor, he grew up in a log-cabin, with the solemn solitude for
+his teacher in his meditative hours. Of Asiatic literature he knew
+only the Bible; of Greek, Latin, and mediaeval, no more than the
+translation of AEsop's Fables; of English, John Bunyan's Pilgrim's
+Progress. The traditions of George Fox and William Penn passed to him
+dimly along the lines of two centuries through his ancestors, who were
+Quakers.
+
+Otherwise his education was altogether American. The Declaration of
+Independence was his compendium of political wisdom, the Life of
+Washington his constant study, and something of Jefferson and Madison
+reached him through Henry Clay, whom he honored from boyhood. For the
+rest, from day to day, he lived the life of the American people,
+walked in its light, reasoned with its reason, thought with its power
+of thought, felt the beatings of its mighty heart, and so was in every
+way a child of nature, a child of the West, a child of America.
+
+At nineteen, feeling impulses of ambition to get on in the world, he
+engaged himself to go down the Mississippi in a flatboat, receiving
+ten dollars a month for his wages, and afterwards he made the trip
+once more. At twenty-one he drove his father's cattle as the family
+migrated to Illinois, and split rails to fence in the new homestead in
+the wild. At twenty-three he was a captain of volunteers in the Black
+Hawk war. He kept a store. He learned something of surveying, but of
+English literature he added to Bunyan nothing but Shakespeare's plays.
+At twenty-five he was elected to the legislature of Illinois, where he
+served eight years. At twenty-seven he was admitted to the bar. In
+1837 he chose his home in Springfield, the beautiful centre of the
+richest land in the State. In 1847 he was a member of the national
+Congress, where he voted about forty times in favor of the principle
+of the Jefferson proviso. In 1849 he sought, eagerly but
+unsuccessfully, the place of Commissioner of the Land Office, and he
+refused an appointment that would have transferred his residence to
+Oregon. In 1854 he gave his influence to elect from Illinois, to the
+American Senate, a Democrat, who would certainly do justice to Kansas.
+In 1858, as the rival of Douglas, he went before the people of the
+mighty Prairie State, saying, "This Union cannot permanently endure
+half slave and half free; the Union will not be dissolved, but the
+house will cease to be divided"; and now, in 1861, with no experience
+whatever as an executive officer, while States were madly flying from
+their orbit, and wise men knew not where to find counsel, this
+descendant of Quakers, this pupil of Bunyan, this offspring of the
+great West, was elected President of America.
+
+He measured the difficulty of the duty that devolved upon him, and was
+resolved to fulfil it. As on the eleventh of February, 1861, he left
+Springfield, which for a quarter of a century had been his happy home,
+to the crowd of his friends and neighbors, whom he was never more to
+meet, he spoke a solemn farewell: "I know not how soon I shall see you
+again. A duty has devolved upon me, greater than that which has
+devolved upon any other man since Washington. He never would have
+succeeded, except for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at
+all times relied. On the same Almighty Being I place my reliance. Pray
+that I may receive that Divine assistance, without which I cannot
+succeed, but with which success is certain." To the men of Indiana he
+said: "I am but an accidental, temporary instrument; it is your
+business to rise up and preserve the Union and liberty." At the
+capital of Ohio he said: "Without a name, without a reason why I
+should have a name, there has fallen upon me a task such as did not
+rest even upon the Father of his country." At various places in New
+York, especially at Albany, before the legislature, which tendered him
+the united support of the great Empire State, he said: "While I hold
+myself the humblest of all the individuals who have ever been elevated
+to the Presidency, I have a more difficult task to perform than any of
+them. I bring a true heart to the work. I must rely upon the people of
+the whole country for support, and with their sustaining aid, even I,
+humble as I am, cannot fail to carry the ship of state safely through
+the storm." To the assembly of New Jersey, at Trenton, he explained:
+"I shall take the ground I deem most just to the North, the East, the
+West, the South, and the whole country, in good temper, certainly with
+no malice to any section. I am devoted to peace, but it may be
+necessary to put the foot down firmly." In the old Independence Hall,
+of Philadelphia, he said: "I have never had a feeling politically that
+did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of
+Independence, which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this
+country, but to the world in all future time. If the country cannot be
+saved without giving up that principle, I would rather be assassinated
+on the spot than surrender it. I have said nothing but what I am
+willing to live and die by."
+
+Travelling, in the dead of night to escape assassination, LINCOLN
+arrived at Washington nine days before his inauguration. The outgoing
+President, at the opening of the session of Congress, had still kept
+as the majority of his advisors men engaged in treason; had declared
+that in case of even an "imaginary" apprehension of danger from
+notions of freedom among the slaves, "disunion would become
+inevitable." LINCOLN and others had questioned the opinion of Taney;
+such impugning he ascribed to the "factious temper of the times." The
+favorite doctrine of the majority of the Democratic party on the power
+of a territorial legislature over slavery he condemned as an attack on
+"the sacred rights of property." The State legislature, he insisted,
+must repeal what he called "their unconstitutional and obnoxious
+enactments," and which, if such, were "null and void" or "it would be
+impossible for any human power to save the Union." Nay! if these
+unimportant acts were not repealed, "the injured States would be
+justified in revolutionary resistance to the government of the Union."
+He maintained that no State might secede at its sovereign will and
+pleasure; that the Union was meant for perpetuity, and that Congress
+might attempt to preserve it, but only by conciliation; that "the
+sword was not placed in their hands to preserve it by force"; that
+"the last desperate remedy of a despairing people would be an
+explanatory amendment recognizing the decision of the Supreme Court of
+the United States." The American Union he called "a confederacy" of
+States, and he thought it a duty to make the appeal for the amendment
+"before any of these States should separate themselves from the
+Union." The views of the Lieutenant-General, containing some patriotic
+advice, "conceded the right of secession," pronounced a quadruple
+rupture of the Union "a smaller evil than the reuniting of the
+fragments by the sword," and "eschewed the idea of invading a seceded
+State." After changes in the Cabinet, the President informed Congress
+that "matters were still worse"; that "the South suffered serious
+grievances," which should be redressed "in peace." The day after this
+message the flag of the Union was fired upon from Fort Morris, and
+the insult was not revenged or noticed. Senators in Congress
+telegraphed to their constituents to seize the national forts, and
+they were not arrested. The finances of the country were grievously
+embarrassed. Its little army was not within reach; the part of it in
+Texas, with all its stores, was made over by its commander to rebels.
+One State after another voted in convention to secede. A peace
+congress, so called, met at the request of Virginia, to concert the
+terms of a capitulation which should secure permission for the
+continuance of the Union. Congress, in both branches, sought to devise
+conciliatory expedients; the territories of the country were organized
+in a manner not to conflict with any pretensions of the South, or any
+decision of the Supreme Court; and, nevertheless, the representatives
+of the rebellion formed at Montgomery a provisional government, and
+pursued their relentless purpose with such success that the
+Lieutenant-General feared the city of Washington might find itself
+"included in a foreign country," and proposed, among the options for
+the consideration of LINCOLN, to bid the wayward States "depart in
+peace." The great republic appeared to have its emblem in the vast
+unfinished Capitol, at that moment surrounded by masses of stone and
+prostrate columns never yet lifted into their places, seemingly the
+moment of high but delusive aspirations, the confused wreck of
+inchoate magnificence, sadder than any ruin of Egyptian Thebes or
+Athens.
+
+The fourth of March came. With instinctive wisdom the new President,
+speaking to the people on taking the oath of office, put aside every
+question that divided the country, and gained a right to universal
+support by planting himself on the single idea of Union. The Union he
+declared to be unbroken and perpetual, and he announced his
+determination to fulfil "the simple duty of taking care that the laws
+be faithfully executed in all the States." Seven days later, the
+convention of Confederate States unanimously adopted a constitution of
+their own, and the new government was authoritatively announced to be
+founded on the idea that the negro race is a slave race; that slavery
+is its natural and normal condition. The issue was made up, whether
+the great republic was to maintain its providential place in the
+history of mankind, or a rebellion founded on negro slavery gain a
+recognition of its principle throughout the civilized world. To the
+disaffected LINCOLN had said, "You can have no conflict without being
+yourselves the aggressors." To fire the passions of the southern
+portion of the people, the confederate government chose to become
+aggressors, and, on the morning of the twelfth of April, began the
+bombardment of Fort Sumter, and compelled its evacuation.
+
+It is the glory of the late President that he had perfect faith in the
+perpetuity of the Union. Supported in advance by Douglas, who spoke as
+with the voice of a million, he instantly called a meeting of
+Congress, and summoned the people to come up and repossess the forts,
+places, and property which had been seized from the Union. The men of
+the North were trained in schools; industrious and frugal; many of
+them delicately bred, their minds teeming with ideas and fertile in
+plans of enterprise; given to the culture of the arts; eager in the
+pursuit of wealth, yet employing wealth less for ostentation than for
+developing the resources of their country; seeking happiness in the
+calm of domestic life; and such lovers of peace, that for generations
+they had been reputed unwarlike. Now, at the cry of their country in
+its distress, they rose up with unappeasable patriotism; not
+hirelings--the purest and the best blood in the land. Sons of a pious
+ancestry, with a clear perception of duty, unclouded faith and fixed
+resolve to succeed, they thronged around the President, to support the
+wronged, the beautiful flag of the nation. The halls of theological
+seminaries sent forth their young men, whose lips were touched with
+eloquence, whose hearts kindled with devotion, to serve in the ranks,
+and make their way to command only as they learned the art of war.
+Striplings in the colleges, as well the most gentle and the most
+studious, those of sweetest temper and loveliest character and
+brightest genius, passed from their classes to the camp. The lumbermen
+from the forests, the mechanics from their benches, where they had
+been trained, by the exercise of political rights, to share the life
+and hope of the republic, to feel their responsibility to their
+forefathers, their posterity and mankind, went to the front, resolved
+that their dignity, as a constituent part of this republic, should
+not be impaired. Farmers and sons of farmers left the land but half
+ploughed, the grain but half planted, and, taking up the musket,
+learned to face without fear the presence of peril and the coming of
+death in the shocks of war, while their hearts were still attracted to
+their herds and fields, and all the tender affections of home.
+Whatever there was of truth and faith and public love in the common
+heart, broke out with one expression. The mighty winds blew from every
+quarter, to fan the flame of the sacred and unquenchable fire.
+
+For a time the war was thought to be confined to our own domestic
+affairs, but it was soon seen that it involved the destinies of
+mankind; its principles and causes shook the politics of Europe to the
+centre, and from Lisbon to Pekin divided the governments of the world.
+
+There was a kingdom whose people had in an eminent degree attained to
+freedom of industry and the security of person and property. Its
+middle class rose to greatness. Out of that class sprung the noblest
+poets and philosophers, whose words built up the intellect of its
+people; skilful navigators, to find out for its merchants the many
+paths of the oceans; discoverers in natural science, whose inventions
+guided its industry to wealth, till it equalled any nation of the
+world in letters, and excelled all in trade and commerce. But its
+government was become a government of land, and not of men; every
+blade of grass was represented, but only a small minority of the
+people. In the transition from the feudal forms the heads of the
+social organization freed themselves from the military services which
+were the conditions of their tenure, and, throwing the burden on the
+industrial classes, kept all the soil to themselves. Vast estates that
+had been managed by monasteries as endowments for religion and charity
+were impropriated to swell the wealth of courtiers and favorites; and
+the commons, where the poor man once had his right of pasture, were
+taken away, and, under forms of law, enclosed distributively within
+the domains of the adjacent landholders. Although no law forbade any
+inhabitant from purchasing land, the costliness of the transfer
+constituted a prohibition; so that it was the rule of the country that
+the plough should not be in the hands of its owner. The Church was
+rested on a contradiction; claiming to be an embodiment of absolute
+truth, it was a creature of the statute-book.
+
+The progress of time increased the terrible contrast between wealth
+and poverty. In their years of strength the laboring people, cut off
+from all share in governing that state, derived a scant support from
+the severest toil, and had no hope for old age but in public charity
+or death. A grasping ambition had dotted the world with military
+posts, kept watch over our borders on the northeast, at the Bermudas,
+in the West Indies, appropriated the gates of the Pacific, of the
+Southern and of the Indian ocean, hovered on our northwest at
+Vancouver, held the whole of the newest continent, and the entrances
+to the old Mediterranean and Red Sea, and garrisoned forts all the way
+from Madras to China. That aristocracy had gazed with terror on the
+growth of a commonwealth where freeholders existed by the million, and
+religion was not in bondage to the state, and now they could not
+repress their joy at its perils. They had not one word of sympathy for
+the kind-hearted poor man's son whom America had chosen for her chief;
+they jeered at his large hands, and long feet, and ungainly stature;
+and the British secretary of state for foreign affairs made haste to
+send word through the places of Europe that the great republic was in
+its agony; that the republic was no more; that a headstone was all
+that remained due by the law of nations to "the late Union." But it is
+written, "Let the dead bury their dead"; they may not bury the living.
+Let the dead bury their dead; let a bill of reform remove the worn-out
+government of a class, and infuse new life into the British
+constitution by confiding rightful power to the people.
+
+But while the vitality of America is indestructible, the British
+government hurried to do what never before had been done by Christian
+powers; what was in direct conflict with its own exposition of public
+law in the time of our struggle for independence. Though the insurgent
+States had not a ship in an open harbor, it invested them with all the
+rights of a belligerent, even on the ocean; and this, too, when the
+rebellion was not only directed against the gentlest and most
+beneficent government on earth, without a shadow of justifiable
+cause, but when the rebellion was directed against human nature itself
+for the perpetual enslavement of a race. And the effect of this
+recognition was, that acts in themselves piratical found shelter in
+British courts of law. The resources of British capitalists, their
+workshops, their armories, their private arsenals, their shipyards,
+were in league with the insurgents, and every British harbor in the
+wide world became a safe port for British ships, manned by British
+sailors, and armed with British guns, to prey on our peaceful
+commerce; even on our ships coming from British ports, freighted with
+British products, or that had carried gifts of grain to the English
+poor. The prime minister, in the House of Commons, sustained by
+cheers, scoffed at the thought that their laws could be amended at our
+request, so as to preserve real neutrality; and to remonstrances, now
+owned to have been just, their secretary of state answered that they
+could not change their laws ad infinitum.
+
+The people of America then wished, as they always have wished, as they
+still wish, friendly relations with England, and no man in England or
+America can desire it more strongly than I. This country has always
+yearned for good relations with England. Thrice only in all its
+history has that yearning been fairly met: in the days of Hampden and
+Cromwell, again in the first ministry of the elder Pitt, and once
+again in the ministry of Shelburne. Not that there have not at all
+times been just men among the peers of Britain--like Halifax in the
+days of James the Second, or a Granville, an Argyll, or a Houghton in
+ours; and we cannot be indifferent to a country that produces
+statesmen like Cobden and Bright; but the best bower anchor of peace
+was the working class of England, who suffered most from our civil
+war, but who, while they broke their diminished bread in sorrow,
+always encouraged us to persevere.
+
+The act of recognizing the rebel belligerents was concerted with
+France--France, so beloved in America, on which she had conferred the
+greatest benefits that one people ever conferred on another; France,
+which stands foremost on the continent of Europe for the solidity of
+her culture, as well as for the bravery and generous impulses of her
+sons; France, which for centuries had been moving steadily in her own
+way towards intellectual and political freedom. The policy regarding
+further colonization of America by European powers, known commonly as
+the doctrine of Monroe, had its origin in France, and if it takes any
+man's name, should bear the name of Turgot. It was adopted by Louis
+the Sixteenth, in the cabinet of which Vergennes was the most
+important member. It is emphatically the policy of France, to which,
+with transient deviations, the Bourbons, the first Napoleon, the House
+of Orleans have adherred.
+
+The late President was perpetually harassed by rumors that the Emperor
+Napoleon the Third desired formally to recognize the States in
+rebellion as an independent power, and that England held him back by
+her reluctance, or France by her traditions of freedom, or he himself
+by his own better judgment and clear perception of events. But the
+republic of Mexico, on our borders, was, like ourselves, distracted by
+a rebellion, and from a similar cause. The monarchy of England had
+fastened upon us slavery which did not disappear with independence; in
+like manner, the ecclesiastical policy established by the Spanish
+council of the Indies, in the days of Charles the Fifth and Philip the
+Second, retained its vigor in the Mexican republic.
+
+The fifty years of civil war under which she had languished was due to
+the bigoted system which was the legacy of monarchy, just as here the
+inheritance of slavery kept alive political strife, and culminated in
+civil war. As with us there could be no quiet but through the end of
+slavery, so in Mexico there could be no prosperity until the crushing
+tyranny of intolerance should cease. The party of slavery in the
+United States sent their emissaries to Europe to solicit aid; and so
+did the party of the Church in Mexico, as organized by the old Spanish
+council of the Indies, but with a different result. Just as the
+Republican party had made an end of the rebellion, and was
+establishing the best government ever known in that region, and giving
+promise to the nation of order, peace, and prosperity, word was
+brought us, in the moment of our deepest affliction, that the French
+Emperor, moved by a desire to erect in North America a buttress for
+imperialism, would transform the republic of Mexico into a
+secundo-geniture for the House of Hapsburg. America might complain;
+she could not then interpose, and delay seemed justifiable. It was
+seen that Mexico could not, with all its wealth of land, compete in
+cereal products with our northwest, nor in tropical products with
+Cuba, nor could it, under a disputed dynasty, attract capital, or
+create public works, or develop mines, or borrow money; so that the
+imperial system of Mexico, which was forced at once to recognize the
+wisdom of the policy of the republic by adopting it, could prove only
+an unremunerating drain on the French treasury for the support of an
+Austrian adventurer.
+
+Meantime a new series of momentous questions grows up, and forces
+itself on the consideration of the thoughtful. Republicanism has
+learned how to introduce into its constitution every element of order,
+as well as every element of freedom; but thus far the continuity of
+its government has seemed to depend on the continuity of elections. It
+is now to be considered how perpetuity is to be secured against
+foreign occupation. The successor of Charles the First of England
+dated his reign from the death of his father; the Bourbons, coming
+back after a long series of revolutions, claimed that the Louis who
+became king was the eighteenth of that name. The present Emperor of
+the French, disdaining a title from election alone, calls himself
+Napoleon the Third. Shall a republic have less power of continuance
+when invading armies prevent a peaceful resort to the ballot-box? What
+force shall it attach to intervening legislation? What validity to
+debts contracted for its overthrow? These momentous questions are, by
+the invasion of Mexico, thrown up for solution. A free State once
+truly constituted should be as undying as its people: the republic of
+Mexico must rise again.
+
+It was the condition of affairs in Mexico that involved the Pope of
+Rome in our difficulties so far that he alone among sovereigns
+recognized the chief of the Confederate States as a president, and his
+supporters as a people; and in letters to two great prelates of the
+Catholic Church in the United States gave counsels for peace at a time
+when peace meant the victory of secession. Yet events move as they are
+ordered. The blessing of the Pope at Rome on the head of Duke
+Maximilian could not revive in the nineteenth century the
+ecclesiastical policy of the sixteenth, and the result is only a new
+proof that there can be no prosperity in the State without religious
+freedom.
+
+When it came home to the consciousness of the Americans that the war
+which they were waging was a war for the liberty of all the nations of
+the world, for freedom itself, they thanked God for giving them
+strength to endure the severity of the trial to which He put their
+sincerity, and nerved themselves for their duty with an inexorable
+will. The President was led along by the greatness of their
+self-sacrificing example, and as a child, in a dark night, on a rugged
+way, catches hold of the hand of its father for guidance and support,
+he clung fast to the hand of the people, and moved calmly through the
+gloom. While the statesmanship of Europe was mocking at the hopeless
+vanity of their efforts, they put forth such miracles of energy as the
+history of the world had never known. The contributions to the popular
+loans amounted in four years to twenty-seven and a half hundred
+millions of dollars; the revenue of the country from taxation was
+increased sevenfold. The navy of the United States, drawing into the
+public service the willing militia of the seas, doubled its tonnage in
+eight months, and established an actual blockade from Cape Hatteras to
+the Rio Grande; in the course of the war it was increased five-fold in
+men and in tonnage, while the inventive genius of the country devised
+more effective kinds of ordnance, and new forms of naval architecture
+in wood and iron. There went into the field, for various terms of
+enlistment, about two million men, and in March last the men in the
+army exceeded a million: that is to say, nine of every twenty
+able-bodied men in the free Territories and States took some part in
+the war; and at one time every fifth of their able-bodied men was in
+service. In one single month one hundred and sixty-five thousand men
+were recruited into service. Once, within four weeks, Ohio organized
+and placed in the field forty-two regiments of infantry--nearly
+thirty-six thousand men; and Ohio was like other States in the East
+and in the West. The well-mounted cavalry numbered eighty-four
+thousand; of horses and mules there were bought, from first to last,
+two-thirds of a million. In the movements of troops science came in
+aid of patriotism, so that, to choose a single instance out of many,
+an army twenty-three thousand strong, with its artillery, trains,
+baggage, and animals, were moved by rail from the Potomac to the
+Tennessee, twelve hundred miles, in seven days. On the long marches,
+wonders of military construction bridged the rivers, and wherever an
+army halted, ample supplies awaited them at their ever-changing base.
+The vile thought that life is the greatest of blessings did not rise
+up. In six hundred and twenty-five battles and severe skirmishes blood
+flowed like water. It streamed over the grassy plains; it stained the
+rocks; the undergrowth of the forests was red with it; and the armies
+marched on with majestic courage from one conflict to another, knowing
+that they were fighting for God and liberty. The organization of the
+medical department met its infinitely multiplied duties with exactness
+and despatch. At the news of a battle, the best surgeons of our cities
+hastened to the field, to offer the untiring aid of the greatest
+experience and skill. The gentlest and most refined of women left
+homes of luxury and ease to build hospital tents near the armies, and
+serve as nurses to the sick and dying. Beside the large supply of
+religious teachers by the public, the congregations spared to their
+brothers in the field the ablest ministers. The Christian Commission,
+which expended more than six and a quarter millions, sent nearly five
+thousand clergymen, chosen out of the best, to keep unsoiled the
+religious character of the men, and made gifts of clothes and food and
+medicine. The organization of private charity assumed unheard-of
+dimensions. The Sanitary Commission, which had seven thousand
+societies, distributed, under the direction of an unpaid board,
+spontaneous contributions to the amount of fifteen millions in
+supplies or money--a million and a half in money from California
+alone--and dotted the scene of war, from Paducah to Port Royal, from
+Belle Plain, Virginia, to Brownsville, Texas, with homes and lodges.
+
+The country had for its allies the river Mississippi, which would not
+be divided, and the range of mountains which carried the stronghold of
+the free through Western Virginia and Kentucky and Tennessee to the
+highlands of Alabama. But it invoked the still higher power of
+immortal justice. In ancient Greece, where servitude was the universal
+custom, it was held that if a child were to strike its parent, the
+slave should defend the parent, and by that act recover his freedom.
+After vain resistance, LINCOLN, who had tried to solve the question by
+gradual emancipation, by colonization, and by compensation, at last
+saw that slavery must be abolished, or the republic must die; and on
+the first day of January, 1863, he wrote liberty on the banners of the
+armies. When this proclamation, which struck the fetters from three
+millions of slaves, reached Europe, Lord Russell, a countryman of
+Milton and Wilberforce, eagerly put himself forward to speak of it in
+the name of mankind, saying: "It is of a very strange nature"; "a
+measure of war of a very questionable kind"; an act "of vengeance on
+the slave owner," that does no more than "profess to emancipate slaves
+where the United States authorities cannot make emancipation a
+reality." Now there was no part of the country embraced in the
+proclamation where the United States could not and did not make
+emancipation a reality. Those who saw LINCOLN most frequently had
+never before heard him speak with bitterness of any human being, but
+he did not conceal how keenly he felt that he had been wronged by Lord
+Russell. And he wrote, in reply to other cavils: "The emancipation
+policy and the use of colored troops were the greatest blows yet dealt
+to the rebellion; the job was a great national one, and let none be
+slighted who bore an honorable part in it. I hope peace will come
+soon, and come to stay; then will there be some black men who can
+remember that they have helped mankind to this great consummation."
+
+The proclamation accomplished its end, for, during the war, our armies
+came into military possession of every State in rebellion. Then, too,
+was called forth the new power that comes from the simultaneous
+diffusion of thought and feeling among the nations of mankind. The
+mysterious sympathy of the millions throughout the world was given
+spontaneously. The best writers of Europe waked the conscience of the
+thoughtful, till the intelligent moral sentiment of the Old World was
+drawn to the side of the unlettered statesman of the West. Russia,
+whose emperor had just accomplished one of the grandest acts in the
+course of time, by raising twenty millions of bondmen into
+freeholders, and thus assuring the growth and culture of a Russian
+people, remained our unwavering friend. From the oldest abode of
+civilization, which gave the first example of an imperial government
+with equality among the people, Prince Kung, the secretary of state
+for foreign affairs, remembered the saying of Confucius, that we
+should not do to others what we would not that others should do to us,
+and, in the name of his emperor, read a lesson to European
+diplomatists by closing the ports of China against the warships and
+privateers of "the seditious."
+
+The war continued, with all the peoples of the world, for anxious
+spectators. Its cares weighed heavily on LINCOLN, and his face was
+ploughed with the furrows of thought and sadness. With malice towards
+none, free from the spirit of revenge, victory made him importunate
+for peace, and his enemies never doubted his word, or despaired of his
+abounding clemency. He longed to utter pardon as the word for all, but
+not unless the freedom of the negro should be assured. The grand
+battles of Fort Donelson, Chattanooga, Malvern Hill, Antietam,
+Gettysburg, the Wilderness of Virginia, Winchester, Nashville, the
+capture of New Orleans, Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Fisher, the march from
+Atlanta, and the capture of Savannah and Charleston, all foretold the
+issue. Still more, the self-regeneration of Missouri, the heart of the
+continent; of Maryland, whose sons never heard the midnight bells
+chime so sweetly as when they rang out to earth and heaven that, by
+the voice of her own people, she took her place among the free; of
+Tennessee, which passed through fire and blood, through sorrows and
+the shadow of death, to work out her own deliverance, and by the
+faithfulness of her own sons to renew her youth like the eagle--proved
+that victory was deserved, and would be worth all that it cost. If
+words of mercy, uttered as they were by LINCOLN on the waters of
+Virginia, were defiantly repelled, the armies of the country, moving
+with one will, went as the arrow to its mark, and, without a feeling
+of revenge, struck the death-blow at rebellion.
+
+Where, in the history of nations, had a Chief Magistrate possessed
+more sources of consolation and joy than LINCOLN? His countrymen had
+shown their love by choosing him to a second term of service. The
+raging war that had divided the country had lulled, and private grief
+was hushed by the grandeur of the result. The nation had its new birth
+of freedom, soon to be secured forever by an amendment of the
+Constitution. His persistent gentleness had conquered for him a
+kindlier feeling on the part of the South. His scoffers among the
+grandees of Europe began to do him honor. The laboring classes
+everywhere saw in his advancement their own. All peoples sent him
+their benedictions. And at this moment of the height of his fame, to
+which his humility and modesty added charms, he fell by the hand of
+the assassin, and the only triumph awarded him was the march to the
+grave.
+
+This is no time to say that human glory is but dust and ashes; that we
+mortals are no more than shadows in pursuit of shadows. How mean a
+thing were man if there were not that within him which is higher than
+himself; if he could not master the illusions of sense, and discern
+the connexions of events by a superior light which comes from God! He
+so shares the divine impulses that he has power to subject ambition to
+the ennoblement of his kind. Not in vain has LINCOLN lived, for he has
+helped to make this republic an example of justice, with no caste but
+the caste of humanity. The heroes who led our armies and ships into
+battle and fell in the service--Lyon, McPherson, Reynolds, Sedgwick,
+Wadsworth, Foote, Ward, with their compeers--did not die in vain; they
+and the myriads of nameless martyrs, and he, the chief martyr, gave up
+their lives willingly "that government of the people, by the people,
+and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
+
+The assassination of LINCOLN, who was so free from malice, has, by
+some mysterious influence, struck the country with solemn awe, and
+hushed, instead of exciting, the passion for revenge. It seems as if
+the just had died for the unjust. When I think of the friends I have
+lost in this war--and every one who hears me has, like myself, lost
+some of those whom he most loved--there is no consolation to be
+derived from victims on the scaffold, or from anything but the
+established union of the regenerated nation.
+
+In his character LINCOLN was through and through an American. He is
+the first native of the region west of the Alleghenies to attain to
+the highest station; and how happy it is that the man who was brought
+forward as the natural outgrowth and first fruits of that region
+should have been of unblemished purity in private life, a good son, a
+kind husband, a most affectionate father, and, as a man, so gentle to
+all. As to integrity, Douglas, his rival, said of him: "Lincoln is the
+honestest man I ever knew."
+
+The habits of his mind were those of meditation and inward thought,
+rather than of action. He delighted to express his opinions by an
+apothegm, illustrate them by a parable, or drive them home by a story.
+He was skilful in analysis, discerned with precision the central idea
+on which a question turned, and knew how to disengage it and present
+it by itself in a few homely, strong old English words that would be
+intelligible to all. He excelled in logical statements more than in
+executive ability. He reasoned clearly, his reflective judgment was
+good, and his purposes were fixed; but, like the Hamlet of his only
+poet, his will was tardy in action, and, for this reason, and not from
+humility or tenderness of feeling, he sometimes deplored that the duty
+which devolved on him had not fallen to the lot of another.
+
+LINCOLN gained a name by discussing questions which, of all others,
+most easily lead to fanaticism; but he was never carried away by
+enthusiastic zeal, never indulged in extravagant language, never
+hurried to support extreme measures, never allowed himself to be
+controlled by sudden impulses. During the progress of the election at
+which he was chosen President he expressed no opinion that went beyond
+the Jefferson proviso of 1784. Like Jefferson and Lafayette, he had
+faith in the intuitions of the people, and read those intuitions with
+rare sagacity. He knew how to bide time, and was less apt to run ahead
+of public thought than to lag behind. He never sought to electrify the
+community by taking an advanced position with a banner of opinion, but
+rather studied to move forward compactly, exposing no detachment in
+front or rear; so that the course of his administration might have
+been explained as the calculating policy of a shrewd and watchful
+politician, had there not been seen behind it a fixedness of principle
+which from the first determined his purpose, and grew more intense
+with every year, consuming his life by its energy. Yet his
+sensibilities were not acute; he had no vividness of imagination to
+picture to his mind the horrors of the battlefield or the sufferings
+in hospitals; his conscience was more tender than his feelings.
+
+LINCOLN was one of the most unassuming of men. In time of success, he
+gave credit for it to those whom he employed, to the people, and to
+the Providence of God. He did not know what ostentation is; when he
+became President he was rather saddened than elated, and conduct and
+manners showed more than ever his belief that all men are born equal.
+He was no respecter of persons, and neither rank, nor reputation, nor
+services overawed him. In judging of character he failed in
+discrimination, and his appointments were sometimes bad; but he
+readily deferred to public opinion, and in appointing the head of the
+armies he followed the manifest preference of Congress.
+
+A good President will secure unity to his administration by his own
+supervision of the various departments. LINCOLN, who accepted advice
+readily, was never governed by any member of his cabinet, and could
+not be moved from a purpose deliberately formed; but his supervision
+of affairs was unsteady and incomplete, and sometimes, by a sudden
+interference transcending the usual forms, he rather confused than
+advanced the public business. If he ever failed in the scrupulous
+regard due to the relative rights of Congress, it was so evidently
+without design that no conflict could ensue, or evil precedent be
+established. Truth he would receive from any one, but when impressed
+by others, he did not use their opinions till, by reflection, he had
+made them thoroughly his own.
+
+It was the nature of LINCOLN to forgive. When hostilities ceased, he,
+who had always sent forth the flag with every one of its stars in the
+field, was eager to receive back his returning countrymen, and
+meditated "some new announcement to the South." The amendment of the
+Constitution abolishing slavery had his most earnest and unwearied
+support. During the rage of war we get a glimpse into his soul from
+his privately suggesting to Louisiana, that "in defining the franchise
+some of the colored people might be let in," saying: "They would
+probably help, in some trying time to come, to keep the jewel of
+liberty in the family of freedom." In 1857 he avowed himself "not in
+favor of" what he improperly called "negro citizenship," for the
+Constitution discriminates between citizens and electors. Three days
+before his death he declared his preference that "the elective
+franchise were now conferred on the very intelligent of the colored
+men, and on those of them who served our cause as soldiers"; but he
+wished it done by the States themselves, and he never harbored the
+thought of exacting it from a new government, as a condition of its
+recognition.
+
+The last day of his life beamed with sunshine, as he sent, by the
+Speaker of this House, his friendly greetings to the men of the Rocky
+mountains and the Pacific slope; as he contemplated the return of
+hundreds of thousands of soldiers to fruitful industry; as he welcomed
+in advance hundreds of thousands of emigrants from Europe; as his eye
+kindled with enthusiasm at the coming wealth of the nation. And so,
+with these thoughts for his country, he was removed from the toils and
+temptations of this life, and was at peace.
+
+Hardly had the late President been consigned to the grave when the
+prime minister of England died, full of years and honors. Palmerston
+traced his lineage to the time of the conqueror; LINCOLN went back
+only to his grandfather. Palmerston received his education from the
+best scholars of Harrow, Edinburg, and Cambridge; LINCOLN'S early
+teachers were the silent forests, the prairie, the river, and the
+stars. Palmerston was in public life for sixty years; LINCOLN for but
+a tenth of that time. Palmerston was a skilful guide of an established
+aristocracy; LINCOLN a leader, or rather a companion, of the people.
+Palmerston was exclusively an Englishman, and made his boast in the
+House of Commons that the interest of England was his Shibboleth;
+LINCOLN thought always of mankind, as well as his own country, and
+served human nature itself. Palmerston, from his narrowness as an
+Englishman, did not endear his country to any one court or to any one
+nation, but rather caused general uneasiness and dislike; LINCOLN left
+America more beloved than ever by all the peoples of Europe.
+Palmerston was self-possessed and adroit in reconciling the
+conflicting factions of the aristocracy; LINCOLN, frank and ingenuous,
+knew how to poise himself on the ever-moving opinions of the masses.
+Palmerston was capable of insolence towards the weak, quick to the
+sense of honor, not heedful of right; LINCOLN rejected counsel given
+only as a matter of policy, and was not capable of being wilfully
+unjust. Palmerston, essentially superficial, delighted in banter, and
+knew how to divert grave opposition by playful levity; LINCOLN was a
+man of infinite jest on his lips with saddest earnestness at his
+heart. Palmerston was a fair representative of the aristocratic
+liberality of the day, choosing for his tribunal, not the conscience
+of humanity, but the House of Commons; LINCOLN took to heart the
+eternal truths of liberty, obeyed them as the commands of Providence,
+and accepted the human race as the judge of his fidelity. Palmerston
+did nothing that will endure; LINCOLN finished a work which all time
+cannot overthrow. Palmerston is a shining example of the ablest of a
+cultivated aristocracy; LINCOLN is the genuine fruit of institutions
+where the laboring man shares and assists to form the great ideas and
+designs of his country. Palmerston was buried in Westminster Abbey by
+the order of his Queen, and was attended by the British aristocracy to
+his grave, which, after a few years, will hardly be noticed by the
+side of the graves of Fox and Chatham; LINCOLN was followed by the
+sorrow of his country across the continent to his resting-place in the
+heart of the Mississippi valley, to be remembered through all time by
+his countrymen, and by all the peoples of the world.
+
+As the sum of all, the hand of LINCOLN raised the flag; the American
+people was the hero of the war; and, therefore, the result is a new
+era of republicanism. The disturbances in the country grew not out of
+anything republican, but out of slavery, which is a part of the system
+of hereditary wrong; and the expulsion of this domestic anomaly opens
+to the renovated nation a career of unthought of dignity and glory.
+Henceforth our country has a moral unity as the land of free labor.
+The party for slavery and the party against slavery are no more, and
+are merged in the party of Union and freedom. The States which would
+have left us are not brought back as subjugated States, for then we
+should hold them only so long as that conquest could be maintained;
+they come to their rightful place under the constitution as original,
+necessary, and inseparable members of the Union.
+
+We build monuments to the dead, but no monuments of victory. We
+respect the example of the Romans, who never, even in conquered lands,
+raised emblems of triumph. And our generals are not to be classed in
+the herd of vulgar warriors, but are of the school of Timoleon, and
+William of Nassau, and Washington. They have used the sword only to
+give peace to their country and restore her to her place in the great
+assembly of the nations.
+
+SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES of America: as I bid you farewell, my
+last words shall be words of hope and confidence; for now slavery is
+no more, the Union is restored, a people begins to live according to
+the laws of reason, and republicanism is intrenched in a continent.
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY GOLDWIN SMITH
+
+Abraham Lincoln is assuredly one of the marvels of history. No land
+but America has produced his like. This destined chief of a nation in
+its most perilous hour was the son of a thriftless and wandering
+settler. He had a strong and eminently fair understanding, with great
+powers of patient thought, which he cultivated by the study of Euclid.
+In all his views there was the simplicity of his character. Both as an
+advocate and as a politician he was "Honest Abe." As an advocate he
+would throw up his brief when he knew that his case was bad. He said
+himself that he had not controlled events, but had been guided by
+them. To know how to be guided by events, however, if it is not
+imperial genius, is practical wisdom. Lincoln's goodness of heart, his
+sense of duty, his unselfishness, his freedom from vanity, his long
+suffering, his simplicity, were never disturbed either by power or by
+opposition. To the charge of levity no man could be less open. Though
+he trusted in Providence, care for the public and sorrow for the
+public calamities filled his heart and sat visibly upon his brow. His
+State papers are excellent, not only as public documents, but as
+compositions, and are distinguished by their depth of human feeling
+and tenderness, from those of other statesmen. He spoke always from
+his own heart to the heart of the people. His brief funeral oration
+over the graves of those who had fallen in the war is one of the gems
+of the language.
+
+
+GREATNESS OF HIS SIMPLICITY
+
+BY H. A. DELANO
+
+He was uneducated, as that term goes to-day, and yet he gave statesmen
+and educators things to think about for a hundred years to come.
+Beneath the awkward, angular and diffident frame beat one of the
+noblest, largest, tenderest hearts that ever swelled in aspiration for
+truth, or longed to accomplish a freeman's duty. He might have lacked
+in that acute analysis which knows the "properties of matter," but he
+knew the passions, emotions, and weaknesses of men; he knew their
+motives. He had the genius to mine men and strike easily the rich ore
+of human nature. He was poor in this world's goods, and I prize
+gratefully a fac-simile letter lying among the treasures of my study
+written by Mr. Lincoln to an old friend, requesting the favor of a
+small loan, as he had entered upon that campaign of his that was not
+done until death released the most steadfast hero of that cruel war.
+Men speculate as to his religion. It was the religion of the seer, the
+hero, the patriot, and the lover of his race and time. Amid the
+political idiocy of the times, the corruption in high places, the
+dilettante culture, the vaporings of wild and helpless theorists, in
+this swamp of political quagmire, O Lincoln, it is refreshing to think
+of thee!
+
+
+HORACE GREELEY'S ESTIMATE OF LINCOLN
+
+From "Greeley on Lincoln"
+
+When I last saw him, some five or six weeks before his death, his face
+was haggard with care, and seamed with thought and trouble. It looked
+care-ploughed, tempest-tossed, weather-beaten, as if he were some
+tough old mariner, who had for years been beating up against the wind
+and tide, unable to make his port or find safe anchorage. Judging from
+that scathed, rugged countenance, I do not believe he could have lived
+out his second term had no felon hand been lifted against his
+priceless life.
+
+The chief moral I deduce from his eventful career asserts
+
+    The might that slumbers in a peasant's arm!
+
+the majestic heritage, the measureless opportunity, of the humblest
+American youth. Here was an heir of poverty and insignificance,
+obscure, untaught, buried throughout his childhood in the frontier
+forests, with no transcendent, dazzling abilities, such as make their
+way in any country, under any institutions, but emphatically in
+intellect, as in station, one of the millions of strivers for a rude
+livelihood, who, though attaching himself stubbornly to the less
+popular party, and especially so in the State which he has chosen as
+his home, did nevertheless become a central figure of the Western
+Hemisphere, and an object of honor, love, and reverence throughout the
+civilized world. Had he been a genius, an intellectual prodigy, like
+Julius Caesar, or Shakespeare, or Mirabeau, or Webster, we might say:
+"This lesson is not for us--with such faculties any one could achieve
+and succeed"; but he was not a born king of men, ruling by the
+resistless might of his natural superiority, but a child of the
+people, who made himself a great persuader, therefore a leader by dint
+of firm resolve, and patient effort, and dogged perseverance. He
+slowly won his way to eminence and renown by ever doing the work that
+lay next to him--doing it with all his growing might--doing it as well
+as he could, and learning by his failure, when failure was
+encountered, how to do it better. Wendell Phillips once coarsely said,
+"He grew because we watered him"; which was only true in so far as
+this--he was open to all impressions and influences, and gladly
+profited by all the teachings of events and circumstances, no matter
+how adverse or unwelcome. There was probably no year of his life in
+which he was not a wiser, larger, better man than he had been the year
+preceding. It was of such a nature--patient, plodding, sometimes
+groping, but ever towards the light--that Tennyson sings:
+
+    Perplext in faith, but pure in deeds,
+      At last he beat his music out.
+      There lives more faith in honest doubt,
+    Believe me, than in half the creeds.
+
+There are those who profess to have been always satisfied with his
+conduct of the war, deeming it prompt, energetic, vigorous, masterly.
+I did not, and could not, so regard it. I believed then--I believe
+this hour,--that a Napoleon I., a Jackson, would have crushed
+secession out in a single short campaign--almost in a single victory.
+I believed that an advance to Richmond 100,000 strong might have been
+made by the end of June, 1861; that would have insured a
+counter-revolution throughout the South, and a voluntary return of
+every State, through a dispersion and disavowal of its rebel chiefs,
+to the councils and the flag of the Union. But such a return would
+have not merely left slavery intact--it would have established it on
+firmer foundations than ever before. The momentarily alienated North
+and South would have fallen on each other's necks, and, amid tears and
+kisses, have sealed their reunion by ignominiously making the Black
+the scapegoat of their bygone quarrel, and wreaking on him the spite
+which they had purposed to expend on each other. But God had higher
+ends, to which a Bull Run, a Ball's Bluff, a Gaines's Mill, a
+Groveton, were indispensable: and so they came to pass, and were
+endured and profited by. The Republic needed to be passed through
+chastening, purifying fires of adversity and suffering: so these came
+and did their work and the verdure of a new national life springs
+greenly, luxuriantly, from their ashes. Other men were helpful to the
+great renovation, and nobly did their part in it; yet, looking back
+through the lifting mists of seven eventful, tragic, trying, glorious
+years, I clearly discern that the one providential leader, the
+indispensable hero of the great drama--faithfully reflecting even in
+his hesitations and seeming vacillations the sentiment of the
+masses--fitted by his very defects and shortcomings for the burden
+laid upon him, the good to be wrought out through him, was Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+
+LINCOLN
+
+BY J. T. TROWBRIDGE
+
+    Heroic soul, in homely garb half hid,
+      Sincere, sagacious, melancholy, quaint;
+    What he endured, no less than what he did,
+      Has reared his monument, and crowned him saint.
+
+
+THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[26]
+
+BY B. B. TYLER
+
+In 1865, the bullet of an assassin suddenly terminated the life among
+men of one who was an honor to his race. He was great and good. He was
+great because he was good. Lincoln's religious character was the one
+thing which, above all other features of his unique mental and moral
+as well as physical personality, lifted him above his fellow men.
+
+Because an effort has been made to parade Abraham Lincoln as an
+unbeliever, I have been led to search carefully for the facts in his
+life bearing on this point. The testimony seems to be almost entirely,
+if not altogether, on one side. I cannot account for the statement
+which William H. Herndon makes in his life of the martyred President,
+that, "Mr. Lincoln had no faith." For twenty-five years Mr. Herndon
+was Abraham Lincoln's law partner in Springfield, Ill. He had the best
+opportunities to know Abraham Lincoln. When, however, he affirms that
+"Mr. Lincoln had no faith," he speaks without warrant. It is simply
+certain that he uses words in their usually accepted signification,
+although his statement concerning Lincoln is not true.
+
+Abraham Lincoln was a man of profound faith. He believed in God. He
+believed in Christ. He believed in the Bible. He believed in men. His
+faith made him great. His life is a beautiful commentary on the words,
+"This is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith." There
+was a time in Lincoln's experience when his faith faltered, as there
+was a time when his reason tottered, but these sad experiences were
+temporary, and Abraham Lincoln was neither an infidel nor a lunatic.
+It is easy to trace in the life of this colossal character, a steady
+growth of faith. This grace in him increased steadily in breadth and
+in strength with the passing years, until it came to pass that his
+last public utterances show forth the confidence and the fire of an
+ancient Hebrew prophet.
+
+It is true that Lincoln never united with the Church, although a
+lifelong and regular attendant on its services. He had a reason for
+occupying a position outside the fellowship of the Church of Christ as
+it existed in his day and in his part of the world. This reason
+Lincoln did not hesitate to declare. He explained on one occasion that
+he had never become a church member because he did not like and could
+not in conscience subscribe to the long and frequently complicated
+statements of Christian doctrines which characterized the confessions
+of the Churches. He said: "When any Church will inscribe over its
+altar as its sole qualification for membership the Savior's condensed
+statement of the substance of both law and gospel, 'Thou shalt love
+the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with
+all thy mind, and thy neighbor as thyself,' that Church will I join
+with all my heart and soul."
+
+Abraham Lincoln in these words recognizes the central figure of the
+Bible, Jesus of Nazareth, as "the Saviour." He recognizes God as the
+supreme Lawgiver, and expresses readiness, while eschewing theological
+subtleties, to submit heart and soul to the supreme Lawgiver of the
+universe. His faith, according to this language, goes out manward as
+well as Godward. He believed not only in God, but he believed in man
+as well, and this Christianity, according to Christ, requires of all
+disciples of the great Teacher.
+
+About a year before his assassination Lincoln, in a letter to Joshua
+Speed, said: "I am profitably engaged in reading the Bible. Take all
+of this book upon reason that you can and the balance on faith, and
+you will live and die a better man." He saw and declared that the
+teaching of the Bible had a tendency to improve character. He had a
+right view of this sacred literature. Its purpose is character
+building.
+
+Leonard Swett, who knew Abraham Lincoln well, said at the unveiling of
+the Chicago monument that Lincoln "believed in God as the supreme
+ruler of the universe, the guide of men, and the controller of the
+great events and destinies of mankind. He believed himself to be an
+instrument and leader in this country of the force of freedom."
+
+From this it appears that his belief was not merely theoretical, but
+that it was practical. He regarded himself as an instrument, as Moses
+was an instrument in the hands of Almighty God, to lead men into
+freedom.
+
+It was after his election, in the autumn of 1860, and but a short time
+before his inauguration as President of the United States, that in a
+letter to Judge Joseph Gillespie, he said: "I have read on my knees
+the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of God prayed in vain that the
+cup of bitterness might pass from Him. I am in the garden of
+Gethsemane now, and my cup of bitterness is full and overflowing."
+
+From this it is clear that he believed the Jesus of the Gospels to be
+"the Son of God." And what a sense of responsibility he must at the
+time of writing this letter have experienced to cause him to declare,
+"I am in the garden of Gethsemane now, and my cup of bitterness is
+full and overflowing!" Only a superlatively good man, only a man of
+genuine piety, could use honestly such language as this. These words
+do not indicate unbelief or agnosticism. If ever a man in public life
+in these United States was removed the distance of the antipodes from
+the coldness and bleakness of agnosticism, that man was Abraham
+Lincoln. This confession of faith, incidentally made in a brief letter
+to a dear friend, is not only orthodox according to the accepted
+standards of orthodoxy, but, better, it is evangelical. To him the
+hero of the Gospel histories was none other than "the Son of God." By
+the use of these words did Lincoln characterize Jesus of Nazareth.
+
+Herndon has said in his life of Abraham Lincoln that he never read the
+Bible, but Alexander Williamson, who was employed as a tutor in
+President Lincoln's family in Washington, said that "Mr. Lincoln very
+frequently studied the Bible, with the aid of Cruden's Concordance,
+which lay on his table." If Lincoln was not a reader and student of
+the inspired literature which we call the Bible, what explanation can
+be made of his language just quoted, addressed to Judge Gillespie, "I
+have read on my knees the story of Gethsemane, where the Son of God
+prayed in vain that the cup of bitterness might pass from Him"?
+
+I have admitted that in Lincoln's experience there was a time when his
+faith faltered. It is interesting to know in what manner he came to
+have the faith which in the maturity of his royal manhood and in the
+zenith of his intellectual powers he expressed. One of his
+pastors--for he sat under the ministry of James Smith, has told in
+what way Lincoln came to be an intelligent believer in the Bible, in
+Jesus as the Son of God, and in Christianity as Divine in its origin,
+and a mighty moral and spiritual power for the regeneration of men and
+of the race. Mr. Smith placed before him, he says, the arguments for
+and against the Divine authority and inspiration of the Scriptures. To
+the arguments on both sides Lincoln gave a patient, impartial, and
+searching investigation. He himself said that he examined the
+arguments as a lawyer investigates testimony in a case in which he is
+deeply interested. At the conclusion of the investigation he declared
+that the arguments in favor of the Divine authority and inspiration of
+the Bible is unanswerable.
+
+So far did Lincoln go in his open sympathy with the teachings of the
+Bible that on one occasion in the presence of a large assembly, he
+delivered the address at an annual meeting of the Springfield,
+Illinois, Bible Society. In the course of his address he drew a
+contrast between the decalog and the most eminent lawgiver of
+antiquity, in which he said: "It seems to me that nothing short of
+infinite wisdom could by any possibility have devised and given to man
+this excellent and perfect moral code. It is suited to men in all the
+conditions of life, and inculcates all the duties they owe to their
+Creator, to themselves, and their fellow men."
+
+Lincoln prepared an address, in which he declared that this country
+cannot exist half slave and half-free. He affirmed the saying of
+Jesus, "A house divided against itself cannot stand." Having read this
+address to some friends, they urged him to strike out that portion of
+it. If he would do so, he could probably be elected to the United
+States Senate; but if he delivered the address as written, the ground
+taken was so high, the position was so advanced, his sentiments were
+so radical, he would probably fail of gaining a seat in the supreme
+legislative body of the greatest republic on earth.
+
+Lincoln, under those circumstances, said: "I know there is a God, and
+that He hates the injustice of slavery. I see the storm coming, and I
+know that His hand is in it. If He has a place and a work for me, and
+I think he has, I believe I am ready. I am nothing but truth is
+everything. I know I am right, because I know that liberty is right,
+for Christ teaches it, and Christ is God."
+
+And yet we are asked to believe that a man who could express himself
+in this way and show this courage was a doubter, a skeptic, an
+unbeliever, an agnostic, an infidel. "Christ is God." This was
+Lincoln's faith in 1860, found in a letter addressed to the Hon.
+Newton Bateman.
+
+Lincoln's father was a Christian. Old Uncle Tommy Lincoln, as his
+friends familiarly called him, was a good man. He was what might be
+called a ne'er-do-well. As the world counts success, Thomas Lincoln,
+the father of Abraham Lincoln, was not successful, but he was an
+honest man. He was a truthful man. He was a man of faith. He
+worshipped God. He belonged to the church. He was a member of a
+congregation in Charleston, Ill., which I had the honor to serve in
+the beginning of my ministry, known as the Christian Church. He died
+not far from Charleston, and is buried a few miles distant from the
+beautiful little town, the county seat of Coles County, Ill.
+
+During the last illness of his father, Lincoln wrote a letter to his
+step-brother, John Johnston, which closes with the following
+sentences: "I sincerely hope that father may recover his health, but
+at all events tell him to remember to call upon and confide in our
+great, and good, and merciful Maker, who will not turn away from him
+in any extremity. He notes the fall of the sparrow, and numbers the
+hairs of our heads, and He will not forget the dying man who puts his
+trust in Him. Say to him that if we could meet now it is doubtful
+whether it would not be more painful than pleasant, but that if it be
+his lot to go now he will soon have a joyful meeting with loved ones
+gone before, and where the rest of us, through the mercy of God, hope
+ere long to join them."
+
+From this it appears that Lincoln cherished a hope of life everlasting
+through the mercy of God. This sounds very much like the talk of a
+Christian.
+
+Although Lincoln was not a church member, he was a man of prayer. He
+believed that God can hear, does hear, and answer prayer. Lincoln said
+in conversation with General Sickles concerning the battle of
+Gettysburg, that he had no anxiety as to the result. At this General
+Sickles expressed surprise, and inquired into the reason for this
+unusual state of mind at that period in the history of the war.
+Lincoln hesitated to accede to the request of General Sickles, but was
+finally prevailed upon to do so, and this is what he said:
+
+"Well, I will tell you how it was. In the pinch of your campaign up
+there, when everybody seemed panic stricken, and nobody could tell
+what was going to happen, oppressed by the gravity of our affairs, I
+went into my room one day and locked the door, and got down on my
+knees before Almighty God, and prayed to Him mightily for victory at
+Gettysburg. I told Him this was His war, and our cause His cause, but
+that we could not stand another Fredericksburg or Chancellorsville.
+And I then and there made a solemn vow to Almighty God that if He
+would stand by our boys at Gettysburg I would stand by Him. And He did
+and I will. And after that (I don't know how it was, and I can't
+explain it) but soon a sweet comfort crept into my soul that things
+would go all right at Gettysburg, and that is why I had no fears
+about you."
+
+Such faith as this will put to the blush many who are members of the
+church.
+
+It was afterward that General Sickles asked him what news he had from
+Vicksburg. He answered that he had no news worth mentioning, but that
+Grant was still "pegging away" down there, and he thought a good deal
+of him as a general, and had no thought of removing him
+notwithstanding that he was urged to do so; and, "besides," he added,
+"I have been praying over Vicksburg also, and believe our Heavenly
+Father is going to give us victory there too, because we need it, in
+order to bisect the Confederacy and have the Mississippi flow unvexed
+to the sea."
+
+When he entered upon the task to which the people of the United States
+had called him, at the railway station in Springfield on the eve of
+his departure to Washington to take the oath of office, he delivered
+an address. It is a model. I quote it entire. It is as follows:
+
+"My friends, no one not in my position can realize the sadness I feel
+at this parting. To this people I owe all that I am. Here I have lived
+more than a quarter of a century. Here my children were born, and here
+one of them lies buried. I know not how soon I shall see you again. I
+go to assume a task more than that which has devolved upon any other
+man since the days of Washington. He never would have succeeded except
+for the aid of Divine Providence, upon which he at all times relied.
+I feel that I cannot succeed without the same Divine blessing which
+sustained him, and on the same almighty Being I place my reliance for
+support. And I hope you, my friends, will all pray that I may receive
+that Divine assistance, without which I cannot succeed, but with which
+success is certain. Again, I bid you an affectionate farewell."
+
+At the time of Lincoln's assassination these words were printed in a
+great variety of forms. In my home for a number of years, beautifully
+framed, these parting words addressed to the friends of many years in
+Springfield, Ill., ornamented my humble residence. And yet one of his
+biographers refers to this address as if its genuineness may well be
+doubted. At the time of its delivery it was taken down and published
+broadcast in the papers of the day.
+
+But it would be wearisome to you to recite all the evidences bearing
+on the religious character of Abraham Lincoln. John G. Nicolay well
+says: "Benevolence and forgiveness were the very basis of his
+character; his world-wide humanity is aptly embodied in a phrase of
+his second inaugural: 'With malice toward none, with charity for all.'
+His nature was deeply religious, but he belonged to no denomination;
+he had faith in the eternal justice and boundless mercy of Providence,
+and made the Golden Rule of Christ his practical creed."
+
+In this passage Mr. Nicolay refers especially to Lincoln's second
+inaugural address. This address has the ring of an ancient Hebrew
+prophet. Only a man of faith and piety could deliver such an address.
+After the struggles through which the country had passed Lincoln's
+self-poise, his confidence in God, his belief in and affection for his
+fellow men, remained unabated. In Lincoln's second inaugural address
+he used these words:
+
+"Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration
+which it has already attained: neither anticipated that the cause of
+the conflict might cease when or even before the conflict itself
+should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less
+fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the
+same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem
+strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in
+wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us
+judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be
+answered: that of neither has been answered fully.
+
+"The Almighty has His own purposes. 'Wo unto the world because of
+offenses, for it must needs be that offenses come; but we to that man
+by whom the offense cometh.' If we shall suppose that American slavery
+is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs
+come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now
+wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this
+terrible war, as the wo due to those by whom the offense came, shall
+we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which
+the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him. Fondly do we
+hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may
+speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the
+wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of
+unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn
+with a lash shall be paid with another drawn by a sword, as was said
+three thousand years ago, so still it must be said. 'The judgments of
+the Lord are true and righteous altogether.'
+
+"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
+right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
+work we are in; to bind up the Nation's wounds; to care for him who
+shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan--to do
+all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among our
+selves and with all nations."
+
+The spirit of this address, under the circumstances, is intensely
+Christian, and it is one of the most remarkable speeches in the
+literature of the world.
+
+When Lincoln was urged to issue his Proclamation of Emancipation he
+waited on God for guidance. He said to some who urged this matter, who
+were anxious to have the President act without delay: "I hope it will
+not be irreverent for me to say that, if it is probable that God would
+reveal His will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it
+might be supposed He would reveal it directly to me, for, unless I am
+more deceived in myself that I often am, it is my earnest desire to
+know the will of Providence in this matter, and if I can learn what it
+is, I will do it."
+
+Stoddard, in his Life of Lincoln, gives attention beyond any of his
+biographers to the religious side of Lincoln's character. Commenting
+on the inaugural from which I have quoted, Mr. Stoddard said:
+
+"His mind and soul have reached the full development in a religious
+life so unusually intense and absorbing that it could not otherwise
+than utter itself in the grand sentences of his last address to the
+people. The knowledge had come, and the faith had come, and the
+charity had come, and with all had come the love of God which had put
+away all thought of rebellious resistance to the will of God leading,
+as in his earlier days of trial, to despair and insanity."
+
+I wish to call special attention to Lincoln's temperance habits. He
+was a teetotaler so far as the use of intoxicating liquors as a
+beverage was concerned. When the committee of the Chicago Convention
+waited upon Lincoln to inform him of his nomination he treated them to
+ice-water and said:
+
+"Gentlemen, we must pledge our mutual healths in the most healthy
+beverage which God has given to man. It is the only beverage I have
+ever used or allowed in my family, and I cannot conscientiously depart
+from it on the present occasion. It is pure Adam's ale from the
+spring."
+
+Mr. John Hay, one of his biographers, says: "Mr. Lincoln was a man of
+exceedingly temperate habits. He made no use of either whisky or
+tobacco during all the years that I knew him."
+
+Abraham Lincoln was a model in every respect but one. It was a mistake
+on the part of this great and good man that he never identified
+himself openly with the Church. I know what can be said in favor of
+his position. It is not, however, satisfactory. If all men were to act
+in this matter as Lincoln did, there would be no Church. This is
+obvious. Hence the mistake which he made. Otherwise, as to his
+personal habits; as to his confidence in God; as to his faith in man;
+as to his conception and use of the Bible; as to his habits of prayer;
+as to his judicial fairness; as to his sympathy with men--in all these
+respects, as in many others, Abraham Lincoln is a character to be
+studied and imitated.
+
+[26] _From 'The Homiletic Review,' Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers._
+
+
+TO THE SPIRIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN[27]
+
+(Reunion at Gettysburg Twenty-Five Years After the Battle)
+
+BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER
+
+1888
+
+    Shade of our greatest, O look down to day!
+      Here the long, dread midsummer battle roared,
+      And brother in brother plunged the accursed sword;--
+      Here foe meets foe once more in proud array
+    Yet not as once to harry and to slay
+      But to strike hands, and with sublime accord
+      Weep tears heroic for the souls that soared
+      Quick from earth's carnage to the starry way.
+    Each fought for what he deemed the people's good,
+      And proved his bravery with his offered life,
+      And sealed his honor with his outpoured blood;
+    But the Eternal did direct the strife,
+      And on this sacred field one patriot host
+      Now calls thee father,--dear, majestic ghost!
+
+[27] _By permission of Houghton, Mifflin & Company._
+
+
+LINCOLN AS A TYPICAL AMERICAN
+
+BY PHILLIPS BROOKS
+
+While I speak to you to-day, the body of the President who ruled this
+people, is lying, honored and loved, in our city. It is impossible,
+with that sacred presence in our midst, for me to stand and speak of
+ordinary topics which occupy the pulpit. I must speak of him to-day;
+and I therefore undertake to do what I have intended to do at some
+future time, to invite you to study with me the character of Abraham
+Lincoln, the impulse of his life and the causes of his death. I know
+how hard it is to do it rightly, how impossible it is to do it
+worthily. But I shall speak with confidence, because I speak to those
+who love him, and whose ready love will fill out the deficiencies in
+a picture which my words will weakly try to draw.
+
+We take it for granted, first of all, that there is an essential
+connection between Mr. Lincoln's character and his violent and bloody
+death. It is no accident, no arbitrary decree of Providence. He lived
+as he did, and he died as he did, because he was what he was. The more
+we see of events the less we come to believe in any fate, or destiny,
+except the destiny of character. It will be our duty, then, to see
+what there was in the character of our great President that created
+the history of his life, and at last produced the catastrophe of his
+cruel death. After the first trembling horror, the first outburst of
+indignant sorrow, has grown calm, these are the questions which we are
+bound to ask and answer.
+
+It is not necessary for me even to sketch the biography of Mr.
+Lincoln. He was born in Kentucky fifty-six years ago, when Kentucky
+was a pioneer State. He lived, as a boy and man, the hard and needy
+life of a backwoodsman, a farmer, a river boatman, and, finally, by
+his own efforts at self-education, of an active, respected,
+influential citizen, in the half organized and manifold interests of a
+new and energetic community. From his boyhood up he lived in direct
+and vigorous contact with men and things, not as in older states and
+easier conditions with words and theories; and both his moral
+convictions and intellectual opinions gathered from that contact a
+supreme degree of that character by which men knew him; that
+character which is the most distinctive possession of the best
+American nature; that almost indescribable quality which we call, in
+general, clearness or truth, and which appears in the physical
+structure as health, in the moral constitution as honesty, in the
+mental structure as sagacity, and in the region of active life as
+practicalness. This one character, with many sides, all shaped of the
+same essential force and testifying to the same inner influences, was
+what was powerful in him and decreed for him the life he was to live
+and the death he was to die. We must take no smaller view then this of
+what he was.
+
+It is the great boon of such characters as Mr. Lincoln's, that they
+reunite what God has joined together and man has put asunder. In him
+was vindicated the greatness of real goodness and the goodness of real
+greatness. The twain were one flesh. Not one of all the multitudes who
+stood and looked up to him for direction with such a loving and
+implicit trust can tell you to-day whether the wise judgments that he
+gave came most from a strong head or a sound heart. If you ask them,
+they are puzzled. There are men as good as he, but they do bad things.
+There are men as intelligent as he, but they do foolish things. In
+him, goodness and intelligence combined and made their best result of
+wisdom. For perfect truth consists not merely in the right
+constituents of character, but in their right and intimate
+conjunction. This union of the mental and moral into a life of
+admirable simplicity is what we most admire in children; but in them
+it is unsettled and unpractical. But when it is preserved into
+manhood, deepened into reliability and maturity, it is that glorified
+childlikeness, that high and reverend simplicity, which shames and
+baffles the most accomplished astuteness, and is chosen by God to fill
+His purposes when He needs a ruler for His people, of faithful and
+true heart, such as he had, who was our President.
+
+Another evident quality of such character as this will be its
+freshness or newness, if we may so speak; its freshness or
+readiness,--call it what you will,--its ability to take up new duties
+and do them in a new way, will result of necessity from its truth and
+clearness. The simple natures and forces will always be the most
+pliant ones. Water bends and shapes itself to any channel. Air folds
+and adapts itself to each new figure. They are the simplest and the
+most infinitely active things in nature. So this nature, in very
+virtue of its simplicity, must be also free, always fitting itself to
+each new need. It will always start from the most fundamental and
+eternal conditions, and work in the straightest, even though they be
+the newest ways, to the present prescribed purpose. In one word, it
+must be broad and independent and radical. So that freedom and
+radicalness in the character of Abraham Lincoln were not separate
+qualities, but the necessary results of his simplicity and
+childlikeness and truth.
+
+Here then we have some conception of the man. Out of this character
+came the life which we admire and the death which we lament to-day. He
+was called in that character to that life and death. It was just the
+nature, as you see, which a new nation such as ours ought to produce.
+All the conditions of his birth, his youth, his manhood, which made
+him what he was, were not irregular and exceptional, but were the
+normal conditions of a new and simple country. His pioneer home in
+Indiana was a type of the pioneer land in which he lived. If ever
+there was a man who was a part of the time and country he lived in,
+this was he. The same simple respect for labor won in the school of
+work and incorporated into blood and muscle; the same unassuming
+loyalty to the simple virtues of temperance and industry and
+integrity; the same sagacious judgment which had learned to be
+quick-eyed and quick-brained in the constant presence of emergency;
+the same direct and clear thought about things, social, political and
+religious, that was in him supremely, was in the people he was sent to
+rule. Surely, with such a type-man for ruler, there would seem to be
+but a smooth and even road over which he might lead the people whose
+character he represented into the new region of national happiness,
+and comfort, and usefulness, for which that character had been
+designed.
+
+The cause that Abraham Lincoln died for shall grow stronger by his
+death, stronger and sterner. Stronger to set its pillars deep into the
+structure of our Nation's life; sterner to execute the justice of the
+Lord upon his enemies. Stronger to spread its arms and grasp our whole
+land into freedom; sterner to sweep the last poor ghost of slavery out
+of our haunted homes.
+
+So let him lie there in our midst to-day and let our people go and
+bend with solemn thoughtfulness and look upon his face and read the
+lessons of his burial. As he passed here on his journey from the
+Western home and told us what, by the help of God, he meant to do, so
+let him pause upon his way back to his Western grave and tell us, with
+a silence more eloquent than words, how bravely, how truly, by the
+strength of God, he did it. God brought him up as He brought David up
+from the sheep-folds to feed Jacob, His people, and Israel, His
+inheritance. He came up in earnestness and faith, and he goes back in
+triumph. As he pauses here to-day, and from his cold lips bids us bear
+witness how he has met the duty that was laid on him, what can we say
+out of our full hearts but this:--"He fed them with a faithful and
+true heart, and ruled them prudently with all his power."
+
+THE SHEPHERD OF THE PEOPLE! that old name that the best rulers ever
+craved. What ruler ever won it like this dead President of ours? He
+fed us faithfully and truly. He fed us with counsel when we were in
+doubt, with inspiration when we sometimes faltered, with caution when
+we would be rash, with calm, clear, trustful cheerfulness through many
+an hour, when our hearts were dark. He fed hungry souls all over the
+country with sympathy and consolation. He spread before the whole land
+feasts of great duty and devotion and patriotism, on which the land
+grew strong. He fed us with solemn, solid truths. He taught us the
+sacredness of government, the wickedness of treason. He made our souls
+glad and vigorous with the love of liberty that was in his. He showed
+us how to love truth and yet be charitable--how to hate wrong and all
+oppression, and yet not treasure one personal injury or insult. He fed
+all his people, from the highest to the lowest, from the most
+privileged down to the most enslaved. Best of all, he fed us with a
+reverent and genuine religion. He spread before us the love and fear
+of God just in that shape in which we need them most, and out of his
+faithful service of a higher Master, who of us has not taken and eaten
+and grown strong? "He fed them with a faithful and true heart." Yes,
+till the last. For at the last, behold him standing with hand reached
+out to feed the South with mercy, and the North with charity, and the
+whole land with peace, when the Lord who had sent him called him, and
+his work was done!
+
+He stood once on the battlefield of our own State, and said of the
+brave men who had saved it, words as noble as any countryman of ours
+ever spoke. Let us stand in the country he has saved, and which is to
+be his grave and monument, and say of Abraham Lincoln what he said of
+the soldiers who had died at Gettysburg. He stood there with their
+graves before him, and these are the words he said:
+
+"We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this
+ground. These brave men who struggled here have consecrated it far
+beyond our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor
+long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
+here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated to the unfinished
+work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
+rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
+us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
+cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we
+here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; and
+this nation, under God shall have a new birth of freedom; and that
+government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not
+perish from the earth."
+
+May God make us worthy of the memory of Abraham Lincoln!
+
+
+LINCOLN AS CAVALIER AND PURITAN
+
+BY H. W. GRADY
+
+The virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the
+inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion. But both
+Puritan and Cavalier were lost in the storm of their first
+revolution, and the American citizen, supplanting both, and stronger
+than either, took possession of the Republic bought by their common
+blood and fashioned in wisdom, and charged himself with teaching men
+free government and establishing the voice of the people as the voice
+of God. Great types like valuable plants are slow to flower and fruit.
+But from the union of these colonists, from the straightening of their
+purposes and the crossing of their blood, slow perfecting through a
+century, came he who stands as the first typical American, the first
+who comprehended within himself all the strength and gentleness, all
+the majesty and grace of this Republic--Abraham Lincoln. He was the
+sum of Puritan and Cavalier, for in his ardent nature were fused the
+virtues of both, and in the depths of his great soul the faults of
+both were lost. He was greater than Puritan, greater than Cavalier, in
+that he was American, and that in his homely form were first gathered
+the vast and thrilling forces of this ideal government--charging it
+with such tremendous meaning and so elevating it above human suffering
+that martyrdom, though infamously aimed came as a fitting crown to a
+life consecrated from its cradle to human liberty. Let us, each
+cherishing his traditions and honoring his fathers, build with
+reverent hands to the type of this simple but sublime life, in which
+all types are honored, and in the common glory we shall win as
+Americans, there will be plenty and to spare for your forefathers and
+for mine.
+
+
+LINCOLN, THE TENDER-HEARTED
+
+BY H. W. BOLTON
+
+His biography is written in blood and tears; uncounted millions arise
+and call him blessed; a redeemed and reunited republic is his
+monument. History embalms the memory of Richard the Lion-Hearted;
+here, too, our martyr finds loyal sepulture as Lincoln the
+tender-hearted.
+
+He was brave. While assassins swarmed in Washington, he went
+everywhere, without guard or arms. He was magnanimous. He harbored no
+grudge, nursed no grievance; was quick to forgive, and was anxious for
+reconciliation. Hear him appealing to the South: "We are not enemies,
+but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained,
+it must not break, our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of
+memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every
+loving heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell
+the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be,
+by the better angels of our nature."
+
+He was compassionate. With what joy he brought liberty to the
+enslaved. He was forgiving. In this respect he was strikingly
+suggestive of the Saviour. He was great. Time will but augment the
+greatness of his name and fame. Perhaps a greater man never ruled in
+this or any other nation. He was good and pure and incorruptible. He
+was a patriot; he loved his country; he poured out his soul unto death
+for it. He was human, and thus touched the chord that makes the whole
+world kin.
+
+
+THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN
+
+BY W. H. HERNDON (LINCOLN'S LAW PARTNER)
+
+The true peculiarity of Mr. Lincoln has not been seen by his various
+biographers; or, if seen, they have failed wofully to give it that
+prominence which it deserves. It is said that Newton saw an apple fall
+to the ground from a tree, and beheld the law of the universe in that
+fall; Shakespeare saw human nature in the laugh of a man; Professor
+Owen saw the animal in its claw; and Spencer saw the evolution of the
+universe in the growth of a seed. Nature was suggestive to all these
+men. Mr. Lincoln no less saw philosophy in a story, and a schoolmaster
+in a joke. No man, no men, saw nature, fact, thing, or man from his
+stand-point. His was a new and original position, which was always
+suggesting, hinting something to him. Nature, insinuations, hints and
+suggestions were new, fresh, original and odd to him. The world, fact,
+man, principle, all had their powers of suggestion to his susceptible
+soul. They continually put him in mind of something. He was odd,
+fresh, new, original, and peculiar, for this reason, that he was a
+new, odd, and original creation and fact. He had keen susceptibilities
+to the hints and suggestions of nature, which always put him in mind
+of something known or unknown. Hence his power and tenacity of what is
+called association of ideas must have been great. His memory was
+tenacious and strong. His susceptibility to all suggestions and hints
+enabled him at will to call up readily the associated and classified
+fact and idea.
+
+As an evidence of this, especially peculiar to Mr. Lincoln, let me ask
+one question. Were Mr. Lincoln's expression and language odd and
+original, standing out peculiar from those of all other men? What does
+this imply? Oddity and originality of vision as well as expression;
+and what is expression in words and human language, but a telling of
+what we see, defining the idea arising from and created by vision and
+view in us? Words and language are but the counterparts of the
+idea--the other half of the idea; they are but the stinging, hot,
+heavy, leaden bullets that drop from the mold; and what are they in a
+rifle with powder stuffed behind them and fire applied, but an
+embodied force pursuing their object? So are words an embodied power
+feeling for comprehension in other minds. Mr. Lincoln was often
+perplexed to give expression to his ideas: first, because he was not
+master of the English language: and, secondly, because there were no
+words in it containing the coloring, shape, exactness, power, and
+gravity of his ideas. He was frequently at a loss for a word, and
+hence was compelled to resort to stories, maxims, and jokes to embody
+his idea, that it might be comprehended. So true was this peculiar
+mental vision of his, that though mankind has been gathering,
+arranging, and classifying facts for thousands of years, Lincoln's
+peculiar stand-point could give him no advantage of other men's labor.
+Hence he tore up to the deep foundations all arrangements of facts,
+and coined and arranged new plans to govern himself. He was compelled,
+from his peculiar mental organization, to do this. His labor was
+great, continuous, patient and all-enduring.
+
+The truth about this whole matter is that Mr. Lincoln read less and
+thought more than any man in his sphere in America. No man can put his
+finger on any great book written in the last or present century that
+he read. When young he read the Bible, and when of age he read
+Shakespeare. This latter book was scarcely ever out of his mind. Mr.
+Lincoln is acknowledged to have been a great man, but the question is,
+what made him great? I repeat, that he read less and thought more than
+any man of his standing in America, if not in the world. He possessed
+originality and power of thought in an eminent degree. He was
+cautious, cool, concentrated, with continuity of reflection; was
+patient and enduring. These are some of the grounds of his wonderful
+success.
+
+Not only was nature, man, fact and principle suggestive to Mr.
+Lincoln, not only had he accurate and exact perceptions, but he was
+causative, i. e., his mind ran back behind all facts, things and
+principles to their origin, history and first cause, to that point
+where forces act at once as effect and cause. He would stop and stand
+in the street and analyze a machine. He would whittle things to a
+point, and then count the numberless inclined planes, and their pitch,
+making the point. Mastering and defining this, he would then cut that
+point back, and get a broad transverse section of his pine stick, and
+peel and define that. Clocks, omnibuses and language, paddle-wheels
+and idioms, never escaped his observation and analysis. Before he
+could form any idea of anything, before he would express his opinion
+on any subject, he must know it in origin and history, in substance
+and quality, in magnitude and gravity. He must know his subject inside
+and outside, upside and down side. He searched his own mind and nature
+thoroughly, as I have often heard him say. He must analyze a
+sensation, an idea, and words, and run them back to their origin,
+history, purpose and destiny. He was most emphatically a remorseless
+analyzer of facts, things and principles. When all these processes had
+been well and thoroughly gone through, he could form an opinion and
+express it, but no sooner. He had no faith. "Say so's" he had no
+respect for, coming though they might from tradition, power or
+authority.
+
+All things, facts and principles had to run through his crucible and
+be tested by the fires of his analytic mind; and hence, when he did
+speak, his utterances rang out gold-like, quick, keen and current upon
+the counters of the understanding. He reasoned logically, through
+analogy and comparison. All opponents dreaded him in his originality
+of idea, condensation, definition and force of expression, and woe be
+to the man who hugged to his bosom a secret error if Mr. Lincoln got
+on the chase of it. I say, woe to him! Time could hide the error in no
+nook or corner of space in which he would not detect and expose it.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]
+
+The great predominating elements of Mr. Lincoln's peculiar character,
+were: First, his great capacity and power of reason; secondly, his
+excellent understanding; thirdly, an exalted idea of the sense of
+right and equity; and, fourthly, his intense veneration of what was
+true and good. His reason ruled despotically all other faculties and
+qualities of his mind. His conscience and heart were ruled by it. His
+conscience was ruled by one faculty--reason. His heart was ruled by
+two faculties--reason and conscience. I know it is generally believed
+that Mr. Lincoln's heart, his love and kindness, his tenderness and
+benevolence, were his ruling qualities; but this opinion is erroneous
+in every particular. First, as to his reason. He dwelt in the mind,
+not in the conscience, and not in the heart. He lived and breathed and
+acted from his reason--the throne of logic and the home of principle,
+the realm of Deity in man. It is from this point that Mr. Lincoln must
+be viewed. His views were correct and original. He was cautious not to
+be deceived; he was patient and enduring. He had concentration and
+great continuity of thought; he had a profound analytic power; his
+visions were clear, and he was emphatically the master of statement.
+His pursuit of the truth was indefatigable, terrible. He reasoned from
+his well-chosen principles with such clearness, force, and
+compactness, that the tallest intellects in the land bowed to him with
+respect. He was the strongest man I ever saw, looking at him from the
+stand-point of his reason--the throne of his logic. He came down from
+that height with an irresistible and crushing force. His printed
+speeches will prove this; but his speeches before courts, especially
+before the Supreme Courts of the State and Nation, would demonstrate
+it: unfortunately, none of them have been preserved. Here he demanded
+time to think and prepare. The office of reason is to determine the
+truth. Truth is the power of reason--the child of reason. He loved and
+idolized truth for its own sake. It was reason's food.
+
+Conscience, the second great quality and force of Mr. Lincoln's
+character, is that faculty which loves the just: its office is
+justice; right and equity are its correlatives. It decides upon all
+acts of all people at all times. Mr. Lincoln had a deep, broad, living
+conscience. His great reason told him what was true, good and bad,
+right, wrong, just or unjust, and his conscience echoed back its
+decision; and it was from this point that he acted and spoke and wove
+his character and fame among us. His conscience ruled his heart; he
+was always just before he was gracious. This was his motto, his glory:
+and this is as it should be. It cannot be truthfully said of any
+mortal man that he was always just. Mr. Lincoln was not always just;
+but his great general life was. It follows that if Mr. Lincoln had
+great reason and great conscience, he was an honest man. His great and
+general life was honest, and he was justly and rightfully entitled to
+the appellation, "Honest Abe." Honesty was his great polar star.
+
+Mr. Lincoln had also a good understanding; that is, the faculty that
+understands and comprehends the exact state of things, their near and
+remote relations. The understanding does not necessarily inquire for
+the reason of things. I must here repeat that Mr. Lincoln was an odd
+and original man; he lived by himself and out of himself. He could not
+absorb. He was a very sensitive man, unobtrusive and gentlemanly, and
+often hid himself in the common mass of men, in order to prevent the
+discovery of his individuality. He had no insulting egotism, and no
+pompous pride; no haughtiness, and no aristocracy. He was not
+indifferent, however, to approbation and public opinion. He was not an
+upstart, and had no insolence. He was a meek, quiet, unobtrusive
+gentleman.... Read Mr. Lincoln's speeches, letters, messages and
+proclamations, read his whole record in his actual life, and you
+cannot fail to perceive that he had good understanding. He understood
+and fully comprehended himself, and what he did and why he did it,
+better than most living men.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]
+
+There are contradictory opinions in reference to Mr. Lincoln's heart
+and humanity. One opinion is that he was cold and obdurate, and the
+other opinion is that he was warm and affectionate. I have shown you
+that Mr. Lincoln first lived and breathed upon the world from his head
+and conscience. I have attempted to show you that he lived and
+breathed upon the world through the tender side of his heart, subject
+at all times and places to the logic of his reason, and to his exalted
+sense of right and equity; namely, his conscience. He always held his
+conscience subject to his head; he held his heart always subject to
+his head and conscience. His heart was the lowest organ, the weakest
+of the three. Some men would reverse this order, and declare that his
+heart was his ruling organ; that always manifested itself with love,
+regardless of truth and justice, right and equity. The question still
+is, was Mr. Lincoln a cold, heartless man, or a warm, affectionate
+man? Can a man be a warm-hearted man who is all head and conscience,
+or nearly so? What, in the first place, do we mean by a warm-hearted
+man? Is it one who goes out of himself and reaches for others
+spontaneously because of a deep love of humanity, apart from equity
+and truth, and does what it does for love's sake? If so, Mr. Lincoln
+was a cold man. Or, do we mean that when a human being, man or child,
+approached him in behalf of a matter of right, and that the prayer of
+such a one was granted, that this is an evidence of his love? The
+African was enslaved, his rights were violated, and a principle was
+violated in them. Rights imply obligations as well as duties. Mr.
+Lincoln was President; he was in a position that made it his duty,
+through his sense of right, his love of principle, his constitutional
+obligations imposed upon him by oath of office, to strike the blow
+against slavery. But did he do it for love? He himself has answered
+the question: "I would not free the slaves if I could preserve the
+Union without it." I use this argument against his too enthusiastic
+friends. If you mean that this is love for love's sake, then Mr.
+Lincoln was a warm-hearted man--not otherwise. To use a general
+expression, his general life was cold. He had, however, a strong
+latent capacity to love; but the object must first come as principle,
+second as right, and third as lovely. He loved abstract humanity when
+it was oppressed. This was an abstract love, not concrete in the
+individual, as said by some. He rarely used the term love, yet was he
+tender and gentle. He gave the key-note to his own character when he
+said, "with malice toward none, with charity for all," he did what he
+did. He had no intense loves, and hence no hates and no malice. He had
+a broad charity for imperfect man, and let us imitate his great life
+in this.
+
+"But was not Mr. Lincoln a man of great humanity?" asks a friend at my
+elbow, a little angrily; to which I reply, "Has not that question been
+answered already?" Let us suppose that it has not. We must understand
+each other. What do you mean by humanity? Do you mean that he had much
+of human nature in him? If so, I will grant that he was a man of
+humanity. Do you mean, if the above definition is unsatisfactory,
+that Mr. Lincoln was tender and kind? Then I agree with you. But if
+you mean to say that he so loved a man that he would sacrifice truth
+and right for him, for love's sake, then he was not a man of humanity.
+Do you mean to say that he so loved man, for love's sake, that his
+heart led him out of himself, and compelled him to go in search of the
+objects of his love, for their sake? He never, to my knowledge,
+manifested this side of his character. Such is the law of human
+nature, that it cannot be all head, all conscience, and all heart at
+one and the same time in one and the same person. Our Maker made it
+so, and where God through reason blazed the path, walk therein boldly.
+Mr. Lincoln's glory and power lay in the just combination of head,
+conscience, and heart, and it is here that his fame must rest, or not
+at all.
+
+Not only were Mr. Lincoln's perceptions good; not only was nature
+suggestive to him; not only was he original and strong; not only had
+he great reason, good understanding; not only did he love the true and
+good--the eternal right; not only was he tender and kind--but in due
+proportion and in legitimate subordination, had he a glorious
+combination of them all. Through his perceptions--the suggestiveness
+of nature, his originality and strength; through his magnificent
+reason, his understanding, his conscience, his tenderness and
+kindness, his heart, rather than love--he approximated as nearly as
+most human beings in this imperfect state to an embodiment of the
+great moral principle, "Do unto others as ye would they should do
+unto you."
+
+
+"WITH CHARITY FOR ALL"
+
+BY WILLIAM T. SHERMAN
+
+I know, when I left him, that I was more than ever impressed by his
+kindly nature, his deep and earnest sympathy with the afflictions of
+the whole people, resulting from the war, and by the march of hostile
+armies through the South; and that his earnest desire seemed to be to
+end the war speedily, without more bloodshed or devastation, and to
+restore all the men of both sections to their homes. In the language
+of his second inaugural address he seemed to have "charity for all,
+malice toward none," and, above all, an absolute faith in the courage,
+manliness, and integrity of the armies in the field. When at rest or
+listening, his legs and arms seemed to hang almost lifeless, and his
+face was care-worn and haggard; but the moment he began to talk his
+face lightened up, his tall form, as it were, unfolded, and he was the
+very impersonation of good-humor and fellowship. The last words I
+recall as addressed to me were that he would feel better when I was
+back at Goldsboro'. We parted at the gang-way of the River Queen about
+noon of March 28th, and I never saw him again. Of all the men I ever
+met, he seemed to possess more of the elements of greatness, combined
+with goodness, than any other.
+
+
+LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+IDA VOSE WOODBURY
+
+    Again thy birthday dawns, O man beloved,
+      Dawns on the land thy blood was shed to save,
+    And hearts of millions, by one impulse moved,
+      Bow and fresh laurels lay upon thy grave.
+
+    The years but add new luster to thy glory,
+      And watchmen on the heights of vision see
+    Reflected in thy life the old, old story,
+      The story of the Man of Galilee.
+
+    We see in thee the image of Him kneeling
+      Before the close-shut tomb, and at the word
+    "Come forth," from out the blackness long concealing
+      There rose a man; clearly again was heard
+
+    The Master's voice, and then, his cerements broken,
+      Friends of the dead a living brother see;
+    Thou, at the tomb where millions lay, hast spoken:
+      "Loose him and let him go!"--the slave was free.
+
+    And in the man so long in thraldom hidden
+      We see the likeness of the Father's face,
+    Clod changed to soul; by thy atonement bidden,
+      We hasten to the uplift of a race.
+
+    Spirit of Lincoln! Summon all thy loyal;
+      Nerve them to follow where thy feet have trod,
+    To prove, by voice as clear and deed as royal,
+      Man's brotherhood in our one Father--God.
+
+
+FEBRUARY TWELFTH
+
+BY MARY H. HOWLISTON
+
+It was early in the evening in a shop where flags were sold.
+
+There were large flags, middle-sized flags, small flags and little
+bits of flags. The finest of all was Old Glory. Old Glory was made of
+silk and hung in graceful folds from the wall.
+
+"Attention!" called Old Glory.
+
+Starry eyes all over the room looked at him.
+
+"What day of the month is it?"
+
+"February Twelfth," quickly answered the flags.
+
+"Whose birthday is it?" "Abraham Lincoln's."
+
+"Where is he buried?" "Springfield, Illinois."
+
+"Very well," said Old Glory, "you are to take some of Uncle Sam's
+children there to-night."
+
+"Yes, captain," said the flags, wondering what he meant.
+
+"First, I must know whether you are good American flags. How many red
+stripes have you?"
+
+"Seven!" was the answer.
+
+"How many white stripes?" "Six!"
+
+"How many stars?" "Forty-five!" shouted the large flags.
+
+The little ones said nothing.
+
+"Ah, I see," said Old Glory, "but you are not to blame. Do you see
+that open transom?" he went on. "Go through it into the street, put
+your staffs into the hands of any little boys you find and bring them
+here."
+
+"Yes, captain," called the flags, as they fluttered away.
+
+Last of all, Old Glory pulled his silken stripes into the hallway and
+waited for the flags to come back. "It's much too cold for little
+girls," he said to himself. "Their pretty noses might freeze."
+
+By and by the flags came back, each bringing a small boy. Old Glory
+looked at them.
+
+"What's the matter?" said he; "you don't seem pleased."
+
+No one spoke, the little boys stared with round eyes at Old Glory, but
+held tightly to the flags.
+
+At last one of the flags said: "Please, captain, these are the only
+little boys we could find."
+
+"Well!" said Old Glory.
+
+"And we think they don't belong to Uncle Sam," was the answer.
+
+"Why not?" said Old Glory.
+
+"Some of them are ragged," called one flag.
+
+"And some are dirty," said another.
+
+"This one is a colored boy," said another.
+
+"Some of them can't speak English at all."
+
+"The one I found, why, he blacks boots!"
+
+"And mine is a newsboy."
+
+"Mine sleeps in a dry goods box."
+
+"Mine plays a violin on the street corner."
+
+"Just look at mine, captain!" said the last flag proudly, when the
+rest were through.
+
+"What about him?" asked Old Glory.
+
+"I'm sure he belongs to Uncle Sam; he lives in a brown-stone house and
+he wears such good clothes!"
+
+"Of course I belong to Uncle Sam," said the brown-stone boy quickly,
+"but I think these street boys do not."
+
+"There, there!" said Old Glory; "I'll telephone to Washington and find
+out," and Old Glory floated away.
+
+The little boys watched and waited.
+
+Back came Old Glory.
+
+"It's all right," said he, "Uncle Sam says every one of you belongs to
+him and he wants you to be brave and honest, for some day he may need
+you for soldiers; oh, yes! and he said, 'Tell those poor little chaps
+who have such a hard time of it and no one to help them, that Mr.
+Lincoln was a poor boy too, and yet he was the grandest and best of
+all my sons.'"
+
+The moon was just rising.
+
+It made the snow and ice shine.
+
+"It's almost time," said Old Glory softly.
+
+"Hark! you must not wink, nor cough nor sneeze nor move for
+three-quarters of a minute!"
+
+That was dreadful!
+
+The newsboy swallowed a cough.
+
+The boot-black held his breath for fear of sneezing.
+
+The brown-stone boy shut his eyes so as not to wink.
+
+They all stood as if turned to stone.
+
+Tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, came a faint sound of bells.
+
+Nothing else was heard but the beating of their own hearts.
+
+In exactly three-quarters of a minute, Old Glory said, "What do you
+think of that?"
+
+Behold! a wonderful fairy sleigh, white as a snowdrift, and shining in
+the moonlight as if covered with diamond dust.
+
+It was piled high with softest cushions and robes of fur.
+
+It was drawn by thirteen fairy horses, with arching necks and flowing
+manes and tails.
+
+Each horse wore knots of red, white and blue at his ears and the lines
+were wound with ribbons of the same.
+
+"Jump in," said Old Glory.
+
+Into the midst of the cushions and furs they sprang.
+
+Crack went the whip, tinkle went the bells. Over the house-tops,
+through the frosty air, among the moonbeams, up and away sailed fairy
+horses and sleigh, American flags and Uncle Sam's boys.
+
+Santa Claus with his reindeer never went faster.
+
+Presently the tinkling bells were hushed, and the fairy horses stood
+very still before the tomb of Abraham Lincoln.
+
+"Come," said Old Glory, and he led them inside.
+
+You must get your father or mother to tell you what they saw there.
+
+Just before they left, a dirty little hand touched Old Glory and a
+shrill little voice said: "I'd like to leave my flag here. May I?"
+
+"And may I?" said another.
+
+Old Glory looked around and saw the same wish in the other faces.
+
+"You forget," said he, "that the flags are not yours. It would not be
+right to keep them. What did the people call Mr. Lincoln? You don't
+know? Well, I'll tell you. It was 'Honest Old Abe,' and Uncle Sam
+wants you to be like him."
+
+Again the merry bells tinkled, again the proud horses, with their
+flowing manes and tails, sprang into the air, and before the moon had
+said "good-night" to the earth, they were back at the flag shop.
+
+The very moment they reached it, horses and sleigh, cushions and
+robes, melted away and the children saw them no more.
+
+
+TWO FEBRUARY BIRTHDAYS
+
+(Exercise for the Schoolroom)
+
+BY LIZZIE M. HADLEY AND CLARA J. DENTON
+
+FOR EIGHT BOYS.
+
+This dialogue, or exercise, is to be given by eight boys. While they
+and the school are singing the first song the boys march upon the
+stage and form into a semicircle, the four boys speaking for
+Washington on the right, the other four (for Lincoln) on the left.
+Portraits of Washington and Lincoln should be placed in a convenient
+position on the stage beneath a double arch wreathed with evergreens.
+The portraits should be draped with American flags. Each one of the
+boys should wear a small American flag pinned to his coat.
+
+SONG. TUNE, _Rally 'Round the Flag_
+
+    We are marching from the East,
+    We are marching from the West,
+      Singing the praises of a nation.
+    That all the world may hear
+    Of the men we hold so dear,
+      Singing the praises of a nation.
+
+CHORUS
+
+    For Washington and Lincoln,
+      Hurrah, all hurrah,
+    Sing as we gather
+      Here from afar,
+    Yes, for Washington and Lincoln,
+      Let us ever sing,
+    Sing all the praises of a nation.
+
+    Yes, we love to sing this song,
+    As we proudly march along,
+      Singing the praises of the heroes.
+    Through this great and happy land,
+    We would sound their names so grand.
+      Singing the praises of our heroes.
+
+CHORUS
+
+ALL: We have come to tell you of two men whose names must be linked
+together as long as the nation shall stand, Washington and Lincoln.
+They stand for patriotism, goodness, truth and true manliness. Hand in
+hand they shall go down the centuries together.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER ON THE WASHINGTON SIDE: Virginia sends you greeting. I
+come in her name in honor of her illustrious son, George Washington,
+and she bids me tell you that he was born in her state, Feb. 22, 1732.
+
+ALL: 'Twas years and years ago.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER: Yes, more than a hundred and seventy, nearly two
+centuries.
+
+ALL: A long time to be remembered.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER: Yes, but Washington's name is still cherished and
+honored all over the land which his valor and wisdom helped save, and,
+for generations yet to come, the children of the schools shall give
+him a million-tongued fame.
+
+SECOND SPEAKER: Virginia bids me tell you that as a boy, Washington
+was manly, brave, obedient and kind, and that he never told a lie.
+
+SONG: (Either as solo or chorus). AIR, _What Can the Matter Be?_
+
+    Dear, dear, who can believe it?
+    Dear, dear, who can conceive it?
+    Dear, dear, we scarce can believe that
+    Never did he tell a lie.
+
+    O, surely temptation must oft have assailed him,
+    But courage and honor we know never failed him,
+    So let us all follow his wondrous example,
+    And never, no never tell lies.
+    And never, no never, tell lies.
+
+THIRD SPEAKER: A brave and manly boy, he began work early in life,
+and, in 1748, when only sixteen years old, he was a surveyor of lands,
+and took long tramps into the wilderness. In 1775 came the
+Revolutionary War, and he was appointed commander-in-chief of the
+American Army. In 1787 he was elected president of the convention
+which framed the constitution of our country.
+
+FOURTH SPEAKER: In 1789 he was chosen first president of the United
+States. He was re-elected in 1793 and, at the close of the second term
+he retired to private life at his beautiful and beloved home, Mt.
+Vernon. He died there, Dec. 14, 1799, honored and mourned by the whole
+nation, and leaving to the world a life which is a "pattern for all
+public men, teaching what greatness is and what is the pathway to
+undying fame," and richly deserving the title, "Father of his
+country."
+
+ALL: "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
+countrymen," he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes
+of private life.
+
+BOYS REPRESENTING LINCOLN: Washington was a great and good man, and
+so, too, was the man whom we delight to honor, whose title, "Honest
+Abe," has passed into the language of our times as a synonym for all
+that is just and honest in man.
+
+FIRST SPEAKER ON THE LINCOLN SIDE: Kentucky is proud to claim Abraham
+Lincoln as one of her honored sons, and she bids me say that he was
+born in that state in Hardin County, Feb. 12, 1809. Indiana, too,
+claims him, he was her son by adoption, for, when but seven years old,
+his father moved to the southwestern part of that state. Illinois also
+has a claim upon him. It was there that he helped build a log cabin
+for a new home, and split rails to fence in a cornfield. Afterwards he
+split rails for a suit of clothes, one hundred rails for every yard of
+cloth, and so won the name, "The Rail-splitter."
+
+SECOND SPEAKER: In 1828 he became a flat-boatman and twice went down
+the river to New Orleans. In 1832 he served as captain of a company in
+the Black Hawk War. After the war he kept a country store, and won a
+reputation for honesty. Then, for a while, he was a surveyor, next, a
+lawyer, and in 1834 he was elected to the Legislature of Illinois.
+
+THIRD SPEAKER: In 1846 he was made a member of Congress, in 1860 he
+was elected president of the United States.
+
+FOURTH SPEAKER: The Civil War followed, and in 1864 he was elected
+president for the second term. On April 14 he was shot by an assassin
+and died on the morning of the 15th.
+
+SONG BY SCHOOL: AIR, _John Brown's Body_
+
+    In spite of changing seasons of the years that come and go,
+    Still his name to-day is cherished in the hearts of friend and foe,
+    And the land for which he suffered e'er shall honor him we know,
+        While truth goes marching on.
+
+CHORUS
+
+BOTH GROUPS TOGETHER: To both these men, George Washington and Abraham
+Lincoln, we, the children of the nation, owe a debt of gratitude which
+we can only repay by a lifetime of work, for God, humanity, and our
+country. Both have left behind them words of wisdom, which, if heeded,
+will make us wiser and better boys and girls, and so wiser and better
+men and women.
+
+TWO BOYS FROM THE WASHINGTON GROUP: Washington said, "Without virtue
+and without integrity, the finest talents and the most brilliant
+accomplishments can never gain the respect or conciliate the esteem of
+the most valuable part of mankind."
+
+TWO BOYS FROM THE LINCOLN GROUP: Lincoln said, "I have one vote, and I
+shall always cast that against wrong as long as I live."
+
+TWO BOYS FROM WASHINGTON GROUP: "If to please the people we offer what
+we ourselves disapprove, how can we afterwards defend our work?"
+
+TWO BOYS FROM LINCOLN GROUP: Lincoln said, "In every event of life, it
+is right makes might."
+
+    ALL: O, wise and great!
+    Their like, perchance, we ne'er shall see again,
+    But let us write their golden words upon the hearts of men.
+
+SONG: TUNE _"America"_
+
+    Turn now unto the past,
+    There, long as life shall last,
+    Their names you'll find.
+    Faithful and true and brave,
+    Sent here our land to save.
+    Men whom our father gave,
+    Brave, true, and kind.
+
+(_Exeunt_)
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+LINCOLN'S PLACE IN HISTORY
+
+
+THE THREE GREATEST AMERICANS
+
+BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+As the generations slip away, as the dust of conflict settles, and as
+through the clearing air we look back with keener vision into the
+Nation's past, mightiest among the mighty dead, loom up the three
+great figures of Washington, Lincoln and Grant. These three greatest
+men have taken their places among the great men of all nations, the
+great men of all times. They stood supreme in the two great crises of
+our history, in the two great occasions, when we stood in the van of
+all humanity, and struck the most effective blows that have ever been
+struck for the cause of human freedom under the law.
+
+
+HIS CHOICE AND HIS DESTINY
+
+BY F. M. BRISTOL
+
+As God appeared to Solomon and Joseph in dreams to urge them to make
+wise choices for the power of great usefulness, so it would appear
+that in their waking dreams the Almighty appeared to such
+history-making souls as Paul and Constantine, Alfred the Great,
+Washington, and Lincoln. It was the commonest kind of a life this
+young Lincoln was living on the frontier of civilization, but out of
+that commonest kind of living came the uncommonest kind of character
+of these modern years, the sublimest liberative power in the history
+of freedom. Lincoln felt there, as a great awkward boy, that God and
+history had something for him to do. He dreamed his destiny. He chose
+to champion the cause of the oppressed. He vowed that when the chance
+came he would deal slavery a hard blow. When he came to his high
+office, he came with a character which had been fitting itself for its
+grave responsibilities. He had been making wise choices on the great
+questions of human rights, of national union, of constitutional
+freedom, of universal brotherhood.
+
+
+FROM "REMINISCENCES OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN"[28]
+
+BY ROBERT G. INGERSOLL
+
+Strange mingling of mirth and tears, of the tragic and grotesque, of
+cap and crown, of Socrates and Rabelais, of AEsop and Marcus Aurelius,
+of all that is gentle and just, humorous and honest, merciful, wise,
+laughable, lovable and divine, and all consecrated to the use of man;
+while through all, and over all, an overwhelming sense of obligation,
+of chivalric loyalty to truth, and upon all the shadow of the tragic
+end.
+
+Nearly all the great historic characters are impossible monsters,
+disproportioned by flattery, or by calumny deformed. We know nothing
+of their peculiarities, or nothing but their peculiarities. About the
+roots of these oaks there clings none of the earth of humanity.
+Washington is now only a steel engraving. About the real man who lived
+and loved and hated and schemed we know but little. The glass through
+which we look at him is of such high magnifying power that the
+features are exceedingly indistinct. Hundreds of people are now
+engaged in smoothing out the lines of Lincoln's face--forcing all
+features to the common mold--so that he may be known, not as he really
+was, but, according to their poor standard, as he should have been.
+
+Lincoln was not a type. He stands alone--no ancestors, no fellows, and
+no successors. He had the advantage of living in a new country, of
+social equality, of personal freedom, of seeing in the horizon of his
+future the perpetual star of hope. He preserved his individuality and
+his self-respect. He knew and mingled with men of every kind; and,
+after all, men are the best books. He became acquainted with the
+ambitions and hopes of the heart, the means used to accomplish ends,
+the springs of action and the seeds of thought. He was familiar with
+nature, with actual things, with common facts. He loved and
+appreciated the poem of the year, the drama of the seasons.
+
+In a new country, a man must possess at least three virtues--honesty,
+courage and generosity. In cultivated society, cultivation is often
+more important than soil. A well executed counterfeit passes more
+readily than a blurred genuine. It is necessary only to observe the
+unwritten laws of society--to be honest enough to keep out of prison,
+and generous enough to subscribe in public--where the subscription can
+be defended as an investment. In a new country, character is
+essential; in the old, reputation is sufficient. In the new, they find
+what a man really is; in the old, he generally passes for what he
+resembles. People separated only by distance are much nearer together
+than those divided by the walls of caste.
+
+It is no advantage to live in a great city, where poverty degrades and
+failure brings despair. The fields are lovelier than paved streets,
+and the great forests than walls of brick. Oaks and elms are more
+poetic than steeples and chimneys. In the country is the idea of home.
+There you see the rising and setting sun; you become acquainted with
+the stars and clouds. The constellations are your friends. You hear
+the rain on the roof and listen to the rhythmic sighing of the winds.
+You are thrilled by the resurrection called Spring, touched and
+saddened by Autumn, the grace and poetry of death. Every field is a
+picture, a landscape; every landscape, a poem; every flower, a tender
+thought; and every forest, a fairy-land. In the country you preserve
+your identity--your personality. There you are an aggregation of
+atoms, but in the city you are only an atom of an aggregation.
+
+Lincoln never finished his education. To the night of his death he
+was a pupil, a learner, an inquirer, a seeker after knowledge. You
+have no idea how many men are spoiled by what is called education. For
+the most part, colleges are places where pebbles are polished and
+diamonds are dimmed. If Shakespeare had graduated at Oxford, he might
+have been a quibbling attorney or a hypocritical parson.
+
+Lincoln was a many-sided man, acquainted with smiles and tears,
+complex in brain, single in heart, direct as light; and his words,
+candid as mirrors, gave the perfect image of his thought. He was never
+afraid to ask--never too dignified to admit that he did not know. No
+man had keener wit or kinder humor. He was not solemn. Solemnity is a
+mask worn by ignorance and hypocrisy--it is the preface, prologue, and
+index to the cunning or the stupid. He was natural in his life and
+thought--master of the story-teller's art, in illustration apt, in
+application perfect, liberal in speech, shocking Pharisees and prudes,
+using any word that wit could disinfect.
+
+He was a logician. Logic is the necessary product of intelligence and
+sincerity. It cannot be learned. It is the child of a clear head and a
+good heart. He was candid, and with candor often deceived the
+deceitful. He had intellect without arrogance, genius without pride,
+and religion without cant--that is to say, without bigotry and without
+deceit.
+
+He was an orator--clear, sincere, natural. He did not pretend. He did
+not say what he thought others thought, but what he thought. If you
+wish to be sublime you must be natural--you must keep close to the
+grass. You must sit by the fireside of the heart; above the clouds it
+is too cold. You must be simple in your speech: too much polish
+suggests insincerity. The great orator idealizes the real,
+transfigures the common, makes even the inanimate throb and thrill,
+fills the gallery of the imagination with statues and pictures perfect
+in form and color, brings to light the gold hoarded by memory, the
+miser--shows the glittering coin to the spendthrift, hope--enriches
+the brain, ennobles the heart, and quickens the conscience. Between
+his lips, words bud and blossom.
+
+If you wish to know the difference between an orator and an
+elocutionist--between what is felt and what is said--between what the
+heart and brain can do together and what the brain can do alone--read
+Lincoln's wondrous words at Gettysburg, and then the speech of Edward
+Everett. The oration of Lincoln will never be forgotten. It will live
+until languages are dead and lips are dust. The speech of Everett will
+never be read. The elocutionists believe in the virtue of voice, the
+sublimity of syntax, the majesty of long sentences, and the genius of
+gesture. The orator loves the real, the simple, the natural. He places
+the thought above all. He knows that the greatest ideas should be
+expressed in the shortest words--that the greatest statues need the
+least drapery.
+
+Lincoln was an immense personality--firm but not obstinate. Obstinacy
+is egotism--firmness, heroism. He influenced others without effort,
+unconsciously; and they submitted to him as men submit to nature,
+unconsciously. He was severe with himself, and for that reason lenient
+with others. He appeared to apologize for being kinder than his
+fellows. He did merciful things as stealthily as others committed
+crimes. Almost ashamed of tenderness, he said and did the noblest
+words and deeds with that charming confusion--that awkwardness--that
+is the perfect grace of modesty. As a noble man, wishing to pay a
+small debt to a poor neighbor, reluctantly offers a hundred-dollar
+bill and asks for change, fearing that he may be suspected either of
+making a display of wealth or a pretense of payment, so Lincoln
+hesitated to show his wealth of goodness, even to the best he knew. A
+great man stooping, not wishing to make his fellows feel that they
+were small or mean.
+
+He knew others, because perfectly acquainted with himself. He
+cared nothing for place, but everything for principle; nothing
+for money, but everything for independence. Where no principle was
+involved, easily swayed--willing to go slowly, if in the right
+direction--sometimes willing to stop, but he would not go back, and he
+would not go wrong. He was willing to wait. He knew that the event was
+not waiting, and that fate was not the fool of chance. He knew that
+slavery had defenders, but no defense, and that they who attack the
+right must wound themselves. He was neither tyrant nor slave. He
+neither knelt nor scorned. With him, men were neither great nor
+small,--they were right or wrong. Through manners, clothes, titles,
+rags and race he saw the real--that which is. Beyond accident, policy,
+compromise and war he saw the end. He was patient as Destiny, whose
+undecipherable hieroglyphs were so deeply graven on his sad and tragic
+face.
+
+Nothing discloses real character like the use of power. It is easy for
+the weak to be gentle. Most people can bear adversity. But if you wish
+to know what a man really is, give him power. This is the supreme
+test. It is the glory of Lincoln that, having almost absolute power,
+he never abused it, except upon the side of mercy.
+
+Wealth could not purchase, power could not awe this divine, this
+loving man. He knew no fear except the fear of doing wrong. Hating
+slavery, pitying the master--seeking to conquer, not persons, but
+prejudices--he was the embodiment of the self-denial, the courage, the
+hope, and the nobility of a nation. He spoke, not to inflame, not to
+upbraid, but to convince. He raised his hands, not to strike, but in
+benediction. He longed to pardon. He loved to see the pearls of joy on
+the cheeks of a wife whose husband he had rescued from death.
+
+Lincoln was the grandest figure of the fiercest civil war. He is the
+gentlest memory of our world.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Part of this was omitted in original.]
+
+[28] _By permission of Mr. C. P. Farrell._
+
+
+LINCOLN[29]
+
+PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR
+
+    Hurt was the Nation with a mighty wound,
+    And all her ways were filled with clam'rous sound,
+    Wailed loud the South with unremitting grief,
+    And wept the North that could not find relief.
+    Then madness joined its harshest tone to strife:
+    A minor note swelled in the song of life
+    Till, stirring with the love that filled his breast,
+    But still, unflinching at the Right's behest
+    Grave Lincoln came, strong-handed, from afar,--
+    The mighty Homer of the lyre of war!
+    'Twas he who bade the raging tempest cease,
+    Wrenched from his strings the harmony of peace,
+    Muted the strings that made the discord,--Wrong,
+    And gave his spirit up in thund'rous song.
+    Oh, mighty Master of the mighty lyre!
+    Earth heard and trembled at thy strains of fire:
+    Earth learned of thee what Heav'n already knew,
+    And wrote thee down among her treasured few!
+
+[29] _By permission of Mrs. Mathilde Dunbar._
+
+
+THE GRANDEST FIGURE[30]
+
+BY WALT WHITMAN
+
+Glad am I to give even the most brief and shorn testimony in memory of
+Abraham Lincoln. Everything I heard about him authentically, and every
+time I saw him (and it was my fortune through 1862 to '65 to see, or
+pass a word with, or watch him, personally, perhaps twenty or thirty
+times), added to and annealed my respect and love at the passing
+moment. And as I dwell on what I myself heard or saw of the mighty
+Westerner, and blend it with the history and literature of my age, and
+conclude it with his death, it seems like some tragic play, superior
+to all else I know--vaster and fierier and more convulsionary, for
+this America of ours, than Eschylus or Shakespeare ever drew for
+Athens or for England. And then the Moral permeating, underlying all!
+the Lesson that none so remote, none so illiterate--no age, no
+class--but may directly or indirectly read!
+
+Abraham Lincoln's was really one of those characters, the best of
+which is the result of long trains of cause and effect--needing a
+certain spaciousness of time, and perhaps even remoteness, to properly
+enclose them--having unequaled influence on the shaping of this
+Republic (and therefore the world) as to-day, and then far more
+important in the future. Thus the time has by no means yet come for a
+thorough measurement of him. Nevertheless, we who live in his era--who
+have seen him, and heard him, face to face, and in the midst of, or
+just parting from, the strong and strange events which he and we have
+had to do with, can in some respects bear valuable, perhaps
+indispensable testimony concerning him.
+
+How does this man compare with the acknowledged "Father of his
+country?" Washington was modeled on the best Saxon and Franklin of the
+age of the Stuarts (rooted in the Elizabethan period)--was essentially
+a noble Englishman, and just the kind needed for the occasions and the
+times of 1776-'83. Lincoln, underneath his practicality, was far less
+European, far more Western, original, essentially non-conventional,
+and had a certain sort of out-door or prairie stamp. One of the best
+of the late commentators on Shakespeare (Professor Dowden), makes the
+height and aggregate of his quality as a poet to be, that he
+thoroughly blended the ideal with the practical or realistic. If this
+be so, I should say that what Shakespeare did in poetic expression,
+Abraham Lincoln essentially did in his personal and official life. I
+should say the invisible foundations and vertebrae of his character,
+more than any man's in history, were mystical, abstract, moral and
+spiritual--while upon all of them was built, and out of all of them
+radiated, under the control of the average of circumstances, what the
+vulgar call horse-sense, and a life often bent by temporary but most
+urgent materialistic and political reasons.
+
+He seems to have been a man of indomitable firmness (even obstinacy)
+on rare occasions, involving great points; but he was generally very
+easy, flexible, tolerant, respecting minor matters. I note that even
+those reports and anecdotes intended to level him down, all leave the
+tinge of a favorable impression of him. As to his religious nature, it
+seems to me to have certainly been of the amplest, deepest-rooted
+kind.
+
+Dear to Democracy, to the very last! And among the paradoxes generated
+by America not the least curious, was that spectacle of all the kings
+and queens and emperors of the earth, many from remote distances,
+sending tributes of condolence and sorrow in memory of one raised
+through the commonest average of life--a rail-splitter and
+flat-boatman!
+
+Considered from contemporary points of view--who knows what the future
+may decide?--and from the points of view of current Democracy and The
+Union (the only thing like passion or infatuation in the man was the
+passion for the Union of these States), Abraham Lincoln seems to me
+the grandest figure yet, on all the crowded canvas of the Nineteenth
+Century.
+
+[30] _By permission of David McKay._
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+
+BY LYMAN ABBOTT
+
+To comprehend the current of history sympathetically, to appreciate
+the spirit of the age, prophetically, to know what God, by His
+providence, is working out in the epoch and the community, and so to
+work with him as to guide the current and embody in noble deeds the
+spirit of the age in working out the divine problem,--this is true
+greatness. The man who sets his powers, however gigantic, to stemming
+the current and thwarting the divine purposes, is not truly great.
+
+Abraham Lincoln was made the Chief Executive of a nation whose
+Constitution was unlike that of any other nation on the face of the
+globe. We assume that, ordinarily, public sentiment will change so
+gradually that the nation can always secure a true representative of
+its purpose in the presidential chair by an election every four years.
+Mr. Lincoln held the presidential office at a time when public
+sentiment was revolutionized in less than four years.... It was the
+peculiar genius of Abraham Lincoln, that he was able, by his
+sympathetic insight, to perceive the change in public sentiment
+without waiting for it to be formulated in any legislative action; to
+keep pace with it, to lead and direct it, to quicken laggard spirits,
+to hold in the too ardent, too impetuous, and too hasty ones, and
+thus, when he signed the emancipation proclamation, to make his
+signature, not the act of an individual man, the edict of a military
+imperator, but the representative act of a great nation. He was the
+greatest President in American History, because in a time of
+revolution he grasped the purposes of the American people and embodied
+them in an act of justice and humanity which was in the highest sense
+the act of the American Republic.
+
+
+LINCOLN THE IMMORTAL
+
+'ADDRESS FOR LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY'
+
+ANONYMOUS
+
+From Caesar to Bismarck and Gladstone the world has had its soldiers
+and its statesmen, who rose to eminence and power step by step through
+a series of geometrical progression, as it were, each promotion
+following in regular order, the whole obedient to well-established and
+well-understood laws of cause and effect. These were not what we call
+"men of destiny." They were men of the time. They were men whose
+career had a beginning, a middle and an end, rounding off a life with
+a history, full, it may be, of interesting and exciting events, but
+comprehensible and comprehensive, simple, clear, complete.
+
+The inspired men are fewer. Whence their emanation, where and how they
+got their power, and by what rule they lived, moved and had their
+being, we cannot see. There is no explication to these lives. They
+rose from shadow and went in mist. We see them, feel them, but we know
+them not. They arrived, God's word upon their lips; they did their
+office, God's mantle upon them; and they passed away God's holy light
+between the world and them, leaving behind a memory half mortal and
+half myth. From first to last they were distinctly the creations of
+some special providence, baffling the wit of man to fathom, defeating
+the machinations of the world, the flesh and the devil until their
+work was done, and passed from the scene as mysteriously as they had
+come upon it; Luther, to wit; Shakespeare, Burns, even Bonaparte, the
+archangel of war, havoc and ruin; not to go back into the dark ages
+for examples of the hand of God stretched out to raise us, to protect
+and to cast down.
+
+Tried by this standard and observed in an historic spirit, where shall
+we find an illustration more impressive than in Abraham Lincoln, whose
+life, career and death might be chanted by a Greek chorus as at once
+the prelude and the epilogue of the most imperial theme of modern
+times.
+
+Born as low as the Son of God in a hovel, of what real parentage we
+know not; reared in penury, squalor, with no gleam of light, nor fair
+surroundings; a young manhood vexed by weird dreams and visions,
+bordering at times on madness; singularly awkward, ungainly, even
+among the uncouth about him; grotesque in his aspects and ways, it was
+reserved for this strange being, late in life, without name or fame or
+ordinary preparation, to be snatched from obscurity, raised to
+supreme command, and entrusted with the destiny of a nation.
+
+The great leaders of his party were made to stand aside; the most
+experienced and accomplished men of the day, men like Seward and Chase
+and Sumner, statesmen famous and trained, were sent to the rear; while
+this comparatively unknown and fantastic figure was brought by unseen
+hands to the front and given the reins of power. It is entirely
+immaterial whether we believe in what he said or did, whether we are
+for him or against him; but for us to admit that during four years,
+carrying with them such a pressure of responsibility as the world has
+never witnessed before, he filled the measure of the vast space
+allotted him in the actions of mankind and in the eyes of the world,
+is to say that he was inspired of God, for nowhere else could he have
+acquired the enormous equipment indispensable to the situation.
+
+Where did Shakespeare get his genius? Where did Mozart get his music?
+Whose hand smote the lyre of the Scottish plowman? and stayed the life
+of the German priest? God alone; and, so surely as these were raised
+up by God, inspired by God was Abraham Lincoln, and, a thousand years
+hence, no story, no tragedy, no epic poem will be filled with greater
+wonder than that which tells of his life and death. If Lincoln was not
+inspired of God, then were not Luther, or Shakespeare, or Burns. If
+Lincoln was not inspired by God, then there is no such thing on earth
+as special providence or the interposition of divine power in the
+affairs of men.
+
+
+THE CRISIS AND THE HERO
+
+BY FREDERIC HARRISON
+
+The great struggle which has for ever decided the cause of slavery of
+man to man, is, beyond all question, the most critical which the world
+has seen since the great revolutionary outburst. If ever there was a
+question which was to test political capacity and honesty it was this.
+A true statesman, here if ever, was bound to forecast truly the issue,
+and to judge faithfully that cause at stake. We know now, it is beyond
+dispute, that the cause which won was certain to win in the end, that
+its reserve force was absolutely without limit, that its triumph was
+one of the turning-points in modern civilization. It was morally
+certain to succeed, and it did succeed with an overwhelming and mighty
+success. From first to last both might and right went all one way. The
+people of England went wholly that way. The official classes went
+wholly some other way.
+
+One of the great key-notes of England's future is simply this--what
+will be her relations with that great republic? If the two branches of
+the Anglo-Saxon race are to form two phases of one political movement,
+their welfare and that of the world will be signally promoted. If
+their courses are marred by jealousies or contests, both will be
+fatally retarded. Real confidence and sympathy extended to that people
+in the hour of their trial would have forged an eternal bond between
+us. To discredit and distrust them, then, was to sow deep the seeds of
+antipathy. Yet, although a union in feeling was of importance so
+great, although so little would have secured it, the governing classes
+of England wantonly did all they could to foment a breach.
+
+A great political judgment fell upon a race of men, our own brothers;
+the inveterate social malady they inherited came to a crisis. We
+watched it gather with exultation and insult. There fell on them the
+most terrible necessity which can befall men, the necessity of
+sacrificing the flower of their citizens in civil war, of tearing up
+their civil and social system by the roots, of transforming the most
+peaceful type of society into the most military. We magnified and
+shouted over every disaster; we covered them with insult; we filled
+the world with ominous forebodings and unjust accusations. There came
+on them one awful hour when the powers of evil seemed almost too
+strong; when any but a most heroic race would have sunk under the
+blows of their traitorous kindred. We chose that moment to give actual
+succour to their enemy, and stabbed them in the back with a wound
+which stung their pride even more than it crippled their strength.
+They displayed the most splendid examples of energy and fortitude
+which the modern world has seen, with which the defence of Greece
+against Asia, and of France against Europe, alone can be compared in
+the whole annals of mankind. They developed almost ideal civic virtues
+and gifts; generosity, faith, firmness; sympathy the most affecting,
+resources the most exhaustless, ingenuity the most magical. They
+brought forth the most beautiful and heroic character who in recent
+times has ever led a nation, the only blameless type of the statesman
+since the days of Washington. Under him they created the purest model
+of government which has yet been seen on the earth--a whole nation
+throbbing into one great heart and brain, one great heart and brain
+giving unity and life to a whole nation. The hour of their success
+came; unchequered in the completeness of its triumph, unsullied by any
+act of vengeance, hallowed by a great martyrdom.
+
+
+LINCOLN[31]
+
+BY JOHN VANCE CHENEY
+
+    The hour was on us; where the man?
+    The fateful sands unfaltering ran,
+      And up the way of tears
+      He came into the years,
+
+    Our pastoral captain. Forth he came,
+    As one that answers to his name;
+      Nor dreamed how high his charge,
+      His work how fair and large,--
+
+    To set the stones back in the wall
+    Lest the divided house should fall,
+      And peace from men depart,
+      Hope and the childlike heart.
+
+    We looked on him; "'Tis he," we said,
+    "Come crownless and unheralded,
+      The shepherd who will keep
+      The flocks, will fold the sheep."
+
+    Unknightly, yes; yet 'twas the mien
+    Presaging the immortal scene,
+      Some battle of His wars
+      Who sealeth up the stars.
+
+    Not he would take the past between
+    His hands, wipe valor's tablets clean,
+      Commanding greatness wait
+      Till he stand at the gate;
+
+    Not he would cramp to one small head
+    The awful laurels of the dead,
+      Time's mighty vintage cup,
+      And drink all honor up.
+
+    No flutter of the banners bold,
+    Borne by the lusty sons of old,
+      The haughty conquerors
+      Sent forward to their wars;
+
+    Not his their blare, their pageantries,
+    Their goal, their glory, was not his;
+      Humbly he came to keep
+      The flocks, to fold the sheep.
+
+    The need comes not without the man;
+    The prescient hours unceasing ran,
+      And up the way of tears
+      He came into the years,
+
+    Our pastoral captain, skilled to crook
+    The spear into the pruning hook,
+      The simple, kindly man,
+      Lincoln, American.
+
+[31] _By permission of 'The Interior,' Chicago._
+
+
+MAJESTIC IN HIS INDIVIDUALITY
+
+BY J. P. NEWMAN
+
+Human glory is often fickle as the winds, and transient as a summer
+day, but Abraham Lincoln's place in history is assured. All the
+symbols of this world's admiration are his. He is embalmed in song;
+recorded in history; eulogized in panegyric; cast in bronze;
+sculptured in marble; painted on canvas; enshrined in the hearts of
+his countrymen, and lives in the memories of mankind. Some men are
+brilliant in their times, but their words and deeds are of little
+worth to history; but his mission was as large as his country, vast as
+humanity, enduring as time. No greater thought can ever enter the
+human mind than obedience to law and freedom for all. Some men are not
+honored by their contemporaries, and die neglected. Here is one more
+honored than any other man while living, more revered when dying, and
+destined to be loved to the last syllable of recorded time. He has
+this three-fold greatness,--great in life, great in death, great in
+the history of the world. Lincoln will grow upon the attention and
+affections of posterity, because he saved the life of the greatest
+nation, whose ever-widening influence is to bless humanity. Measured
+by this standard, Lincoln shall live in history from age to age.
+
+Great men appear in groups, and in groups they disappear from the
+vision of the world; but we do not love or hate men in groups. We
+speak of Gutenberg and his coadjutors, of Washington and his generals,
+of Lincoln and his cabinet: but when the day of judgment comes, we
+crown the inventor of printing; we place the laurel on the brow of the
+father of his country, and the chaplet of renown upon the head of the
+saviour of the Republic.
+
+Some men are great from the littleness of their surroundings; but he
+only is great who is great amid greatness. Lincoln had great
+associates,--Seward, the sagacious diplomatist; Chase, the eminent
+financier; Stanton, the incomparable Secretary of War; with
+illustrious Senators and soldiers. Neither could take his part nor
+fill his position. And the same law of the coming and going of great
+men is true of our own day. In piping times of peace, genius is not
+aflame, and true greatness is not apparent; but when the crisis comes,
+then God lifts the curtain from obscurity, and reveals the man for the
+hour.
+
+Lincoln stands forth on the page of history, unique in his character,
+and majestic in his individuality. Like Milton's angel, he was an
+original conception. He was raised up for his times. He was a leader
+of leaders. By instinct the common heart trusted in him. He was of the
+people and for the people. He had been poor and laborious; but
+greatness did not change the tone of his spirit, or lessen the
+sympathies of his nature. His character was strangely symmetrical. He
+was temperate, without austerity; brave, without rashness; constant,
+without obstinacy. His love of justice was only equalled by his
+delight in compassion. His regard for personal honor was only excelled
+by love of country. His self-abnegation found its highest expression
+in the public good. His integrity was never questioned. His honesty
+was above suspicion. He was more solid than brilliant; his judgment
+dominated his imagination; his ambition was subject to his modesty,
+and his love of justice held the mastery over all personal
+considerations. Not excepting Washington, who inherited wealth and
+high social position, Lincoln is the fullest representative American
+in our national annals. He had touched every round in the human
+ladder. He illustrated the possibilities of our citizenship. We are
+not ashamed of his humble origin. We are proud of his greatness.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+LINCOLN'S YARNS AND SAYINGS
+
+
+THE QUESTION OF LEGS
+
+Whenever the people of Lincoln's neighborhood engaged in dispute;
+whenever a bet was to be decided; when they differed on points of
+religion or politics; when they wanted to get out of trouble, or
+desired advice regarding anything on the earth, below it, above it, or
+under the sea, they went to "Abe."
+
+Two fellows, after a hot dispute lasting some hours, over the problem
+as to how long a man's legs should be in proportion to the size of his
+body, stamped into Lincoln's office one day and put the question to
+him.
+
+Lincoln listened gravely to the arguments advanced by both
+contestants, spent some time in "reflecting" upon the matter, and
+then, turning around in his chair and facing the disputants, delivered
+his opinion with all the gravity of a judge sentencing a fellow-being
+to death.
+
+"This question has been a source of controversy," he said, slowly and
+deliberately, "for untold ages, and it is about time it should be
+definitely decided. It has led to bloodshed in the past, and there is
+no reason to suppose it will not lead to the same in the future.
+
+"After much thought and consideration, not to mention mental worry and
+anxiety, it is my opinion, all side issues being swept aside, that a
+man's lower limbs, in order to preserve harmony of proportion, should
+be at least long enough to reach from his body to the ground."
+
+
+A FAMOUS STORY--HOW LINCOLN WAS PRESENTED WITH A KNIFE!
+
+"In the days when I used to be 'on the circuit,'" said Lincoln, "I was
+accosted in the cars by a stranger, who said:
+
+"'Excuse me, sir, but I have an article in my possession which belongs
+to you.'
+
+"'How is that?' I asked, considerably astonished.
+
+"The stranger took a jack-knife from his pocket. 'This knife,' said
+he, 'was placed in my hands some years ago, with the injunction that I
+was to keep it until I found a man uglier than myself. I have carried
+it from that time to this. Allow me now to say, sir, that I think you
+are fairly entitled to the property.'"
+
+
+"FOOLING" THE PEOPLE
+
+Lincoln was a strong believer in the virtue of dealing honestly with
+the people.
+
+"If you once forfeit the confidence of your fellow-citizens," he said
+to a caller at the White House, "you can never regain their respect
+and esteem.
+
+"It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time; you can
+even fool some of the people all the time; but you can't fool all of
+the people all the time."
+
+
+LINCOLN'S NAME FOR "WEEPING WATER"
+
+"I was speaking one time to Mr. Lincoln," said Governor Saunders, of
+Nebraska, "of a little Nebraskan settlement on the Weeping Waters, a
+stream in our State."
+
+"'Weeping Water!'" said he.
+
+"Then with a twinkle in his eye, he continued.
+
+"'I suppose the Indians out there call it Minneboohoo, don't they?
+They ought to, if Laughing Water is Minnehaha in their language.'"
+
+
+LINCOLN'S CONFAB WITH A COMMITTEE ON GRANT'S WHISKY
+
+Just previous to the fall of Vicksburg, a self-constituted committee,
+solicitous for the morale of our armies, took it upon themselves to
+visit the President and urge the removal of General Grant.
+
+In some surprise Mr. Lincoln inquired, "For what reason?"
+
+"Why," replied the spokesman, "he drinks too much whisky."
+
+"Ah!" rejoined Mr. Lincoln, dropping his lower lip. "By the way,
+gentlemen, can either of you tell me where General Grant procures his
+whisky? because, if I can find out, I will send every general in the
+field a barrel of it!"
+
+
+MILD REBUKE TO A DOCTOR
+
+Dr. Jerome Walker, of Brooklyn, told how Mr. Lincoln once administered
+to him a mild rebuke. The doctor was showing Mr. Lincoln through the
+hospital at City Point.
+
+"Finally, after visiting the wards occupied by our invalid and
+convalescing soldiers," said Dr. Walker, "we came to three wards
+occupied by sick and wounded Southern prisoners. With a feeling of
+patriotic duty, I said: 'Mr. President, you won't want to go in there;
+they are only rebels.'
+
+"I will never forget how he stopped and gently laid his large hand
+upon my shoulder and quietly answered, 'You mean Confederates!' And I
+have meant Confederates ever since.
+
+"There was nothing left for me to do after the President's remark but
+to go with him through these three wards; and I could not see but that
+he was just as kind, his hand-shakings just as hearty, his interest
+just as real for the welfare of the men, as when he was among our own
+soldiers."
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+FROM LINCOLN'S SPEECHES AND WRITINGS
+
+
+LINCOLN'S LIFE AS WRITTEN BY HIMSELF
+
+The compiler of the "Dictionary of Congress" states that while
+preparing that work for publication in 1858, he sent to Mr. Lincoln
+the usual request for a sketch of his life, and received the following
+reply:
+
+"Born February 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Kentucky.
+
+Education Defective. Profession a Lawyer. Have been a Captain of
+Volunteers in Black Hawk War. Postmaster at a very small office. Four
+times a member of the Illinois Legislature, and was a member of the
+Lower House of Congress.
+
+                                           Yours, etc.
+                                                       A. Lincoln."
+
+
+THE INJUSTICE OF SLAVERY
+
+(_Speech at Peoria, Ill., October 16, 1854_)
+
+This declared indifference, but, as I must think, covert zeal, for the
+spread of slavery, I cannot but hate. I hate it because of the
+monstrous injustice of slavery itself; I hate it because it deprives
+our republic of an example of its just influence in the world; enables
+the enemies of free institutions with plausibility to taunt us as
+hypocrites; causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity;
+and, especially, because it forces so many really good men among
+ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of
+civil liberty, criticising the Declaration of Independence and
+insisting that there is no right principle of action but
+self-interest.
+
+The doctrine of self-government is right,--absolutely and eternally
+right,--but it has no just application, as here attempted. Or,
+perhaps, I should rather say, that whether it has such just
+application depends upon whether a negro is not, or is, a man. If he
+is not a man, in that case he who is a man may, as a matter of
+self-government, do just what he pleases with him. But if the negro is
+a man, is it not to that extent a total destruction of self-government
+to say that he, too, shall not govern himself?
+
+When the white man governs himself that is self-government; but when
+he governs himself, and also governs another man, that is more than
+self-government--that is despotism.
+
+What I do say is, that no man is good enough to govern another man
+without that other's consent.
+
+The master not only governs the slave without his consent, but he
+governs him by a set of rules altogether different from those which he
+prescribes for himself. Allow all the governed an equal voice in the
+government; that, and that only, is self-government.
+
+Slavery is founded in the selfishness of man's nature--opposition to
+it, in his love of justice. These principles are an eternal
+antagonism; and when brought into collision so fiercely as slavery
+extension brings them, shocks and throes and convulsions must
+ceaselessly follow.
+
+Repeal the Missouri Compromise--repeal all compromise--and repeal the
+Declaration of Independence--repeal all past history--still you cannot
+repeal human nature.
+
+I particularly object to the new position which the avowed principles
+of the Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to
+it, because it assumes that there can be moral right in the enslaving
+of one man by another. I object to it as a dangerous dalliance for a
+free people,--a sad evidence that feeling prosperity, we forget
+right,--that liberty as a principle we have ceased to revere.
+
+Little by little, but steadily as man's march to the grave, we have
+been giving up the old for the new faith. Near eighty years ago we
+began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that
+beginning we have run down to the other declaration that for some men
+to enslave others is a 'sacred right of self-government.' These
+principles cannot stand together. They are as opposite as God and
+Mammon.
+
+Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. Let us purify
+it. Let us turn and wash it white, in the spirit, if not in the blood,
+of the Revolution.
+
+Let us turn slavery from its claims of 'moral right' back upon its
+existing legal rights, and its arguments of 'necessity.' Let us return
+it to the position our fathers gave it, and there let it rest in
+peace.
+
+Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and the practices and
+policy which harmonize with it. Let North and South--let all
+Americans--let all lovers of liberty everywhere, join in the great and
+good work.
+
+If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union, but shall have
+so saved it, as to make and to keep it forever worthy of saving. We
+shall have so saved it that the succeeding millions of free, happy
+people, the world over, shall rise up and call us blessed to the
+latest generations.
+
+
+SPEECH AT COOPER INSTITUTE, FEBRUARY 27, 1860
+
+I defy anyone to show that any living man in the whole world ever did,
+prior to the beginning of the present century (and I might almost say
+prior to the beginning of the last half of the present century),
+declare that, in his understanding, any proper division of local from
+Federal authority, or any part of the Constitution, forbade the
+Federal Government to control as to slavery in the Federal
+Territories.
+
+To those who now so declare, I give, not only 'our fathers who framed
+the government under which we live,' but with them all other living
+men within the century in which it was framed, among whom to search,
+and they shall not be able to find the evidence of a single man
+agreeing with them.
+
+I do not mean to say we are bound to follow implicitly in whatever our
+fathers did. To do so would be to discard all the lights of current
+experience, to reject all progress, all improvement. What I do say is,
+that if we would supplant the opinions and policy of our fathers in
+any case, we should do so upon evidence so conclusive, and argument so
+clear, that even their authority, fairly considered and weighed,
+cannot stand; and most surely not in a case whereof we ourselves
+declare they understood the question better than we.
+
+Let all who believe that 'our fathers, who framed the government under
+which we live,' understood this question just as well, and even
+better, than we do now, speak as they spoke, and act as they acted
+upon it.
+
+It is exceedingly desirable that all parts of this great confederacy
+shall be at peace, and in harmony, one with another. Let us
+Republicans do our part to have it so. Even though much provoked, let
+us do nothing through passion and ill-temper.
+
+Even though the Southern people will not so much as listen to us, let
+us calmly consider their demands, and yield to them if, in our
+deliberate view of our duty, we possibly can. Judging by all they say
+and do, and by the subject and nature of their controversy with us,
+let us determine, if we can, what will satisfy them.
+
+Wrong as we think slavery is, we can yet afford to let it alone where
+it is, because that much is due to the necessity arising from its
+actual presence in the nation. But can we, while our votes will
+prevent it, allow it to spread into the national Territories, and to
+overrun us here in these free States?
+
+If our sense of duty forbids this, then let us stand by our duty,
+fearlessly and effectively. Let us be diverted by none of those
+sophistical contrivances wherewith we are so industriously plied and
+belabored--contrivances such as groping for some middle ground between
+the right and wrong, vain as the search for a man who should be
+neither a living man nor a dead man; such as a policy of 'don't care'
+on a question about which all true men do care; such as Union appeals
+beseeching true Union men to yield to Disunionists, reversing the
+divine rule, and calling, not the sinners, but the righteous to
+repentance; such as invocations to Washington imploring men to unsay
+what Washington said, and undo what Washington did.
+
+Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us,
+to the end, dare to do our duty, as we understand it.
+
+
+FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1861
+
+Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States,
+that by the occasion of a Republican administration, their property
+and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has
+never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the
+most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and
+been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published
+speeches of him who now addresses you.
+
+I do but quote from one of those speeches, when I declared that "I
+have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the
+institution of slavery, in the States where it exists."
+
+I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination
+to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with the full
+knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations, and had
+never recanted them. I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing
+so, I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive
+evidence of which the case is susceptible, that the property, peace,
+and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now
+incoming administration.
+
+I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations, and with
+no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical
+rules; and, while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of
+Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much
+safer for all, both in official and private stations, to conform to
+and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate
+any of them, trusting to find impunity in having them held to be
+unconstitutional.
+
+It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a president
+under our national constitution. During that period, fifteen different
+and very distinguished citizens have in succession administered the
+executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through
+many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with this scope
+for precedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief
+constitutional term of four years, under great and peculiar
+difficulties.
+
+I hold, that in the contemplation of universal law and the
+Constitution, the union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is
+implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national
+governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a
+provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to
+execute all the express provisions of our national Constitution, and
+the Union will endure forever.
+
+To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? Before
+entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national
+fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, would it
+not be well to ascertain why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a
+step while any portion of the ills you fly from have no real
+existence? Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater
+than all the real ones you fly from? Will you risk the commission of
+so fearful a mistake?
+
+All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights
+can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in
+the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind
+is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing
+this.
+
+All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly
+assured to them by affirmations and negations, guarantees and
+prohibitions, in the Constitution, that controversies never arise
+concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a
+provision specifically applicable to every question which may occur in
+practical administration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any
+document of reasonable length contain, express provision for all
+possible questions.
+
+Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by National or by State
+authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress
+protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not
+expressly say.
+
+From questions of this class spring all our constitutional
+controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities.
+If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the
+government must cease. There is no alternative for continuing the
+government but acquiescence on the one side or the other.
+
+If the minority will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a
+precedent which, in turn, will ruin and divide them; for a minority of
+their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be
+controlled by such a minority. For instance, why should not any
+portion of a new confederacy, a year or two hence, arbitrarily secede
+again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede
+from it?
+
+All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the
+exact temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interest
+among the States to compose a new union as to produce harmony only,
+and prevent renewed secession? Plainly, the central idea of secession
+is the essence of anarchy.
+
+Physically speaking, we cannot separate; we cannot move our respective
+sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A
+husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the presence and
+beyond the reach of each other; but the different parts of our country
+cannot do this. They cannot but remain face to face; and intercourse,
+either amicable or hostile, must continue between them.
+
+Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or
+more satisfactory after separation than before? Suppose you go to war,
+you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides, and
+no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical questions as to
+terms of intercourse are again upon you.
+
+Why should there not be patient confidence in the ultimate justice of
+the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world? In our
+present differences is either party without faith of being in the
+right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations with His eternal truth and
+justice be on your side of the North, or on yours of the South, that
+truth and that justice will surely prevail by the judgment of this
+great tribunal of the American people.
+
+By the frame of government under which we live, this same people have
+wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief, and
+have with equal wisdom provided for the return of that little to their
+own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain their
+virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any extreme of wickedness
+or folly, can very seriously injure the Government in the short space
+of four years.
+
+My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and well upon the whole
+subject--nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. If there be an
+object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step which you would
+never take deliberately, that object will be frustrated by taking
+time, but no good object can be frustrated by it. Such of you as are
+now dissatisfied still have the old Constitution unimpaired, and, on
+the sensitive point, the laws of your own framing under it; while the
+new administration will have no immediate power if it wanted to change
+either. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the
+right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for
+precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm
+reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, are
+still competent to adjust in the best way all our present
+difficulties.
+
+In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the
+momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You
+can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have
+no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall
+have the most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.
+
+I am about to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be
+enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds
+of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every
+battle field and patriot grave, to every loving heart and hearthstone
+all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when
+again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our
+nature.
+
+
+LETTER TO HORACE GREELEY
+
+The Administration, during the early months of the war for the Union,
+was greatly perplexed as to the proper mode of dealing with slavery,
+especially in the districts occupied by the Union forces. In the
+summer of 1862, when Mr. Lincoln was earnestly contemplating his
+Proclamation of Emancipation, Horace Greeley, the leading Republican
+editor, published in his paper, the New York Tribune, a severe article
+in the form of a letter addressed to the President, taking him to task
+for failing to meet the just expectations of twenty millions of loyal
+people. Thereupon Mr. Lincoln sent him the following letter:--
+
+                                      EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON,
+                                                AUGUST 22, 1862.
+
+HON. HORACE GREELEY.
+
+_Dear Sir:_ I have just read yours of the 19th, addressed to myself
+through the New York Tribune. If there be in it any statements or
+assumptions of fact which I may know to be erroneous, I do not now and
+here controvert them. If there be in it any inferences which I may
+believe to be falsely drawn, I do not now and here argue against them.
+If there be perceptible in it an impatient and dictatorial tone, I
+waive it in deference to an old friend, whose heart I have always
+supposed to be right. As to the policy I "seem to be pursuing," as you
+say, I have not meant to leave any one in doubt.
+
+I would save the Union. I would save it in the shortest way under the
+Constitution. The sooner the National authority can be restored, the
+nearer the Union will be "The Union as it was." If there be those who
+would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy
+slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this
+struggle is to save the Union and is not either to save or destroy
+Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would
+do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do
+it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I
+would also do that. What I do about Slavery and the colored race, I do
+because I believe it helps to save this Union; and what I forbear, I
+forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I
+shall do less, whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the
+cause; and I shall do more, whenever I shall believe doing more will
+help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors;
+and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true
+views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official
+duty, and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish
+that all men, everywhere, could be free.
+
+                                                 Yours,
+                                                    A. LINCOLN.
+
+
+EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
+
+(_Issued January 1, 1863_)
+
+Now therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power vested in me as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy, in a time of actual armed rebellion against the authority of the
+Government of the United States, as a fit and necessary war measure
+for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in
+the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and
+in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the
+full period of one hundred days from the date of the first
+above-mentioned order, designate as the States and parts of States
+therein the people whereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion
+against the United States, the following, to wit:
+
+Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard,
+Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension,
+Assumption, Terrebonne, La Fourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans,
+including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
+Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the
+forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the
+counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York,
+Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and
+Portsmouth), which excepted parts are for the present left precisely
+as if this proclamation were not issued; and by virtue of the power
+and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons
+held as slaves within designated States, or parts of States, are, and
+henceforward shall be free, and that the Executive Government of the
+United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof,
+will recognize and maintain the freedom of the said persons; and I
+hereby enjoin upon the people so declared free to abstain from all
+violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them
+that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable
+wages. And I further declare and make known that such persons, of
+suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the
+United States, to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other
+places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.
+
+And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice,
+warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the
+considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty
+God.
+
+
+THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION
+
+(_Issued October 3, 1863_)
+
+The year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the
+blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties,
+which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source
+from which they come, others have been added, which are of so
+extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften
+even the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful
+Providence of Almighty God.
+
+In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which
+has sometimes seemed to invite and provoke the aggression of foreign
+states, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been
+maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has
+prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict.
+
+The needful diversion of wealth and strength from the fields of
+peaceful industry to the national defense has not arrested the plow,
+the shuttle, or the ship.
+
+The ax has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as
+well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even
+more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased,
+notwithstanding the waste that has been made by the camp, the siege,
+and the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness
+of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of
+years with large increase of freedom.
+
+No human council hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out,
+these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God,
+who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless
+remembered mercy.
+
+It seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly,
+reverentially, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and
+voice, by the whole American people.
+
+I recommend too, that, while offering up the ascriptions justly due to
+Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with
+humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience,
+commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans,
+mourners, or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are
+unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the
+Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as
+soon as may be consistent with divine purposes, to the full enjoyment
+of peace, harmony, tranquillity, and union.
+
+
+ADDRESS ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG
+
+(_At the Dedication of the Cemetery, November 19, 1863_)
+
+Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
+proposition that all men are created equal.
+
+Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
+or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
+met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
+portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave
+their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
+proper that we should do this.
+
+But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we
+cannot hallow--this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
+struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add
+or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
+here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the
+living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
+who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
+to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from
+these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
+they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly
+resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation,
+under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of
+the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
+earth.
+
+
+REMARKS TO NEGROES IN THE STREETS OF RICHMOND
+
+The President walked through the streets of Richmond--without a guard
+except a few seamen--in company with his son "Tad," and Admiral
+Porter, on the 4th of April, 1865, the day following the evacuation of
+the city. Colored people gathered about him on every side, eager to
+see and thank their liberator. Mr. Lincoln addressed the following
+remarks to one of these gatherings:
+
+My poor friends, you are free--free as air. You can cast off the name
+of slave and trample upon it; it will come to you no more. Liberty is
+your birthright. God gave it to you as he gave it to others, and it
+is a sin that you have been deprived of it for so many years.
+
+But you must try to deserve this priceless boon. Let the world see
+that you merit it, and are able to maintain it by your good works.
+Don't let your joy carry you into excesses; learn the laws, and obey
+them. Obey God's commandments, and thank Him for giving you liberty,
+for to Him you owe all things. There, now, let me pass on; I have but
+little time to spare. I want to see the Capitol, and must return at
+once to Washington to secure to you that liberty which you seem to
+prize so highly.
+
+
+SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1865
+
+Fellow-countrymen: At this second appearing to take the oath of the
+Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address
+than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of
+a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the
+expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been
+constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest
+which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the
+nation, little that is new could be presented.
+
+The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as
+well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably
+satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no
+prediction in regard to it is ventured.
+
+On the occasion corresponding to this, four years ago, all thoughts
+were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all
+sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered
+from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war,
+insurgents' agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without
+war--seeking to dissolve the Union and divide its effects by
+negotiation.
+
+Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather
+than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather
+than let it perish. And the war came.
+
+The prayer of both could not be answered--those of neither have been
+answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world
+because of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe
+to that man by whom the offense cometh."
+
+If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses
+which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having
+continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that
+He gives to North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those
+by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from
+those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always
+ascribe to Him?
+
+Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of
+war may soon pass away.
+
+Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the
+bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be
+sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by
+another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so
+still it must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and
+righteous altogether."
+
+With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
+right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
+the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him
+who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphan;
+to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
+ourselves, and with all nations.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Table of Contents Part VI:
+A section of Tributes beginning on Page 191 is not included in the
+table. Unchanged.
+
+Table of Contents Part VII:
+A section called 'Lincoln, The Tender-Hearted' by H. W. Botton
+should be by H. W. Bolton. Changed.
+
+Table of Contents Part IX:
+A section called "'Fooling' the People" on page 360 is not included
+in the table of contents. Unchanged.
+
+Table of Contents Part IX:
+A section called 'Lincoln's confab with a Committee on Grant's Whisky'
+is not included in the table of contents. Unchanged.
+
+Page 3:
+more definite than a similarity of Christain names
+Typo: Changed to [Christian].
+
+Page 82:
+answer inpregnable with facts.
+Spelling of inpregnable is probably correct for that time. Unchanged.
+
+Page 95:
+buy and exhibit him as a zoological curriosity.
+Likely misspelling. Changed to curiosity
+
+Page 278:
+fac-simile
+Spelled as in original. Unchanged.
+
+Hyphenation appears as either option in original:
+
+  careworn/care-worn
+  deathblow/death-blow
+  dooryard/door-yard
+  lifelong/life-long
+  masterpiece/master-piece
+  stepbrother/step-brother
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Our American Holidays: Lincoln's
+Birthday, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY ***
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