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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Public Services and Select
+Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life, Public Services and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Author: James Quay Howard
+
+Release Date: July 10, 2007 [EBook #22037]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF RUTHERFORD HAYES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Marcia Brooks, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced
+from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.]
+
+THE LIFE
+
+PUBLIC SERVICES AND SELECT SPEECHES
+
+OF
+
+RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
+
+BY
+
+J. Q. HOWARD
+
+CINCINNATI
+ROBERT CLARKE & CO
+
+1876
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by
+ROBERT CLARKE & CO.
+
+In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+
+Stereotyped by OGDEN, CAMPBELL & CO., Cincinnati.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ANCESTRY.
+
+ Line of Descent--Family Tradition--Indian Fighters--Grandfather
+ Rutherford--Chloe Smith Hayes--Father and
+ Mother--Characteristics--Tribute to a Sister--General Character
+ of Ancestors                                                        9
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION.
+
+ Birthplace--University--Springs--Kossuth's Allusion--Early
+ Instructors--Sent East--College Life--Began the Study of Law--At
+ Harvard Law School--Story, Greenleaf, Webster, Agassiz, and
+ Longfellow--Admission to Bar                                       15
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+AT THE BAR.
+
+ Commences Practice--First Case--Partnership with Ralph P.
+ Buckland--Settles in Cincinnati--Becoming Known--Literary
+ Club--Nancy Farrer Case--Summons Case--Marriage--Law
+ Partners--City Solicitor                                           22
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+IN THE FIELD.
+
+ Appointed Major--Judge Advocate--Lieutenant-Colonel--South
+ Mountain--Wounded--Fighting while Down--After Morgan--Battle of
+ Cloyd Mountain--Charge up the Mountain--Enemy's Works Carried by
+ Storm--First Battle of Winchester--Berryville                      31
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+FROM MAJOR TO MAJOR-GENERAL.
+
+ Opequan--Morass--First Over--Intrepidity--Official
+ Reports--Assault on Fisher's Hill--Battle of Cedar
+ Creek--Commands a Division--Promoted on Field--His Wounds--A
+ Hundred Days under Fire                                            43
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+IN CONGRESS.
+
+ Nomination--Refuses to Leave Army--Election
+ Incident--Election--Course in Congress--Services on Library
+ Committee--Votes on Various Questions--Submits Plan of
+ Constitutional Amendments--Re-nominated by
+ Acclamation--Re-elected by Increased Majority--Overwhelmed with
+ Soldiers' Letters--Character as Congressman                        51
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ELECTED GOVERNOR OF OHIO.
+
+ Party of States Rights--Their Convention--Platform--Nomination of
+ Thurman--Republican Convention and Platform--Nomination of
+ General Hayes--Opening Speech at Lebanon--Thurman at
+ Waverly--National Interest Aroused--Hayes
+ Victorious--Inaugural--First Annual Message--Second Annual
+ Message                                                            62
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+SECOND ELECTION AS GOVERNOR.
+
+ Re-nomination--Democratic Platform--Nomination of
+ Rosecrans--Declines--Pendleton Nominated--Hayes at
+ Wilmington--Election--Second Inaugural--Civil Service
+ Reform--Short Addresses--Letters--Annual Message--Democratic
+ Estimate of It--Davidson Fountain Address--Message of 1872--Work
+ Accomplished                                                       90
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THIRD TIME ELECTED GOVERNOR.
+
+ The Senatorship Declined--Army Banquet Speech--Third Time
+ Nominated for Congress--Glendale Speech--Declines a Federal
+ Office--Making a Home--Nomination for
+ Governor--Platform--Serenade Speech--Democratic Convention and
+ Platform--Marion Speech of
+ Hayes--Woodford--Grosvenor--Schurz--Inflation Drivel--Interest
+ in the Contest--Honest Money Triumphant--Third Inaugural          124
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+NOMINATION TO THE PRESIDENCY.
+
+ Early Suggestions--Letters on Subject--Garfield Letter--Action of
+ State Convention--Cincinnati Convention--Course of his Friends--
+ First and Second Day's Events--Speech of Noyes--Balloting--
+ Nominated on Seventh Ballot--Officially Notified--Habits--Personal
+ Appearance--Family--Letter of Acceptance--Character as a Soldier,
+ Magistrate, and Man--Domestic Surroundings                        143
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+  I. Speech at Lebanon, Ohio, August 5, 1867                       167
+
+ II. Speech at Sidney, Ohio, September 4, 1867                     202
+
+III. Speech on his Re-nomination, June 23, 1869                    222
+
+ IV. Speech at Zanesville, Ohio, August 24, 1871                   231
+
+  V. Speech at Marion, Ohio, July 31, 1875                         241
+
+ VI. Speech at Fremont, June 25, 1876.                             256
+
+
+
+
+LIFE
+
+OF
+
+RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ANCESTRY.
+
+     _Line of Descent--Family Tradition--Indian Fighters--Grandfather
+     Rutherford--Chloe Smith Hayes--Father and Mother--Characteristics--
+     Tributes to a Sister--General Character of Ancestors._
+
+
+George Hayes, of Scotland, came to America by the way of England, and
+settled at Windsor, in the Colony of Connecticut, in 1682. He married,
+in 1683, Abigail Dibble, who was born on Long Island in 1666. From these
+ancestors the direct line of descent to the Republican candidate for
+President of the United States is the following:
+
+George Hayes,       Abigail Dibble.
+Daniel Hayes,       Sarah Lee.
+Ezekiel Hayes,      Rebecca Russell.
+Rutherford Hayes,   Chloe Smith.
+Rutherford Hayes,   Sophia Birchard.
+
+The earlier family traditions connect the name and descent of George
+Hayes with the fighting plowman mentioned in Scottish history, who at
+Loncarty, in Perthshire, turned back the invaders of his country, in a
+narrow pass, with the sole aid of his own valorous sons.
+
+"Pull your plow and harrow to pieces, and fight," said the sturdy
+Scotchman to his sons. They fought, father and sons together, and won. A
+like command seems to have come down the centuries to an American-born
+son--"Tear your briefs and petitions to pieces, and fight." He also
+fought, and, though sorely wounded, won. Shall the crown of valor be
+withheld by a free people that was once bestowed by a Scottish king?
+
+Daniel Hayes, the third of the ten children of George Hayes, was born at
+Windsor, in 1686. At the age of twenty-three, while fighting in defense
+of Simsbury--now Granby--to which town his father's family had removed,
+he was captured and carried off by the French and Indians. He was held
+as a prisoner in Canada for five years, and being a young man of great
+physical strength and vigor, the Indians adopted him as one of their
+race. His freedom was finally purchased through the intervention of a
+Frenchman, the colonial assembly of Connecticut, sitting at New Haven,
+having made an appropriation of public funds in aid of that specific
+purpose. An account of the captivity of this early defender of New
+England homes is found in Phelps' "History of Simsbury, Granby, and
+Canton." The wife of Daniel Hayes was the daughter of John Lee, who was
+noted for his bravery in fighting Indians.
+
+Captain Ezekiel Hayes, who gained his title in the military service of
+the Colonies, married the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Russell,
+the famous preacher of Wethersfield and Hadley, who concealed the
+regicides at Hadley for many years.
+
+Rutherford Hayes, the grandfather of the subject of our biography, was
+born at New Haven, Connecticut, July 29, 1756. He married, in 1779, at
+West Brattleboro, Vermont--whither he had removed the year before--Chloe
+Smith, whose ancestry fill a large space in the "History of Hadley,"
+several of whom lost their lives while fighting in defense their own and
+neighboring towns. From this fortunate and happy union, which continued
+unbroken for fifty-eight years, have sprung a race of accomplished women
+and honor-deserving men. One daughter married the Hon. John Noyes, of
+New Hampshire, who served in Congress 1817-19, and died in 1841, at
+Putney, Vermont. A daughter of this marriage is the mother of Larkin G.
+Meade, the sculptor; whose sister is the wife of William D. Howells, the
+novelist, and present editor of the _Atlantic Monthly_. Another daughter
+of Rutherford and Chloe Smith Hayes married the Hon. Samuel Elliott, of
+Vermont, who attained distinction in Congress and as an author.
+
+In a diary still existing, kept by Chloe Smith Hayes when she was eighty
+years of age, are found evidences of this good woman's intellectual
+cleverness and vigor, and abounding proofs of her fruit-bearing piety
+and affectionate tenderness for her offspring and kindred. At this
+advanced age she seems a philosophical observer of natural phenomena and
+political events--minutely describing eclipses, floods, and storms--and,
+while moralizing over the inauguration and death of President Harrison,
+giving expression to the shadowy hope that wise and good men would take
+the helm of government, and, rebuked by the presence of death, be taught
+the lesson of mortality. Rutherford, the grandfather, bore the
+commission, dated 1782, of Governor George Clinton as an officer in the
+military service of the State of New York.
+
+Rutherford Hayes, the father of Governor R. B. Hayes, was born at West
+Brattleboro, Vermont, January 4, 1787. On the 19th day of September,
+1813, he was married, at Wilmington, Vermont, to Sophia Birchard,
+daughter of Roger Birchard and Drusilla Austin Birchard, of that place.
+The Birchards had emigrated from England to Saybrook and Norwich,
+Vermont, as early as 1635. They soon became men of note in Norwich and
+Lebanon, and many of their descendants have continued to be men of mark
+since that time. The family has had representatives in Congress from
+Illinois and Wisconsin, and noted members of it in the pulpit in New
+York and elsewhere.
+
+Rutherford Hayes was engaged in business as a merchant at Dummerston,
+Vermont, until 1817, in which year he removed to Delaware, Ohio, with
+his family, consisting at the time of a wife and two children. In
+January, 1820, a daughter--Fanny--was born, and in October of the
+following year, a daughter, at the age of four, was lost. In July, 1822,
+Rutherford Hayes, the father, died of malarial fever; at the age of
+thirty-five; and on the 4th of the following October was born Rutherford
+Birchard Hayes, the since distinguished son. Three years later, the
+widowed mother was called to suffer a most distressing calamity in the
+death, by drowning, of Lorenzo, aged ten, a hopeful and helpful son.
+
+The father of Governor Hayes was a quick, bright, accurate, active
+business man. He possessed both energy and executive ability. He had the
+independence which intelligence gives, and his dry humor served him well
+in exposing shams and exploding humbugs. He was rigidly honest, and was,
+in the words of one of his neighbors, "as good a citizen as ever lived
+in the town of Delaware." He could do a great deal of work, and do it
+well. He was a witty, social, popular man, who made warm friends and few
+enemies.
+
+The mother of Governor Hayes united force of character with sweetness of
+nature. Her self-reliant energy is shown by her making a trip, in the
+summer of 1824, to Vermont and back--a distance of sixteen hundred
+miles. The journey had to be performed by stage, and consumed two months
+in going and returning. She made a second journey to New England when
+Rutherford was nine years old. Her amiability of disposition made her
+the favorite guest at the homes of her neighbors. The straightened
+circumstances of a family deprived of its head required the aid of
+industry and economy. She was known, in village parlance, as a "good
+manager." Afflictions which would have made perfect a more faulty
+character purified her own. She died in Columbus, Ohio, October 30,
+1866, at the age of seventy-four. She had been a consistent member of
+the Presbyterian Church for fifty years.
+
+Mrs. William A. Platt, the sister of Governor Hayes, who died July 16,
+1856, at the age of thirty-six, was a lady whose virtues and good deeds
+are enduring memories in Columbus homes. The Hon. Aaron F. Perry, of
+Cincinnati, in a public address, made this allusion to her worth: "Mrs.
+Platt, in the prime of a happy womanhood, passed beautifully away; not
+a white hair on her head, not a wrinkle on her brow, not a cloud upon
+her hopes; but in the full maturity of life and love she has gone where
+life and happiness are perfected." He whose character it is our duty to
+make known reflects this tender light from two lives: "She loved me as
+an only sister loves a brother whom she imagines almost perfect, and I
+loved her as an only brother loves a sister who is perfect. Let me be
+just and truthful, wise and pure and good for her sake. How often I
+think of her! I read of the death of any one worthy of love, and she is
+in my thoughts. I see--but all things high and holy remind me of her."
+
+The conclusions which we draw from the examination of the records of the
+ancestral descent of Rutherford B. Hayes are, that his progenitors have
+in each generation displayed courage and capacity to fight limited only
+by the strength of the enemy to hold out. It was a habit they had to
+fight on the side in the right, and on the side that won. Three of his
+immediate ancestors--Elias Birchard, Israel Smith, and Daniel
+Austin--gave proofs of valor and patriotism in the War of Independence.
+Another characteristic of the Hayes stock is the almost uniform tendency
+toward longevity. It is a robust race, presenting an extraordinary
+number of large families. The divine injunction to increase and multiply
+has been obeyed with religious fidelity. Upon the whole, the stock is
+good, and bids fair to become better. As men suffer discredit from
+disreputable progenitors, they ought to enjoy credit from reputable
+ancestors.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION.
+
+     _Birthplace--University--Springs--Kossuth's Allusion--Early
+     Instructors--Sent East--College Life--Began the Study of Law--At
+     Harvard Law School--Story, Greenleaf, Webster, Agassiz, and
+     Longfellow--Admission to the Bar._
+
+
+The town of Delaware, the county seat of the county of Delaware, is
+located near the center of Ohio, twenty-five miles northwest of
+Columbus. It is a prosperous place of seven thousand people, the most of
+whom live in comfortable-looking, newly-built homes, and has been
+hitherto chiefly known for its University and its Springs. The Ohio
+Wesleyan University is the most flourishing literary institution of the
+great Methodist denomination in the West. The White Sulphur Spring is a
+fountain of healing and happiness to the whole region around, and is
+regarded with added interest since Kossuth came to drink of its waters,
+and, in reply to a welcoming address, eloquently said, that "out of the
+Delaware Springs of American sympathy he would fill a cup of health for
+his bleeding Hungary."
+
+Three squares from these Springs, near the center of the town, and in a
+two-story brick house on William street, Rutherford Birchard Hayes was
+born. This has long been Delaware's pride, and will be its fame. The
+income of his widowed mother, who was bereft of her husband four mouths
+before her son's birth, was derived from the rent of a good farm lying
+two miles north of Delaware, on the east side of the Whetstone. This
+income, used with frugality, enabled her to commence the education of
+her children. They were sent first to the ordinary schools of the town.
+The first teacher who enlisted the affections of her since distinguished
+pupil was Mrs. Joan Murray, a most worthy woman, whose funeral Governor
+Hayes quite recently attended. He began the study of the Latin and Greek
+languages with Judge Sherman Finch, a good classical scholar and a good
+lawyer, of Delaware, who had been at one time a tutor in Yale College.
+Judge Finch heard the recitations of his pupil in his office at
+intervals of leisure from the duties of his profession. The pupil taught
+his sister each day what his instructor taught him.
+
+Through the agency of his uncle, Sardis Birchard, his guardian, who at
+this time took charge of his education, Rutherford was sent to an
+academy at Norwalk, Ohio. Here he remained one year under the
+instruction of the Rev. Mr. Chapman, a Methodist clergyman of scholarly
+attainments. In the fall of 1837, to complete his preparation for
+college, he was sent to quite a noted school at Middletown, Connecticut,
+kept by Isaac Webb. Mr. Webb, being a graduate of Yale, made a specialty
+of preparing students for admission to Yale College. His scholars came
+from every part of the United States. In one year, his Ohio pupil's
+preparatory course was completed. The character established by him at
+this school is made known in the concluding portion of a commendatory
+letter addressed by Isaac Webb, his instructor, to Mrs. Sophia Hayes,
+which reads:
+
+"The conduct of your son has hitherto done 'honor to his mother,' and
+has secured our sincere respect and esteem. I hope and trust that he
+will continue to be a great source of happiness to you."
+
+The first prize for proficiency in Latin, Greek, and Arithmetic was
+awarded at this academy to "R. B. Hayes."
+
+In the fall of 1838, at the age of sixteen, young Hayes entered Kenyon
+College, Ohio, after passing satisfactorily the usual examination for
+admission. This institution is situated forty miles north of Columbus,
+in the village of Gambier, which is celebrated for the secluded beauty
+of its lawns and groves. The College was founded by Bishop Chase, with
+funds collected by him in England, the principal donors being Lord
+Gambier and Lord Kenyon. The institution was long under the fostering
+care of Bishop McIlvaine of blessed memory.
+
+Young Hayes excelled as a debater in the literary societies and in all
+the college studies; but his tastes especially ran to logic, mental and
+moral philosophy, and mathematics. In the words of a college mate, now a
+very distinguished lawyer, he was remarkable in college for "great
+common sense in his personal conduct; never uttered a profane word;
+behaved always like a considerate, mature man." In the language of
+another able member of the legal profession, who followed after him at
+Kenyon: "Hayes had left a memory which was a fascination, a glowing
+memory; he was popular, magnanimous, manly; was a noble, chivalrous
+fellow, of great promise."
+
+On the general points of character, conduct, and scholarship, it is
+conclusive to say that, when graduation-day came, Rutherford B. Hayes
+was found to have been awarded the valedictory, which was the highest
+honor the faculty could bestow upon a member of his class. Although the
+youngest in years, he was found the oldest in knowledge. In three
+journals published in August, 1842, the month and year of his
+graduation, we find exceptionally warm commendations of his valedictory
+oration. The Mt. Vernon _Democratic Banner_ said: "All who heard this
+oration pronounced it the best, in every point of view, ever delivered
+on the hill at Gambier."
+
+In the class with Governor Hayes were Lorin Andrews, afterward President
+of the College, who fell in the war for the Union, and the Hon. Guy M.
+Bryan, late member of Congress, and present speaker of the Texas House
+of Representatives, who, although engaged in the rebellion, has paid a
+manly tribute to his College classmate since the presidential
+nomination.
+
+In other college classes at the same time were Stanley Matthews, now one
+of the ablest lawyers in the United States; Hon. Joseph McCorkle and
+Hon. R. E. Trowbridge, afterward members of Congress from California and
+Michigan respectively; and Christopher P. Wolcott, who subsequently
+filled with high distinction the office of attorney-general of Ohio, and
+was also assistant secretary of war.
+
+Kenyon College and its graduates bestowed additional honors upon the
+valedictorian of the class of 1842. In 1845, he was invited back by the
+faculty to take the second degree, and deliver what is known as the
+Master's oration. He was invited also by the alumni to deliver the
+annual address before them, both in 1851 and in 1853. All these honors
+he modestly declined.
+
+Soon after graduating, Mr. Hayes began the study of the law in the
+office of Thomas Sparrow, of Columbus. Mr. Sparrow was a lawyer of high
+standing, whose integrity was proverbial. Although a Democrat in
+politics, he was regarded by his political adversaries as the purest of
+pure men. This worthy instructor certifies to the "great diligence" and
+"good moral character" of his student on the latter's departure to
+attend a course of law lectures at Harvard. A taste for the legal
+profession had been very early developed by young Hayes. The proceedings
+of courts had possessed to him in boyhood peculiar interest.
+
+Judge Ebenezer Lane, long a Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, an
+intimate associate of Sardis Birchard, the patron uncle, had early
+turned the thoughts of the guardian of the nephew in the direction of
+the law.
+
+Rutherford B. Hayes entered the law school of Harvard University, August
+22, 1843, and finished the course of lectures, January 8, 1845. The law
+institution was at this time under the charge of Mr. Justice Story,
+whose eminence as a jurist is only surpassed by that of his bosom
+friend, the great Chief Justice, John Marshall. He enjoyed the
+friendship and counsel of Story, and also that of Prof. Simon Greenleaf,
+who bears testimony to his diligence, exemplary conduct, and demeanor.
+He kept a minute record, still preserved, of all the trials and
+proceedings of the moot courts, presided over by Professors Greenleaf
+and Story, and pages of authorities are cited where "R. B. Hayes"
+appears as counsel for the fictitious plaintiff or defendant. It might
+have been safely assumed that a young man of his quick perceptions while
+in the atmosphere of Boston would make the most of his opportunities and
+advantages. He attended the lectures of Prof. Longfellow on the
+literature of foreign languages. He profited by the lecture-room talks
+of the great scientist, Agassiz, upon the grand theme of nature.
+Watching his opportunities, he heard Webster deliver his model arguments
+before juries, and his great political speeches in Faneuil Hall. He
+visited John Quincy Adams at his home in Quincy, with a party of his
+fellow-students, who, when he learned that some of his visitors were
+from Ohio, read to them a part of an address Mr. Adams was about to
+deliver on the laying of the corner-stone of the Observatory on Mt.
+Adams, near Cincinnati.
+
+He renewed and prosecuted with ardor the study of the French and German
+languages, both of which he now translates with ease, and speaks the
+former with reasonable fluency.
+
+Leaving with regret the classic shades of Cambridge, and parting from
+fellow-students such as George Hoadly, Manning F. Force, and the since
+famous orator, J. B. L. Curry, of Alabama, he returned to Ohio an
+educated young man. He was fitted for the battle of life which he has
+since so courageously fought, so far as America can afford facilities
+for procuring a complete, symmetrical education. Impatient to begin the
+struggle in his profession, he proceeded to Marietta, where the
+ambulatory Supreme Court of Ohio was then sitting, and having passed
+before an examining committee, composed of Messrs. Hart, Gardiner, Buel,
+and Robinson, was duly admitted to practice in the courts of the State
+as attorney and counsellor at law. The certificate of admission, which
+is dated March 10, 1845, has so good a name attached to it as that of
+Thomas W. Ewart, clerk. The Plymouth of the West had therefore the honor
+of welcoming to the bar the rising son of the West.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+AT THE BAR.
+
+     _Commences Practice--First Case--Partnership with Ralph P.
+     Buckland--Settles in Cincinnati--Becoming Known--Literary
+     Club--Nancy Farrer Case--Summons' Case--Marriage--Law
+     Partners--City Solicitor._
+
+
+The young lawyer, R. B. Hayes, full of hopefulness and ambition,
+commenced the practice of the law at Lower Sandusky, now Fremont,
+Sandusky county, Ohio. This growing town of Northern Ohio was selected
+because it was the home of the uncle whose extensive business
+connections would naturally throw more or less law business into the
+nephew's hands.
+
+His first case was one against a sheriff's sureties, the sheriff having
+become insolvent. There were five or six bondsmen, who employed as many
+different lawyers, who of course made a fierce fight to protect the
+pockets of their clients. The pleadings were difficult under the old
+practice, and the slightest technical defect in them would adroitly be
+taken advantage of by the defendants' attorneys. But so accurately had
+the pleadings been drawn, and so well had the case been worked up by the
+young lawyer, that no flaw could be found, and his suit was at all
+points successful.
+
+After this success he had a good run of office business, and was
+employed both in the defense and prosecution of criminals. In April,
+1846, he entered into a law-partnership with Ralph P. Buckland, an
+older practitioner in good practice. Mr. Buckland subsequently became a
+conspicuous member of the Ohio Senate, and a gallant officer of the rank
+of brigadier-general in the war. He became a member also of the
+Thirty-ninth Congress.
+
+One of the most important cases tried by Hayes while a member of this
+firm was an action to prevent or enjoin the building of a railway bridge
+across the Bay of Sandusky, on the ground of its obstructing navigation.
+The cause was tried before Judge McLean, in the United States District
+Court at Cincinnati. Thomas Ewing, who was one of the opposing counsel
+in the case, continued to compliment Hayes during life for this maiden
+effort in a United States Court.
+
+In November, 1848, in consequence of bleeding at the lungs and other
+alarming admonitions of failing health, Mr. Hayes left Fremont to pass a
+winter with his friend, Guy M. Bryan, in Texas. A half year of boating,
+fishing, hunting, and scouring the prairies brought about a physical
+revolution. He came back as sound as a dollar--that is, a coin
+dollar--and has so remained ever since.
+
+In December, 1849, he put in execution a design for some time
+contemplated, and on Christmas eve arrived in Cincinnati. He had
+consulted professional friends in Cincinnati about seeking the stimulus
+of a wider field for permanent occupation, and was doubtless influenced
+somewhat by the advice received. One who had been with him at Harvard
+wrote: "I have not flattered the face of man or woman for years, but I
+think honestly that the R. B. Hayes whom I knew four years ago would be
+sure to succeed at this bar, if he can afford to live and wait."
+Another professional brother, on terms of intimacy, wrote: "With your
+energies, talents, education, and address, you are green--verdant as
+grass--to stay in a country village." On the 8th of January, 1850, the
+new candidate for public and professional favor took possession of an
+office on the south side of Third street, between Main and Sycamore,
+opposite the Henrie House. His office companion was John W. Herron, with
+whose appearance and manners the new comer seems to have been well
+pleased. The first year in Cincinnati brought little professional
+business, but no day was passed in idleness. His studies were
+systematic, and his reading comprehensive in both law and literature.
+Shakespeare, Burke, Webster, and Emerson were his inseparable
+companions. He sought to widen the circle of his acquaintances, and add
+daily to the number of his friends. Having been a member of the order of
+Odd-Fellows and Sons of Temperance in Fremont, he united again with
+those organizations in Cincinnati. The addresses he was invited to
+deliver at Odd-Fellow's lodges and at many more public places were very
+numerous. In this way he made reputation as a public speaker, if not
+money. He was not only becoming known, but becoming favorably known.
+
+The widely renowned literary club of Cincinnati, which he joined in
+1850, and of which he remained an active member for eleven years,
+awakened his social sympathies and ardent interest. To the reading of
+essays, and to the discussions on political, social, and moral
+questions, he always listened, and in the latter often took part. In
+debate, he was strong, eager, clear, and logical. He had an aptitude at
+seeing principles and getting at the kernel of questions. Among those
+who during these years participated in the social or literary
+entertainments of the club-room were Chief Justice Chase, Thomas Corwin,
+Thomas Ewing, father and son, General Pope, General Edward F. Noyes,
+Stanley Matthews, M. D. Conway, Manning F. Force, W. K. Rogers, John W.
+Herron, D. Thew Wright, Isaac Collins, Charles P. James, R. D. Mussey,
+and many others of ability and distinction. In January, 1852, the
+opportunity for "getting a start" in his professional career came. While
+making a sensible, energetic little speech in behalf of a criminal
+indicted for grand larceny, named Cunningham, he attracted the attention
+and won the commendation of Judge R. B. Warden, then president judge of
+the criminal court, who thereupon appointed the modest young attorney
+counsel for Nancy Farrer, whose case became the great criminal case of
+the term, if not of the times.
+
+Nancy Farrer had poisoned all the members of two families. She had a bad
+countenance, a sinister, revolting look. It is not strange that she
+should have been considered by the court and jury that tried her, and by
+the entire public, a qualified candidate for the gallows. Hayes, in
+defending his client, had to contend against the passions, the
+indignation of the public, and the predispositions and prejudices of
+judge and jury. The judge who tried the case was not the one who
+appointed the comparatively unknown attorney as counsel. Hayes saw
+instinctively the immense importance of the case, and knew intuitively
+that a crisis had come in his career. He set laboriously to work to
+establish an impregnable line of defense.
+
+He found on examination of the proofs that the supposed murderess was
+totally irresponsible, because of hereditary idiocy and insanity. Her
+father had died of drunkenness in a Cincinnati hospital, and her mother
+went about under the insane hallucination that she was a prophetess.
+Nancy's conduct and conversations while employed in the wholesale
+poisoning business showed that she had no moral comprehension of what
+she was about. But the plea of insanity had been so often and so
+vehemently pressed in defense of prisoners who were sane that it seemed
+to be of no avail in defense of one who was not. The cry of insanity,
+like that of "wolf," had been so repeatedly raised when there was no
+insanity, that it was not heeded when there was. Notwithstanding an
+argument which for legal learning and forensic eloquence attracted the
+attention of the press and bar, and established the counsel's
+reputation, the poor, insane idiot was convicted of murder in the first
+degree. Hayes at once obtained a writ of error, which the district court
+reserved for decision in the Supreme Court of the State. The case was
+argued and determined in that court at the December term, 1858, and
+reported in 2 Ohio St. Reports. R. B. Hayes appeared for plaintiff in
+error, and George E. Pugh, attorney-general for the State. The earnest
+and determined advocate of Nancy Farrer carried his points, obtained a
+new trial, and greatly enhanced his professional reputation. The then
+official reporter of the Supreme Court of Ohio, who heard this argument,
+says: "It was a truly admirable effort, and the peroration was
+indescribably pathetic. But on this occasion, as on all others, Mr.
+Hayes was singularly modest." Although a new trial was granted, through
+the concurring opinions of Justices Corwin, Thurman, and Ranney, Nancy
+Farrer was never again tried. She was sent to a lunatic asylum.
+
+Hayes next gained reputation through his connection with the notorious
+James Summons murder case. He was employed by the older counsel in the
+case to take notes of the testimony and record the rulings of the court.
+The trial occupying many days and many differences arising between
+counsel with respect to the rulings of the court, it was found that the
+accuracy of the notes of the junior attorney was in every instance
+confirmed by the court itself. When the time came for the final
+arguments to begin, the leading counsel asked each a day for each side.
+Judge Thurman, then presiding, on consultation with Judge Piatt,
+announced that the court could only give the leading counsel two hours
+each, but that they would allow Mr. Hayes one hour additional.
+Notwithstanding the court was assured that Mr. Hayes was not strictly
+employed in the case, Judges Thurman, Matthews, and Piatt insisted upon
+hearing him, and he was accordingly heard. His unpremeditated argument
+was clear, convincing, impassioned, and impressive. It was one of the
+best speeches of his life. The case went up to the Supreme Court with
+the junior as the leading counsel.
+
+We now reach an event in the course of this narrative, which,
+controlling as is the influence it has upon all lives, has been
+immeasurably potent in its influence upon the life and fortunes of
+Governor Hayes.
+
+On the 30th of December, 1852, he was married to Miss Lucy W. Webb, by
+Prof. L. D. McCabe, of the Ohio Wesleyan University. The marriage took
+place at No. 141 Sixth street, Cincinnati, the bride's home, in the
+presence of about forty friends. Lucy Ware Webb was the daughter of Dr.
+James Webb and Maria Cook Webb. Dr. Webb was a popular gentleman and
+successful practicing physician in Chillicothe, Ohio. In 1833, he died
+of cholera in Lexington, Kentucky, where he had gone to complete
+arrangements for sending to Liberia slaves set free by himself and his
+father. The grandfather of Mrs. Dr. Webb was Lieutenant-Colonel Cook,
+who in 1777 was serving in a regiment commanded by Colonel Andrew Ward,
+in the army of the Revolution. Both Governor and Mrs. Hayes are,
+therefore, descendants of soldiers of the Revolution, most worthily
+uniting in their lineage jointly the dawn of the second century with the
+dawn of the first. The six years following 1852 were years of full
+practice and exacting labors, in which disappointments were few and
+successes many. These were years in which solid foundations were laid
+for as solid a reputation as it was possible for the men among whom he
+moved to build up.
+
+In January, 1854, he formed a law-partnership with R. M. Corwine and W.
+K. Rogers, under the firm name of Corwine, Hayes & Rogers. This proved a
+partnership of friendship as well as business, being in every way
+satisfactory and agreeable. Mr. Rogers is now the close companion of his
+old partner in these later and more eventful years. Mr. Corwine died a
+resident of Washington City, a year or two since.
+
+In April, 1859, he was, without solicitation, chosen city solicitor by
+the city council of Cincinnati, to fill the vacancy caused by the death
+of Judge Hart, and on the 9th of that month entered upon the discharge
+of his official duties. His chief competitor for this office was Caleb
+B. Smith, since a member of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet. The vote in the city
+council on the first ballot was: Mr. Smith, 13; Mr. Disney, 12; Mr.
+Hayes, 3. On the seventh ballot, Mr. Hayes had 17; Mr. Ware, 12; and Mr.
+Disney, 3. On the thirteenth ballot, Mr. Hayes was declared elected,
+having received 18 votes to Mr. Ware's 14. His election was due to the
+vote of Mr. Toohey, a Democratic councilman of the Thirteenth Ward. The
+election of Hayes to his first office was most favorably received.
+
+The Cincinnati _Commercial_, of December 9, 1858, said: "R. B. Hayes,
+Esq., one of the most honest and capable young lawyers of the city, was
+elected city solicitor last night by the city council to fill the
+vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Hart. It would have been very
+difficult to have made any other selection of a solicitor equally
+excellent and as generally satisfactory."
+
+The Cincinnati _Enquirer_, of the same date, said: "Mr. Hayes, the city
+solicitor elect, is a lawyer of good acquirements and reputation, and is
+well qualified for the position."
+
+Charles Reemelin, in a letter to the New York _Evening Post_, wrote: "I
+know of no young man in our city of higher promise than Mr. Hayes, and
+we hope for him a bright future."
+
+The estimate of the people seemed to correspond with that of the press,
+for in the following spring he was elected to the office to which he had
+been appointed by a majority of two thousand five hundred and
+thirty-six on the popular vote. His Democratic opponent was W. T.
+Forrest.
+
+He filled the office of corporation counsel for three years, during
+which time, as legal adviser of the municipal government of a great
+city, he passed judgment upon questions involving large interests, and
+discharged with high fidelity the duties of an important trust. As city
+solicitor, the opinion which perhaps aroused the most general attention
+and interest, was one delivered in February, 1859, denying the right of
+the city council to contract debts for waterworks purposes, without
+additional authority from the General Assembly. He was opposed to the
+increase of taxation and creation of new debts, on principle. In April,
+1861, in common with the entire Republican ticket, he was defeated for
+re-election as city solicitor. His vote, however, was larger than that
+of any candidate on his ticket. He had suffered a similar defeat in the
+fall of 1856, when a candidate for Common Pleas Judge, his party being
+in a decided minority in Hamilton county. Had the election of 1861
+occurred two weeks later, when the great uprising came with the fall of
+Sumter, the Republican war ticket, not the Democratic compromise ticket,
+would have carried the day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+IN THE FIELD.
+
+     _Appointed Major--Judge Advocate--Lieutenant-Colonel--South
+     Mountain--Wounded--Fighting while Down--After Morgan--Battle of
+     Cloyd Mountain--Charge up the Mountain--Enemy's Works Carried by
+     Storm--First Battle of Winchester--Berryville._
+
+
+That a loyal citizen of the antecedents, ardent patriotism, and
+impulsive nature of Rutherford B. Hayes would enter the army in the war
+for the Union, was to be looked for as a thing of course. He had been in
+the habit of obeying every call of duty, and could not therefore disobey
+when duty called loudest. He regarded the war waged for the supremacy of
+the constitution and the laws as a just and necessary war, and preferred
+to go into it if he knew he "was to die or be killed in the course of
+it." He had been a most earnest advocate of the election of Mr. Lincoln
+to the Presidency, and had been an anti-slavery man of established
+convictions long before the candidacy of Fremont for the Presidency. He
+did not think the Union should be destroyed to make slavery perpetual.
+He desired to mitigate and finally eradicate that evil. He had prayed
+for the election of General Harrison for the sake of the country; he had
+cast his first vote for Henry Clay, his second for General Taylor, and
+his third for General Scott. But the old Whig party having ceased to be
+a living organization, he gave his whole heart to the Republican party
+and its cause, and by political speeches, and in other ways, helped
+forward the movement in favor of equality of rights and laws. The insult
+to the flag at Fort Sumter aroused to the intensest pitch the patriotic
+indignation of a united North. At a great mass-meeting held in
+Cincinnati, R. B. Hayes was selected to give expression to the loyal
+voice, by being made chairman of the public committee on resolutions. It
+is not needful to add that these resolutions had all the fire and
+intensity of the popular feeling. The knowledge that it was his purpose
+to enter the Union army having reached Governor Dennison, that officer
+appointed Hayes major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, June
+7, 1861. With this appointment was coupled the appointments of W. S.
+Rosecrans as colonel, and Stanley Matthews as lieutenant-colonel of the
+same regiment. Colonel Rosecrans, with the other field-officers, had
+just set to work organizing the new regiment, when Rosecrans was
+appointed brigadier-general, and ordered to take command of the Ohio
+troops moving in the direction of Western Virginia. Upon the promotion
+of Rosecrans, Colonel E. P. Scammon, an officer of military education,
+was placed in command of the Twenty-third.
+
+After a brief period of discipline at Camp Chase the regiment was
+ordered, on the 25th of July, to Clarksburgh, West Virginia, and on the
+29th went into camp at Weston. We shall not follow it in this or in
+subsequent campaigns, in its marching, scouting, skirmishing, or
+counter-marching. It is enough to say, that in this first campaign it
+assisted in clearing the whole mountainous region of Western Virginia
+of a formidable enemy.
+
+Major Hayes was appointed by General Rosecrans, on the 19th of
+September, 1861, judge advocate of the department of Ohio, the duties of
+which service he discharged about two months. He received his first
+promotion, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, October 24, 1861. Passing
+over less important events, we come to the first serious battle in which
+he was engaged.
+
+
+THE BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN
+
+Was fought on Sunday, September 14, 1862, a beautiful, bright September
+day. The enemy were in possession of the crest of the mountain, where
+the old National road crossed it. The army of McClellan, with Burnside
+in advance, were pressing up that mountain by the National road as its
+center. General Cox's division of Burnside's corps was in advance. The
+brigade to which Lieutenant-colonel Hayes was attached was in advance of
+the division. His regiment was in advance of the brigade. He was ordered
+to pass up a mountain path on the left of the National road and feel for
+the enemy, advancing until he struck him; to push him up the mountain if
+he could; in short, to open the engagement. Lieutenant-colonel Hayes
+pushed into the woods, came upon the enemy's pickets, received their
+fire, and drove them in. He soon saw a strong force of the enemy coming
+toward the line of his advance from a neighboring hill, and went to meet
+them. Hayes charged into that force with a regimental yell, and, after a
+fierce fight, drove them out of the woods in which he found them, into
+an open field near the summit. He then drove them across the field,
+losing many men and capturing and killing many of the enemy.
+
+Hayes, having just given the command for a third charge, felt a stunning
+blow, and found that a large musket ball had struck his left arm above
+the elbow, carrying away and badly fracturing the entire bone. Fearing
+an artery might be severed, he asked a soldier to bandage his arm above
+the elbow, and a few minutes after, through exhaustion, he fell.
+Recovering from a state of unconsciousness while down, in a few moments,
+and observing that his men had fallen back to the woods for shelter, he
+sprang to his feet, and, with unusual vehemence, ordered them to come
+forward, which they did. He continued fighting some time at the head of
+his men; but falling a second time, from exhausted strength, he kept on
+giving orders, while down, to fight it out.
+
+Major Comly, the second in command, then came to him to learn the orders
+under which the regiment was fighting, and deeming it best to assume
+command, owing to the critical condition of Lieutenant-colonel Hayes,
+gave orders that the wounded hero should be carried from the field. In
+an almost illegible narrative, written with the left hand just after the
+battle, we find this modest record, by the intrepid sufferer in this
+event: "While I was down I had considerable talk with a wounded
+Confederate lying near me. I gave him messages for my wife and friends
+in case I should not get up. We were right jolly and friendly. It was by
+no means an unpleasant experience."
+
+The enemy in this action continued to pour a most destructive fire of
+musketry, grape, and canister into the Union ranks. Lieutenant-colonel
+Hayes again made his appearance on the field with his wound half
+dressed, and fought until carried off. Soon after, the rest of the
+brigade coming up, a brilliant bayonet charge up the hill dislodged the
+enemy and drove him into the woods beyond. The Twenty-third regiment in
+this engagement lost within eight men of half the entire force engaged.
+
+South Mountain is inscribed on all the standards of this gallant
+regiment, and surrounds with a sad halo of glory the names of the living
+and the graves of the dead.
+
+At the time this battle was fought, Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes was not
+under pay, having been mustered out of the Twenty-third regiment to take
+command of the Seventy-ninth. His wound preventing him from becoming
+colonel of the Seventy-ninth, he was, on the 24th of October, 1862,
+appointed colonel of his own regiment, _vice_ Scammon, promoted. It was
+while at home recovering from his wounds that his wealthy uncle, Sardis
+Birchard, urged Colonel Hayes, to whom he was devotedly attached, to
+leave the army, on the ground that he had done his share, promising to
+himself and family abundant support; but he would not listen to the
+suggestion, and before his wounds were healed went back.
+
+
+AFTER JOHN MORGAN.
+
+In July, 1863, while Colonel Hayes, under superior officers and in
+connection with other forces, was engaged in skirmishing, scouting, and
+harassing the enemy in Southwestern Virginia, an episode occurred which
+illustrates his force and decision of character and energy in action.
+Happening to ride to Fayetteville, a distance of fifteen miles from
+camp, to learn the news, he was startled by the telegraph operator with
+the intelligence that John Morgan was in Ohio, and was at that moment
+making for Gallipolis to recross the Ohio river. Here was a cry of help
+from home. His own State invaded, and his own friends and kindred in
+danger! His decision was instantaneous to go to the rescue. He sent over
+the wires to his adjutant, then at Charleston, the message: "Are there
+any steamboats at Charleston?" And being informed there were two, he
+instantly ordered them to be sent to Luke creek, the highest navigable
+point on the Kanawha. Colonel Hayes then galloped back to camp, and,
+after bringing all his powers of persuasion to bear, succeeded in
+getting permission to take two regiments and a section of artillery, and
+go in pursuit of Morgan. In thirty minutes after the orders were read to
+the soldiers, the column was on its march. The road was mountainous, the
+darkness dense, the route almost impassable, but the Kanawha river was
+reached at the break of day. The steamers were both in sight, and on
+these the eager men and the artillery were embarked. By daylight the
+next morning this timely succor was at Gallipolis. That town was saved
+from a rebel raid, and the hot pursuit of John Morgan commenced. Warned
+by spies, he had turned his retreat in the direction of Pomeroy. Hayes
+re-embarked his force, and steamed up after him. Again disembarking his
+men, Hayes came in collision with the raider, who retreated after
+getting a taste of the quality of his adversary. But Morgan being beset
+on all sides was forced to surrender, and was made a prisoner with many
+of his men. Their next raiding was done from the inside to the outside
+of the walls of the Ohio penitentiary.
+
+
+BATTLE OF CLOYD MOUNTAIN.
+
+In the spring of 1864, General Crook moved with an army of about six
+thousand men to cut the main lines of communication between Richmond and
+the great Southwest. In this expedition Colonel Hayes commanded a
+brigade. General Crook, who is called "Gray Fox" by the warriors of
+Sitting Bull, is one of the shrewdest generals in the world in the way
+of tricking an enemy. On this expedition he marched up the Kanawha, and
+sent his music and one regiment toward the White Sulphur Springs, while
+his army went the other way. He charged his music to make noise enough
+for an army of ten thousand. The enemy, who were fortified on the road
+by which Crook's army was actually to pass, left Fort Breckenridge, and
+marched off fifty or sixty miles in the direction that Crook's band of
+music had gone. His army then hurried on, and marched right into the
+fort without firing a shot. To have taken it without stratagem would
+have cost much delay and many lives. In the meantime, the enemy hurried
+back, and, collecting an army under General Jenkins, fortified a
+position on the crest of Cloyd mountain. The base of the mountain was
+skirted with a stream of water two or three feet deep, and the approach
+to it was through a meadow five or six hundred yards wide. The enemy,
+who were strongly entrenched, opened upon Crook's force so soon as it
+reached the road that was within range of their artillery. It was
+evident the fortifications could not be carried without very determined
+fighting. A small force, after making a stout struggle, dropped back
+repulsed. Crook ordered Colonel Hayes' brigade to cross Cloyd's meadow,
+charge up the hill, and take the batteries. Hayes formed in the edge of
+the woods, and marched out with as perfect a line as ever was formed on
+parade. He moved on, and was soon under fire. The enemy opened heavily,
+bringing down men along the whole line. A slow double-quick was ordered,
+the alignments being kept good until the edge of the woods was reached.
+
+The fortifications could not be seen. There was only in sight a woody
+hill, and below it a stream to cross. Hayes, the brigade following,
+dashed through the creek to the foot of the last hill, which was so
+steep that the cannon could not be depressed sufficiently to damage
+them. After halting for a minute to take breath, the brigade charged,
+with a terrific yell, up the hill. The instant they passed the curve of
+the hill, as fearful a fire met them as men are ever called to face. The
+whole line seemed falling, officers and men going down by scores. But
+not a man stopped; all who were not hit went on. Hayes shouted to his
+men to push on to the enemy's works. They were carried by assault, many
+of the enemy being bayoneted beneath ingenious barricades that they
+deemed impregnable. The enemy were killed or driven out, and their
+cannon captured. For ten minutes it was a desperate, give-and-take,
+rough-and-tumble fight. The artillerymen attempted to reload when the
+assaulting party was not ten paces distant. The enemy retreated to a
+second ridge of the mountain, and made a determined effort to form a
+line, but the pursuit was too hot for the effort to be successful.
+Reinforcements arriving, they endeavored to make a third stand, but were
+easily driven off in full retreat. Thus ended the battle on the
+mountain, where the enemy's fort on its summit was carried by storm.
+
+
+BATTLE OF WINCHESTER.
+
+What is known as the first battle of Winchester, fought July 24, 1864,
+illustrates the pluck and endurance of Hayes under disaster. Here, as in
+the last battle, he commanded a brigade in a division of General Crook's
+army, of West Virginia. Two brigades, under Colonel Mulligan and Colonel
+Hayes, were ordered to go out and meet what was supposed to be a
+reconnaissance in force of the enemy. Hayes was ordered to join his
+right on Mulligan's left, and charge with him. They were to attack
+whatever there was in front. They could see only two skirmish lines in
+front. Hayes soon saw appearances of the enemy off on the left. Mulligan
+was informed there were signs of an enemy forward on the right.
+Indications were correct. The enemy were coming down upon them in
+overpowering force on both flanks and in front. Mulligan said his orders
+were to go forward, and he was going forward. Hayes thought it was as
+well to go forward as to go any other way, as there could be but one
+result. Soon after charging, the enemy opened a deadly fire with
+artillery on the left flank, and infantry close in front. In five
+minutes Colonel Mulligan fell, pierced with five balls. The enemy had
+double the force in front, and overlapped the right flank a quarter of a
+mile. This was a better place to be out of than in. The lines melted
+away under the destructive fire. The deafening roar of artillery and
+musketry prevented all commands from being heard. The Hayes brigade fell
+slowly back to a hill inaccessible to cavalry. There it formed, and held
+back the yelling pursuers. At this point Lieutenant-Colonel Comly was
+wounded. The cavalry, whose failure to furnish information of the
+presence of the enemy had brought on the disaster, had disappeared from
+the scene. Colonel Hayes' brigade, which was exposed to the cavalry of
+the enemy, marched in a half square, fighting steadily in front and on
+both flanks. Once the brigade was concealed in a belt of woods until the
+enemy's cavalry came within pistol-shot, when the whole line suddenly
+rose and poured its fire into their ranks. After that, the pursuit
+ceased. From morning until midnight, Colonel Hayes, having lost his
+horse, was fighting and encouraging his men on foot, saving his command
+from annihilation, and displaying personal bravery of the highest order.
+
+
+BATTLE OF BERRYVILLE.
+
+This was one of the fiercest fights of the war. It was between a South
+Carolina and Mississippi division, under General Kershaw, and six
+regiments of the Kanawha division.
+
+The occasion of this battle was this: Sheridan sent a body of cavalry to
+get in the rear of Early's army and cut off his supplies. To do this
+there were two roads up the pike--one through Winchester and one ten
+miles east of Winchester. Ten miles east of this place, through
+Berryville, was the enemy's headquarters, and Sheridan's object was to
+throw a force past them which would turn and strike them in the rear. In
+order to protect that body so that it could get back again--not be cut
+off on its line of retreat--Crook was ordered to take possession of the
+pike where the road from Winchester crosses it. The enemy, understanding
+the plan, moved to take possession of the same crossing. They first
+attacked with a small force, and were driven back. Being reinforced,
+they drove back in turn the regiments in advance of the Union force.
+Colonel Hayes had a line a quarter of a mile long sheltered behind a
+terrace wall, the ground in front being level with the top of the wall.
+He sat on his horse watching the tumultuous advance of the enemy. The
+Union advance lines, being driven back in precipitate retreat, ran right
+over Hayes' brigade. The enemy followed close on their heels. Hayes let
+them get within two rods, when the whole brigade rose, and with a yell
+delivered a deadly volley at the enemy's legs. They then jumped upon the
+terrace and charged bayonet, driving the pursuing enemy back like a
+flock of sheep. He pushed them to their second or reserve lines, where
+they rallied at dark, and stubbornly maintained their ground.
+
+Colonel Hayes' brigade went at double quick pace into action, their
+leader at the head of the column. The Twenty-third and Thirty-sixth
+Ohio, and the Fifth and Thirteenth Virginia, constituted at this time
+his brigade. From dark until almost ten o'clock the cannonading was
+continuous and the fighting terrible. Hayes, although never more exposed
+to danger, enjoyed the grand illumination and the thrilling excitement.
+Both divisions withdrew at the same hour, and the engagement was not the
+next day renewed. In this short action Colonel Hayes, by his courage and
+gallantry, added to his popularity as an officer among both officers and
+men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+FROM MAJOR TO MAJOR-GENERAL.
+
+     _Opequan--Morass--First Over--Intrepidity--Official
+     Reports--Assault on Fisher's Hill--Battle of Cedar Creek--Commands
+     a Division--Promoted on Field--His Wounds--A Hundred Days under
+     Fire._
+
+
+BATTLE OF OPEQUAN.
+
+Sheridan's battle of Winchester, or Opequan, was fought on the 19th of
+September, 1864. The battle had a bad beginning, but a glorious ending.
+There were five hours of staring disaster, and five of inspiring
+victory. Sheridan, in assuming the offensive, in September, was
+compelled to fight Early in the latter's chosen and particularly
+advantageous position, at the mouth of a narrow ravine near Winchester.
+
+Concerning the earlier, or disastrous part of the engagement, it is
+sufficient for our present purpose to say that Sheridan moved all except
+one corps of his entire army down this gorge, deployed in the valley
+beyond, fought a bloody fight, and was driven back in confusion along
+his line of advance. At noon the enemy were rejoicing over the victory,
+and their friends in Winchester were jubilant. The reserves of Sheridan
+were sent for. General Crook, in person, brought the reserve corps into
+action at one o'clock. He made for the enemy's left flank, and pushed
+direct for a battery on their extreme left. The brigade of Colonel Hayes
+was in front, supported by Colonel White's old brigade. The order was
+to walk fast, keep silent until within one hundred yards of the guns,
+and then with a yell charge at full speed. These brigades had passed
+over a ridge and were just ready to begin the rush, when they came upon
+a deep morass, forty yards wide, with high banks. The enemy's fire now
+broke out with fury. Of course the line stopped. To stop was death, to
+go on was probably the same; but the order was "Forward." Colonel Hayes
+was the first to plunge in; but his horse, after frantic struggling,
+mired down hopelessly in the middle of the boggy stream. He sprang off
+and succeeded in reaching the enemy's side. The next man over was
+Lieutenant Stearne, adjutant of the Thirty-sixth Ohio.
+
+Shot and shell were falling in the water as they crossed, and were still
+falling. When Hayes regained the opposite bank he motioned rapidly, with
+his cap in hand, for his men to come over. Some held back, but many
+plunged into the bog, and struggled across to their leader. Some sank to
+their chins while holding their arms and ammunition over their heads.
+Before fifty men had gotten over, Hayes shouted: "Men, right up the
+bank," and there were the rebel batteries without any support. So the
+artillerymen were bayoneted in the act of loading their guns. They never
+dreamed that any Union force could cross the barrier before them. The
+batteries were captured, the enemy's position successfully flanked, and
+his whole force driven back five hundred yards to a second line of
+defense. Here, strongly posted, he delivered a fearfully destructive
+fire. The advancing line was brought to a standstill by the storm of
+grape and balls. Officers in advance were falling faster than others,
+but all were suffering. Things began to look dark. At the most critical
+moment, a large body of Sheridan's splendid cavalry, with swords drawn,
+wound slowly around the right, then at a trot, and finally, with shouts,
+at a gallop, charged right into the rebel lines. Hayes, now in command
+of the division, his division commander having fallen, pushed on, and
+the enemy in utter confusion fled. Crook's command carried the forts
+which covered the heights, and Hayes led the advance of that command.
+His division entered Winchester in pursuit of Early far in advance of
+all other troops. The spirit of Early's brave army was broken. Its loss
+in this battle was nearly seven thousand men.
+
+The day following the battle of Opequan, Stanton telegraphed Sheridan:
+"Please accept for yourself and your gallant army the thanks of the
+President and the department for your great battle and brilliant victory
+of yesterday." An official report of Colonel Comly, commanding the
+Twenty-third Ohio, thus refers to Colonel Hayes, division commander: "He
+is everywhere exposing himself recklessly, as usual. He was the first
+one over the slough; he has been in advance of the line half the time
+since; his adjutant-general has been severely wounded; men are dropping
+all around him; but he rides through it all as if he had a charmed
+life."
+
+
+FISHER'S HILL.
+
+The assault on South Mountain, or Fisher's Hill, occurred on the 22d of
+September, three days after the battle of Opequan. Sheridan was in hot
+pursuit of Early, and had followed him up the Shenandoah valley,
+overtaking him in position at Fisher's Hill. This is a ridge stretching
+across the valley where it is only about three miles wide. There is a
+creek running in front of the ridge. Early had fortified the ridge, and
+was in strong position. Sheridan was disposed to attack him in front,
+trusting to the demoralization from the recent defeat for an easy
+victory.
+
+Crook insisted upon trying to turn their left flank. It was finally
+determined that it could be done. He was ordered to take Hayes'
+division, which led the advancing column. Crook and Hayes rode side by
+side at the head of the men. Pretty soon Crook and every officer, except
+Hayes, dismounted. The latter had a horse that could go wherever a man
+could. The command went up mountains, pushed their way through woods,
+and slid down ravines and gorges. When the enemy's left was supposed to
+be passed, they turned by the flank and bore down on his rear. Hayes
+galloped down a ravine, flanked by mountains, until he came right upon
+the enemy's guns. He rode back, ordered his division to charge with a
+yell, and the enemy, seized with a panic, fled. The charge was one of
+great impetuosity, each man trying to reach the entrenchments first.
+Every gun was captured. The brilliancy of this victory consisted in
+flanking the enemy from the side of a mountain, where Early said only a
+crow could go. But Colonel Hayes climbed there on horseback, at the head
+of his command.
+
+
+CEDAR CREEK.
+
+On the 19th of October, 1864, was fought the battle of Cedar creek, so
+memorable in the annals of war. It wiped out Early and his army. It gave
+the rebel general Gordon a seat in the United States Senate. It made
+Sheridan lieutenant-general. It made Colonel Hayes a brigadier-general
+and Governor of Ohio.
+
+Sheridan, supposing Early's army too much broken by recent defeats to be
+dangerous, had gone on a visit to Washington, leaving his force in
+command of General Wright. It was posted near Middletown, in the rear of
+Cedar creek, and on both sides of the Winchester pike. Ten miles to the
+westward, beyond the creek, were the enemy's camps. Two things induced
+Early to risk one more battle--the absence of Sheridan, and his own
+reinforcement with twelve thousand men. Early left camp on the night of
+the 18th, and, passing round with his entire army between Massanutten
+mountain and the north fork of the Shenandoah, forded the Shenandoah at
+midnight, and noiselessly formed in line of battle in the rear and on
+the flank of the Union army. The plan of attack was a bold one, and
+seemed the inspiration of genius. The ford that gave the enemy a
+crossing, which should have been well guarded by cavalry, was stupidly
+left exposed. At daylight, while Thoburn's division were sleeping in
+their camps, Early's onslaught was made. Generals Gordon, Pegram,
+Kershaw, and Wharton charged with the rebel yell upon the left rear of
+Crook's entire command. The assault, under the circumstances, was
+inevitably successful, and the whole Union force was hurled back on the
+Nineteenth corps and the Kanawha division, commanded by Colonel Hayes.
+The enemy overlapped both flanks, and pushed forward with irresistible
+impetuosity. Crook's command had already lost seven pieces of artillery,
+and was in rapid retreat. The men meeting the enemy's charge, knowing
+that they were outflanked and the enemy had gotten in their rear, fought
+desperately, but not hopefully. The whole line was pushed slowly back.
+Colonel Hayes, on seeing his right breaking up, rode over and with
+vehemence gave orders to stand firm. But the line melted away, leaving
+him alone and exposed. A whole volley came aimed at him, filling the air
+and killing his horse with twenty balls. The horse going at great speed
+when it fell, threw its rider with great violence to the ground,
+dislocating an ankle and badly bruising him from the head down. He rose,
+and though fired at by the pursuing enemy at forty paces, escaped
+further wounds or capture. Colonel Hayes procured the horse of his
+orderly, and with great exertion gradually brought his men to a stand.
+Here they were alternately preparing their breakfasts, and when orders
+were given, instantaneously forming lines.
+
+At ten o'clock the Union army received a reinforcement more powerful
+than was the enemy's of twelve thousand men. Sheridan had come, and with
+him confidence had come. He almost instantaneously inspired a beaten
+army with his own electric energy and unconquerable hope. "Boys, we must
+go back to our camps," he said; and they went. The army was recreated
+into a compact, advancing, aggressive organization. "The whole line will
+advance," said Sheridan, and it advanced.
+
+The enemy was charged a first and a second time, with infantry in the
+center and cavalry on the left and right. Custer's cavalry kept swooping
+down on the rebel flank, gathering them in as a sickle gathers grain.
+The gallant Colonel Hayes, too modest to seek promotion, though long
+discharging the duties of a major-general, as commander of a veteran
+division, fought in the center, forcing back the rebel line to Cedar
+creek. Here it broke in confusion, abandoning seventy pieces of
+artillery, arms, camps, and transportation. The pursuit ceased not until
+there was no longer an enemy to pursue. Early this time "stayed
+whipped." In the Shenandoah valley he ceased to take much interest in
+subsequent events.
+
+It was on the field of this most complete victory of the war that
+Sheridan clasped the hand of Hayes and said: "Colonel, from this day
+forward you will be a brigadier-general." Ten days after the battle the
+commission came. The gallant Crook presented him with the insignia of
+his new rank, and he wore them. On March 13, 1865, he was promoted to
+the rank of brevet major-general "for gallant and distinguished services
+during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the
+battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia."
+
+General Hayes was wounded four times in battle. From one wound he has
+never entirely recovered. He was struck by a shell, just below the knee,
+while on horseback. He did not get off his horse at the time, but
+remained at the front throughout the battle. The wound now troubles him
+when ascending stairs. According to the excellent authority of
+Adjutant-General Hastings, Hayes was under fire sixty days in 1864. He
+must therefore have been exposed to death on one hundred days during the
+war.
+
+A soldier who would thus risk life and limb to preserve the Union is
+perhaps entitled to have something to say concerning the government of
+it. He who is willing to die for the republic, will see that the
+republic suffers no harm.
+
+The qualities of General Hayes as a soldier will be reviewed when we
+come to speak of his characteristics as a civil magistrate and as a
+man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+IN CONGRESS.
+
+     _Nomination--Refuses to Leave Army--Election
+     Incident--Election--Course in Congress--Services on Library
+     Committee--Votes on Various Questions--Submits Plan of
+     Constitutional Amendments--Re-nominated by Acclamation--Re-elected
+     by Increased Majority--Overwhelmed with Soldiers'
+     Letters--Character as Congressman._
+
+
+On the 6th of August, 1864, while General Hayes was absent from Ohio in
+the field, he was nominated by the Republican Convention of the Second
+Congressional District of Cincinnati for Congress. This was the result
+of the spontaneous action of his friends, and was brought about through
+their agency alone. The nomination was neither sought nor desired. The
+following extract from a letter written in camp, and bearing date July
+30, 1864, makes known the then existing state of the case:
+
+"As to the canvass that occurs, I care nothing at all about it; neither
+for the nomination nor for the election. It was merely easier to let the
+thing take its own course than to get up a letter declining to run, and
+then to explain it to everybody who might choose to bore me about it."
+
+The first information of the nomination for Congress was conveyed to
+General Hayes through the letter of a friend written the day after the
+convention met, which information was received on Monday, August 22d,
+while preparing for battle, and on the same day he did a "good thing" in
+the way of taking prisoners while charging on the rebel lines. Two days
+after, with the enemy in front, he wrote this "private" letter on the
+subject of going home to canvass:
+
+     CAMP OF SHERIDAN'S ARMY,
+
+     NEAR CHARLESTOWN, VA., _August_ 24, 1864.
+
+     FRIEND S.:--Your favor of the 7th came to hand on Monday. It was
+     the first I had heard of the doings of the Second District
+     Convention. My thanks for your attention and assistance in the
+     premises. I cared very little about being a candidate, but having
+     consented to the use of my name I preferred to succeed. Your
+     suggestion about getting a furlough to take the stump was certainly
+     made without reflection. An officer fit for duty who at this crisis
+     would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought
+     to be scalped. You may feel perfectly sure I shall do no such
+     thing. We are, and for two weeks past have been, in the immediate
+     presence of a large rebel army. We have skirmishing and small
+     affairs constantly. I am not posted in the policy deemed wise at
+     headquarters, and can't guess as to the prospects of a general
+     engagement. The condition and spirit of this army are good and
+     improving. I suspect the enemy are sliding around us toward the
+     Potomac. If they cross we shall pretty certainly have a meeting.
+
+     Sincerely,
+
+     R. B. HAYES.
+
+An incident of this canvass caused at the time it occurred intense
+feeling and indignation. The Democrats were having a large mass meeting
+in Cincinnati, with an immense procession. Among the banners or
+transparencies carried in the procession was one large,
+coarsely-executed affair, representing General Hayes dodging bullets
+while running from the enemy. As Hayes was at that very moment at the
+front fighting the enemy, this assault in the rear was not deemed by
+Union-loving men to fall within the rules of legitimate political
+warfare. Some soldiers of the "Old Kanawha" division happening to be at
+home recovering from wounds, had their indignation aroused to such an
+uncontrollable pitch that they insisted upon ignominiously trampling
+down the libelous transparency and its bearer. They had seen General
+Hayes bare his breast a hundred times to the bullet-storm of battle, and
+thought they were better judges of what constituted courage than men who
+stayed at home occupying their time in passing resolutions that the war
+was a "failure." These old veteran comrades of Hayes were moving in
+compact line to charge on the procession, when a number of good
+citizens, in the interest of order and to prevent a riot, had the
+obnoxious banner removed. It is but just to say that Democrats of the
+better sort totally disapproved of this public indecency and excuseless
+outrage.
+
+During the canvass for Congress, and while in the thickest of the bloody
+fight at Opequan, the soldiers under General Hayes kept crying out: "We
+will gain a victory to-day, Colonel, and elect you to Congress;" "One
+more charge, and you go to Congress!" These brave defenders of the
+Republic well knew the effect of a Union victory upon a pending
+election. When the soldiers' vote was taken on Tuesday, the 11th of
+October, not a man in the Twenty-third or Thirty-sixth Ohio regiment
+voted the Democratic ticket, and but fifty-three voted the Peace ticket
+in the entire division commanded by General Hayes. The result of his
+first contest for Congress, or rather candidacy, for there was no
+contest on his part, was his triumphant election by a majority of two
+thousand four hundred and fifty-five votes. His competitor was Joseph
+C. Butler, a banker, capitalist, and most respectable gentleman. Eight
+days after the election, the battle of Cedar Creek was fought, so that
+the news of two victories came to the faithful soldier at the same time.
+Conducting a congressional campaign on the front, rear, and flanks of
+the enemy, worked well. To Hayes the cause of the Union was such a
+sacred cause that he could not cease fighting the enemies of that Union
+so long as there remained an armed enemy to fight.
+
+The war being ended, he took his seat on the first day of the first
+session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, which assembled December 4, 1865.
+Among the able or notable men in that Congress were Shellabarger,
+Bingham, Schenck, Spaulding, and Garfield, from Ohio, and Thad. Stevens,
+Conkling, Kerr, E. B. Washburne, A. H. Rice, Raymond, Niblack, John A.
+Griswold, Farnsworth, Orth, Cullom, Dawes, Blaine, Voorhees, and
+Randall, from other States. The first session was mainly occupied with
+the question of reconstruction. The central questions during the
+subsequent sessions were those growing out of the impeachment of
+President Johnson. General Hayes voted consistently with his party on
+these two classes of questions. He was the only new member, except one,
+who was given the chairmanship of a committee, being placed at the head
+of the joint committee of the House on Library. The other members were
+Wm. D. Kelley, of Pennsylvania, and Calvin T. Hurlburd, of New York. As
+chairman of the committee on the Library of the United States, to employ
+the language of its accomplished librarian, he had "a clear discernment
+and quick apprehension of all things that needed to be done;" he "threw
+his influence in favor of the most liberal and permanent improvement."
+
+During his term of service on the committee, the Library was expanded by
+the addition of two wings, increasing threefold its space. The "Force
+Historical Library" was added, to the acquisition of which General Hayes
+devoted months of zealous labor. It is now one of the most valuable
+parts of the great Library. He procured in the House the passage of the
+Senate bill to transfer the Library of the Smithsonian Institution to
+the Library of Congress. He introduced a joint resolution to extend the
+privileges of the Library to a larger class of public officers. He
+reported back and recommended the passage of a copyright bill for
+securing to the Library copies of all books, pamphlets, maps, etc.,
+published in the United States.
+
+In dealing with the subject of art while on this committee, Hayes showed
+artistic taste and judgment. He voted to reject works without merit,
+such as busts and portraits, and favored giving government commissions
+to real artists of conceded genius and established standing.
+
+One of the first votes of General Hayes in Congress was cast in favor of
+this resolution:
+
+"That the public debt created during the late rebellion was contracted
+upon the faith and honor of the nation; that it is sacred and inviolate,
+and must and ought to be paid, principal and interest; and that any
+attempt to repudiate or in any manner impair or scale the said debt
+should be universally discountenanced by the people, and promptly
+rejected by Congress if proposed."
+
+Early in the session a resolution was introduced "that the committee on
+appropriations be instructed to bring in a bill increasing the
+compensation of members of Congress." Mr. Hayes voted for Mr. E. B.
+Washburne's motion to lay the resolution on the table. This is the whole
+of his record on the back pay and front pay questions. General Hayes
+during the session voted for a resolution commending President Johnson
+for declining to accept presents, and condemning the practice as
+demoralizing in its tendencies and destructive of public confidence.
+This vote needs no explanation to enable it to be understood.
+
+He also submitted the following resolution, which was read, considered,
+and agreed to:
+
+"That the committee on military affairs be instructed to inquire into
+the expediency of providing by law for punishing by imprisonment or
+otherwise any person who, as agent or attorney, shall collect from the
+government money due to officers, soldiers, or sailors, or to their
+widows or orphans, for services in the army or navy, or for pensions or
+bounties, and who shall fraudulently convert the same to his own use;
+and to report by bill or otherwise."
+
+This was timely action aimed to remedy what has since become a gross
+abuse and most serious evil. Its purpose was to check robbery and secure
+to soldiers and sailors their own.
+
+In 1865, General Hayes submitted to leading Republicans in Congress, and
+subsequently to the Republican caucus, these resolutions, which became
+the basis of the action of the party:
+
+"_Resolved_, That it is the sense of the caucus that the best if not the
+only mode of obtaining from the States lately in rebellion guarantees
+which will be irreversible is by amendments of the national
+constitution.
+
+"_Resolved_, That such amendments to the national constitution as may be
+deemed necessary ought to be submitted to the house for its action at as
+early a day as possible, in order to propose them to the several states
+during the present sessions of their legislatures.
+
+"_Resolved_, That an amendment, basing representation on voters instead
+of population, ought to be promptly acted upon, and the judiciary
+committee is requested to prepare resolutions for that purpose, and
+submit them to the house as soon as practicable."
+
+When the ratification of the amendments taking their origin from these
+resolutions became a matter of supreme concern, Mr. Orth and Mr. Cullom,
+now the Republican candidates for Governor in Indiana and Illinois, in
+conjunction with Mr. Hayes, drafted the following letter, which was
+signed by Republican members of Congress and forwarded to Governor
+Brownlow, of Tennessee:
+
+"The undersigned members of Congress respectfully suggest, that, as
+Governor of the State of Tennessee, you call a special session of the
+legislature of your state, for the purpose of ratifying the
+constitutional amendment submitted by the present Congress to the
+several states for ratification, believing that upon such ratification
+this Congress will, during its present session, recognize the present
+state government of Tennessee and admit the state to representation in
+both houses of Congress."
+
+The session of the legislature was called, the fourteenth amendment
+ratified, and the Tennessee members admitted to seats in Congress in
+July, 1866. This ratification was the one required to render the
+amendment valid.
+
+In the fall of 1865, General Hayes delivered very earnest political
+speeches in about twenty counties in Ohio, in advocacy of the election
+of his military comrade, General Jacob D. Cox, as governor of the state.
+We find many of these speeches partially reported, and from one
+delivered in the West end, in Cincinnati, September 28, we take this
+extract:
+
+"The Democratic plan of reorganization is this: The rebels, having laid
+down their arms and abandoned their attempt to break up the Union, are
+now entitled, as a matter of right, to be restored to all the rights,
+political and civil, which they enjoyed before the rebellion, precisely
+as if they had remained loyal. They are to vote, to hold office, to bear
+arms, immediately and unconditionally. There is to be no confiscation
+and no punishment, either for leaders or followers--no amendment or
+change of the constitution by way of guaranty against future
+rebellion--no indemnity for the past, and no security for the future.
+The Union party objects to this plan, because it wants, before rebels
+shall again be restored to power, an amendment to the constitution which
+shall remove all vestiges of slavery, and an amendment which shall
+equalize representation between the States having a large negro
+population and the States whose negro population is small."
+
+In August, 1866, General Hayes received the endorsement of a
+re-nomination to Congress by acclamation. There was no opposing
+candidate. He entered at once into the canvass. He delivered a speech
+almost every afternoon or evening until the day of the election. He
+frequently spoke outside of his own district, to aid his friends. The
+questions at issue were the reconstruction measures of Congress and of
+President Johnson, and the merits of the new constitutional amendments.
+In a public speech delivered in the Seventeenth Ward, in Cincinnati,
+September 7, 1866, he discussed at great length the questions of the
+day. In conclusion he said:
+
+     "The Union party is prepared to make great sacrifices in the
+     future, as in the past, for the sake of peace and for the sake of
+     union, but submission to what is wrong can never be the foundation
+     of a real peace or a lasting union. They can have no other sure
+     foundation but the principles of eternal justice. The Union men
+     therefore say to the South: 'We ask nothing but what is right; we
+     will submit to nothing that is wrong.' With undoubting confidence
+     we submit the issue to the candid judgment of the patriotic people
+     of the country, under the guidance of that Providence which has
+     hitherto blessed and preserved the Nation."
+
+The canvass was an active and exciting one; but General Hayes was
+re-elected over a competitor of so high standing as Theodore Cook, by a
+majority of two thousand five hundred and fifty-six. It is noticeable
+that while there was a Republican loss of seven hundred in the first
+district, compared with the vote for Congressmen in 1864, in the second
+district there was a gain of one hundred over the vote of two years
+before.
+
+General Hayes took his seat in the Fortieth Congress, which convened
+March 11, 1867. He was re-appointed chairman of the library committee,
+with John D. Baldwin, of Massachusetts, and J. V. L. Pruyn, of New
+York, as associate members. General Hayes' three years in Congress were
+almost continuously employed in exacting labors in looking after the
+pensions and pay of soldiers, and in making provision for their
+families. Cincinnati had sent a great many soldiers into the war, and
+all who had wants sent their petitions to the only representative of
+Hamilton county who had served in the army. The soldiers of his old
+division, scattered over the country, sent their applications to him as
+a sympathizing friend. He had as many as seven hundred cases of this
+kind on hand at one time. His time was therefore necessarily consumed in
+running to the departments and in answering soldiers' correspondence.
+This service of love was of course gratuitously and most cheerfully
+rendered; but it withdrew him more or less from his duties on the floor
+of Congress.
+
+He was not consequently a speech-maker in Congress, but a business-doer.
+His innate good sense taught him that the public business was pushed
+forward, not by talking much, but by talking little. Like Schurz, who
+became the intellectual leader of the Senate, like Senator Edmunds and
+most strong men, he kept silent while new to the business of
+legislation. He was constantly consulted by the chief men in his party
+because he possessed that most essential quality in a public man--good
+judgment. He did no talking for himself, but an immense deal of working
+for others. Every soldier was his constituent, whether he lived in Maine
+or Nebraska. He placed self not first, but last.
+
+He had no thought of fame or higher place, but silently served those
+that loved him, and to the maimed or needy tried to make the burdens and
+loads of life lighter. He doubtless thought that "he who lives a great
+truth is incomparably greater than he who but speaks it."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ELECTED GOVERNOR OF OHIO.
+
+     _Party of State Rights--Their Convention--Platform--Nomination of
+     Thurman--Republican Convention and Platform--Nomination of
+     Hayes--Platform--Opening Speech at Lebanon--Thurman at
+     Waverly--National Interest aroused--Hayes Victorious--
+     Inaugural--First Annual Message--Second Annual Message._
+
+
+The questions at issue in the great political canvass of 1867, in Ohio,
+were closely allied to the one whether the National Government had a
+constitutional right to maintain its existence. It was many years after
+the war of the Rebellion before the Democratic party could be induced to
+admit that the war had settled anything. The question of State or
+National supremacy or sovereignty, settled a hundred times by argument
+and twice by arms, was still persistently argued by them as an open
+question. The State Supremacy or State Rights party fought the
+constitution at the time of its adoption, on the ground that it
+established a supreme central government, and were defeated. They
+opposed putting down the Whisky Rebellion, in Pennsylvania, under the
+leadership of Jefferson and Randolph, and were outvoted in the Cabinet
+by Washington, Hamilton, and Knox. They forced their disintegration
+doctrines into the Supreme Court, and were there vanquished by the
+resistless logic of Chief Justice Marshall. The same old doctrine
+assumed the form of nullification under the teachings of Calhoun in
+South Carolina, and was stamped out by Jackson. It appeared again in the
+great debate between Hayne and Webster, and was annihilated, so far as
+argument can put an end to any heresy. But it reappeared in 1861, with
+Davis, Stephens, Lee, and Breckenridge as its most powerful advocates
+and exponents.
+
+The identical questions discussed in Washington's Cabinet, when there
+was a Whisky Insurrection to be put down, were discussed by Lincoln and
+Davis, by Meade and Lee, at Gettysburg, and by Grant and Pemberton, at
+Vicksburg. Is a State or is the Republic supreme, has been the central
+question dividing parties for a hundred years. The Democracy are still
+talking about "sovereign and independent states," as if there were more
+than one sovereign State on the continent--the Republic itself.
+
+The Democratic State Convention, which met at Columbus, January 8, 1867,
+forgetting that "war legislates," continued harping on the old State
+Rights theme. The temporary chairman of the convention, Dr. J. M.
+Christian, varied the monotony a little when he elegantly said: "We have
+come here not only to celebrate an honored day, but to nominate men of
+noble hearts, determined to release the State from the thralldom of
+niggerism, and place it under the control of the Democratic party."
+
+Mr. George H. Pendleton, the permanent chairman, delivered a rhetorical
+State rights speech, in which he said: "The Democratic party has always
+maintained the rights of the States as essential to the maintenance of
+the Union."
+
+The platform or resolutions of the convention, reported by Mr. C. L.
+Vallandigham, contained a great deal of the same sort of thing,
+supplemented with this resolution: "That the Radical majority in the
+so-called Congress have proved themselves to be in favor of negro
+suffrage by forcing it upon the people of the District of Columbia,
+against their almost unanimous wish, solemnly expressed at the polls; by
+forcing it upon the people of all the territories, and by their various
+devices to coerce the people of the South to adopt it; that we are
+opposed to negro suffrage, believing it would be productive of evil to
+both whites and blacks, and tend to produce a disastrous conflict of
+races."
+
+The convention nominated, by acclamation, Hon. Allen G. Thurman for
+Governor. Judge Thurman had served one term in Congress and five years
+upon the Supreme Bench of the State, and was a gentleman of high
+personal character, and a lawyer of extended reputation and commanding
+abilities.
+
+The Republican State Convention assembled at Columbus, June 19, 1867, to
+nominate candidates for governor, lieutenant-governor, and other State
+officers. The three candidates most talked of for governor were Hon.
+Samuel Galloway, Adjutant-General B. R. Cowen, and General Hayes, then
+representing the Second District in Congress. Mr. Galloway had served in
+Congress, had long been one of the most active members of the Republican
+party, and was popular because of his abilities as a stump speaker.
+General Cowen had devoted much time to the organization of the State in
+his own interest as a candidate, and was possessed of considerable
+managing ability. Public opinion, however, in Northern, Southern, and
+Western Ohio had concentrated upon General R. B. Hayes before the
+convention met. The times seemed to demand a military man for leader,
+and, in the language of the Cincinnati _Commercial_, there were "no
+better military records than his, if they are to be rated by brave,
+faithful, steadfast service." General J. D. Cox was not a candidate for
+re-nomination. General Hayes was the idol of the soldiers. As early as
+1865, his old division, while he himself was absent on a distant field
+of duty, held a meeting between skirmishes with the enemy, and passed
+resolutions nominating him for Governor of Ohio for the canvass of that
+year. The soldiers went so far as to send circulars to the different
+counties of the State, embodying their resolutions. When General Hayes
+first heard of these proceedings he gave immediate and peremptory
+instructions to have them stopped. He forbade the use of his name in
+such connection, on pain of his permanent displeasure.
+
+The Convention of June, 1867, was almost imprudently courageous in the
+enunciation of sound, but then unpopular, principles. It placed the
+Republican party "on the broad platform of impartial manhood suffrage as
+embodied in the proposed amendment to the State Constitution," and
+appealed to the "intelligence, justice, and patriotism of the people of
+Ohio to approve it at the ballot-box." The platform emphasized the
+point--always well taken--that the United States is a Nation.
+
+On this platform General Hayes was nominated for Governor on the first
+ballot, receiving two hundred and eighty-six votes to two hundred and
+eight cast for Mr. Galloway. The nomination was accepted for him by a
+friend in his absence. The honor which came to him unsought was borne
+with the modesty of a soldier.
+
+On the evening of the nominations, Mr. Fred. Hassaurek delivered in
+Columbus a very able speech in favor of manhood equality, in the course
+of which he said: "The men who now lead and officer the Democratic party
+are the most dangerous enemies of the country, of its peace, prosperity,
+and welfare. Let both sections of the country unite to give a final,
+crushing blow to the influence of Democratic leaders. Let the serpent be
+fully expelled from Paradise, and our country will soon be a Garden of
+Eden again."
+
+General Hayes, having resigned his seat in Congress, opened the campaign
+of '67 in a comprehensive speech, delivered at Lebanon, August 5,
+aggressive in tone and full of bristling points. It was equivalent to a
+charge along the whole of the enemies' line--a species of tactics which
+he had learned the advantage of in the valley of the Shenandoah. We
+refer the reader to this clear, resolute, vigorous speech, reprinted in
+full in the Appendix, for the grounds upon which the Republican leader
+demanded a popular verdict against his political adversaries. The speech
+showed that he deserved the eulogies of the press which followed his
+nomination, among which were those of Colonel Donn Piatt--a judge of
+ability, to say the least--who had written: "The people will find his
+utterances full of sound thought, and his deportment modest, dignified,
+and unpretending.... Possessed of a high order of talent, enriched by
+stores of information, General Hayes is one of the few men capable of
+accomplishing much without any egotistical assertion of self." General
+James M. Comly had said: "More than four years' service in the same
+command gave the writer ample opportunity to know that no braver or more
+dashing and enterprising commander gave his services to the Republic
+than General Hayes. He was the idol of his command. No man of his
+soldiery ever doubted when he led. In principle he is as radical as we
+could desire. His vote has been given in Congress on every square issue
+for the right. He is no wabbler or time-server. He no more dodges votes
+than he did bullets."
+
+Judge Thurman--now Senator A. G. Thurman--opened the campaign on the
+Democratic side in an elaborate speech, delivered at Waverly, August
+5th, and reported in the Cincinnati _Commercial_ of August 6th. He
+vigorously defended the course and action of the Peace Democracy in
+Ohio, and assailed Mr. Lincoln and his administration with an
+extravagance of language that weakened the force of many of his
+arguments during the campaign. He intemperately asserted that there was
+"scarcely a provision of the Constitution" that had not been
+"shamelessly and needlessly trampled under foot" by "these enemies of
+our Government," including as "enemies" the Congress and Cabinet that
+supported and maintained the war for the Union. These and other
+unfortunate allusions, such as that to the "poison of Abolitionism,"
+enabled General Hayes to effectively retort at Sidney, and at other
+points. So much of the Sidney speech as refers to Judge Thurman's
+Waverly speech is reproduced in our Appendix.
+
+The contest waxed warm between these able antagonists, and the number of
+speeches that each delivered was only limited by his powers of physical
+endurance. Meetings were held night and day, from the beginning until
+the close of the canvass. Much more than the governorship was involved.
+A United States Senator, for six years, was to be chosen by the incoming
+Legislature. But, above all, the vital principle of manhood suffrage,
+and the righteousness or unrighteousness of the war to preserve the
+Union, were issues to be decided.
+
+As the contest grew in magnitude it aroused a national interest. Morton,
+Julian, Orth, and Governor Baker came from Indiana to aid Hayes in the
+struggle; Shelby M. Cullom, and John A. Logan from Illinois; Schurz from
+Missouri; Governor Harriman from New Hampshire; Chandler from Michigan;
+and Gleni W. Schofield from Pennsylvania. The home talent--and no State
+ever had more--was in the field in force. There were men of conceded
+abilities, such as Aaron F. Perry, Shellabarger, Hassaurek, W. H. West,
+Judge Storer, and John A. Bingham, and men of reputation like Governors
+Cox and Dennison, Galloway, John C. Lee, and Senators Wade and Sherman,
+who manifested the most earnest interest in the canvass.
+
+Judge Thurman was not so ably seconded, although Vallandigham,
+Pendleton, Ranney, H. J. Jewett, Durbin Ward, George W. McCook, Frank H.
+Hurd, and other well-known leaders contributed aid to the extent of
+their ability.
+
+In this canvass General Hayes gave proofs of that boldness and moral
+audacity for which he is remarkable. In every community in which he went
+he was besought by committee-men, soldiers, and others, to say nothing
+about the suffrage amendment. Negro suffrage, at that time, was
+exceedingly unpopular. He rejected, with some feeling, these timid
+counsels. He maintained, everywhere, the inherent justice of equality at
+the polls and before the law, and insisted that the man who was willing
+to give up his life for the Union should have a voice in its government.
+By this bold course he made votes for the amendment, but lost votes for
+himself. The result of the campaign had this peculiar feature, that
+while General Hayes and the Republican State ticket were elected, the
+main issue of the contest was defeated by fifty thousand majority. The
+prejudices of a hundred years could not be removed in a hundred days.
+Had Judge Thurman and his aids concentrated the fire of their batteries
+upon the suffrage redoubt--the weak point in their adversaries'
+lines--they would probably have gained a sweeping victory. As it was,
+Thurman carried the Legislature, and secured a seat in the United States
+Senate. General Hayes was elected by the small majority of two thousand
+nine hundred and eighty-three votes, running somewhat ahead of his
+ticket.
+
+He was inaugurated as Governor of Ohio, in the rotunda of the Capitol,
+January 13, 1868. On that occasion, in the presence of the Legislature
+and judicial departments of the State Government, and a large concourse
+of citizens, he delivered the following inaugural address:
+
+     _Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, and
+     Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     The duty devolved on the governor by the constitution of
+     communicating by message to the General Assembly the condition of
+     the State, and of recommending such measures as he deems
+     expedient, has been performed at the present session by my
+     predecessor, Governor Cox, in a manner so thorough and
+     comprehensive that I do not feel called upon to enter upon a
+     discussion of questions touching the administration of the State
+     government.
+
+     I can think of no better reward for the faithful performance of the
+     duties of the office which I am about to assume than that which, I
+     believe, my immediate predecessor is entitled to enjoy,--the
+     knowledge that in the opinion of his fellow-citizens of all parties
+     he has, by his culture, his ability, and his integrity, honored the
+     office of Governor of Ohio, and that he now leaves it with a
+     conscience satisfied with the discharge of duty.
+
+     I congratulate the members of the General Assembly that many of the
+     questions which have hitherto largely engaged the attention of the
+     law-making power, and divided the people of the State, have, in the
+     progress of events, either been settled, or, in the general
+     judgment of the people, been transferred for investigation and
+     decision to the National government. The State debt, taxation, the
+     currency, and internal improvements, for many years furnished the
+     prominent topics of discussion and controversy in Ohio. In the year
+     1845 the State debt reached its highest point. It amounted to
+     $20,018,515.67, and in the same year the total taxable property of
+     the State was $136,142,666. With a disordered currency, with
+     business prostrated, with labor often insufficiently rewarded, the
+     burden of this debt was severely felt, and questions in regard to
+     it naturally entered into the partisan struggles of the time. Now
+     the State debt is $11,031,941.56; the taxable property of the State
+     amounts to $1,138,754,779; and there is no substantial difference
+     of opinion among the people as to the proper mode of dealing with
+     this subject.
+
+     State taxation was formerly the occasion of violent party contests.
+     Now men of all parties concur in the opinion that, as a general
+     rule, every citizen ought to be taxed in proportion to the actual
+     value of his property, without regard to the form in which he
+     prefers to invest it; and differences as to the measures by which
+     the principle is practically applied rarely enter into political
+     struggles in Ohio.
+
+     Party conflicts and debates as to State laws in relation to banking
+     and the currency constitute a large part of the political history
+     of the State. But the events of the last few years have convinced
+     those who are in favor of a paper currency that in the present
+     condition of the country it can best be furnished by the National
+     Government, either by means of National banks or in the form of
+     legal tender treasury notes. State legislatures are therefore
+     relieved from the consideration of this difficult and perplexing
+     subject.
+
+     Internal improvements made by State authority, so essential to
+     growth and prosperity in the early history of the State, no longer
+     require much consideration by the General Assembly. Works of a
+     magnitude too great to be undertaken by individual enterprise will
+     hereafter be, for the most part, accomplished by the government of
+     the Nation.
+
+     The part which patriotism required Ohio to take in the war to
+     suppress rebellion demanded important and frequent acts of
+     legislation. Fortunately the transactions of the State growing out
+     of the war have been, or probably can be, closed under existing
+     laws, with very little, if any, additional legislation.
+
+     If not mistaken as to the result of this brief reference to a few
+     of the principal subjects of the legislation of the past, the
+     present General Assembly has probably a better opportunity than any
+     of its predecessors to avoid the evil of too much legislation.
+     Excessive legislation has become a great evil, and I submit to the
+     judgment of the General Assembly the wisdom of avoiding it.
+
+     One important question of principle as old as our State government
+     still remains unsettled. All are familiar with the conflicts to
+     which the policy of making distinctions between citizens in civil
+     and political rights has given rise in Ohio. The first effort of
+     those who opposed this policy was to secure to all citizens
+     equality of civil rights. The result of the struggle that ensued is
+     thus given by an eminent and honored citizen of our State: "The
+     laws which created disabilities on the part of negroes in respect
+     of civil rights were repealed in the year 1849, after an obstinate
+     contest, quite memorable in the history of the State. Their repeal
+     was looked upon with great disfavor by a large portion of the
+     people as a dangerous innovation upon a just and well-settled
+     policy, and a vote in that direction consigned many members of the
+     legislature to the repose of private life. But I am not aware that
+     any evil results justified these apprehensions, or that any effort
+     was ever made to impose the disabilities. On the contrary, the new
+     policy, if I may call it so, has been found so consistent with
+     justice to the negroes and the interests of the whites that no
+     one--certainly no party--in Ohio, would be willing to abandon it."
+
+     An effort to secure to all citizens equal political rights was made
+     in the State constitutional convention of 1851. Only thirteen out
+     of one hundred and eight members in that body voted in its favor;
+     and it is probable that less than one-tenth of the voters of the
+     State would then have voted to strike the word "white" out of the
+     constitution.
+
+     The last General Assembly submitted to the people a proposition to
+     amend the State constitution so as to abolish distinctions in
+     political rights based upon color. The proposition contained
+     several clauses not pertinent to its main purpose, under which, if
+     adopted, it was believed by many that the number of white citizens
+     who would be disfranchised would be much greater than the number of
+     colored citizens who would be allowed the right of suffrage.
+     Notwithstanding the proposition was thus hampered, it received
+     216,987 votes, or nearly forty-five per cent of all the votes cast
+     in the State. This result shows great progress in public sentiment
+     since the adoption of the constitution of 1851, and inspires the
+     friends of equal political rights with a confident hope that in
+     1871, when the opportunity is given to the people, by the
+     provisions of the constitution, to call a constitutional
+     convention, the organic law of the State will be so amended as to
+     secure in Ohio to all the governed an equal voice in the
+     government.
+
+     But whatever reasonable doubts may be entertained as to the
+     probable action of the people of Ohio on the question of an
+     extension of the right of suffrage when a new State constitution
+     shall be formed, I submit with confidence that nothing has occurred
+     which warrants the opinion that the ratification by the last
+     General Assembly of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of
+     the United States was not in accordance with the deliberate and
+     settled convictions of the people. That amendment was, after the
+     amplest discussion upon an issue distinctly presented, sanctioned
+     by a large majority of the people. If any fact exists which
+     justifies the belief that they now wish that the resolution should
+     be repealed, by which the assent of Ohio was given to that
+     important amendment, it has not been brought to the attention of
+     the public. Omitting all reference to other valuable provisions, it
+     may be safely said that the section which secures among all the
+     States of the Union equal representation in the House of
+     Representatives and in the electoral colleges in proportion to the
+     voting population, is deemed of vital importance by the people of
+     Ohio. Without now raising the grave question as to the right of a
+     State to withdraw its assent, which has been constitutionally given
+     to a proposed amendment of the Federal constitution, I respectfully
+     suggest that the attempt which is now making to withdraw the assent
+     of Ohio to the fourteenth amendment to the Federal constitution be
+     postponed until the people shall again have an opportunity to give
+     expression to their will. In my judgment, Ohio will never consent
+     that the whites of the South, a large majority of whom were lately
+     in rebellion, shall exercise in the government of the Nation as
+     much political power, man for man, as the same number of white
+     citizens of Ohio, and be allowed in addition thereto thirty members
+     of Congress and of the electoral colleges, for colored people
+     deprived of every political privilege.
+
+     In conclusion, I am happy to be able to adopt as my own the
+     sentiments so fitly expressed by the speaker of the House of
+     Representatives of the present General Assembly. I sincerely hope
+     that the legislation of the General Assembly and the administration
+     of the State government in all its branches may be characterized by
+     economy, wisdom, and prudence; that statesmanship, patriotism, and
+     philanthropy may be manifest in every act, and that all may be done
+     under the guidance of that Providence which has hitherto so
+     signally preserved and blessed our State and Nation.
+
+Certain principles are laid down in this address. One is that every
+citizen ought to be taxed in proportion to the actual value of his
+property. Another is that too much legislation is an evil to be avoided.
+A third is that equality of civil rights justly belongs to all citizens,
+notwithstanding the vote at the recent election to the contrary; and a
+fourth, that representation according to voting population is a sound
+principle, and the people of Ohio must stand by the Fourteenth Amendment
+to the National Constitution. The Democratic legislature were
+endeavoring to withdraw Ohio's previous ratification. This admirable
+address needs no further comment.
+
+Governor Hayes took an active part in the State canvass of 1868, being
+assisted by Hon. James G. Blaine, who spoke with marked effect in
+Columbus, October 9th.
+
+At the session of the legislature in November, 1868, the governor
+delivered his first annual message.
+
+     _Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     Upon your assembling to enter again upon the duty of legislating
+     for the welfare of the people of Ohio, the Governor is required by
+     the constitution to communicate to you the condition of the State,
+     and to recommend such measures as he shall deem expedient. The
+     reports of the executive officers of the State, and of the heads of
+     the State institutions, are required by law to be made to the
+     Governor on or before the 20th day of November of each year. Since
+     that date, sufficient time has not elapsed for the publication of
+     the reports, and I shall therefore not be able, at the opening of
+     your present session, to lay before you a detailed exposition of
+     the affairs of the various departments of the State government. It
+     will be my purpose in this communication to invite your attention
+     to a few brief suggestions in relation to some measures which are
+     deemed important, and which may be considered and acted upon, if
+     you think it advisable, in advance of the publication of the
+     official reports.
+
+     The financial affairs of the State government are in a satisfactory
+     condition. The balance in the treasury on the 15th of November,
+     1867, was $677,990.79; the receipts during the last fiscal year
+     were $4,347,484.82; making the total amount of funds in the
+     treasury, during the year, $5,025,475.61.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $4,455,354.86; which
+     sum has been paid out of the treasury from the several funds, as
+     follows, viz:
+
+     General revenue fund                            $1,518,210.35
+     Canal fund                                          14,939.39
+     National road fund                                  18,829.36
+     Sinking fund                                     1,472,226.33
+     Common school fund                               1,426,868.80
+     Bank redemption fund                                    16.95
+     Soldiers' claims fund                                3,781.68
+     Soldiers' allotment fund                               482.00
+         Balance in treasury, November 15, 1868         570,120.75
+                                                      ------------
+     Total                                            5,025,475.61
+
+
+     The amount of the public funded debt, November
+         15, 1867, was                              $11,031,941.56
+
+     During the year, the redemptions were--
+     On the loan of 1860              $14,650.67
+     Of foreign union loan of 1868    191,166.00
+     Of domestic loan of 1868         136,088.13
+     Of loan of 1870                  157,361.33
+                                      ----------    499,266.13
+                                                    ----------
+     Debt outstanding, November 15, 1868        $10,532,675.43
+
+     Small temporary appropriations are required as promptly as
+     practicable for each of the following objects, the existing
+     appropriations having been exhausted, viz: Expenses of the
+     Presidential election; expenses of the General Assembly, trustees
+     of benevolent institutions, care of state-house, gas for
+     state-house, expenses of legislative committees, binding for the
+     State, and the new idiotic asylum.
+
+     In pursuance of an act passed March 18, 1867, a board of
+     commissioners, consisting of Aaron F. Perry, of Hamilton county,
+     Charles E. Glidden, of Mahoning county, and James H. Godman,
+     auditor of State, was appointed by my predecessor, Governor Cox,
+     whose duty it was "to revise all the laws of this State relating to
+     the assessment and taxation of property, the collection,
+     safe-keeping, and disbursement of the revenues, and all the laws
+     constituting the financial system of the State," and to report
+     their proceedings to the next session of the General Assembly. The
+     report of the commission was laid before you at your last session.
+     It disclosed many imperfections and inconsistencies in the existing
+     legislation touching the finances and the urgent necessity for an
+     elaborate revision of that legislation. Their report was
+     accompanied by eight separate bills, consolidating the present
+     laws, removing contradictions, and supplying defects, but
+     introducing no radical change in the general principles of our
+     financial system. These bills have already been somewhat considered
+     by both branches of the General Assembly, but no definite action
+     upon them has yet been had. I respectfully recommend an early
+     consideration of the bills, and their adoption, with such
+     amendments as, in your judgment, the public interests may require.
+
+     The destruction of the central lunatic asylum by fire, during the
+     night of the 18th inst., causing the death, by suffocation, of six
+     of the patients, and incalculable distress and suffering to the
+     remainder, will require investigation and prompt action on your
+     part. In rebuilding the asylum, the erection of a fire-proof
+     building will occur to you as alike the suggestion of prudence and
+     humanity.
+
+     This calamity also suggests the propriety of examining the
+     condition of the other institutions of the State, with a view to
+     providing them with every proper means of security against a
+     similar disaster.
+
+     The interests of common school education, in my opinion, will be
+     promoted by the early adoption of county superintendency, as
+     provided in a bill on that subject now pending in one branch of the
+     General Assembly. I therefore earnestly recommend the consideration
+     and passage of the bill.
+
+     The commissioner of common schools is required, in the discharge of
+     his duties, to pay out each year, for traveling expenses, about
+     $700. The propriety of refunding to him, out of the State treasury,
+     his traveling expenses, will probably not be called in question.
+
+     During the last summer, a cattle disease, commonly known as the
+     Spanish or Texas cattle fever, occasioned much alarm in the grazing
+     counties of the State, and in a few localities caused serious loss.
+     On the recommendation of the State board of agriculture, in the
+     absence of effective legislation, it was deemed proper to appoint
+     commissioners to take such measures as the law authorized to
+     prevent the spread of the disease. A proclamation was issued to
+     prevent, as far as practicable, the introduction, movement, or
+     transportation of diseased cattle within the limits of the State.
+     The railroad companies and the owners of stock promptly complied
+     with the requirements referred to, and the injury sustained by the
+     cattle interest was happily not extensive. It is believed that,
+     upon investigation, it will be found necessary to confer, by law,
+     upon a board of commissioners appointed for that purpose, or upon
+     the executive committee of the State board of agriculture, power to
+     "stamp out" the disease wherever it appears, by destroying all
+     infected cattle, and to prohibit or regulate the transportation or
+     movement of stock within the State during the prevalence of the
+     disease. To the end that proper investigation may be had, I
+     respectfully recommend that authority be given to appoint five
+     commissioners to attend a meeting of commissioners of other States,
+     to be held for the consideration of this subject, at Springfield,
+     Illinois, on the 1st of December next--said commissioners to report
+     the results of their investigation in time for action by the
+     present General Assembly.
+
+     I submit to your consideration the importance of providing for a
+     thorough and comprehensive geological survey of the State. Many
+     years ago a partial survey was prosecuted under many difficulties
+     and embarrassments, which was fruitful of valuable results. It is,
+     beyond doubt, that such a work as it is now practicable to carry
+     out will, by making known the mining, manufacturing, and
+     agricultural resources of the State, lead to their development to
+     an extent which will, within a few years, amply reimburse the State
+     for its cost.
+
+     The annual report of pardons granted and the commutations of the
+     sentences of convicts required by law; a statement in detail of the
+     expenditure of the governor's contingent fund; the semi-annual
+     report of the commissioners of the sinking fund, for May; copies of
+     proclamations issued during the last year; and an acknowledgment of
+     the presentation to the State of several of the portraits of former
+     governors of Ohio, are transmitted herewith.
+
+     The most important subject of legislation which, in my judgment,
+     requires the attention of the General Assembly at its present
+     session, relates to the prevention of frauds upon the elective
+     franchise. Intelligent men of all parties are persuaded that at the
+     recent important State and National elections great abuses of the
+     right of suffrage were practiced. I am not prepared to admit that
+     the reports commonly circulated and believed in regard to such
+     abuses, would, so far as the elections in Ohio are concerned, be
+     fully sustained by a thorough investigation of the facts. But it is
+     not doubted that even at the elections in our own State frauds were
+     perpetrated to such an extent that all good citizens earnestly
+     desire that effective measures may be adopted by you to prevent
+     their repetition. No elaborate attempt to portray the consequences
+     of this evil is required. If it is allowed to increase, the
+     confidence of the people in the purity of elections will be lost,
+     and the exercise of the right of suffrage will be neglected. To
+     corrupt the ballot box is to destroy our free institutions. Let all
+     good citizens, therefore, unite in enacting and enforcing laws
+     which will secure honest elections.
+
+     I submit to your judgment the propriety of such amendments to the
+     election laws as will provide, first, for the representation of
+     minorities in the boards of the judges and clerks of the elections;
+     and second, for the registration of all the lawful voters in each
+     township, ward, and election precinct, prior to the election.
+
+     That the boards of elections ought to be so constituted that
+     minorities as well as majorities will have a fair representation in
+     them, is so plainly just that in some parts of the State, even in
+     times of the highest political excitement, such representation has
+     been obtained, in the absence of law, by arrangement between the
+     committees of the rival political parties. It is not probable that
+     any mode of selecting judges and clerks of elections can be adopted
+     which will, in every case, accomplish this object. But in all cases
+     where the strength of the minority is half, or nearly half as great
+     as that of the majority, the desired representation of the minority
+     may be insured with sufficient certainty by several different
+     plans. For example, it may be provided that at the election of the
+     three judges who are to decide all questions at the polls, each
+     elector may be allowed to vote for two candidates only, and that
+     the three candidates having the highest number of votes shall be
+     declared elected, and in like manner that, at the election of the
+     two clerks of elections, each elector may vote for one candidate
+     only, and that the two candidates receiving the highest number of
+     votes shall be declared elected.
+
+     I do not lay much stress on the particular plan here suggested, but
+     your attention is invited to the importance of a fair
+     representation of the minority in all boards of elections, not
+     doubting that your wisdom will be able to devise a suitable measure
+     to accomplish it.
+
+     All parts of the State of Ohio are now so closely connected with
+     each other, and with other States, by lines of railway, that great
+     and constantly increasing facilities are afforded for the
+     perpetration of the class of frauds on the elective franchise,
+     commonly known as "colonizing." In the cities, men called
+     "repeaters," it is said, are paid wages according to the number of
+     unlawful votes they succeed in casting at the same election.
+
+     The increase of population adds to the difficulty of detecting and
+     preventing fraudulent voting, in whatever mode it may be practiced.
+     It is manifestly impossible, amid the hurry and excitement of an
+     election, that the legal right to vote, of every person who may
+     offer his ballot, should be fully and fairly investigated and
+     decided. The experience of many of the older States has proved that
+     this can best be done at some period prior to the election, so as
+     to give to every legal voter, in an election precinct, an
+     opportunity to challenge the claim of any person whose right is
+     deemed questionable. Laws to accomplish this have been in force in
+     several other States for many years, and have been carried out
+     successfully and with the general approval of the people. Believing
+     that an act providing for the registration of all legal voters is
+     the most effective remedy yet devised for the prevention of frauds
+     on the sacred right of suffrage, and that a registry law can be so
+     framed that it will deprive no citizen, either native born or
+     naturalized, of his just rights, I respectfully recommend to your
+     earnest consideration the propriety of enacting such a law.
+
+The comprehensive geological survey of the State recommended in this
+message was promptly brought about through the able co-operation of the
+Hon. Alfred E. Lee, representing Delaware county in the House of
+Representatives, who drew up and reported a bill on February 9, 1869,
+making provision for the important object in view. Through the
+intelligent activity of Governor Hayes and Representative Lee, the bill
+became a law, April 2, 1869. The thorough scientific survey of the
+State, since completed under the supervision of Professors Newbury,
+Andrews, and Orton, has been of immeasurable value in the way of
+developing the mineral resources of Ohio.
+
+Governor Hayes in this message demands laws to secure honest elections,
+because "to corrupt the ballot-box is to destroy our free institutions."
+He recommends laws securing the representation of minorities on election
+boards, and advocates stringent registry laws.
+
+In the second annual message, delivered at the close of his first term,
+which we give below, he recommends increased powers to the State board
+of charities; better provision for the chronic insane; the establishment
+of a State agricultural college; the founding of a home for soldiers'
+orphans, and restoring the right of suffrage to soldiers in the national
+asylum, to college students, and others who had been disfranchised under
+Democratic legislation. He urged also the ratification by Ohio of the
+Fifteenth Amendment. We shall speak of the gratifying result of these
+recommendations in our next chapter.
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     In obedience to the constitution, I proceed to lay before you the
+     condition of the affairs of the State government, and to recommend
+     such measures as seem to me expedient.
+
+     The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November, 1868 was
+     $570,120.75; the receipts during the last fiscal year were
+     $4,781,614.49; making the total amount of available funds in the
+     treasury during the year ending November 15, 1869, $5,351,735.24.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $4,913,675.10, which
+     sum has been paid out of the treasury from the several funds as
+     follows, viz:
+
+     General revenue fund      $1,577,221.18
+     Canal fund                    41,783.74
+     National road fund            22,069.69
+     Sinking fund               1,775,938.52
+     Common school fund         1,496,633.80
+     Bank redemption fund              28.17
+                                ------------
+     Total                     $4,913,675.10
+
+     Leaving a balance in the treasury, November 15, 1869, of
+     $438,060.14.
+
+     The estimates of the auditor of State of receipts and expenditures
+     for the current year are as follows:
+
+     Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances  $4,791,144.50
+     Estimated disbursements for all purposes                  4,477,899.60
+                                                               ------------
+     Leaving an estimated balance in the treasury
+     November 15, 1870, of                                      $313,244.90
+
+     The amount of the public funded debt of the State, November 15,
+     1868, was $10,532,675.43. During the last year the fund
+     commissioners have redeemed of the various loans $516,093.57, and
+     have invested in loans not yet due $160,643.59, leaving the total
+     debt yet to be provided for $9,855,938.27.
+
+     The whole amount of taxes, including delinquencies, collectible
+     under State laws during the year 1869 was $21,006,332.44. The
+     auditor of State reports the total amount of taxes, including
+     delinquencies, collectible during the current year at
+     $22,810,675.84, an increase of the taxes of 1870 over 1869 of
+     $1,804,353.40.
+
+     In 1869 there was collected for the sinking fund, to be applied to
+     the payment of the principal and interest of the State debt, the
+     sum of $1,370,101.12. In the present year there will be collected
+     for the same purpose the sum of $808,826.61, or $561,275.51 less
+     than was collected last year.
+
+     A large proportion of the taxes collected from the people are for
+     county, city, and other local purposes, and do not pass through the
+     State treasury, but are disbursed within the counties where they
+     are collected. During the current year the taxes, exclusive of
+     delinquencies, to be collected for all State purposes except for
+     the common school fund, amount to $2,542,025.27, while
+     $18,187,400.92 are to be collected for local purposes.
+
+     The foregoing statements from the report of the auditor of State
+     show that the taxation of this year for State purposes other than
+     for payments on the principal and interest of the State debt
+     exceeds the taxation of last year for the same purposes by the sum
+     of $609,601.50, and that taxation for local purposes this year
+     exceeds that of last year for the same purposes by the sum of
+     $1,695,725.38. The local taxes this year are about 44 per cent.
+     greater than they were three years ago, and are 10 per cent.
+     greater than they were last year.
+
+     The increase of taxation for State purposes is in part due to the
+     amount collected for the asylum building fund, which exceeds the
+     amount required last year for building purposes by almost $300,000.
+     Making due allowance for this, the important fact remains that both
+     State and local taxes have largely increased.
+
+     A remedy for this evil can only be had through the General
+     Assembly. The most important measures to prevent this rapid
+     increase of taxation, which have heretofore been recommended, are a
+     revision of the financial system of the State in accordance with
+     bills prepared by a board of commissioners appointed for that
+     purpose, in pursuance of an act passed March 18, 1867; short
+     sessions of the General Assembly; adequate fixed salaries for all
+     State, county, and municipal officers, without perquisites; and
+     definite and effectual limitations upon the power of county
+     commissioners, city councils, and other local authorities to levy
+     taxes and contract debts.
+
+     The constitution makes it the duty of the legislature to restrict
+     the powers of taxation, borrowing money, and the like, so as to
+     prevent their abuse. I respectfully suggest that the present laws
+     conferring these powers on local authorities require extensive
+     modification, in order to comply with this constitutional
+     provision. Two modes of limiting these powers have the sanction of
+     experience. All large expenditures should meet the approval of
+     those who are to bear their burden. Let all extraordinary
+     expenditures therefore be submitted to a vote of the people, and no
+     tax be levied unless approved by a majority of all the voters of
+     the locality to be affected by the tax, at a special election, the
+     number of voters to be ascertained by reference to the votes cast
+     at the State election next preceding such special election. Another
+     mode is to limit the rate of taxation which may be levied and the
+     amount of debt which may be incurred. It has been said that with
+     such restrictions upon the powers of local authorities the
+     legislature will be importuned and its time wasted in hearing
+     applications for special legislation. The ready answer to all such
+     applications by local authorities will be to refer them to their
+     own citizens for a decision of the question. The facility with
+     which affirmative votes can be obtained under the pressure of
+     temporary excitement upon propositions authorizing indebtedness may
+     require further restrictions upon the power to borrow money. It is
+     therefore suggested, for your consideration, to limit the amount of
+     debt for a single purpose, and the total amount for all purposes
+     which any local authority may contract to a certain percentage of
+     the taxable property of such locality.
+
+     The evils here considered are not new. Fourteen years ago Governor
+     Medill, in his annual message, used the following language, which
+     is as applicable to county and municipal affairs now as it was when
+     it was written: "The irresponsible and extravagant system of
+     administration which prevails in some of our counties and cities
+     furnishes the principal cause for the exactions which are so
+     generally complained of. There public contracts are given to
+     favorites, which occasion the most lavish expenditures. There also
+     we find officers with incomes which shock all correct ideas of
+     public compensation. These things have their effect upon the
+     general tone of public morals. County reform is a duty enjoined by
+     every consideration of public virtue."
+
+     The whole of this important subject is commended to your candid
+     consideration.
+
+     The management of the affairs of the penitentiary, during the past
+     year, has been good; discipline has been maintained; under kind and
+     judicious treatment the prisoners have been industrious and
+     orderly, and the pecuniary results are satisfactory. The number of
+     prisoners, on the 31st of October, 1869, was 974, and the number of
+     convicts admitted during the year ending on that day was 347. This
+     is a decrease compared with the preceding year, of 27 in the
+     number of convicts admitted, and of 67 in the number confined in
+     the penitentiary.
+
+     The earnings during the year ending October 31,
+     were                                                   $175,663.06
+     The expenses were                                       143,635.83
+                                                             ----------
+     Excess of earnings over expenditures                    $32,027.23
+
+     Last year the earnings were                            $171,037.45
+     The expenses were                                       141,794.95
+                                                             ----------
+     And the excess of earnings over expenses
+     were                                                    $29,242.50
+
+     A large proportion of the convicts, when admitted, are quite young.
+     The age of about one-third does not exceed twenty-one years. More
+     than two-thirds of the inmates of the prison are now under thirty
+     years of age. It will occur to any one who considers these facts
+     that, under our system of prison discipline, too little effort has
+     heretofore been made to reform these young men. A high authority
+     has said, "No human being is so debased and wicked that he can not
+     be reclaimed." It is believed that, under a wise system, the young,
+     at least, can be reformed and prepared for useful and worthy
+     citizenship. The present system has two capital defects--the
+     mingling in intimate association of the young with the hardened
+     criminals, and the failure to educate the convicts in habits of
+     thrift and self-control. The defects are in the system. The
+     convict, when he leaves the penitentiary, is exposed to greater
+     temptations than ever before, and the result of his prison life is
+     that he has less power to resist evil influences, and, too often,
+     less disposition to resist them. I do not enlarge upon the
+     objections to the present system; it is not claimed to be
+     reformatory. In a recent report, the directors said: "The great
+     mass of convicts still leave the penitentiary apparently as
+     hardened and as dangerous to the State as they were when they were
+     sentenced." The vital question is, how to remove this reproach on
+     our penal legislation. In considering it, I commend to you the
+     remarks of the board of State charities on the Irish convict
+     system. The distinguishing merit of that system is, that "it
+     enlists the co-operation of the prisoner in his own amendment,
+     without withholding from him the punishment due to his crime." If
+     the adoption of that system, with such modifications as our
+     condition requires, is deemed an experiment which it is inexpedient
+     for the State to try until its advantages are better understood, I
+     submit that the least that ought now to be attempted is to provide
+     for a classification of convicts, so as to separate beginners in
+     crime from hardened offenders. Whether this can best be done by
+     alterations and an extension of the present penitentiary or by the
+     erection of a new one, is for your wisdom to determine.
+
+     In several other States voluntary associations have been formed to
+     provide for, encourage, and furnish employment to discharged
+     convicts, and their efforts have been of incalculable benefit to
+     this unfortunate class. If a similar association should be formed
+     by the benevolent citizens of Ohio, they will reasonably expect to
+     receive proper assistance from the General Assembly, and in that
+     expectation I trust they will not be disappointed.
+
+     The total number of persons of school age in the State, in 1869,
+     was officially reported at 1,028,675--an increase of 11,108 over
+     the previous year. The total number enrolled in the public schools
+     in 1869 was 740,382--an increase of 8,610 over the year 1868. The
+     average daily attendance in the public schools in 1869 was
+     434,865--an increase over 1868 of 24,144.
+
+     The total taxes for schools, school buildings, and all other
+     purposes, the present fiscal year, is $6,578,196.83--an increase
+     over the taxation of the previous fiscal year of $616,795.68. Of
+     this increase of taxation, the sum of $17,833.86 is in the State
+     taxation for school purposes, and the sum of $598,991.82 is the
+     increase of local school taxation.
+
+     The State commissioner of common schools, in his report, will
+     recommend the adoption of county superintendency, the substitution
+     of township boards of education to provide for the present system
+     of township and sub-district boards, a codification of school laws
+     and other important measures, to which your attention is
+     respectfully called.
+
+     Prior to the organization of the board of state charities in 1867,
+     there was no provision for a systematic examination of the
+     benevolent and correctional institutions under the control of the
+     State and local authorities. The members of the board serve without
+     pecuniary compensation. It is simple justice to them to say that
+     they have faithfully performed the thankless task of investigating
+     and reporting the defects in the system and in the administration
+     of our charitable and penal laws, and have furnished in their
+     reports information and suggestions of great value. If it is true
+     that an abuse exposed is half corrected, it would be difficult to
+     overestimate their work. They have, their reports show, discovered
+     abuses and cruelties practiced, under color of law, in the midst of
+     communities noted for intelligence and virtue, which would disgrace
+     any age. Let the board be granted increased powers and facilities
+     for the discharge of their duties, and it will afford
+     security--perhaps the best attainable--to the people of the State,
+     that the munificent provision which the laws make for the poor and
+     unfortunate, will not be wasted or misapplied by the officials who
+     are charged with its distribution.
+
+     During the last year more than nine hundred persons, classed as
+     incurably insane, have been lodged in the county infirmaries, and
+     almost one hundred have been confined in the county jails. Besides
+     these a large number of the same class of unfortunates have been
+     taken care of by relatives or friends. The State should no longer
+     postpone making suitable provision for these unfortunate people.
+     The treatment they receive in the infirmaries and jails is always
+     of necessity unsuited to their condition, and is often atrocious.
+     To provide for them, I would not recommend an increase of the
+     number of asylums for the insane. It is believed by those best
+     acquainted with the subject, that both economy and the welfare of
+     the patients require that the chronic insane should be provided for
+     by additions to the asylums already built, or to those which are
+     now building. It is probable that in this way such patients can be
+     supported at less expense to the people of the State than in
+     infirmaries and jails. However this may be, their present condition
+     imperatively demands, and, I trust, will receive, the serious
+     consideration of the General Assembly. Although commonly classed as
+     incurable, it is quite certain that, by proper treatment, in
+     suitable institutions, the condition of all of them will be vastly
+     improved, and, it may well be hoped, that many of them can be
+     entirely cured.
+
+     The expediency of establishing an asylum for the cure of inebriates
+     has not been much considered in Ohio. The encouraging results
+     which are reported by the officers in charge of the State inebriate
+     asylum of New York, induce me to recommend that the General
+     Assembly provide for a full investigation of the subject.
+
+     The agricultural and mechanical college fund, created by the sale
+     of land-script issued to Ohio by the National government, amounted,
+     on the first instant, to $404,911.37-1/2. The State accepted the
+     grant out of which this fund has been created, February 10, 1864,
+     and is bound by the terms of acceptance, as modified by Congress,
+     to provide "not less than one college on or before July 2, 1872,
+     where the leading object shall be, without excluding other
+     scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics,
+     to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture
+     and the mechanic arts." The manner in which this fund shall be
+     disposed of has been amply considered by preceding General
+     Assemblies, and in the messages of my predecessors in the executive
+     office. I respectfully urge that such action be had as will render
+     this fund available for the important purposes for which it was
+     granted. It is not probable that further delay will furnish
+     additional information on any of the important questions involved
+     in its disposition. Much time and attention has been given to the
+     subject of the location of the college. No doubt it will be of
+     great benefit to the county in which it shall be established, but
+     the main object of desire with the people of the State can be
+     substantially accomplished at any one of the places which have been
+     prominently named as the site of the college. I therefore trust
+     that the friends of education will not allow differences upon a
+     question of comparatively small importance to the people at large
+     longer to postpone the establishment of the institution, in
+     compliance with the obligation of the State.
+
+     A large part of the work required to complete the "Soldiers'
+     Record," in pursuance of an act passed March 17, 1864, has already
+     been done, at an expense of about $8,000, and the propriety of
+     making an appropriation sufficient to enable the adjutant-general
+     to complete it is respectfully suggested for your consideration.
+
+     During the war for the Union, the people of this State acknowledged
+     their obligation to support the families of their absent soldiers,
+     and undertook to meet it, not as charity, but as a partial
+     compensation justly due for services rendered. The Nation is saved,
+     and the obligation to care for the orphans of the men who died to
+     save it still remains to be fulfilled. It is officially estimated
+     that three hundred soldiers' orphans, during the past year, have
+     been inmates of the county infirmaries of the State. It is the
+     uniform testimony of the directors of county infirmaries that those
+     institutions are wholly unfit for children; that in a majority of
+     cases they are sadly neglected; and that even in the best
+     infirmaries the children are subject to the worst moral influences.
+     Left by the death of their patriotic fathers in this deplorable
+     condition, it is the duty of the State to assume their
+     guardianship, and to provide support, education, and homes to all
+     who need them. The people of Ohio regret that this duty has been so
+     long neglected. I do not doubt that it will afford you great
+     gratification to give to this subject early and favorable
+     attention.
+
+     All agree that a republican government will fail, unless the purity
+     of elections is preserved. Convinced that great abuses of the
+     elective franchise can not be prevented under existing legislation,
+     I have heretofore recommended the enactment of a registry law, and
+     also of some appropriate measure to secure to the minority, as far
+     as practicable, a representation upon all boards of elections.
+     There is much opposition to the enactment of a registry law.
+     Without yielding my own settled convictions in favor of such a law,
+     I content myself, in this communication, with urging upon your
+     attention a measure of reform in the manner of conducting
+     elections, the importance and justice of which no one ventures to
+     deny. The conduct of the officers whose duty at elections it is to
+     receive and count the ballots, and to make returns of the result,
+     ought to be above suspicion. This can rarely be the case where they
+     all belong to the same political party. A fair representation of
+     the minority will go far, not only to prevent fraud, but, what is
+     almost of equal importance, remove the suspicion of fraud. I do not
+     express any preference for any particular plan of securing minority
+     representation in the boards of judges and clerks of elections.
+     Various modes have been suggested, and it will not be difficult to
+     adopt a means of attaining the desired result which will harmonize
+     with our system of election law.
+
+     The re-enactment of the law securing to the disabled volunteer
+     soldiers who are inmates of the National asylum, near Dayton, the
+     right of suffrage in the county and township in which said asylum
+     is located, which was repealed April 17, 1868, and the repeal of
+     the legislation of the last General Assembly, imposing special
+     restrictions upon the exercise of the right of suffrage by students
+     and by citizens having a visible admixture of African blood, are
+     measures so clearly demanded by impartial justice and public
+     sentiment that no argument in their support is deemed necessary.
+
+     I transmit herewith the report required by law of the pardons
+     granted during the year ending November 15, 1869, a report of the
+     expenditures of the Governor's contingent fund, copies of
+     proclamations issued during the year, and several communications
+     accompanying gifts to the State of portraits of former Governors.
+
+     The most important measure which it will be your duty to consider
+     at your present session is the proposed amendment to the
+     constitution of the United States. I do not feel called upon to
+     discuss its merits. The great body of that part of the people of
+     Ohio who sustain the laws for the reconstruction of the States
+     lately in rebellion believe that the fifteenth amendment is just
+     and wise. Many other citizens who would not support the amendment
+     if it was presented as the inauguration of a new policy, in view of
+     the fact that impartial suffrage is already established in the
+     States most largely interested in the question, now regard the
+     amendment as the best mode of getting rid of a controversy which
+     ought no longer to remain unsettled. Believing that the measure is
+     right, and that the people of Ohio approve it, I earnestly
+     recommend the ratification of the fifteenth amendment to the
+     constitution of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+SECOND ELECTION AS GOVERNOR.
+
+     _Re-nomination--Democratic Platform--Nomination of
+     Rosecrans--Declines--Pendleton Nominated--Hayes at
+     Wilmington--Election--Second Inaugural--Civil Service Reform--Short
+     Addresses--Letters--Annual Message--Democratic Estimate of
+     it--Davidson Fountain Address--Message of_ 1872--_Work
+     Accomplished._
+
+
+The State Convention of the Republican party of Ohio, which met at
+Columbus, June 23, 1869, nominated Governor Hayes for a second term by
+acclamation.
+
+So acceptable was his two years' administration of the chief executive
+office of the State, that no competitor entered the lists against him or
+contended with him for the nomination. On the question of his
+re-nomination the unanimity in his party was absolute. He appeared
+before the convention, in response to its invitation, and delivered the
+speech printed in the Appendix to this volume, which sounded the
+key-note of the campaign. We ask the reader to turn, at this point, to
+this speech, as it is impossible to epitomize it without filling as much
+space as is filled by the speech itself. The well-founded and
+well-supported charges he made against the Democratic Legislature of the
+State brought upon him the savage strictures of the Democratic partisan
+press, showing that he had penetrated the weak point in his adversaries'
+somewhat defenseless defenses.
+
+The Republican platform condemned the reckless expenditures of the
+Legislature, its efforts to disfranchise soldiers, students, and all
+having African blood in their veins, and squarely declared for the
+ratification of the fifteenth amendment.
+
+The Democratic Convention, which assembled July 7, 1869, denounced the
+fifteenth amendment, and had much to say about the reserved rights of
+the States. The platform contained these resolutions, which sound, at
+this day, like an inscription from the tombs of the Ptolemys:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the exemption from tax of over $2,500,000,000 in
+     government bonds and securities is unjust to the people and ought
+     not to be tolerated; and that we are opposed to any appropriation
+     for the payment of interest on the bonds until they are made
+     subject to taxation.
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the claims of the bondholders, that the bonds
+     which were bought with greenbacks, and the principal of which is by
+     law payable in currency, should nevertheless be paid in gold, is
+     unjust and extortionate; and, if persisted in, will inevitably
+     force upon the people the question of repudiation."
+
+Here we have the bald proposition to repudiate the interest on the
+public debt unless it is taxed contrary to law, as made known by
+repeated decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States; and
+secondly, the direct threat to repudiate the principal of the National
+debt unless it is paid off in broken promises to pay. As the greenback
+is simply a debt or a due bill, this paying debts with debts was a
+patentable discovery in the science of finance. Taken in connection with
+the declaration of Vallandigham in the canvass before, that the whole
+bonded debt should be immediately "paid" in greenbacks, the resolution
+simply meant that the war debt should not be paid at all. This robbing
+the men whose money saved the Republic was not acceptable then to the
+farmers and laborers of Ohio, and will probably not now be more
+acceptable to the capitalists of New York. It is well, however, to
+recall the antecedents of a party that first tried to get into power
+through discreditable expedients, before resorting to a declaration of
+honest principles in finance.
+
+The convention took a "new departure," and, putting aside Ranney and
+Pendleton, nominated General W. S. Rosecrans for governor, who was then
+absent from the country. This nomination was mainly brought about
+through the zealous efforts of Messrs. Vallandigham, Callen, and Baber.
+
+The opinions General Rosecrans entertained of his new-found friends were
+not favorable. In a letter dated February 3, 1863, from Murfreesboro,
+Tennessee, General Rosecrans, in speaking of the slave-holding
+insurgents, had used this language:
+
+     "Wherever they have the power they drive before them into their
+     ranks the Southern people, and they would also drive us. Trust them
+     not. Were they able they would invade and destroy us without mercy.
+     Absolutely assured of these things, I am amazed that any one could
+     think of 'peace on any terms.'
+
+     "He who entertains the sentiment is fit only to be a slave; he who
+     utters it at this time is, moreover, a traitor to his country, who
+     deserves the scorn and contempt of all honorable men."
+
+Rosecrans declined the nomination, and George H. Pendleton, after just
+enough hesitation to impart a proper value to his consent, consented to
+fill the vacant place at the head of the ticket.
+
+Governor Hayes, aided by Senator Morton, opened the active campaign in a
+speech delivered at Wilmington, August 12, devoted mainly to the
+discussion of National and State finances. In the course of this speech
+Governor Hayes said:
+
+     "When the rebellion broke out, what was its chance for success? It
+     had just one--a divided North. A divided North was its only chance.
+     A united North was bound to crush the rebellion within two years
+     after the firing on Sumter. A divided North encouraged the
+     aristocratic enemies of free government in every land to build
+     Alabamas and Shenandoahs that scourged the seas and swept away our
+     commerce from the ocean. A divided North encouraged the Emperor of
+     France to proclaim to everybody that sooner or later he proposed to
+     intervene. A divided North encouraged rebel leaders to believe that
+     sooner or later our armies must disband and come home.
+
+     "Now, I say to you that Pendleton was the selected and chosen
+     leader of the Peace Party of the Northwest--the leader of the party
+     that _made_ a divided North. They talk of the debt and the great
+     burden of taxation. We talked sadly of the loss of valuable lives
+     that went down in the storm of battle. I say to you that the fact
+     of a divided North doubled the debt and doubled the loss of
+     valuable lives."
+
+The campaign was an important one to Mr. Pendleton. Had he been
+successful he would undoubtedly have been the Democratic candidate for
+the presidency. A leading journal of the State said: "The gubernatorial
+contest is but a side-show. We are already entering upon the next
+presidential canvass, and Ohio is the key to the position."
+Nevertheless, Republican success was too certain to make the contest so
+warm a one as that of two years before. The State had been organized by
+townships and school districts and polled. So accurate was this poll
+that predictions as to the result, sealed and filed a week prior to the
+election by each of the members of the Republican State Executive
+Committee, the writer being one, varied only from two hundred to three
+thousand votes of the final result. Hayes' majority in '69 was 7,506--a
+little above the average majority. The canvass was fought largely upon
+the issue of the greenback payment of the debt. The Pendleton plan of
+indirect repudiation failed, and the rag infant was decently interred,
+to await an inglorious resurrection.
+
+Governor Hayes was re-inaugurated January 10, 1870, on which occasion he
+delivered the following address:
+
+     _Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:_
+
+     In the annual message transmitted to the General Assembly a few
+     days ago, a brief exposition of the condition of the State
+     government was given, and such measures were recommended as the
+     public good seemed to me to require. It will therefore not be
+     expected that on this occasion I should again discuss subjects
+     pertaining to the usual routine of legislation.
+
+     The most important questions concerning State affairs which in the
+     ordinary course of events will engage the attention of the people
+     of Ohio, during the term of office upon which I now enter, are
+     those which relate to the action of a Constitutional Convention
+     authorized to be called by a vote of the people at the October
+     election in 1871. The present organic law provides for submitting
+     to the electors of the State, once in twenty years, the question of
+     holding "a convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution."
+     It is no disparagement of the work of the last Constitutional
+     Convention to say that experience has already demonstrated the
+     wisdom of this provision. It would be strange, indeed, if the last
+     eighteen years had developed no defects in the constitution of
+     1851.
+
+     It is, perhaps, not improper at this time to call attention to some
+     of the amendments of the existing fundamental law which the next
+     Constitutional Convention will probably be required to consider.
+
+     The provision of the present constitution which prohibits the
+     General Assembly from authorizing "any county, city, town, or
+     township, by vote of its citizens or otherwise," from giving aid to
+     any "company, corporation, or association," was designed to remedy
+     an evil of the gravest magnitude. Unlimited power to authorize
+     counties, cities, and towns to subscribe to the stock of railroad
+     companies had burdened the people of the State with indebtedness
+     and taxation to an extent which threatened bankruptcy. Experience
+     has shown, however, that the clauses of the constitution on this
+     subject are so sweeping that they are almost equivalent to a
+     prohibition of the construction of railroads, except where those
+     who control the existing railroad lines furnish the means. In many
+     localities, the people are thus deprived of the only artificial
+     instrumentality for intercourse with other parts of the State and
+     country which is now regarded as valuable. By reason of it,
+     important sources of wealth in large sections of the State remain
+     undeveloped. It is believed that amendments can be framed, under
+     which effective local aid can be furnished for the building of
+     railroads, and which, at the same time, shall be so guarded and
+     limited as to prevent a dangerous abuse of the power.
+
+     For many years political influence and political services have been
+     essential qualifications for employment in the civil service,
+     whether State or National. As a general rule, such employments are
+     regarded as terminating with the defeat of the political party
+     under which they began. All political parties have adopted this
+     rule. In many offices the highest qualifications are only obtained
+     by experience. Such are the positions of the warden of the
+     penitentiary and his subordinates, and the superintendents of
+     asylums and reformatories and their assistants. But the rule is
+     applied to these as well as to other offices and employments. A
+     change in the political character of the executive and legislative
+     branches of the government is followed by a change of the officers
+     and employs in all of the departments and institutions of the
+     State. Efficiency and fidelity to duty do not prolong the
+     employment; unfitness and neglect of duty do not always shorten it.
+     The evils of this system in State affairs are, perhaps, of small
+     moment compared with those which prevail under the same system in
+     the transaction of the business of the National government. But at
+     no distant day they are likely to become serious, even in the
+     administration of State affairs. The number of persons employed in
+     the various offices and institutions of the State must increase,
+     under the most economical management, in equal ratio with the
+     growth of our population and business.
+
+     A radical reform in the civil service of the general government has
+     been proposed. The plan is to make qualifications, and not
+     political services and influence, the chief test in determining
+     appointments, and to give subordinates in the civil service the
+     same permanency of place which is enjoyed by officers of the army
+     and navy. The introduction of this reform will be attended with
+     some difficulties. But in revising our State constitution, if this
+     object is kept constantly in view, there is little reason to doubt
+     that it can be successfully accomplished.
+
+     Our judicial system is plainly inadequate to the wants of the
+     people of the State. Extensive alterations of existing provisions
+     must be made. The suggestions I desire to present in this
+     connection are as to the manner of selecting judges, their terms of
+     office, and their salaries. It is fortunately true that the judges
+     of our courts have heretofore been, for the most part, lawyers of
+     learning, ability, and integrity. But it must be remembered that
+     the tremendous events and the wonderful progress of the last few
+     years are working great changes in the condition of our society.
+     Hitherto population has been sparse, property not unequally
+     distributed, and the bad elements which so frequently control large
+     cities have been almost unknown in our State. But with a dense
+     population crowding into towns and cities, with vast wealth
+     accumulating in the hands of a few persons or corporations, it is
+     to be apprehended that the time is coming when judges elected by
+     popular vote, for short official terms, and poorly paid, will not
+     possess the independence required to protect individual rights.
+     Under the National constitution, judges are nominated by the
+     executive and confirmed by the Senate, and hold office during good
+     behavior. It is worthy of consideration whether a return to the
+     system established by the fathers is not the dictate of the highest
+     prudence. I believe that a system under which judges are so
+     appointed, for long terms and with adequate salaries, will afford
+     to the citizen the amplest possible security that impartial justice
+     will be administered by an independent judiciary.
+
+     I forbear to consider further at this time the interesting
+     questions which will arise in the revision and amendment of the
+     constitution. Convinced of the soundness of the maxim that "that
+     government is best which governs least," I would resist the
+     tendency common to all systems to enlarge the functions of
+     government. The law should touch the rights, the business, and the
+     feelings of the citizen at as few points as is consistent with the
+     preservation of order and the maintenance of justice. If every
+     department of government is kept within its own sphere, and every
+     officer performs faithfully his own duty without magnifying his
+     office, harmony, efficiency, and economy will prevail.
+
+     Under the providence of God, the people of this State have greatly
+     prospered. But in their prosperity they can not forget "him who
+     hath borne the battle, nor his widow, nor his orphan," nor the
+     thousands of other sufferers in our midst, who are entitled to
+     sympathy and relief. They are to be found in our hospitals, our
+     infirmaries, our asylums, our prisons, and in the abodes of the
+     unfortunate and the erring. The Founder of our religion, whose
+     spirit should pervade our laws, and animate those who enact and
+     those who enforce them, by His teaching and His example, has
+     admonished us to deal with all the victims of adversity as the
+     children of our common Father. With this duty performed, we may
+     confidently hope that for long ages to come our country will
+     continue to be the home of freedom and the refuge of the oppressed.
+
+     Grateful to the people of Ohio for the honors they have conferred,
+     I approach a second term in the executive office, deeply solicitous
+     to discharge, as far as in me lies, the obligations and duties
+     which their partial judgment has imposed.
+
+The most striking part of the address is that which relates to reform in
+the civil service of the State and the Nation. Governor Hayes proposes
+to reform the civil service of the State _by means of a constitutional
+provision in a new State constitution_. This method of reformation is
+radical, and, we believe, original. It suggests the pertinent query,
+whether reform in the civil service of the Nation can not be best
+accomplished through a new provision in the National constitution. Can
+permanency and stability be secured in the civil service of the Republic
+in any other certain way than by a constitutional amendment? Civil
+service reformers need hardly waste their time discussing methods and
+systems less radical and fundamental. It must be recorded to the honor
+of Governor Hayes that he, more than six years ago, suggested the only
+true solution to the civil service problem, by proposing to place that
+service beyond disturbance from the fluctuating fortunes of political
+parties. He has, therefore, been an advanced civil service reformer more
+than the sixteenth of a century; not, like Mr. Tilden, for six months
+prior to a presidential election.
+
+In December, 1869, he wrote to a friend in Congress: "We must have a
+genuine retrenchment and economy. The monthly reduction of the debt is
+of far more consequence than the reduction of taxation in any form. I
+hope, too, you will abolish the franking privilege and adopt the general
+principles of Trumbull's bill and Jencke's bill. It would please the
+people and be right and wise."
+
+It is hardly needful to add that the bills referred to were the best
+civil service bills then before Congress.
+
+In this same address, the governor boldly declares against the heresy of
+an elective judiciary, and favors the system established by Madison,
+Hamilton, and Washington, which has given us a Jay, a Story, and a
+Marshall.
+
+During the occupancy of his office as executive of the State, Governor
+Hayes, on a vast variety of occasions, was called upon to deliver
+speeches and addresses on all classes of subjects. These efforts are
+all admirable in their way, and give evidences of fine literary taste,
+great good judgment, and what Dickens called "a sense of the
+proprieties."
+
+We can find space for portions only of a few of these addresses. In an
+address of welcome on the occasion of the great exposition of textile
+fabrics, held in Cincinnati, in August, 1869, the governor of Ohio said:
+
+     "We meet at a most auspicious period in our country's history. Our
+     greeting and welcome to citizens of other States are 'without any
+     mental reservation whatever.' It is plain that we are entering upon
+     an era of good feeling, not known before in the life-time of the
+     present generation. For almost half a century the great sectional
+     bitterness which is now so rapidly and so happily disappearing, and
+     which we know can never be revived, carried discord, division, and
+     weakness into every enterprise requiring the united efforts of
+     citizens of different States. Now the causes of strife have been
+     swept away, and their last vestiges will soon be buried out of
+     sight. Good men will no longer waste their strength in mutual
+     crimination or recrimination about the past. The people of
+     different sections of our country will hereafter be able to act,
+     not merely with intelligence and energy, but with entire harmony
+     and unity; in any enterprise which promises an increase of human
+     welfare and human happiness.
+
+     "This association, then, is working in perfect accord with the
+     spirit of the times. The development of new resources, the opening
+     of new paths to skill and labor, the discovery of new methods, the
+     invention of new machinery and implements, and the employment of
+     capital in new and useful pursuits--these are the objects which
+     associations like this aim to accomplish. All who encourage these
+     things, and who desire to aid in such achievements, deserve a
+     hearty welcome wherever they may go, and will, I assure you, always
+     find it, as you do now, in the State of Ohio."
+
+Soon after the death of Secretary Stanton, and near the beginning of the
+governor's second term, a meeting of members of the Ohio bar was held
+in the room of the Supreme Court of Ohio, to take action with reference
+to the loss of their former associate and friend. On this occasion
+Governor Hayes said:
+
+     "I shall not undertake to describe the life and character and
+     services of Mr. Stanton. Few men--very few men--ever possessed such
+     learning, such intellect, such energy, such courage, such will,
+     such honesty, such patriotism, in one word, such manhood, as
+     belonged to him. All of his great powers and qualities he gave to
+     the performance of duty, and with them he gave also life itself.
+
+     "Our profession rejoices that Mr. Stanton was an eminent lawyer.
+     Our State rejoices that he was her great son. Our country and our
+     age may well rejoice that he lived in this age and in this country.
+     The members of our profession, the people of our State and of the
+     Nation, and all mankind do honor to themselves in striving to do
+     honor to the memory of such a man as Edwin M. Stanton."
+
+It can be readily understood why a robust, positive, hard-fighting
+soldier like Hayes, should so ardently give his admiration to a
+firm-sinewed, iron-nerved, masculine man like the great minister of war.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1870, the colored people of Central Ohio
+celebrated the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment at an immense meeting
+held in the opera house in Columbus. Governor Hayes, as their chosen
+orator, delivered the following brief address, which seems the
+inspiration of one who has the logic of history in his head and humanity
+in his heart:
+
+     FELLOW-CITIZENS:--We celebrate to-night the final triumph of a
+     righteous cause after a long, eventful, memorable struggle. The
+     conflict which Mr. Seward pronounced "irrepressible" at last is
+     ended. The house which was divided against itself, and which,
+     therefore, according to Mr. Lincoln, could not stand as it was, is
+     divided no longer; and we may now rationally hope that under
+     Providence it is destined to stand--long to stand the home of
+     freedom, and the refuge of the oppressed of every race and of every
+     clime.
+
+     The great leading facts of the contest are so familiar that I need
+     not attempt to recount them. They belong to the history of two
+     famous wars--the war of the Revolution and the war of the
+     Rebellion--and are part of the story of almost a hundred years of
+     civil strife. They began with Bunker Hill and Yorktown, with the
+     Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Federal
+     Constitution. They end with Fort Sumter and the fall of Richmond,
+     with the Emancipation Proclamation and the Anti-Slavery and Equal
+     Rights Amendments to the Constitution of the Nation. These long and
+     anxious years were not years of unbroken ceaseless warfare. There
+     were periods of lull, of truce, of compromise. But every lull was
+     short-lived, every truce was hollow, and every compromise, however
+     pure the motives of its authors, proved deceitful and vain. There
+     could be no lasting peace until the great wrong was destroyed, and
+     impartial justice established.
+
+     The history of this period is adorned with a long list of
+     illustrious names--with the names of men who were indeed "Solomons
+     in council and Sampsons in the field." At its beginning there were
+     Washington, Franklin, and Hamilton, and their compeers; and in the
+     last great crisis Providence was equally gracious, and gave us such
+     men as Lincoln, and Stanton, and George H. Thomas.
+
+     All who faithfully bore their part in the great conflict may now
+     with grateful hearts rejoice that it is forever ended.
+
+     The newly-made citizens who seem to carry off the lion's share of
+     the fruits of the victory--it is especially fitting and proper that
+     they should assemble to congratulate each other, and to be
+     congratulated by all of us that they now enjoy for the first time
+     in full measure the blessings of freedom and manhood.
+
+     Those, also, who have opposed many of the late steps in the great
+     progress--it is a satisfaction to know that so large a number of
+     them gracefully acquiesce in the decision of the Nation.
+
+     The war of races, which it was so confidently predicted would
+     follow the enfranchisement of the colored people--where was it in
+     the elections in Ohio last week? In a few localities the old
+     prejudice and fanaticism made, we hope, their last appearance.
+     There was barely enough angry dissent to remind us of the barbarism
+     of slavery which has passed away forever. Generally throughout the
+     State, and especially in the cities of Cincinnati, Cleveland,
+     Columbus, Dayton, and Toledo, where the new element is large, those
+     who strove to avert the result over which we rejoice, leaders as
+     well as followers, were conspicuous in setting an example of
+     obedience to the law.
+
+     Not the least among the causes for congratulation to-night is the
+     confidence we have that the enfranchised people will prove worthy
+     of American citizenship. No true patriot wishes to see them exhibit
+     a blind and unthinking attachment to mere party; but all good men
+     wish to see them cultivate habits of industry and thrift, and to
+     exhibit intelligence and virtue, and at every election to be
+     earnestly solicitous to array themselves on the side of law and
+     order, liberty and progress, education and religion.
+
+The following letters, written during 1870, have come under our
+observation. We reproduce them because they exhibit to some extent
+opinions and character.
+
+In one dated March 1, 1870, these passages occur:
+
+     "I also agree with you perfectly on the spoils doctrine. This you
+     would know if you had read my last inaugural. I am glad you do not
+     bore yourself with such reading generally, but you are in for it
+     now, as I shall send you a copy. I, too, mean to be out of
+     politics. The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment gives me the
+     boon of equality before the law, terminates my enlistment, and
+     discharges me cured."
+
+Another letter, dated June 2d, in reply to a stranger in Baltimore,
+shows his tender regard for the private soldier, whether he be living or
+dead:
+
+     "I acknowledge with great gratification the receipt of your letter
+     of the 30th, informing me of your patriotic attention to the grave
+     of an Ohio soldier in your city on Decoration Day."
+
+     "Be pleased to accept my thanks for your generous action, and for
+     courtesy of your letter."
+
+To a friend in Congress he writes, on June 13th:
+
+     "You will as astonished as I was by this decision as to the right
+     of the soldiers to vote at the Dayton National Asylum. But there it
+     is. How can we get rid of it? Can you pass an act of Congress that
+     will avoid it? I feel like saying that the soldiers must vote as
+     usual, and test the case again. I merely call your attention to it
+     with a view to Congressional action. You recollect the act ceding
+     jurisdiction expressly provided that residents of Ohio retained the
+     right to vote."
+
+To the president of the Commercial Union of New York he wrote, June
+20th:
+
+     "I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the
+     10th instant, inviting me to attend a meeting of the Commercial
+     Union of the State of New York, to be held in the city of Rochester
+     on the 15th of July next, and to express my regret that prior
+     engagements will prevent me from being present on that occasion.
+     The subject to be considered--cheap transportation between the East
+     and West--is of importance to the whole country, and especially to
+     the State of Ohio. Earnestly hoping that the deliberations of the
+     meeting will greatly promote this object, I remain, etc."
+
+January 3, 1871, Governor Hayes delivered the following important annual
+message:
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     The official reports, which the law requires to be annually made to
+     the governor, show that the affairs of the various departments of
+     the State government and of the State institutions have been
+     conducted during the past year in a satisfactory manner. I shall
+     not attempt to give a synopsis of the facts and figures which the
+     reports contain. The most important parts of them have been spread
+     before the people of the State by the newspaper press, and the
+     details which may be desired with a view to legislation can be best
+     obtained from the reports themselves.
+
+     I also refrain from making many recommendations. Believing that too
+     frequent changes of the laws and too much legislation are serious
+     evils, I respectfully suggest that upon many subjects it may be
+     well to defer legislation until the people have acted upon the
+     question of calling a constitutional convention. If such a
+     convention shall be called, it is not improbable that the General
+     Assembly will be clothed with powers essentially different from
+     those conferred by the present fundamental law in respect to the
+     judiciary, railroads, intemperance, and many other important
+     subjects, and that the legislature itself will be so constituted as
+     to secure to minorities a fairer representation than they now
+     enjoy.
+
+     The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November, 1869,
+     was $438,060.14; the receipts during the year were $4,399,932.53;
+     making the total amount of available funds in the treasury during
+     the year $4,837,992.67.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $4,071,954.57; leaving
+     a balance in the treasury, November 15, 1870, of $766,038.10.
+
+     The estimates of the auditor of State for the current year are as
+     follows:
+
+     Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances,
+     $5,670,205.10; estimated disbursements for all purposes,
+     $5,163,976.01; leaving an estimated balance in the treasury,
+     November, 15, 1871, of $506,229.09.
+
+     The public funded debt of the State on the 15th of November, 1869,
+     after deducting the amount invested in loans not yet due, was
+     $9,855,938.27. During the last year there has been redeemed of the
+     various loans, and invested in loans not yet due, the sum of
+     $123,860.36, leaving the total debt due November 15, 1870,
+     $9,732,077.91.
+
+     The fund commissioners were prepared to pay off a larger amount of
+     the debt than has been actually discharged during the year, but
+     none of the bonds of the State were due, and some of the holders
+     demanded ten or twelve per cent premium, and others refused to
+     surrender their bonds at any price.
+
+     The constant and rapid increase of taxation demands consideration.
+     The following table, showing the taxation for different purposes
+     in 1860 and in 1870, and the increase of taxation in ten years,
+     sufficiently exhibits the nature and extent of the evil.
+
+     +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+     |                       AMOUNT OF TAXES LEVIED.                      |
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |For what purpose.      |     1860.    |     1870.    |   Increase.  |
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |County taxes           | $1,309,137.46| $1,975,088.71|   $665,951.25|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Bridge taxes           |    487,538.40|  1,474,148.18|  1,036,609.78|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Poor taxes             |    260,607.20|    657,116.42|    396,509.22|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Building taxes         |    228,444.13|    783,960.73|    505,516.60|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Road taxes             |    394,424.77|  1,199,767.26|    805,342.49|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Railroad taxes         |    538,869.50|    461,848.72|    ..........|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Township taxes         |    349,360.86|    734,585.65|    385,224.79|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |T'p and sub-district   |              |              |              |
+     |and district school    |  1,487,247.44|  4,960,771.87|  3,473,524.43|
+     |taxes                  |              |              |              |
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Other special taxes    |    349,236.33|  1,152,335.09|    803,098.76|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |City and town taxes    |  1,506,083.86|  5,447,766.96|  3,941,683.10|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Delinquent taxes       |    453,013.46|    667,188.69|    214,175.23|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Other than State taxes |  7,313,963.41| 19,464,578.28| 12,227,685.65|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |State taxes            |  3,503,712.93|  4,666,242.23|  1,162,529.30|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Totals                 |$10,817,676.34|$24,130,820.51|$13,390,164.95|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+
+     This table shows that in ten years the State taxes have increased
+     thirty-three per cent, and that local taxes have increased almost
+     one hundred and seventy per cent; in other words, that less than
+     one-tenth of the increase has been in State taxes, and more than
+     nine-tenths in local taxes.
+
+     The increase of local taxation has been far greater than the growth
+     of the State in business, population or wealth. It is not to be
+     doubted that this burden has grown to dimensions which seriously
+     threaten the prosperity of the State.
+
+     No full and exact statement can be made from the official reports
+     as to the amount annually collected from the property-holders of
+     the State in the form of special assessments for what are termed
+     local improvements, but it is certain that this burden is also
+     great and rapidly growing.
+
+     The auditor of State reports cases in which such assessments have
+     been made, amounting to half of the cash value of the property on
+     which they were levied, and, in one case which he refers to, the
+     assessment was double the value of the property.
+
+     In respect to these evils it is undoubtedly easier to find fault
+     than to provide a remedy. No single measure will remove them.
+     Probably no system of measures which the General Assembly can adopt
+     will of themselves accomplish what is desired. A complete reform is
+     impossible, unless the city, county, and other officers are
+     disposed and thoroughly competent to do the work of cutting off
+     every unnecessary expenditure.
+
+     Much, however, can be accomplished by wise legislation. Let the
+     General Assembly firmly adhere to the policy of the constitution,
+     and refuse to enact special laws granting powers to tax or make
+     assessments. Let such powers be exercised only in pursuance of
+     general laws. Local authorities should be empowered to levy no
+     higher rate of taxation than is absolutely required for practical
+     efficiency under ordinary circumstances. In extraordinary cases
+     general laws should provide for the submission of the proposed tax
+     or assessment to the people to be affected by it, under such
+     regulations that it can not be levied unless at least two-thirds of
+     the tax-payers approve the measure.
+
+     One of the most valuable articles of the present State constitution
+     is that which prohibits the State, save in a few exceptional cases,
+     from creating any debt, and which provides for the payment at an
+     early day of the debt already contracted. I am convinced that it
+     would be wise to extend the same policy to the creation of public
+     debts by county, city, and other local authorities. The rule "pay
+     as you go" leads to economy in public as well as in private
+     affairs; while the power to contract debts opens the door to
+     wastefulness, extravagance, and corruption.
+
+     In the early history of the State, when capital was scarce and
+     expensive public works were required for transporting the products
+     of the State to market, public debts were probably unavoidable; but
+     the time, I believe, has come when not only the State, but all of
+     its subordinate divisions, ought to be forbidden to incur debt. The
+     same rule on this subject ought to be applied to local authorities
+     which the constitution applies to the State legislature. Experience
+     has proved that the power to contract debt is as liable to abuse by
+     local boards as it is by the General Assembly. If it is important
+     to the people that the State should be free from debt, it is also
+     important that its municipal divisions should not have power to
+     oppress them with the burden of local indebtedness.
+
+     It would promote an economical administration of the laws if all
+     officers, State, county, and municipal, including the members of
+     the legislature, were paid fixed salaries.
+
+     Under existing laws a part of the public officers are paid by fees
+     and a part by fixed annual salaries or by a per diem allowance. The
+     result is great inequality and injustice. Many of those who are
+     paid by fees receive a compensation out of all proportion to the
+     services rendered. Others are paid salaries wholly inadequate. For
+     example, many county officers and some city officers receive
+     greater compensation than the judges of the Supreme Court of the
+     State. The salaries paid to the judges ought to be increased; the
+     amount paid to many other public officers ought to be reduced. To
+     do justice, a system of fixed salaries, without fees or
+     perquisites, should be adopted. The people of Ohio will, without
+     question, sustain an increase of the salaries of judges and of
+     other officers who are now inadequately paid; but it can probably
+     best be done as a part of a system which would prevent the payment
+     to public officers of enormous sums by means of fees and
+     perquisites. To remove all ground of complaint, on account of
+     injustice to present incumbents, the new system should apply only
+     to those elected after its adoption.
+
+     In addition to considerations already presented in favor of a
+     revision of the rates of taxation which local officers and boards
+     are authorized to levy, another controlling reason is not to be
+     omitted. By the recent revaluation of real estate the total basis
+     of taxation for the State at large will probably be increased
+     almost forty per cent, and in many of the cities the increase will
+     be nearly one hundred per cent This renders it imperatively
+     necessary to revise the present rates, so as to prevent the
+     collection and expenditure of sums much greater than the public
+     good demands.
+
+     Under prudent and efficient management the earnings of the
+     penitentiary continue to exceed its expenses, and at the same time
+     gratifying progress has been made in improving the condition and
+     treatment of the prisoners. The hateful and degrading uniform of
+     past years is disappearing; increased means of education, secular
+     and religious, are afforded, and the officers of the institution
+     exhibit an earnest desire to employ every instrumentality
+     authorized by existing laws to restore its inmates to society
+     improved in habits, capacity, and character.
+
+     While much has been done in our State during the last twenty-five
+     years for the improvement of prison discipline, it is not to be
+     denied that much more yet remains unaccomplished.
+
+     Assuming that the time has not arrived to attempt a radical change
+     of our prison discipline, the following practical suggestions,
+     consistent with the present system, are offered for your
+     consideration: A convict is now allowed a deduction from the period
+     of his sentence as a reward for good behavior. The power to extend
+     the period of the sentence as a punishment for bad conduct would
+     also, under proper regulations, exercise a wholesome influence in
+     the discipline of the prison.
+
+     The importance of classification among convicts is now universally
+     admitted. For economical or other reasons the establishment of an
+     intermediate prison will perhaps be deemed inexpedient at this
+     time. It is believed, however, that by employing convict labor the
+     additional buildings and improvements required for a satisfactory
+     classification can be erected on the ground adjoining the old
+     prison, recently purchased and now enclosed, at a small expense
+     compared with the cost of a new prison. This plan, it is hoped,
+     will receive your careful consideration.
+
+     It is also recommended that the Board of State Charities be
+     empowered to aid discharged convicts to obtain honest employment.
+     An annual appropriation of a small sum for this purpose, in the
+     course of a few years, would probably save a large number, who,
+     without such help, would again return to a criminal course of life.
+
+     The most defective part of our present prison system is probably
+     our county jails. It is supposed about 8,000 persons pass through
+     our county jails each year. They are generally persons charged with
+     crimes and awaiting trial. But lunatics and petty offenders in
+     considerable numbers are also confined in these places. The young
+     and the old, the innocent and the guilty, hardened offenders and
+     beginners in crime, are commonly mingled together in the jails,
+     under few restraints, without useful occupation and with abundant
+     leisure and temptation to learn wickedness. The jails have been
+     fitly termed nurseries of crime. Plans of jails, not too expensive,
+     have been furnished by the Board of State Charities, which provide
+     for the absolute separation of the prisoners. It is recommended
+     that the law shall require all jails to be so constructed as to
+     entirely prevent this promiscuous and dangerous intercourse.
+
+     Your attention is particularly called to the recommendation of the
+     Board of State Charities that the proper authorities of all of the
+     cities of the State should be required to make full reports
+     annually to the legislature, through the governor, of the
+     statistics of vice and crime and of the work of the police
+     department in such cities; and also to the suggestion that
+     prosecuting attorneys should not be allowed to enter a _nolle
+     prosequi_ in any case of an indictment for a crime punishable by
+     imprisonment in the penitentiary or by death, without the written
+     approval of the attorney-general first given upon a written report
+     to him of the facts.
+
+     The importance of this is sufficiently shown by the fact that in
+     1869 the number of cases in which a _nolle prosequi_ was entered
+     exceeded fifteen hundred.
+
+     The Girls' Reformatory at White Sulphur Springs contains forty-nine
+     inmates, and it is now demonstrated that the number is likely to
+     increase as rapidly as the welfare of the institution will allow.
+     Whatever doubts may have been reasonably entertained as to the
+     necessity for such an institution prior to its establishment, the
+     report of the directors and superintendent and a thorough
+     investigation of the facts will, it is believed, satisfy you that
+     the institution is a very important one, and ought to be liberally
+     supported.
+
+     The report of the superintendent and trustees of the Soldiers'
+     Orphans' Home will engage your earnest attention. The duty of
+     providing for the education and support of the children of the
+     soldiers of Ohio who fell in the war for the Union was fully
+     recognized by the resolutions and acts of your last session. It is
+     not doubted that your action was in accordance with the will of the
+     people of the State, and they earnestly desire that the duty of
+     caring for the soldiers' orphans shall be performed in a manner
+     that will worthily express the affection and gratitude with which
+     these wards of the State must ever be regarded by a just and
+     patriotic community. I therefore respectfully recommend that the
+     legislation deemed necessary by the board and officers in charge of
+     the institution be enacted as promptly as practicable.
+
+     The report of the geological survey, to be laid before you,
+     exhibits the encouraging progress of that work. The future growth
+     of Ohio in wealth and population will depend largely on the
+     development of the mining and manufacturing resources of the State.
+     Heretofore, our increase in capital and numbers has been chiefly
+     due to agriculture. Important as that great interest will always be
+     in Ohio, the recent census shows that we may not reasonably
+     anticipate, in future, rapid growth in population or wealth from
+     agriculture alone. Without calling in question the great and
+     immediate benefit to accrue to agriculture from the geological
+     survey, it is yet true that the tendency of its exhibition of our
+     vast mineral wealth is to encourage the employment of labor and
+     capital in mining and manufacturing enterprises. Let the work be
+     continued and sustained by ample appropriations.
+
+     It is necessary that the General Assembly, at its present session,
+     should adopt the requisite legislation to carry into effect the
+     following requirement of the constitution: Sec. 3, article 16, of
+     the constitution, provides that "at the general election to be held
+     in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and in each
+     twentieth year thereafter, the question, 'Shall there be a
+     convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution?' shall be
+     submitted to the electors of the State, and in case a majority of
+     all the electors voting at such election shall decide in favor of
+     such a convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall
+     provide by law for the election of delegates and the assembling of
+     such convention."
+
+     In conclusion, I feel warranted in congratulating you on the
+     favorable judgment of your constituents upon your action on the
+     important subjects which were considered at your last session, and
+     in expressing a confident hope that what remains to be done will,
+     under Providence, be so wisely ordered that the true interests of
+     all the people of the State will be greatly and permanently
+     advanced.
+
+Without comments of our own, we will simply give the opinions of
+Democratic journals concerning this message.
+
+The Cincinnati _Enquirer_, of January 4, 1871, said:
+
+     "The message of Governor Hayes is a plain, straightforward, and
+     sensible document, and in every respect is creditable to him."
+
+The Columbus _Crisis_ said:
+
+     "The annual message of Governor R. B. Hayes, printed in this issue,
+     is a very fair and plain statement of the condition of the affairs
+     of the State, and is especially commendable for its brevity and
+     practical purport."
+
+The Steubenville _Gazette_ characterized this message as--
+
+     "An excellent and appropriate document--short and
+     comprehensive--and, as it should be, devoted wholly to State
+     affairs."
+
+The Cincinnati _Commoner, ultra_ Democratic, declared:
+
+     "The message is brief, but full of wisdom, and deserves the study
+     of every citizen."
+
+The correspondence of 1871 from the executive office reveals letters
+like these:
+
+     "I long since, in conversation, announced my wish and purpose to
+     withdraw from the race for important positions in public affairs. I
+     meant this announcement to apply both to the office I now hold and
+     the senatorship. That purpose remains unchanged."
+
+A letter of May 5th, to a distinguished New York journalist, says:
+
+     "Your article on the Ohio governorship is of course satisfactory to
+     me, but you will not object to two corrections. I have not been and
+     shall not be a candidate for re-nomination. I probably could
+     without effort have been renominated, but usage and personal
+     inclination were against it. The more serious error is: You omit to
+     name the Republican candidate who is nearly certain of the
+     nomination and election. General Edward F. Noyes, of Cincinnati, a
+     brave and popular soldier, who lost a leg in the Atlanta campaign;
+     an eloquent and attractive speaker, and a gentleman of integrity
+     and purity of character, will, I think, without question, be
+     nominated. He is the sort of man you would support heartily if you
+     lived in Ohio."
+
+On the 6th of October, 1871, Governor Hayes delivered the striking
+address we give below, on the occasion of the inauguration of the
+celebrated Davidson fountain, in Cincinnati. This fountain, in design
+and execution, is a work of art of extraordinary merit.
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     It is altogether fitting that the citizens of Cincinnati should
+     feel a deep interest in the occasion which has called together this
+     large assemblage. It is well to do honor to this noble gift, and to
+     do honor to the generous giver. This work lends a new charm to the
+     whole city.
+
+     Longfellow's lines in praise of the Catawba that grows on the banks
+     of the Beautiful River gives to the Catawba a finer flavor, and
+     renders the Beautiful River still more beautiful. When art and
+     genius give to us in marble or on canvas the features of those we
+     admire or love, ever afterward we discover in their faces and in
+     their characters more to admire and more to love.
+
+     This work makes Cincinnati a pleasanter city, her homes more happy,
+     her aims worthier, and her future brighter.
+
+     But this fountain does not pour out its blessings for Cincinnati or
+     for her visitors and guests alone. Cincinnati is one of the central
+     cities of the Nation--of the great continent. It is becoming the
+     convention city. Witness the National assemblies in the interest of
+     commerce, of industry, of education, of benevolence, of progress,
+     of religion, which annually gather here from the most distant parts
+     of America. This monument is an instructor of all who come. Whoever
+     beholds it will carry away some part of the lesson it teaches. The
+     duty which the citizen owes to the community in which, and by
+     which, he has prospered, that duty this work will forever teach. No
+     rich man who is wise will, in the presence of this example,
+     willingly go to his grave with his debt to the public unpaid and
+     unprovided for. Many a last will and testament will have a
+     beneficent codicil, suggested by the work we inaugurate to-day.
+     Parks, fountains, schools, galleries of art, libraries, hospitals,
+     churches--whatever benefits and elevates mankind--will here receive
+     much needed encouragement and support.
+
+     This work says to him who, with anxious toil and care, has
+     successfully gathered and hoarded--Do not neglect your great
+     opportunity. Divide wisely and equitably between the few who are
+     most nearly of your own blood, and the many who in kinship are only
+     a little farther removed. If you regard only those reared under
+     your own roof, your cherished estate will soon be scattered,
+     perhaps wasted by profligate heirs in riotous living, to their own
+     ruin, and you and your fortune will quickly be forgotten. Give a
+     share--pay a tithe to your more distant and more numerous
+     kindred--to the general public, and you will be gratefully
+     remembered, and mankind will be blessed by your having lived!
+
+     Many, reflecting on the uncertainty of the future, will prefer to
+     see their benefactions distributed and applied while they are still
+     living. Regarding their obligations to the public as sacred debts,
+     they will wish to pay as they go. This is commendable; perhaps it
+     is safest.
+
+     But at some time and somehow the example here presented will and
+     must be followed. All such deeds are the parents of other similar
+     good deeds. And so the circle within which the blessings flowing
+     from this fountain are enjoyed will forever grow wider and wider,
+     and the people of distant times and places will rejoice to drink,
+     as we now do, healthful and copious draughts in honor of its
+     founder.
+
+     Here, this matchless structure will link together, in perpetual,
+     grateful remembrance, the names of Tyler Davidson and Henry
+     Probasco! Ever honored be those names in the city they have so
+     greatly honored!
+
+The message of Governor Hayes, on retiring from office at the close of
+his fourth year, calls attention to the encroachments upon the rights
+and interests of the people by railway corporations, and discusses at
+length the important subject of securing economy, efficiency, and purity
+in the administration of the local governments of cities and towns. For
+its able discussion of these and other subjects, this message of 1872
+commends itself.
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     The finances of the State government are in a satisfactory
+     condition. The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of
+     November, 1870, was $766,038.10; the receipts during the last
+     fiscal year were $5,241,184.91; making the total amount of
+     available funds in the treasury during the year ending November 15,
+     1871, $6,007,223.01.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $5,259,046.74, leaving
+     a balance in the treasury, Nov, 15, 1871, of $748,176.27.
+
+     The estimates of the auditor of State of receipts and expenditures
+     for the current year, are as follows:
+
+     Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances,
+     $5,206,366.27.
+
+     Estimated disbursements for all purposes, $4,776,035.73.
+
+     Leaving an estimated balance in the treasury, November 15, 1872, of
+     $430,330.54.
+
+     The public funded debt of the State November 15, 1870, after
+     deducting the amount invested in Ohio stocks, was $9,730,144.36.
+
+     During the past year the debt has been reduced $729,415.
+
+     Leaving the total debt yet to be provided for, $9,000,729.36. Of
+     this amount, the sum of $44,518.31 has ceased to bear interest, the
+     holders thereof having been notified of the readiness of the State
+     to pay the same. This leaves the total interest-bearing debt of the
+     State, $8,956,211.05.
+
+     The taxes levied in 1870, collectible in 1871, were as follows:
+
+     State taxes                                        $4,666,242.23
+     County and local levies                            18,797,389.59
+     Delinquencies and forfeitures in former years         667,188.69
+                                                       --------------
+     Total taxes, including delinquencies collectible
+     in 1871                                           $24,130,820.51
+
+     The taxes levied in 1871, collectible in 1872, were as follows:
+
+
+     State taxes                                       $ 4,350,728.28
+     County and local levies                            18,604,660.12
+     Delinquencies and forfeitures                         632,275.84
+                                                       --------------
+     Total taxes and delinquencies collectible
+     in 1872                                           $23,587,664 24
+
+     It will be noticed, with gratification, that the annual increase of
+     taxation, to which the people have been long accustomed, has been
+     checked, and that the taxes, both State and local, have been
+     somewhat reduced.
+
+     The increase of local indebtedness still continues. The returns
+     made to the auditor of State are imperfect, but enough is shown to
+     warrant the opinion that during the past year the indebtedness of
+     the towns and cities of the State has increased not less than one
+     million of dollars, and that their aggregate indebtedness now
+     equals the indebtedness of the State. I respectfully repeat, as the
+     remedy for this evil, the recommendation heretofore made, that all
+     public debts be prohibited, except in cases of emergency, analogous
+     to those specified in sections 1 and 2, article 8, of the
+     constitution.
+
+     The report of the adjutant-general shows that there has been
+     collected by him from the United States during the year, on account
+     of the State war claims, the sum of $145,304.60, making the total
+     amount of war claims collected $2,826,247.94. It is probable that
+     about $100,000 more can be collected on these claims without
+     additional legislation by Congress. This will leave about $400,000
+     of claims unpaid, which, it is believed, when presented to
+     Congress, with proper vouchers and explanations, will be provided
+     for by special act. As long, however, as the board of military
+     claims exists, these claims will continue to increase, and it would
+     not be advisable to seek Congressional action until the State, by
+     closing its accounts with individuals, shall be able to ask for a
+     final settlement.
+
+     It is therefore recommended that the statutes providing for the
+     allowance of claims against the State by the commissioners of
+     military claims be repealed; the repeal to take effect at such date
+     in the future as will afford opportunity for the presentation and
+     allowance of all just claims.
+
+     The report of the commissioner of common schools shows that, upon
+     the whole, the educational interests of the State continue to be
+     very prosperous. He presents, however, for your consideration, a
+     number of changes in the school laws, which he deems essential to
+     further progress. The proposed reforms are treated of in his report
+     under the following heads: normal instruction, supervision, a
+     codification of the laws, and the township system.
+
+     The commanding position which Ohio has held in the great
+     transactions of our recent civil and military history is largely
+     due to the educational advantages enjoyed by her people. Every
+     measure which tends to continue and increase those advantages
+     merits your earnest and favorable consideration.
+
+     For many years the most eminent teachers and friends of education
+     have urged the necessity of establishing institutions for the
+     instruction of teachers in the principles and duties of their high
+     and honorable calling. A few thousand dollars of the school fund
+     applied every year to this purpose will, it is believed, make the
+     expenditures for school purposes vastly more beneficial to the
+     State.
+
+     There are serious objections to the present mixed system of school
+     management by means of township boards and sub-district directors.
+     It is believed that this system ought to give place to the purely
+     township system, in which all of the schools of the township are
+     under the exclusive control of a board of education chosen by the
+     electors of the township. This plan is in conformity with that
+     which has been adopted with satisfactory results in most of our
+     towns, and is sustained by the experience of other States in which
+     the purely township system has been tried.
+
+     In several counties of the State colored children are practically
+     deprived of the privilege of attending public schools. The denial
+     of education to any citizen of Ohio is so manifestly unjust that it
+     is confidently believed that the legislature needs only to be
+     informed that such a wrong exists to promptly provide a remedy.
+
+     The official reports of the penitentiary, the Reform School for
+     Boys, the Reform School for Girls, and the benevolent institutions
+     of the State, which will be laid before you, show that the work of
+     these institutions has during the past year been well done. They
+     will, without question, receive from you all needed encouragement
+     and support. It seems proper, however, to direct your attention to
+     the urgent necessity of such legislation as will empower the boards
+     of trustees and directors charged with the erection of buildings
+     for the insane and for the orphans of deceased soldiers, to
+     complete them as soon as practicable.
+
+     By the census of 1870 the number of insane persons in the State was
+     3,414. The number of patients under treatment in the insane asylums
+     of the State was, last year, only 1,346. The trustees of the
+     Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home report that the number of
+     orphans in Ohio needing care is about eight hundred, and that the
+     number cared for is only about two hundred and fifty. These facts
+     sufficiently demonstrate the importance of the suggestion here
+     made.
+
+     I renew the recommendation heretofore made that the legislature
+     provide for the erection of suitable monuments at the graves of
+     General Harrison and General Hamer.
+
+     General Harrison has many titles to the grateful remembrance of the
+     people of Ohio. He was one of the pioneers of the West, a soldier
+     of honorable fame in two wars against the savages and in the war of
+     1812, a secretary and acting governor of the Northwest Territory
+     before Ohio was organized, a law-maker of conspicuous usefulness at
+     the State capital and at Washington, and was chief magistrate of
+     the Nation at the time of his death. To honor him is to honor all
+     who were eminent and useful in the early settlement of Ohio.
+
+     General Hamer served with distinction four times in the General
+     Assembly; was the speaker of the house of representatives; was six
+     years a member of Congress from the Brown county district, and died
+     in Mexico in 1846, a volunteer from Ohio, in the service of his
+     country, with the rank of brigadier-general. At the time of his
+     death the General Assembly, with entire unanimity, "resolved that
+     the body of the deceased be brought from Mexico and interred in the
+     soil of Ohio, at the expense of the State." Having undertaken, as
+     the duty of the State, to give the remains of General Hamer a
+     fitting burial, the legislature can not regard that duty as
+     completely performed until an appropriate monument has been built
+     at his grave.
+
+     Since the adoption of the present constitution the governor's
+     duties have compelled him to reside at the capital. If any change
+     is made in respect to the powers and duties of the executive in the
+     revision about to be made of the constitution, the change, it is
+     probable, will increase rather than diminish his duties. The
+     evident impropriety of subjecting each new incumbent of the office
+     to the inconvenience and expense of procuring and furnishing a
+     suitable residence for the short period of a governor's term of
+     office has led, in many States, to the purchase of a governor's
+     mansion. Three of the States adjoining Ohio have adopted this
+     course. It can not be doubted that Ohio will, at no distant day,
+     follow their example. The rapid increase in the value of real
+     estate in Columbus in consequence of its present growth and its
+     promise of continued prosperity in the future gives force to the
+     suggestion that if the State is to purchase a governor's residence
+     at all it would be well to do it promptly.
+
+     The importance of wise legislation on the subject of railroads, in
+     a State having the geographical position which belongs to Ohio, can
+     not be over-estimated. The greater part of the trade and travel
+     between the commercial and manufacturing States of the East and the
+     agricultural States of the West, and of the business of the
+     continental railways which connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
+     passes over the railroads of this State. Fourteen years ago,
+     Governor Chase, speaking of the railroads of Ohio, said: "This vast
+     interest, affecting vitally so many other interests, has grown
+     suddenly to its present dimensions without system, without general
+     organization, and, in some important respects, without
+     responsibility." Then the railroads of the State carried annually
+     about a million of passengers, and their gross receipts were about
+     six millions of dollars a year. Last year they carried twelve
+     millions of passengers, and their gross receipts exceeded thirty
+     million of dollars.
+
+     All of the just powers of the corporations which conduct this
+     immense business are derived from the laws of the State. If these
+     laws fail to guard adequately the rights and the interests of our
+     citizens, it is the duty of the General Assembly to supply their
+     defects. Serious and well-grounded apprehensions are felt that in
+     the management of these companies, which are largely controlled by
+     non-residents of Ohio, practices, not sanctioned by the law, nor by
+     sound morality, have become common, which are prejudicial to the
+     interests of the great body of the people, and which, if continued,
+     will ultimately destroy the prosperity of the State.
+
+     Regarding railroads as the most useful instrumentality by which
+     intercourse is carried on between different sections of the
+     country, the people do not desire the adoption of a narrow or
+     unfriendly policy toward them. But it should be remembered that
+     these corporations were created, and their valuable franchises
+     granted by the legislature to promote the interests of the people
+     of the State. No railroad company can sacrifice those interests
+     without violating the law of its origin. It is not to be doubted
+     that the authority of the General Assembly is competent to correct
+     whatever abuses have grown up in the management of the railroads of
+     the State.
+
+     The late commissioner of railroads and telegraphs, in his last able
+     and valuable report, directs attention to a large number of what he
+     terms "clear and palpable violations of law" by railroad companies,
+     which are of frequent occurrence.
+
+     In relation to the rates prescribed by law for the transportation
+     of persons and property, he says: "There is not a railroad operated
+     in the State, either under special charter or the general law, upon
+     which the law regulating rates is not in some way violated nearly
+     every time a regular passenger, or freight, or mixed train passes
+     over it."
+
+     As to the laws regulating the occupation of streets and alleys by
+     railroad tracks, the speed of locomotives in towns and cities, and
+     railroad crossings, he says that statutes which he regards as
+     wholesome are, "it is notorious, wholly ignored by some companies,
+     and only partially obeyed by others."
+
+     He quotes the laws forbidding railroad officials from being
+     interested in fast freight, express, or transportation companies,
+     and from dealing in railroad securities, and adds, that "the
+     violation of these laws is believed to be very common among
+     railroad officials."
+
+     The commissioner also gives examples of the "increase or watering
+     of stock" by railroad companies, and remarks, "the foregoing
+     statements are the more striking in view of the fact that the
+     stockholders in the company have been in receipt of regular
+     semi-annual dividends for seven years of from six to ten per cent
+     per annum."
+
+     The significance of this remark of the commissioner lies in the
+     fact that the rates which railroad companies may charge for the
+     transportation of passengers and freight may be prescribed by the
+     General Assembly, whenever the net profits amount to ten per cent
+     on the capital actually invested.
+
+     The interests involved are of such magnitude that all legislation
+     ought to be based on the fullest and most accurate information
+     which a careful investigation can furnish. I, therefore, recommend
+     that a commission of five citizens, of whom the railroad
+     commissioner shall be one, be organized, with ample powers to
+     investigate the management of the railroad companies of the State,
+     their legal rights, and the rights of the State and its citizens,
+     and to report the information acquired, with a recommendation of
+     such measures as the commission shall deem expedient.
+
+     During the past year, the traveling public has enjoyed, in Ohio,
+     remarkable immunity from railroad accidents. According to the
+     reports of the railroad companies to the commissioner, not a single
+     passenger has lost his life by the fault of the railroads in the
+     State during the year. But the number of persons, "other than
+     passengers," and of "employees" who have lost their lives, is quite
+     large. One hundred and fifty-seven persons are reported to have
+     been killed, and it is without doubt that many deaths have occurred
+     which have not been reported. Many of these fatal accidents
+     happened in the streets of towns and cities, and at street and road
+     crossings. It is perfectly practicable to protect citizens from
+     these dangers, by enforcing proper regulations as to the speed of
+     trains, and as to the occupancy and crossing of streets and roads.
+     Your special attention is called to this subject.
+
+     One of the most difficult and interesting practical problems which
+     now engages the thoughts of the American people is how to maintain
+     economy, efficiency, and purity in the administration of local
+     affairs, and especially in the government of towns and cities,
+     without a departure from principles and methods which are deemed
+     essential to free popular government. Many of the most important
+     functions of government are in the hands of the local authorities.
+     They are directly charged with the expenditure of large sums of
+     money, with the protection of life and property, and with the
+     administration of civil and criminal justice. These duties, in one
+     way or another, touch nearly and constantly the interests and
+     feelings of every citizen. Upon their faithful performance depends
+     the prosperity, happiness, and safety of the community. It is true
+     that as yet Ohio is happily, in a great measure, free from the
+     operation of causes which in the commercial metropolis of the
+     country recently led to such extraordinary corruption in the
+     government of that city. But those causes do not belong alone to
+     the great cities of the East. They are already at work in our
+     midst, and they are steadily and rapidly increasing in power. No
+     political party is altogether free from their influence, and no
+     political party is solely responsible for them. We have laws
+     prohibiting almost every conceivable official neglect and abuse,
+     and penalties are affixed to the violation of those laws which can
+     not be regarded as inadequate. The difficulty is to secure their
+     enforcement. Those whose duty it is to detect and prosecute are
+     often interested in maintaining good relations with the
+     wrong-doers. The contractors for public work and supplies not
+     infrequently have a community of interest with those who are the
+     agents of the public to let and superintend the performance of
+     contracts. Where these abuses exist there is apt to be a large
+     circle of apparently disinterested citizens, who labor to conceal
+     the facts and to suppress investigation. What the public welfare
+     demands is a practical measure which will provide for a thorough
+     and impartial investigation in every case of suspected neglect,
+     abuse, or fraud. Such an investigation, to be effective, must be
+     made by an authority independent, if possible, of all local
+     influences. When abuses are discovered, the prosecution and
+     punishment of offenders ought to follow. But even if prosecutions
+     fail in cases of full exposure, public opinion almost always
+     accomplishes the object desired. A thorough investigation of
+     official corruption and criminality leads with great certainty to
+     the needed reform. Publicity is a great corrector of official
+     abuses. Let it therefore be made the duty of the governor, on
+     satisfactory information that the public good requires an
+     investigation of the affairs of any public office or the conduct of
+     any public officer, whether State or local, to appoint one or more
+     citizens who shall have ample powers to make such investigation.
+
+     If by the investigation violations of law are discovered, the
+     governor should be authorized, in his discretion, to notify the
+     attorney-general, whose duty it should be, on such notice, to
+     prosecute the offenders. The constitution makes it the duty of the
+     governor to "see that the laws are faithfully executed." Some such
+     measure as the one here recommended is necessary to give force and
+     effect to this constitutional provision.
+
+     In compliance with the constitution, the last General Assembly
+     submitted to the people the question of holding a convention "to
+     revise, alter, or amend" the constitution, and at the October
+     election a large majority of the voters of the State decided in
+     favor of a convention. It is the duty of the General Assembly, at
+     its present session, to provide by law for the election of
+     delegates and the assembling of the convention.
+
+     The vote on the question of calling the convention which formed the
+     present constitution was taken at the October election, 1849. At
+     the next session of the General Assembly an act was passed which
+     provided for the election of delegates to the convention the first
+     Monday of April, 1850, and the convention was convened on the first
+     Monday of May following.
+
+     In conclusion, I wish to make my grateful acknowledgments to the
+     people of Ohio for the honorable trusts they have confided to me,
+     and to express the hope that the harmony, prosperity, and happiness
+     which they now enjoy in such full measure may, under Providence, be
+     perpetual.
+
+Hayes, during his two terms as Governor, proposed and carried through
+the following measures of the first importance to the welfare of the
+State:
+
+He recommended and had completed a comprehensive Geological Survey of
+Ohio.
+
+He secured the establishment of a Soldiers' Orphans' Home.
+
+He had the powers of the Board of State Charities restored and enlarged.
+
+He had provision made for the care, by the State, of the chronic
+insane.
+
+Under his direction the graded system was adopted in the State Prison
+and prison reforms introduced.
+
+Minority representation on Election Boards was secured.
+
+The Agricultural and Mechanical College was founded, trustees appointed,
+and the institution organized.
+
+Portraits of the Governors of Ohio were placed in the State collection.
+
+The suffrage amendment to the Constitution of the State was adopted.
+
+The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
+ratified.
+
+The Lincoln Memorial, an admirable work of art, was placed in the
+capitol.
+
+The right of soldiers in the National Asylum to vote was restored.
+
+The students' privilege of voting while attending college was given
+back.
+
+The odious "visible admixture" law was repealed.
+
+The St. Clair papers were purchased, and letters and manuscripts
+relating to pioneer history collected.
+
+A Reform School for Girls was established and made successful.
+
+The State debt was reduced, and all increase of debt opposed.
+
+Can any Governor of any State say that he has done a better business?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THIRD TIME ELECTED GOVERNOR.
+
+     _The Senatorship declined--Army Banquet Speech--Third Time
+     nominated for Congress--Glendale Speech--Declines a Federal
+     Office--Making a Home--Nomination for Governor--Platform--Serenade
+     Speech--Democratic Convention and Platform--Marion Speech of
+     Hayes--Woodford--Grosvenor--Schurz--Inflation Drivel--Interest in
+     the Contest--Honest Money Triumphant--Third Inaugural._
+
+
+Just as Governor Hayes was vacating the office of chief executive of
+Ohio, to which he had positively refused to be re-elected, he was
+offered and declined the Senatorship from that State. The proofs of this
+fact are before us. The circumstances were these: A Senator in Congress
+was to be elected by the State Legislature, in January, 1872, to succeed
+John Sherman. Mr. Sherman had secured the nomination and election of a
+majority of Republicans who were favorable to his own re-election; but
+the Republican majority on joint ballot was small. Before the meeting of
+the Republican caucus, a sufficient number of members to control the
+result, with the aid of the Democrats, proposed to Governor Hayes to
+stay out of the caucus, and, uniting the entire opposition to Sherman,
+secure his defeat.
+
+Hayes had authoritative assurances that the Democratic members would
+support him, with a view of defeating Sherman; while the Independent or
+anti-Sherman Republicans, who held the balance of power, were
+importunate that he should allow himself to be their compromise
+candidate. But he firmly rejected all these overtures, and forbid the
+use of his name in connection with the matter in any manner whatever. A
+leading State Senator declared it "was most extraordinary to see the
+Senatorship refused, with the Presidency in prospect."
+
+On the 7th of April, General Hayes delivered a speech in Cincinnati in
+response to the toast "Our Country," which contains thoughts worthy of
+reproduction. It was upon the occasion of the fifth annual banquet of
+the Army of the Tennessee. After some general introductory remarks, the
+orator said:
+
+     "Consider the history of our country. It is the youngest of the
+     nations. We are just beginning to look forward to the celebrations,
+     five years hence, of the completion of the first century of its
+     existence. This brief period, so crowded with interesting events,
+     with great achievements in peace and war, and adorned with
+     illustrious names in every honorable walk of life, has witnessed a
+     progress in our country without a parallel in the annals of the
+     race.
+
+     "Add to these considerations the visions of greatness and
+     prosperity which the future opens to America, and we shall begin to
+     see by what titles our country claims from all of her children
+     admiration, gratitude, and loyal love.
+
+     "Those who are accustomed to take gloomy views of every event and
+     every prospect, will perhaps remind us that all the parts of this
+     picture have their dark side; that this extended and magnificent
+     territory of ours must needs have rival interests hostile and
+     dangerous to unity; that people differing in race, nationality,
+     religion, language, and traditions will, with difficulty, be fused
+     into one harmonious Nation; that written constitutions do not make
+     a government unless their provisions are obeyed or enforced. As to
+     our boasted history, they will point to pages darkened with grave
+     crimes against the weaker races; and as to our future, they will
+     tell us of the colossal fortunes which, under the sanction of law,
+     are already consolidating in the hands of a few men--not always the
+     best men--powers which threaten alike good government and our
+     liberties.
+
+     "In reply to these views, it can not be denied that in a wide
+     domain like ours, inhabited by people not always harmonious,
+     something more than written constitutions are required. A mere
+     paper government is not enough. The law, if not voluntarily obeyed,
+     must be firmly enforced. To accomplish this there must be wisdom,
+     moderation, firmness, not only in those who administer the
+     government, but in the people, who, at last, are the government.
+
+     "The great task is to educate a whole people in these high virtues,
+     to the end that they may be equal to their opportunities and to the
+     dangers that surround them. The chief instrumentalities in this
+     education are the home, the school, the platform, the pulpit, and
+     the press, and all good men and women are the educators.
+
+     "Doubt and difficulty and danger lend to every human enterprise its
+     chief interest and charm. Every man who fought in the Army of the
+     Tennessee at Shiloh knows that the gloom and despondency in which
+     the first day's battle closed, gave an added glory to the victory
+     of the second day; that the victory is always most highly prized
+     which, after a long and desperate struggle, is snatched at last
+     from the very jaws of disaster and defeat.
+
+     "If, in the future of our country, trials and conflicts and
+     calamities await her, it is but the common allotment of Providence
+     to men. The brave and the good will (here always) find noble work
+     and a worthy career, and will rejoice that they are permitted to
+     live and to act in such a country as the American republic."
+
+In July, 1872, Ex-Governor Hayes received a petition, signed by the most
+influential men in the second Congressional district in Cincinnati,
+asking him to accept a nomination for Congress. Scores of letters and
+telegrams were sent to him at Fremont, where he was detained by illness
+in his family, urging upon him the duty of sacrificing personal to
+public interests and consent to become a candidate. He refused
+absolutely. The nominating convention met August 6th, and the following
+telegram tells the story:
+
+     "In spite of your protests, you were nominated on first ballot.
+     Great enthusiasm, and whole party lifted up. We assured Republicans
+     that Governor Hayes never retreated when ordered to advance. Things
+     are looking bright.
+
+     "RICHARD SMITH."
+
+Two days after, a petition was forwarded, signed by two hundred
+influential Republican and non-partisan voters of the second district,
+containing the words, we "most urgently solicit you to accept the
+nomination given you."
+
+His acceptance being demanded on the ground of duty, he returned to
+Cincinnati and made the canvass. At Glendale, on September 4, he
+delivered a lengthy speech, from which we take these extracts:
+
+     _Fellow-citizens:_
+
+     My purpose in addressing you this evening is to spread before the
+     people of the second district my views on the questions of National
+     policy which now engage the public attention.
+
+     In the present condition of the country, two things are of vital
+     importance--peace and a sound financial policy. We want
+     peace--honorable peace--with all nations; peace with the Indians,
+     and peace between all of the citizens of all of the States. We want
+     a financial policy so honest that there can be no stain on the
+     National honor and no taint on the National credit; so stable that
+     labor and capital and legitimate business of every sort can
+     confidently count upon what it will be the next week, the next
+     month, and the next year. We want the burdens of taxation so justly
+     distributed that they will bear equally upon all classes of
+     citizens in proportion to their ability to sustain them.
+
+     We want our currency gradually to appreciate, until, without
+     financial shock or any sudden shrinkage of values, but in the
+     natural course of trade, it shall reach the uniform and permanent
+     value of gold. With lasting peace assured, and a sound financial
+     condition established, the United States and all of her citizens
+     may reasonably expect to enjoy a measure of prosperity without a
+     parallel in the world's history.
+
+     When the debates of the last presidential election were in
+     progress, four years ago, there were troubles with other nations
+     threatening the public peace, and, in particular, there was a most
+     difficult, irritating, and dangerous controversy with Great
+     Britain, which it seemed almost impossible peaceably to settle. Now
+     we are at peace with all nations; the American government is
+     everywhere abroad held in the highest honor; and an example of
+     submitting National disputes to the decision of a court of
+     arbitration has been set, which is of incalculable value to the
+     world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Four years ago, and for a considerable period since, the public
+     peace has been broken or threatened in a majority of the late slave
+     States, by bands of lawless men, oath bound, disguised, and armed,
+     who, by terror, by scourging, and by assassination, undertook to
+     deprive unoffending citizens, both white and colored, of their most
+     cherished rights, for no reason except a difference of political
+     sentiment. Now these organizations have, it is claimed by their
+     political associates, disbanded. Large numbers of citizens in those
+     States, heretofore hostile to the recent amendments to the
+     constitution, and to the equal rights of colored people, declare
+     themselves satisfied with those amendments, and ready to maintain
+     the constitutional rights of colored citizens. Notwithstanding the
+     predictions of our adversaries, that to confer political rights
+     upon colored people would lead to a war of races, white people and
+     colored people are now voting side by side in all of the old slave
+     States, and their elections are quite as free from violence and
+     disorder as they were when whites alone were the voters. In a word,
+     peace prevails in the South to an extent which, under the
+     circumstances, the ablest statesmen among our adversaries three
+     years ago pronounced impossible. The watchword of the Republican
+     party four years ago was "Let us have peace." A survey of every
+     field where the public peace was then imperiled, of our affairs
+     with foreign nations, with the Indians, and in the South, shows
+     that the pledge implied in that famous watchword has been
+     substantially made good, and that, if the people continue to stand
+     by the government, the peace we now enjoy will be continued and
+     enduring.
+
+
+     CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.
+
+     There are several questions relating to the present and the future
+     which merit the attention of the people. Among the most interesting
+     of these is the question of civil service reform.
+
+     About forty years ago a system of making appointments to office
+     grew up, based on the maxim, "to the victors belong the spoils."
+     The old rule--the true rule--that honesty, capacity, and fidelity
+     constitute the highest claim to office, gave place to the idea that
+     partisan services were to be chiefly considered. All parties in
+     practice have adopted this system. Since its first introduction it
+     has been materially modified. At first, the president, either
+     directly or through the heads of departments, made all
+     appointments. Gradually, by usage, the appointing power in many
+     cases was transferred to members of Congress--to senators and
+     representatives. The offices in these cases have become not so much
+     rewards for party services as rewards for personal services in
+     nominating and electing senators and representatives. What
+     patronage the president and his cabinet retain, and what offices
+     congressmen are by usage entitled to fill is not definitely
+     settled. A congressman who maintains good relations with the
+     executive usually receives a larger share of patronage than one who
+     is independent. The system is a bad one. It destroys the
+     independence of the separate departments of the government, and it
+     degrades the civil service. It ought to be abolished. General Grant
+     has again and again explicitly recommended reform. A majority of
+     Congress has been unable to agree upon any important measure.
+     Doubtless the bills which have been introduced contain
+     objectionable features. But the work should be begun. Let the best
+     obtainable bill be passed, and experience will show what amendments
+     are required. I would support either Senator Trumbull's bill or Mr.
+     Jenckes' bill, if nothing better were proposed. The admirable
+     speeches on this subject by the representative of the first
+     district, the Hon. Aaron F. Perry, contain the best exposition I
+     have seen of sound doctrine on this question, and I trust the day
+     is not distant when the principles which he advocates will be
+     embodied in practical measures of legislation. We ought to have a
+     reform of the system of appointments to the civil service,
+     thorough, radical, and complete.
+
+The people of the United States will be agreeably surprised to learn
+that, four years ago, not only the sentiments, but almost the identical
+language of the recent letter of acceptance upon the subject of this
+great reform was publicly proclaimed by the Republican candidate for the
+presidency.
+
+In 1872, when the Presidency was not in his thoughts, he advocated with
+great force the doctrines which Independent Republicans especially
+commend him for maintaining to-day. These opinions it would then be
+foolishly needless to say are honest; they are deep-rooted convictions
+of long growth.
+
+The elections went heavily against the Republicans in Hamilton county,
+in 1872. Mr. Eggleston, the sitting member of Congress from the First
+District, was beaten three thousand five hundred and sixty-nine votes;
+and General Hayes was defeated by General H. B. Banning, whose majority
+was one thousand five hundred and two. Compared with the result in the
+First District, Hayes ran a thousand votes ahead of his ticket. He had
+performed his duty and was satisfied.
+
+A few months later he was offered, by the President, the office of
+Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Cincinnati, which
+appointment he respectfully declined.
+
+The years 1873 and 1874 were employed by General Hayes in making and
+adorning a future home for himself and his family, near Fremont. He
+planted over a thousand trees, and filled his grounds with vines,
+shrubs, and flowers.
+
+In January, 1874, his patron uncle and life-long friend Sardis Birchard
+died, leaving his favorite nephew heir to a considerable estate. It
+elevates our estimate of human nature to find that this heir-apparent,
+or rather heir inevitable to a handsome fortune, diminished the amount
+he would naturally inherit by persuading his uncle to make bequests,
+amounting to seventy-five thousand dollars, to the citizens of Fremont
+for a Public Park and a Free Public Library. It is not necessary to add,
+that this unselfish course of action makes known character, nor to say
+what kind of a character it makes known.
+
+The Republican State Convention, which assembled at Columbus, June 2,
+1875, nominated General Hayes a third time for the office of Governor.
+He received the news of the nomination while playing base ball with his
+children at their home in Fremont. The circumstances of this nomination
+were extraordinary, and the honor it implied exceptional. The facts, in
+brief, were these: The Hon. William Allen having been put in nomination
+by the Democrats, for the office of Governor, in 1873, mainly through
+the influence of his nephew, Senator Thurman, was elected by a small
+majority in October of that year. Mr. Allen, as Governor, made himself
+active in the direction of economy and the reduction of taxation, and
+seemed to increase his popularity because of the high reputation he
+enjoyed for personal integrity. Early in 1875 it became apparent that he
+would secure, without opposition, a re-nomination. It became equally
+apparent, also, that the Republicans would encounter no slight
+difficulty in defeating him. He was in possession, he had the _prestige_
+of victory, and was immensely popular with his party. It was the
+plainest dictate of policy and duty for the Republicans to proceed with
+extremest caution and put in nomination their very strongest man.
+Personal ambitions and interests must be put aside in every great
+emergency, when the success of a cause is at stake. What every great
+emergency needs is a MAN. The eyes of the Republicans of Ohio were at
+the same period of time turned toward Hayes as that leader--that man. He
+was written to, from every portion of the State, to consent to become
+again a candidate. His uniform reply was, that he had retired finally
+and absolutely from public life, and that his tastes and interests would
+keep him at home. Some, receiving these responses in the spirit in which
+they were given, looked around for other candidates. In Cincinnati there
+was a strong local influence favoring Judge Taft, the able and most
+estimable gentleman who is now Attorney-General of the United States.
+Governor Hayes repeatedly announced that he would, under no
+circumstances, be a candidate against his friend, Judge Taft, and urged
+the delegates from his county to support Taft, which they did.
+Notwithstanding these facts, when the Convention met, the delegates,
+according to the public statement of General Grosvenor, were four to one
+in favor of Hayes' nomination. On the first ballot, two hundred and
+seventy-four being necessary to a choice, Hayes received four votes less
+than four hundred, and Taft one hundred fifty-one. The nomination was
+made unanimous on motion of Judge Taft's son.
+
+Finding himself once more an involuntary candidate for office, Governor
+Hayes lost no time in getting ready for the supreme struggle, thus far,
+of his life. Visiting, three weeks later, the home of his relative,
+General Mitchell, in Columbus, he was serenaded by the Hayes Club of the
+capital city, and, in response to their calls, foreshadowed the great
+issues of the approaching campaign. Without circumlocution, he said:
+
+     "If it shall turn out that the party in power are opposed to a
+     sound, safe, stable currency, I have no doubt that in October the
+     people will make a change. If it shall turn out that the party in
+     power were guilty of gross corruption in the legislative
+     department, and that when that corruption was exposed the majority
+     shielded those who were implicated, I have no doubt the people will
+     make a change. If it shall turn out that the party in power yielded
+     to the dictation of an ecclesiastical sect, and through fear of a
+     threatened loss of votes and power has suffered itself to be
+     domineered over in its exercise of the law-making power, there
+     ought to be, as I doubt not there will be, a great change. If it
+     shall turn out that the party in power is dangerously allied to any
+     body of men who are opposed to our free schools, and have
+     proclaimed undying hostility to our educational system, then I
+     doubt not the people will make a change in the administration."
+
+The convention which nominated Hayes had adopted some sensible
+resolutions. It declared, first, that:
+
+     "The United States are one as a Nation, and all citizens are equal
+     under the laws, and entitled to their fullest protection.
+
+     "_Third._ We are in favor of a tariff for revenue with incidental
+     protection to American industry.
+
+     "_Fourth._ We stand by free education, our public school system,
+     the taxation of all for its support, and no division of the school
+     fund.
+
+     "_Eleventh._ The observance of Washington's example in retiring at
+     the close of a second presidential term will be in the future, as
+     it has been in the past, regarded as a fundamental rule in the
+     unwritten law of the Republic."
+
+The Democratic State Convention met on the 17th of June, and was
+presided over by Judge Rufus P. Ranney. It renominated Governor Allen by
+acclamation and a rising vote amidst great cheering.
+
+The governor delivered an intemperate speech upon the occasion, in which
+his denunciation was about equally divided between the old alien and
+sedition laws and Grant's administration. Samuel F. Cary, nominated for
+lieutenant-governor, made a loud speech. Pendleton, Ewing, Thurman,
+Allen, and Cary spoke at the ratification meeting in the evening.
+
+The platform contained the sound proposition that the president's
+services should be limited to one term, thereby endorsing a material
+part of Governor Hayes' letter of acceptance in advance. It also
+contained what some have called the rascally, others the asinine
+propositions that the volume of currency should be made and kept equal
+to the wants of trade; that all National Bank circulation should be
+promptly and permanently retired, and legal tenders be issued in their
+stead, and that the payment of at least one-half of the customs should
+be in legal tenders.
+
+Senator Thurman, much to the surprise of his eastern friends, acquiesced
+in, or at least failed to denounce this inflation platform. He forgot
+the proverb that it is the bold man who wins. Had he made a ringing,
+thirty-minutes, hard-money speech on the occasion, no power on the
+continent could probably have kept him out of the White House. This was
+the day of his destiny, but the day of his destiny is over.
+
+The public and non-partisan estimate of this Democratic platform is
+fairly reflected in the editorial utterances of the Cincinnati
+_Commercial_ of June 18th, to the effect that:
+
+     "This platform is a declaration of war upon the National credit.
+     The programme of repudiation is made particularly clear.... The
+     contest in Ohio this summer in an extraordinary degree concerns the
+     Nation."
+
+The Chicago _Times_ said:
+
+     "If Allen be elected, the immediate effect is very sure to be a
+     prodigious rise in the threatening and dangerous tidal wave of
+     inflation and repudiation. The political tradition which goes by
+     the name of the Democratic party, will be forthwith pervaded in
+     every part by an active and aggressive repudiation sentiment."
+
+The inflation Democracy were not only hopeful but boastful. Governor
+Allen made and repeated the prediction that he would be re-elected by
+from 60,000 to 70,000 majority. He said that he would not compromise
+with Hayes on 20,000. It was represented that the hard times were caused
+by the Republicans, and that the people wanted "more money," which
+interpreted meant more debts or due bills. Much was said on the stump
+about what "the people think," forgetting that the material question is
+not what they think, but what they ought to think.
+
+Governor Hayes was not unmindful of the national and international
+importance of the contest. Knowing that the Democrats had carried the
+State the year before by a majority of 17,000 on their State ticket and
+24,000 on their Congressional ticket, he did not underrate the
+difficulties to be contended with in the struggle. Several Republican
+members of Congress had taken the inflation shute, and were continually
+writing him not to be too decided; that a little more currency would be
+a good thing. But he buckled on his hard-money armor, and going into the
+contest early, delivered at Marion, Lawrence county, the sound and solid
+speech which closes this volume. Thus, in the midst of the miners and
+furnace men who were suffering most from hard times and clamoring most
+loudly for more money, Hayes boldly proclaimed his sound currency creed,
+and opposed inflation to the extent of a dollar.
+
+Strong men came from other States to aid him in this battle against
+odds. The strongest in this kind of battle were Stewart L. Woodford, of
+New York, and Schurz and Grosvenor, of Missouri. General Woodford, in
+the dozen debates he conducted with General Ewing, the ablest of the
+inflationists, developed debating abilities of the first order, and
+exhibited a complete mastery of the science of finance.
+
+Colonel Wm. M. Grosvenor showed the same powers on the stump he had
+shown as a writer, and presented arguments which will probably remain
+unanswered for some centuries to come.
+
+Carl Schurz appeared late in the field, upon the call of two hundred
+merchants of Cincinnati, who assured him that the cause of "National
+honor and common honesty" was involved, and delivered a half dozen
+superb speeches. Senator Morton, Senator Oglesby, Senator Windom, and
+Senators Sherman, Dawes, and Boutwell took part in the canvass.
+
+Attorney-General Taft, Ex-Governor Noyes, Garfield, Monroe, Foster,
+Danford, and Lawrence strengthened the State forces.
+
+We can not waste time upon the dreary drivel on the inflation side of
+this campaign. Men who have not learned the elementary principles of the
+science of political economy, who have not mastered the definitions, as
+we say, in geometry, could say nothing intelligible to the finite
+understanding. The speeches were as "incoherent" as the New York _World_
+proved the platform to be. They all contained doctrines, however, in
+perpendicular antagonism to the financial doctrines of the St. Louis
+convention. When the inflationists learn what money is--what its office,
+its function is--they may be able to resume the discussion of finance
+with their opponents in the Democratic party.
+
+After a campaign which called forth almost daily leaders from the press
+of New York and London, and aroused the interest of Europe, General
+Hayes was a third time elected governor of Ohio by a majority of 5,544.
+
+The character of the contest lifted him from a State leader to a
+national, an international man, and made the presidency a possibility.
+We now leave the reader to engage in the profitable pleasure of reading
+the only Ohio governor's third inaugural:
+
+     _Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     Questions of National concern, in the existing condition of public
+     affairs, may well be left to those officers to whom the people, in
+     conformity with the constitution of the United States, have
+     confided the important duties and responsibilities of the various
+     departments of the general government.
+
+     During the term for which you have been elected, the constitution
+     of the State devolves on you the task of dealing with many subjects
+     very interesting to the people of Ohio. The duty of communicating
+     to you the condition of the State, and of recommending measures
+     deemed expedient, was performed at the opening of your present
+     session by the distinguished citizen who has preceded me in the
+     executive office. In complying with the usage which requires me to
+     appear before you on this occasion, I am, therefore, relieved from
+     the necessity of entering upon any extensive examination of the
+     subjects which will claim your attention. There are, however, a few
+     topics on which brief suggestions may, perhaps, be profitably
+     submitted.
+
+     The attention of the legislature has often been earnestly invoked
+     to the rapid increase of municipal and other local expenditures,
+     and the consequent augmentation of local taxation and local
+     indebtedness. This increase is found mainly in the cities and large
+     towns. It is certainly a great evil. How to govern cities well,
+     consistently with the principles and methods of popular government,
+     is one of the most important and difficult problems of our time.
+     Profligate expenditure is the fruitful cause of municipal
+     misgovernment. If a means can be found which will keep municipal
+     expenses from largely exceeding the public necessities, its
+     adoption will go far toward securing honesty and efficiency in city
+     affairs. In cities large debts and bad government go together.
+     Cities which have the lightest taxes and smallest debts are apt,
+     also, to have the purest and most satisfactory governments.
+
+     The following statement, showing the increase of municipal taxation
+     and indebtedness in the cities and large towns of Ohio, ought to
+     arrest attention:
+
+     In 1871, in thirty-one of the principal cities and towns of the
+     State, the average rate of taxation was twenty-three and one-tenth
+     mills on the dollar. The total amount of taxes levied for all
+     purposes was $8,988,064. The total indebtedness was $7,187,082.
+
+     In 1875, in the same cities and towns, the average rate of taxation
+     was twenty-eight and three-tenths mills on the dollar. The total
+     amount of taxes levied for all purposes was $12,361,934. The total
+     indebtedness was $20,800,491.
+
+     The salient points in this statement are, that in four years the
+     rate of municipal taxation has increased almost 25 per cent; the
+     total amount of municipal taxes has increased over thirty-seven per
+     cent, and municipal indebtedness has increased about one hundred
+     and ninety per cent, or more than thirteen and a half millions of
+     dollars. If this great increase of burdens affected directly the
+     whole people of the State, they would give their agents in the
+     legislative and executive departments of the State government no
+     peace until effective measures to prevent its continuance were
+     adopted. But, in fact, the whole people of the State are deeply
+     interested in this subject. The burdens borne by the cities and
+     towns must be shared, in part at least, by all who transact
+     business with them. The town and the neighboring country have a
+     common interest, and, in many respects must be regarded as one
+     community.
+
+     It has been said that the discretion committed to the local
+     authorities, however limited and guarded, must be necessarily
+     large; that in respect to the imposition of the largest proportion
+     of the burden imposed upon the citizen, they constitute the real
+     legislature; and that for the prevention of the evils we are
+     considering, the people must exercise the greatest care in the
+     choice of citizens to fill the important local offices. Experience
+     does not seem to justify the expectation that an adequate remedy
+     can be obtained in this way.
+
+     I submit that to the subject of local indebtedness the General
+     Assembly should apply the principles of the State constitution on
+     the subject of State indebtedness.
+
+     It is not enough to require in every grant of special authority to
+     incur debt as a condition precedent that the people interested
+     shall approve it by their votes. It is well known how easily such
+     elections are carried under the influence of local excitement and
+     local rivalries. If the rule of the State constitution which
+     forbids all debts except in certain specified emergencies is deemed
+     too stringent to be applied to local affairs, the legislature
+     should at least accompany every authority to contract debt with an
+     imperative requirement that a tax sufficient to pay off the
+     indebtedness within a brief period shall be immediately levied, and
+     thus compel every citizen who votes to increase debts to vote at
+     the same time for an immediate increase of taxes sufficient to
+     discharge them.
+
+     The wisdom of the policy long since adopted of placing a judicious
+     limitation on the power of municipal authorities to levy taxes has
+     been vindicated by experience. It must, however, ultimately fail to
+     accomplish its object if the increase of municipal indebtedness is
+     allowed to go on. To authorize a town to contract a debt, whose
+     expenditures already require taxation up to the limit allowed by
+     law, is, in its necessary effect, tantamount to a repeal of the
+     limitation.
+
+     Under the provisions of the eighth article of the constitution,
+     already referred to, the State debt, notwithstanding the
+     extraordinary expenditures of the war, has been reduced from over
+     twenty millions, the amount due in 1851, until it is now only about
+     seven millions. An important part of the constitutional provisions
+     which have been so successful in State finances is the section
+     which requires the creation of a sinking fund and the annual
+     payment of a constantly increasing sum on the principal of the
+     State debt. Let a requirement analogous to this be enacted in
+     regard to existing local indebtedness; let a judicious limitation
+     of the rate of taxation which local authorities may levy be
+     strictly adhered to, and allow no further indebtedness to be
+     authorized except in conformity with these principles; and we may,
+     I believe, confidently expect that within a few years the burdens
+     of debt now resting upon the cities and towns of the State will
+     disappear, and that other wholesome and much needed reforms in the
+     whole administration of our municipal government will of necessity
+     follow the adoption of what may be called the cash system in local
+     affairs.
+
+     Among the most interesting duties you will have to perform are
+     those which relate to the guardianship and care of the unfortunate
+     classes of society and to the punishment and reformation of
+     criminals. According to the latest official reports the State is
+     responsible for the support and care of about fifteen thousand of
+     her dependent citizens. The State is also bound to see that many
+     thousands more, who are imprisoned for longer or shorter periods on
+     account of crime, have just and wise treatment. There is annually
+     expended in the performance of these duties a sum exceeding two and
+     a half millions of dollars. The people of Ohio feel a profound
+     interest in what are known as the benevolent, reformatory, and
+     penal institutions of the State.
+
+     In order that the General Assembly might from time to time receive
+     full and accurate information as to the efficiency of the
+     management of these institutions, and of the county and city jails,
+     infirmaries, and work-houses, it was enacted in 1867 that a Board
+     of State Charities be established. It was intended that this board
+     should be composed of citizens of intelligence and benevolence, who
+     would serve without compensation. They were "to investigate the
+     system of the public charitable and correctional institutions of
+     the State, and to make such recommendations as they might deem
+     necessary." They were also required to make annually a full and
+     complete report of their doings to the legislature. In pursuance of
+     this law a board was organized, which, at a trifling expense to the
+     State, did much valuable work. By reason of their investigations
+     and reports, important improvements were introduced into the
+     infirmaries and jails of the State, and the general efficiency of
+     our penal and reformatory system was increased. In 1872 the General
+     Assembly, without due consideration, it is believed, repealed the
+     act creating the board. I respectfully recommend that the Board of
+     State Charities be re-established.
+
+     It is believed that an investigation in the interest of economy
+     will discover that several offices, somewhat expensive to the
+     State, may, without detriment to the public service, be either
+     abolished, or so consolidated as to accomplish a material saving to
+     the treasury.
+
+     Agreeing generally with the sentiments of Governor Allen's recent
+     message, I desire especially to concur in what is said on the
+     subject of the National Centennial Celebration.
+
+     No community in the world has been permitted by Providence to enjoy
+     more largely the blessings conferred on mankind by the great event
+     of 1776 than the people of Ohio. Ohio and her interests had no
+     existence one hundred years ago. They are the growth of less than a
+     century. The people naturally wish that their State, and her
+     history, and her advantages should be widely known. No other such
+     opportunity for their exhibition will probably occur for several
+     generations.
+
+     Let your session be short--avoid all schemes requiring excessive
+     expenditure, whether State or local, and your constituents will
+     cheerfully approve the appropriation required to secure to Ohio a
+     fitting representation in the approaching celebration of the
+     Nation's birth.
+
+     Before taking the oath of office, I desire to make my
+     acknowledgments to my predecessor, Governor Allen, for the friendly
+     and considerate way in which he has treated me, both during and
+     since the recent political contest in Ohio; and to express the
+     wish, in which I am sure you and all the people whom he has served
+     will unite with me, that, returning to his beautiful home
+     overlooking the ancient capital of our State, he may enjoy for many
+     years to come the best blessings which belong to this stage of
+     existence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+NOMINATION TO THE PRESIDENCY.
+
+     _Early Suggestions--Letters on Subject--Garfield Letter--Action of
+     State Convention--Cincinnati Convention--Course of his
+     Friends--First and Second Day's Events--Speech of
+     Noyes--Balloting--Nominated on Seventh Ballot--Officially
+     Notified--Habits--Personal Appearance--Family--Letter of
+     Acceptance--Character as a Soldier, Magistrate, and Man--Domestic
+     Surroundings._
+
+
+No able man can for a long time fill the office of chief magistrate of
+one of the three great States of the Union without having his name more
+or less mentioned by his friends in connection with the presidency. As
+early as October, 1871, the president of the Chamber of Commerce of
+Cincinnati, at a large public meeting held in that city just prior to
+the fall election, introduced Governor Hayes as the next Republican
+candidate for President of the United States.
+
+In 1872 a modest poet was inspired by the surrounding sentiment to sing:
+
+         "We bow not down to yonder rising sun,
+           As did the Parsee worshiper of old,
+         But bend in homage when its race is run,
+           And watch it sink in purple-fretted gold.
+         And thus to thee, oh Hayes! the tried, the true,
+           On battle-field and in the civic chair,
+         Our heart's deep gratitude, thy meed and due,
+           (As closes far too soon thy proud career),
+         Goes out with benedictions pure and high:
+           Oh may thy set be brief, and, like the sun,
+         Rise thou again--thy light to fill the sky,
+           A brighter course of glory still to run,
+         Till millions now unborn shall hail thy name
+         In ages yet to come, with grand acclaim!"
+
+Early in 1875 he was overwhelmed with letters urging upon him the
+acceptance of the third nomination for governor. Many of these letters
+presented as an inducement in favor of acceptance that if he ran for
+governor and succeeded in beating Allen, the prize of the presidency
+would be within his reach. To one of these letters from a leading editor
+he replied on April 10:
+
+     "The personal advantages you suggest rather tend to repel me. The
+     melancholy thing in our public life is the insane desire to get
+     higher.... But now I can't take that direction, and I will be ever
+     so much obliged if you will help drop me out of it as smoothly as
+     may be."
+
+To a member of the State legislature he wrote:
+
+     "Content with the past, I am not in a state of mind about the
+     future. It is for us to act well in the present. George E. Pugh
+     used to say there is no political hereafter."
+
+In the canvass of 1875, so much were the hearts of the people set upon
+having their great State leader the National leader, that the masses
+were invited in announcements for political meetings to come out and
+hear "the next President of the United States."
+
+As illustrating the firmness of Governor Hayes in adhering to
+convictions, we give below a letter addressed to Hon. James A. Garfield.
+It must be remembered that at the time this letter was written the
+paper money madness prevailed through Ohio and in Congress to an
+alarming extent.
+
+     EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, STATE OF OHIO, }
+     COLUMBUS, _March 4,           1876._ }
+
+     _My Dear General:_
+
+     I have your note of 2d. I am kept busy with callers,
+     correspondence, and the routine details of the office, and have not
+     therefore tried to keep abreast of the currents of opinion on any
+     of the issues. My notion is that the true contest is to be between
+     inflation and a sound currency. The Democrats are again drifting
+     all to the wrong side. We need not divide on details, on methods,
+     or time when.
+
+     The previous question will again be irredeemable paper as a
+     permanent policy, or a policy which seeks a return to coin. My
+     opinion is decidedly against yielding a hair's breadth.
+
+     We can't be on the inflation side of the question. We must keep our
+     face, our front, firmly in the other direction. "No steps
+     backward," must be something more than unmeaning platform words.
+     "The drift of sentiment among our friends in Ohio," which you
+     inquire about, will depend on the conduct of our leading men. It is
+     for them to see that the right sentiment is steadily upheld. We are
+     in a condition such that firmness and adherence to principle are of
+     peculiar value just now. I would "consent" to no backward steps. To
+     yield or compromise is weakness, and will destroy us. If a better
+     resumption measure can be substituted for the present one, that may
+     do. But keep cool. We can better afford to be beaten in Congress
+     than to back out.
+
+     Sincerely,
+     R. B. HAYES.
+
+Here is high courage and lofty political morality. The letter proclaims
+the grand truth that the only inquiry worthy of a statesman is, not what
+the tendency of public opinion is, but what ought it to be?
+
+To a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention he wrote, under date of April
+6:
+
+     "Having done absolutely nothing to make myself the candidate of
+     Ohio, I feel very little responsibility for future results. When
+     the State Convention was called it seemed probable that if I
+     encouraged my friends to organize for the purpose, every district
+     would elect my decided supporters. But to make such an effort in my
+     own behalf, to use Payne's phrase on repudiation, 'I abhorred.'"
+
+The Republican State Convention, which met March 29, had passed, by a
+unanimous vote, and with boundless enthusiasm, the following resolution:
+
+     "The Republican party of Ohio, having full confidence in the
+     honesty, ability, and patriotism of Rutherford B. Hayes, cordially
+     presents him to the National Republican Convention, for the
+     nomination for president of the United States, and our State
+     delegates to that Convention are instructed and the district
+     delegates are requested to use their earnest efforts to secure his
+     nomination."
+
+We shall not stop to trace the growth of the Hayes sentiment in other
+States. When the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled in
+Cincinnati, on June 14, 1876, the situation was this: Hayes was the
+first choice of every one for the second place on the ticket, and every
+one's second choice for the first. He and his friends had in no way
+antagonized other candidates, and had been guilty of no uncharitableness
+of judgment toward them. In the convention, he was modestly presented as
+the one candidate who could harmonize all interests, and unite all party
+elements. His friends argued that he combined merit and availability to
+a higher degree than any one whose name was before the convention.
+
+The spirit of the convention was good, and there seemed a willing
+response to this portion of the opening prayer:
+
+     "By Thy grace, give to them a spirit of concord, that harmony may
+     prevail in their counsels; a spirit of wisdom that may discern and
+     use the right means to promote the end for which they are convened;
+     a spirit of patriotism, that the prosperity of the Nation may
+     overshadow all personal or sectional desires; a spirit of courage,
+     that they may be faithful to the deepest convictions of duty."
+
+Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, Chairman of the National Executive
+Committee, in his opening address, pertinently said:
+
+     "Resumption accomplished, then, in all human probability, will
+     follow ten or fifteen years of prosperity, equal to that of any
+     former period, perhaps greater than the country has yet seen. If
+     you will, in addition, put a plank in your platform, declaring for
+     such an amendment of the constitution as will extend the
+     presidential office to six years, and make the incumbent ineligible
+     for re-election, you will deserve the gratitude of the American
+     people."
+
+The Hon. Theodore M. Pomeroy, Temporary Chairman, forcibly declared:
+
+     "No, gentlemen, the late war was not a mere prize-fight for
+     National supremacy. It was the outgrowth of the conflict of
+     irreconcilable moral, social, and political forces. Democracy had
+     its lot with the moral, social, and political forces of the cause
+     which was lost; the Republican party with those which triumphed and
+     survived. The preservation of the results of that victory devolves
+     upon us here and now. Democracy has no traditions of the past, no
+     impulses of the present, no aspirations for the future, fitting it
+     for this task. The reaction of 1874 has already spent itself in a
+     vain effort to realize the situation. It has simply demonstrated
+     that no change in the machinery of the government can be had
+     outside of the Republican party, without drawing with it a
+     practical nullification of the great work of reconstruction,
+     financial chaos, and administrative revolution. The present House
+     of Representatives has succeeded in nothing except the development
+     of its own incapacity."
+
+The additional speeches delivered on the first day (which was devoted to
+organization) were by Senator Logan, General Joseph R. Hawley,
+Ex-Governor Noyes, Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, Ex-Governor Wm. A.
+Howard, of Michigan, and Fred. Douglass.
+
+Mr. Douglass was vociferously applauded, when he said:
+
+     "The thing, however, in which I feel the deepest interest, and the
+     thing in which I believe this country feels the deepest interest,
+     is that the principles involved in the contest which carried your
+     sons and brothers to the battle-field, which draped our Northern
+     churches with the weeds of mourning, and filled our towns and our
+     cities with mere stumps of men--armless, legless, maimed, and
+     mutilated--the thing for which you poured out your blood and piled
+     a debt for after-coming generations higher than a mountain of gold,
+     to weigh down the necks of your children and your children's
+     children--I say those principles, those principles involved in that
+     tremendous contest, are to be dearer to the American people in the
+     great political struggle now upon them than any other principles we
+     have."
+
+The most significant event of the first day's proceedings was the
+reading from the platform, by George William Curtis, of the outspoken
+address of the Republican Reform Club of the city of New York.
+
+The Hon. Edward McPherson, of Pennsylvania, was chosen permanent
+chairman. The important events of the second day's proceedings were the
+adoption of the platform and the putting presidential candidates in
+nomination. The candidate the convention subsequently selected was
+placed in nomination by Ex-Governor Noyes, of Ohio, through the
+following eminently appropriate speech:
+
+     GENTLEMEN:--On behalf of the forty-four delegates from Ohio,
+     representing the entire Republican party of Ohio, I have the honor
+     to present to this convention the name of a gentleman well known
+     and favorably known throughout the country; one held in high
+     respect, and much beloved, by the people of Ohio; a man who, during
+     the dark and stormy days of the rebellion, when those who are
+     invincible in peace and invisible in battle were uttering brave
+     words to cheer their neighbors on, himself, in the fore-front of
+     battle, followed his leaders and his flag until the authority of
+     our government was established from the lakes to the Gulf, and from
+     the river round to the sea. A man who has had the rare good fortune
+     since the war was over to be twice elected to Congress from the
+     district where he resided, and subsequently the rarer fortune of
+     beating successively for the highest office in the gift of the
+     people of Ohio, Allen G. Thurman, George H. Pendleton, and William
+     Allen. He is a gentleman who has somehow fallen into the habit of
+     defeating Democratic aspirants for the Presidency, and we in Ohio
+     all have a notion that from long experience he will be able to do
+     it again. In presenting the name of Governor Hayes, permit me to
+     say we wage no war upon the distinguished gentlemen whose names
+     have been mentioned here to-day. They have rendered great service
+     to their country, which entitles them to our respect and to our
+     gratitude. I have no word to utter against them. I only wish to say
+     that General Hayes is the peer of these gentlemen in integrity, in
+     character, in ability. They appear as equals in all the great
+     qualities which fit men for the highest positions which the
+     American people can give them. Governor Hayes is honest; he is
+     brave; he is unpretending; he is wise, sagacious, a scholar, and a
+     gentleman. Enjoying an independent fortune, the simplicity of his
+     private life, his modesty of bearing, is a standing rebuke to the
+     extravagance--the reckless extravagance--which leads to corruption
+     in public and in private places.
+
+     Remember now, delegates to the convention, that a responsible duty
+     rests upon you. You can be governed by no wild impulse. You can run
+     no fearful risks in this campaign. You must, if you would succeed,
+     nominate a candidate here who will not only carry the old, strong
+     Republican States, but who will carry Indiana, Ohio, and New York,
+     as well as other doubtful States. We care not who the man shall be,
+     other than our own candidate. Whoever you nominate, men of the
+     convention, shall receive our heartiest and most earnest efforts
+     for their success. But we beg to submit that in Governor Hayes you
+     have those qualities which are calculated best to compromise all
+     difficulties, and to soften all antagonisms. He has no personal
+     enemies: His private life is so pure that no man has ever dared to
+     assail it. His public acts throughout all these years have been
+     above suspicion even. I ask you, then, if, in the lack of these
+     antagonisms, and with all of these good qualities, living in a
+     State which holds its election in October, the result of which will
+     be decisive, it may be, of the presidential campaign--it is not
+     worth while to see to it that a candidate is nominated against whom
+     nothing can be said, and who is sure to succeed in the campaign?
+
+     In conclusion, permit me to say that, if the wisdom of this
+     convention shall decide at last that Governor Hayes' nomination is
+     safest, and is best, that decision will meet with such responsive
+     enthusiasm here in Ohio as will insure Republican success at home,
+     and which will be so far-reaching and wide-spreading as to make
+     success almost certain from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
+
+The nomination was seconded by Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, Colonel J. W.
+Davis, of West Virginia, Hon. A. St. Gem, and Hon. J. P. Jones, of
+Missouri.
+
+The third and last day of the sitting of the Convention was employed in
+balloting and in making the nominations.
+
+At twenty minutes to 11 the balloting for president began:
+
+FIRST
+BALLOT.
+
+Bl: Blaine
+Mo: Morton
+Co: Conkling
+Br: Bristow
+Hy: Hayes
+Hr: Hartranft
+Wh: Wheeler
+Je: Jewell
+
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+     STATES.           |  Bl |  Mo |  Co |  Br |  Hy |  Hr |  Wh |  Je
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+Alabama                | 10  |     |     |   7 |  2  |     |     |  1
+Arkansas               |     | 12  |     |     |     |     |     |
+California             |  9  |     |  1  |  2  |     |     |     |
+Connecticut            |     |     |     |  2  |     |     |     | 10
+Delaware               |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Florida                |  1  |  4  |  8  |     |     |     |     |
+Georgia                |  5  |  6  |  8  |  3  |     |     |     |
+Illinois               | 38  |     |     |  3  |  1  |     |     |
+Indiana                |     | 30  |     |     |     |     |     |
+Iowa                   | 22  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Kansas                 | 10  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Kentucky               |     |     |     | 24  |     |     |     |
+Louisiana              |  2  | 14  |     |     |     |     |     |
+Maine                  | 14  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Maryland               | 16  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Massachusetts          |  6  |     |     | 17  |     |     |  3  |
+Michigan               |  8  |     |  1  |  9  |  4  |     |     |
+Minnesota              | 10  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Mississippi            |     | 12  |     |  3  |     |     |     |
+Missouri               | 14  | 12  |  1  |  2  |  1  |     |     |
+Nebraska               |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Nevada                 |     |     |  2  |  3  |  1  |     |     |
+New Hampshire          |  7  |     |     |  3  |     |     |     |
+New Jersey             | 13  |     |     |     |  5  |     |     |
+New York               |     |     | 69  |  1  |     |     |     |
+North Carolina         |  9  |  2  |  7  |  1  |     |     |     |
+Ohio                   |     |     |     |     | 44  |     |     |
+Oregon                 |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Pennsylvania           |     |     |     |     |     | 58  |     |
+Rhode Island           |  2  |     |     |  6  |     |     |     |
+South Carolina         |     | 13  |     |  1  |     |     |     |
+Texas                  |  2  |  5  |  3  |  6  |     |     |     |
+Tennessee              |  4  | 10  |     | 10  |     |     |     |
+Vermont                |  1  |     |     |  8  |  1  |     |     |
+Virginia               | 16  |  3  |  3  |     |     |     |     |
+West Virginia          |  8  |     |     |     |  2  |     |     |
+Wisconsin              | 20  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Arizona                |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Colorado               |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Dakota                 |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Idaho                  |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Montana                |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+New Mexico             |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Utah                   |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+District of Columbia   |     |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |
+Washington             |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Wyoming                |  1  |     |     |  1  |     |     |     |
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+     Totals            |285  |125  | 99  |113  | 61  | 58  |  3  | 11
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+
+The second ballot resulted as follows: Blaine, 296; Morton, 120;
+Bristow, 114; Conkling, 93; Hayes, 64; Hartranft, 63: Wheeler, 3;
+Washburne, 1.
+
+Third ballot: Blaine, 293; Bristow, 121; Morton, 113; Conkling, 90;
+Hartranft, 08; Hayes, 67; Wheeler, 2; Washburne, 1.
+
+Fourth ballot: Blaine, 292; Bristow, 126; Morton, 108; Conkling, 84;
+Hartranft, 71; Hayes, 68; Washburne, 3; Wheeler, 2.
+
+Fifth ballot: Whole number of votes cast, 755. Necessary to a choice,
+378. Not voting, 1. Blaine, 286; Morton, 95; Bristow, 114; Conkling, 82;
+Hayes, 104; Hartranft, 69; Wheeler (Mass.), 2; Washburne, (Ga. 1, 111.
+1, Minn. 1), 3.
+
+On this ballot Hayes passed from the fifth to the third place, through
+the aid of 22 votes cast for him by Michigan, and 12 by North Carolina.
+This was the first distinct foreshadowing of the result.
+
+On the sixth ballot Hayes was second, the vote standing: Blaine, 308;
+Hayes, 113; Bristow, 111; Morton, 85; Conkling, 81; Hartranft, 50;
+Washburne, 5; Wheeler, 2.
+
+The decisive ballot stood:
+
+SEVENTH BALLOT.
+
+STATES.               Hayes  Blaine  Bristow
+
+Alabama                        17      3
+Arkansas                1      11
+California              3      16
+Connecticut             3       2      7
+Delaware                        6
+Florida                         8
+Georgia                 7      14      1
+Illinois                3      35      5
+Indiana                25              5
+Iowa                           22
+Kansas                         10
+Kentucky               24
+Louisiana               2      14
+Maine                          14
+Maryland                       16
+Massachusetts          21       5
+Michigan               22
+Minnesota               1       9
+Mississippi            16
+Missouri               10      20
+Nebraska                        6
+Nevada                  6
+New Hampshire           3       7
+New Jersey              6      12
+New York               61       9
+North Carolina         20
+Ohio                   44
+Oregon                          6
+Pennsylvania           28      30
+Rhode Island            6       2
+South Carolina          7       7
+Texas                  15       1
+Tennessee              18       6
+Vermont                10
+Virginia                8      14
+West Virginia           4       6
+Wisconsin               4      16
+Arizona                         2
+Colorado                        6
+Dakota                          2
+Idaho                           2
+Montana                 2
+New Mexico                      2
+Utah                            2
+District of Columbia            2
+Washington                      2
+Wyoming                 2
+
+Totals                381     351     21
+
+The nomination of Governor Hayes was received with indescribable
+enthusiasm, with long-continued cheering, and every other demonstration
+of joy and delight.
+
+Outside of Ohio the State that contributed most to this far-reaching
+result was Michigan. From the fact that Mr. Bristow telegraphed to the
+Kentucky delegation several hours before the crisis was reached to cast
+their votes for Hayes, that State should share, after Michigan, the
+honor of achieving the grand result. Indiana, North Carolina, and New
+York followed close upon Kentucky, if it is possible to compare the
+value of the aid each State brought.
+
+On motion of the Hon. Wm. P. Frye, of Maine, Rutherford B. Hayes was
+declared the unanimous choice of the Republican National Convention for
+President of the United States.
+
+This great convention concluded its labors by nominating the able and
+incorruptible Wm. A. Wheeler, of New York, for vice-president by
+acclamation.
+
+On the 17th of June, the day following the nomination, the committee
+appointed by the convention to notify Governor Hayes of the fact
+presented themselves in the executive office at Columbus.
+
+Mr. McPherson, the chairman, approaching him, said:
+
+     "GOVERNOR HAYES: We have been deputed by the National convention of
+     the Republican party, holden at Cincinnati on the 14th of the
+     present month, to inform you officially that you have been
+     unanimously nominated by that convention for the office of
+     President of the United States. The manner in which that action was
+     taken, and the response to it from every portion of the country,
+     attest the strength of the popular confidence in you and the belief
+     that your administration will be wise, courageous, and just. We
+     say, sir, your administration, for we believe that the people will
+     confirm the action of the convention, and thus save the country
+     from the control of the men and the operations of the principles
+     and policy of the Democratic party. We have also been directed to
+     ask your attention to the summary of the Republican doctrine
+     contained in the platform adopted by the convention. In discharging
+     this agreeable duty we find cause of congratulation in the
+     harmonious action of the convention, and in the hearty response
+     given by the people we see the promise of assured success. Ohio, we
+     know, trusts and honors you. Henceforth you belong to the whole
+     country. Under circumstances so auspicious, we trust you will
+     indicate your acceptance of the nomination."
+
+The governor, who had had no intimation as to what the length or
+character of the address would be, was left in doubt with respect to the
+response expected from him by the committee. He, however, without
+embarrassment, but in an intentionally subdued tone of voice, gave this
+appropriately brief reply:
+
+     "SIR: I have only to say in response to your information that I
+     accept the nomination. Perhaps at the present time it would be
+     improper for me to say more than this, although even now I should
+     be glad to give some expression to the profound sense of gratitude
+     I feel for the confidence reposed in me by yourselves and those for
+     whom you act. At a future time I shall take occasion to present my
+     acceptance in writing, with my views upon the platform."
+
+Since his nomination for the presidency, Governor Hayes has changed in
+no perceptible respect the habits, recreations, or labors of his daily
+life. He rises early and accomplishes much work before breakfast. He
+labors in the executive office in the capitol from nine until five,
+discharging his varied duties as governor, answering or dictating the
+answers to be given his official, political, and private correspondence,
+and remaining at all times accessible to visitors of every age, sex,
+color, and condition, who seek to see him. His evenings are passed with
+his family, or at the social parties of his many friends. He makes his
+customary trips to his home and farms near Fremont, and, while
+profitably managing large property interests, finds time to devote to
+pioneer history, to domestic architecture, to gardening, to general
+literature, to languages, and other liberal studies and pursuits. He is
+sobered, but not overpowered or oppressed by the new responsibilities
+cast upon him. He suffers himself to be--as he ever has been--natural.
+Moderate, discreet, and wise in all things as he has been in the past
+and is in the present, he is conspicuously one who grows wiser each day
+that he lives.
+
+Governor Hayes has reached the age of fifty-four, is five feet nine
+inches in height, and weighs one hundred and eighty pounds. Perfect
+health and habits leave him just in the ripe maturity of physical
+manhood and mind. His shoulders and breast are broad, his frame solid
+and compact, his limbs muscular and strong. He has a fresh, ruddy
+complexion, is full of activity and elasticity, and is very fond of the
+amusements of young people. He has an exceptionally high and full
+forehead, a prominent nose, and bluish-gray eyes. A heavy sandy mustache
+and beard, which are silvered a little, conceal his mouth and chin. His
+light-brown hair is thin and slightly sprinkled with gray.
+
+The Governor is the father of eight children, five of whom are now
+living. Those still living were born as follows: Birchard Austin,
+November 4, 1853; Webb Cook, March 20, 1856; Rutherford Platt, June 24,
+1858; Fanny Hayes, September 2, 1867; Scott Russell, February 8, 1871.
+
+The youngest of these children was born in Columbus, the others in
+Cincinnati. The oldest son graduated at Cornell University, in the class
+of 1874, and is now at the Harvard Law School. The second son passed
+three years at Cornell, and is now at home. The third son is at Cornell.
+
+Three weeks from the day that Governor Hayes was nominated for the
+Presidency, his private secretary, Captain A. E. Lee, put upon the
+telegraphic wires, at Columbus, the following accurate copy of:
+
+     THE LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE.
+
+     COLUMBUS, OHIO, _July 8, 1876._
+
+     Hon. Edward McPherson, Hon. Wm. A. Howard, Hon. Joseph H. Rainey,
+     and others, Committee of the Republican National Convention.
+
+     GENTLEMEN: In reply to your official communication of June 17, by
+     which I am informed of my nomination for the office of President of
+     the United States by the Republican National Convention at
+     Cincinnati, I accept the nomination with gratitude, hoping that,
+     under Providence, I shall be able, if elected, to execute the
+     duties of the high office as a trust for the benefit of all the
+     people.
+
+     I do not deem it necessary to enter upon any extended examination
+     of the declaration of principles made by the convention. The
+     resolutions are in accord with my views, and I heartily concur in
+     the principles they announce. In several of the resolutions,
+     however, questions are considered which are of such importance that
+     I deem it proper to briefly express my convictions in regard to
+     them.
+
+     The fifth resolution adopted by the convention is of paramount
+     interest. More than forty years ago, a system of making
+     appointments to office grew up, based upon the maxim "To the
+     victors belong the spoils." The old rule, the true rule, that
+     honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only real
+     qualifications for office, and that there is no other claim, gave
+     place to the idea that party services were to be chiefly
+     considered. All parties, in practice, have adopted this system. It
+     has been essentially modified since its first introduction. It has
+     not, however, been improved.
+
+     At first the president, either directly or through the heads of
+     departments, made all the appointments. But gradually the
+     appointing power, in many cases, passed into the control of members
+     of Congress. The offices, in these cases, have become not merely
+     rewards for party services, but rewards for services to party
+     leaders. This system destroys the independence of the separate
+     departments of the government; it tends directly to extravagance
+     and official incapacity; it is a temptation to dishonesty; it
+     hinders and impairs that careful supervision and strict
+     accountability by which alone faithful and efficient public service
+     can be secured; it obstructs the prompt removal and sure punishment
+     of the unworthy. In every way it degrades the civil service and the
+     character of the government. It is felt, I am confident, by a large
+     majority of the members of Congress, to be an intolerable burden,
+     and an unwarrantable hindrance to the proper discharge of their
+     legitimate duties. It ought to be abolished. The reform should be
+     thorough, radical, and complete.
+
+     We should return to the principles and practice of the founders of
+     the government, supplying by legislation, when needed, that which
+     was formerly established custom. They neither expected nor desired
+     from the public officer any partisan service. They meant that
+     public officers should owe their whole service to the government
+     and to the people. They meant that the officer should be secure in
+     his tenure as long as his personal character remained untarnished,
+     and the performance of his duties satisfactory. If elected, I shall
+     conduct the administration of the government upon these principles;
+     and all constitutional powers vested in the executive will be
+     employed to establish this reform.
+
+     The declaration of principles by the Cincinnati Convention makes no
+     announcement in favor of a single presidential term. I do not
+     assume to add to that declaration; but, believing that the
+     restoration of the civil service to the system established by
+     Washington and followed by the early presidents can be best
+     accomplished by an executive who is under no temptation to use the
+     patronage of his office to promote his own re-election, I desire to
+     perform what I regard as a duty, in stating now my inflexible
+     purpose, if elected, not to be a candidate for election to a second
+     term.
+
+     On the currency question, I have frequently expressed my views in
+     public, and I stand by my record on this subject. I regard all the
+     laws of the United States relating to the payment of the public
+     indebtedness, the legal tender notes included, as constituting a
+     pledge and moral obligation of the Government, which must in good
+     faith be kept. It is my conviction that the feeling of uncertainty
+     inseparable from an irredeemable paper currency, with its
+     fluctuations of values, is one of the great obstacles to a revival
+     of confidence and business, and to a return of prosperity. That
+     uncertainty can be ended in but one way--the resumption of specie
+     payments; but the longer the instability connected with our present
+     money system is permitted to continue, the greater will be the
+     injury inflicted upon our economical interests, and all classes of
+     society.
+
+     If elected, I shall approve every appropriate measure to accomplish
+     the desired end, and shall oppose any step backward.
+
+     The resolution with respect to the public school system is one
+     which should receive the hearty support of the American people.
+     Agitation upon this subject is to be apprehended, until, by
+     constitutional amendment, the schools are placed beyond all danger
+     of sectarian control or interference. The Republican party is
+     pledged to secure such an amendment.
+
+     The resolution of the convention on the subject of the permanent
+     pacification of the country, and the complete protection of all its
+     citizens in the free enjoyment of all their constitutional rights,
+     is timely and of great importance. The condition of the Southern
+     States attracts the attention and commands the sympathy of the
+     people of the whole Union. In their progressive recovery from the
+     effects of the war, their first necessity is an intelligent and
+     honest administration of government, which will protect all classes
+     of citizens in all their political and private rights. What the
+     South most needs is peace, and peace depends upon the supremacy of
+     law. There can be no enduring peace if the constitutional rights of
+     any portion of the people are habitually disregarded. A division of
+     political parties, resting merely upon distinctions of race, or
+     upon sectional lines, is always unfortunate, and may be
+     disastrous. The welfare of the South, alike with that of every
+     other part of the country, depends upon the attractions it can
+     offer to labor, to immigration, and to capital. But laborers will
+     not go, and capital will not be ventured, where the constitution
+     and the laws are set at defiance, and distraction, apprehension,
+     and alarm, take the place of peace-loving and law-abiding social
+     life. All parts of the constitution are sacred, and must be
+     sacredly observed--the parts that are new no less than the parts
+     that are old. The moral and material prosperity of the Southern
+     States can be most effectively advanced by a hearty and generous
+     recognition of the rights of all by all--a recognition without
+     reserve or exception.
+
+     With such a recognition fully accorded, it will be practicable to
+     promote, by the influence of all legitimate agencies of the general
+     government, the efforts of the people of those States to obtain for
+     themselves the blessings of honest and capable local government.
+
+     If elected, I shall consider it not only my duty, but it will be my
+     ardent desire, to labor for the attainment of this end.
+
+     Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States that if I shall
+     be charged with the duty of organizing an Administration, it will
+     be one which will regard and cherish their truest interests--the
+     interests of the white and of the colored people both, and equally;
+     and which will put forth its best efforts in behalf of a civil
+     policy which will wipe out forever the distinction between North
+     and South in our common country.
+
+     With a civil service organized upon a system which will secure
+     purity, experience, efficiency, and economy; with a strict regard
+     for the public welfare, solely, in appointments; with the speedy,
+     thorough, and unsparing prosecution and punishment of all public
+     officers who betray official trusts; with a sound currency; with
+     education unsectarian and free to all; with simplicity and
+     frugality in public and private affairs, and with a fraternal
+     spirit of harmony pervading the people of all sections and classes,
+     we may reasonably hope that the second century of our existence as
+     a Nation will, by the blessing of God, be pre-eminent as an era of
+     good feeling, and a period of progress, prosperity, and happiness.
+
+     Very respectfully,
+     Your fellow-citizen,
+     R. B. HAYES.
+
+The non-partisan verdict upon this letter is that it is faultless in
+style, sound in principle, courageous, broad and elevated in tone,
+liberal, wise, statesmanlike, and strong. It is, in short, the
+declaration of faith of an honest man who has a heart in his breast and
+a head on his shoulders, with purity in that heart and brains in that
+head.
+
+The conclusions which follow our study of the public career of
+Rutherford Birchard Hayes, and the study of that interior life, the
+beauty of which the world will not know until he has passed from it, are
+briefly these.
+
+In boyhood, in battle, in the civic chair, in the esteem of his State,
+in every duty and relation of life, he has been first, and now, it would
+seem, is first in the hearts of his countrymen. As a student, he was
+foremost; as a lawyer, he was in the front rank; as a soldier, he was
+the bravest; as a legislator, the most judicious; as a governor, second
+to none of Ohio's great magistrates.
+
+The most striking characteristic of Hayes as a soldier was his personal
+intrepidity. Anthony Wayne, Francis Marion, and Ethan Allen were called
+brave men in the Revolution, and so they were; but we look in vain in
+their histories for as numerous proofs of unsurpassable daring as the
+hero of Cloyd Mountain, Cedar Creek, and South Mountain, has given us.
+Four horses shot under him; four wounds in action; fighting after he
+fell; a hundred days exposed to death under fire--these are the
+evidences of as lofty a courage as is yet known among men.
+
+As a regimental, brigade, and division commander, his most striking
+quality as a leader was his impetuosity. General Crook used to say that
+Hayes fought infantry as other men fought cavalry. He was always wanting
+to move forward, to charge, to get at the enemy with cold steel. His
+favorite step was the double-quick; his choice of distance two paces;
+and his preferred mode of fighting, the hand-to-hand grapple. This meant
+business, was decisive, and was soon over.
+
+Another characteristic was his constant care for the comfort of his
+soldiers. He was much in the hospitals, cheering up the wounded, writing
+letters for them, and sending last messages from the lips of the dying
+to wives, mothers, and friends. He shared his blanket, his last crust,
+his last penny, with the neediest of his men, and abstained from food
+when they had none.
+
+His house is to-day, and has been since the war, a soldiers' home, where
+all who served with him are invited to come at all times and partake at
+his own table with his wife and children. Seldom is this generous
+hospitality imposed on by the members of his large military family.
+Once, only, a pseudo-soldier, whom the children called the "Veteran,"
+having served two days and a half in the army, remained just double the
+term of his military service under the governor's roof. He doubtless
+found that the rations at this camp were good.
+
+As a civil magistrate, Governor Hayes has developed executive and
+administrative abilities of the highest order. He has a practical,
+common-sense, direct way of doing things. He first finds what things
+ought to be done, and then how. When his own party has been in a
+minority, he has made friends with a few of the most reasonable men in
+the opposition, and through them, as instruments, has accomplished his
+purposes.
+
+He is a discriminating judge of human nature, and is magnetic enough to
+make legislators follow his lead, as his soldiers followed him.
+
+He has fixed rules of official conduct to which he adheres in all cases.
+For example, if he has a judge to appoint--and he has appointed many to
+fill vacancies--his simple inquiry is, Whom do the members of the legal
+profession want, who live in the judicial district to be provided for?
+When that fact is accurately ascertained, the appointment follows as a
+matter of course, even though the lawyer preferred may be his personal
+enemy. In the interests of learning, higher education, human
+benevolence, and equal rights, Hayes has accomplished more than any
+governor Ohio has yet had. We make this statement with the honorable
+records of old Jeremiah Morrow, Corwin, Chase, Tod, Brough, and Cox
+spread before us.
+
+In a word, Governor Hayes is square-built, solid and sound, mentally,
+morally, and physically. His integrity is a proverb; his fidelity to his
+convictions is recognized by political enemies; his record is of
+unassailable soundness; and there is absolutely nothing vulnerable in
+his character. He has a Lincoln-like soundness of judgment, and is as
+inexorably just as old John Marshall. He is a man absolutely free from
+eccentricities and affectations; he neither walks nor talks on stilts.
+His manners have the warmth and grace that sincerity and simplicity
+give. In bearing, he is animated and thoughtful, manly and refined. His
+firmness, while it does not amount to obstinacy, marks the clear-cut
+individuality and decision of his character. He has the guiding faculty
+and the power of containing himself. He takes a just measure both of
+himself and of other men. If the country will do this, his future is as
+secure as his past. If president, he would do the right thing at the
+right time, in the right way. His election will give us, not a "solid
+South" or a solid North, but a solid Union!
+
+Since experience has taught us how essential it is that the
+representative of the women of America in the executive mansion should
+worthily represent all that is best and most elevated in our social
+life, a word in regard to the companion of Governor Hayes may not be out
+of taste. If any public man in our history has been more fortunate and
+happy in his home surroundings and family relations, we are not aware
+who he may be. If the voice of the people should decree the
+transplanting of the ideal home of this family from the capital of Ohio
+to the capital of the Republic, the pure and elevating influences
+radiating from such a home would pervade and purify the social life of
+the National city, if not of the land. A severer simplicity would mark
+the inner and the outer life of the president's household. Extravagance
+in dress and living, wastefulness in vain displays and in ambitious
+entertainments, would find no encouragement from the mistress of the
+Nation's mansion. The lessons of truth and piety, of purity and virtue,
+of charity and benevolence, of sincerity and self-forgetfulness, would
+be taught by example. A whole people could here find in illustration the
+sacredness of the family and the holiness of home.
+
+A union of rare accomplishments, social and domestic, with beauty of
+features, manners, and character, may yet be found in a successor of
+Mrs. Madison.
+
+A doctor of divinity and a doctor of laws, the president of the Ohio
+Wesleyan University, bears this weighty testimony, in a public address,
+to the correctness of what we have hereinbefore recorded:
+
+     "It is in no spirit of partisanship, nor with the slightest
+     reference to merely political ends, but simply in illustration of
+     our subject that we add, already there are hopeful signs of
+     reformation in our National life. It is a sign of progress that the
+     suspicion of sullied purity is beginning to be fatal to a public
+     man. It is an omen of good when in a large and representative
+     convention, with the names of many distinguished men before it, one
+     is borne above them all on the tide of popular enthusiasm and with
+     ringing peals of applause is presented to the American people,
+     without effort of his own, as a candidate for the highest office in
+     the Nation, not only because of his eminent ability, but largely
+     because of the transparent purity of his character and his high,
+     manly, moral worth.
+
+     "It is doubtless a cause of honest pride to the citizens of this
+     town, irrespective of political creeds and preferences, that the
+     man thus highly distinguished is a native of your classic city. By
+     reason of its youth this university can not claim him as a son, but
+     it regards with maternal pride his not less worthy companion, who,
+     after graduation at one of the best female colleges in the State,
+     indicated her rare good sense by passing through much of the
+     college curriculum of our university here.
+
+     "If, by the decree of the people and the providence of God, this
+     worthy pair, honored graduates of Ohio's higher schools of
+     learning, shall be lifted to the highest position and power and
+     influence in the Nation, we have reason to believe that they will
+     illustrate the salutary influence of that cultured goodness of
+     which we have spoken, and that the National capital and the entire
+     National domain will enjoy a purer atmosphere."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Lebanon, Ohio, August 5,
+1867._
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     President Lincoln began his memorable address at the dedication of
+     the Gettysburg National Cemetery with these words:
+
+     "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+     continent a new Nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the
+     proposition that all men are created equal."
+
+     This was Abraham Lincoln's opinion of what was accomplished and
+     what was meant by the Declaration of Independence. His idea was
+     that it gave birth to a Nation, and that it dedicated that Nation
+     to equal rights.
+
+     Now, so far as the performance of duty in the present condition of
+     our country is concerned, "this is the whole law and the prophets."
+     The United States are not a confederacy of independent and
+     sovereign States, bound together by a mere treaty or a compact, but
+     the people of the United States constitute a Nation, having one
+     flag, one history, "one country, one constitution, one destiny."
+     Whoever seeks to divide this Nation into two sections--into a North
+     and a South, or into four sections, according to the cardinal
+     points of the compass, or into thirty or forty independent
+     sovereignties--is opposed to the Nation, and the Nation's friends
+     should be opposed to him.
+
+     Washington, in his Farewell Address, says:
+
+     "The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also
+     now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the
+     edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquillity
+     at home, your peace abroad; of your safety, of your prosperity, of
+     that very liberty which you so highly prize.... The name of
+     American, which belongs to you in your National capacity, must
+     always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation
+     derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of
+     difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and
+     political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought and
+     triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are
+     the work of joint counsels and joint efforts--of common dangers,
+     sufferings, and successes."
+
+     The sentiment of Nationality is the sentiment of the Declaration of
+     Independence; it is the sentiment of the fathers; it is the
+     sentiment which carried us through the war of the Revolution, and
+     through the war of the late Rebellion; and it is a sentiment which
+     the people of the United States ought forever to cultivate and
+     cherish.
+
+     The great idea to which the Nation, according to Mr. Lincoln, was
+     dedicated by the fathers is expressed in the Declaration in these
+     familiar phrases: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
+     all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
+     with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life,
+     liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights
+     governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
+     from the consent of the governed."
+
+     An intelligent audience will not wish to hear discussion as to the
+     import of these sentences. Their language is simple, their meaning
+     plain, and their truth undoubted. The equality declared by the
+     fathers was not an equality of beauty, of physical strength, or of
+     intellect, but an equality of rights. Foolish attempts have been
+     made by those who hate the principles of the fathers to destroy the
+     great fundamental truth of the Declaration, by limiting the
+     application of the phrase "all men" to the men of a single race.
+
+     But Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration leaves no room to
+     doubt what he meant by these words. The gravest charge he made
+     against the King of Great Britain in the original draft of the
+     Declaration of Independence was the following:
+
+     "He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its
+     most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant
+     people, who never offended him, capturing and carrying them into
+     slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their
+     transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of
+     infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great
+     Britain, determined to keep open market where MEN should be bought
+     and sold."
+
+     In this sentence the word "men" is written by Jefferson in capital
+     letters, showing with what emphasis he wished to declare that the
+     King of Great Britain was making slaves of a people to whom
+     belonged the rights of men.
+
+     Unfortunately for our country, that King, and others who "waged
+     cruel war against human nature itself," had already succeeded in
+     planting in the bosom of American society an element implacably
+     hostile to human rights, and destined to become the enemy of the
+     Union, whenever the American people, in their National capacity,
+     should refuse assent to any measures which the holders of slaves
+     should deem necessary or even important for the security or
+     prosperity of their "peculiar institution."
+
+     I need not, upon this occasion, repeat what is now familiar
+     history--how, by the invention of the cotton-gin, and the
+     consequent enormous increase of the cotton crop, slave labor in the
+     cotton States, and slave breeding in the Northern slave States,
+     became so profitable that the slaveholders were able, for many
+     years, largely to influence, if not control, every department of
+     the National Government. The slave power became something more than
+     a phrase--it was a definite, established, appalling fact. The
+     Missouri controversy, South Carolina nullification, the Texas
+     controversy, the adoption of the compromise measures of 1850, and
+     the repeal of the Missouri compromise in 1854, were all occasions
+     when the country was compelled to see the magnitude, the energy,
+     the recklessness, and the arrogance of the slave power.
+
+     Precisely when the men who wielded that power determined to destroy
+     the Union it is not now necessary to inquire. Threats of disunion
+     were made in the first Congress that assembled under the
+     constitution. Upon various pretexts they were repeated from time to
+     time, and no one doubts that slavery was at the bottom of them. In
+     1833 General Jackson wrote to Rev. A. J. Crawford: "Take care of
+     your nullifiers; you have them among you; let them meet with the
+     indignant frown of every man who loves his country. The tariff, it
+     is now known, was a mere pretext ... and disunion and a Southern
+     Confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro or
+     slavery question." General Jackson was no doubt right as to the
+     existence of a settled purpose to break up the Union, and to
+     establish a Southern Confederacy, as long ago as 1832. But why was
+     there such a purpose? On what ground did it stand?
+
+     Great political parties, whether sectional or otherwise, do not
+     come by accident, nor are they the invention of political intrigue.
+     A faction born of a clique may have some strength at one or two
+     elections, but the wisest political wire-workers can not, by merely
+     "taking thought," create a strong and permanent party. The result
+     of the Philadelphia Convention last summer probably taught this
+     truth to the authors of that movement. Great political movements
+     always have some adequate cause.
+
+     Now, on what did the conspirators who plotted the destruction of
+     the Union and the establishment of a Southern Confederacy rely? In
+     the first place, they taught a false construction of the National
+     constitution, which was miscalled State rights, the essential part
+     of which was that "any State of the Union might secede from the
+     Union whenever it liked." This doctrine was the instrument employed
+     to destroy the unity of the Nation. The fact which gave strength
+     and energy to those who employed this instrument was that in the
+     southern half of the Union, society, business, property, religion,
+     and law were all based on the proposition that over four millions
+     of our countrymen, capable of civilization and religion, were,
+     because of their race and color, "so far inferior that they had no
+     rights which the white man was bound to respect." The practice,
+     founded upon this denial of the Declaration of Independence,
+     protected by law and sanctioned by usage, was our great National
+     transgression, and was the cause of our great National calamity.
+
+     In a country where discussion was free, sooner or later, parties
+     were sure to be formed on the issues presented by the slaveholders.
+     The supporters of the Union and of human rights would band together
+     against the supporters of disunion and slavery. For many years
+     after the struggle really began, the issues were not clearly
+     defined, and neither party was able to occupy its true and final
+     position, or to rally to its standard all who were in fact its
+     friends. Old parties encumbered the ground. Men were slow to give
+     up old associations and leave the discussion of obsolete,
+     immaterial, or ephemeral issues.
+
+     At last the crisis came. In 1860, Mr. Lincoln, who was unfriendly
+     to slavery and faithful to the Union, was elected president. The
+     party of disunion and slavery were prepared for this event. Their
+     action was prompt, decisive, and defiant. They proceeded to
+     organize southern conventions, and formally to withdraw from the
+     Union, and undertook to establish a new government and a new Nation
+     on the soil of the United States.
+
+     Prior to 1860 the party calling itself Democratic had gathered
+     under one name and one organization almost the whole of the
+     secessionists of the South and a large body of the people of the
+     North, many of whom had no sympathy either with secession or
+     slavery. In 1860 the secessionists were so arrogant in their
+     demands that the great body of the Democratic party in the North
+     refused to yield to them, and supported Mr. Douglass in opposition
+     both to Mr. Lincoln, and to the disunion and slavery candidate, Mr.
+     Breckenridge. But it was well known that many leading Democrats who
+     supported Mr. Douglass leaned strongly toward the southern Calhoun
+     democracy, and that their sympathies were with slave-holding or at
+     least with slaveholders.
+
+     The evidence of this is abundantly furnished in their recorded
+     opinions. The most distinguished and perhaps the most influential
+     Democrat now actively engaged in politics in Ohio, who presided
+     over and addressed the last Democratic State Convention held at
+     Columbus, Mr. Pendleton, delivered a speech in the House of
+     Representatives on the 18th of January, 1861.
+
+     You will recollect how far the slaveholders had progressed in their
+     great rebellion at that date. Mr. Pendleton himself says:
+
+     "To-day, sir, four States of this Union have, so far as their power
+     extends, seceded from it. Four States, as far as they are able,
+     have annulled the grants of power made to the Federal Government;
+     they have resumed the powers delegated by the Constitution; they
+     have canceled, so far as they could, every limitation upon the full
+     exercise of all their sovereign rights. They do not claim our
+     protection; they ask no benefit from our laws; they seek none of
+     the advantages of the confederation. On the other hand, they
+     renounce their allegiance; they repudiate our authority over them,
+     and they assert that they have assumed--some of them that they have
+     resumed--their position among the family of sovereignties, among
+     the nations of the earth.... To-day, even while I am speaking,
+     Georgia is voting upon this very question. And unless the signs of
+     the times very much deceive us, within three weeks other States
+     will be added to the number."
+
+     Mr. Pendleton might also have said that prior to that date, forts,
+     arsenals, dock-yards, mints, and other places and property
+     belonging to the United States, had been seized by organized and
+     armed bodies of rebels; the collection of debts due in the South to
+     Northern creditors had been stopped; South Carolina had declared
+     that any attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter by the United States
+     would be regarded by that State as an act of hostility against her
+     and equivalent to a declaration of war; the Star of the West, an
+     unarmed vessel, with the American flag floating at her mast-head,
+     carrying provisions to the famishing garrison of Fort Sumter, had
+     been fired on and driven from Charleston harbor; in short, at that
+     date the rebels were engaged in actual war against the Nation, and
+     the only reason why blood had not been shed was that the National
+     government had failed in its duty to defend the Nation's property,
+     and to maintain the sacredness of the National flag.
+
+     At that crisis Mr. Pendleton delivered and sent forth a speech
+     bearing this significant motto: "But, sir, armies, money, blood,
+     can not maintain this Union--justice, reason, peace, may." The
+     speech was according to its motto. Accustomed as he is to speak
+     cautiously, and in a scholarly and moderate way, we can not be
+     mistaken as to his drift. On the authority of the National
+     government he says:
+
+     "Now, sir, what force of arms can compel a State to do that which
+     she has agreed to do? What force of arms can compel a State to
+     refrain from doing that which her State government, supported by
+     the sentiment of her people, is determined to persist in doing....
+     Sir, the whole scheme of coercion is impracticable. It is contrary
+     to the genius and spirit of the Constitution."
+
+     These extracts sufficiently and fairly show Mr. Pendleton's notion
+     of the duty and authority of the Nation in that great crisis. He
+     held the States rights doctrines of Calhoun and Breckenridge, and
+     not the National principles of Washington and Jackson.
+
+     As to the treatment of rebels already in arms, and as to the
+     "demands" of the slave power, consider this advice which he gave to
+     Congress and the people:
+
+     "If these Southern States can not be conciliated; if you,
+     gentlemen, can not find it in your hearts to grant their demands;
+     if they must leave the family mansion, I would signalize their
+     departure by tokens of love; I would bid them farewell so tenderly
+     that they would be forever touched by the recollection of it; and
+     if in the vicissitudes of their separate existence they should
+     desire to come together with us again in one common government,
+     there should be no pride to be humiliated, there should be no wound
+     inflicted by my hand to be healed. They should come and be welcome
+     to the places they now occupy."
+
+     Thus we see there were those who, with honeyed phrases and soft
+     words, would have looked smilingly on, while the great
+     Republic--the pride of her children, the hope of the ages--built by
+     the fathers at such an expense of suffering, of treasure, and of
+     blood, was stricken by traitors' hands from the roll of living
+     Nations, and while an armed oligarchy should establish in its stead
+     a nation founded on a denial of human rights, and under whose sway
+     south of the Potomac more than half of the territory of the old
+     Thirteen Colonies--soil once fertilized by the best blood of the
+     Revolution--should, for generations to come, continue to be tilled
+     by the unrequited toil of slaves.
+
+     The best known, the boldest, and perhaps the ablest leader of the
+     peace Democracy in the North is Mr. Vallandigham. He was chairman
+     of the committee on resolutions in the last Democratic State
+     Convention in Ohio, and reported the present State platform of his
+     party. He, probably, still enjoys in a greater degree than any
+     other public man the affection and confidence of the positive men
+     of the Ohio Democracy, who, from beginning to end, opposed the war.
+     On the 20th of February, 1861, he delivered a speech in the House
+     of Representatives in support of certain amendments which he
+     proposed to the Constitution of the United States. In an appendix
+     to that speech, he published an extract from a card in the
+     Cincinnati _Enquirer_ of November 10, 1860, from which I quote:
+
+     "And now let me add that I did say, ... in a public speech at the
+     Cooper Institute, on the 2d of November, 1860, that if any one or
+     more of the States of this Union should at any time secede, for
+     reasons of the sufficiency and justice of which, before God and the
+     great tribunal of history, they alone may judge, much as I should
+     deplore it, I never would, as a representative in Congress of the
+     United States, vote one dollar of money whereby one drop of
+     American blood should be shed in a civil war.... And I now
+     deliberately repeat and reaffirm it, resolved, though I stand
+     alone, though all others yield and fall away, to make it good to
+     the last moment of my public life." Here was another strong man of
+     large influence solemnly pledged to allow the Union to be broken up
+     and destroyed, in case the rebel conspirators chose that
+     alternative, rather than forgo their demands in favor of oppression
+     and against human rights.
+
+     On the 23d of January, 1861, the Democratic party held a State
+     Convention at Columbus. Remember, at that date the air was thick
+     with threats of war from the South. The rebels were organizing and
+     drilling; arms robbed from the National arsenals were in their
+     hands; and the question upon all minds was whether the Republic
+     should perish without having a single blow struck in her defense,
+     or whether the people of the loyal North should rise as one man,
+     prepared to wage war until treason and, if need be, slavery went
+     down together. On this question, that convention was bound to
+     speak. Silence was impossible. There were present war Democrats and
+     peace Democrats, followers of Jackson, and followers of Calhoun.
+     There was a determined and gallant struggle on the part of the war
+     Democrats, but the superior numbers, or more probably the superior
+     tactics and strategy, of the peace men triumphed.
+
+     The present candidate of the Democratic party for Governor of Ohio,
+     Judge Thurman, a gentleman of character and ability, a
+     distinguished lawyer and judge and a politician of long experience,
+     succeeded in passing through the convention this resolution:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the two hundred thousand Democrats of Ohio send
+     to the people of the United States, both North and South, greeting;
+     and when the people of the North shall have fulfilled their duties
+     to the constitution and to the South, then, and not until then,
+     will it be proper for them to take into consideration the question
+     of the right and propriety of coercion."
+
+     In support of this famous resolution, Judge Thurman addressed the
+     convention, and, among other things, is reported to have said:
+
+     "A man is deficient in understanding who thinks the cause of
+     disunion is that the South apprehended any overt act of oppression
+     in Lincoln's administration. It is the spirit of the late
+     presidential contest that alarms the South.... It would try the
+     ethics of any man to deny that some of the Southern States have no
+     cause for revolution.... Then you must be sure you are able to
+     coerce before you begin the work. The South are a brave people. The
+     Southern States can not be held by force. The blacks won't fight
+     for the invaders.... The Hungarians had less cause of complaint
+     against Austria than the South had against the North."
+
+     When we reflect on what the rebels had done and what they were
+     doing when this resolution was passed, it seems incredible that
+     sane men, having a spark of patriotism, could for one moment have
+     tolerated its sentiments. The rebels had already deprived the
+     United States of its jurisdiction and property in about one-fourth
+     of its inhabited territory, and were rapidly extending their
+     insurrection so as to include within the rebel lines all of the
+     slave States. The lives and property of Union citizens in the
+     insurgent States were at the mercy of traitors, and the National
+     flag was everywhere torn down, and shameful indignities and
+     outrages heaped upon all who honored it.
+
+     This resolution speaks of fulfilling the duties of the people of
+     the North to the South. The first and highest duty of the people of
+     the North to themselves, to the South, to their country, and to
+     God, was to crush the rebellion. All speeches and resolutions
+     against either the right or the propriety of coercion merely gave
+     encouragement, "moral aid and comfort," more important than powder
+     and ball, to the enemies of the Nation.
+
+     Do I state too strongly the mischievous, the fatal tendency of
+     these proceedings? The resolution adopted by the peace Democracy of
+     Ohio is addressed in terms "to the people of all the States, North
+     and South," and in fact was sent, I am informed, to the governors
+     of all the States.
+
+     In the South, Union men were laboring by every means in their power
+     to prevent secession. Their most cogent argument was that the
+     National government would defend itself by war against rebellion.
+     To this, the rebel reply was, "There will be no war. Secession will
+     be peaceable. The peace party of the North will prevent coercion.
+     If there is fighting, it will be as Ex-President Pierce writes to
+     Jefferson Davis, 'The fighting will not be along Mason and Dixon's
+     line merely. It will be within our own borders, in our own
+     streets.'"
+
+     For the evidence of the correctness of this opinion, the rebels
+     could point confidently to such speeches and resolutions as those
+     we are now considering. Governor Orr, of South Carolina, in a
+     recent speech at the Charleston Board of Trade banquet, is reported
+     to have said:
+
+     "I know there is an apprehension widespread in the North and West
+     that, after the reconstruction of the Southern States, we shall
+     fall into the arms of our old allies and associates, the old
+     Democratic party. I say to you, gentlemen, however, that I would
+     give no such pledges. We have accounts to settle with that party,
+     gentlemen, before I, at least, will consent to affiliate with it.
+     Many of you will remember that, when the war first commenced, great
+     hopes and expectations were held out by our friends in the North
+     and West that there would be no war, and that if it commenced, it
+     would be North of Mason and Dixon's line, and not in the South."
+
+     Without pausing to inquire how much strength accrued to the
+     rebellion in its earlier stages by the encouragement it received
+     from sympathizers in the North, let us pass on to the spring and
+     summer of 1861, after the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter,
+     and when the armies of the Union and of the rebellion were facing
+     each other upon a line of operations extending from the Potomac to
+     the Rio Grande. The most superficial observer could not fail to
+     discover these facts.
+
+     In the South, where slavery was strongest, the rebellion was
+     strongest. Where there were few slaveholders, there were few
+     rebels. South Carolina and Mississippi, having the largest number
+     of slaves in proportion to population, were almost unanimous for
+     rebellion. Western Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, East Tennessee, had
+     few slaves, and love of the Union and hatred of secession in those
+     mountain regions was nearly universal.
+
+     The counterpart of this was found everywhere in the North. In
+     counties and districts where the majority of the people had been
+     accustomed to defend or excuse the practice of slave-holding and
+     the aggressions of the slaveholders, there was much sympathy with
+     the rebellion and strong opposition to the war. Men who abused and
+     hated negroes did not usually hate rebels. On the other hand,
+     anti-slavery counties and districts were quite sure to be Union to
+     the core.
+
+     In Ohio, as in other free States, the Democratic party could not be
+     led off in a body after the peace Democracy. Brough, Tod, Matthews,
+     Dorsey, Steedman, and a host of Democrats of the Jackson school,
+     nobly kept the faith. Lytle, McCook, Webster, and gallant spirits
+     like them, from every county and neighborhood of our State, sealed
+     their devotion to the Union and to true Democracy with their life's
+     blood.
+
+     They believed, with Douglass, in the last letter he ever wrote,
+     that "it was not a party question, nor a question involving
+     partisan policy; it was a question of government or no government,
+     country or no country, and hence it became the imperative duty of
+     every Union man, every friend of constitutional liberty, to rally
+     to the support of our common country, its government and flag, as
+     the only means of checking the progress of revolution, and of
+     preserving the Union of the States."
+
+     They believed the words of Douglass' last speech: "This is no time
+     for a detail of causes. The conspiracy is now known. Armies have
+     been raised, war is levied to accomplish it. There are only two
+     sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or
+     against it. There can be no neutrals in this war--only patriots and
+     traitors."
+
+     As the war progressed, the great political parties of the country
+     underwent important changes, both of organization and policy. In
+     the North, the Republican party, the great body of the American or
+     Union party of 1860, and the war Democracy formed the Union party.
+     The Democracy of the South, for the most part, became rebels, and
+     in the North those who did not unite with the Union party generally
+     passed under the control and leadership of the peace Democracy.
+
+     At the beginning of the war, the creed of the Union party consisted
+     of one idea--it labored for one object--the restoration of the
+     Union. Slavery, the rights of man, the principles of the
+     Declaration of Independence, were for the time lost sight of in the
+     struggle for the Nation's life. As late as August, 1862, President
+     Lincoln wrote to Mr. Greeley: "My paramount object is to save the
+     Union, and not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could
+     save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I
+     could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
+     could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also
+     do that."
+
+     Slowly, gradually, after repeated disasters and disappointments,
+     the eyes of the Union leaders were opened to the fact that slavery
+     and rebellion were convertible terms; that the Confederacy,
+     according to its Vice-President, Alexander H. Stephens, was founded
+     upon "exactly the opposite idea" from that of Jefferson and the
+     fathers. "Its foundations," said he, "are laid, its corner-stone
+     rests upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white
+     man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his
+     natural and normal condition." Mr. Lincoln and the Union party,
+     struggling faithfully onward, finally reached the solid ground that
+     the American government was founded on the broad principles of
+     right, justice, and humanity, and that, for this Nation, "Union and
+     liberty" were indeed "one and inseparable."
+
+     The leaders of the peace Democracy were for a time overwhelmed by
+     the popular uprising which followed the attack on Fort Sumter, and
+     were not able during the year 1861 or the early part of 1862 to
+     mark out definitely the course to be pursued. But, like the Union
+     party, they gradually approached the position they were ultimately
+     to occupy.
+
+     Their success in the autumn elections of 1862 encouraged them to
+     enter upon the pathway in which they have plodded along
+     consistently if not prosperously ever since. Opposition to the war
+     measures of Mr. Lincoln's administration, and in particular to
+     every measure tending to the enfranchisement and elevation of the
+     African race, became their settled policy. By this policy they were
+     placed in harmony with their former associates, the rebels of the
+     South. The rebels were fighting to destroy the Union. The peace
+     party were opposing the only measures which could save it. The
+     rebels were fighting for slavery. The peace party were laboring in
+     their way to keep alive and inflame the prejudice against race and
+     color, on which slavery was based.
+
+     The abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, the repeal of
+     the fugitive slave law, Mr. Lincoln's proclamation of emancipation,
+     in a word, every step of the Union party toward enfranchisement of
+     the colored people, the peace Democracy opposed. Every war measure,
+     every means adopted to strengthen the cause of the Union and weaken
+     the rebellion, met with the the same opposition. Whatever Mr.
+     Lincoln or Congress did to get money, to get men, or to obtain the
+     moral support of the country and the world--tax laws, tariff laws,
+     greenbacks, government bonds, army bills, drafts, blockades,
+     proclamations--met the indiscriminate and bitter assaults of these
+     men. The enlistment of colored soldiers, a measure by which between
+     one and two hundred thousand able-bodied men were transferred from
+     the service of the rebels in corn-fields to the Union service in
+     battle-fields--how Mr. Lincoln and the Union party were vilified
+     for that wise and necessary measure! But worse, infinitely worse,
+     than mere opposition to war measures, were their efforts to impair
+     the confidence of the people, to diminish the moral power of the
+     government, to give hope and earnestness to the enemies of the
+     Union, by showing that the administration was to blame for the war,
+     that it was unnecessary, unjust, and that it had been perverted
+     from its original object, and that it could not but fail.
+
+     I need not go beyond the record of leaders of the Ohio Democracy of
+     to-day for proof what I am saying. Mr. Pendleton, usually so
+     gentlemanly and prudent in speech, lost his balance after the
+     victories of the peace Democracy in 1862. At the Democratic jubilee
+     in Butler county over the elections, Mr. Pendleton is reported as
+     saying:
+
+     "I came up to see if there were any Butternuts in Butler county. I
+     came to see if there were any Copperheads in Butler county, as my
+     friends of the Cincinnati _Gazette_ and _Commercial_ are fond of
+     terming the Democracy of the country. I came up to tell you that
+     there are a good many of that stripe of animals in old Hamilton. I
+     have traveled about the country lately, and I assure you there is a
+     large crop of Butternuts everywhere: not only that, but the quality
+     and character of the nut is quite as good as the quantity."
+
+     Of course, Mr. Pendleton was applauded by his audience; and he
+     returned to his place in the House of Representatives at Washington
+     prepared to give expression to his views with the same plainness
+     and boldness which marked the utterances of his colleague, Mr.
+     Vallandigham.
+
+     On the 31st of January, 1863, he made an elaborate speech against
+     the enlistment of negroes into the service of the United States, in
+     which he said:
+
+     "I should be false to you, my fellow-representatives, if I did not
+     tell you that there is an impression, growing with great rapidity,
+     upon the minds of the people of the Northwest that they have been
+     deliberately deceived into this war--that their patriotism and
+     their love of country have been engaged to call them into the army,
+     under the pretense that the war was to be for the Union and the
+     Constitution, when, in fact, it was to be an armed crusade for the
+     abolition of slavery. I tell you, sir, that unless this impression
+     is speedily arrested it will become universal; it will ripen into
+     conviction, and then it will be beyond your power to get from their
+     broad plains another man, or from their almost exhausted coffers
+     another dollar."
+
+     In the same speech he says:
+
+     "I said two years ago, on this floor, that armies, money, war can
+     not restore this Union; justice, reason, peace, may. I believed it
+     then; I have believed it at every moment since; I believe it now.
+     No event of the past two years has for a moment shaken my faith.
+     Peace is the first step to Union. Peace is Union. Peace unbroken
+     would have preserved it; peace restored will, I hope, in some time
+     reconstruct it. The only bonds which can hold these States in
+     confederation, the only ties which can make us one people, are the
+     soft and silken cords of affection and interest. These are woven in
+     peace, not war; in conciliation, not coercion; in deeds of kindness
+     and acts of friendly sympathy, not in deeds of violence and blood.
+     The people of the Northwest were carried away by the excitement of
+     April and May. They believed war would restore the Union. They
+     trusted to the assurances of the president and his cabinet, and of
+     Congress, that it should be carried on for that purpose alone. They
+     trusted that it would be carried on under the Constitution. They
+     were patriotic and confiding. They sent their sons, and brothers,
+     and husbands to the army, and poured out their treasures at the
+     feet of the administration. They feel that the war has been
+     perverted from this end; that the Constitution has been
+     disregarded; that abolition and arbitrary power, not Union and
+     constitutional liberty, are the governing ideas of the
+     administration. They are in no temper to be trifled with. They
+     think they have been deceived. There is danger of revolution. They
+     are longing for peace."
+
+     Need I pause to inquire who would receive encouragement, or whose
+     spirits would be depressed, on reading these remarkable sentences?
+     Imagine them read by the rebel camp-fires, or at the fire-sides of
+     the rebel people. What hope, what exultation we should behold in
+     the faces of those who heard them! On the other hand, at Union
+     camp-fires, or by the loyal fire-sides of the North, what sorrow,
+     what mortification, what depression such statements would surely
+     carry wherever they were heard and believed!
+
+     The course of the peace Democracy of Ohio during the memorable
+     contest of 1863, between Brough and Vallandigham, is too well known
+     to require attention now. Judge Thurman was one of the committee
+     who constructed the platform of the convention which nominated Mr.
+     Vallandigham, and was the ablest member of the State Central
+     Committee which had charge of the canvass in his behalf during his
+     exile.
+
+     The key-note to that canvass was given by Mr. Vallandigham himself
+     in a letter written from Canada, July 15, 1863. That letter
+     contained the following:
+
+     "If this civil war is to terminate only by the subjugation or
+     submission of the South to force and arms, the infant of to-day
+     will not live to see the end of it. No, in another way only can it
+     be brought to a close. Traveling a thousand miles and more, through
+     nearly half of the Confederate States, and sojourning for a time at
+     widely different points, I met not one man, woman, or child, who
+     was not resolved to perish rather than yield to the pressure of
+     arms, even in the most desperate extremity. And whatever may and
+     must be the varying fortune of the war, in all which I recognize
+     the hand of Providence pointing visibly to the ultimate issue of
+     this great trial of the States and people of America, they are
+     better prepared now every way to make good their inexorable purpose
+     than at any period since the beginning of the struggle. These may
+     be unwelcome truths; but they are addressed only to candid and
+     honest men."
+
+     The assumption of the certain success of the rebellion, and that
+     the war for the Union would assuredly fail, was the strong point of
+     these gentlemen in favor of the election of Vallandigham and the
+     defeat of Brough. Fortunately, the patriotic people saw the
+     situation from another standpoint, and under the influence of
+     different feelings and different sympathies.
+
+     In the elections of 1863, the peace Democracy of Ohio and other
+     States sustained defeats which have no parallel in our political
+     history. But, notwithstanding their reverses, the year 1864, the
+     year of the presidential election, found the Ohio leaders possibly
+     sadder, but certainly not wiser nor more patriotic than before.
+
+     At the National Convention at Chicago, in August, Mr. Pendleton was
+     nominated for vice-president, Judge Thurman was a delegate of the
+     State of Ohio at large, and Mr. Vallandigham as a district
+     delegate, and as a member of the committee on platform, was the
+     author of the following resolution adopted by the convention:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That this convention does explicitly declare, as the
+     sense of the American people, that, after four years of failure to
+     restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under
+     pretense of military necessity, or war power higher than the
+     constitution, the constitution has been disregarded in every part,
+     and public liberty and private rights have been alike trodden down,
+     and the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired,
+     justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that
+     immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a
+     view to an ultimate convention of all the States, or other
+     peaceable means, to the end that at the earliest practicable moment
+     peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal Union of the
+     States."
+
+     This resolution does not seem to require explanation or comment.
+     But as General McClellan's letter accepting the nomination for
+     president did not square well with this part of the party platform,
+     Mr. Vallandigham, in a speech at Sidney, Ohio, September 24, 1864,
+     explained it at some length. In that speech, he said:
+
+     "I am speaking now of the fact that this convention pronounced this
+     war a failure, and giving you the reasons why it is a failure....
+     What has been gained by this campaign? More lives have been lost,
+     more hard fighting has been done, more courage has been exhibited
+     by the Federal as well as the Southern soldiers than in any former
+     campaign, and what has been accomplished? General Grant is nearer
+     to Richmond, occupying a territory of perhaps eleven miles, which
+     was not in the possession of the United States when the campaign
+     began, from City Point to the suburbs of Petersburg. To secure that
+     he gave up all the country from Manassas down to Richmond and a
+     large part of the valley.... How about the Southern campaign?
+     General Sherman, through the courage of the best disciplined, best
+     organized, and most powerful army that has been seen since the
+     campaigns of the first Napoleon, has taken Atlanta--a town somewhat
+     larger than Sidney. It has cost him sixty thousand men and four or
+     five months of the most terrible campaign ever waged on this
+     continent or any other, or any other part of the globe. He occupies
+     from two to five miles on each side of a railroad of one hundred
+     and thirty-eight miles in length. He has penetrated that far into
+     Georgia. What has been surrendered to obtain that? All of Texas,
+     nearly all of Louisiana, nearly all of Arkansas, Mississippi,
+     Alabama, and a part of Tennessee, which were in possession of the
+     Federals on the first of May. Kentucky has been opened to continual
+     incursions of the Confederate armies. All this has been surrendered
+     in order to gain this barren strip of country on the line of the
+     railroad. The war, then, has been properly pronounced a failure in
+     a military point of view. The convention meant that it has failed
+     to restore the Union, and there is not a Republican in the land who
+     does not know it."
+
+     In the Sidney speech, Mr. Vallandigham says, also:
+
+     "What will you have now? Four years more of war? What guaranties of
+     success have you? Do you want two million more of men to go forth
+     to this war as the Crusaders went to the sepulcher at Jerusalem?
+     The beginning of this administration found us with very little
+     debt, comparatively no taxation, and peace and happiness among the
+     States; and now look at the scene! Four more years of war, do you
+     tell me, when the first four, with every advantage, has failed?
+     Now, too, that the hearts of one-half of the people are turned away
+     from war, and intent upon the arts of peace? What will be the
+     consequence? Four thousand millions more of debt, five hundred
+     millions more of taxation, more conscriptions, more calls for five
+     hundred thousand men, more sacrifices for the next four years. All
+     this is what Abraham Lincoln demands of you in order that the South
+     may be compelled not to return to the Union, but to abandon
+     slavery."
+
+     All this logic, this eloquence, this taxing the imagination to
+     portray the horrors of war, failed to deceive the people; Lincoln
+     was re-elected; the war went on, and a few short months witnessed
+     the end of the armed rebellion, and the triumph of liberty and of
+     Union.
+
+     Now came the work of reconstruction. The leaders of the Peace
+     Democracy, who had failed in every measure, in every plan, in every
+     opinion, and in every prediction relating to the war, were promptly
+     on hand, and with unblushing cheek were prepared to take exclusive
+     charge of the whole business of reorganization and reconstruction.
+     They had a plan all prepared--a plan easily understood, easily
+     executed, and which they averred would be satisfactory to all
+     parties. Their plan was in perfect harmony with the conduct and
+     history of its authors and friends during the war. They had been in
+     very close sympathy with the men engaged in the rebellion, while
+     their sympathy for loyal white people at the South was not strong,
+     and they were bitterly hostile to loyal colored people both North
+     and South. Their plan was consistent with all this.
+
+     According to it, the rebels were to be treated in the same manner
+     as if they had remained loyal. All laws, State and National, all
+     orders and regulations of the military, naval, and other
+     departments of the government, creating disabilities on account of
+     participation in the rebellion, were to be repealed, revoked, or
+     abolished. The rebellious States were to be represented in Congress
+     by the rebels without hindrance from any test oath. All
+     appointments in the army, in the navy, and in the civil service,
+     were to be made from men who were rebels, on the same terms as from
+     men who were loyal. The people and governments in the rebellious
+     States were to be subjected to no other interference or control
+     from the military or other departments of the general government
+     than exists in the States which remained loyal. Loyal white men and
+     loyal colored men were to be protected alone in those States by
+     State laws, executed by State authorities, as if they were in the
+     loyal States.
+
+     There were to be no amendments to the constitution, not even an
+     amendment abolishing slavery. In short, the great rebellion was to
+     be ignored or forgotten, or, in the words of one of their orators,
+     "to be generously forgiven." The war, whose burdens, cost, and
+     carnage they had been so fond of exaggerating, suddenly sank into
+     what the Rev. Petroleum V. Nasby calls "the late unpleasantness,"
+     for which nobody but the abolitionists were to blame. Under this
+     plan the States could soon re-establish slavery where it had been
+     disturbed by the war. Jefferson Davis, Toombs, Slidell, and Mason
+     could be re-elected to their old places in the Senate of the United
+     States; Lee could be re-appointed in the army, and Semmes and Maury
+     could be restored to the navy. Of course this plan of the Peace
+     Democracy was acceptable to the rebels of the South.
+
+     But the loyal people, who under the name of the Union party fought
+     successfully through the war of the rebellion, objected to this
+     plan as wrong in principle, wrong in its details, and fatally wrong
+     as an example for the future. It treats treason as no crime and
+     loyalty as no virtue; it contains no guarantees, irreversible or
+     otherwise, against another rebellion by the same parties and on the
+     same grounds. It restores to political honor and power in the
+     government of the Nation men who have spent the best part of their
+     lives in plotting the overthrow of that government, and who for
+     more than four years levied public war against the United States;
+     it allows Union men in the South, who have risked all--and many of
+     whom have lost all but life in upholding the Union cause--to be
+     excluded from every office, State and National, and in many
+     instances to be banished from the States they so faithfully
+     laboured to save; it abandons the four millions of colored people
+     to such treatment as the ruffian class of the South, educated in
+     the barbarism of slavery and the atrocities of the rebellion, may
+     choose to give them; it leaves the obligations of the Nation to her
+     creditors and to the maimed soldiers and to the widows and orphans
+     of the war, to be fulfilled by men who hate the cause in which
+     those obligations were incurred; it claims to be a plan which
+     restores the Union without requiring conditions; but, in conceding
+     to the conquered rebels the repeal of laws important to the
+     Nation's welfare, it grants conditions which they demand, while it
+     denies to the loyal victors conditions which they deem of priceless
+     value.
+
+     In the meantime, President Johnson having declared that "the
+     rebellion, in its revolutionary progress, had deprived the people
+     of the rebel States of all civil government," proceeded by military
+     power to set up provisional State governments in those States, and
+     to require them to declare void all ordinances of secession, to
+     repudiate the rebel debt, and to adopt the thirteenth amendment of
+     the constitution, proposed by the Union party, abolishing slavery
+     throughout the United States. The Peace Democracy opposed all
+     conditions, and, instinctively unsound upon human rights, opposed
+     the amendment abolishing slavery. The elections of 1865 settled
+     that question against them, and deprived them of New Jersey, the
+     last free State which adhered to their fallen fortunes.
+
+     At the session of Congress of 1865-66, the president, finding that
+     his co-called State governments in the rebel States--created by
+     military power alone and without the sanction of the legislative
+     power of the government--had accepted his conditions; insisted that
+     those States were fully restored to their former proper relations
+     with the general government, and that they were again entitled to
+     representation in the same manner with the loyal States. This plan
+     accorded with the wishes of all unrepentant rebels, and as a matter
+     of course received the support of their allies of the Peace
+     Democracy.
+
+     The Union party, at the sacrifice of all of the power and patronage
+     of the administration they had elected, firmly opposed and finally
+     defeated this project. They required, before the complete
+     restoration of the rebel States, that the fourteenth amendment of
+     the constitution should be adopted, which was framed to secure
+     civil rights to the colored people, equal representation between
+     the free States and the former slave States, the disqualification
+     for office of leading rebels, the payment of the loyal obligations
+     to creditors, to maimed soldiers, and to widows and orphans, and
+     the repudiation of the rebel debt, and of claims to payment for
+     slaves. On the adoption of this amendment turned the elections of
+     1866. After the amplest debates before the people the Union party
+     carried the country in favor of the amendment, electing more than
+     three-fourths of the members of the House of Representatives. They
+     also secured the adoption of the amendment in twenty-one out of the
+     twenty-four States now represented, which have acted upon it by an
+     average vote in the State legislature of more than four to one.
+
+     In striking contrast with this was the action of the rebel States.
+     Tennessee alone ratified the amendment. The other ten promptly and
+     defiantly rejected it by an average majority in their State
+     legislatures of more than fifty to one. When, therefore, the
+     Thirty-ninth Congress met in the session of 1866-67 they found the
+     work of reconstruction in those ten States still unaccomplished.
+
+     Now, in what condition were those ten rebel States? In the first
+     place all political power in those States was in the hands of
+     rebels, and for the most part of leading and unrepentant rebels.
+     Their governors, their members of legislature, their judges, their
+     county and city officers, and their members of Congress, with rare
+     exceptions, were rebels. Such was their political condition.
+
+     What was their condition with respect to the preservation of order,
+     the suppression of crime, and the redress of private grievances?
+     After the suppression of the rebellion the next plain duty of the
+     National government was to see that the lives, liberty, and
+     property of all classes of citizens were secure, and especially to
+     see that the loyal white and colored citizens who resided or might
+     sojourn in those States did not suffer injustice, oppression, or
+     outrage because of their loyalty. Loyal men, without distinction of
+     race or color, were clearly entitled to the full measure of
+     protection usually found in civilized countries, if in the nature
+     of things it was possible for the Nation to furnish it.
+
+     Inquiring as to the condition of things in the South, I waive the
+     uniform current of information derived from the press and other
+     unofficial sources from all parts of the South, and rely
+     exclusively on the official reports of army officers like Grant,
+     Thomas, Sheridan, and Howard--officers of clear heads, of strong
+     sense, and of spotless integrity, whose business it is to know the
+     facts, and who all united in warning the Nation that Union men,
+     either white or colored, were not safe in the South.
+
+     General Grant says that the class at the South who "will
+     acknowledge no law but force" is sufficiently formidable to justify
+     the military occupation of that territory.
+
+     General Sheridan, in an official report, says the "trial of a white
+     man for the murder of a freedman in Texas would be a farce; and, in
+     making this statement, I make it because truth compels me, and for
+     no other reason.... Over the killing of many freedmen nothing is
+     done." General Sheridan cites cases in which our National soldiers
+     wearing the uniform of the Republic have been deliberately shot
+     "without provocation" by citizens, and the grand jury refused to
+     find a bill against the murderers. Even in Virginia, General
+     Schofield was compelled to resort to a military tribunal because "a
+     gentleman" who shot a negro dead in cold blood "was instantly
+     acquitted by one of the civil courts."
+
+     General Ord reports in Arkansas fifty-two murders of freed persons
+     by white men in the past three or four months, _and no reports have
+     been received that the murderers have been imprisoned or
+     punished_.... "The number of murders reported is not half the
+     number committed."
+
+     General Sickles says that in South Carolina, "in certain counties,
+     such as Newberry, Edgecombe, and Laurens, so much countenance was
+     given to outrages on freedmen by the indifference of the civil
+     authorities and by the population, who made themselves accomplices
+     in the crimes, that other measures became necessary."
+
+     In Mississippi, General Thomas calls attention to the legislation
+     in regard to colored people. "It is oppressive, unjust, and
+     unconstitutional." The laws as to buying real estate, bearing arms,
+     making contracts, and the like, are of such a character "that the
+     constitutional gift of freedom is not much more than a name."
+
+     General Sheridan, speaking of Louisiana, says: "Homicides are
+     frequent in some localities. Sometimes they are investigated by a
+     coroner's jury, which justifies the act and releases the
+     perpetrator; in other cases, ... the parties are held to bail in a
+     nominal sum; but the trial of a white man for the killing of a
+     freedman can, in the existing state of society in this State, be
+     nothing more or less than a farce."
+
+     General Thomas, in February last, in relation to the display of the
+     rebel flag in Rome, Georgia, said: "The sole cause of this and
+     similar offenses lies in the fact that certain citizens of Rome,
+     and a portion of the people of the States lately in rebellion, do
+     not and have not accepted the situation, and that is that the late
+     civil war was a rebellion, and history will so record it....
+     Everywhere in the States lately in rebellion treason is respectable
+     and loyalty odious. This the people of the United States who ended
+     the rebellion and saved the country will not permit; and all
+     attempts to maintain this unnatural order of things will be met by
+     decided disapproval."
+
+     Upon these official reports, showing not merely that atrocious
+     crimes were everywhere committed against loyal people, but that
+     the civil authorities did not even attempt to prevent them by the
+     punishment of the perpetrators, it became the plain duty of
+     Congress to adopt measures "to enforce peace and good order in the
+     rebel States, until loyal and Republican State governments could be
+     legally established." How well this duty was performed will appear
+     from a brief examination of the reconstruction acts which were
+     passed by Congress in March last, and by the auspicious results
+     which followed their adoption and execution.
+
+     By these acts, the ten rebel States were divided into five military
+     districts, subject to the military authority of the United States;
+     and it was made the duty of the president to assign military
+     officers, not below the rank of brigadier-general, to command each
+     of said districts, and to detail a sufficient military force to
+     enable such officers to perform their duties. The duties of
+     military commanders were defined as follows, in the 3d section of
+     the act:
+
+     "Sec. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of
+     each officer assigned as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their
+     rights of person and property, to suppress insurrection, disorder,
+     and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all
+     disturbers of the public peace and criminals; and to this end he
+     may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try
+     offenders; or when, in his judgment, it may be necessary for the
+     trial of offenders, he shall have power to organize military
+     commissions or tribunals for that purpose; and all interference,
+     under color of State authority, with the exercise of military
+     authority under this act shall be null and void."
+
+     The act also sets forth the manner in which the people of any one
+     of the rebel States could form a State constitution, and the terms
+     on which the State would be fully restored to proper relations with
+     the Union. The most important provisions are those relating to the
+     qualifications of voters, and the one requiring the adoption of the
+     amendment to the constitution proposed by the Thirty-ninth
+     Congress, known as article fourteen. The right of suffrage is given
+     to all men of suitable age and residence, without distinction of
+     race or color, except a limited number who are excluded for
+     participation in the rebellion.
+
+     In pursuance of these acts, the district of Louisiana and Texas
+     was placed under the command of General Sheridan; Arkansas and
+     Mississippi under General Ord; Alabama, Georgia, and Florida under
+     General Pope; North Carolina and South Carolina under General
+     Sickles; and Virginia under General Schofield. The merits of this
+     plan are obvious.
+
+     1. It places the rebels again under the control of the power which
+     conquered them, and of the very officers to whom they surrendered.
+
+     2. It is well calculated to afford protection to all loyal people,
+     white or colored, against those who would oppress or injure them on
+     account of their loyalty.
+
+     3. It places the new State governments of the South upon the solid
+     basis of justice and equal rights.
+
+     This plan received in Congress the support of many members of
+     Congress who did not uniformly vote with the Union party, and was
+     acceptable to some of its most distinguished adversaries. In the
+     Senate, Reverdy Johnson, a Maryland Democrat, voted for it, and
+     made effective speeches in its support. The loyal press of the
+     North, without exception, upheld it.
+
+     In the South, its success was everywhere gratifying and unexampled.
+     Its enemies had said that it would organize anarchy in the rebel
+     States--that it would immediately inaugurate a war of races between
+     whites and blacks--and compared the condition of the South under it
+     to the condition of India under English oppression, and to Hungary
+     under the despotism of Austria.
+
+     But the course of the public press, and the conduct, the letters,
+     and speeches of public men in the rebel States, vindicated the
+     wisdom and justice of the measure. I will quote only from rebel
+     sources.
+
+     In Virginia, the Charlottesville _Chronicle_ addressed its readers
+     as follows:
+
+     "FOR WHITE FOLKS AND COLORED FOLKS.--Every colored person may now
+     go where and when he pleases. He is a free man and a full citizen.
+     This is not all; by another bound they have become voters. They
+     will take part in the government of the country. No people was ever
+     so suddenly, so rapidly lifted up.
+
+     "Shall we all live happily together, or shall we hate each other,
+     and quarrel and bear malice?
+
+     "Let us all try and get on together. The land is big enough. Let
+     the whites accommodate themselves to the new state of things. Let
+     them be polite and kind to all, and be always ready to accord to
+     every man, whether white or colored, his full rights. We make bold
+     to say that the behavior of the colored people of this State, since
+     they were set free, has surprised all fair-minded white people. We
+     do not believe the white people, under the same circumstances,
+     would have behaved so well by twenty per cent. They have shown the
+     greatest moderation. They have passed from plantation hands to
+     freedom and the ballot without outward excitement."
+
+     The Richmond _Examiner_, the organ of the fire-eaters, says of the
+     colored people:
+
+     "This class of our population, as a general thing, manifest a
+     disposition to prepare themselves for the altered political
+     condition in which the events of the past two years have placed
+     them. The sudden abolition of slavery did not, as most persons
+     expected, turn their heads. They have been, in the main, orderly
+     and well behaved. They have not presumed upon their newly-acquired
+     freedom to commit breaches of the peace or to be guilty of any acts
+     calculated to sow dissension between the two races. The utmost good
+     feeling is felt by the white people of this city toward the
+     negroes. There is not one particle of bitterness felt for them."
+
+     In South Carolina, Wade Hampton addressed a mixed assembly of
+     whites and colored people at Columbia, in which he quoted from a
+     former speech to his old soldiers:
+
+     "There is one other point on which there should be no
+     misunderstanding as to our position--no loop on which to hang a
+     possible misconstruction as to our views--and that is the abolition
+     of slavery. The deed has been done, and I, for one, do honestly
+     declare that I never wish to see it revoked. Nor do I believe that
+     the people of the South would now remand the negro to slavery, if
+     they had the power to do so unquestioned.
+
+     "Under our paternal care, from a mere handful, he grew to be a
+     mighty host. He came to us a heathen; we made him a Christian.
+     Idle, vicious, savage in his own country, in ours he became
+     industrious, gentle, civilized. As a slave, he was faithful to us;
+     as a freeman, let us treat him as a friend. Deal with him frankly,
+     justly, kindly, and, my word for it, he will reciprocate your
+     kindness. If you wish so see him contented, industrious, useful,
+     aid him in his efforts to elevate himself in the scale of
+     civilization, and thus fit him not only to enjoy the blessings of
+     freedom, but to appreciate his duties."
+
+     After stating the provisions of the "military bill," as he calls
+     the reconstruction law, he said to the colored people:
+
+     "But suppose the bill is pronounced unconstitutional; how then? I
+     tell you what I am willing to see done. I am willing to give the
+     right of suffrage to all who can read and who pay a certain amount
+     of taxes; and I agree that this qualification shall bear on white
+     and black alike. You would have no right to complain of a law which
+     would put you on a perfect political equality with the whites, and
+     which would put within your reach and that of your children the
+     privilege enjoyed by any class of citizens."
+
+     In Georgia, the prevailing sentiment is indicated by the following.
+     The Atlanta _New Era_ says:
+
+     "We freely accept the Sherman platform as the only means whereby to
+     rescue the country from total destruction, and if we mistake not,
+     our backbone will prove sufficiently strong to enable us to look
+     the issue full in the face, without a shudder. It is our bounden
+     duty, and that of every other patriot and well-wisher of the South,
+     to at once signify an unconditional acceptance of the measures
+     perfected by Congress for our restoration to the Union, and
+     heartily co-operate with the United States authorities in securing
+     that most desirable end."
+
+     The Augusta _Press_, alluding to the recent meeting of negroes at
+     Columbia, S. C., and the fact that speeches were made by General
+     Wade Hampton and others, states that--
+
+     "All good citizens all over the South entertain precisely the same
+     kind feelings for the colored people that were exhibited by these
+     eminent Carolinians, and it is unfortunate that these sentiments
+     are not more widely manifested in meetings for public counsel with
+     them. 'Representative men' in every community should be prompt and
+     earnest in signifying their wish to co-operate with the colored
+     people in the administration of the laws and the preservation of
+     harmony and good will. To this end, we deem it our duty to urge
+     that in every community public meetings be held, in which the two
+     races may take friendly counsel together."
+
+     In Florida, Hon. R. S. Mallory, a former Democratic United States
+     Senator, is reported to have said, at a large meeting composed of
+     whites and blacks, in Pensacola, that--
+
+     "The recent legislation of Congress ought to be submitted to in
+     good faith; that, as the negro was now entitled to vote, it was the
+     interest of the State that he should be educated and enlightened,
+     and made to comprehend the priceless value of the ballot, and the
+     importance to himself and to the State of its judicious use.
+
+     "Let us fully and frankly acknowledge, as well by deeds as by
+     words, their equality with us, before law, and regard it as no less
+     just to ourselves and them than to our State and her best interests
+     to aid in their education, elevation, and enjoyment of all the
+     rights which follow their new condition."
+
+     Governor Patton, of Alabama, says:
+
+     "It seems to me that it is the true feeling of the Southern people
+     to contribute their best influence in favor of an early
+     organization of their respective States, in accordance with the
+     requirements of the recent reconstruction act. Congress claims the
+     right to control this whole question. In my humble judgment, it is
+     unwise to contend longer against its power, or to struggle further
+     against its repeatedly expressed will."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The freedmen are now to vote the first time. We should cherish
+     against them no ill-feeling. The elective franchise is conferred
+     upon them; let them exercise it freely, and in their own way. No
+     effort should be made to control their votes, except such as may
+     tend to enable them to vote intelligently, and such as may be
+     necessary to protect them against mischievous influences to which,
+     from their want of intelligence, they may possibly be subjected.
+     Above all things, we should discourage everything which may tend to
+     generate antagonism between white and colored voters."
+
+     In Mississippi, Albert G. Brown, a former Democratic United States
+     Senator, and a rebel, says:
+
+     "To those who think it most becoming men in my situation to keep
+     quiet, I am free to say 'that is very much my own opinion.'"
+
+     "As I speak reluctantly, you will not be surprised if I say as
+     little as possible."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The negro is a fixture in this country. He is not going out of
+     it; he is not going to die out, and he is not going to be driven
+     out. Nor is his exodus from the country desirable. I am frank in
+     saying if they, every one of them, could be packed in a balloon,
+     carried over the water, and emptied into Africa, I would not have
+     it done, unless, indeed, it were already arranged that the balloon
+     should return by the way of Germany, Ireland, Scotland, etc., and
+     bring us a return cargo of white laborers. If the negro is to stay
+     here, and it is desirable to have him do so, what is the duty of
+     the intelligent white man toward him? Why, to educate him, admit
+     him, when sufficiently instructed, to the right of voting, and as
+     rapidly as possible prepare him for a safe and rational enjoyment
+     of that 'equality before the law' which, as a free man, he has a
+     right to claim, and which we can not long refuse to give."
+
+     The Mississippi _Index_ says:
+
+     "There are some laws on our statute-book respecting negroes that
+     are of no practical use, and will have to be done away with some
+     day. The sooner we dispense with them the better. But in the matter
+     of educating the negro we can accomplish more toward convincing the
+     people of the North that we have been misrepresented and slandered
+     than by legislative action. Let us take the work of education out
+     of the hands of the Yankees among us. We can do this by encouraging
+     the establishment of negro schools and placing them in the charge
+     of men and women whom we know to be competent and trustworthy."
+
+     In Louisiana, General Longstreet, one of the most distinguished of
+     the rebel Generals, says:
+
+     "The striking feature, and the one that our people should keep in
+     view, is, that we are a conquered people. Recognizing this fact
+     fairly and squarely, there is but one course left for wise men to
+     pursue--accept the terms that are offered us by the conquerors.
+     There can be no discredit to a conquered people for accepting the
+     conditions offered by their conquerors. Nor is that any occasion
+     for a feeling of humiliation. We have made an honest, and I hope
+     that I may say, a creditable fight, but we have lost. Let us come
+     forward, then, and accept the ends involved in the struggle.
+
+     "Our people earnestly desire that the constitutional government
+     shall be re-established, and the only means to accomplish this is
+     to comply with the requirements of the recent Congressional
+     legislation."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The military bill and amendments are peace offerings. We should
+     accept them as such, and place ourselves upon them as the
+     starting-point from which to meet future political issues as they
+     arise."
+
+     "Like other Southern men, I naturally sought alliance with the
+     Democratic party, merely because it was opposed to the Republican
+     party. But, as far as I can judge, there is nothing tangible about
+     it, except the issues that were staked upon the war and lost.
+     Finding nothing to take hold of except prejudice, which can not be
+     worked into good for any one, it is proper and right that I should
+     seek some standpoint from which good may be done."
+
+     Quotations like these from prominent Democratic politicians, from
+     rebel soldiers, and from influential rebel newspapers, might be
+     multiplied indefinitely. Enough have been given to show how
+     completely and how exactly the Reconstruction Acts have met the
+     evil to be remedied in the South. My friend, Mr. Hassaurek, in his
+     admirable speech at Columbus, did not estimate too highly the
+     fruits of these measures. Said he:
+
+     "And, sir, this remedy at once effected the desired cure. The poor
+     contraband is no longer the persecuted outlaw whom incurable rebels
+     might kick and kill with impunity; but he at once became 'our
+     colored fellow-citizen,' in whose well-being his former master
+     takes the liveliest interest. Thus, by bringing the negro under the
+     American system, we have completed his emancipation. He has ceased
+     to be a pariah. From an outcast he has been transformed into a
+     human being, invested with the great National attribute of
+     self-protection, and the re-establishment of peace, and order, and
+     security, the revival of business and trade, and the restoration of
+     the Southern States on the basis of loyalty and equal justice to
+     all, will be the happy results of this astonishing metamorphosis,
+     provided the party which has inaugurated this policy remains in
+     power to carry it out."
+
+     The Peace Democracy generally throughout the North oppose this
+     measure. In Ohio they oppose it especially because it commits the
+     people of the Nation in favor of manhood suffrage. They tell us
+     that if it is wise and just to entrust the ballot to colored men
+     in the District of Columbia, in the Territories, and in the rebel
+     States, it is also just and wise that they should have it in Ohio
+     and in the other States of the North.
+
+     Union men do not question this reasoning, but if it is urged as an
+     objection to the plan of Congress, we reply: There are now within
+     the limits of the United States about five millions of colored
+     people. They are not aliens or strangers. They are here not by the
+     choice of themselves or of their ancestors. They are here by the
+     misfortune of their fathers and the crime of ours. Their labor,
+     privations, and sufferings, unpaid and unrequited, have cleared and
+     redeemed one-third of the inhabited territory of the Union. Their
+     toil has added to the resources and wealth of the nation untold
+     millions. Whether we prefer it or not, they are our countrymen, and
+     will remain so forever.
+
+     They are more than countrymen--they are citizens. Free colored
+     people were citizens of the colonies. The Constitution of the
+     United States, formed by our fathers, created no disabilities on
+     account of color. By the acts of our fathers and of ourselves, they
+     bear equally the burdens and are required to discharge the highest
+     duties of citizens. They are compelled to pay taxes and to bear
+     arms. They fought side by side with their white countrymen in the
+     great struggle for independence, and in the recent war for the
+     Union. In the revolutionary contest, colored men bore an honorable
+     part, from the Boston massacre, in 1770, to the surrender of
+     Cornwallis, in 1781. Bancroft says: "Their names may be read on the
+     pension rolls of the country side by side with those of other
+     soldiers of the revolution." In the war of 1812 General Jackson
+     issued an order complimenting the colored men of his army engaged
+     in the defense of New Orleans. I need not speak of their number or
+     of their services in the war of the rebellion. The Nation enrolled
+     and accepted them among her defendants to the number of about two
+     hundred thousand, and in the new regular army act, passed at the
+     close of the rebellion, by the votes of Democrats and Union men
+     alike, in the Senate and in the House, and by the assent of the
+     president, regiments of colored men, cavalry and infantry, form
+     part of the standing army of the Republic.
+
+     In the navy, colored American sailors have fought side by side with
+     white men from the days of Paul Jones to the victory of the
+     Kearsarge over the rebel pirate Alabama. Colored men will, in the
+     future as in the past, in all times of National peril, be our
+     fellow-soldiers. Tax-payers, countrymen, fellow-citizens, and
+     fellow-soldiers, the colored men of America have been and will be.
+     It is now too late for the adversaries of nationality and human
+     rights to undertake to deprive these tax-payers, freemen, citizens,
+     and soldiers of the right to vote.
+
+     Slaves were never voters. It was bad enough that our fathers, for
+     the sake of Union, were compelled to allow masters to reckon
+     three-fifths of their slaves for representation, without adding
+     slave suffrage to the other privileges of the slaveholder. But free
+     colored men were always voters in many of the Colonies, and in
+     several of the States, North and South, after independence was
+     achieved. They voted for members of the Congress which declared
+     independence, and for members of every Congress prior to the
+     adoption of the Federal Constitution; for the members of the
+     convention which framed the Constitution; for the members of many
+     of the State conventions which ratified it, and for every president
+     from Washington to Lincoln.
+
+     Our government has been called the white man's government. Not so.
+     It is not the government of any class, or sect, or nationality, or
+     race. It is a government founded on the consent of the governed,
+     and Mr. Broomall, of Pennsylvania, therefore properly calls it "the
+     government of the governed." It is not the government of the native
+     born, or of the foreign born, of the rich man, or of the poor man,
+     of the white man, or of the colored man--it is the government of
+     the freeman. And when colored men were made citizens, soldiers, and
+     freemen, by our consent and votes, we were estopped from denying to
+     them the right of suffrage.
+
+     General Sherman was right when he said, in his Atlanta letter, of
+     1864: "If you admit the negro to this struggle for any purpose, he
+     has a right to stay in for all; and, when the fight is over, the
+     hand that drops the musket can not be denied the ballot."
+
+     Even our adversaries are compelled to admit the Jeffersonian rule,
+     that "the man who pays taxes and who fights for the country is
+     entitled to vote."
+
+     Mr. Pendleton, in his speech against the enlistment of colored
+     soldiers, gave up the whole controversy. He said: "Gentlemen tell
+     us that these colored men are ready, with their strong arms and
+     their brave hearts, to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution,
+     and to defend the integrity of the Union, which in our hands to-day
+     is in peril. What is that Constitution? It provides that every
+     child of the Republic, every citizen of the land is before the law
+     the equal of every other. It provides for all of them trial by
+     jury, free speech, free press, entire protection for life and
+     liberty and property. It goes further. It secures to every citizen
+     the right of suffrage, the right to hold office, the right to
+     aspire to every office or agency by which the government is carried
+     on. Every man called upon to do military duty, every man required
+     to take up arms in its defense, is by its provisions entitled to
+     vote, and a competent aspirant for every office in the government."
+
+     The truth is, impartial manhood suffrage is already practically
+     decided. It is now merely a question of time. In the eleven rebel
+     States, in five of the New England States, and in a number of the
+     Northwestern States, there is no organized party able to
+     successfully oppose impartial suffrage. The Democratic party of
+     more than half of the States are ready to concede its justice and
+     expediency. The Boston _Post_, the able organ of the New England
+     Democracy, says:
+
+     "Color ought to have no more to do with the matter (voting) than
+     size. Only establish a right standard, and then apply it
+     impartially. A rule of that sort is too firmly fixed in justice and
+     equality to be shaken. It commends itself too clearly to the good
+     sentiment of the entire body of our countrymen to be successfully
+     traversed by objections. Once let this principle be fairly
+     presented to the people of the several States, with the knowledge
+     on their part that they alone are to have the disposal and
+     settlement of it, and we sincerely believe it would not be long
+     before it would be adopted by every State in the Union."
+
+     The New York _World_, the ablest Democratic newspaper in the Union,
+     says:
+
+     "Democrats in the North, as well as the South, should be fully
+     alive to the importance of the new element thrust into the politics
+     of the country. We suppose it to be morally certain that the new
+     constitution of the State of New York, to be framed this year, will
+     confer the elective franchise upon all adult male negroes. We have
+     no faith in the success of any efforts to shut the negro element
+     out of politics. It is the part of wisdom frankly to accept the
+     situation, and get beforehand with the Radicals in gaining an
+     ascendancy over the negro mind."
+
+     The Chicago _Times_, the influential organ of the Northwestern
+     Democracy, says:
+
+     "The word 'white' is not found in any of the original
+     constitutions, save only that of South Carolina. In every other
+     State negroes, who possessed the qualifications that were required
+     impartially of all men, were admitted to vote, and many of that
+     race did vote, in the Southern as well as in the Northern States.
+     And, moreover, they voted the Democratic ticket, for it was the
+     Democratic party of that day which affirmed their right in that
+     respect upon an impartial basis with white men. All Democrats can
+     not, even at this day, have forgotten the statement of General
+     Jackson, that he was supported for the presidency by negro voters
+     in the State of Tennessee.
+
+     "The doctrine of impartial suffrage is one of the earliest and most
+     essential doctrines of Democracy. It is the affirmation of the
+     right of every man who is made a partaker of the burdens of the
+     State to be represented by his own consent or vote in its
+     government. It is the first principle upon which all true
+     republican government rests. It is the basis upon which the
+     liberties of America will be preserved, if they are preserved at
+     all. The Democratic party must return from its driftings, and stand
+     again upon the immutable rock of principles."
+
+     In Ohio the leaders of the Peace Democracy intend to carry on one
+     more campaign on the old and rotten platform of prejudice against
+     colored people. They seek in this way to divert attention from the
+     record they made during the war of the rebellion. But the great
+     facts of our recent history are against them. The principles of the
+     fathers, reason, religion, and the spirit of the age are against
+     them.
+
+     The plain and monstrous inconsistency and injustice of excluding
+     one-seventh of our population from all participation in a
+     government founded on the consent of the governed in this land of
+     free discussion is simply impossible. No such absurdity and wrong
+     can be permanent. Impartial suffrage will carry the day. No low
+     prejudice will long be able to induce American citizens to deny to
+     a weak people their best means of self-protection for the unmanly
+     reason that they are weak. Chief Justice Chase expressed the true
+     sentiment when he said "the American Nation can not afford to do
+     the smallest injustice to the humblest and feeblest of her
+     children."
+
+     Much has been said of the antagonism which exists between the
+     different races of men. But difference of religion, difference of
+     nationality, difference of language, and difference of rank and
+     privileges are quite as fruitful causes of antagonism and war as
+     difference of race. The bitter strifes between Christians and Jews,
+     between Catholics and Protestants, between Englishmen and Irishmen,
+     between aristocracy and the masses are only too familiar. What
+     causes increase and aggravate these antagonisms, and what are the
+     measures which diminish and prevent them, ought to be equally
+     familiar. Under the partial and unjust laws of the Nations of the
+     Old World men of one nationality were allowed to oppress those of
+     another; men of one faith had rights which were denied to men of a
+     different faith; men of one rank or caste enjoyed special
+     privileges which were not granted to men of another. Under these
+     systems peace was impossible and strife perpetual. But under just
+     and equal laws in the United States, Jews, Protestants, and
+     Catholics, Englishmen and Irishmen, the former aristocrat and the
+     masses of the people, dwell and mingle harmoniously together. The
+     uniform lesson of history is that unjust and partial laws increase
+     and create antagonism, while justice and equality are the sure
+     foundation of prosperity and peace.
+
+     Impartial suffrage secures also popular education. Nothing has
+     given the careful observer of events in the South more
+     gratification than the progress which is there going on in the
+     establishment of schools. The colored people, who as slaves were
+     debarred from education, regard the right to learn as one of the
+     highest privileges of freemen. The ballot gives them the power to
+     secure that privilege. All parties and all public men in the South
+     agree that, if colored men vote, ample provision must be made in
+     the reorganization of every State for free schools. The ignorance
+     of the masses, whites as well as blacks, is one of the most
+     discouraging features of Southern society. If Congressional
+     reconstruction succeeds, there will be free schools for all. The
+     colored people will see that their children attend them. We need
+     indulge in no fears that the white people will be left behind.
+     Impartial suffrage, then, means popular intelligence; it means
+     progress; it means loyalty; it means harmony between the North and
+     the South, and between the whites and the colored people.
+
+     The Union party believes that the general welfare requires that
+     measures should be adopted which will work great changes in the
+     South. Our adversaries are accustomed to talk of the rebellion as
+     an affair which began when the rebels attacked Fort Sumter in 1861,
+     and which ended when Lee surrendered to Grant in 1865. It is true
+     that the attempt by force of arms to destroy the United States
+     began and ended during the administration of Mr. Lincoln. But the
+     causes, the principles, and the motives which produced the
+     rebellion are of an older date than the generation which suffered
+     from the fruit they bore, and their influence and power are likely
+     to last long after that generation passes away. Ever since armed
+     rebellion failed, a large party in the South have struggled to make
+     participation in the rebellion honorable and loyalty to the Union
+     dishonorable. The lost cause with them is the honored cause. In
+     society, in business, and in politics, devotion to treason is the
+     test of merit, the passport to preferment. They wish to return to
+     the old state of things--_an oligarchy of race and the sovereignty
+     of States._
+
+     To defeat this purpose, to secure the rights of man, and to
+     perpetuate the National Union, are the objects of the Congressional
+     plan of reconstruction. That plan has the hearty support of the
+     great generals (so far as their opinions are known)--of Grant, of
+     Thomas, of Sheridan, of Howard--who led the armies of the Union
+     which conquered the rebellion. The statesmen most trusted by Mr.
+     Lincoln and by the loyal people of the country during the war also
+     support it. The Supreme Court of the United States, upon formal
+     application and after solemn argument, refuse to interfere with its
+     execution. The loyal press of the country, which did so much in the
+     time of need to uphold the patriot cause, without exception, are in
+     favor of the plan.
+
+     In the South, as we have seen, the lessons of the war and the
+     events occurring since the war have made converts of thousands of
+     the bravest and of the ablest of those who opposed the National
+     cause. General Longstreet, a soldier second to no living corps
+     commander of the rebel army, calls it "a peace offering," and
+     advises the South in good faith to organize under it. Unrepentant
+     rebels and unconverted Peace Democrats oppose it, just as they
+     opposed the measures which destroyed slavery and saved the nation.
+
+     Opposition to whatever the Nation approves seems to be the policy
+     of the representative men of the Peace Democracy. Defeat and
+     failure comprise their whole political history. In laboring to
+     overthrow reconstruction they are probably destined to further
+     defeat and further failure. I know not how it may be in other
+     States, but if I am not greatly mistaken as to the mind of the
+     loyal people of Ohio, they mean to trust power in the hands of no
+     man who, during the awful struggle for the Nation's life, proved
+     unfaithful to the cause of liberty and of Union. They will continue
+     to exclude from the administration of the government those who
+     prominently opposed the war, until every question arising out of
+     the rebellion relating to the integrity of the Nation and to human
+     rights shall have been firmly settled on the basis of impartial
+     justice.
+
+     They mean that the State of Ohio, in this great progress, "whose
+     leading object is to elevate the condition of men, to lift
+     artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the paths of
+     laudable pursuits for all, to afford all an unfettered start and a
+     fair chance in the race of life," shall tread no step backward.
+
+     Penetrated and sustained by a conviction that in this contest the
+     Union party of Ohio is doing battle for the right, I enter upon my
+     part of the labors of the canvass with undoubting confidence that
+     the goodness of the cause will supply the weakness of its
+     advocates, and command in the result that triumphant success which
+     I believe it deserves.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Sidney, Ohio, Wednesday,
+September 4, 1867._
+
+     _Mr. President and Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     It was very plain at the beginning of the pending canvass in Ohio
+     that the leading speakers of the peace party of the State were
+     desirous to persuade the people that at this election they were to
+     pass upon different issues from those which have been considered
+     in former elections. They undertook at the beginning, generally, to
+     discuss questions which have not heretofore been much considered.
+     They told the people that the old issues were settled, and that in
+     this canvass in particular, there would be no propriety in
+     discussing the record made by men during the war; that the war was
+     over; that bygones ought to be permitted to be bygones; and they
+     started a considerable number of subjects for discussion, which I
+     claim are either unimportant matters, or are matters which are in
+     no sense party questions. For example, Judge Ranney, in a very
+     elaborate speech at Mansfield, of great length, discussed perhaps a
+     dozen or fifteen topics, almost all of which are in no sense party
+     questions. For example, he talked about the land grants that had
+     been made to the railroads, particularly to the Pacific Railroad,
+     during the last few years, and of the subsidies of money that by
+     law have been given to the railroad companies. Now, this is but a
+     specimen of the topics discussed by Judge Ranney. It is enough to
+     say, in regard to the railroads, that they were voted for
+     indiscriminately by Union men and by Democrats--peace Democrats and
+     war Democrats--and that they were finally made laws by the
+     signature of Andrew Johnson. They are in no sense, therefore, party
+     issues; and the only purpose of discussing them is, so far as I can
+     see, to mislead the people, and to withdraw their attention from
+     the main issues before them.
+
+     Judge Thurman has discussed the subject of a standing army. He has
+     spoken of the great expense of keeping up a standing army, and, as
+     I think, has greatly exaggerated the sum requisite--naming two
+     hundred and fifty millions as the annual expense of it. I suppose
+     that is three or four, or perhaps five times as great as the actual
+     amount: but I do not stop to argue that matter with him. I say to
+     him, in regard to it, that Democrats voted for it in both houses,
+     and it became a law by the signature of the president whom he
+     supports. It is not, therefore, a party issue.
+
+     I can not, in any reasonable length of time, even name the various
+     topics that have been discussed in this way. Perhaps none has
+     attracted more attention than the subject of finances, and the main
+     issue presented by our Democratic friends on that subject has been
+     this--namely, that it is for the interest of the people to pay off
+     the whole of the present bonded debt by an issue of greenbacks. At
+     the beginning of the canvass, the Cincinnati _Enquirer_, and, I
+     think, the leading peace party paper at Columbus, and Mr.
+     Vallandigham, presented this as the leading question before the
+     people. The _Enquirer_ told us that Democratic conventions in forty
+     counties had resolved in favor of it; and certainly if any one of
+     the topics which have been presented in this way may be regarded as
+     a party topic, that is one. If they have succeeded in making a new
+     issue, that is one. On the 20th of last month, I spoke at Batavia,
+     and I referred to that subject. I said that Judge Thurman was
+     plainly committed against the issue of more greenbacks; that when
+     we were in the midst of the war, and the necessities of the country
+     were such that it was necessary to get money by every means in our
+     power, he had told the people there was no constitutional authority
+     to issue greenbacks. I said further, that in his speech at Waverly
+     he had spoken of this currency as a currency of rags; and that,
+     therefore, I was authorized to say he was opposed to this new
+     scheme of the Cincinnati _Enquirer_. That speech of mine was
+     reported in the Cincinnati _Commercial_ of the next morning. On the
+     following day, the 22d of August, the _Enquirer_ noticed my speech.
+     I will read you the whole of the _Enquirer's_ article on that
+     subject. I do this because I think, in this county as well as
+     elsewhere, Democrats are claiming the votes of Union men on the
+     ground that it is wise to pay off the bonded debt by an issue of
+     greenbacks, and I wish to show that Judge Thurman is opposed to the
+     scheme. Therefore, it is no party issue, because no party State
+     convention has resolved in favor of it, and the peace party
+     candidate for governor is against it. The _Enquirer_ says, under
+     the caption of "Judge Thurman and the bondholders:"
+
+     "In his speech at Batavia, Clermont county, on Tuesday, General
+     Hayes, while discussing the payment of the public debt question,
+     said:
+
+     "Judge Thurman has not yet spoken distinctly on this question. But
+     his well-known opinion, that even the necessities of the war did
+     not authorize, under our constitution, the issue of the
+     legal-tender currency, coupled with the fact that he speaks of it
+     in his Waverly speech as a currency of 'rags--only rags'--warrants
+     me in saying that he is probably opposed, on grounds both of
+     constitutional law and of expediency, to the financial scheme of
+     Mr. Vallandigham and of the Cincinnati _Enquirer_. Judge Ranney and
+     Judge Jewett are also evidently unwilling to accept the inflation
+     theories of the _Enquirer_. They are both opposed to taking up the
+     greenbacks now in circulation by an issue of bonds bearing
+     interest, and repeat the same arguments against this policy of
+     Johnson's administration which were urged by the Cincinnati
+     _Gazette_ and by Thaddeus Stevens and Judge Kelley, with much more
+     cogency, a year or two ago."
+
+     Commenting on the above, the _Enquirer_ says, editorially:
+
+     "This will render it necessary for Judge Thurman to do what he
+     ought to have done in his first (Waverly) speech, define his
+     position distinctly on this question. As one of his friends and
+     supporters, we call upon him to put a stop to these representations
+     of General Hayes by giving the people his views.
+
+     "Is he for the bondholders or the people? Does he believe that the
+     debts due the bondholders should be paid in any other than the
+     government money, which pays all other debts and liabilities, even
+     those which were contracted in gold?
+
+     "Is he for one currency for the bondholders and another and
+     different currency for the people?
+
+     "The Democracy of more than forty counties in Ohio have spoken out
+     on this question, and we have no doubt the example will be followed
+     by every county in the State. In some counties no other resolutions
+     have been passed.
+
+     "The time has passed when the people kept step to the music of
+     candidates. The latter must now march with and not against the
+     people. Will Judge Thurman define his position, for thousands of
+     votes may depend upon it?"
+
+     On the 27th of August, at Wapakoneta, Judge Thurman made a speech,
+     which I hold in my hand--as you see, a very long speech, covering
+     all of one side of the _Commercial_, and parts of two others. One
+     would suppose that, a week having elapsed since the speech to which
+     his attention was called had been made, that in this speech, at
+     least, if this was an important issue of the canvass, we should
+     have his position plainly and clearly defined. Of that long speech
+     he devotes to that important question, which the _Enquirer_ says is
+     the real question, and which many of your speakers doubtless here
+     say is the real question, precisely eleven lines--one short
+     paragraph. And the pith of that paragraph is contained in these two
+     lines: "I am sorry that what I have to say on that subject for
+     publication I must reserve for some future time."
+
+     I think that this satisfactorily shows where my friend Judge
+     Thurman stands on that issue, and that we therefore need no longer
+     discuss it--in short, that, as a party question, it is abandoned by
+     the candidate of the Democratic party. There is another phase of
+     the financial question. Judge Ranney and Judge Jewett are telling
+     the people that it is the policy of Secretary McCulloch to take up
+     the greenback currency and issue in its stead interest-bearing
+     bonds, not taxable, principal and interest, both payable in coin at
+     the option of the secretary. That is true. That was the policy, and
+     is the policy of Secretary McCulloch. But they go further, and say
+     they are authorized to say that this is the policy of the Union
+     party. I take issue with them on that statement. They offer no
+     proof that it is true, except the fact that it is the policy of the
+     Johnson administration; and I submit to an intelligent audience
+     that the fact that Johnson and his administration are in favor of a
+     measure is no evidence whatever that the Union party supports it.
+     It is not for me to prove a negative, but I am prepared,
+     nevertheless, to prove it. The very measure which was intended to
+     carry out this policy of Secretary McCulloch to enable him to take
+     up the greenback currency with interest-bearing bonds was
+     introduced in Congress in March, 1866. I have here the votes upon
+     that question, and I say to you that the Democratic party in both
+     houses--all the members of the Democratic party in both
+     houses--voted for Senator McCulloch's plan, and that Mr. Julian,
+     Judge Schofield, Mr. Lawrence, all of whom I see here, and myself,
+     a majority of the Republican members of Congress, voted against the
+     scheme, and it became a law because a minority of the Union party,
+     with the unanimous vote of the Democratic party, supported it; and
+     because, when it was submitted to Andrew Johnson, instead of
+     vetoing it, as he did all Union party measures, he wrote his name,
+     on the 12th of April, at the bottom of it, "Approved, Andrew
+     Johnson." Now, it is under that measure, and by virtue of that law,
+     voted for by Mr. Finck and and Mr. LeBlond, of the Democratic party
+     of Ohio, in the House of Representatives; it is by virtue of that
+     law that to-day Secretary McCulloch is issuing interest-bearing
+     bonds, not taxable, to take up the greenback currency of the
+     country. I think, then, I am authorized in saying that these
+     gentlemen are mistaken when they accuse the Union party of being in
+     favor of taking up the greenback currency and putting in the place
+     of it interest-bearing, non-taxable bonds.
+
+     This investigation of two or three of the leading questions
+     presented to the people at the beginning of this canvass by the
+     advocates of the peace party of Ohio is, I think, sufficient to
+     warrant me in saying that all of the side issues presented are
+     merely urged on the people to withdraw their minds from the great
+     main issue which ought to engage the attention of the American
+     Nation. What is that great issue? It is reconstruction. That is the
+     main question before us, and until it is settled, and settled
+     rightly, all other issues sink into insignificance in comparison
+     with it. Fortunately for the Union party of Ohio, events are
+     occurring every day at Washington which tend more and more clearly
+     to define the exact question before the people, showing that the
+     main question is whether the Union shall be reconstructed in the
+     interests of the rebellion or in the interests of loyalty and
+     Union; whether that reconstruction shall be carried on by men who,
+     during the war, were in favor of the war and against the rebellion,
+     or by men who in the North were against the war, and who in the
+     South carried on the rebellion. On one side of this question we see
+     Andrew Johnson, Judge Black, and the other leaders of the peace
+     party of the North and the unrepentant rebels of the South; and on
+     the other side is the great war secretary, Stanton, with General
+     Grant, General Sheridan, General Thomas, General Howard, and the
+     other Union commanders engaged in carrying out the reconstruction
+     acts of Congress. This presents clearly enough the question before
+     the people. General Grant, in one paragraph of his letter to the
+     president, said to him:
+
+     "General Sheridan has performed his civil duties faithfully and
+     intelligently. His removal will only be regarded as an effort to
+     defeat the laws of Congress. It will be interpreted by the
+     unreconstructed element in the South--those who did all they could
+     to break up this government by arms, and now wish to be the only
+     element consulted as to the method of restoring order--as a
+     triumph. It will embolden them to renewed opposition to the will of
+     the loyal masses, believing that they have the executive with
+     them."
+
+     This presents exactly the question before the people. We want the
+     loyal people of the country, the victors in the great struggle we
+     have passed through, to do the work; we want reconstruction upon
+     such principles, and by means of such measures that the causes
+     which made reconstruction necessary shall not exist in the
+     reconstructed Union; we want that foolish notion of State rights,
+     which teaches that the State is superior to the Nation--that there
+     is a State sovereignty which commands the allegiance of every
+     citizen higher than the sovereignty of the nation--we want that
+     notion left out of the reconstructed Union; we want it understood
+     that whatever doubts may have existed prior to the war as to the
+     relation of the State to the National government, that now the
+     National government is supreme, anything in the constitution or
+     laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Again, as one of
+     the causes of the rebellion, we want slavery left out, not merely
+     in name, but in fact, and forever; we want the last vestige, the
+     last relic of that institution, rooted out of the laws and
+     institutions of every State; we want that in the South there shall
+     be no more suppression of free discussion. I notice that in the
+     long speech of my friend, Judge Thurman, he says that for nearly
+     fifty years, throughout the length and breadth of the land, freedom
+     of speech and of the press was never interfered with, either by the
+     government or the people. For more than thirty years,
+     fellow-citizens, there has been no such thing as free discussion in
+     the South. Those moderate speeches of Abraham Lincoln on the
+     subject of slavery--not one of them--could have been delivered
+     without endangering his life, south of Mason and Dixon's line. We
+     want in the reconstructed Union that there shall be the same
+     freedom of the press and freedom of speech in the States of the
+     South that there always has been in the States of the North. Again,
+     we want the reconstructed Union upon such principles that the men
+     of the South who, during the war, were loyal and true to the
+     government, shall be protected in life, liberty, and property, and
+     in the exercise of their political rights. It becomes the solemn
+     duty of the loyal victors in the great struggle to see that the men
+     who, in the midst of difficulties, discouragements, and dangers in
+     the South were true, are protected in these rights. And, in order
+     that our reconstruction shall be carried out faithfully and
+     accomplish these objects, we further want that the work shall be in
+     the hands of the right men. Andrew Johnson, in the days when he was
+     loyal, said the work of reconstruction ought to be placed
+     absolutely in the hands of the loyal men of the State; that rebels,
+     and particularly leading rebels, ought not to participate in that
+     work; that while that work is going on they must take back seats.
+     We want that understood in our work of reconstruction. How
+     important it is to have the right men in charge of this work
+     appears upon the most cursory examination of what has already been
+     done. President Lincoln administered the same laws
+     substantially--was sworn to support the same constitution with
+     Andrew Johnson--yet how different the reconstruction as carried out
+     by these two men. Lincoln's reconstruction in all the States which
+     he undertook to reorganize gave to those States loyal governments,
+     loyal governors, loyal legislatures, judges, and officers of the
+     law. Andrew Johnson, administering the same constitution and the
+     same laws, reconstructs a number of States, and in all of them
+     leading rebels are elected governors, leading rebels are members of
+     the legislature, and leading rebels are sent to Congress. It makes,
+     then, the greatest difference to the people of this country who it
+     is that does the work.
+
+     This, my friends, brings me to a proposition to which I call the
+     attention of every audience that I have occasion to address, and
+     that is this, that until the work of reconstruction is complete,
+     until every question arising out of the rebellion relating to the
+     integrity of the Nation and to human rights has been settled, and
+     settled rightly, no man ought to be trusted with power in this
+     country, who, during the struggle for the Nation's life, was
+     unfaithful to Union and liberty. That is the proposition upon which
+     I go before the people of Ohio. At the beginning of the canvass, as
+     I have said, the gentlemen who are engaged in advocating the claims
+     of the peace party of Ohio did not desire to have this record
+     discussed. I am happy to know by this long Wapakoneta speech of
+     Judge Thurman that at last they have found it necessary to come to
+     the discussion of the true question. Judge Thurman, in that speech,
+     invites us to the discussion of it. He says:
+
+     "I give all of them this bold and unequivocal defiance, that there
+     is no one act of my life, or one sentence ever uttered by me that I
+     am not prepared to have investigated by the American people; and I
+     wish them to stand up to the same rule, that I may see what is in
+     their past record, and see how it tallies with what they say to the
+     American people at the present time."
+
+     He proceeds to do this. He proceeds to examine the record of
+     various gentlemen connected with the Union party. Now, I am not in
+     the habit of giving challenges or accepting challenges, but I
+     desire, for a few minutes, to ask the attention of this audience to
+     the record of my friend, Judge Thurman. He under-takes to justify
+     the course he took as a leader of the peace party of Ohio, by
+     telling us what Mr. Lincoln said in 1848. Now, what is it that Mr.
+     Lincoln said? He made a speech during the Mexican war as to the
+     title which Texas had to certain lands in dispute between the State
+     of Texas and Mexico, or rather between the United States and
+     Mexico. He laid down the doctrine that a revolutionary government
+     is entitled to own just as much of the property of the former
+     government as it has succeeded in conquering; and he says, in the
+     course of that speech, that it is the right of every people to
+     revolutionize; that the right of revolution, in short, belongs to
+     every people; that it was the right exercised by our forefathers in
+     1776. Now, that is all true--that is all correct; but how does my
+     friend Judge Thurman find any justification for the rebellion in
+     that? What is the right of revolution? It is the right to resist a
+     government under which you live, if that government is guilty of
+     intolerable oppression or injustice, but not otherwise. And that is
+     the doctrine of Abraham Lincoln. Now, in order to make that a
+     precedent for the rebellion, Judge Thurman is bound to take the
+     position that, in the case of the rebel States, there had been acts
+     of intolerable oppression and injustice done to that part of the
+     country which went into rebellion. I know that the rebels, for the
+     most part, did not put the rebellion upon that ground; but Judge
+     Thurman now does it for them. He makes it out--or must make it out
+     to sustain himself--that it was a case of revolution, growing out
+     of the exercise of that right which our fathers exercised in 1776.
+     Now, if Judge Thurman can show that there was justification for the
+     rebellion, he has made out his case. If that rebellion was not
+     justified by such circumstances--if there was no such intolerable
+     injustice and oppression--he has failed in his precedent. He goes
+     further, and says that Mr. Wade, Chief Justice Chase, Secretary
+     Stanton, and General Butler all held sentiments before the war the
+     same as the sentiments which he held then, and holds now, on the
+     subject of the rights of the States. Suppose they did--suppose they
+     belonged to the same party before the war--is that any defense of
+     his conduct during the war? They saw fit, after the war had broken
+     out, to rally to the side of their country, notwithstanding any
+     notions or theories they might have held with regard to the rights
+     of the States.
+
+     I do not stop now to discuss the correctness of Judge Thurman's
+     opinions as to the course of these men prior to the war. It is
+     enough for me to say that the question I make--the question which
+     the people of Ohio make--is, What was your conduct after it was
+     found that there was a conspiracy to break up the Union, after war
+     was upon us, and armies were raised--what was your conduct then?
+     That is the question before the people. And I ask of an intelligent
+     audience, what was the duty of a good citizen after that war for
+     the destruction of the government and the Union had begun? Need I
+     ask any old Jackson Democrat what is his duty when the Union is at
+     stake? In 1806, Aaron Burr proposed this matter to Andrew Jackson,
+     of making a new confederacy in the Southwest. Jackson said:
+
+     "I hate the Dons, and I would like to see Mexico dismembered; but
+     before I would see one State of this Union severed from the rest, I
+     would die in the last ditch."
+
+     That was Jackson's Democracy. Douglass said:
+
+     "This is no time for delay. The existence of a conspiracy is now
+     known; armies are raised to accomplish it. There can be but two
+     sides to the question. A man must be either for the United States
+     or against the United States. There can be no neutrals in this
+     war--only patriots and traitors."
+
+     There is the Douglass doctrine. But I need not go back to Jackson
+     and Douglass. I have the opinions of the very gentlemen who now
+     lead the peace party on this subject. Let me read you a resolution,
+     introduced and passed through a Democratic convention, in 1848, by
+     Clement L. Vallandigham:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That whatever opinions might have been entertained of
+     the origin, necessity or justice, by the Tories of the
+     revolutionary war, by the Federalists of the late war with England,
+     or by the Whigs and Abolitionists of the present war with Mexico,
+     the fact of their country being engaged in such a war ought to have
+     been sufficient for them and to have precluded debate on that
+     subject till a successful termination of the war, and that in the
+     meantime the patriot could have experienced no difficulty in
+     recognizing his place on the side of his country, and could never
+     have been induced to yield either physical or moral aid to the
+     enemy."
+
+     I will quote also from Judge Thurman himself. In a speech lecturing
+     one of his colleagues, who thought the Mexican war was unnecessary,
+     he says:
+
+     "It is a strange way to support one's country, right or wrong, to
+     declare after war has begun, when it exists both in law and in
+     fact, that the war is aggressive, unholy, unrighteous, and damnable
+     on the part of the government of that country, and on that
+     government rests its responsibility and its wrongfulness. It is a
+     strange way to support one's country right or wrong in a war, to
+     tax one's imagination to the utmost to depict the disastrous
+     consequences of the contest; to dwell on what it has already cost
+     and what it will cost in future; to depict her troops prostrated by
+     disease and dying with pestilence; in a word, to destroy, as far as
+     possible, the moral force of the government in the struggle, and
+     hold it up to its own people and the world as the aggressor that
+     merits their condemnation. It was for this that I arraigned my
+     colleague, and that I intend to arraign him. It was because his
+     remarks, as far as they could have any influence, were evidently
+     calculated to depress the spirits of his own countrymen, to lessen
+     the moral force of his own government, and to inspire with
+     confidence and hope the enemies of his country."
+
+     He goes on further to say:
+
+     "What a singular mode it was of supporting her in a war to bring
+     against the war nearly all the charges that were brought by the
+     peace party Federalists against the last war, to denounce it as an
+     unrighteous, unholy, and damnable war; to hold up our government to
+     the eyes of the world as the aggressors in the conflict; to charge
+     it with motives of conquest and aggrandizement; to parade and
+     portray in the darkest colors all the horrors of war; to dwell upon
+     its cost and depict its calamities."
+
+     Now, that was the doctrine of Judge Thurman as to the duties of
+     citizens in time of war--in time of such a war as the Mexican war
+     even, in which no vital interest of the country could by
+     possibility suffer. Judge Thurman says that General Hayes, in his
+     speech, has a great many slips cut from the newspapers, and that
+     he must have had some sewing society of old ladies to cut out the
+     slips for him. I don't know how he found that out. I never told it,
+     and you know the ladies never tell secrets that are confided to
+     them. I hold in my hand a speech of Judge Thurman, from which I
+     have read extracts, and I find that he has in it slips cut from
+     more than twenty different prints, sermons, newspapers, old
+     speeches, and pamphlets, to show how, in the war of 1812, certain
+     Federalists uttered unpatriotic sentiments. I presume he must have
+     acquired his slips on that day in the way he says I acquired mine
+     now.
+
+     Now, my friends, I propose to hold Judge Thurman to no severe rule
+     of accountability for his conduct during the war. I merely ask that
+     it shall be judged by his own rule: "Your country is engaged in
+     war, and it is the duty of every citizen to say nothing and do
+     nothing which shall depress the spirits of his own countrymen,
+     nothing that shall encourage the enemies of his country, or give
+     them moral aid or comfort." That is the rule. Now, Judge Thurman,
+     how does your conduct square with it? I do not propose to begin at
+     the beginning of the war, or even just before the war, to cite the
+     record of Judge Thurman. I am willing to say that perhaps men might
+     have been mistaken at that time. They might have supposed in the
+     beginning a conciliatory policy, a non-coercive policy, would in
+     some way avoid the threatened struggle. But I ask you to approach
+     the period when the war was going on, when armies to the number of
+     hundreds of thousands of men were ready on one side and the other,
+     and when the whole world knew what was the nature of the great
+     struggle going on in America. Taking the beginning of 1863, how
+     stands the conflict? We have pressed the rebellion out of Kentucky
+     and through Tennessee. Grant stands before Vicksburg, held at bay
+     by the army of Pemberton; Rosecranz, after the capture of
+     Nashville, has pressed forward to Murfreesboro, but is still held
+     out of East Tennessee by the army of Bragg. The army of the Potomac
+     and the army of Lee, in Virginia, are balanced, the one against the
+     other. The whole world knows that that exhausting struggle can not
+     last long without deciding in favor of one side or the other. That
+     the year 1863 is big with the fate of Union and of liberty, every
+     intelligent man in the world knows--that on one side it is a
+     struggle for nationality and human rights. There is not in all
+     Europe a petty despot who lives by grinding the masses of the
+     people, who does not know that Lincoln and the Union are his
+     enemies. There is not a friend of freedom in all Europe who does
+     not know that Lincoln and the loyal army are fighting in the cause
+     of free government for all the world. Now, in that contest, where
+     are you, Judge Thurman? It is a time when we need men and money,
+     when we need to have our people inspired with hope and confidence.
+     Your sons and brothers are in the field. Their success depends upon
+     your conduct at home.
+
+     The men who are to advise you what to do have upon them a dreadful
+     responsibility to give you wise and patriotic advice. Judge
+     Thurman, in the speech I am quoting from, says:
+
+     "But now, my friends, I shall not deal with obscure newspapers or
+     obscure men. What a private citizen like Allen G. Thurman may have
+     said in 1861 is a matter of indifference."
+
+     Ah, no, Judge Thurman, the Union party does not propose to allow
+     your record to go without investigation because you are a private
+     citizen. I know you held no official position under the government
+     at the time I speak of; but, sir, you had for years been a leading,
+     able, and influential man in the great party which had often
+     carried your State. You were acting under grave responsibilities.
+     More than that, during that year 1863, you were more than a private
+     citizen. You were one of the delegates to the State convention of
+     that year; you were one of the committee that forms your party
+     platform in that convention; you were one of the central committee
+     that carries on the canvass in the absence of your
+     standard-bearers; and you were one of the orators of the party. No,
+     sir, you were not a private citizen in 1863. You were one of the
+     leading and one of the ablest men in your party in that year,
+     speaking through the months of July, August, September, and
+     October, in behalf of the candidate of the peace party. You can not
+     escape as a private citizen.
+
+     Well, sir, in the beginning of that eventful year, there rises in
+     Congress the ablest member of the peace party, to advise Congress
+     and to advise the people, and what does he say?
+
+     "You have not conquered the South. You never will. It is not in the
+     nature of things possible, especially under your auspices. Money
+     you have expended without limit; blood you have poured out like
+     water."
+
+     Now, mark the taunt--the words of discouragement that were sent to
+     the people and to the army of the Union:
+
+     "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers--these are your trophies. Can
+     you get men to enlist now at any price?"
+
+     Listen again to the words that were sent to the army and to the
+     loyal people:
+
+     "Ah, sir, it is easier to die at home."
+
+     We knew that, Judge Thurman, better than Mr. Vallandigham knew it.
+     We had seen our comrades falling and dying alone on the mountain
+     side and in the swamps--dying in the prison-pens of the Confederacy
+     and in the crowded hospitals, North and South. Yet he had the face
+     to stand up in Congress, and say to the people and the world, "Ah,
+     sir, it is easier to die at home." Judge Thurman, where are you at
+     this time? He goes to Columbus to the State convention, on the 11th
+     of June of that year, in all the capacities in which I have named
+     him--as a delegate, as committeeman, and as an orator--and he
+     spends that whole summer in advocating the election of the man who
+     taunted us with the words, "Defeat, debt, taxation,
+     sepulchers--these are your trophies."
+
+     In every canvass you know there is a key-note. What was the
+     key-note of that canvass? Who sounded it? It came over to us from
+     Canada. On the 15th of July, 1863, Mr. Vallandigham wrote,
+     accepting the nomination of that convention of Judge Thurman's. He
+     said, in his letter:
+
+     "If this civil war is to terminate only by the subjugation or
+     submission of the South to force and arms, the infant of to-day
+     will not live to see the end of it. No; in another way only can it
+     be brought to a close. Traveling a thousand miles and more, through
+     nearly half of the Confederate States, and sojourning for a time at
+     widely different points, I met not one man, woman, or child who was
+     not resolved to perish, rather than yield to the pressure of arms,
+     even in the most desperate extremity. And whatever may and must be
+     the varying fortune of the war, in all of which I recognize the
+     hand of Providence pointing visibly to the ultimate issue of this
+     great trial of the States and people of America, they are better
+     prepared now, every way, to make good their inexorable purpose than
+     at any period since the beginning of the struggle."
+
+     That was the key-note of the campaign. It was the platform of the
+     candidate in behalf of whom Judge Thurman went through the State of
+     Ohio--all over the State--in July, August, and September, up to the
+     night of the 12th of October--making his last speech just
+     twenty-four hours before the glad news went out to all the world,
+     over the wires, that the people of Ohio had elected John Brough by
+     over one hundred thousand majority, in preference to the author of
+     the sentiment, "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers."
+
+     And how true was that sentiment which had been endorsed by the
+     peace party. I do not question the motives of men in any of my
+     speeches. I merely ask as to the facts. "Better prepared," said he,
+     "than ever before," on the 15th of July. On that theory, they went
+     through the canvass to the end. What was the fact? On the 15th of
+     July, 1863, Grant had captured Vicksburg. That gallant, glorious
+     son of Ohio, who perished afterward in the Atlanta campaign, and
+     whose honored remains now sleep near his old home on the lake
+     shore, General James B. McPherson, on the 4th of July, had ridden
+     at the head of a triumphant host into Vicksburg. On the 7th of
+     July, Banks had captured Port Hudson. A few days afterward, a party
+     of serenaders, calling upon Mr. Lincoln, saw that good man, who had
+     been bowed down with the weight and cares of office; they saw his
+     haggard face lit up with joy and cheer, and he said to them: "At
+     last, Grant is in Vicksburg. The Father of Waters, the Mississippi,
+     again flows unvexed to the sea."
+
+     On the 15th of July, what else had happened? The army of Lee,
+     defiantly crowding up into Pennsylvania, and claiming to go where
+     it pleased, and take what it pleased, only doubting whether they
+     would first capture Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, or New
+     York, and concluding finally that it was a matter of military
+     strategy first to capture the Army of the Potomac--that army, which
+     had invaded Pennsylvania under such flattering auspices, was, on
+     the 15th of July, when Mr. Vallandigham's letter was written,
+     straggling back over the swollen waters of the Potomac, glad to
+     escape from the pursuing armies of the Union, with the loss of
+     thirty thousand of its bravest and best, killed, wounded, and
+     captured, and utterly unable ever after during the war to set foot
+     upon free soil except in such fragments as were captured by our
+     armies in subsequent battles. That was the condition of the two
+     great armies when Mr. Vallandigham uttered that sentiment; and on
+     that sentiment my friend, Judge Thurman, argued his case through
+     all that summer.
+
+     But wisdom was not learned even at the close of 1863 by this peace
+     party. Things were greatly changed in the estimation of every loyal
+     man. We had now not merely got possession of the Mississippi
+     river--we had not merely driven the army of Lee out of
+     Pennsylvania, never again to return, but the battle of Mission
+     Ridge and the battle of Knoxville had been fought. That important
+     strategic region, East Tennessee, was now within our lines. From
+     that abode of loyalty, the mountain region of East Tennessee, we
+     could pierce to the very heart of the Southern Confederacy. We were
+     now in possession of the interior lines, giving us an immense
+     advantage, and we were in a condition to march southeast to Atlanta
+     and northeast to Richmond; yet with this changed state of affairs,
+     where is my friend Judge Thurman? Advising the people? What is he
+     advising them to do? He says Allen G. Thurman was a private
+     citizen. Not so. He held no official position, I know, under the
+     government. Fortunately for the people of this country, they were
+     not giving official positions in Ohio to men of his opinions and
+     sentiments at that time. [A voice, "They won't now, either."] But
+     he was made delegate at large from the State of Ohio to the
+     convention to meet at Chicago to nominate a president and form a
+     platform on which that nominee should stand. Mr. Vallandigham was a
+     district delegate and one of the committee to form a platform, and
+     he drew the most important resolution. The principal plank of that
+     platform is of his construction. You are perfectly familiar with
+     it. It merely told the people that the war had been for four years
+     a failure, and advised them to prepare to negotiate with this
+     Confederate nation on our Southern borders. Well, when this advice
+     was given to the Nation, we were still in the midst of the war, and
+     were prosecuting it with every prospect of success. What had been
+     accomplished in 1863 enabled us, with great advantages, to press
+     upon the rebellion. I remember well when I first read that
+     resolution declaring the war a four years' failure. It came to the
+     army in which I was serving on the same day that the news came to
+     us that Sherman had captured Atlanta. We heard of both together.
+     The war a four years' failure, said the Chicago convention. I well
+     remember how that evening our pickets shouted the good news to the
+     pickets of the enemy. What good news? News that a convention
+     representing nearly one-half of the people of the North had
+     concluded that the war was a failure? No such news was shouted from
+     our-picket line. The good news that they shouted was that Sherman
+     had captured Atlanta.
+
+     This, my friends, is a part of that record which we are invited to
+     examine by my friend Judge Thurman. I ask you to apply to it the
+     principle that whoever, during the great struggle, was unfaithful
+     to the cause of the country is not to be trusted to be one of the
+     men to harvest and secure the legitimate fruits of the victory,
+     which the Union people and the Union army won during the rebellion.
+     In the great struggle in 1863 in Ohio, I had not an opportunity to
+     hear the eloquent voice of John Brough, which I knew stirred the
+     hearts of the people like the sound of a trumpet, but I read, as
+     occasion offered, his speeches, and I saw not one in which he did
+     not warn the young men--warn the Democrats of Ohio--that if they
+     remained through that struggle opposed to this country, the conduct
+     particularly of leading men would never be forgotten, and never
+     forgiven. Now, in this canvass, I merely have to ask the people to
+     remember the prediction of honest John Brough, and see that that
+     prediction is made good.
+
+     It is not worth while now to consider, or undertake to predict,
+     when we shall cease to talk of the records of those men. It does
+     seem to me that it will, for many years to come, be the voice of
+     the Union people of the State that for a man who as a leader--as a
+     man having control in political affairs--that for such a man who
+     has opposed the interests of his country during the war, "the post
+     of honor is the private station." When shall we stop talking about
+     it? When ought we to stop talking about that record, when leading
+     men come before the people? Certainly not until every question
+     arising out of the rebellion, and every question which is akin to
+     the questions which made the rebellion, is settled. Perhaps these
+     men will be remembered long after these questions are settled;
+     perhaps their conduct will long be remembered. What was the result
+     of this advice to the people? It prolonged the war; it made it
+     impossible to get recruits; it made it necessary that we should
+     have drafts. They opposed the drafts, and that made rioting, which
+     required that troops should be called from all the armies in the
+     field, to preserve the peace at home. From forty to a hundred
+     thousand men in the different States of this Union were kept within
+     the loyal States to preserve the peace at home. And now, when they
+     talk to you about the debt and about the burden of taxation,
+     remember how it happened that the war was so prolonged, that it was
+     so expensive, and that the debt grew to such large proportions.
+
+     There are other things, too, to be remembered. I recollect that at
+     the close of the last session of Congress, I went over to
+     Arlington, the estate formerly of Robert E. Lee, and I saw there
+     the great National cemetery into which that beautiful place has
+     been converted. I saw the graves of 18,000 Union soldiers, marked
+     with white head-boards, denoting the name of each occupant, and his
+     regiment and company. Passing over those broad acres, covered with
+     the graves of the loyal men who had died in defense of their
+     country, I came upon that which was even more touching than these
+     18,000 head-boards. I found a large granite, with this inscription
+     upon it:
+
+     "Beneath this stone repose the remains of two thousand one hundred
+     and eleven unknown soldiers, gathered, after the war, from the
+     field of Bull Run and the route to the Rappahannock. Their remains
+     could not be identified, but their names and deaths are recorded in
+     the archives of their country, and its grateful citizens honor them
+     as of their noble army of martyrs. May they rest in peace.
+     September, 1866."
+
+     I say to those men who were instrumental and prominent in
+     prolonging the war, by opposing it, that when honeyed words and
+     soft phrases can erase from the enduring granite inscriptions like
+     these, the American people may forget their conduct; but I believe
+     they will not do so until some such miracle is accomplished.
+
+     That is all I desire to say this afternoon upon the record of the
+     peace party of Ohio. A few words upon another topic that is much
+     discussed in this canvass, and that is the proposed amendment to
+     the constitution of the State of Ohio. At the beginning, I desire
+     to say, that there may be no misunderstanding--and I suppose there
+     is no misunderstanding upon that subject--that I am in favor of the
+     adoption of that amendment, and I trust that every Union man, and
+     every Democrat too, will vote for it next October. And why do I say
+     this? Let us discuss it a moment. It consists of four parts.
+     First, it disfranchises any man who becomes a resident of the State
+     of Ohio, or who was a citizen of Ohio, who fought in the rebellion
+     against the country. Isn't that right? If you want that to go into
+     your constitution, vote for the amendment. It disfranchises every
+     man who, being liable to the draft, when the country needed them at
+     the front--when the soldiers doing their duty at the front were
+     anxiously looking for their aid--it disfranchises every man who, at
+     such time, ran away to escape the draft. Isn't that right? In the
+     next place, it disfranchises every man who deserted his comrades at
+     the front, and ran away to vote the peace party ticket at the rear.
+     Isn't that right? It disfranchises him whether he voted that ticket
+     or not, I may observe. If you want these provisions in your State
+     constitution, vote for the amendment. In the next place, it gives
+     the right of suffrage to all the negroes of Ohio. Mark the phrase:
+     I have not said impartial suffrage or manhood suffrage. I wish to
+     be understood. It gives the suffrage to the negroes of Ohio upon
+     the same terms that it is given to white men. The reason I am in
+     favor of that is because it is right.
+
+     Let me have the ears of my Democratic friends on that question a
+     moment. If Democracy has any meaning now that is good--any
+     favorable meaning--it is that Democracy is a government of the
+     people, by the people, and for the people. It is a government in
+     which every man who has to obey the laws has a part in making the
+     laws, unless disqualified by crime. Then the proposition I am for
+     is a Democratic proposition. Again, it is according to the
+     principles upon which good men have always desired to see our
+     institutions placed, namely, that all men are entitled to equal
+     rights before the law. They are not equal in any other respect.
+     Nobody claims that they are. But we propose to give to each man the
+     same rights which you want for yourself. It is, in short, obeying
+     the rule of the Great Teacher: "Do unto others as ye would that
+     others should do unto you." Abraham Lincoln said: "No man is good
+     enough to govern another without that other man's consent." Is not
+     that true? Good as you think you are, are you good enough
+     absolutely to govern another man without that other man's consent?
+     If you really think so, just change shoes with that other man, and
+     see if you are willing to be governed yourself, without your
+     consent, by somebody else. The declaration of independence says
+     governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
+     governed. Now, don't you see there is no way by which one man can
+     give consent to be governed by another man in a republican
+     government except by the ballot? There is no way provided by which
+     you can consent to give powers to a government except by the
+     ballot. Therefore every man governed under our system is entitled
+     to the ballot.
+
+     So much for principle. One word now as to why our Democratic
+     friends oppose it. I remember their opposing the extension of
+     suffrage once under circumstances that made many of us think they
+     were doing wrong. During the years 1861, 1862, 1863, and 1864, I
+     was a citizen of the Fifteenth ward, in Cincinnati; I had lived
+     there ever since it was a ward. All the property I had in the world
+     was taxed there, real or personal; and there was a party in Ohio of
+     loyal Union men, who said I and others who were with me ought to
+     have a right to vote, although I was not in the Fifteenth ward, but
+     was serving the country in the field against the rebels. The
+     Democratic party in Ohio--these very peace men--said no. Why did
+     they say I should not vote? I never heard but one good reason, and
+     that was the apprehension they had that if the soldiers did vote,
+     they wouldn't vote the Democratic ticket. That's what's the matter.
+     Now, I suspect we have the same difficulty on this proposition; I
+     suspect that the real trouble is that they fear if the colored man
+     has a vote, they have dealt so hardly with him these last few years
+     that when he comes to vote he will vote against the Democratic
+     party. That's what's the matter. Why, for the sake of political
+     power, these Democrats of Ohio have not been unwilling to look
+     kindly toward the colored man. Do you remember we once had black
+     laws in Ohio which kept the colored men out of the State? Who
+     repealed those laws? Why did they do it? The Democratic party did
+     it, because they could get political power by it. I suspect that if
+     it were quite certain that the colored vote would elect Allen G.
+     Thurman Governor of Ohio, our Democratic friends would not object
+     to it at all. What, then, do I say to the Union men? This objection
+     may be very good for the Democrats, but it is not a wise one for
+     you.
+
+     I commend to you Union men who are a little weak on this question,
+     or perhaps I should say a little strong, the example of the Union
+     men of the country during the war. Abraham Lincoln thought, in
+     1862, it was wise to proclaim freedom to the slaves. Many good
+     Union men thought it was unwise--thought Mr. Lincoln was going too
+     far or too fast--but the sequel justified the wisdom of Abraham
+     Lincoln. Again, he thought it was wise that colored men should be
+     placed in our armies. There were good soldiers and good Union men
+     who thought it was unwise. They feared that Mr. Lincoln was going
+     too fast or too far, but events justified it. Now, everybody agrees
+     that in both cases Abraham Lincoln was right. Now, the example I
+     commend to our Union friends who are doubting on this great
+     question is the example of those Union men during the war who
+     doubted the wisdom of these other measures. Greatly as they were
+     opposed to the proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, strongly as they
+     were opposed to the enlistment of colored soldiers, I say to you I
+     never heard of one good Union man, in the army or out of it, who
+     left his party because of that difference with Mr. Lincoln. I
+     commend that example to the Union men who now doubt about colored
+     suffrage. The truth is, that every step made in advance toward the
+     standard of the right has in the event always proved a safe and
+     wise step. Every step toward the right has proved a step toward the
+     expedient; in short, that in politics, in morals, in public and
+     private life, the right is always expedient.
+
+     I thank you, fellow-citizens, for your kind attention.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GOVERNOR HAYES, _on his re-nomination, delivered June 23,
+1869._
+
+     Twice since the organization of existing political parties the
+     people of Ohio have trusted the law-making power of the State in
+     the hands of the Democratic party. They first tried the experiment
+     twelve years ago, and such were the results that ten years elapsed
+     before they ventured upon a repetition of it. Two years ago, in a
+     time of reaction, which was general throughout the country, the
+     Democratic party, by a minority of the popular vote, having large
+     advantages in the apportionment, obtained complete control of the
+     legislature in both of its branches. They came into power,
+     proclaiming that the past ought to be forgotten; that old issues
+     and divisions should be laid aside; that new ideas and new measures
+     required attention; and they were particularly emphatic and earnest
+     in declaring that the enormous burdens of debt and taxation under
+     which the people were struggling made retrenchment and economy the
+     supreme duty of the hour.
+
+     These were their promises, and the manner in which they were kept
+     is now before the people for their judgment. Disregarding the
+     well-known and solemnly-expressed will of Ohio, they began the
+     business of their first session by passing fruitless resolutions to
+     rescind the ratification of the 14th amendment to the constitution
+     of the United States.
+
+     They placed on the statute book visible admixture bills, to deprive
+     citizens of the right of suffrage--a constitutional right long
+     enjoyed and perfectly well settled by repeated decisions of the
+     highest court having jurisdiction of the question.
+
+     They repealed the law allowing, after the usual residence, the
+     disabled veterans of the Union army to vote in the township in
+     which the National Soldiers' Home is situated; and enacted a law
+     designed to deprive of the right of suffrage a large number of
+     young men engaged in acquiring an education at "any school,
+     seminary, academy, college, university, or other institution of
+     learning." To prevent citizens who were deprived of their
+     constitutional rights by these acts from obtaining prompt relief in
+     the Supreme Court, they passed a law prohibiting that court from
+     taking up causes on its docket according to its own judgment of
+     what was demanded by public justice, in any case "except where the
+     person seeking relief had been convicted of murder in the first
+     degree, or of a crime the punishment of which was confinement in
+     the penitentiary."
+
+     I believe it is the general judgment of the people of Ohio that the
+     passage of these measures, unconstitutional as some of them are,
+     and unjust as they all are, was mainly due to the fact that the
+     classes of citizens disfranchised by them do not commonly vote with
+     the Democratic party. The Republican party condemns all such
+     legislation, and demands its repeal.
+
+     On the important subject of suffrage, General Grant, in his
+     inaugural message, expresses the convictions of the Republican
+     party. He says: "The question of suffrage is one which is likely
+     to agitate the public so long as a portion of the citizens of the
+     Nation are excluded from its privileges in any State. It seems to
+     me very desirable that this question should be settled now, and I
+     entertain the hope and express the desire that it may be by the
+     ratification of the fifteenth amendment to the constitution."
+
+     During the canvass which resulted in the election of the late
+     Democratic legislature the Republicans were charged with having
+     used $800,000, raised for the relief of soldiers' families, to pay
+     the State debt, and this charge was insisted upon, notwithstanding
+     a majority of the Democratic members had supported the measure. The
+     idea was everywhere held out that if the Democratic party were
+     successful this money would be restored to the relief fund and
+     expended for the benefit of the soldiers. The failure to redeem
+     this pledge is aggravated by the fact that the legislature, by a
+     strictly party vote in the Senate, refused to provide for the
+     support of soldiers' destitute orphans at homes to be established
+     without expense to the State by the voluntary contributions of
+     patriotic and charitable people.
+
+     But of all the pledges upon which the Democratic party obtained
+     power in the last legislature, the most important, and those in
+     regard to which the just expectations of the people have been most
+     signally disappointed, are their pledges in relation to financial
+     affairs--to expenditure, to debt, and to taxation. Upon this
+     subject the people are compelled to feel a very deep interest. The
+     flush times of the war have been followed by a financial reaction,
+     and for the last three or four years the country has been on the
+     verge of a financial crisis. The burdens of taxation bear heavily
+     upon labor and upon capital. The Democratic party, profuse alike of
+     accusations against their adversaries, and of promises of
+     retrenchment and reform, were clothed with power to deal with the
+     heaviest part of these burdens, viz: with the expenditures, debts,
+     assessments, and taxes which are authorized by State legislation.
+     The results of their two years of power are now before the people.
+     They are contained in the 65th and 66th volumes of the Laws of
+     Ohio. Let any Republican diligently study these volumes, and he
+     will fully comprehend the meaning of Job when he said, "Oh, that
+     mine adversary had written a book." No intelligent man can read
+     carefully these volumes, and note the number and character of the
+     laws increasing the expenses and liabilities of the State and
+     authorizing additional debts and additional taxation for city and
+     village, for county and township purposes, without having the
+     conviction forced upon him that the gentlemen who enacted these
+     laws hold to the opinion that the way to increase wealth is to
+     increase taxation, and that public debts are public blessings.
+
+     When the late Democratic Legislature assembled they found the
+     revenue raised yearly in Ohio by taxation to pay the interest on
+     the State and local debts and for State and local expenditures was
+     $20,253,615.34. This is at the rate of almost forty dollars for
+     every vote cast in the State at the last election, and exceeds
+     seven dollars for each inhabitant of the State. Of this large sum
+     collected annually by direct taxation less than one-fifth or
+     $3,981,099.79 was for State purposes, and more than four-fifths or
+     $16,272,515.34 was for local purposes. The increase of taxation for
+     State purposes during the last few years has been small, but many
+     items of taxation for local purposes are increasing rapidly. The
+     taxation, for example, in the thirty-three cities of the State has
+     increased until, according to the report of the auditor of State,
+     "in several the rates of levy exceed three per cent, and the
+     average rate in all is but little short of three per cent." In this
+     condition of the financial affairs of the State, and in the
+     embarrassed and depressed condition of the business of the country,
+     the duty of the legislature was plain. They were to see that no
+     unnecessary additional burdens were imposed upon the people--that
+     all wholesome restraints and limitations upon the power of local
+     authorities to incur debts and levy taxes should be preserved and
+     enforced, and especially that no increase of liabilities should be
+     authorized except in cases of pressing necessity.
+
+     Now consider the facts. These gentlemen professed to be
+     scrupulously strict in their observance of the requirements of the
+     constitution. Yet under provisions which contemplate one
+     legislative session in two years they held two sessions in the same
+     year, and three sessions in their term of two years. They were in
+     session two hundred and sixty days--longer than was ever before
+     known in Ohio, and at an expense of $250,624.10--more than double
+     that of their Republican predecessors.
+
+     They created between thirty and forty new offices at a cost to the
+     people for salaries, fees, and expenses of at least $75,000 per
+     annum. They added to the State liabilities for various purposes
+     about $1,500,000. In order to avoid an increase of taxes levied for
+     State purposes they diminished the sum levied to pay the State
+     debt, and increased the levy for other State purposes almost
+     $600,000.
+
+     The acts of the last legislature in relation to local debts and
+     local taxes are of the most extraordinary character. These acts
+     relate to raising money for county purposes, for township purposes,
+     for city and village purposes, and for special purposes. These
+     taxes or debts are levied or incurred under the direction of county
+     commissioners, township trustees, or of city or village councils,
+     who derive their authority exclusively from State legislation. The
+     State legislature has therefore the control of the whole matter.
+     Now, the general statement which I wish to make, and which I
+     believe is sustained by the facts, is, that the late Democratic
+     legislature authorized greater local pecuniary burdens to be
+     imposed upon the people of Ohio, without their consent, than were
+     ever before authorized by any General Assembly, either in peace or
+     war, since the organization of our State government.
+
+     Sixty or seventy different acts were passed authorizing debts to be
+     contracted, amounting in the aggregate to more than $25,000,000. A
+     large part of them bear eight per cent interest, and a very small
+     part bear less than seven and three-tenths per cent interest. And
+     they passed seventy or eighty acts by which additional taxes were
+     authorized to the amount of over $10,000,000.
+
+     Now it is to be hoped, as to a considerable part of the local debts
+     and local taxes authorized by the late Democratic legislature, that
+     the people will not be burdened with them. It is to be hoped that
+     county commissioners, city councils, and other local boards, will
+     show greater moderation and economy in the exercise of their
+     dangerous and oppressive powers under the laws than was exhibited
+     in their enactment. But in any event, nothing is more certain than
+     that the people of Ohio have great reason to apprehend that the
+     evil consequences of these laws will be felt in their swollen tax
+     bills for many years.
+
+     It is probable that many of the acts to which I have alluded,
+     creating additional offices, incurring State liabilities, and
+     authorizing local debts and taxes were required by sound policy.
+     But a candid investigation will show that the larger part of these
+     enormous burdens of expenditure, debt, and taxation could and ought
+     to have been avoided.
+
+     The last legislature afforded examples of many of the worst evils
+     to which legislative bodies are liable--long sessions, excessive
+     legislation, unnecessary expenditures, and recklessness in
+     authorizing local debts and local taxes. These evils "have
+     increased, are increasing, and ought to be diminished." Let there
+     be reform as to all of them. Especially let the people of all
+     parties insist that the parent evil--long legislative
+     sessions--shall be reformed altogether. Let the bad precedent of
+     long sessions, set by the last legislature, be condemned, and the
+     practice of short sessions established. With the average rate of
+     taxation in the cities and large towns of the State--nearly three
+     per cent.--legitimate business and industry can not continue to
+     thrive, if the rate of taxation continues to increase. With the
+     rates of interest for public debts ranging from seven and
+     three-tenths per cent to eight per cent, the reckless increase of
+     such debts must stop, or will seriously affect the prosperity of
+     the State. These are subjects which deserve, and which, I trust,
+     will receive, the profound attention of the people in the pending
+     canvass.
+
+     It is said that one of the ablest Democratic members of the last
+     legislature declared at its close that "enough had been done to
+     keep the Democratic party out of power in Ohio for twenty years."
+     Let the Republican press and the Republican speakers see to it that
+     the history of the acts of that body be spread fully before the
+     people, and I entertain no doubt that the declaration will be
+     substantially made good.
+
+     It is probable that the discussions of the present canvass will
+     turn more upon State legislation and less upon National affairs
+     than those of any year since 1861. Neither senators nor
+     representatives in Congress are to be chosen. But it is an
+     important State election, and will be regarded as having a bearing
+     on National politics. The Republicans of Ohio heartily approve of
+     the principles of General Grant's inaugural message, and are
+     gratified by the manner in which he is dealing with the leading
+     questions of the first three months of his administration.
+
+     Under President Johnson, Secretary McCulloch hoarded millions of
+     gold, to enable him to maintain a wretched rivalry with the gold
+     gamblers of New York city. The Nation was defrauded of its just
+     dues, and the National debt increased from November 1, 1867, to
+     November 1, 1868, $35,625,102.82. General Grant began his financial
+     policy by revoking his predecessor's pardons of revenue robbers,
+     and by cutting down expenses in all directions; and Secretary
+     Boutwell disposes of surplus gold in the purchase of
+     interest-bearing bonds to the amount of two millions a week, and in
+     his first quarter reduces the National debt more than twenty
+     millions of dollars.
+
+     The two Democratic Johnsons, Andrew and Reverdy, furnished their
+     ideas of a foreign policy in the Johnson-Clarendon treaty. They
+     undertook to settle the American claims against England on account
+     of the Alabama outrage by the award of a Commission, one-half of
+     whose members were to be chosen by England and the other half by
+     the United States; and, in case of a disagreement, an umpire was to
+     be chosen by lot. That is to say, a great National controversy,
+     involving grave questions of international law, and claims of
+     undoubted validity, amounting to millions of money, was to be
+     decided by the toss of a copper! The administration of General
+     Grant crushed the disgraceful treaty, and proposes to deal with
+     England on the principle laid down in General Grant's inaugural.
+     The United States will treat all other Nations "as equitable law
+     requires individuals to deal with each other;" but, "if others
+     depart from this rule in their dealings with us, we may be
+     compelled to follow their precedent."
+
+     On the great question of reconstruction, in what a masterly way and
+     with what marked success has General Grant's administration begun.
+     Congress had fixed its day of adjournment, and all plans for
+     reconstructing the three unrepresented States had been postponed
+     until next December. At this junction General Grant, on the 7th of
+     April last, sent to Congress a special message recommending that
+     before its adjournment it take the necessary steps for the
+     restoration of the State of Virginia to its proper relations to the
+     Union. As the ground of his recommendation he said: "I am led to
+     make this recommendation from the confident hope and belief that
+     the people of that State are now ready to co-operate with the
+     National government in bringing it again into such relations to the
+     Union as it ought as soon as possible to establish and maintain,
+     and to give to all its people those equal rights under the law
+     which were asserted in the declaration of independence, in the
+     words of one of the most illustrious of its sons."
+
+     The message of the president was referred, in the House of
+     Representatives, to the Committee on Reconstruction. That committee
+     the next day reported a bill for the reconstruction of Virginia,
+     and also of Mississippi and Texas. The character of the bill
+     sufficiently appears by the first two sections relating to
+     Virginia:
+
+     "_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+     United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the President
+     of the United States, at such time as he may deem best for the
+     public interest, may submit the constitution which was framed by
+     the convention which met in Richmond, Virginia, on Tuesday, the 3d
+     day of December, 1867, to the registered voters of said State, for
+     ratification or rejection; and may also submit to a separate vote
+     such provisions of said constitution as he may deem best.
+
+     "SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That at the same election the
+     voters of said State may vote for and elect members of the General
+     Assembly of said State and all the officers of said State provided
+     for by the said constitution, and for members of Congress; and the
+     officer commanding the district of Virginia shall cause the lists
+     of registered voters of said State to be revised and corrected
+     prior to such election, and for that purpose may appoint such
+     registrars as he may deem necessary. And said election shall be
+     held and returns thereof made in the manner provided by the
+     election ordinance adopted by the convention which framed said
+     constitution."
+
+     It will be seen that by this bill the people of Virginia were to
+     proceed in the work of reconstruction at such time as the president
+     might deem best, and that such reconstruction in all its parts was
+     to be on the basis of equal political rights. The constitution to
+     be submitted was framed by a convention, in the election of which
+     colored citizens participated, and of which colored men were
+     members. The "registered voters" who are to vote on its
+     ratification or rejection, and also for members of the General
+     Assembly, for State officers and for members of Congress, include
+     the colored men of Virginia; and if the constitution is adopted, it
+     secures to them equal political rights in that State. The
+     remaining sections of the bill provide for the reconstruction of
+     Mississippi and Texas on the same principles, and left the time and
+     manner to the discretion of the president.
+
+     This bill was reported to the House of Representatives and
+     unanimously agreed upon by a committee, of which four members were
+     Democrats. The most distinguished Democratic representatives of the
+     States of New York and Pennsylvania advocated its passage. Out of
+     about seventy Democratic members of the House, only twenty-five
+     voted against it, and the only Democratic members from Ohio who
+     voted on the passage of the bill, voted for it.
+
+     It thus appears that upon the recommendation of General Grant even
+     the Democratic party of Ohio, by their representatives in Congress,
+     voted for equal political rights in Virginia, Mississippi, and
+     Texas! And to-day the great body of the people of those States,
+     Democrats and Conservatives as well as Republicans, have yielded
+     assent to that great principle. In view of these facts I submit
+     that I am fully warranted in saying that General Grant has begun
+     the work of reconstruction in a masterly way and with marked
+     success.
+
+     Again thanking you for the honor you have done me, I repeat, in
+     conclusion, what I said two years ago. The people represented in
+     this convention mean that the State of Ohio in the great progress,
+     "whose leading object is to elevate the condition of men, to lift
+     artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the paths of
+     laudable pursuits for all, and to afford all an unfettered start
+     and a fair chance in the race of life," shall tread no more steps
+     backward. I shall enter upon my part of the labors of the canvass
+     believing that the Union Republican party is battling for the
+     right, and with undoubting confidence that the goodness of the
+     cause will supply the weakness of its advocates, and command in the
+     result that triumphant success which it deserves.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Zanesville, Ohio,
+Thursday, August 24, 1871._
+
+     The change of principles which a majority of the late Democratic
+     State Convention at Columbus decided to make, commonly called the
+     new departure, lends to the pending political contest in Ohio its
+     chief interest. Indeed, there is no other salient feature in the
+     Democratic platform. Resolutions in the usual form were adopted on
+     several other political topics; but the main discussion, and the
+     absorbing interest of the convention, was on the question of
+     accepting as a finality the series of Republican measures which is
+     generally regarded as the natural and legitimate result of the
+     overthrow of the rebellion, and which is embodied in the last three
+     amendments to the constitution.
+
+     Certain influential Democratic leaders in Ohio had become satisfied
+     by the repeated defeats of their party that no considerable number
+     of Republicans would ever aid the Democratic party to obtain power
+     until it fully and explicitly accepted in good faith, as a final
+     settlement of the questions involved, the leading Republican
+     measures resulting from the war. They were convinced that
+     Republicans generally regarded these measures of such vital
+     importance that, until they were irrevocably established, other and
+     minor questions would not be allowed to divide that great body of
+     patriotic people who rallied together in support of the government
+     during its struggle for existence. The important principles which
+     Republicans claim should be accepted as settled are:
+
+     1. That the National power is the Supreme power of the land, and
+     that the doctrine that the States are in any proper sense
+     sovereign, including as it does the right of nullification and
+     secession, is no longer to be maintained.
+
+     2. That all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
+     subject to their jurisdiction, are citizens thereof, and entitled
+     to equal rights, civil and political, without regard to race,
+     color, or condition.
+
+     3. That the public debt resulting from the war is of binding
+     obligation, and must be fully and honestly paid.
+
+     Mr. Vallandigham, with that boldness and energy for which he was
+     distinguished, undertook the task of forcing his party to take the
+     position required to make success possible in Ohio. In this work,
+     he was encouraged, and probably aided, by the counsel and advice of
+     that other eminent Democratic leader, Chief Justice Chase. The
+     first authentic announcement of the new movement in Ohio was made
+     by the Montgomery County Democratic Convention, held at Dayton, on
+     the 18th day of May last. The speech and resolutions of Mr.
+     Vallandigham in that body contained much sound Republicanism. He
+     still clung to a general assertion of the State rights heresy, but
+     accepted the last three constitutional amendments "as a settlement,
+     in fact, of all the issues of the war," and "pledged" the
+     Democratic party to the faithful and absolute enforcement of the
+     constitution as it now is, "so as to secure equal rights to all
+     persons, without distinction of race, color, or condition." On the
+     subject of the National debt, and of currency, he was equally
+     explicit. He declared "in favor of the payment of the public debt
+     at the earliest practicable moment consistent with moderate
+     taxation; that specie is the basis of all sound currency; and that
+     true policy requires a speedy return to that basis as soon as
+     practicable without distress to the debtor class of people."
+
+     Surely, here was a long stride away from the Democracy of the last
+     ten years, and toward wholesome Republican ideas. If a Democratic
+     victory could be gained by adopting Republican principles, the
+     framer of the Dayton platform was not lacking in political
+     sagacity. Unfortunately for the success of the scheme, no Ohio
+     Democrat of conspicuous position, except Mr. Chase, is known to
+     have approved Mr. Vallandigham's resolutions as a whole. The chief
+     justice wrote to Mr. Vallandigham the well-known letter of May 20,
+     in which he warmly congratulated him on the movement which was to
+     return "the Democratic party to its ancient platform of progress
+     and reform."
+
+     This was perfectly consistent with the previous opinions and public
+     conduct of Mr. Chase. He had supported the three amendments to the
+     constitution, and notwithstanding the censure of his Democratic
+     associates, he had been signally active and influential in
+     procuring the ratification by Ohio of the fifteenth amendment. In
+     addition to this, he was probably the only prominent Western
+     Democrat who was for the payment of the public debt in coin, and
+     in favor of a speedy return to specie payments.
+
+     When the convention assembled, on the first of June, neither the
+     talents and energy of Mr. Vallandigham nor the great name and
+     authority of the chief justice were sufficient to carry through, in
+     all its parts, the Dayton programme. The financial resolutions were
+     stricken out and the oft-defeated greenback theory, slightly
+     modified, was inserted in its place. Other important paragraphs of
+     Mr. Vallandigham were also omitted, in which "secession, slavery,
+     inequality before the law, and political inequality" were described
+     as "belonging to the dead past" and "buried out of sight." This
+     left as the new departure two resolutions, which were adopted only
+     after strong opposition.
+
+     "1. _Resolved, by the Democracy of Ohio_, That denouncing the
+     extraordinary means by which they were brought about, we recognize
+     as accomplished facts the three several amendments to the
+     constitution, recently adopted, and regard the same as no longer
+     political issues before the country.
+
+     "2.... The Democratic party pledges itself to the full, faithful,
+     and absolute enforcement of the constitution as it now is, so as to
+     secure equal rights to all persons under it, without distinction of
+     race, color, or condition."
+
+     The Democratic managers claim that by this movement they have taken
+     such a position that, at least equally with the Republicans, they
+     are entitled to the confidence and support of the early and earnest
+     friends of the principles of the three recent constitutional
+     amendments. They claim at the same time, in the same breath, that
+     they are entitled also to the confidence of the Democratic people
+     whom they have hitherto taught that the amendments were ratified by
+     force and fraud; that they are revolutionary and void, and that
+     they are a dangerous departure from the principles of the fathers
+     of the republic, and destructive of all good government.
+
+     Now, the important question presented is, whether it is safe and
+     wise to trust these amendments for interpretation, construction,
+     and execution to the party which, from first to last, has fiercely
+     opposed them. The safe rule is, if you want a law fairly and
+     faithfully administered, entrust power only to its friends. It will
+     rarely have a fair trial at the hands of its enemies. These
+     amendments are no exception to this rule.
+
+     What the country most needs, and what good citizens most desire in
+     regard to these great measures is peace--repose. They wish to be
+     able to rest confidently in the belief that they are to be enforced
+     and obeyed. They do not want them overthrown by revolutionary
+     violence or defeated by fraud. They do not wish them repealed by
+     constitutional amendments, abrogated by judicial construction,
+     nullified by unfriendly legislation, State or National, or left a
+     dead letter by non-action on the part of law-makers or executive
+     officers. Has the time come when the country can afford to trust
+     the Democratic party on these questions? Consider the facts.
+
+     The new departure is by no means generally accepted by the
+     Democratic party, and where accepted the conversion is sudden and
+     recent, and against the protest of a large element of sincere and
+     inflexible Democrats.
+
+     The only State touching the borders of Ohio which has been reliably
+     Democratic for the last five years is Kentucky. She sends to
+     Congress an undivided Democratic delegation of two senators and
+     nine representatives. At the late election, notwithstanding the
+     heroic efforts of her Republicans under the splendid leadership of
+     General Harlan, the Democratic organs are able to rejoice that they
+     still hold the State by from thirty to forty thousand majority.
+     Where did the Democrats of Kentucky, in their canvass, stand on the
+     new departure? They marched in the old Democratic path. They turned
+     no back somersault to catch Republican votes. On the very day that
+     the Ohio Democracy were wrangling in convention over the bitter
+     dose, Governor Leslie, addressing the Democracy of Lewis county,
+     said: "As to the new amendments, I am out and out opposed to them.
+     I care not who in Indiana, Ohio, or elsewhere may be for them.
+     Those amendments were engrafted upon the constitution of the
+     country, and proclaimed to the country as part and parcel of the
+     constitution by force and by fraud, and not in the legitimate way
+     laid down in the constitution. Ten States of this Union were tied
+     hand and foot, and bayonets were presented to their breasts to make
+     them consent against their will to the passage of these amendments.
+     The procuring of these amendments was a fraud upon this people, and
+     upon the people of the whole United States, and having been thus
+     obtained, I hold that they ought to be repealed. There may be some
+     Democrats who are not for their repeal, but the great body of our
+     party is for it."
+
+     The Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor, Mr. Carlisle, was
+     equally decided. Said he: "In the first place, I do not think that
+     the resolution passed by the Ohio Democracy, declaring that these
+     constitutional amendments are no longer political issues before the
+     country, will have the effect which they appear to have supposed it
+     would.
+
+     "Instead of withdrawing them as subjects of political discussion,
+     it will give them far more prominence than they ever had
+     heretofore, and they will be confronted with them throughout the
+     entire canvass. The only way in which any question can be withdrawn
+     from the arena of political discussion is for both parties to
+     ignore it altogether.
+
+     "This can not be done as to these amendments, because they present
+     real living issues, in which the people feel a very deep interest.
+     They are not dead issues, and politicians can not kill them by
+     resolutions. The Ohio Democrats seem to recognize this to some
+     extent at least, for they have simply attempted to turn the
+     discussion away from the validity and merits of the amendments
+     themselves to the question of their construction. In this I think
+     they have made a grievous mistake."
+
+     In Indiana, the last authoritative Democratic utterance on this
+     subject, was the passage, in January last, by the Senate of that
+     State, of the following resolution, offered by Mr. Hughes, every
+     Democrat supporting it:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That Congress has no lawful power derived from the
+     constitution of the United States, nor from any other source
+     whatever, to require any State of the Union to ratify an amendment
+     proposed to the constitution of the United States as a condition
+     precedent to representation in Congress; that all such acts of
+     ratification are null and void, and the votes so obtained ought not
+     to be counted to affect the rights of the people and the States of
+     the whole Union, and that the State of Indiana protests and
+     solemnly declares that the so-called fifteenth amendment is not
+     this day, nor never has been in law, a part of the constitution of
+     the United States."
+
+     It is not necessary to go to neighboring States for Democratic
+     authorities, to show how far the new departure is from modern
+     Democracy.
+
+     When this question was last debated before the people of Ohio, the
+     Democratic position on the principle of the fifteenth amendment,
+     and on its constitutional validity, if _declared_ adopted, was thus
+     stated:
+
+     Speaking of the principle of the amendment, Judge Thurman said: "I
+     tell you it is only the entering wedge that will destroy all
+     intelligent suffrage in this country, and turn our country from an
+     intelligent white man's government into one of the most corrupt
+     mongrel governments in the world."
+
+     On its validity, if declared adopted, General Ward said:
+     "Fellow-citizens of Ohio, I boldly assert that the States of this
+     Union have always had, both before and since the adoption of the
+     constitution of the United States, entire sovereignty over the
+     whole subject of suffrage in all its relations and bearings. Ohio
+     has that sovereignty now, and it can not be taken from her without
+     her consent, even by all the other States combined, except by
+     revolutionary usurpation. The right to regulate suffrage as to the
+     organization of its own government, and the election of officers
+     under it, is an inalienable attribute of sovereignty, which the
+     State could not surrender without surrendering its sovereign
+     existence as a State. To take from Ohio the power of determining
+     who shall exercise the right of suffrage is not an amendment of the
+     constitution, but a revolutionary usurpation by the other States,
+     in no wise constitutionally binding upon her sovereignty as a
+     State."
+
+     These opinions are still largely prevalent in the Democratic party.
+     When a new departure was announced at Dayton, the leading organ of
+     the party in this State said:
+
+     "There are matters in the Montgomery county resolutions which, it
+     is very safe to say, will not receive the approval of the State
+     convention, and which should not receive its endorsement. They have
+     faults of omission and commission. They evince a desire to sail
+     with the wind, and as near the water as possible without getting
+     wet. The Democracy everywhere believe that the constitution was
+     altered by fraud and force, and do not intend to be mealy-mouthed
+     in their expression of the outrage, whatever they may agree upon as
+     to how the amendments should be treated in the future, for the sake
+     of saving, if possible, what is left of constitutional liberty."
+
+     After the scheme was adopted in convention, the common sentiment
+     was well expressed by the editor who said that "the platform was
+     made for present use, and is marked with the taint of insincerity."
+
+     The speeches of Colonel McCook and other Democratic gentlemen
+     exhibit, when carefully read, clearly enough the character of the
+     new departure.
+
+     In accepting his nomination, Colonel McCook said: "Let me speak now
+     upon the fifteenth amendment, which confers the right of suffrage
+     upon the blacks. It was no legitimate consequence of the war; it
+     was no legitimate consequence of secession; but it was passed in
+     the exigency of a political party, that they might have control as
+     much in Ohio as in those States in the South. I opposed it, as I
+     did the fourteenth, from the beginning, and I have no regrets over
+     that opposition. But now a word more upon it. If it contained
+     nothing but this provision for suffrage there would be but little
+     objection in it; but it contains a provision intended to confer
+     power upon Congress which is dangerous to the liberties of the
+     country, and the dangers can only be avoided by having Democratic
+     Congresses in the future, who will trust no power to the executive
+     which bears the purse and sword to interfere with our elections."
+
+     When interrogated on this subject at Chardon, he said: "When he
+     received the nomination he had said that no black man who had
+     received the right to vote under the 15th amendment ever could have
+     it taken away. Repealing the 15th amendment would not take it away;
+     that amendment is no more sacred, but just as sacred as any other
+     part of the constitution; but repealing it could not take away a
+     right." He was asked as to the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments: "Do
+     you regard them as in the same sense and to the same extent parts
+     of the constitution as other portions?" He answered: "Yes,
+     certainly. Can not men see the difference between opposing the
+     adoption of a measure and yielding when it has been adopted, and
+     opposition has become useless?" He was asked: "Are these amendments
+     never again to become political questions?" "I have no authority or
+     power to answer such a question. How can I answer as to all the
+     future? How can I tell what the Democracy of New York or any other
+     State may do? But how can they become political questions, now that
+     they are acquiesced in by almost the entire people of the country?"
+
+     Mr. Hubbard, the chairman of Colonel McCook's first meeting, said:
+     "The Democrats did not dispute that this amendment, which was
+     adopted by constitutional forms, was valid; but, while accepting
+     it, call it a 'new departure.' If you please, we don't surrender
+     the right to make such returns to the old constitution as we may
+     deem expedient. It is a future question that we are not bound to
+     discuss."
+
+     The gentleman who has the second place on the Democratic ticket,
+     Mr. Hunt, says: "There is no reasoning, and certainly no
+     circumstance, which can give the 13th amendment more binding force
+     than either of the other two amendments. If the 13th amendment
+     abolished slavery, then the title to vote under the 15th amendment
+     is as perfect as the title to liberty. The fact that they have been
+     declared a part of the constitution does not preclude any
+     legitimate discussion as to their expediency. Proper action will
+     never be barred, for the statute of limitation will run with the
+     constitution itself. Experience may teach the necessity of a change
+     in any provision of the organic law, and any legislation to be
+     permanent must conform to the living sentiment of the people."
+
+     These paragraphs furnish no adequate reply to the questions which
+     an intelligent and earnest Republican, who believes in the wisdom
+     and value of the amendments, would put to these distinguished
+     gentlemen, when they ask him for his vote. He would ask: "If the
+     Democratic party shall obtain the controlling power in the general
+     government, in its several departments, executive, legislative, and
+     judicial, and in the State governments, what would it do? Would it
+     faithfully execute these amendments, or would it not rather use its
+     power to get rid of them--either by constitutional amendment, by
+     judicial decision, by unfriendly legislation, or by a failure or
+     refusal to legislate?" Before the "new departure" can gain
+     Republican votes, its friends must answer satisfactorily these
+     questions. The speeches I have quoted fail to furnish such answers.
+     Colonel McCook objects to the 15th amendment, because "it contains
+     a provision intended to confer power upon Congress which is
+     dangerous to the liberties of the country." Now, what is this
+     dangerous provision? It reads: "Section 2. The Congress shall have
+     power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Each of
+     the three recent amendments contains a similar provision. Without
+     this provision, they would be inoperative in more than half of the
+     late rebel States. The complaints made of these provisions warn us
+     that in Democratic hands the legislation required to give force and
+     effect to these provisions would be denied.
+
+     But the most significant part of these speeches are the passages
+     which refer to the repeal of the amendments. Mr. Hubbard said: "We
+     don't surrender the right to make such returns to the old
+     constitution as we may deem expedient. It is a future question that
+     we are not bound to discuss." Colonel McCook says: "How can I
+     answer for all the future? How can I tell what the Democracy of New
+     York or any other State may do?" Mr. Hunt says: "The fact that they
+     have been declared a part of the constitution does not preclude any
+     legitimate discussion as to their expediency. Proper action will
+     never be barred." The meaning of all this is that the Democratic
+     party will acquiesce in the amendments while it is out of power.
+     Whether or not it will try to repeal them when it gets power is a
+     question of the future which they are not bound to discuss. Or as
+     another distinguished gentleman has it, this question is "beyond
+     the range of profitable discussion." In reply to these gentlemen,
+     the well-informed Republican citizen when asked to vote for the new
+     departure, is very likely to adopt their own phraseology, and to
+     say, Whether I shall vote your ticket or not is a question of the
+     future which it is not now proper to discuss--"it is beyond the
+     range of profitable discussion;" and if he has the Democratic
+     veneration for Tammany hall, he will say with Colonel McCook, "How
+     can I tell what the Democracy of New York may do?"
+
+     Notwithstanding the decision of the late convention, it is probable
+     that the real sentiment of the Democracy of Ohio is truly stated by
+     the Butler county Democrat:
+
+     "Our position then, is, that while we regard the so-called
+     amendments as gross usurpation and base frauds--not a part of the
+     Federal constitution _de facto_ nor _de jure_--and, therefore, acts
+     which are void, we will abide by them until a majority of the
+     people of the States united shall, at the polls, put men in power
+     who shall hold them to be null and of no effect. We adhere
+     strictly, on this point, to the second resolution of Hon. L. D.
+     Campbell, adopted at the Democratic convention held in this county
+     last May; and to refresh the minds of our readers we reproduce it
+     here:
+
+     "2. That now, as heretofore, we are opposed to all lawlessness and
+     disorder, and for maintaining the supremacy of the constitution and
+     laws as the only certain means of public safety, and will abide by
+     all their provisions until the same shall be amended, abrogated, or
+     repealed by the lawfully constituted authorities."
+
+     The new departure has certainly very little claim to the support of
+     Republican citizens. What are its claims on honest Democrats?
+
+     Colonel McCook, to make the new departure palatable to his
+     Democratic supporters, tells them that a repeal of the fifteenth
+     Amendment would fail of its object. That the right to vote, once
+     exercised by the black man, can not be taken away. Is this sound
+     either in law or logic? By the fifteenth amendment no State can
+     deny the right to vote to any citizens on account of race or color.
+     Suppose that amendment was repealed; what would prevent Kentucky
+     from denying suffrage to colored citizens? Plainly nothing. And in
+     case of such repeal it is probable that in less than ninety days
+     thereafter every Democratic State would deny suffrage to colored
+     citizens, and the great body of Democratic voters would heartily
+     applaud that result. The truth is, no sound argument can be made,
+     showing or tending to show that the new departure is consistent
+     with the Democratic record. Hitherto Democracy has taught that, as
+     a question of law, the amendments were made by force and fraud, and
+     are therefore void; that, as a question of principles, this is a
+     white man's government, and that to confer suffrage on the colored
+     races--on the African or Chinaman--would change the nature of the
+     government and speedily destroy it. Now the new departure demands
+     that Democrats shall accept the amendments as valid, and shall take
+     a pledge "to secure equal rights to all persons, without
+     distinction of race, color, or condition." Sincere Democrats will
+     find it very difficult to take that pledge, unless they are now
+     convinced that their whole political life has been a great mistake.
+
+     When an individual changes his political principles--turns his coat
+     merely to catch votes--he is generally thought to be unworthy of
+     support, I entertain no doubt that the people of Ohio, at the
+     approaching election, will, upon that principle, by a large
+     majority, condemn the Democratic party for its bold attempt to
+     catch Republican votes by the new departure.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Marion, Lawrence County,
+Ohio, July 31, 1875._
+
+     _Fellow-citizens of Lawrence County:_
+
+     It is a gratification for which I wish to make my acknowledgments
+     to the Republican committee of this county, to have the privilege
+     of beginning, in behalf of the Republicans of Ohio, the oral
+     discussions of this important political canvass before the people
+     of Lawrence county. Although my residence is separated from yours
+     by the whole breadth of the State, we are not strangers. We have
+     met before on similar occasions, and some of you were my comrades
+     in the Union army during a considerable part of the great civil
+     conflict which ended ten years ago. Those who had the honor and the
+     happiness to serve together during that memorable struggle are not
+     likely to forget each other. We shall forever regard those four
+     years as the most interesting period of our lives.
+
+     The great majority of the people of Lawrence county, citizens as
+     well as soldiers, have also good reason to recall the events and
+     scenes of that contest with satisfaction and pride.
+
+     The official records of the State show how well Lawrence county
+     performed her part in the war for the Union. From the beginning to
+     the end, with the ballot at home and with the musket in the field,
+     this county stood among the foremost of all the communities in the
+     United States in devotion to the good cause. And since the Nation's
+     triumph, Lawrence county, sooner or later, but never too late to
+     rejoice in the final and decisive victory, has supported every
+     measure required to secure the legitimate results of that triumph.
+     You have done your part forever to set at rest the great questions
+     of the past. It is settled that the United States constitute a
+     Nation, and that their government possesses ample power to maintain
+     its authority over every part of its territory against all
+     opposers. It is settled that no man under the American flag shall
+     be a slave. It is settled that all men born or naturalized in the
+     United States and within its jurisdiction shall be citizens
+     thereof, and have equal civil and political rights. It is settled
+     that the debt contracted to save the Nation is sacred, and shall be
+     honestly paid. You may well be congratulated that on all of these
+     questions you fought and voted on the right side.
+
+     Fortunately, there is still further cause for congratulation. Our
+     adversaries, who were on the wrong side of all of these questions,
+     and who opposed us on all of them to the very last, are now
+     compelled to be silent in their platform on every one of them. Not
+     a single one of their fourteen resolutions raises any question on
+     any of these long-contested subjects. It is not strange that they
+     are silent. I do not choose on this occasion to recall the
+     predictions of evil which they so confidently made when discussing
+     the measures to which I have referred. It is enough for my present
+     purpose to point to the grand results. When the Republican party,
+     with Abraham Lincoln as president, received the government from the
+     hands of the Democratic party, fifteen years ago, the Union of the
+     fathers was destroyed. A hostile Nation, dedicated to perpetual
+     slavery, had been established south of the Potomac, and claimed
+     jurisdiction over one-third of the people and territory of the
+     Republic. These States were "dissevered, discordant,
+     belligerent"--our land was rent with civil feud, and ready to be
+     drenched in fraternal blood. Now, behold the change! The Union is
+     re-established on firmer foundations than ever before. Brave men in
+     the South, who were then in battle array against us, now stand side
+     by side with Union soldiers, with no shadow of discord between
+     them. Slavery, which was then an impassable gulf between the
+     hostile sections, is now gone; and good men of the South unite with
+     good men of the North in thanking God that it is forever a thing of
+     the past. Then there was no freedom of speech or of the press--no
+     friendly mingling together of the people of the two sections of the
+     country. Now the people of the South receive and greet as a
+     fellow-citizen and a friend the vice-president--a citizen of
+     Massachusetts, and an anti-slavery man from his youth; and
+     Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina send their distinguished
+     sons to celebrate with New England the centennial anniversaries of
+     the early battles of the Revolution. The men of the North and the
+     men of the South are now everywhere coming together in a spirit of
+     harmony and friendship which this generation has not witnessed
+     before, and which has not existed, until now, since Jefferson was
+     startled by that "fire-ball in the night"--the Missouri
+     question--more than fifty years ago.
+
+     In this era of good feeling and reconciliation a few men of morbid
+     temperament, blind to what is passing before them, still talk of
+     "bayonets" and "tyranny and cruelty to the South" and seek in vain
+     to revive the prejudices and passions of the past. But there is
+     barely enough of this angry dissent to remind us of the terrible
+     scenes through which we have passed, and to fill us with gratitude
+     that the house which was divided against itself is divided no
+     longer, and that all of its inhabitants now have a fair start and
+     an equal chance in the race of life.
+
+     Let us now proceed to the consideration of some of the questions
+     which engage the attention of the people of Ohio. The war which the
+     Democratic party and its doctrines brought upon the country left a
+     large debt, heavy taxation, a depreciated currency, and an
+     unhealthy condition of business, which resulted two years ago in a
+     financial panic and depression, from which the country is now
+     slowly recovering. With this condition of things the Democratic
+     party in its recent State convention at Columbus undertook to deal.
+
+     The most important part--in fact the only part of their platform in
+     Ohio this year which receives or deserves much attention, is that
+     in which is proclaimed a radical departure on the subject of money
+     from the teachings of all of the Democratic fathers. This Ohio
+     Democratic doctrine inculcates the abandonment of gold and silver
+     as a standard of value. Hereafter gold and silver are to be used as
+     money only "where respect for the obligation of contracts requires
+     payment in coin." The only currency for the people is to be paper
+     money, issued directly by the general government, "its volume to be
+     made and kept equal to the wants of trade," and with no provision
+     whatever for its redemption in coin. The Democratic candidate for
+     lieutenant-governor, who opened the canvass for his party, states
+     the money issue substantially as I have. General Carey, in his
+     Barnesville speech, says:
+
+     "Gold and silver, when used as money, are redeemable in any
+     property there is for sale in the Nation; will pay taxes for any
+     debt, public or private. This alone gives them their money value.
+     If you had a hundred gold eagles, and you could not exchange them
+     for the necessaries of life, they would be trash, and you would be
+     glad to exchange them for greenbacks or anything else that you
+     could use to purchase what you require. With an absolute paper
+     money, stamped by the government and made a legal tender for all
+     purposes, and its functions as money are as perfect as gold or
+     silver can be!"
+
+     This is the financial scheme which the Democratic party asks the
+     people of Ohio to approve at the election in October. The
+     Republicans accept the issue. Whether considered as a permanent
+     policy or as an expedient to mitigate present evils we are opposed
+     to it. It is without warrant in the constitution, and it violates
+     all sound financial principles.
+
+     The objections to an inflated and irredeemable paper currency are
+     so many that I do not attempt to state them all. They are so
+     obvious and so familiar that I need not elaborately present or
+     argue them. All of the mischief which commonly follows inflated and
+     inconvertible paper money may be expected from this plan, and in
+     addition it has very dangerous tendencies, which are peculiarly its
+     own. An irredeemable and inflated paper currency promotes
+     speculation and extravagance, and at the same time discourages
+     legitimate business, honest labor, and economy. It dries up the
+     true sources of individual and public prosperity. Over-trading and
+     fast living always go with it. It stimulates the desire to incur
+     debt; it causes high rates of interest; it increases importations
+     from abroad; it has no fixed value; it is liable to frequent and
+     great fluctuations, thereby rendering every pecuniary engagement
+     precarious and disturbing all existing contracts and expectations;
+     it is the parent of panics. Every period of inflation is followed
+     by a loss of confidence, a shrinkage of values, depression of
+     business, panics, lack of employment, and widespread disaster and
+     distress. The heaviest part of the calamity falls on those least
+     able to bear it. The wholesale dealer, the middle-man, and the
+     retailer always endeavor to cover the risks of the fickle standard
+     of value by raising their prices. But the men of small means and
+     the laborer are thrown out of employment, and want and suffering
+     are liable soon to follow.
+
+     When government enters upon the experiment of issuing irredeemable
+     paper money there can be no fixed limit to its volume. The amount
+     will depend on the interest of leading politicians, on their whims,
+     and on the excitement of the hour. It affords such facility for
+     contracting debt that extravagant and corrupt government
+     expenditure are the sure result. Under the name of public
+     improvements, the wildest enterprises, contrived for private gain,
+     are undertaken. Indefinite expansion becomes the rule, and in the
+     end bankruptcy, ruin, and repudiation.
+
+     During the last few years a great deal has been said about the
+     centralizing tendency of recent events in our history. The
+     increasing power of the government at Washington has been a
+     favorite theme for Democratic declamation. But where, since the
+     foundation of the government, has a proposition been seriously
+     entertained which would confer such monstrous and dangerous powers
+     on the general government as this inflation scheme of the Ohio
+     Democracy? During the war for the Union, solely on the ground of
+     necessity, the government issued the legal tender, or greenback
+     currency. But they accompanied it with a solemn pledge in the
+     following words of the act of June 30, 1864:
+
+     "Nor shall the total amount of United States notes issued or to be
+     issued ever exceed four hundred millions, and such additional sum,
+     not exceeding fifty millions, as may be temporarily required for
+     redemption of temporary loans."
+
+     But the Ohio inflationists, in a time of peace, on grounds of mere
+     expediency, propose an inconvertible paper currency, with its
+     volume limited only by the discretion or caprice of its issuers, or
+     their judgment as to the wants of trade. The most distinguished
+     gentleman whose name is associated with the subject once said "the
+     process must be conducted with skill and caution, ... by men whose
+     position will enable them to guard against any evil," and using a
+     favorite illustration he said, "The secretary of the treasury ought
+     to be able to judge. His hand is upon the pulse of the country. He
+     can feel all the throbbings of the blood in the arteries. He can
+     tell when the blood flows too fast and strong, and when the
+     expansion should cease." This brings us face to face with the
+     fundamental error of this dangerous policy. The trouble is the
+     pulse of the patient will not so often decide the question as the
+     interest of the doctor. No man, no government, no Congress is wise
+     enough and pure enough to be trusted with this tremendous power
+     over the business, and property, and labor of the country. That
+     which concerns so intimately all business should be decided, if
+     possible, on business principles, and not be left to depend on the
+     exigencies of politics, the interests of party, or the ambition of
+     public men. It will not do for property, for business, or for labor
+     to be at the mercy of a few political leaders at Washington, either
+     in or out of Congress. The best way to prevent it is to apply to
+     paper money the old test sanctioned by the experience of all
+     Nations--let it be convertible into coin. If it can respond to this
+     test, it will, as nearly as possible, be sound, safe, and stable.
+
+     The Republicans of Ohio are in favor of no sudden or harsh
+     measures. They do not propose to force resumption by a contraction
+     of the currency. They see that the ship is headed in the right
+     direction, and they do not wish to lose what has already been
+     gained. They are satisfied to leave to the influences of time and
+     the inherent energy and resources of the country the work that yet
+     remains to be done to place our currency at par. We believe that
+     what our country now needs to revive business and to give
+     employment to labor, is a restoration of confidence. We need
+     confidence in the stability and soundness of the financial policy
+     of the government. That confidence has for many months past been
+     slowly but steadily increasing. The Columbus Democratic platform
+     comes in as a disturbing element, and gives a severe shock to
+     reviving confidence. The country believed, and rejoiced to believe,
+     that Senator Thurman expressed the sober judgment of Ohio, when he
+     spoke last year in the Senate on this subject. The senator said,
+     March 24, 1874:
+
+     "Never have I spoken in favor of that inflation of the currency,
+     which, I think I see full well, means that there shall never be any
+     resumption at all. That is the difference. It is one thing to
+     contract the currency, with a view to the resumption of specie
+     payment; it is another thing neither to contract nor enlarge it,
+     but let resumption, come naturally and as soon as the business and
+     production of the country will bring it about. But it is a very
+     different thing indeed to inflate the currency with a view never in
+     all time to redeem it at all. And that is precisely what this
+     inflation means. It means demonetizing gold and silver in
+     perpetuity, and substituting a currency of irredeemable paper,
+     based wholly and entirely upon government credit, and depending
+     upon the opinion and the interests of the members of Congress and
+     their hopes of popularity, whether the volume of it shall be large
+     or small. That is what this inflation means. Sir, I have never said
+     anything in favor of that. I am too old-fashioned a Democrat for
+     that. I can not give up the convictions of a life-time, whether
+     they be popular or unpopular."
+
+     April 6th, when the Senate inflation bill was debated, he said:
+
+     "It simply means that no man of my age shall ever again see in this
+     country that kind of currency which the framers of the constitution
+     intended should be the currency of the Union; which every sound
+     writer on political economy the world over says is the only
+     currency that defrauds no man. It means that so long as I live, and
+     possibly long after I shall be laid in the grave, this people shall
+     have nothing but an irredeemable currency with which to transact
+     their business--that currency which has been well described as the
+     most effective invention that ever the wit of man devised to
+     fertilize the rich man's field by the sweat of the poor man's brow.
+     I will have nothing to do with it."
+
+     How great the shock which was given to returning confidence by the
+     Democratic action at Columbus abundantly appears by the manner in
+     which the platform is received by the Liberal and the English and
+     the German Democratic press throughout the United States. The
+     Liberal press and the German press, so far as I have observed, in
+     the strongest terms condemn the platform. They speak of it as
+     disturbing confidence, shaking credit, and threatening repudiation.
+     A large part of the Democratic press of other States is hardly less
+     emphatic. It would be strange, indeed, if this were otherwise. In
+     Ohio, less than two years ago, the convention which nominated
+     Governor Allen resolved, speaking of the Democratic party, that "it
+     recognizes the evils of an irredeemable paper currency, but
+     insists that in the return to specie payment care should be taken
+     not to seriously disturb the business of the country or unjustly
+     injure the debtor class." There was no inflation then. Now come the
+     soft-money leaders of the Democratic party, and try to persuade the
+     people that the promises of the United States should only be
+     redeemed by other promises, and that it is sound policy to increase
+     them.
+
+     The credit of the Nation depends on its ability and disposition to
+     keep its promises. If it fails to keep them, and suffers them to
+     depreciate, its credit is tainted, and it must pay high rates of
+     interest on all of its loans. For many years we must be a borrower
+     in the markets of the world. The interest-bearing debt is over
+     seventeen hundred millions of dollars. If we could borrow money at
+     the same rate with some of the great Nations of Europe, we could
+     save perhaps two per cent per annum on this sum. Thirty or forty
+     millions a year we are paying on account of tainted credit. The
+     more promises to pay an individual issues, without redeeming them,
+     the worse becomes his credit. It is the same with Nations. The
+     legal tender note for five dollars is the promise of the United
+     States to pay that sum in the money of the world, in coin. No time
+     is fixed for its payment. It is therefore payable on
+     presentation--on demand. It is not paid; it is past due; and it is
+     depreciated to the extent of twelve per cent. The country
+     recognizes the necessities of the situation, and waits, and is
+     willing to wait, until the productive business of the country
+     enables the government to redeem. But the Columbus financiers are
+     not satisfied. They demand the issue of more promises. This is
+     inflation. No man can doubt the result. The credit of the Nation
+     will inevitably suffer. There will be further depreciation. A
+     depreciation of ten per cent diminishes the value of the present
+     paper currency from fifty to one hundred millions of dollars. Its
+     effect on business would be disastrous in the extreme. The present
+     legal tenders have a certain steadiness, because there is a limit
+     fixed to their amount. Public opinion confides in that limit. But
+     let that limit be broken down, and all is uncertainty. The authors
+     of this scheme believe inflation is a good thing. When this subject
+     was under discussion, a few years ago, the Cincinnati _Enquirer_
+     said "the issue of two millions dollars of currency would only put
+     it in the power of each voter to secure $400 for himself and
+     family to spend in the course of a life-time. Is there any voter
+     thinks that is too much--more than he will want?" This shows what
+     the platform means. It means inflation without limit; and inflation
+     is the downward path to repudiation. It means ruin to the Nation's
+     credit, and to all individual credit. All the rest of the world
+     have the same standard of value. Our promises are worthless as
+     currency the moment you pass our boundary line. Even in this
+     country, very extensive sections still use the money of the world.
+     Texas, the most promising and flourishing State of the South, uses
+     coin. California and the other Pacific States and Territories do
+     the same. Look at their condition. Texas and California are not the
+     least prosperous part of the United States. This scheme can not be
+     adopted. The opinion of the civilized world is against it. The vast
+     majority of the ablest newspapers of the country is against it. The
+     best minds of the Democratic party are against it. The last three
+     Democratic candidates for the presidency were against it. The
+     German citizens of the United States, so distinguished for
+     industry, for thrift, and for soundness of judgment in all
+     practical money affairs, are a unit against it. The Republican
+     party is against it. The people of Ohio will, I am confident,
+     decide in October to have nothing to do with it.
+
+     Since the adoption of the inflation platform at Columbus, a great
+     change has taken place in the feelings and views of its friends.
+     Then they were confident--perhaps it is not too much to say that
+     they were dictatorial and overbearing toward their hard money party
+     associates. There was no doubt as to the intent and meaning of the
+     platform. Its friends asserted that the country needed more money,
+     and more money now. That the way to get it was to issue government
+     legal tender notes liberally. But the storm of criticism and
+     condemnation which burst upon the platform from the soundest
+     Democrats in all quarters has alarmed its supporters. Many of them
+     have been seized with a panic, and are now utterly stampeded and in
+     full retreat. They say that they are not for inflation, not for
+     inconvertible paper money, and that they never have been. That they
+     are hard money men, and always have been. That they look forward to
+     a return of specie payment, and that it must always be kept in
+     view. Why what did they mean by their platform? Did they expect to
+     make money plenty by an issue of more coin? Certainly not. By an
+     issue of more paper redeemable in coin? Certainly not. They
+     expected to issue more legal tender notes--notes irredeemable and
+     depreciated. But public opinion as shown by the press is so
+     decidedly against them, that Ohio inflationists now begin to desert
+     their own platform. Even Mr. Pendleton is solicitous not to be held
+     responsible for the Columbus scheme. He says, "I speak for myself
+     alone. I do not assume to speak for the Democratic party. Its
+     convention has spoken for it," and proceeds to interpret the
+     platform as if it was for hard money. Senator Thurman did not so
+     understand it. He thought the hard money men were beaten and felt
+     disappointed. It now looks as if General Carey might be left almost
+     alone before the canvass ends. If Judge Thurman could get that
+     convention together again, it is evident that he could now in the
+     same body rout the inflationists, horse, foot, and artillery.
+     Nothing but a victory in Ohio can put inflation again on its legs.
+     Let it be defeated in October, and the friends of a sound and
+     honest currency will have a clear field for at least the life of
+     the present generation.
+
+     Two years ago, the Democratic party came fully into power in Ohio,
+     in the State legislature, and for the first time in twenty years,
+     elected the executive of the State. They were also entrusted with
+     the affairs of the leading cities, and a majority of the wealthiest
+     and most populous counties in the State. It would be profitable in
+     us to inquire how this came about, and what are the results. In the
+     course of the canvass it is my purpose to show in detail how
+     unfortunate their management of State affairs has been. It will
+     appear, on investigation, that the interests of the State in the
+     benevolent, penal, and reformatory institutions have been
+     sacrificed to the spoils doctrine: how the cities, and especially
+     the chief city of the State, has suffered by the corruption of its
+     rulers; how public expenditures have been increased, until the
+     aggregate of taxation in Ohio, in this time of money depression, is
+     vastly larger than ever before; how the number of salaried officers
+     was increased; how the members of the legislature were corrupted by
+     bribery, notorious, and shameless; and how the dominant party
+     utterly failed to deal with this corruption as duty and the good
+     name of the State demanded. Fallacious and deceptive statements
+     have been made as to the reduction of the levy for State taxes, and
+     as to the appropriations. It is enough now to say that the
+     aggregate taxation in Ohio in 1874, was over $27,000,000, a larger
+     sum than was ever before collected by tax-gatherers in Ohio.
+
+     Altogether the most interesting questions in our State affairs are
+     those which relate to the passage, by the last legislature, of the
+     Geghan bill and the war which the sectarian wing of the Democratic
+     party is now waging against the public schools. In the admirable
+     speech made by Judge Taft at the Republican State Convention, he
+     sounded the key-note to the canvass on this subject. He said "our
+     motto must be universal liberty and universal suffrage, secured by
+     universal education." Before we discuss these questions, it may be
+     well, in order that there may be no excuse for further
+     misrepresentation, to show by whom this subject was introduced into
+     politics, and to state explicitly that we attack no sect and no
+     man, either Protestant or Jew, Catholic or Unbeliever, on account
+     of his conscientious convictions in regard to religion. Who began
+     the agitation of this subject? Why is it agitated? All parties have
+     taken hold of it. The Democratic party in their State convention
+     make it the topic of their longest resolution. In their platform
+     they gave it more space than to any other subject except the
+     currency. Many of the Democratic county conventions also took
+     action upon it.
+
+     The Republican State Convention passed resolutions on the question.
+     It is stated that it was considered in about forty Republican
+     county conventions. The State Teachers' Association, at their last
+     meeting, passed unanimously the following resolution. Mr. Tappan,
+     from the Committee on Resolutions, reported the following:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That we are in favor of a free, impartial, and
+     unsectarian education to every child in the State, and that any
+     division of the school fund or appropriation of any part thereof to
+     any religious or private school would be injurious to education and
+     the best interests of the church."
+
+     An able address by the Rev. Dr. Jeffers, of Cleveland, showing the
+     "perils which threaten our public schools," was emphatically
+     applauded by that intelligent body of citizens.
+
+     The assemblies of the different religious denominations in the
+     State, which have recently been held, have generally, and I think
+     without exception, passed similar resolutions. If blame is to
+     attach to all who consider and discuss this question before the
+     public, we have had a very large body of offenders. But I have not
+     named all who are engaged in it. I have not named those who began
+     it; those who for years have kept it up; those who in the press, on
+     the platform, in the pulpit, in legislative bodies, in city
+     councils, and in school boards, now unceasingly agitate the
+     question. Everybody knows who they are; everybody knows that the
+     sectarian wing of the Democratic party began this agitation, and
+     that it is bent on the destruction of our free schools. If
+     Republicans acting on the defensive discuss the subject, and
+     express the opinion that the Democratic party can't safely be
+     trusted, they are denounced in unmeasured terms. General Carey
+     calls them "political knaves" and "fools" and "bigots." But it is
+     very significant that no Democratic speaker denounces those who
+     began the agitation. All their epithets are leveled at the men who
+     are on the right side of the question. Agitation on the wrong
+     side--agitation against the schools may go on. It meets no
+     condemnation from leading Democratic candidates and speakers. The
+     reason is plain. Those who mean to destroy the school system
+     constitute a formidable part of the Democratic party, without whose
+     support that party, as the legislature was told last Spring, can
+     not carry the county, the city, nor the State.
+
+     The sectarian agitation against the public schools was begun many
+     years ago. During the last few years, it has steadily and rapidly
+     increased, and has been encouraged by various indications of
+     possible success. It extends to all of the States where schools at
+     the common expense have been long established. Its triumphs are
+     mainly in the large towns and cities. It has already divided the
+     schools, and in a considerable degree impaired and limited their
+     usefulness. The glory of the American system of education has been
+     that it was so cheap that the humblest citizen could afford to give
+     his children its advantages, and so good that the man of wealth
+     could nowhere provide for his children anything better. This gave
+     the system its most conspicuous merit. It made it a Republican
+     system. The young of all conditions of life are brought together
+     and educated on terms of perfect equality. The tendency of this is
+     to assimilate and to fuse together the various elements of our
+     population, to promote unity, harmony, and general good will in our
+     American society. But the enemies of the American system have begun
+     the work of destroying it. They have forced away from the public
+     schools, in many towns and cities, one-third or one-fourth of their
+     pupils and sent them to schools which it is safe to say are no whit
+     superior to those they have left. These youth are thus deprived of
+     the associations and the education in practical Republicanism and
+     American sentiments which they peculiarly need. Nobody questions
+     their constitutional and legal right to do this, and to do it by
+     denouncing the public schools. Sectarians have a lawful right to
+     say that these schools are "a relict of paganism--that they are
+     Godless," and that "the secular school system is a social cancer."
+     But when having thus succeeded in dividing the schools, they make
+     that a ground for abolishing school taxation, dividing the school
+     fund, or otherwise destroying the system, it is time that its
+     friends should rise up in its defense.
+
+     We all agree that neither the government nor political parties
+     ought to interfere with religious sects. It is equally true that
+     religious sects ought not to interfere with the government or with
+     political parties. We believe that the cause of good government and
+     the cause of religion both suffer by all such interference. But if
+     Sectarians make demands for legislation of political parties, and
+     threaten that party with opposition at the elections in case the
+     required enactments are not passed, and if the political party
+     yields to such threats, then those threats, those demands, and that
+     action of the political party become a legitimate subject of
+     political discussion, and the sectarians who thus interfere with
+     the legislation of the State are alone responsible for the
+     agitation which follows.
+
+     And now a few words as to the action of the last legislature on
+     this subject. After an examination of the Geghan bill, we shall
+     perhaps come to the conclusion that in itself it is not of great
+     importance. I would not undervalue the conscientious scruples on
+     the subject of religion of a convict in the penitentiary, or of any
+     unfortunate person in any State institution. But the provision of
+     the constitution of the State covers the whole ground. It needs no
+     awkwardly framed statute of doubtful meaning, like the Geghan bill,
+     to accomplish the object of the organic law. The old constitution
+     of 1802, and the constitution now in force, of 1851, are
+     substantially alike. Both declare (I quote section 7, article 1,
+     constitution of 1851):
+
+     "All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty
+     God according to the dictates of their own conscience. No person
+     shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of
+     worship, or maintain any form of worship against his consent; and
+     no preference shall be given by law to any religious society; nor
+     shall any interference with the right of conscience be permitted."
+
+     If the Geghan bill is merely a reënactment of this part of the bill
+     of rights, it is a work of supererogation, and it is not strange
+     that the legislature did not, when it was introduced, favor its
+     passage. The author of the bill wrote, "the members claim that such
+     a bill is not needed." The same opinion prevails in New Jersey,
+     where a similar bill is said to have been defeated by a vote of
+     three to one. But the sectarians of Ohio were resolved on the
+     passage of this bill. Mr. Geghan, its author, wrote to Mr. Murphy,
+     of Cincinnati:
+
+     "We have a prior claim upon the Democratic party. The elements
+     composing the Democratic party in Ohio to-day are made up of Irish
+     and German catholics, and they have always been loyal and faithful
+     to the interests of the party. Hence the party is under obligations
+     to us, and we have a perfect right to demand of them, as a party,
+     inasmuch as they are in control of the State legislature and State
+     government, and were by both our means and votes placed where they
+     are to-day, that they should, as a party, redress our grievances."
+
+     The organ of the friends of the bill published this letter, and
+     among other things said:
+
+     "The political party with which nine-tenths of the Catholic voters
+     affiliate on account of past services that they will never forget,
+     now controls the State. Withdraw the support which Catholics have
+     given to it and it will fall in this city, county, and State, as
+     speedily as it has risen to its long lost position and power. That
+     party is now on trial. Mr. Geghan's bill will test the sincerity of
+     its professions."
+
+     That threat was effectual. The bill was passed, and the sectarian
+     organ therefore said:
+
+     "The unbroken solid vote of the Catholic citizens of the State will
+     be given to the Democracy at the fall election."
+
+     In regard to those who voted against the bill, it said: "They have
+     dug their political grave; it will not be our fault if they do not
+     fill it. When any of them appear again in the political arena, we
+     will put upon them a brand that every Catholic citizen will
+     understand." No defense of this conduct of the last legislature has
+     yet been attempted. The facts are beyond dispute. This is the first
+     example of open and successful sectarian interference with
+     legislation in Ohio. If the people are wise, they will give it such
+     a rebuke in October that for many years, at least, it will be the
+     last.
+
+     But it is claimed that the schools are in no danger. Now that
+     public attention is aroused to the importance of the subject, it is
+     probable that in Ohio they are safe. But their safety depends on
+     the rebuke which the people shall give to the party which yielded
+     last spring at Columbus to the threats of their enemies. It is said
+     that no political party "desires the destruction of the schools." I
+     reply, no political party "desired" the passage of the Geghan bill;
+     but the power which hates the schools passed the bill. The
+     sectarian wing of the Democratic party rules that party to-day in
+     the great commercial metropolis of the Nation. It holds the balance
+     of power in many of the large cities of the country. Without its
+     votes, the Democratic party would lose every large city and county
+     in Ohio and every Northern State. In the presidential canvass of
+     1864, it was claimed that General McClellan was as good a Union man
+     as Abraham Lincoln, and that he was as much opposed to the
+     rebellion. An eminent citizen of this State replied: "I learn from
+     my adversaries. Who do the enemies of the Union want elected? The
+     man they are for, I am against." So I would say to the friends of
+     the public schools: "How do the enemies of universal education
+     vote?" If the enemies of the free schools give their "unbroken,
+     solid vote" to the Democratic ticket, the friends of the schools
+     will make no mistake if they vote the Republican ticket.
+
+     The Republicans enter upon this important canvass with many
+     advantages. Their adversaries are loaded down with the record of
+     the last legislature. Democratic legislatures have not been
+     fortunate in Ohio. Since the present division of parties, twenty
+     years ago, no Democratic legislature has ever failed to bring
+     defeat to its party. The people of Ohio have never been willing to
+     venture on the experiment of two Democratic legislatures in
+     succession. The Democratic inflation platform offends German
+     Democrats, has driven off the Liberal Republicans, and is accepted
+     by very few old-fashioned Democrats in its true intent and meaning.
+     The Republicans are out of power in the cities and in the State,
+     and are everywhere taking the offensive. If Democrats assail them
+     on account of some affair of years ago, or in a distant Southern
+     State, or at Washington, Republicans reply by pointing to what
+     Democrats are now doing in their own cities, or have just done in
+     the last legislature. The materials for such retort are abundant
+     and ready at hand. The Republicans are embarrassed by no entangling
+     alliance with the sectarian enemies of the public schools, and they
+     have yielded to no sectarian demands or dictation in public
+     affairs. We rejoice to see indications of an active canvass and a
+     large vote at the election. Such a canvass and such a vote in Ohio
+     never yet resulted in a Democratic victory. Our motto is honest
+     money for all and free schools for all. There should be no
+     inflation which will destroy the one, and no sectarian interference
+     which will destroy the other.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GOVERNOR HAYES _to his neighbors at Fremont, delivered June
+25, 1876._
+
+     _Mr. Mayor, Fellow-Citizens, Friends, and Neighbors:_
+
+     I need not attempt to express the emotions I feel at the reception
+     which the people of Fremont and this county have given me to-night.
+     Under any circumstances, an assemblage of this sort at my home to
+     welcome me would touch me, would excite the warmest emotions of
+     gratitude; but what gives to this its distinctive character is the
+     fact that those who are prominent in welcoming me home, I know, in
+     the past, have not voted with me or for me, and they do not intend
+     in the future to vote with me or for me. It is simply that, coming
+     to my home, they rejoice that Ohio, that Sandusky county, that the
+     town of Fremont has received at that National Convention high
+     honor, and I thank you, Democrats, fellow-citizens, Independents,
+     and Republicans, for this spontaneous and enthusiastic reception.
+
+     I trust that in the course of events the time will never come that
+     you will have cause to regret what you do to-night. It is a very
+     great responsibility that has been placed upon me--to be a
+     representative of a party embracing twenty millions of people--a
+     responsibility which I know I am not equal to. I understand very
+     well that it was not by reason of ability or talents that I was
+     chosen. But that which does rejoice me is that here, where I have
+     been known from my childhood, there are those that come and rejoice
+     at the result.
+
+     I trust, my friends, that as I run along in this desultory way--for
+     you well know that since I learned that I was to be here to-night,
+     the multitude of letters, and visits, and telegrams requiring
+     attention have given me no time to prepare for a reception like
+     this--you must, therefore, put up with hastily-formed sentences,
+     very unfitly representing the sentiments appropriate to the
+     occasion. Let me, if I may do it without too much egotism, recur to
+     the history of my connection with Fremont. Forty-two years ago my
+     uncle, Sardis Birchard, brought me to this place, and I rejoice, my
+     friends, in the good taste and good feeling which have placed his
+     portrait here to-night. He, having adopted me as his child, brought
+     me to Fremont. I recollect well the appearance of the then Lower
+     Sandusky, consisting of a few wooden buildings scattered along the
+     river, with little paint on them, and these trees none of them
+     grown, the old fort still having some of its earthworks remaining,
+     so that it could be easily traced. A pleasant village this was for
+     a boy to enjoy himself in. There was the fishing on the river,
+     shooting water-fowls above the dam, at the islands and the lake.
+     Perhaps no boy ever enjoyed his departure from home better than I
+     did when I first came to Fremont.
+
+     But now see what this town is,--how it has grown. It has not
+     increased to a first-class city, but it has become a pleasant home,
+     so pleasant, so thriving that I rejoice to think that whatever may
+     be the result next fall it will be pleasant to return to it when
+     the contest is over. If defeated, I shall return to you oftener
+     than if I go to the White House. If I go there I shall look forward
+     with pleasure to the time when I shall be permitted to return to
+     you, to be a neighbor with you again. And really we have cause to
+     be satisfied with our home and the interests which the future has
+     in store for us here. Larger cities always have strife and rivalry,
+     from which we are free, and yet we are well situated between two
+     commercial centers, the Eastern and Western, between which is the
+     great highway of the world, and we can not but partake of their
+     prosperity. Over the railroad passing through this place, or near
+     it, will pass for all time to come the travel and trade of New York
+     and San Francisco, of London and Pekin. Every town along this route
+     partakes of the prosperity of this highway. Upper Sandusky, on the
+     Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and Tiffin, that
+     thriving and beautiful city through which passes the Baltimore and
+     Ohio Railroad, south of us, while along the lake shore passes the
+     great northern division of the Lake Shore Road, making this route,
+     as it were, the great artery of the world's travel, and we can
+     abide with the prosperity that is to come in the future. Those of
+     our friends who travel in Europe return sometimes dissatisfied,
+     because there is a rawness in this country not seen in England and
+     the older countries of Europe. But then the greatest happiness, as
+     all of us know, in preparing a garden or a home is to see the
+     improvements growing up under our hands. This is what we enjoy; and
+     the change in Fremont from the time I first knew it till to-day
+     gives me very great pleasure.
+
+     There is another change which gives rise to mournful reflections.
+     When I came here in the year 1834, I became acquainted with honored
+     citizens who are no longer living. There was, Mr. Mayor, your
+     father, Rudolphus Dickinson, Thomas I. Hawkins, Judge Olmsted,
+     Judge Howland, and, among others, that marvel of business energy,
+     George Grant; and I might go on giving name after name. But it is
+     true that of all those I remember seeing on that first visit, not
+     one is with us to-night. All who came with me, my uncle, my mother,
+     and my sister, are gone. But this is the order of Providence.
+     Events follow upon one another as wave follows wave upon the ocean.
+     It is for each man to do what he can to make others happy. This is
+     the prayer and this is the duty of life. Let us, my friends, in
+     every position, undertake to perform this duty. For one, I have no
+     reliance except that which Abraham Lincoln had when, on leaving
+     Springfield, he said to his friends: "I go to Washington to assume
+     a responsibility greater than that which has been devolved upon any
+     one since the first president, and I beg you, my friends and
+     neighbors, to pray that I may have that Divine assistance, without
+     which I can not succeed, and with which I can not fail." In that
+     spirit I ask you to deal with me. If it shall be the will of the
+     people that this nomination shall be ratified, I know I shall have
+     your good wishes and your prayers. If, on the other hand, it shall
+     be the will of the people that another shall assume these great
+     responsibilities, let us see to it that we who shall oppose him
+     give him a fair trial.
+
+     My friends, I thank you for the interest you have taken in this
+     reception, and that you have laid aside partisan feeling. There has
+     been too much bitterness on such occasions in our land. Let us see
+     to it that abuse and vituperation of the candidate that shall be
+     named at St. Louis do not proceed from our lips. Let us, in this
+     centennial year, as we enter upon this second century of our
+     existence, set an example of what a free and intelligent people can
+     do. There is gathered at Philadelphia an assemblage representing
+     nearly all the Nations of the world, with their arts and
+     manufactures. We have invited competition, and they have come to
+     compete with us, and with each other. We find that America stands
+     well with the works of the world, as there exhibited. Let us show,
+     in electing a chief magistrate of the Nation--the officer that is
+     to be the first of forty or forty-five millions--let us show all
+     those who visit us how the American people can conduct themselves
+     through a canvass of this kind. If it shall be in the spirit in
+     which we have met to-night, if it shall be that justness and
+     fairness shall be in all the discussions, it will commend free
+     institutions to the world in a way which they have never been
+     commended before.
+
+     Well, friends, I am detaining you too long. Therefore I close what
+     I have to say by expressing the feelings of gratitude entertained
+     by myself and family for the kindness and regard shown us by the
+     people of Fremont.
+
+     About the middle of the war, General Sherman lost a boy, named
+     after himself, aged about thirteen years. He supposed that he
+     belonged to the Thirteenth Infantry, and when they went out to
+     drill and dress parade, he dressed in the dress of a sergeant and
+     marched with them. But he sickened and died. The regiment gathered
+     about him, for he was to them a comrade--dear as the child is loved
+     by men who are torn away from the associations of home. General
+     Sherman, the great soldier, was touched by it. He said it would be
+     idle for him to try to express the gratitude which he felt; but he
+     said they held the key to the affections of himself and family, and
+     if any of them should ever be in need, if they would mention that
+     they belonged to the Thirteenth Infantry at the time his boy died,
+     they would divide with him the last blanket, and last morsel of
+     food. It is in this spirit that I wish to express my thanks to the
+     people of Fremont for the welcome they have given me. I bid you, my
+     friends, good night.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Public Services and Select
+Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life, Public Services and Select Speeches
+      of Rutherford B. Hayes, by J. Q. Howard
+    </title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Public Services and Select
+Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life, Public Services and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Author: James Quay Howard
+
+Release Date: July 10, 2007 [EBook #22037]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF RUTHERFORD HAYES ***
+
+
+
+
+<b>Produced by Bryan Ness, Marcia Brooks, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced
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+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/p001.jpg" alt="p001" title="Rutherford B. Hayes"/></div>
+<div class="figcenter"><span class="caption">RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.</span></div>
+<br />
+
+
+<h2>THE LIFE</h2>
+<h3>PUBLIC SERVICES AND SELECT SPEECHES</h3>
+<h4>OF</h4>
+<h1>RUTHERFORD B. HAYES</h1>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>J. Q. HOWARD</h2>
+
+<center>CINCINNATI</center>
+<center>ROBERT CLARKE &amp; CO</center>
+<center>1876</center>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+<center>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by<br />
+ROBERT CLARKE &amp; CO.<br />
+
+In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.<br />
+
+Stereotyped by <span class="smcap">Ogden, Campbell &amp; Co</span>., Cincinnati.</center>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a>
+<ul>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>ANCESTRY.</b></li>
+<li>Line of Descent&mdash;Family Tradition&mdash;Indian Fighters&mdash;Grandfather
+Rutherford&mdash;Chloe Smith Hayes&mdash;Father and
+Mother&mdash;Characteristics&mdash;Tribute to a Sister&mdash;General Character
+of Ancestors<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION.</b></li>
+<li>Birthplace&mdash;University&mdash;Springs&mdash;Kossuth's Allusion&mdash;Early
+Instructors&mdash;Sent East&mdash;College Life&mdash;Began the Study of Law&mdash;At
+Harvard Law School&mdash;Story, Greenleaf, Webster, Agassiz, and
+Longfellow&mdash;Admission to Bar<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>AT THE BAR.</b></li>
+<li>Commences Practice&mdash;First Case&mdash;Partnership with Ralph P.
+Buckland&mdash;Settles in Cincinnati&mdash;Becoming Known&mdash;Literary
+Club&mdash;Nancy Farrer Case&mdash;Summons Case&mdash;Marriage&mdash;Law
+Partners&mdash;City Solicitor<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>IN THE FIELD.</b></li>
+<li>Appointed Major&mdash;Judge Advocate&mdash;Lieutenant-Colonel&mdash;South
+Mountain&mdash;Wounded&mdash;Fighting while Down&mdash;After Morgan&mdash;Battle of
+Cloyd Mountain&mdash;Charge up the Mountain&mdash;Enemy's Works Carried by
+Storm&mdash;First Battle of Winchester&mdash;Berryville<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>FROM MAJOR TO MAJOR-GENERAL.</b></li>
+<li>Opequan&mdash;Morass&mdash;First Over&mdash;Intrepidity&mdash;Official
+Reports&mdash;Assault on Fisher's Hill&mdash;Battle of Cedar
+Creek&mdash;Commands a Division&mdash;Promoted on Field&mdash;His Wounds&mdash;A
+Hundred Days under Fire<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>IN CONGRESS.</b></li>
+<li>Nomination&mdash;Refuses to Leave Army&mdash;Election
+Incident&mdash;Election&mdash;Course in Congress&mdash;Services on Library
+Committee&mdash;Votes on Various Questions&mdash;Submits Plan of
+Constitutional Amendments&mdash;Re-nominated by
+Acclamation&mdash;Re-elected by Increased Majority&mdash;Overwhelmed with
+Soldiers' Letters&mdash;Character as Congressman<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>ELECTED GOVERNOR OF OHIO.</b></li>
+<li>Party of States Rights&mdash;Their Convention&mdash;Platform&mdash;Nomination of
+Thurman&mdash;Republican Convention and Platform&mdash;Nomination of
+General Hayes&mdash;Opening Speech at Lebanon&mdash;Thurman at
+Waverly&mdash;National Interest Aroused&mdash;Hayes
+Victorious&mdash;Inaugural&mdash;First Annual Message&mdash;Second Annual
+Message<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>SECOND ELECTION AS GOVERNOR.</b></li>
+<li>Re-nomination&mdash;Democratic Platform&mdash;Nomination of
+Rosecrans&mdash;Declines&mdash;Pendleton Nominated&mdash;Hayes at
+Wilmington&mdash;Election&mdash;Second Inaugural&mdash;Civil Service
+Reform&mdash;Short Addresses&mdash;Letters&mdash;Annual Message&mdash;Democratic
+Estimate of It&mdash;Davidson Fountain Address&mdash;Message of 1872&mdash;Work
+Accomplished<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><b>CHAPTER IX.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>THIRD TIME ELECTED GOVERNOR.</b></li>
+<li>The Senatorship Declined&mdash;Army Banquet Speech&mdash;Third Time
+Nominated for Congress&mdash;Glendale Speech&mdash;Declines a Federal
+Office&mdash;Making a Home&mdash;Nomination for
+Governor&mdash;Platform&mdash;Serenade Speech&mdash;Democratic Convention and
+Platform&mdash;Marion Speech of
+Hayes&mdash;Woodford&mdash;Grosvenor&mdash;Schurz&mdash;Inflation Drivel&mdash;Interest
+in the Contest&mdash;Honest Money Triumphant&mdash;Third Inaugural<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><b>CHAPTER X.</b></a></center></li>
+<li><b>NOMINATION TO THE PRESIDENCY.</b></li>
+<li>Early Suggestions&mdash;Letters on Subject&mdash;Garfield Letter&mdash;Action of
+State Convention&mdash;Cincinnati Convention&mdash;Course of his Friends
+&mdash;First and Second Day's Events&mdash;Speech of
+Noyes&mdash;Balloting&mdash;Nominated on Seventh Ballot&mdash;Officially
+Notified&mdash;Habits&mdash;Personal Appearance&mdash;Family&mdash;Letter of
+Acceptance&mdash;Character as a Soldier, Magistrate, and Man&mdash;Domestic
+Surroundings<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></span></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li><center><a href="#APPENDIX"><b>APPENDIX.</b></a></center></li>
+<li style="list-style: none"><br />
+</li>
+<li>  I. Speech at <a href="#LEBANON">Lebanon</a>, Ohio, August 5, 1867<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></span></li>
+<li> II. Speech at <a href="#Sidney">Sidney</a>, Ohio, September 4, 1867<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></span></li>
+<li>III. Speech on his <a href="#re-nomination">Re-nomination</a>, June 23, 1869<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></span></li>
+<li> IV. Speech at <a href="#Zanesville">Zanesville</a>, Ohio, August 24, 1871<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></span></li>
+<li> V. Speech at <a href="#Marion">Marion</a>, Ohio, July 31, 1875<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></span></li>
+<li> VI. Speech at <a href="#Fremont">Fremont</a>, June 25, 1876.<span class="ralign"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>LIFE
+OF
+RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.</h1>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>ANCESTRY.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Line of Descent&mdash;Family Tradition&mdash;Indian Fighters&mdash;Grandfather
+Rutherford&mdash;Chloe Smith Hayes&mdash;Father
+and Mother&mdash;Characteristics&mdash;Tributes to a Sister&mdash;General
+Character of Ancestors.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>George Hayes, of Scotland, came to America by
+the way of England, and settled at Windsor, in the
+Colony of Connecticut, in 1682. He married, in 1683,
+Abigail Dibble, who was born on Long Island in 1666.
+From these ancestors the direct line of descent to
+the Republican candidate for President of the United
+States is the following:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="4" summary="Candidates">
+<tr><td align='left'>George Hayes,</td><td align='left'>Abigail Dibble.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daniel Hayes,</td><td align='left'>Sarah Lee.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ezekiel Hayes,</td><td align='left'>Rebecca Russell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rutherford Hayes,</td><td align='left'>Chloe Smith.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rutherford Hayes,</td><td align='left'>Sophia Birchard.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The earlier family traditions connect the name and
+descent of George Hayes with the fighting plowman<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+mentioned in Scottish history, who at Loncarty, in
+Perthshire, turned back the invaders of his country,
+in a narrow pass, with the sole aid of his own valorous
+sons.</p>
+
+<p>"Pull your plow and harrow to pieces, and fight,"
+said the sturdy Scotchman to his sons. They fought,
+father and sons together, and won. A like command
+seems to have come down the centuries to an
+American-born son&mdash;"Tear your briefs and petitions
+to pieces, and fight." He also fought, and, though
+sorely wounded, won. Shall the crown of valor be
+withheld by a free people that was once bestowed by
+a Scottish king?</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Hayes, the third of the ten children of
+George Hayes, was born at Windsor, in 1686. At
+the age of twenty-three, while fighting in defense of
+Simsbury&mdash;now Granby&mdash;to which town his father's
+family had removed, he was captured and carried off
+by the French and Indians. He was held as a prisoner
+in Canada for five years, and being a young
+man of great physical strength and vigor, the Indians
+adopted him as one of their race. His freedom was
+finally purchased through the intervention of a Frenchman,
+the colonial assembly of Connecticut, sitting at
+New Haven, having made an appropriation of public
+funds in aid of that specific purpose. An account of
+the captivity of this early defender of New England
+homes is found in Phelps' "History of Simsbury,
+Granby, and Canton." The wife of Daniel Hayes
+was the daughter of John Lee, who was noted for
+his bravery in fighting Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ezekiel Hayes, who gained his title in the
+military service of the Colonies, married the great-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>granddaughter of the Rev. John Russell, the famous
+preacher of Wethersfield and Hadley, who concealed
+the regicides at Hadley for many years.</p>
+
+<p>Rutherford Hayes, the grandfather of the subject
+of our biography, was born at New Haven, Connecticut,
+July 29, 1756. He married, in 1779, at West
+Brattleboro, Vermont&mdash;whither he had removed the
+year before&mdash;Chloe Smith, whose ancestry fill a large
+space in the "History of Hadley," several of whom
+lost their lives while fighting in defense their own and
+neighboring towns. From this fortunate and happy
+union, which continued unbroken for fifty-eight years,
+have sprung a race of accomplished women and honor-deserving
+men. One daughter married the Hon. John
+Noyes, of New Hampshire, who served in Congress
+1817-19, and died in 1841, at Putney, Vermont. A
+daughter of this marriage is the mother of Larkin G.
+Meade, the sculptor; whose sister is the wife of William
+D. Howells, the novelist, and present editor of the
+<i>Atlantic Monthly</i>. Another daughter of Rutherford
+and Chloe Smith Hayes married the Hon. Samuel
+Elliott, of Vermont, who attained distinction in Congress
+and as an author.</p>
+
+<p>In a diary still existing, kept by Chloe Smith Hayes
+when she was eighty years of age, are found evidences
+of this good woman's intellectual cleverness and vigor,
+and abounding proofs of her fruit-bearing piety and
+affectionate tenderness for her offspring and kindred.
+At this advanced age she seems a philosophical observer
+of natural phenomena and political events&mdash;minutely
+describing eclipses, floods, and storms&mdash;and,
+while moralizing over the inauguration and death of
+President Harrison, giving expression to the shadowy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+hope that wise and good men would take the helm of
+government, and, rebuked by the presence of death,
+be taught the lesson of mortality. Rutherford, the
+grandfather, bore the commission, dated 1782, of Governor
+George Clinton as an officer in the military service
+of the State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>Rutherford Hayes, the father of Governor R. B.
+Hayes, was born at West Brattleboro, Vermont, January
+4, 1787. On the 19th day of September, 1813,
+he was married, at Wilmington, Vermont, to Sophia
+Birchard, daughter of Roger Birchard and Drusilla
+Austin Birchard, of that place. The Birchards had
+emigrated from England to Saybrook and Norwich,
+Vermont, as early as 1635. They soon became men
+of note in Norwich and Lebanon, and many of their
+descendants have continued to be men of mark since
+that time. The family has had representatives in Congress
+from Illinois and Wisconsin, and noted members
+of it in the pulpit in New York and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Rutherford Hayes was engaged in business as a
+merchant at Dummerston, Vermont, until 1817, in
+which year he removed to Delaware, Ohio, with his
+family, consisting at the time of a wife and two children.
+In January, 1820, a daughter&mdash;Fanny&mdash;was
+born, and in October of the following year, a daughter,
+at the age of four, was lost. In July, 1822, Rutherford
+Hayes, the father, died of malarial fever; at the
+age of thirty-five; and on the 4th of the following
+October was born Rutherford Birchard Hayes, the
+since distinguished son. Three years later, the widowed
+mother was called to suffer a most distressing
+calamity in the death, by drowning, of Lorenzo, aged
+ten, a hopeful and helpful son.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The father of Governor Hayes was a quick, bright,
+accurate, active business man. He possessed both energy
+and executive ability. He had the independence
+which intelligence gives, and his dry humor served
+him well in exposing shams and exploding humbugs.
+He was rigidly honest, and was, in the words of one
+of his neighbors, "as good a citizen as ever lived in
+the town of Delaware." He could do a great deal of
+work, and do it well. He was a witty, social, popular
+man, who made warm friends and few enemies.</p>
+
+<p>The mother of Governor Hayes united force of
+character with sweetness of nature. Her self-reliant
+energy is shown by her making a trip, in the summer
+of 1824, to Vermont and back&mdash;a distance of sixteen
+hundred miles. The journey had to be performed by
+stage, and consumed two months in going and returning.
+She made a second journey to New England when
+Rutherford was nine years old. Her amiability of disposition
+made her the favorite guest at the homes of
+her neighbors. The straightened circumstances of a
+family deprived of its head required the aid of industry
+and economy. She was known, in village parlance,
+as a "good manager." Afflictions which would have
+made perfect a more faulty character purified her
+own. She died in Columbus, Ohio, October 30, 1866,
+at the age of seventy-four. She had been a consistent
+member of the Presbyterian Church for fifty years.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. William A. Platt, the sister of Governor Hayes,
+who died July 16, 1856, at the age of thirty-six, was
+a lady whose virtues and good deeds are enduring
+memories in Columbus homes. The Hon. Aaron F.
+Perry, of Cincinnati, in a public address, made this
+allusion to her worth: "Mrs. Platt, in the prime of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+a happy womanhood, passed beautifully away; not a
+white hair on her head, not a wrinkle on her brow,
+not a cloud upon her hopes; but in the full maturity
+of life and love she has gone where life and happiness
+are perfected." He whose character it is our
+duty to make known reflects this tender light from
+two lives: "She loved me as an only sister loves a
+brother whom she imagines almost perfect, and I loved
+her as an only brother loves a sister who is perfect.
+Let me be just and truthful, wise and pure and good
+for her sake. How often I think of her! I read of
+the death of any one worthy of love, and she is in
+my thoughts. I see&mdash;but all things high and holy
+remind me of her."</p>
+
+<p>The conclusions which we draw from the examination
+of the records of the ancestral descent of Rutherford
+B. Hayes are, that his progenitors have in each
+generation displayed courage and capacity to fight
+limited only by the strength of the enemy to hold out.
+It was a habit they had to fight on the side in the
+right, and on the side that won. Three of his immediate
+ancestors&mdash;Elias Birchard, Israel Smith, and
+Daniel Austin&mdash;gave proofs of valor and patriotism
+in the War of Independence. Another characteristic
+of the Hayes stock is the almost uniform tendency
+toward longevity. It is a robust race, presenting an
+extraordinary number of large families. The divine
+injunction to increase and multiply has been obeyed
+with religious fidelity. Upon the whole, the stock is
+good, and bids fair to become better. As men suffer
+discredit from disreputable progenitors, they ought to
+enjoy credit from reputable ancestors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Birthplace&mdash;University&mdash;Springs&mdash;Kossuth's Allusion&mdash;Early
+Instructors&mdash;Sent East&mdash;College Life&mdash;Began
+the Study of Law&mdash;At Harvard Law School&mdash;Story,
+Greenleaf, Webster, Agassiz, and Longfellow&mdash;Admission
+to the Bar.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The town of Delaware, the county seat of the
+county of Delaware, is located near the center of
+Ohio, twenty-five miles northwest of Columbus. It is a
+prosperous place of seven thousand people, the most
+of whom live in comfortable-looking, newly-built
+homes, and has been hitherto chiefly known for
+its University and its Springs. The Ohio Wesleyan
+University is the most flourishing literary institution
+of the great Methodist denomination in the West.
+The White Sulphur Spring is a fountain of healing
+and happiness to the whole region around, and is
+regarded with added interest since Kossuth came to
+drink of its waters, and, in reply to a welcoming
+address, eloquently said, that "out of the Delaware
+Springs of American sympathy he would fill a cup of
+health for his bleeding Hungary."</p>
+
+<p>Three squares from these Springs, near the center
+of the town, and in a two-story brick house on William
+street, Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born.
+This has long been Delaware's pride, and will be its
+fame. The income of his widowed mother, who was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+bereft of her husband four mouths before her son's
+birth, was derived from the rent of a good farm lying
+two miles north of Delaware, on the east side of the
+Whetstone. This income, used with frugality, enabled
+her to commence the education of her children.
+They were sent first to the ordinary schools of the town.
+The first teacher who enlisted the affections of her
+since distinguished pupil was Mrs. Joan Murray, a
+most worthy woman, whose funeral Governor Hayes
+quite recently attended. He began the study of the
+Latin and Greek languages with Judge Sherman
+Finch, a good classical scholar and a good lawyer, of
+Delaware, who had been at one time a tutor in Yale
+College. Judge Finch heard the recitations of his
+pupil in his office at intervals of leisure from the
+duties of his profession. The pupil taught his sister
+each day what his instructor taught him.</p>
+
+<p>Through the agency of his uncle, Sardis Birchard,
+his guardian, who at this time took charge of his
+education, Rutherford was sent to an academy at
+Norwalk, Ohio. Here he remained one year under
+the instruction of the Rev. Mr. Chapman, a Methodist
+clergyman of scholarly attainments. In the fall of
+1837, to complete his preparation for college, he was
+sent to quite a noted school at Middletown, Connecticut,
+kept by Isaac Webb. Mr. Webb, being a graduate
+of Yale, made a specialty of preparing students
+for admission to Yale College. His scholars came
+from every part of the United States. In one year,
+his Ohio pupil's preparatory course was completed.
+The character established by him at this school is
+made known in the concluding portion of a commend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>atory letter addressed by Isaac Webb, his instructor,
+to Mrs. Sophia Hayes, which reads:</p>
+
+<p>"The conduct of your son has hitherto done 'honor
+to his mother,' and has secured our sincere respect and
+esteem. I hope and trust that he will continue to be
+a great source of happiness to you."</p>
+
+<p>The first prize for proficiency in Latin, Greek, and
+Arithmetic was awarded at this academy to "R. B.
+Hayes."</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1838, at the age of sixteen, young
+Hayes entered Kenyon College, Ohio, after passing
+satisfactorily the usual examination for admission.
+This institution is situated forty miles north of Columbus,
+in the village of Gambier, which is celebrated
+for the secluded beauty of its lawns and groves. The
+College was founded by Bishop Chase, with funds collected
+by him in England, the principal donors being
+Lord Gambier and Lord Kenyon. The institution was
+long under the fostering care of Bishop McIlvaine of
+blessed memory.</p>
+
+<p>Young Hayes excelled as a debater in the literary
+societies and in all the college studies; but his tastes
+especially ran to logic, mental and moral philosophy,
+and mathematics. In the words of a college mate,
+now a very distinguished lawyer, he was remarkable
+in college for "great common sense in his personal
+conduct; never uttered a profane word; behaved always
+like a considerate, mature man." In the language
+of another able member of the legal profession,
+who followed after him at Kenyon: "Hayes had left
+a memory which was a fascination, a glowing memory;
+he was popular, magnanimous, manly; was a
+noble, chivalrous fellow, of great promise."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the general points of character, conduct, and
+scholarship, it is conclusive to say that, when graduation-day
+came, Rutherford B. Hayes was found to
+have been awarded the valedictory, which was the
+highest honor the faculty could bestow upon a member
+of his class. Although the youngest in years, he
+was found the oldest in knowledge. In three journals
+published in August, 1842, the month and year of his
+graduation, we find exceptionally warm commendations
+of his valedictory oration. The Mt. Vernon
+<i>Democratic Banner</i> said: "All who heard this oration
+pronounced it the best, in every point of view,
+ever delivered on the hill at Gambier."</p>
+
+<p>In the class with Governor Hayes were Lorin Andrews,
+afterward President of the College, who fell in
+the war for the Union, and the Hon. Guy M. Bryan,
+late member of Congress, and present speaker of the
+Texas House of Representatives, who, although engaged
+in the rebellion, has paid a manly tribute to
+his College classmate since the presidential nomination.</p>
+
+<p>In other college classes at the same time were Stanley
+Matthews, now one of the ablest lawyers in the
+United States; Hon. Joseph McCorkle and Hon. R.
+E. Trowbridge, afterward members of Congress from
+California and Michigan respectively; and Christopher
+P. Wolcott, who subsequently filled with high distinction
+the office of attorney-general of Ohio, and was
+also assistant secretary of war.</p>
+
+<p>Kenyon College and its graduates bestowed additional
+honors upon the valedictorian of the class of
+1842. In 1845, he was invited back by the faculty to
+take the second degree, and deliver what is known<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+as the Master's oration. He was invited also by the
+alumni to deliver the annual address before them,
+both in 1851 and in 1853. All these honors he modestly
+declined.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after graduating, Mr. Hayes began the study
+of the law in the office of Thomas Sparrow, of Columbus.
+Mr. Sparrow was a lawyer of high standing,
+whose integrity was proverbial. Although a Democrat
+in politics, he was regarded by his political adversaries
+as the purest of pure men. This worthy
+instructor certifies to the "great diligence" and "good
+moral character" of his student on the latter's departure
+to attend a course of law lectures at Harvard. A
+taste for the legal profession had been very early developed
+by young Hayes. The proceedings of courts
+had possessed to him in boyhood peculiar interest.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Ebenezer Lane, long a Justice of the Supreme
+Court of Ohio, an intimate associate of Sardis Birchard,
+the patron uncle, had early turned the thoughts
+of the guardian of the nephew in the direction of the
+law.</p>
+
+<p>Rutherford B. Hayes entered the law school of
+Harvard University, August 22, 1843, and finished
+the course of lectures, January 8, 1845. The law institution
+was at this time under the charge of Mr.
+Justice Story, whose eminence as a jurist is only surpassed
+by that of his bosom friend, the great Chief
+Justice, John Marshall. He enjoyed the friendship
+and counsel of Story, and also that of Prof. Simon
+Greenleaf, who bears testimony to his diligence, exemplary
+conduct, and demeanor. He kept a minute
+record, still preserved, of all the trials and proceedings
+of the moot courts, presided over by Professors Green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>leaf and Story, and pages of authorities are cited
+where "R. B. Hayes" appears as counsel for the fictitious
+plaintiff or defendant. It might have been safely
+assumed that a young man of his quick perceptions
+while in the atmosphere of Boston would make the
+most of his opportunities and advantages. He attended
+the lectures of Prof. Longfellow on the literature
+of foreign languages. He profited by the
+lecture-room talks of the great scientist, Agassiz, upon
+the grand theme of nature. Watching his opportunities,
+he heard Webster deliver his model arguments
+before juries, and his great political speeches in Faneuil
+Hall. He visited John Quincy Adams at his
+home in Quincy, with a party of his fellow-students,
+who, when he learned that some of his visitors were
+from Ohio, read to them a part of an address Mr. Adams
+was about to deliver on the laying of the corner-stone
+of the Observatory on Mt. Adams, near Cincinnati.</p>
+
+<p>He renewed and prosecuted with ardor the study of
+the French and German languages, both of which
+he now translates with ease, and speaks the former
+with reasonable fluency.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving with regret the classic shades of Cambridge,
+and parting from fellow-students such as George
+Hoadly, Manning F. Force, and the since famous orator,
+J. B. L. Curry, of Alabama, he returned to Ohio
+an educated young man. He was fitted for the battle
+of life which he has since so courageously fought,
+so far as America can afford facilities for procuring a
+complete, symmetrical education. Impatient to begin
+the struggle in his profession, he proceeded to Marietta,
+where the ambulatory Supreme Court of Ohio<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+was then sitting, and having passed before an examining
+committee, composed of Messrs. Hart, Gardiner,
+Buel, and Robinson, was duly admitted to practice in
+the courts of the State as attorney and counsellor at
+law. The certificate of admission, which is dated
+March 10, 1845, has so good a name attached to it as
+that of Thomas W. Ewart, clerk. The Plymouth of
+the West had therefore the honor of welcoming to the
+bar the rising son of the West.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>AT THE BAR.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Commences Practice&mdash;First Case&mdash;Partnership with
+Ralph P. Buckland&mdash;Settles in Cincinnati&mdash;Becoming
+Known&mdash;Literary Club&mdash;Nancy Farrer Case&mdash;Summons'
+Case&mdash;Marriage&mdash;Law Partners&mdash;City Solicitor.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The young lawyer, R. B. Hayes, full of hopefulness
+and ambition, commenced the practice of the law at
+Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, Sandusky county,
+Ohio. This growing town of Northern Ohio was selected
+because it was the home of the uncle whose extensive
+business connections would naturally throw
+more or less law business into the nephew's hands.</p>
+
+<p>His first case was one against a sheriff's sureties, the
+sheriff having become insolvent. There were five or
+six bondsmen, who employed as many different lawyers,
+who of course made a fierce fight to protect the
+pockets of their clients. The pleadings were difficult
+under the old practice, and the slightest technical defect
+in them would adroitly be taken advantage of by
+the defendants' attorneys. But so accurately had the
+pleadings been drawn, and so well had the case been
+worked up by the young lawyer, that no flaw could
+be found, and his suit was at all points successful.</p>
+
+<p>After this success he had a good run of office business,
+and was employed both in the defense and prosecution
+of criminals. In April, 1846, he entered into
+a law-partnership with Ralph P. Buckland, an older<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+practitioner in good practice. Mr. Buckland subsequently
+became a conspicuous member of the Ohio
+Senate, and a gallant officer of the rank of brigadier-general
+in the war. He became a member also of the
+Thirty-ninth Congress.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most important cases tried by Hayes
+while a member of this firm was an action to prevent
+or enjoin the building of a railway bridge across the
+Bay of Sandusky, on the ground of its obstructing
+navigation. The cause was tried before Judge McLean,
+in the United States District Court at Cincinnati.
+Thomas Ewing, who was one of the opposing
+counsel in the case, continued to compliment Hayes
+during life for this maiden effort in a United States
+Court.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1848, in consequence of bleeding at
+the lungs and other alarming admonitions of failing
+health, Mr. Hayes left Fremont to pass a winter with
+his friend, Guy M. Bryan, in Texas. A half year of
+boating, fishing, hunting, and scouring the prairies
+brought about a physical revolution. He came back
+as sound as a dollar&mdash;that is, a coin dollar&mdash;and has
+so remained ever since.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1849, he put in execution a design for
+some time contemplated, and on Christmas eve arrived
+in Cincinnati. He had consulted professional
+friends in Cincinnati about seeking the stimulus of a
+wider field for permanent occupation, and was doubtless
+influenced somewhat by the advice received. One
+who had been with him at Harvard wrote: "I have
+not flattered the face of man or woman for years, but
+I think honestly that the R. B. Hayes whom I knew
+four years ago would be sure to succeed at this bar,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+if he can afford to live and wait." Another professional
+brother, on terms of intimacy, wrote: "With
+your energies, talents, education, and address, you are
+green&mdash;verdant as grass&mdash;to stay in a country village."
+On the 8th of January, 1850, the new candidate for
+public and professional favor took possession of an
+office on the south side of Third street, between Main
+and Sycamore, opposite the Henrie House. His office
+companion was John W. Herron, with whose appearance
+and manners the new comer seems to have been
+well pleased. The first year in Cincinnati brought
+little professional business, but no day was passed in
+idleness. His studies were systematic, and his reading
+comprehensive in both law and literature. Shakespeare,
+Burke, Webster, and Emerson were his inseparable
+companions. He sought to widen the circle of
+his acquaintances, and add daily to the number of his
+friends. Having been a member of the order of Odd-Fellows
+and Sons of Temperance in Fremont, he
+united again with those organizations in Cincinnati.
+The addresses he was invited to deliver at Odd-Fellow's
+lodges and at many more public places were
+very numerous. In this way he made reputation as a
+public speaker, if not money. He was not only becoming
+known, but becoming favorably known.</p>
+
+<p>The widely renowned literary club of Cincinnati,
+which he joined in 1850, and of which he remained
+an active member for eleven years, awakened his social
+sympathies and ardent interest. To the reading
+of essays, and to the discussions on political, social,
+and moral questions, he always listened, and in the
+latter often took part. In debate, he was strong,
+eager, clear, and logical. He had an aptitude at see<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>ing principles and getting at the kernel of questions.
+Among those who during these years participated in
+the social or literary entertainments of the club-room
+were Chief Justice Chase, Thomas Corwin, Thomas
+Ewing, father and son, General Pope, General Edward
+F. Noyes, Stanley Matthews, M. D. Conway, Manning
+F. Force, W. K. Rogers, John W. Herron,
+D. Thew Wright, Isaac Collins, Charles P. James,
+R. D. Mussey, and many others of ability and
+distinction. In January, 1852, the opportunity for
+"getting a start" in his professional career came.
+While making a sensible, energetic little speech in
+behalf of a criminal indicted for grand larceny, named
+Cunningham, he attracted the attention and won the
+commendation of Judge R. B. Warden, then president
+judge of the criminal court, who thereupon appointed
+the modest young attorney counsel for Nancy Farrer,
+whose case became the great criminal case of the
+term, if not of the times.</p>
+
+<p>Nancy Farrer had poisoned all the members of two
+families. She had a bad countenance, a sinister, revolting
+look. It is not strange that she should have
+been considered by the court and jury that tried her,
+and by the entire public, a qualified candidate for the
+gallows. Hayes, in defending his client, had to contend
+against the passions, the indignation of the public,
+and the predispositions and prejudices of judge
+and jury. The judge who tried the case was not the
+one who appointed the comparatively unknown attorney
+as counsel. Hayes saw instinctively the immense
+importance of the case, and knew intuitively that a
+crisis had come in his career. He set laboriously to
+work to establish an impregnable line of defense.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He found on examination of the proofs that the
+supposed murderess was totally irresponsible, because
+of hereditary idiocy and insanity. Her father had
+died of drunkenness in a Cincinnati hospital, and her
+mother went about under the insane hallucination that
+she was a prophetess. Nancy's conduct and conversations
+while employed in the wholesale poisoning
+business showed that she had no moral comprehension
+of what she was about. But the plea of insanity
+had been so often and so vehemently pressed in defense
+of prisoners who were sane that it seemed to be
+of no avail in defense of one who was not. The cry
+of insanity, like that of "wolf," had been so repeatedly
+raised when there was no insanity, that it was
+not heeded when there was. Notwithstanding an argument
+which for legal learning and forensic eloquence
+attracted the attention of the press and bar, and established
+the counsel's reputation, the poor, insane
+idiot was convicted of murder in the first degree.
+Hayes at once obtained a writ of error, which the
+district court reserved for decision in the Supreme
+Court of the State. The case was argued and determined
+in that court at the December term, 1858, and
+reported in 2 Ohio St. Reports. R. B. Hayes appeared
+for plaintiff in error, and George E. Pugh, attorney-general
+for the State. The earnest and determined
+advocate of Nancy Farrer carried his points, obtained
+a new trial, and greatly enhanced his professional
+reputation. The then official reporter of the Supreme
+Court of Ohio, who heard this argument, says: "It
+was a truly admirable effort, and the peroration was
+indescribably pathetic. But on this occasion, as on
+all others, Mr. Hayes was singularly modest." Al<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>though a new trial was granted, through the concurring
+opinions of Justices Corwin, Thurman, and Ranney,
+Nancy Farrer was never again tried. She was
+sent to a lunatic asylum.</p>
+
+<p>Hayes next gained reputation through his connection
+with the notorious James Summons murder case.
+He was employed by the older counsel in the case to
+take notes of the testimony and record the rulings
+of the court. The trial occupying many days and
+many differences arising between counsel with respect
+to the rulings of the court, it was found that the accuracy
+of the notes of the junior attorney was in
+every instance confirmed by the court itself. When
+the time came for the final arguments to begin, the
+leading counsel asked each a day for each side. Judge
+Thurman, then presiding, on consultation with Judge
+Piatt, announced that the court could only give the
+leading counsel two hours each, but that they would
+allow Mr. Hayes one hour additional. Notwithstanding
+the court was assured that Mr. Hayes was not
+strictly employed in the case, Judges Thurman, Matthews,
+and Piatt insisted upon hearing him, and he
+was accordingly heard. His unpremeditated argument
+was clear, convincing, impassioned, and impressive.
+It was one of the best speeches of his life. The case
+went up to the Supreme Court with the junior as the
+leading counsel.</p>
+
+<p>We now reach an event in the course of this narrative,
+which, controlling as is the influence it has upon
+all lives, has been immeasurably potent in its influence
+upon the life and fortunes of Governor Hayes.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of December, 1852, he was married to
+Miss Lucy W. Webb, by Prof. L. D. McCabe, of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+Ohio Wesleyan University. The marriage took place
+at No. 141 Sixth street, Cincinnati, the bride's home, in
+the presence of about forty friends. Lucy Ware
+Webb was the daughter of Dr. James Webb and
+Maria Cook Webb. Dr. Webb was a popular gentleman
+and successful practicing physician in Chillicothe,
+Ohio. In 1833, he died of cholera in Lexington,
+Kentucky, where he had gone to complete arrangements
+for sending to Liberia slaves set free by
+himself and his father. The grandfather of Mrs. Dr.
+Webb was Lieutenant-Colonel Cook, who in 1777 was
+serving in a regiment commanded by Colonel Andrew
+Ward, in the army of the Revolution. Both Governor
+and Mrs. Hayes are, therefore, descendants of
+soldiers of the Revolution, most worthily uniting in
+their lineage jointly the dawn of the second century
+with the dawn of the first. The six years following
+1852 were years of full practice and exacting labors,
+in which disappointments were few and successes
+many. These were years in which solid foundations
+were laid for as solid a reputation as it was possible
+for the men among whom he moved to build up.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1854, he formed a law-partnership with
+R. M. Corwine and W. K. Rogers, under the firm
+name of Corwine, Hayes &amp; Rogers. This proved a
+partnership of friendship as well as business, being in
+every way satisfactory and agreeable. Mr. Rogers
+is now the close companion of his old partner in these
+later and more eventful years. Mr. Corwine died a
+resident of Washington City, a year or two since.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1859, he was, without solicitation, chosen
+city solicitor by the city council of Cincinnati, to fill
+the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Hart, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+on the 9th of that month entered upon the discharge
+of his official duties. His chief competitor for this
+office was Caleb B. Smith, since a member of Mr.
+Lincoln's cabinet. The vote in the city council on
+the first ballot was: Mr. Smith, 13; Mr. Disney, 12;
+Mr. Hayes, 3. On the seventh ballot, Mr. Hayes had
+17; Mr. Ware, 12; and Mr. Disney, 3. On the thirteenth
+ballot, Mr. Hayes was declared elected, having
+received 18 votes to Mr. Ware's 14. His election was
+due to the vote of Mr. Toohey, a Democratic councilman
+of the Thirteenth Ward. The election of Hayes
+to his first office was most favorably received.</p>
+
+<p>The Cincinnati <i>Commercial</i>, of December 9, 1858,
+said: "R. B. Hayes, Esq., one of the most honest
+and capable young lawyers of the city, was elected
+city solicitor last night by the city council to fill the
+vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Hart. It
+would have been very difficult to have made any other
+selection of a solicitor equally excellent and as generally
+satisfactory."</p>
+
+<p>The Cincinnati <i>Enquirer</i>, of the same date, said:
+"Mr. Hayes, the city solicitor elect, is a lawyer of good
+acquirements and reputation, and is well qualified for
+the position."</p>
+
+<p>Charles Reemelin, in a letter to the New York
+<i>Evening Post</i>, wrote: "I know of no young man in
+our city of higher promise than Mr. Hayes, and we
+hope for him a bright future."</p>
+
+<p>The estimate of the people seemed to correspond
+with that of the press, for in the following spring he
+was elected to the office to which he had been appointed
+by a majority of two thousand five hundred and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+thirty-six on the popular vote. His Democratic opponent
+was W. T. Forrest.</p>
+
+<p>He filled the office of corporation counsel for three
+years, during which time, as legal adviser of the municipal
+government of a great city, he passed judgment
+upon questions involving large interests, and
+discharged with high fidelity the duties of an important
+trust. As city solicitor, the opinion which
+perhaps aroused the most general attention and interest,
+was one delivered in February, 1859, denying the
+right of the city council to contract debts for waterworks
+purposes, without additional authority from
+the General Assembly. He was opposed to the increase
+of taxation and creation of new debts, on principle.
+In April, 1861, in common with the entire
+Republican ticket, he was defeated for re-election as
+city solicitor. His vote, however, was larger than
+that of any candidate on his ticket. He had suffered
+a similar defeat in the fall of 1856, when a candidate
+for Common Pleas Judge, his party being in a
+decided minority in Hamilton county. Had the election
+of 1861 occurred two weeks later, when the great
+uprising came with the fall of Sumter, the Republican
+war ticket, not the Democratic compromise ticket,
+would have carried the day.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>IN THE FIELD.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Appointed Major&mdash;Judge Advocate&mdash;Lieutenant-Colonel&mdash;South
+Mountain&mdash;Wounded&mdash;Fighting while Down&mdash;After
+Morgan&mdash;Battle of Cloyd Mountain&mdash;Charge
+up the Mountain&mdash;Enemy's Works Carried by Storm&mdash;First
+Battle of Winchester&mdash;Berryville.</i></p></div><br />
+
+
+<p>That a loyal citizen of the antecedents, ardent patriotism,
+and impulsive nature of Rutherford B. Hayes
+would enter the army in the war for the Union, was to
+be looked for as a thing of course. He had been in the
+habit of obeying every call of duty, and could not
+therefore disobey when duty called loudest. He regarded
+the war waged for the supremacy of the constitution
+and the laws as a just and necessary war,
+and preferred to go into it if he knew he "was to die
+or be killed in the course of it." He had been a most
+earnest advocate of the election of Mr. Lincoln to the
+Presidency, and had been an anti-slavery man of established
+convictions long before the candidacy of Fremont
+for the Presidency. He did not think the
+Union should be destroyed to make slavery perpetual.
+He desired to mitigate and finally eradicate that evil.
+He had prayed for the election of General Harrison
+for the sake of the country; he had cast his first vote
+for Henry Clay, his second for General Taylor, and
+his third for General Scott. But the old Whig party
+having ceased to be a living organization, he gave his
+whole heart to the Republican party and its cause,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+and by political speeches, and in other ways, helped
+forward the movement in favor of equality of rights
+and laws. The insult to the flag at Fort Sumter
+aroused to the intensest pitch the patriotic indignation
+of a united North. At a great mass-meeting
+held in Cincinnati, R. B. Hayes was selected to give
+expression to the loyal voice, by being made chairman
+of the public committee on resolutions. It is
+not needful to add that these resolutions had all the
+fire and intensity of the popular feeling. The knowledge
+that it was his purpose to enter the Union army
+having reached Governor Dennison, that officer appointed
+Hayes major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer
+Infantry, June 7, 1861. With this appointment
+was coupled the appointments of W. S. Rosecrans
+as colonel, and Stanley Matthews as lieutenant-colonel
+of the same regiment. Colonel Rosecrans,
+with the other field-officers, had just set to work organizing
+the new regiment, when Rosecrans was appointed
+brigadier-general, and ordered to take command
+of the Ohio troops moving in the direction of
+Western Virginia. Upon the promotion of Rosecrans,
+Colonel E. P. Scammon, an officer of military
+education, was placed in command of the Twenty-third.</p>
+
+<p>After a brief period of discipline at Camp Chase the
+regiment was ordered, on the 25th of July, to Clarksburgh,
+West Virginia, and on the 29th went into
+camp at Weston. We shall not follow it in this or in
+subsequent campaigns, in its marching, scouting, skirmishing,
+or counter-marching. It is enough to say,
+that in this first campaign it assisted in clearing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+whole mountainous region of Western Virginia of a
+formidable enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Major Hayes was appointed by General Rosecrans,
+on the 19th of September, 1861, judge advocate of the
+department of Ohio, the duties of which service he
+discharged about two months. He received his first
+promotion, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, October
+24, 1861. Passing over less important events, we
+come to the first serious battle in which he was
+engaged.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN</h3>
+
+<p>Was fought on Sunday, September 14, 1862, a beautiful,
+bright September day. The enemy were in possession
+of the crest of the mountain, where the old
+National road crossed it. The army of McClellan,
+with Burnside in advance, were pressing up that
+mountain by the National road as its center. General
+Cox's division of Burnside's corps was in advance.
+The brigade to which Lieutenant-colonel Hayes was
+attached was in advance of the division. His regiment
+was in advance of the brigade. He was ordered
+to pass up a mountain path on the left of the National
+road and feel for the enemy, advancing until he struck
+him; to push him up the mountain if he could; in
+short, to open the engagement. Lieutenant-colonel
+Hayes pushed into the woods, came upon the enemy's
+pickets, received their fire, and drove them in. He
+soon saw a strong force of the enemy coming toward
+the line of his advance from a neighboring hill, and
+went to meet them. Hayes charged into that force
+with a regimental yell, and, after a fierce fight, drove
+them out of the woods in which he found them, into
+an open field near the summit. He then drove them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+across the field, losing many men and capturing and
+killing many of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Hayes, having just given the command for a third
+charge, felt a stunning blow, and found that a large
+musket ball had struck his left arm above the elbow,
+carrying away and badly fracturing the entire bone.
+Fearing an artery might be severed, he asked a
+soldier to bandage his arm above the elbow, and
+a few minutes after, through exhaustion, he fell.
+Recovering from a state of unconsciousness while
+down, in a few moments, and observing that his men
+had fallen back to the woods for shelter, he sprang to
+his feet, and, with unusual vehemence, ordered them
+to come forward, which they did. He continued
+fighting some time at the head of his men; but falling
+a second time, from exhausted strength, he kept
+on giving orders, while down, to fight it out.</p>
+
+<p>Major Comly, the second in command, then came
+to him to learn the orders under which the regiment
+was fighting, and deeming it best to assume command,
+owing to the critical condition of Lieutenant-colonel
+Hayes, gave orders that the wounded hero
+should be carried from the field. In an almost
+illegible narrative, written with the left hand just
+after the battle, we find this modest record, by the
+intrepid sufferer in this event: "While I was down
+I had considerable talk with a wounded Confederate
+lying near me. I gave him messages for my wife and
+friends in case I should not get up. We were right
+jolly and friendly. It was by no means an unpleasant
+experience."</p>
+
+<p>The enemy in this action continued to pour a
+most destructive fire of musketry, grape, and canis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>ter into the Union ranks. Lieutenant-colonel Hayes
+again made his appearance on the field with his
+wound half dressed, and fought until carried off.
+Soon after, the rest of the brigade coming up, a brilliant
+bayonet charge up the hill dislodged the enemy
+and drove him into the woods beyond. The Twenty-third
+regiment in this engagement lost within eight
+men of half the entire force engaged.</p>
+
+<p>South Mountain is inscribed on all the standards of
+this gallant regiment, and surrounds with a sad halo
+of glory the names of the living and the graves of
+the dead.</p>
+
+<p>At the time this battle was fought, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hayes was not under pay, having been mustered
+out of the Twenty-third regiment to take command
+of the Seventy-ninth. His wound preventing
+him from becoming colonel of the Seventy-ninth, he
+was, on the 24th of October, 1862, appointed colonel
+of his own regiment, <i>vice</i> Scammon, promoted. It
+was while at home recovering from his wounds that
+his wealthy uncle, Sardis Birchard, urged Colonel
+Hayes, to whom he was devotedly attached, to leave
+the army, on the ground that he had done his share,
+promising to himself and family abundant support;
+but he would not listen to the suggestion, and before
+his wounds were healed went back.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AFTER JOHN MORGAN.</h3>
+
+<p>In July, 1863, while Colonel Hayes, under superior
+officers and in connection with other forces, was engaged
+in skirmishing, scouting, and harassing the
+enemy in Southwestern Virginia, an episode occurred
+which illustrates his force and decision of character<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+and energy in action. Happening to ride to Fayetteville,
+a distance of fifteen miles from camp, to learn
+the news, he was startled by the telegraph operator
+with the intelligence that John Morgan was in Ohio,
+and was at that moment making for Gallipolis to
+recross the Ohio river. Here was a cry of help from
+home. His own State invaded, and his own friends
+and kindred in danger! His decision was instantaneous
+to go to the rescue. He sent over the wires
+to his adjutant, then at Charleston, the message: "Are
+there any steamboats at Charleston?" And being informed
+there were two, he instantly ordered them to
+be sent to Luke creek, the highest navigable point on
+the Kanawha. Colonel Hayes then galloped back to
+camp, and, after bringing all his powers of persuasion
+to bear, succeeded in getting permission to take two
+regiments and a section of artillery, and go in pursuit
+of Morgan. In thirty minutes after the orders were
+read to the soldiers, the column was on its march.
+The road was mountainous, the darkness dense, the
+route almost impassable, but the Kanawha river was
+reached at the break of day. The steamers were both
+in sight, and on these the eager men and the artillery
+were embarked. By daylight the next morning this
+timely succor was at Gallipolis. That town was saved
+from a rebel raid, and the hot pursuit of John Morgan
+commenced. Warned by spies, he had turned his retreat
+in the direction of Pomeroy. Hayes re-embarked
+his force, and steamed up after him. Again disembarking
+his men, Hayes came in collision with the
+raider, who retreated after getting a taste of the quality
+of his adversary. But Morgan being beset on all
+sides was forced to surrender, and was made a prisoner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+with many of his men. Their next raiding was done
+from the inside to the outside of the walls of the Ohio
+penitentiary.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BATTLE OF CLOYD MOUNTAIN.</h3>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1864, General Crook moved with
+an army of about six thousand men to cut the main
+lines of communication between Richmond and the
+great Southwest. In this expedition Colonel Hayes
+commanded a brigade. General Crook, who is called
+"Gray Fox" by the warriors of Sitting Bull, is one
+of the shrewdest generals in the world in the way of
+tricking an enemy. On this expedition he marched
+up the Kanawha, and sent his music and one regiment
+toward the White Sulphur Springs, while his army
+went the other way. He charged his music to make
+noise enough for an army of ten thousand. The enemy,
+who were fortified on the road by which Crook's
+army was actually to pass, left Fort Breckenridge, and
+marched off fifty or sixty miles in the direction that
+Crook's band of music had gone. His army then
+hurried on, and marched right into the fort without
+firing a shot. To have taken it without stratagem
+would have cost much delay and many lives. In the
+meantime, the enemy hurried back, and, collecting an
+army under General Jenkins, fortified a position on
+the crest of Cloyd mountain. The base of the mountain
+was skirted with a stream of water two or three
+feet deep, and the approach to it was through a meadow
+five or six hundred yards wide. The enemy, who
+were strongly entrenched, opened upon Crook's force
+so soon as it reached the road that was within range<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+of their artillery. It was evident the fortifications
+could not be carried without very determined fighting.
+A small force, after making a stout struggle,
+dropped back repulsed. Crook ordered Colonel Hayes'
+brigade to cross Cloyd's meadow, charge up the hill,
+and take the batteries. Hayes formed in the edge of
+the woods, and marched out with as perfect a line as
+ever was formed on parade. He moved on, and was
+soon under fire. The enemy opened heavily, bringing
+down men along the whole line. A slow double-quick
+was ordered, the alignments being kept good
+until the edge of the woods was reached.</p>
+
+<p>The fortifications could not be seen. There was
+only in sight a woody hill, and below it a stream to
+cross. Hayes, the brigade following, dashed through
+the creek to the foot of the last hill, which was so
+steep that the cannon could not be depressed sufficiently
+to damage them. After halting for a minute
+to take breath, the brigade charged, with a terrific
+yell, up the hill. The instant they passed the curve
+of the hill, as fearful a fire met them as men are ever
+called to face. The whole line seemed falling, officers
+and men going down by scores. But not a man
+stopped; all who were not hit went on. Hayes
+shouted to his men to push on to the enemy's works.
+They were carried by assault, many of the enemy
+being bayoneted beneath ingenious barricades that
+they deemed impregnable. The enemy were killed
+or driven out, and their cannon captured. For ten
+minutes it was a desperate, give-and-take, rough-and-tumble
+fight. The artillerymen attempted to reload
+when the assaulting party was not ten paces
+distant. The enemy retreated to a second ridge of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+the mountain, and made a determined effort to form
+a line, but the pursuit was too hot for the effort to be
+successful. Reinforcements arriving, they endeavored
+to make a third stand, but were easily driven off in full
+retreat. Thus ended the battle on the mountain, where
+the enemy's fort on its summit was carried by storm.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BATTLE OF WINCHESTER.</h3>
+
+<p>What is known as the first battle of Winchester,
+fought July 24, 1864, illustrates the pluck and endurance
+of Hayes under disaster. Here, as in the last
+battle, he commanded a brigade in a division of General
+Crook's army, of West Virginia. Two brigades,
+under Colonel Mulligan and Colonel Hayes, were ordered
+to go out and meet what was supposed to be a
+reconnaissance in force of the enemy. Hayes was
+ordered to join his right on Mulligan's left, and
+charge with him. They were to attack whatever there
+was in front. They could see only two skirmish lines
+in front. Hayes soon saw appearances of the enemy
+off on the left. Mulligan was informed there were
+signs of an enemy forward on the right. Indications
+were correct. The enemy were coming down upon
+them in overpowering force on both flanks and in
+front. Mulligan said his orders were to go forward,
+and he was going forward. Hayes thought it was as
+well to go forward as to go any other way, as there
+could be but one result. Soon after charging, the
+enemy opened a deadly fire with artillery on the left
+flank, and infantry close in front. In five minutes
+Colonel Mulligan fell, pierced with five balls. The
+enemy had double the force in front, and overlapped
+the right flank a quarter of a mile. This was a better<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+place to be out of than in. The lines melted away
+under the destructive fire. The deafening roar of artillery
+and musketry prevented all commands from
+being heard. The Hayes brigade fell slowly back to
+a hill inaccessible to cavalry. There it formed, and
+held back the yelling pursuers. At this point Lieutenant-Colonel
+Comly was wounded. The cavalry,
+whose failure to furnish information of the presence
+of the enemy had brought on the disaster, had disappeared
+from the scene. Colonel Hayes' brigade, which
+was exposed to the cavalry of the enemy, marched in
+a half square, fighting steadily in front and on both
+flanks. Once the brigade was concealed in a belt of
+woods until the enemy's cavalry came within pistol-shot,
+when the whole line suddenly rose and poured its
+fire into their ranks. After that, the pursuit ceased.
+From morning until midnight, Colonel Hayes, having
+lost his horse, was fighting and encouraging his men
+on foot, saving his command from annihilation, and
+displaying personal bravery of the highest order.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BATTLE OF BERRYVILLE.</h3>
+
+<p>This was one of the fiercest fights of the war. It
+was between a South Carolina and Mississippi division,
+under General Kershaw, and six regiments of the
+Kanawha division.</p>
+
+<p>The occasion of this battle was this: Sheridan sent
+a body of cavalry to get in the rear of Early's army
+and cut off his supplies. To do this there were two
+roads up the pike&mdash;one through Winchester and one
+ten miles east of Winchester. Ten miles east of this
+place, through Berryville, was the enemy's headquar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>ters, and Sheridan's object was to throw a force past
+them which would turn and strike them in the rear.
+In order to protect that body so that it could get back
+again&mdash;not be cut off on its line of retreat&mdash;Crook
+was ordered to take possession of the pike where the
+road from Winchester crosses it. The enemy, understanding
+the plan, moved to take possession of the
+same crossing. They first attacked with a small force,
+and were driven back. Being reinforced, they drove
+back in turn the regiments in advance of the Union
+force. Colonel Hayes had a line a quarter of a mile
+long sheltered behind a terrace wall, the ground in
+front being level with the top of the wall. He sat on
+his horse watching the tumultuous advance of the
+enemy. The Union advance lines, being driven back
+in precipitate retreat, ran right over Hayes' brigade.
+The enemy followed close on their heels. Hayes let
+them get within two rods, when the whole brigade
+rose, and with a yell delivered a deadly volley at the
+enemy's legs. They then jumped upon the terrace
+and charged bayonet, driving the pursuing enemy
+back like a flock of sheep. He pushed them to their
+second or reserve lines, where they rallied at dark,
+and stubbornly maintained their ground.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Hayes' brigade went at double quick pace
+into action, their leader at the head of the column.
+The Twenty-third and Thirty-sixth Ohio, and the
+Fifth and Thirteenth Virginia, constituted at this
+time his brigade. From dark until almost ten o'clock
+the cannonading was continuous and the fighting terrible.
+Hayes, although never more exposed to danger,
+enjoyed the grand illumination and the thrilling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+excitement. Both divisions withdrew at the same
+hour, and the engagement was not the next day
+renewed. In this short action Colonel Hayes, by his
+courage and gallantry, added to his popularity as an
+officer among both officers and men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>FROM MAJOR TO MAJOR-GENERAL.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Opequan&mdash;Morass&mdash;First Over&mdash;Intrepidity&mdash;Official
+Reports&mdash;Assault on Fisher's Hill&mdash;Battle of Cedar
+Creek&mdash;Commands a Division&mdash;Promoted on Field&mdash;His
+Wounds&mdash;A Hundred Days under Fire.</i></p></div><br />
+
+
+<h3>BATTLE OF OPEQUAN.</h3>
+
+<p>Sheridan's battle of Winchester, or Opequan, was
+fought on the 19th of September, 1864. The battle
+had a bad beginning, but a glorious ending. There
+were five hours of staring disaster, and five of inspiring
+victory. Sheridan, in assuming the offensive,
+in September, was compelled to fight Early in the
+latter's chosen and particularly advantageous position,
+at the mouth of a narrow ravine near Winchester.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the earlier, or disastrous part of the
+engagement, it is sufficient for our present purpose to
+say that Sheridan moved all except one corps of his
+entire army down this gorge, deployed in the valley
+beyond, fought a bloody fight, and was driven back
+in confusion along his line of advance. At noon the
+enemy were rejoicing over the victory, and their
+friends in Winchester were jubilant. The reserves
+of Sheridan were sent for. General Crook, in person,
+brought the reserve corps into action at one o'clock.
+He made for the enemy's left flank, and pushed direct
+for a battery on their extreme left. The brigade of
+Colonel Hayes was in front, supported by Colonel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+White's old brigade. The order was to walk fast,
+keep silent until within one hundred yards of the
+guns, and then with a yell charge at full speed.
+These brigades had passed over a ridge and were
+just ready to begin the rush, when they came upon
+a deep morass, forty yards wide, with high banks.
+The enemy's fire now broke out with fury. Of course
+the line stopped. To stop was death, to go on was
+probably the same; but the order was "Forward."
+Colonel Hayes was the first to plunge in; but his
+horse, after frantic struggling, mired down hopelessly
+in the middle of the boggy stream. He sprang off
+and succeeded in reaching the enemy's side. The
+next man over was Lieutenant Stearne, adjutant of
+the Thirty-sixth Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Shot and shell were falling in the water as they
+crossed, and were still falling. When Hayes regained
+the opposite bank he motioned rapidly, with his cap
+in hand, for his men to come over. Some held back,
+but many plunged into the bog, and struggled across
+to their leader. Some sank to their chins while holding
+their arms and ammunition over their heads.
+Before fifty men had gotten over, Hayes shouted:
+"Men, right up the bank," and there were the rebel
+batteries without any support. So the artillerymen
+were bayoneted in the act of loading their guns. They
+never dreamed that any Union force could cross the
+barrier before them. The batteries were captured,
+the enemy's position successfully flanked, and his
+whole force driven back five hundred yards to a second
+line of defense. Here, strongly posted, he delivered
+a fearfully destructive fire. The advancing line
+was brought to a standstill by the storm of grape and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+balls. Officers in advance were falling faster than others,
+but all were suffering. Things began to look dark.
+At the most critical moment, a large body of Sheridan's
+splendid cavalry, with swords drawn, wound
+slowly around the right, then at a trot, and finally, with
+shouts, at a gallop, charged right into the rebel lines.
+Hayes, now in command of the division, his division
+commander having fallen, pushed on, and the enemy
+in utter confusion fled. Crook's command carried the
+forts which covered the heights, and Hayes led the
+advance of that command. His division entered Winchester
+in pursuit of Early far in advance of all other
+troops. The spirit of Early's brave army was broken.
+Its loss in this battle was nearly seven thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>The day following the battle of Opequan, Stanton
+telegraphed Sheridan: "Please accept for yourself
+and your gallant army the thanks of the President
+and the department for your great battle and brilliant
+victory of yesterday." An official report of Colonel
+Comly, commanding the Twenty-third Ohio, thus refers
+to Colonel Hayes, division commander: "He is
+everywhere exposing himself recklessly, as usual. He
+was the first one over the slough; he has been in advance
+of the line half the time since; his adjutant-general
+has been severely wounded; men are dropping
+all around him; but he rides through it all as
+if he had a charmed life."</p>
+
+
+<h3>FISHER'S HILL.</h3>
+
+<p>The assault on South Mountain, or Fisher's Hill,
+occurred on the 22d of September, three days after
+the battle of Opequan. Sheridan was in hot pursuit
+of Early, and had followed him up the Shenandoah<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+valley, overtaking him in position at Fisher's Hill.
+This is a ridge stretching across the valley where it is
+only about three miles wide. There is a creek running
+in front of the ridge. Early had fortified the
+ridge, and was in strong position. Sheridan was disposed
+to attack him in front, trusting to the demoralization
+from the recent defeat for an easy victory.</p>
+
+<p>Crook insisted upon trying to turn their left flank.
+It was finally determined that it could be done. He
+was ordered to take Hayes' division, which led the
+advancing column. Crook and Hayes rode side by
+side at the head of the men. Pretty soon Crook and
+every officer, except Hayes, dismounted. The latter
+had a horse that could go wherever a man could.
+The command went up mountains, pushed their way
+through woods, and slid down ravines and gorges.
+When the enemy's left was supposed to be passed,
+they turned by the flank and bore down on his rear.
+Hayes galloped down a ravine, flanked by mountains,
+until he came right upon the enemy's guns. He rode
+back, ordered his division to charge with a yell, and
+the enemy, seized with a panic, fled. The charge was
+one of great impetuosity, each man trying to reach
+the entrenchments first. Every gun was captured.
+The brilliancy of this victory consisted in flanking
+the enemy from the side of a mountain, where Early
+said only a crow could go. But Colonel Hayes climbed
+there on horseback, at the head of his command.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CEDAR CREEK.</h3>
+
+<p>On the 19th of October, 1864, was fought the battle
+of Cedar creek, so memorable in the annals of war.
+It wiped out Early and his army. It gave the rebel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+general Gordon a seat in the United States Senate. It
+made Sheridan lieutenant-general. It made Colonel
+Hayes a brigadier-general and Governor of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Sheridan, supposing Early's army too much broken
+by recent defeats to be dangerous, had gone on a visit
+to Washington, leaving his force in command of General
+Wright. It was posted near Middletown, in the
+rear of Cedar creek, and on both sides of the Winchester
+pike. Ten miles to the westward, beyond the
+creek, were the enemy's camps. Two things induced
+Early to risk one more battle&mdash;the absence of Sheridan,
+and his own reinforcement with twelve thousand
+men. Early left camp on the night of the 18th, and,
+passing round with his entire army between Massanutten
+mountain and the north fork of the Shenandoah,
+forded the Shenandoah at midnight, and noiselessly
+formed in line of battle in the rear and on the
+flank of the Union army. The plan of attack was a
+bold one, and seemed the inspiration of genius.
+The ford that gave the enemy a crossing, which
+should have been well guarded by cavalry, was stupidly
+left exposed. At daylight, while Thoburn's
+division were sleeping in their camps, Early's onslaught
+was made. Generals Gordon, Pegram, Kershaw, and
+Wharton charged with the rebel yell upon the left
+rear of Crook's entire command. The assault, under
+the circumstances, was inevitably successful, and the
+whole Union force was hurled back on the Nineteenth
+corps and the Kanawha division, commanded by Colonel
+Hayes. The enemy overlapped both flanks, and
+pushed forward with irresistible impetuosity. Crook's
+command had already lost seven pieces of artillery,
+and was in rapid retreat. The men meeting the ene<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>my's charge, knowing that they were outflanked and
+the enemy had gotten in their rear, fought desperately,
+but not hopefully. The whole line was pushed
+slowly back. Colonel Hayes, on seeing his right
+breaking up, rode over and with vehemence gave
+orders to stand firm. But the line melted away, leaving
+him alone and exposed. A whole volley came
+aimed at him, filling the air and killing his horse with
+twenty balls. The horse going at great speed when
+it fell, threw its rider with great violence to the
+ground, dislocating an ankle and badly bruising
+him from the head down. He rose, and though
+fired at by the pursuing enemy at forty paces, escaped
+further wounds or capture. Colonel Hayes
+procured the horse of his orderly, and with great
+exertion gradually brought his men to a stand.
+Here they were alternately preparing their breakfasts,
+and when orders were given, instantaneously forming
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>At ten o'clock the Union army received a reinforcement
+more powerful than was the enemy's of twelve
+thousand men. Sheridan had come, and with him
+confidence had come. He almost instantaneously inspired
+a beaten army with his own electric energy and
+unconquerable hope. "Boys, we must go back to our
+camps," he said; and they went. The army was recreated
+into a compact, advancing, aggressive organization.
+"The whole line will advance," said Sheridan,
+and it advanced.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy was charged a first and a second time,
+with infantry in the center and cavalry on the left and
+right. Custer's cavalry kept swooping down on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+rebel flank, gathering them in as a sickle gathers
+grain. The gallant Colonel Hayes, too modest to seek
+promotion, though long discharging the duties of a
+major-general, as commander of a veteran division,
+fought in the center, forcing back the rebel line to
+Cedar creek. Here it broke in confusion, abandoning
+seventy pieces of artillery, arms, camps, and transportation.
+The pursuit ceased not until there was no
+longer an enemy to pursue. Early this time "stayed
+whipped." In the Shenandoah valley he ceased to
+take much interest in subsequent events.</p>
+
+<p>It was on the field of this most complete victory of
+the war that Sheridan clasped the hand of Hayes and
+said: "Colonel, from this day forward you will be a
+brigadier-general." Ten days after the battle the
+commission came. The gallant Crook presented him
+with the insignia of his new rank, and he wore them.
+On March 13, 1865, he was promoted to the rank of
+brevet major-general "for gallant and distinguished
+services during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia,
+and particularly at the battles of Fisher's Hill
+and Cedar Creek, Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>General Hayes was wounded four times in battle.
+From one wound he has never entirely recovered.
+He was struck by a shell, just below the knee, while
+on horseback. He did not get off his horse at the
+time, but remained at the front throughout the battle.
+The wound now troubles him when ascending stairs.
+According to the excellent authority of Adjutant-General
+Hastings, Hayes was under fire sixty days in
+1864. He must therefore have been exposed to death
+on one hundred days during the war.</p>
+
+<p>A soldier who would thus risk life and limb to pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>serve the Union is perhaps entitled to have something
+to say concerning the government of it. He who is
+willing to die for the republic, will see that the republic
+suffers no harm.</p>
+
+<p>The qualities of General Hayes as a soldier will be
+reviewed when we come to speak of his characteristics
+as a civil magistrate and as a man.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>IN CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Nomination&mdash;Refuses to Leave Army&mdash;Election Incident&mdash;Election&mdash;Course
+in Congress&mdash;Services on Library
+Committee&mdash;Votes on Various Questions&mdash;Submits
+Plan of Constitutional Amendments&mdash;Re-nominated by
+Acclamation&mdash;Re-elected by Increased Majority&mdash;Overwhelmed
+with Soldiers' Letters&mdash;Character as Congressman.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>On the 6th of August, 1864, while General Hayes
+was absent from Ohio in the field, he was nominated
+by the Republican Convention of the Second Congressional
+District of Cincinnati for Congress. This was
+the result of the spontaneous action of his friends,
+and was brought about through their agency alone.
+The nomination was neither sought nor desired. The
+following extract from a letter written in camp, and
+bearing date July 30, 1864, makes known the then
+existing state of the case:</p>
+
+<p>"As to the canvass that occurs, I care nothing at
+all about it; neither for the nomination nor for the
+election. It was merely easier to let the thing take
+its own course than to get up a letter declining to
+run, and then to explain it to everybody who might
+choose to bore me about it."</p>
+
+<p>The first information of the nomination for Congress
+was conveyed to General Hayes through the letter
+of a friend written the day after the convention
+met, which information was received on Monday,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+August 22d, while preparing for battle, and on the
+same day he did a "good thing" in the way of taking
+prisoners while charging on the rebel lines. Two
+days after, with the enemy in front, he wrote this
+"private" letter on the subject of going home to canvass:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span style="margin-left: 23em;" class="smcap">Camp of
+Sheridan's Army,</span></p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 16em;">
+<span class="smcap">near Charlestown, Va</span>., <i>August</i> 24, 1864.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Friend S.</span>:&mdash;Your favor of the 7th came to hand on Monday.
+It was the first I had heard of the doings of the Second District
+Convention. My thanks for your attention and assistance in
+the premises. I cared very little about being a candidate, but
+having consented to the use of my name I preferred to succeed.
+Your suggestion about getting a furlough to take the stump was
+certainly made without reflection. An officer fit for duty who
+at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in
+Congress ought to be scalped. You may feel perfectly sure I
+shall do no such thing. We are, and for two weeks past have
+been, in the immediate presence of a large rebel army. We
+have skirmishing and small affairs constantly. I am not posted
+in the policy deemed wise at headquarters, and can't guess as
+to the prospects of a general engagement. The condition and
+spirit of this army are good and improving. I suspect the enemy
+are sliding around us toward the Potomac. If they cross
+we shall pretty certainly have a meeting.</p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">Sincerely,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">R. B. HAYES.</span><br /></div>
+
+<p>An incident of this canvass caused at the time it occurred
+intense feeling and indignation. The Democrats
+were having a large mass meeting in Cincinnati, with
+an immense procession. Among the banners or transparencies
+carried in the procession was one large,
+coarsely-executed affair, representing General Hayes
+dodging bullets while running from the enemy. As
+Hayes was at that very moment at the front fighting
+the enemy, this assault in the rear was not deemed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+Union-loving men to fall within the rules of legitimate
+political warfare. Some soldiers of the "Old
+Kanawha" division happening to be at home recovering
+from wounds, had their indignation aroused to
+such an uncontrollable pitch that they insisted upon
+ignominiously trampling down the libelous transparency
+and its bearer. They had seen General Hayes
+bare his breast a hundred times to the bullet-storm of
+battle, and thought they were better judges of what
+constituted courage than men who stayed at home
+occupying their time in passing resolutions that the
+war was a "failure." These old veteran comrades of
+Hayes were moving in compact line to charge on the
+procession, when a number of good citizens, in the
+interest of order and to prevent a riot, had the obnoxious
+banner removed. It is but just to say that
+Democrats of the better sort totally disapproved of
+this public indecency and excuseless outrage.</p>
+
+<p>During the canvass for Congress, and while in the
+thickest of the bloody fight at Opequan, the soldiers
+under General Hayes kept crying out: "We will gain
+a victory to-day, Colonel, and elect you to Congress;"
+"One more charge, and you go to Congress!" These
+brave defenders of the Republic well knew the effect
+of a Union victory upon a pending election. When
+the soldiers' vote was taken on Tuesday, the 11th of
+October, not a man in the Twenty-third or Thirty-sixth
+Ohio regiment voted the Democratic ticket, and
+but fifty-three voted the Peace ticket in the entire
+division commanded by General Hayes. The result
+of his first contest for Congress, or rather candidacy,
+for there was no contest on his part, was his triumphant
+election by a majority of two thousand four hun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>dred and fifty-five votes. His competitor was Joseph
+C. Butler, a banker, capitalist, and most respectable
+gentleman. Eight days after the election, the battle
+of Cedar Creek was fought, so that the news of two
+victories came to the faithful soldier at the same time.
+Conducting a congressional campaign on the front,
+rear, and flanks of the enemy, worked well. To Hayes
+the cause of the Union was such a sacred cause that
+he could not cease fighting the enemies of that Union
+so long as there remained an armed enemy to fight.</p>
+
+<p>The war being ended, he took his seat on the first
+day of the first session of the Thirty-ninth Congress,
+which assembled December 4, 1865. Among the able
+or notable men in that Congress were Shellabarger,
+Bingham, Schenck, Spaulding, and Garfield, from
+Ohio, and Thad. Stevens, Conkling, Kerr, E. B. Washburne,
+A. H. Rice, Raymond, Niblack, John A. Griswold,
+Farnsworth, Orth, Cullom, Dawes, Blaine, Voorhees,
+and Randall, from other States. The first session
+was mainly occupied with the question of reconstruction.
+The central questions during the subsequent
+sessions were those growing out of the impeachment
+of President Johnson. General Hayes voted consistently
+with his party on these two classes of questions.
+He was the only new member, except one, who was
+given the chairmanship of a committee, being placed
+at the head of the joint committee of the House on
+Library. The other members were Wm. D. Kelley, of
+Pennsylvania, and Calvin T. Hurlburd, of New York.
+As chairman of the committee on the Library of the
+United States, to employ the language of its accomplished
+librarian, he had "a clear discernment and
+quick apprehension of all things that needed to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+done;" he "threw his influence in favor of the most
+liberal and permanent improvement."</p>
+
+<p>During his term of service on the committee, the
+Library was expanded by the addition of two wings,
+increasing threefold its space. The "Force Historical
+Library" was added, to the acquisition of which General
+Hayes devoted months of zealous labor. It is
+now one of the most valuable parts of the great Library.
+He procured in the House the passage of the
+Senate bill to transfer the Library of the Smithsonian
+Institution to the Library of Congress. He introduced
+a joint resolution to extend the privileges of
+the Library to a larger class of public officers. He
+reported back and recommended the passage of a
+copyright bill for securing to the Library copies of
+all books, pamphlets, maps, etc., published in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>In dealing with the subject of art while on this
+committee, Hayes showed artistic taste and judgment.
+He voted to reject works without merit, such as
+busts and portraits, and favored giving government
+commissions to real artists of conceded genius and established
+standing.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first votes of General Hayes in Congress
+was cast in favor of this resolution:</p>
+
+<p>"That the public debt created during the late rebellion
+was contracted upon the faith and honor of the
+nation; that it is sacred and inviolate, and must and
+ought to be paid, principal and interest; and that any
+attempt to repudiate or in any manner impair or scale
+the said debt should be universally discountenanced
+by the people, and promptly rejected by Congress if
+proposed."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Early in the session a resolution was introduced
+"that the committee on appropriations be instructed
+to bring in a bill increasing the compensation of members
+of Congress." Mr. Hayes voted for Mr. E. B.
+Washburne's motion to lay the resolution on the table.
+This is the whole of his record on the back pay and
+front pay questions. General Hayes during the session
+voted for a resolution commending President
+Johnson for declining to accept presents, and condemning
+the practice as demoralizing in its tendencies
+and destructive of public confidence. This vote needs
+no explanation to enable it to be understood.</p>
+
+<p>He also submitted the following resolution, which
+was read, considered, and agreed to:</p>
+
+<p>"That the committee on military affairs be instructed
+to inquire into the expediency of providing by law
+for punishing by imprisonment or otherwise any person
+who, as agent or attorney, shall collect from the
+government money due to officers, soldiers, or sailors,
+or to their widows or orphans, for services in the
+army or navy, or for pensions or bounties, and who
+shall fraudulently convert the same to his own use;
+and to report by bill or otherwise."</p>
+
+<p>This was timely action aimed to remedy what has
+since become a gross abuse and most serious evil. Its
+purpose was to check robbery and secure to soldiers
+and sailors their own.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865, General Hayes submitted to leading Republicans
+in Congress, and subsequently to the Republican
+caucus, these resolutions, which became the
+basis of the action of the party:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That it is the sense of the caucus that
+the best if not the only mode of obtaining from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+States lately in rebellion guarantees which will be
+irreversible is by amendments of the national constitution.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That such amendments to the national
+constitution as may be deemed necessary ought to be
+submitted to the house for its action at as early a day
+as possible, in order to propose them to the several
+states during the present sessions of their legislatures.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That an amendment, basing representation
+on voters instead of population, ought to be
+promptly acted upon, and the judiciary committee is
+requested to prepare resolutions for that purpose, and
+submit them to the house as soon as practicable."</p>
+
+<p>When the ratification of the amendments taking
+their origin from these resolutions became a matter of
+supreme concern, Mr. Orth and Mr. Cullom, now the
+Republican candidates for Governor in Indiana and
+Illinois, in conjunction with Mr. Hayes, drafted the
+following letter, which was signed by Republican
+members of Congress and forwarded to Governor
+Brownlow, of Tennessee:</p>
+
+<p>"The undersigned members of Congress respectfully
+suggest, that, as Governor of the State of Tennessee,
+you call a special session of the legislature of your
+state, for the purpose of ratifying the constitutional
+amendment submitted by the present Congress to the
+several states for ratification, believing that upon such
+ratification this Congress will, during its present session,
+recognize the present state government of Tennessee
+and admit the state to representation in both
+houses of Congress."</p>
+
+<p>The session of the legislature was called, the fourteenth
+amendment ratified, and the Tennessee mem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>bers admitted to seats in Congress in July, 1866.
+This ratification was the one required to render the
+amendment valid.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1865, General Hayes delivered very
+earnest political speeches in about twenty counties
+in Ohio, in advocacy of the election of his military
+comrade, General Jacob D. Cox, as governor of the
+state. We find many of these speeches partially
+reported, and from one delivered in the West end, in
+Cincinnati, September 28, we take this extract:</p>
+
+<p>"The Democratic plan of reorganization is this:
+The rebels, having laid down their arms and abandoned
+their attempt to break up the Union, are now
+entitled, as a matter of right, to be restored to all the
+rights, political and civil, which they enjoyed before
+the rebellion, precisely as if they had remained loyal.
+They are to vote, to hold office, to bear arms, immediately
+and unconditionally. There is to be no confiscation
+and no punishment, either for leaders or followers&mdash;no
+amendment or change of the constitution
+by way of guaranty against future rebellion&mdash;no indemnity
+for the past, and no security for the future.
+The Union party objects to this plan, because it wants,
+before rebels shall again be restored to power, an
+amendment to the constitution which shall remove all
+vestiges of slavery, and an amendment which shall
+equalize representation between the States having a
+large negro population and the States whose negro
+population is small."</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1866, General Hayes received the endorsement
+of a re-nomination to Congress by acclamation.
+There was no opposing candidate. He entered
+at once into the canvass. He delivered a speech almost<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+every afternoon or evening until the day of the election.
+He frequently spoke outside of his own district,
+to aid his friends. The questions at issue were the
+reconstruction measures of Congress and of President
+Johnson, and the merits of the new constitutional
+amendments. In a public speech delivered in the
+Seventeenth Ward, in Cincinnati, September 7, 1866,
+he discussed at great length the questions of the day.
+In conclusion he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Union party is prepared to make great sacrifices
+in the future, as in the past, for the sake of peace
+and for the sake of union, but submission to what is
+wrong can never be the foundation of a real peace or a
+lasting union. They can have no other sure foundation
+but the principles of eternal justice. The Union
+men therefore say to the South: 'We ask nothing
+but what is right; we will submit to nothing that is
+wrong.' With undoubting confidence we submit the
+issue to the candid judgment of the patriotic people
+of the country, under the guidance of that Providence
+which has hitherto blessed and preserved the Nation."</p></div>
+
+<p>The canvass was an active and exciting one; but
+General Hayes was re-elected over a competitor of so
+high standing as Theodore Cook, by a majority of
+two thousand five hundred and fifty-six. It is noticeable
+that while there was a Republican loss of seven
+hundred in the first district, compared with the vote
+for Congressmen in 1864, in the second district there
+was a gain of one hundred over the vote of two
+years before.</p>
+
+<p>General Hayes took his seat in the Fortieth
+Congress, which convened March 11, 1867. He was
+re-appointed chairman of the library committee, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+John D. Baldwin, of Massachusetts, and J. V. L. Pruyn,
+of New York, as associate members. General Hayes'
+three years in Congress were almost continuously employed
+in exacting labors in looking after the pensions
+and pay of soldiers, and in making provision
+for their families. Cincinnati had sent a great many
+soldiers into the war, and all who had wants sent their
+petitions to the only representative of Hamilton county
+who had served in the army. The soldiers of his old
+division, scattered over the country, sent their applications
+to him as a sympathizing friend. He had as many
+as seven hundred cases of this kind on hand at one time.
+His time was therefore necessarily consumed in running
+to the departments and in answering soldiers'
+correspondence. This service of love was of course
+gratuitously and most cheerfully rendered; but it
+withdrew him more or less from his duties on the
+floor of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>He was not consequently a speech-maker in Congress,
+but a business-doer. His innate good sense taught
+him that the public business was pushed forward, not
+by talking much, but by talking little. Like Schurz,
+who became the intellectual leader of the Senate, like
+Senator Edmunds and most strong men, he kept silent
+while new to the business of legislation. He was
+constantly consulted by the chief men in his party
+because he possessed that most essential quality in a
+public man&mdash;good judgment. He did no talking for
+himself, but an immense deal of working for others.
+Every soldier was his constituent, whether he lived
+in Maine or Nebraska. He placed self not first,
+but last.</p>
+
+<p>He had no thought of fame or higher place, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+silently served those that loved him, and to the
+maimed or needy tried to make the burdens and
+loads of life lighter. He doubtless thought that "he
+who lives a great truth is incomparably greater than
+he who but speaks it."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>ELECTED GOVERNOR OF OHIO.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Party of State Rights&mdash;Their Convention&mdash;Platform&mdash;Nomination
+of Thurman&mdash;Republican Convention and
+Platform&mdash;Nomination of Hayes&mdash;Platform&mdash;Opening
+Speech at Lebanon&mdash;Thurman at Waverly&mdash;National
+Interest aroused&mdash;Hayes Victorious&mdash;Inaugural&mdash;First
+Annual Message&mdash;Second Annual Message.</i></p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The questions at issue in the great political canvass
+of 1867, in Ohio, were closely allied to the one whether
+the National Government had a constitutional right to
+maintain its existence. It was many years after the
+war of the Rebellion before the Democratic party could
+be induced to admit that the war had settled anything.
+The question of State or National supremacy or sovereignty,
+settled a hundred times by argument and
+twice by arms, was still persistently argued by them
+as an open question. The State Supremacy or State
+Rights party fought the constitution at the time of
+its adoption, on the ground that it established a supreme
+central government, and were defeated. They
+opposed putting down the Whisky Rebellion, in Pennsylvania,
+under the leadership of Jefferson and Randolph,
+and were outvoted in the Cabinet by Washington,
+Hamilton, and Knox. They forced their disintegration
+doctrines into the Supreme Court, and were
+there vanquished by the resistless logic of Chief Justice
+Marshall. The same old doctrine assumed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+form of nullification under the teachings of Calhoun
+in South Carolina, and was stamped out by Jackson.
+It appeared again in the great debate between Hayne
+and Webster, and was annihilated, so far as argument
+can put an end to any heresy. But it reappeared in
+1861, with Davis, Stephens, Lee, and Breckenridge as
+its most powerful advocates and exponents.</p>
+
+<p>The identical questions discussed in Washington's
+Cabinet, when there was a Whisky Insurrection to be
+put down, were discussed by Lincoln and Davis, by
+Meade and Lee, at Gettysburg, and by Grant and
+Pemberton, at Vicksburg. Is a State or is the Republic
+supreme, has been the central question dividing
+parties for a hundred years. The Democracy are still
+talking about "sovereign and independent states," as
+if there were more than one sovereign State on the
+continent&mdash;the Republic itself.</p>
+
+<p>The Democratic State Convention, which met at
+Columbus, January 8, 1867, forgetting that "war
+legislates," continued harping on the old State Rights
+theme. The temporary chairman of the convention,
+Dr. J. M. Christian, varied the monotony a little when
+he elegantly said: "We have come here not only to
+celebrate an honored day, but to nominate men of
+noble hearts, determined to release the State from the
+thralldom of niggerism, and place it under the control
+of the Democratic party."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George H. Pendleton, the permanent chairman,
+delivered a rhetorical State rights speech, in which
+he said: "The Democratic party has always maintained
+the rights of the States as essential to the
+maintenance of the Union."</p>
+
+<p>The platform or resolutions of the convention, re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>ported by Mr. C. L. Vallandigham, contained a great
+deal of the same sort of thing, supplemented with
+this resolution: "That the Radical majority in the so-called
+Congress have proved themselves to be in favor
+of negro suffrage by forcing it upon the people of the
+District of Columbia, against their almost unanimous
+wish, solemnly expressed at the polls; by forcing it
+upon the people of all the territories, and by their
+various devices to coerce the people of the South to
+adopt it; that we are opposed to negro suffrage, believing
+it would be productive of evil to both whites
+and blacks, and tend to produce a disastrous conflict
+of races."</p>
+
+<p>The convention nominated, by acclamation, Hon.
+Allen G. Thurman for Governor. Judge Thurman
+had served one term in Congress and five years upon
+the Supreme Bench of the State, and was a gentleman
+of high personal character, and a lawyer of extended
+reputation and commanding abilities.</p>
+
+<p>The Republican State Convention assembled at Columbus,
+June 19, 1867, to nominate candidates for
+governor, lieutenant-governor, and other State officers.
+The three candidates most talked of for governor
+were Hon. Samuel Galloway, Adjutant-General B. R.
+Cowen, and General Hayes, then representing the Second
+District in Congress. Mr. Galloway had served
+in Congress, had long been one of the most active
+members of the Republican party, and was popular
+because of his abilities as a stump speaker. General
+Cowen had devoted much time to the organization of
+the State in his own interest as a candidate, and was
+possessed of considerable managing ability. Public
+opinion, however, in Northern, Southern, and Western<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+Ohio had concentrated upon General R. B. Hayes before
+the convention met. The times seemed to demand
+a military man for leader, and, in the language of the
+Cincinnati <i>Commercial</i>, there were "no better military
+records than his, if they are to be rated by brave, faithful,
+steadfast service." General J. D. Cox was not a
+candidate for re-nomination. General Hayes was the
+idol of the soldiers. As early as 1865, his old division,
+while he himself was absent on a distant field of
+duty, held a meeting between skirmishes with the
+enemy, and passed resolutions nominating him for
+Governor of Ohio for the canvass of that year. The
+soldiers went so far as to send circulars to the different
+counties of the State, embodying their resolutions.
+When General Hayes first heard of these proceedings
+he gave immediate and peremptory instructions to
+have them stopped. He forbade the use of his name in
+such connection, on pain of his permanent displeasure.</p>
+
+<p>The Convention of June, 1867, was almost imprudently
+courageous in the enunciation of sound, but
+then unpopular, principles. It placed the Republican
+party "on the broad platform of impartial manhood
+suffrage as embodied in the proposed amendment to
+the State Constitution," and appealed to the "intelligence,
+justice, and patriotism of the people of Ohio
+to approve it at the ballot-box." The platform emphasized
+the point&mdash;always well taken&mdash;that the
+United States is a Nation.</p>
+
+<p>On this platform General Hayes was nominated for
+Governor on the first ballot, receiving two hundred
+and eighty-six votes to two hundred and eight cast
+for Mr. Galloway. The nomination was accepted for
+him by a friend in his absence. The honor which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+came to him unsought was borne with the modesty
+of a soldier.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the nominations, Mr. Fred. Hassaurek
+delivered in Columbus a very able speech in
+favor of manhood equality, in the course of which he
+said: "The men who now lead and officer the Democratic
+party are the most dangerous enemies of the
+country, of its peace, prosperity, and welfare. Let
+both sections of the country unite to give a final,
+crushing blow to the influence of Democratic leaders.
+Let the serpent be fully expelled from Paradise, and
+our country will soon be a Garden of Eden again."</p>
+
+<p>General Hayes, having resigned his seat in Congress,
+opened the campaign of '67 in a comprehensive
+speech, delivered at <a href="#LEBANON">Lebanon</a>, August 5,
+aggressive in tone and full of bristling points. It
+was equivalent to a charge along the whole of the
+enemies' line&mdash;a species of tactics which he had
+learned the advantage of in the valley of the Shenandoah.
+We refer the reader to this clear, resolute,
+vigorous speech, reprinted in full in the <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a>,
+for the grounds upon which the Republican leader
+demanded a popular verdict against his political adversaries.
+The speech showed that he deserved the
+eulogies of the press which followed his nomination,
+among which were those of Colonel Donn Piatt&mdash;a
+judge of ability, to say the least&mdash;who had written:
+"The people will find his utterances full of sound
+thought, and his deportment modest, dignified, and
+unpretending.... Possessed of a high order
+of talent, enriched by stores of information, General
+Hayes is one of the few men capable of accomplishing
+much without any egotistical assertion of self."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+General James M. Comly had said: "More than four
+years' service in the same command gave the writer
+ample opportunity to know that no braver or more
+dashing and enterprising commander gave his services
+to the Republic than General Hayes. He was the idol
+of his command. No man of his soldiery ever doubted
+when he led. In principle he is as radical as we could
+desire. His vote has been given in Congress on every
+square issue for the right. He is no wabbler or time-server.
+He no more dodges votes than he did bullets."</p>
+
+<p>Judge Thurman&mdash;now Senator A. G. Thurman&mdash;opened
+the campaign on the Democratic side in an
+elaborate speech, delivered at Waverly, August 5th,
+and reported in the Cincinnati <i>Commercial</i> of August
+6th. He vigorously defended the course and action
+of the Peace Democracy in Ohio, and assailed Mr.
+Lincoln and his administration with an extravagance
+of language that weakened the force of many of his
+arguments during the campaign. He intemperately
+asserted that there was "scarcely a provision of the
+Constitution" that had not been "shamelessly and
+needlessly trampled under foot" by "these enemies
+of our Government," including as "enemies" the
+Congress and Cabinet that supported and maintained
+the war for the Union. These and other unfortunate
+allusions, such as that to the "poison of Abolitionism,"
+enabled General Hayes to effectively retort at
+Sidney, and at other points. So much of the <a href="#Sidney">Sidney</a>
+speech as refers to Judge Thurman's Waverly speech
+is reproduced in our <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix.</a></p>
+
+<p>The contest waxed warm between these able antagonists,
+and the number of speeches that each delivered
+was only limited by his powers of physical en<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>durance. Meetings were held night and day, from
+the beginning until the close of the canvass. Much
+more than the governorship was involved. A United
+States Senator, for six years, was to be chosen by the
+incoming Legislature. But, above all, the vital principle
+of manhood suffrage, and the righteousness or
+unrighteousness of the war to preserve the Union,
+were issues to be decided.</p>
+
+<p>As the contest grew in magnitude it aroused a
+national interest. Morton, Julian, Orth, and Governor
+Baker came from Indiana to aid Hayes in the
+struggle; Shelby M. Cullom, and John A. Logan
+from Illinois; Schurz from Missouri; Governor Harriman
+from New Hampshire; Chandler from Michigan;
+and Gleni W. Schofield from Pennsylvania. The
+home talent&mdash;and no State ever had more&mdash;was in the
+field in force. There were men of conceded abilities,
+such as Aaron F. Perry, Shellabarger, Hassaurek,
+W. H. West, Judge Storer, and John A. Bingham,
+and men of reputation like Governors Cox and Dennison,
+Galloway, John C. Lee, and Senators Wade
+and Sherman, who manifested the most earnest interest
+in the canvass.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Thurman was not so ably seconded, although
+Vallandigham, Pendleton, Ranney, H. J. Jewett, Durbin
+Ward, George W. McCook, Frank H. Hurd, and
+other well-known leaders contributed aid to the extent
+of their ability.</p>
+
+<p>In this canvass General Hayes gave proofs of that
+boldness and moral audacity for which he is remarkable.
+In every community in which he went he was
+besought by committee-men, soldiers, and others, to
+say nothing about the suffrage amendment. Negro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+suffrage, at that time, was exceedingly unpopular.
+He rejected, with some feeling, these timid counsels.
+He maintained, everywhere, the inherent justice of
+equality at the polls and before the law, and insisted
+that the man who was willing to give up his life for
+the Union should have a voice in its government.
+By this bold course he made votes for the amendment,
+but lost votes for himself. The result of the campaign
+had this peculiar feature, that while General
+Hayes and the Republican State ticket were elected,
+the main issue of the contest was defeated by fifty thousand
+majority. The prejudices of a hundred years
+could not be removed in a hundred days. Had Judge
+Thurman and his aids concentrated the fire of their
+batteries upon the suffrage redoubt&mdash;the weak point
+in their adversaries' lines&mdash;they would probably have
+gained a sweeping victory. As it was, Thurman carried
+the Legislature, and secured a seat in the United
+States Senate. General Hayes was elected by the
+small majority of two thousand nine hundred and
+eighty-three votes, running somewhat ahead of his
+ticket.</p>
+
+<p>He was inaugurated as Governor of Ohio, in the
+rotunda of the Capitol, January 13, 1868. On that
+occasion, in the presence of the Legislature and judicial
+departments of the State Government, and a large
+concourse of citizens, he delivered the following
+inaugural address:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, and Fellow-Citizens:</i></p>
+
+<p>The duty devolved on the governor by the constitution of
+communicating by message to the General Assembly the condition
+of the State, and of recommending such measures as he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>deems expedient, has been performed at the present session by
+my predecessor, Governor Cox, in a manner so thorough and
+comprehensive that I do not feel called upon to enter upon a
+discussion of questions touching the administration of the State
+government.</p>
+
+<p>I can think of no better reward for the faithful performance
+of the duties of the office which I am about to assume than that
+which, I believe, my immediate predecessor is entitled to enjoy,&mdash;the
+knowledge that in the opinion of his fellow-citizens of all
+parties he has, by his culture, his ability, and his integrity, honored
+the office of Governor of Ohio, and that he now leaves it
+with a conscience satisfied with the discharge of duty.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate the members of the General Assembly that
+many of the questions which have hitherto largely engaged the
+attention of the law-making power, and divided the people of
+the State, have, in the progress of events, either been settled, or,
+in the general judgment of the people, been transferred for
+investigation and decision to the National government. The
+State debt, taxation, the currency, and internal improvements,
+for many years furnished the prominent topics of discussion
+and controversy in Ohio. In the year 1845 the State debt
+reached its highest point. It amounted to $20,018,515.67, and
+in the same year the total taxable property of the State was
+$136,142,666. With a disordered currency, with business prostrated,
+with labor often insufficiently rewarded, the burden of
+this debt was severely felt, and questions in regard to it naturally
+entered into the partisan struggles of the time. Now the
+State debt is $11,031,941.56; the taxable property of the State
+amounts to $1,138,754,779; and there is no substantial difference
+of opinion among the people as to the proper mode of dealing
+with this subject.</p>
+
+<p>State taxation was formerly the occasion of violent party contests.
+Now men of all parties concur in the opinion that, as a
+general rule, every citizen ought to be taxed in proportion to the
+actual value of his property, without regard to the form in which
+he prefers to invest it; and differences as to the measures by
+which the principle is practically applied rarely enter into political
+struggles in Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Party conflicts and debates as to State laws in relation to
+banking and the currency constitute a large part of the political
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>history of the State. But the events of the last few years have
+convinced those who are in favor of a paper currency that in
+the present condition of the country it can best be furnished by
+the National Government, either by means of National banks or
+in the form of legal tender treasury notes. State legislatures
+are therefore relieved from the consideration of this difficult
+and perplexing subject.</p>
+
+<p>Internal improvements made by State authority, so essential
+to growth and prosperity in the early history of the State, no
+longer require much consideration by the General Assembly.
+Works of a magnitude too great to be undertaken by individual
+enterprise will hereafter be, for the most part, accomplished by
+the government of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>The part which patriotism required Ohio to take in the war to
+suppress rebellion demanded important and frequent acts of
+legislation. Fortunately the transactions of the State growing
+out of the war have been, or probably can be, closed under existing
+laws, with very little, if any, additional legislation.</p>
+
+<p>If not mistaken as to the result of this brief reference to a
+few of the principal subjects of the legislation of the past, the
+present General Assembly has probably a better opportunity
+than any of its predecessors to avoid the evil of too much legislation.
+Excessive legislation has become a great evil, and I
+submit to the judgment of the General Assembly the wisdom of
+avoiding it.</p>
+
+<p>One important question of principle as old as our State government
+still remains unsettled. All are familiar with the conflicts
+to which the policy of making distinctions between citizens
+in civil and political rights has given rise in Ohio. The first
+effort of those who opposed this policy was to secure to all citizens
+equality of civil rights. The result of the struggle that
+ensued is thus given by an eminent and honored citizen of our
+State: "The laws which created disabilities on the part of negroes
+in respect of civil rights were repealed in the year 1849,
+after an obstinate contest, quite memorable in the history of the
+State. Their repeal was looked upon with great disfavor by a
+large portion of the people as a dangerous innovation upon a
+just and well-settled policy, and a vote in that direction consigned
+many members of the legislature to the repose of private
+life. But I am not aware that any evil results justified these ap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>prehensions, or that any effort was ever made to impose the disabilities.
+On the contrary, the new policy, if I may call it so,
+has been found so consistent with justice to the negroes and the
+interests of the whites that no one&mdash;certainly no party&mdash;in
+Ohio, would be willing to abandon it."</p>
+
+<p>An effort to secure to all citizens equal political rights was
+made in the State constitutional convention of 1851. Only thirteen
+out of one hundred and eight members in that body voted
+in its favor; and it is probable that less than one-tenth of the
+voters of the State would then have voted to strike the word
+"white" out of the constitution.</p>
+
+<p>The last General Assembly submitted to the people a proposition
+to amend the State constitution so as to abolish distinctions
+in political rights based upon color. The proposition contained
+several clauses not pertinent to its main purpose, under which,
+if adopted, it was believed by many that the number of white
+citizens who would be disfranchised would be much greater than
+the number of colored citizens who would be allowed the right
+of suffrage. Notwithstanding the proposition was thus hampered,
+it received 216,987 votes, or nearly forty-five per cent of
+all the votes cast in the State. This result shows great progress
+in public sentiment since the adoption of the constitution of
+1851, and inspires the friends of equal political rights with a
+confident hope that in 1871, when the opportunity is given to
+the people, by the provisions of the constitution, to call a constitutional
+convention, the organic law of the State will be so
+amended as to secure in Ohio to all the governed an equal voice
+in the government.</p>
+
+<p>But whatever reasonable doubts may be entertained as to the
+probable action of the people of Ohio on the question of an extension
+of the right of suffrage when a new State constitution
+shall be formed, I submit with confidence that nothing has occurred
+which warrants the opinion that the ratification by the
+last General Assembly of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution
+of the United States was not in accordance with the
+deliberate and settled convictions of the people. That amendment
+was, after the amplest discussion upon an issue distinctly
+presented, sanctioned by a large majority of the people. If any
+fact exists which justifies the belief that they now wish that the
+resolution should be repealed, by which the assent of Ohio was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>given to that important amendment, it has not been brought to
+the attention of the public. Omitting all reference to other
+valuable provisions, it may be safely said that the section which
+secures among all the States of the Union equal representation
+in the House of Representatives and in the electoral colleges in
+proportion to the voting population, is deemed of vital importance
+by the people of Ohio. Without now raising the grave
+question as to the right of a State to withdraw its assent, which
+has been constitutionally given to a proposed amendment of the
+Federal constitution, I respectfully suggest that the attempt
+which is now making to withdraw the assent of Ohio to the
+fourteenth amendment to the Federal constitution be postponed
+until the people shall again have an opportunity to give expression
+to their will. In my judgment, Ohio will never consent
+that the whites of the South, a large majority of whom were
+lately in rebellion, shall exercise in the government of the Nation
+as much political power, man for man, as the same number
+of white citizens of Ohio, and be allowed in addition thereto
+thirty members of Congress and of the electoral colleges, for colored
+people deprived of every political privilege.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I am happy to be able to adopt as my own the
+sentiments so fitly expressed by the speaker of the House of
+Representatives of the present General Assembly. I sincerely
+hope that the legislation of the General Assembly and the administration
+of the State government in all its branches may be
+characterized by economy, wisdom, and prudence; that statesmanship,
+patriotism, and philanthropy may be manifest in every
+act, and that all may be done under the guidance of that Providence
+which has hitherto so signally preserved and blessed our
+State and Nation.</p></div>
+
+<p>Certain principles are laid down in this address.
+One is that every citizen ought to be taxed in proportion
+to the actual value of his property. Another is
+that too much legislation is an evil to be avoided. A
+third is that equality of civil rights justly belongs to
+all citizens, notwithstanding the vote at the recent
+election to the contrary; and a fourth, that represen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>tation according to voting population is a sound principle,
+and the people of Ohio must stand by the Fourteenth
+Amendment to the National Constitution. The
+Democratic legislature were endeavoring to withdraw
+Ohio's previous ratification. This admirable address
+needs no further comment.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hayes took an active part in the State
+canvass of 1868, being assisted by Hon. James G.
+Blaine, who spoke with marked effect in Columbus,
+October 9th.</p>
+
+<p>At the session of the legislature in November, 1868,
+the governor delivered his first annual message.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly:</i></p>
+
+<p>Upon your assembling to enter again upon the duty of legislating
+for the welfare of the people of Ohio, the Governor is required
+by the constitution to communicate to you the condition
+of the State, and to recommend such measures as he shall deem
+expedient. The reports of the executive officers of the State,
+and of the heads of the State institutions, are required by law
+to be made to the Governor on or before the 20th day of November
+of each year. Since that date, sufficient time has not elapsed
+for the publication of the reports, and I shall therefore not be
+able, at the opening of your present session, to lay before you a
+detailed exposition of the affairs of the various departments of
+the State government. It will be my purpose in this communication
+to invite your attention to a few brief suggestions in relation
+to some measures which are deemed important, and which
+may be considered and acted upon, if you think it advisable, in
+advance of the publication of the official reports.</p>
+
+<p>The financial affairs of the State government are in a satisfactory
+condition. The balance in the treasury on the 15th of November,
+1867, was $677,990.79; the receipts during the last fiscal
+year were $4,347,484.82; making the total amount of funds in
+the treasury, during the year, $5,025,475.61.</p>
+
+<p>The disbursements during the year have been $4,455,354.86;
+which sum has been paid out of the treasury from the several
+funds, as follows, viz:</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="General revenue fund">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='left'>General revenue fund</td><td align='right'>$1,518,210.35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canal fund</td><td align='right'>14,939.39</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>National road fund</td><td align='right'>18,829.36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sinking fund</td><td align='right'>1,472,226.33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Common school fund</td><td align='right'>1,426,868.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bank redemption fund</td><td align='right'>16.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Soldiers' claims fund</td><td align='right'>3,781.68</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Soldiers' allotment fund</td><td align='right'>482.00</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Balance in treasury, November 15, 1868</td>
+<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" align="right">570,120.75</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='right'>5,025,475.61</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Public fund">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='left'>The amount of the public funded debt, November 15, 1867, was</td><td align='right'>$11,031,941.56</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>During the year, the redemptions were&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>On the loan of 1860</td><td align='right'>$14,650.67</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Of foreign union loan of 1868</td><td align='right'>191,166.00</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Of domestic loan of 1868</td><td align='right'>136,088.13</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Of loan of 1870</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" align='right'>157,361.33</td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td align='right'></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" align='right'>499,266.13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Debt outstanding, November 15, 1868</td><td> </td><td align='right'>$10,532,675.43</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+<br />
+
+<p>Small temporary appropriations are required as promptly as
+practicable for each of the following objects, the existing appropriations
+having been exhausted, viz: Expenses of the Presidential
+election; expenses of the General Assembly, trustees of
+benevolent institutions, care of state-house, gas for state-house,
+expenses of legislative committees, binding for the State, and
+the new idiotic asylum.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of an act passed March 18, 1867, a board of commissioners,
+consisting of Aaron F. Perry, of Hamilton county,
+Charles E. Glidden, of Mahoning county, and James H. Godman,
+auditor of State, was appointed by my predecessor, Governor
+Cox, whose duty it was "to revise all the laws of this State
+relating to the assessment and taxation of property, the collection,
+safe-keeping, and disbursement of the revenues, and all
+the laws constituting the financial system of the State," and to
+report their proceedings to the next session of the General Assembly.
+The report of the commission was laid before you at
+your last session. It disclosed many imperfections and inconsistencies
+in the existing legislation touching the finances and the
+urgent necessity for an elaborate revision of that legislation.
+Their report was accompanied by eight separate bills, consolidat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>ing the present laws, removing contradictions, and supplying
+defects, but introducing no radical change in the general principles
+of our financial system. These bills have already been
+somewhat considered by both branches of the General Assembly,
+but no definite action upon them has yet been had. I respectfully
+recommend an early consideration of the bills, and
+their adoption, with such amendments as, in your judgment, the
+public interests may require.</p>
+
+<p>The destruction of the central lunatic asylum by fire, during
+the night of the 18th inst., causing the death, by suffocation, of
+six of the patients, and incalculable distress and suffering to the
+remainder, will require investigation and prompt action on your
+part. In rebuilding the asylum, the erection of a fire-proof
+building will occur to you as alike the suggestion of prudence
+and humanity.</p>
+
+<p>This calamity also suggests the propriety of examining the
+condition of the other institutions of the State, with a view to
+providing them with every proper means of security against a
+similar disaster.</p>
+
+<p>The interests of common school education, in my opinion, will
+be promoted by the early adoption of county superintendency,
+as provided in a bill on that subject now pending in one branch
+of the General Assembly. I therefore earnestly recommend the
+consideration and passage of the bill.</p>
+
+<p>The commissioner of common schools is required, in the discharge
+of his duties, to pay out each year, for traveling expenses,
+about $700. The propriety of refunding to him, out of the State
+treasury, his traveling expenses, will probably not be called in
+question.</p>
+
+<p>During the last summer, a cattle disease, commonly known as
+the Spanish or Texas cattle fever, occasioned much alarm in the
+grazing counties of the State, and in a few localities caused serious
+loss. On the recommendation of the State board of agriculture,
+in the absence of effective legislation, it was deemed
+proper to appoint commissioners to take such measures as the
+law authorized to prevent the spread of the disease. A proclamation
+was issued to prevent, as far as practicable, the introduction,
+movement, or transportation of diseased cattle within the
+limits of the State. The railroad companies and the owners of
+stock promptly complied with the requirements referred to, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>the injury sustained by the cattle interest was happily not extensive.
+It is believed that, upon investigation, it will be found
+necessary to confer, by law, upon a board of commissioners appointed
+for that purpose, or upon the executive committee of the
+State board of agriculture, power to "stamp out" the disease
+wherever it appears, by destroying all infected cattle, and to prohibit
+or regulate the transportation or movement of stock within
+the State during the prevalence of the disease. To the end that
+proper investigation may be had, I respectfully recommend that
+authority be given to appoint five commissioners to attend a
+meeting of commissioners of other States, to be held for the consideration
+of this subject, at Springfield, Illinois, on the 1st of
+December next&mdash;said commissioners to report the results of their
+investigation in time for action by the present General Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>I submit to your consideration the importance of providing
+for a thorough and comprehensive geological survey of the
+State. Many years ago a partial survey was prosecuted under
+many difficulties and embarrassments, which was fruitful of valuable
+results. It is, beyond doubt, that such a work as it is now
+practicable to carry out will, by making known the mining,
+manufacturing, and agricultural resources of the State, lead to
+their development to an extent which will, within a few years,
+amply reimburse the State for its cost.</p>
+
+<p>The annual report of pardons granted and the commutations of
+the sentences of convicts required by law; a statement in detail
+of the expenditure of the governor's contingent fund; the semi-annual
+report of the commissioners of the sinking fund, for
+May; copies of proclamations issued during the last year; and
+an acknowledgment of the presentation to the State of several
+of the portraits of former governors of Ohio, are transmitted
+herewith.</p>
+
+<p>The most important subject of legislation which, in my judgment,
+requires the attention of the General Assembly at its
+present session, relates to the prevention of frauds upon the
+elective franchise. Intelligent men of all parties are persuaded
+that at the recent important State and National elections great
+abuses of the right of suffrage were practiced. I am not prepared
+to admit that the reports commonly circulated and believed
+in regard to such abuses, would, so far as the elections in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>Ohio are concerned, be fully sustained by a thorough investigation
+of the facts. But it is not doubted that even at the elections
+in our own State frauds were perpetrated to such an extent
+that all good citizens earnestly desire that effective measures
+may be adopted by you to prevent their repetition. No
+elaborate attempt to portray the consequences of this evil is required.
+If it is allowed to increase, the confidence of the people
+in the purity of elections will be lost, and the exercise of the
+right of suffrage will be neglected. To corrupt the ballot box
+is to destroy our free institutions. Let all good citizens, therefore,
+unite in enacting and enforcing laws which will secure honest
+elections.</p>
+
+<p>I submit to your judgment the propriety of such amendments
+to the election laws as will provide, first, for the representation
+of minorities in the boards of the judges and clerks of the elections;
+and second, for the registration of all the lawful voters
+in each township, ward, and election precinct, prior to the
+election.</p>
+
+<p>That the boards of elections ought to be so constituted that
+minorities as well as majorities will have a fair representation in
+them, is so plainly just that in some parts of the State, even in
+times of the highest political excitement, such representation
+has been obtained, in the absence of law, by arrangement between
+the committees of the rival political parties. It is not
+probable that any mode of selecting judges and clerks of elections
+can be adopted which will, in every case, accomplish this
+object. But in all cases where the strength of the minority is
+half, or nearly half as great as that of the majority, the desired
+representation of the minority may be insured with sufficient
+certainty by several different plans. For example, it may be
+provided that at the election of the three judges who are to decide
+all questions at the polls, each elector may be allowed to
+vote for two candidates only, and that the three candidates
+having the highest number of votes shall be declared elected,
+and in like manner that, at the election of the two clerks of elections,
+each elector may vote for one candidate only, and that
+the two candidates receiving the highest number of votes shall
+be declared elected.</p>
+
+<p>I do not lay much stress on the particular plan here suggested,
+but your attention is invited to the importance of a fair repre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>sentation of the minority in all boards of elections, not doubting
+that your wisdom will be able to devise a suitable measure
+to accomplish it.</p>
+
+<p>All parts of the State of Ohio are now so closely connected
+with each other, and with other States, by lines of railway, that
+great and constantly increasing facilities are afforded for the
+perpetration of the class of frauds on the elective franchise,
+commonly known as "colonizing." In the cities, men called
+"repeaters," it is said, are paid wages according to the number
+of unlawful votes they succeed in casting at the same election.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of population adds to the difficulty of detecting
+and preventing fraudulent voting, in whatever mode it may be
+practiced. It is manifestly impossible, amid the hurry and excitement
+of an election, that the legal right to vote, of every
+person who may offer his ballot, should be fully and fairly investigated
+and decided. The experience of many of the older
+States has proved that this can best be done at some period prior
+to the election, so as to give to every legal voter, in an election
+precinct, an opportunity to challenge the claim of any person
+whose right is deemed questionable. Laws to accomplish this
+have been in force in several other States for many years, and
+have been carried out successfully and with the general approval
+of the people. Believing that an act providing for the registration
+of all legal voters is the most effective remedy yet devised
+for the prevention of frauds on the sacred right of suffrage, and
+that a registry law can be so framed that it will deprive no citizen,
+either native born or naturalized, of his just rights, I respectfully
+recommend to your earnest consideration the propriety
+of enacting such a law.</p></div>
+
+<p>The comprehensive geological survey of the State
+recommended in this message was promptly brought
+about through the able co-operation of the Hon.
+Alfred E. Lee, representing Delaware county in the
+House of Representatives, who drew up and reported
+a bill on February 9, 1869, making provision for the
+important object in view. Through the intelligent
+activity of Governor Hayes and Representative Lee,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+the bill became a law, April 2, 1869. The thorough
+scientific survey of the State, since completed under
+the supervision of Professors Newbury, Andrews, and
+Orton, has been of immeasurable value in the way of
+developing the mineral resources of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hayes in this message demands laws
+to secure honest elections, because "to corrupt the
+ballot-box is to destroy our free institutions." He
+recommends laws securing the representation of
+minorities on election boards, and advocates stringent
+registry laws.</p>
+
+<p>In the second annual message, delivered at the close
+of his first term, which we give below, he recommends
+increased powers to the State board of charities; better
+provision for the chronic insane; the establishment
+of a State agricultural college; the founding of
+a home for soldiers' orphans, and restoring the right of
+suffrage to soldiers in the national asylum, to college
+students, and others who had been disfranchised under
+Democratic legislation. He urged also the ratification
+by Ohio of the Fifteenth Amendment. We shall
+speak of the gratifying result of these recommendations
+in our next chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:</i></p>
+
+<p>In obedience to the constitution, I proceed to lay before you
+the condition of the affairs of the State government, and to recommend
+such measures as seem to me expedient.</p>
+
+<p>The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November,
+1868 was $570,120.75; the receipts during the last fiscal year
+were $4,781,614.49; making the total amount of available funds
+in the treasury during the year ending November 15, 1869,
+$5,351,735.24.</p>
+
+<p>The disbursements during the year have been $4,913,675.10,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>which sum has been paid out of the treasury from the several
+funds as follows, viz:</p>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Revenue Fund">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='left'>General revenue fund</td><td align='right'>$1,577,221.18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Canal fund</td><td align='right'>41,783.74</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>National road fund</td><td align='right'>22,069.69</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sinking fund</td><td align='right'>1,775,938.52</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Common school fund</td><td align='right'>1,496,633.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bank redemption fund</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black" align='right'>28.17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Total</td><td align='right'>$4,913,675.10</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<p>Leaving a balance in the treasury, November 15, 1869, of
+$438,060.14.</p>
+
+<p>The estimates of the auditor of State of receipts and expenditures
+for the current year are as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Estimates">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='left'>Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances</td><td align='right'>$4,791,144.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Estimated disbursements for all purposes</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black" align='right'>4,477,899.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Leaving an estimated balance in the treasury
+November 15, 1870, of</td><td align='right'>$313,244.90</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<p>The amount of the public funded debt of the State, November
+15, 1868, was $10,532,675.43. During the last year the fund
+commissioners have redeemed of the various loans $516,093.57,
+and have invested in loans not yet due $160,643.59, leaving the
+total debt yet to be provided for $9,855,938.27.</p>
+
+<p>The whole amount of taxes, including delinquencies, collectible
+under State laws during the year 1869 was $21,006,332.44.
+The auditor of State reports the total amount of taxes, including
+delinquencies, collectible during the current year at $22,810,675.84,
+an increase of the taxes of 1870 over 1869 of $1,804,353.40.</p>
+
+<p>In 1869 there was collected for the sinking fund, to be applied
+to the payment of the principal and interest of the State debt,
+the sum of $1,370,101.12. In the present year there will be collected
+for the same purpose the sum of $808,826.61, or $561,275.51
+less than was collected last year.</p>
+
+<p>A large proportion of the taxes collected from the people are
+for county, city, and other local purposes, and do not pass
+through the State treasury, but are disbursed within the counties
+where they are collected. During the current year the taxes,
+exclusive of delinquencies, to be collected for all State purposes
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>except for the common school fund, amount to $2,542,025.27,
+while $18,187,400.92 are to be collected for local purposes.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing statements from the report of the auditor of
+State show that the taxation of this year for State purposes other
+than for payments on the principal and interest of the State
+debt exceeds the taxation of last year for the same purposes by
+the sum of $609,601.50, and that taxation for local purposes this
+year exceeds that of last year for the same purposes by the sum
+of $1,695,725.38. The local taxes this year are about 44 per cent.
+greater than they were three years ago, and are 10 per cent.
+greater than they were last year.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of taxation for State purposes is in part due to
+the amount collected for the asylum building fund, which exceeds
+the amount required last year for building purposes by
+almost $300,000. Making due allowance for this, the important
+fact remains that both State and local taxes have largely increased.</p>
+
+<p>A remedy for this evil can only be had through the General
+Assembly. The most important measures to prevent this rapid
+increase of taxation, which have heretofore been recommended,
+are a revision of the financial system of the State in accordance
+with bills prepared by a board of commissioners appointed for
+that purpose, in pursuance of an act passed March 18, 1867;
+short sessions of the General Assembly; adequate fixed salaries
+for all State, county, and municipal officers, without perquisites;
+and definite and effectual limitations upon the power of county
+commissioners, city councils, and other local authorities to levy
+taxes and contract debts.</p>
+
+<p>The constitution makes it the duty of the legislature to restrict
+the powers of taxation, borrowing money, and the like, so as to
+prevent their abuse. I respectfully suggest that the present
+laws conferring these powers on local authorities require extensive
+modification, in order to comply with this constitutional
+provision. Two modes of limiting these powers have the sanction
+of experience. All large expenditures should meet the
+approval of those who are to bear their burden. Let all extraordinary
+expenditures therefore be submitted to a vote of the
+people, and no tax be levied unless approved by a majority of
+all the voters of the locality to be affected by the tax, at a
+special election, the number of voters to be ascertained by ref<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>erence to the votes cast at the State election next preceding
+such special election. Another mode is to limit the rate of taxation
+which may be levied and the amount of debt which may
+be incurred. It has been said that with such restrictions upon
+the powers of local authorities the legislature will be importuned
+and its time wasted in hearing applications for special legislation.
+The ready answer to all such applications by local authorities
+will be to refer them to their own citizens for a decision of
+the question. The facility with which affirmative votes can be
+obtained under the pressure of temporary excitement upon
+propositions authorizing indebtedness may require further restrictions
+upon the power to borrow money. It is therefore
+suggested, for your consideration, to limit the amount of debt
+for a single purpose, and the total amount for all purposes
+which any local authority may contract to a certain percentage
+of the taxable property of such locality.</p>
+
+<p>The evils here considered are not new. Fourteen years ago
+Governor Medill, in his annual message, used the following language,
+which is as applicable to county and municipal affairs
+now as it was when it was written: "The irresponsible and extravagant
+system of administration which prevails in some of
+our counties and cities furnishes the principal cause for the exactions
+which are so generally complained of. There public
+contracts are given to favorites, which occasion the most lavish
+expenditures. There also we find officers with incomes which
+shock all correct ideas of public compensation. These things
+have their effect upon the general tone of public morals.
+County reform is a duty enjoined by every consideration of
+public virtue."</p>
+
+<p>The whole of this important subject is commended to your
+candid consideration.</p>
+
+<p>The management of the affairs of the penitentiary, during the
+past year, has been good; discipline has been maintained;
+under kind and judicious treatment the prisoners have been industrious
+and orderly, and the pecuniary results are satisfactory.
+The number of prisoners, on the 31st of October, 1869, was 974,
+and the number of convicts admitted during the year ending
+on that day was 347. This is a decrease compared with the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>preceding year, of 27 in the number of convicts admitted, and
+of 67 in the number confined in the penitentiary.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Earnings">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='left'>The earnings during the year ending October 31, were</td><td align='right'>$175,663.06</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The expenses were</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black" align='right'>143,635.83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Excess of earnings over expenditures</td><td align='right'>$32,027.23</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Last year the earnings were</td><td align='right'>$171,037.45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The expenses were</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black" align='right'>141,794.95</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>And the excess of earnings over expenses were</td><td align='right'>$29,242.50</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>A large proportion of the convicts, when admitted, are quite
+young. The age of about one-third does not exceed twenty-one
+years. More than two-thirds of the inmates of the prison are
+now under thirty years of age. It will occur to any one who
+considers these facts that, under our system of prison discipline,
+too little effort has heretofore been made to reform these young
+men. A high authority has said, "No human being is so debased
+and wicked that he can not be reclaimed." It is believed
+that, under a wise system, the young, at least, can be reformed
+and prepared for useful and worthy citizenship. The present
+system has two capital defects&mdash;the mingling in intimate association
+of the young with the hardened criminals, and the failure
+to educate the convicts in habits of thrift and self-control. The
+defects are in the system. The convict, when he leaves the penitentiary,
+is exposed to greater temptations than ever before, and
+the result of his prison life is that he has less power to resist
+evil influences, and, too often, less disposition to resist them. I
+do not enlarge upon the objections to the present system; it is
+not claimed to be reformatory. In a recent report, the directors
+said: "The great mass of convicts still leave the penitentiary
+apparently as hardened and as dangerous to the State as they
+were when they were sentenced." The vital question is, how to
+remove this reproach on our penal legislation. In considering
+it, I commend to you the remarks of the board of State charities
+on the Irish convict system. The distinguishing merit of
+that system is, that "it enlists the co-operation of the prisoner
+in his own amendment, without withholding from him the pun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>ishment due to his crime." If the adoption of that system, with
+such modifications as our condition requires, is deemed an experiment
+which it is inexpedient for the State to try until its
+advantages are better understood, I submit that the least that
+ought now to be attempted is to provide for a classification of
+convicts, so as to separate beginners in crime from hardened offenders.
+Whether this can best be done by alterations and an
+extension of the present penitentiary or by the erection of a new
+one, is for your wisdom to determine.</p>
+
+<p>In several other States voluntary associations have been
+formed to provide for, encourage, and furnish employment to
+discharged convicts, and their efforts have been of incalculable
+benefit to this unfortunate class. If a similar association should
+be formed by the benevolent citizens of Ohio, they will reasonably
+expect to receive proper assistance from the General Assembly,
+and in that expectation I trust they will not be disappointed.</p>
+
+<p>The total number of persons of school age in the State, in
+1869, was officially reported at 1,028,675&mdash;an increase of 11,108
+over the previous year. The total number enrolled in the public
+schools in 1869 was 740,382&mdash;an increase of 8,610 over the year
+1868. The average daily attendance in the public schools in
+1869 was 434,865&mdash;an increase over 1868 of 24,144.</p>
+
+<p>The total taxes for schools, school buildings, and all other purposes,
+the present fiscal year, is $6,578,196.83&mdash;an increase over
+the taxation of the previous fiscal year of $616,795.68. Of this
+increase of taxation, the sum of $17,833.86 is in the State taxation
+for school purposes, and the sum of $598,991.82 is the increase
+of local school taxation.</p>
+
+<p>The State commissioner of common schools, in his report, will
+recommend the adoption of county superintendency, the substitution
+of township boards of education to provide for the
+present system of township and sub-district boards, a codification
+of school laws and other important measures, to which your
+attention is respectfully called.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to the organization of the board of state charities in
+1867, there was no provision for a systematic examination of the
+benevolent and correctional institutions under the control of the
+State and local authorities. The members of the board serve
+without pecuniary compensation. It is simple justice to them
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>to say that they have faithfully performed the thankless task of
+investigating and reporting the defects in the system and in the
+administration of our charitable and penal laws, and have furnished
+in their reports information and suggestions of great
+value. If it is true that an abuse exposed is half corrected, it
+would be difficult to overestimate their work. They have, their
+reports show, discovered abuses and cruelties practiced, under
+color of law, in the midst of communities noted for intelligence
+and virtue, which would disgrace any age. Let the board be
+granted increased powers and facilities for the discharge of their
+duties, and it will afford security&mdash;perhaps the best attainable&mdash;to
+the people of the State, that the munificent provision which
+the laws make for the poor and unfortunate, will not be wasted
+or misapplied by the officials who are charged with its distribution.</p>
+
+<p>During the last year more than nine hundred persons, classed
+as incurably insane, have been lodged in the county infirmaries,
+and almost one hundred have been confined in the county jails.
+Besides these a large number of the same class of unfortunates
+have been taken care of by relatives or friends. The State
+should no longer postpone making suitable provision for these
+unfortunate people. The treatment they receive in the infirmaries
+and jails is always of necessity unsuited to their condition,
+and is often atrocious. To provide for them, I would not recommend
+an increase of the number of asylums for the insane.
+It is believed by those best acquainted with the subject, that
+both economy and the welfare of the patients require that the
+chronic insane should be provided for by additions to the asylums
+already built, or to those which are now building. It is
+probable that in this way such patients can be supported at less
+expense to the people of the State than in infirmaries and
+jails. However this may be, their present condition imperatively
+demands, and, I trust, will receive, the serious consideration
+of the General Assembly. Although commonly classed as
+incurable, it is quite certain that, by proper treatment, in suitable
+institutions, the condition of all of them will be vastly improved,
+and, it may well be hoped, that many of them can be
+entirely cured.</p>
+
+<p>The expediency of establishing an asylum for the cure of inebriates
+has not been much considered in Ohio. The encourag<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>ing results which are reported by the officers in charge of the
+State inebriate asylum of New York, induce me to recommend
+that the General Assembly provide for a full investigation of the
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>The agricultural and mechanical college fund, created by the
+sale of land-script issued to Ohio by the National government,
+amounted, on the first instant, to $404,911.37-1/2. The State accepted
+the grant out of which this fund has been created, February
+10, 1864, and is bound by the terms of acceptance, as modified
+by Congress, to provide "not less than one college on or before
+July 2, 1872, where the leading object shall be, without excluding
+other scientific and classical studies, and including military
+tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to
+agriculture and the mechanic arts." The manner in which this
+fund shall be disposed of has been amply considered by preceding
+General Assemblies, and in the messages of my predecessors
+in the executive office. I respectfully urge that such action be
+had as will render this fund available for the important purposes
+for which it was granted. It is not probable that further delay
+will furnish additional information on any of the important
+questions involved in its disposition. Much time and attention
+has been given to the subject of the location of the college. No
+doubt it will be of great benefit to the county in which it shall
+be established, but the main object of desire with the people of
+the State can be substantially accomplished at any one of the
+places which have been prominently named as the site of the
+college. I therefore trust that the friends of education will not
+allow differences upon a question of comparatively small importance
+to the people at large longer to postpone the establishment
+of the institution, in compliance with the obligation of the
+State.</p>
+
+<p>A large part of the work required to complete the "Soldiers'
+Record," in pursuance of an act passed March 17, 1864, has already
+been done, at an expense of about $8,000, and the propriety
+of making an appropriation sufficient to enable the adjutant-general
+to complete it is respectfully suggested for your consideration.</p>
+
+<p>During the war for the Union, the people of this State acknowledged
+their obligation to support the families of their absent
+soldiers, and undertook to meet it, not as charity, but as
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>a partial compensation justly due for services rendered. The
+Nation is saved, and the obligation to care for the orphans of the
+men who died to save it still remains to be fulfilled. It is officially
+estimated that three hundred soldiers' orphans, during the
+past year, have been inmates of the county infirmaries of the
+State. It is the uniform testimony of the directors of county
+infirmaries that those institutions are wholly unfit for children;
+that in a majority of cases they are sadly neglected; and that
+even in the best infirmaries the children are subject to the worst
+moral influences. Left by the death of their patriotic fathers in
+this deplorable condition, it is the duty of the State to assume
+their guardianship, and to provide support, education, and
+homes to all who need them. The people of Ohio regret that
+this duty has been so long neglected. I do not doubt that it will
+afford you great gratification to give to this subject early and
+favorable attention.</p>
+
+<p>All agree that a republican government will fail, unless the
+purity of elections is preserved. Convinced that great abuses
+of the elective franchise can not be prevented under existing
+legislation, I have heretofore recommended the enactment of a
+registry law, and also of some appropriate measure to secure to
+the minority, as far as practicable, a representation upon all
+boards of elections. There is much opposition to the enactment
+of a registry law. Without yielding my own settled convictions
+in favor of such a law, I content myself, in this communication,
+with urging upon your attention a measure of reform in the
+manner of conducting elections, the importance and justice of
+which no one ventures to deny. The conduct of the officers
+whose duty at elections it is to receive and count the ballots,
+and to make returns of the result, ought to be above suspicion.
+This can rarely be the case where they all belong to the same
+political party. A fair representation of the minority will go
+far, not only to prevent fraud, but, what is almost of equal importance,
+remove the suspicion of fraud. I do not express any
+preference for any particular plan of securing minority representation
+in the boards of judges and clerks of elections. Various
+modes have been suggested, and it will not be difficult to
+adopt a means of attaining the desired result which will harmonize
+with our system of election law.</p>
+
+<p>The re-enactment of the law securing to the disabled volun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>teer soldiers who are inmates of the National asylum, near Dayton,
+the right of suffrage in the county and township in which
+said asylum is located, which was repealed April 17, 1868, and
+the repeal of the legislation of the last General Assembly, imposing
+special restrictions upon the exercise of the right of suffrage
+by students and by citizens having a visible admixture of
+African blood, are measures so clearly demanded by impartial
+justice and public sentiment that no argument in their support
+is deemed necessary.</p>
+
+<p>I transmit herewith the report required by law of the pardons
+granted during the year ending November 15, 1869, a report of
+the expenditures of the Governor's contingent fund, copies of
+proclamations issued during the year, and several communications
+accompanying gifts to the State of portraits of former Governors.</p>
+
+<p>The most important measure which it will be your duty to
+consider at your present session is the proposed amendment to
+the constitution of the United States. I do not feel called upon
+to discuss its merits. The great body of that part of the people
+of Ohio who sustain the laws for the reconstruction of the States
+lately in rebellion believe that the fifteenth amendment is just
+and wise. Many other citizens who would not support the
+amendment if it was presented as the inauguration of a new
+policy, in view of the fact that impartial suffrage is already established
+in the States most largely interested in the question,
+now regard the amendment as the best mode of getting rid of a
+controversy which ought no longer to remain unsettled. Believing
+that the measure is right, and that the people of Ohio approve
+it, I earnestly recommend the ratification of the fifteenth
+amendment to the constitution of the United States.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h3>SECOND ELECTION AS GOVERNOR.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Re-nomination&mdash;Democratic Platform&mdash;Nomination of
+Rosecrans&mdash;Declines&mdash;Pendleton Nominated&mdash;Hayes
+at Wilmington&mdash;Election&mdash;Second Inaugural&mdash;Civil
+Service Reform&mdash;Short Addresses&mdash;Letters&mdash;Annual
+Message&mdash;Democratic Estimate of it&mdash;Davidson Fountain
+Address&mdash;Message of</i> 1872&mdash;<i>Work Accomplished.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>The State Convention of the Republican party of
+Ohio, which met at Columbus, June 23, 1869, nominated
+Governor Hayes for a second term by acclamation.</p>
+
+<p>So acceptable was his two years' administration of
+the chief executive office of the State, that no competitor
+entered the lists against him or contended
+with him for the nomination. On the question of
+his re-nomination the unanimity in his party was absolute.
+He appeared before the convention, in response
+to its invitation, and delivered the speech printed in
+the <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a> to this volume, which sounded the key-note
+of the campaign. We ask the reader to turn, at
+this point, to this speech, as it is impossible to epitomize
+it without filling as much space as is filled by
+the speech itself. The well-founded and well-supported
+charges he made against the Democratic Legislature
+of the State brought upon him the savage
+strictures of the Democratic partisan press, showing
+that he had penetrated the weak point in his adversaries'
+somewhat defenseless defenses.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Republican platform condemned the reckless
+expenditures of the Legislature, its efforts to disfranchise
+soldiers, students, and all having African blood
+in their veins, and squarely declared for the ratification
+of the fifteenth amendment.</p>
+
+<p>The Democratic Convention, which assembled July
+7, 1869, denounced the fifteenth amendment, and had
+much to say about the reserved rights of the States.
+The platform contained these resolutions, which sound,
+at this day, like an inscription from the tombs of the
+Ptolemys:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the exemption from tax of over $2,500,000,000
+in government bonds and securities is unjust to the people and
+ought not to be tolerated; and that we are opposed to any
+appropriation for the payment of interest on the bonds until
+they are made subject to taxation.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the claims of the bondholders, that the bonds
+which were bought with greenbacks, and the principal of which
+is by law payable in currency, should nevertheless be paid in
+gold, is unjust and extortionate; and, if persisted in, will inevitably
+force upon the people the question of repudiation."</p></div>
+
+<p>Here we have the bald proposition to repudiate the
+interest on the public debt unless it is taxed contrary
+to law, as made known by repeated decisions of the
+Supreme Court of the United States; and secondly,
+the direct threat to repudiate the principal of the National
+debt unless it is paid off in broken promises to
+pay. As the greenback is simply a debt or a due bill,
+this paying debts with debts was a patentable discovery
+in the science of finance. Taken in connection
+with the declaration of Vallandigham in the canvass
+before, that the whole bonded debt should be immediately
+"paid" in greenbacks, the resolution simply<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+meant that the war debt should not be paid at all.
+This robbing the men whose money saved the Republic
+was not acceptable then to the farmers and laborers
+of Ohio, and will probably not now be more acceptable
+to the capitalists of New York. It is well, however,
+to recall the antecedents of a party that first tried to get
+into power through discreditable expedients, before resorting
+to a declaration of honest principles in finance.</p>
+
+<p>The convention took a "new departure," and, putting
+aside Ranney and Pendleton, nominated General
+W. S. Rosecrans for governor, who was then absent
+from the country. This nomination was mainly
+brought about through the zealous efforts of Messrs.
+Vallandigham, Callen, and Baber.</p>
+
+<p>The opinions General Rosecrans entertained of his
+new-found friends were not favorable. In a letter
+dated February 3, 1863, from Murfreesboro, Tennessee,
+General Rosecrans, in speaking of the slave-holding
+insurgents, had used this language:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Wherever they have the power they drive before them into
+their ranks the Southern people, and they would also drive us.
+Trust them not. Were they able they would invade and destroy
+us without mercy. Absolutely assured of these things, I am
+amazed that any one could think of 'peace on any terms.'</p>
+
+<p>"He who entertains the sentiment is fit only to be a slave; he
+who utters it at this time is, moreover, a traitor to his country,
+who deserves the scorn and contempt of all honorable men."</p></div>
+
+<p>Rosecrans declined the nomination, and George H.
+Pendleton, after just enough hesitation to impart a
+proper value to his consent, consented to fill the vacant
+place at the head of the ticket.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hayes, aided by Senator Morton, opened
+the active campaign in a speech delivered at Wilming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>ton, August 12, devoted mainly to the discussion of
+National and State finances. In the course of this
+speech Governor Hayes said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When the rebellion broke out, what was its chance for success?
+It had just one&mdash;a divided North. A divided North was
+its only chance. A united North was bound to crush the rebellion
+within two years after the firing on Sumter. A divided
+North encouraged the aristocratic enemies of free government
+in every land to build Alabamas and Shenandoahs that scourged
+the seas and swept away our commerce from the ocean. A divided
+North encouraged the Emperor of France to proclaim to
+everybody that sooner or later he proposed to intervene. A divided
+North encouraged rebel leaders to believe that sooner or
+later our armies must disband and come home.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, I say to you that Pendleton was the selected and
+chosen leader of the Peace Party of the Northwest&mdash;the leader
+of the party that <i>made</i> a divided North. They talk of the debt
+and the great burden of taxation. We talked sadly of the loss
+of valuable lives that went down in the storm of battle. I say
+to you that the fact of a divided North doubled the debt and
+doubled the loss of valuable lives."</p></div>
+
+<p>The campaign was an important one to Mr. Pendleton.
+Had he been successful he would undoubtedly
+have been the Democratic candidate for the presidency.
+A leading journal of the State said: "The
+gubernatorial contest is but a side-show. We are
+already entering upon the next presidential canvass,
+and Ohio is the key to the position." Nevertheless,
+Republican success was too certain to make the contest
+so warm a one as that of two years before. The
+State had been organized by townships and school
+districts and polled. So accurate was this poll that
+predictions as to the result, sealed and filed a week prior
+to the election by each of the members of the Republi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>can State Executive Committee, the writer being one,
+varied only from two hundred to three thousand votes
+of the final result. Hayes' majority in '69 was 7,506&mdash;a
+little above the average majority. The canvass was
+fought largely upon the issue of the greenback payment
+of the debt. The Pendleton plan of indirect
+repudiation failed, and the rag infant was decently interred,
+to await an inglorious resurrection.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hayes was re-inaugurated January 10,
+1870, on which occasion he delivered the following
+address:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:</i></p>
+
+<p>In the annual message transmitted to the General Assembly
+a few days ago, a brief exposition of the condition of the State
+government was given, and such measures were recommended
+as the public good seemed to me to require. It will therefore
+not be expected that on this occasion I should again discuss
+subjects pertaining to the usual routine of legislation.</p>
+
+<p>The most important questions concerning State affairs which
+in the ordinary course of events will engage the attention of the
+people of Ohio, during the term of office upon which I now enter,
+are those which relate to the action of a Constitutional Convention
+authorized to be called by a vote of the people at the
+October election in 1871. The present organic law provides for
+submitting to the electors of the State, once in twenty years, the
+question of holding "a convention to revise, alter, or amend the
+constitution." It is no disparagement of the work of the last
+Constitutional Convention to say that experience has already
+demonstrated the wisdom of this provision. It would be strange,
+indeed, if the last eighteen years had developed no defects in
+the constitution of 1851.</p>
+
+<p>It is, perhaps, not improper at this time to call attention to
+some of the amendments of the existing fundamental law which
+the next Constitutional Convention will probably be required to
+consider.</p>
+
+<p>The provision of the present constitution which prohibits the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>General Assembly from authorizing "any county, city, town, or
+township, by vote of its citizens or otherwise," from giving aid to
+any "company, corporation, or association," was designed to
+remedy an evil of the gravest magnitude. Unlimited power to
+authorize counties, cities, and towns to subscribe to the stock of
+railroad companies had burdened the people of the State with indebtedness
+and taxation to an extent which threatened bankruptcy.
+Experience has shown, however, that the clauses of
+the constitution on this subject are so sweeping that they are
+almost equivalent to a prohibition of the construction of railroads,
+except where those who control the existing railroad lines
+furnish the means. In many localities, the people are thus deprived
+of the only artificial instrumentality for intercourse with
+other parts of the State and country which is now regarded as
+valuable. By reason of it, important sources of wealth in large
+sections of the State remain undeveloped. It is believed that
+amendments can be framed, under which effective local aid can
+be furnished for the building of railroads, and which, at the same
+time, shall be so guarded and limited as to prevent a dangerous
+abuse of the power.</p>
+
+<p>For many years political influence and political services have
+been essential qualifications for employment in the civil service,
+whether State or National. As a general rule, such employments
+are regarded as terminating with the defeat of the political
+party under which they began. All political parties have
+adopted this rule. In many offices the highest qualifications are
+only obtained by experience. Such are the positions of the warden
+of the penitentiary and his subordinates, and the superintendents
+of asylums and reformatories and their assistants.
+But the rule is applied to these as well as to other offices and
+employments. A change in the political character of the executive
+and legislative branches of the government is followed by a
+change of the officers and employs in all of the departments
+and institutions of the State. Efficiency and fidelity to duty do
+not prolong the employment; unfitness and neglect of duty do
+not always shorten it. The evils of this system in State affairs
+are, perhaps, of small moment compared with those which prevail
+under the same system in the transaction of the business
+of the National government. But at no distant day they are
+likely to become serious, even in the administration of State af<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>fairs. The number of persons employed in the various offices
+and institutions of the State must increase, under the most economical
+management, in equal ratio with the growth of our
+population and business.</p>
+
+<p>A radical reform in the civil service of the general government
+has been proposed. The plan is to make qualifications,
+and not political services and influence, the chief test in determining
+appointments, and to give subordinates in the civil service
+the same permanency of place which is enjoyed by officers
+of the army and navy. The introduction of this reform will be
+attended with some difficulties. But in revising our State constitution,
+if this object is kept constantly in view, there is little
+reason to doubt that it can be successfully accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Our judicial system is plainly inadequate to the wants of the
+people of the State. Extensive alterations of existing provisions
+must be made. The suggestions I desire to present in this
+connection are as to the manner of selecting judges, their terms
+of office, and their salaries. It is fortunately true that the judges
+of our courts have heretofore been, for the most part, lawyers of
+learning, ability, and integrity. But it must be remembered
+that the tremendous events and the wonderful progress of the
+last few years are working great changes in the condition of our
+society. Hitherto population has been sparse, property not unequally
+distributed, and the bad elements which so frequently
+control large cities have been almost unknown in our State.
+But with a dense population crowding into towns and cities,
+with vast wealth accumulating in the hands of a few persons or
+corporations, it is to be apprehended that the time is coming
+when judges elected by popular vote, for short official terms, and
+poorly paid, will not possess the independence required to protect
+individual rights. Under the National constitution, judges
+are nominated by the executive and confirmed by the Senate,
+and hold office during good behavior. It is worthy of consideration
+whether a return to the system established by the fathers
+is not the dictate of the highest prudence. I believe that a system
+under which judges are so appointed, for long terms and
+with adequate salaries, will afford to the citizen the amplest possible
+security that impartial justice will be administered by an
+independent judiciary.</p>
+
+<p>I forbear to consider further at this time the interesting ques<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>tions which will arise in the revision and amendment of the
+constitution. Convinced of the soundness of the maxim that
+"that government is best which governs least," I would resist
+the tendency common to all systems to enlarge the functions of
+government. The law should touch the rights, the business, and
+the feelings of the citizen at as few points as is consistent with
+the preservation of order and the maintenance of justice. If
+every department of government is kept within its own sphere,
+and every officer performs faithfully his own duty without magnifying
+his office, harmony, efficiency, and economy will prevail.</p>
+
+<p>Under the providence of God, the people of this State have
+greatly prospered. But in their prosperity they can not forget
+"him who hath borne the battle, nor his widow, nor his orphan,"
+nor the thousands of other sufferers in our midst, who
+are entitled to sympathy and relief. They are to be found
+in our hospitals, our infirmaries, our asylums, our prisons, and in
+the abodes of the unfortunate and the erring. The Founder of
+our religion, whose spirit should pervade our laws, and animate
+those who enact and those who enforce them, by His teaching
+and His example, has admonished us to deal with all the victims
+of adversity as the children of our common Father. With this
+duty performed, we may confidently hope that for long ages to
+come our country will continue to be the home of freedom and
+the refuge of the oppressed.</p>
+
+<p>Grateful to the people of Ohio for the honors they have conferred,
+I approach a second term in the executive office, deeply
+solicitous to discharge, as far as in me lies, the obligations and
+duties which their partial judgment has imposed.</p></div>
+
+<p>The most striking part of the address is that which
+relates to reform in the civil service of the State
+and the Nation. Governor Hayes proposes to reform
+the civil service of the State <i>by means of a constitutional
+provision in a new State constitution</i>. This
+method of reformation is radical, and, we believe, original.
+It suggests the pertinent query, whether reform
+in the civil service of the Nation can not be best accomplished
+through a new provision in the National<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+constitution. Can permanency and stability be secured
+in the civil service of the Republic in any other
+certain way than by a constitutional amendment?
+Civil service reformers need hardly waste their time
+discussing methods and systems less radical and fundamental.
+It must be recorded to the honor of Governor
+Hayes that he, more than six years ago, suggested
+the only true solution to the civil service problem,
+by proposing to place that service beyond disturbance
+from the fluctuating fortunes of political
+parties. He has, therefore, been an advanced civil
+service reformer more than the sixteenth of a century;
+not, like Mr. Tilden, for six months prior to a presidential
+election.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1869, he wrote to a friend in Congress:
+"We must have a genuine retrenchment and economy.
+The monthly reduction of the debt is of far
+more consequence than the reduction of taxation in
+any form. I hope, too, you will abolish the franking
+privilege and adopt the general principles of Trumbull's
+bill and Jencke's bill. It would please the people
+and be right and wise."</p>
+
+<p>It is hardly needful to add that the bills referred to
+were the best civil service bills then before Congress.</p>
+
+<p>In this same address, the governor boldly declares
+against the heresy of an elective judiciary, and favors
+the system established by Madison, Hamilton, and
+Washington, which has given us a Jay, a Story, and
+a Marshall.</p>
+
+<p>During the occupancy of his office as executive of
+the State, Governor Hayes, on a vast variety of occasions,
+was called upon to deliver speeches and addresses
+on all classes of subjects. These efforts are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+all admirable in their way, and give evidences of fine
+literary taste, great good judgment, and what Dickens
+called "a sense of the proprieties."</p>
+
+<p>We can find space for portions only of a few of
+these addresses. In an address of welcome on the
+occasion of the great exposition of textile fabrics,
+held in Cincinnati, in August, 1869, the governor of
+Ohio said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We meet at a most auspicious period in our country's history.
+Our greeting and welcome to citizens of other States are
+'without any mental reservation whatever.' It is plain that we
+are entering upon an era of good feeling, not known before in
+the life-time of the present generation. For almost half a century
+the great sectional bitterness which is now so rapidly and so
+happily disappearing, and which we know can never be revived,
+carried discord, division, and weakness into every enterprise requiring
+the united efforts of citizens of different States. Now
+the causes of strife have been swept away, and their last vestiges
+will soon be buried out of sight. Good men will no longer waste
+their strength in mutual crimination or recrimination about the
+past. The people of different sections of our country will hereafter
+be able to act, not merely with intelligence and energy,
+but with entire harmony and unity; in any enterprise which
+promises an increase of human welfare and human happiness.</p>
+
+<p>"This association, then, is working in perfect accord with the
+spirit of the times. The development of new resources, the
+opening of new paths to skill and labor, the discovery of new
+methods, the invention of new machinery and implements, and
+the employment of capital in new and useful pursuits&mdash;these are
+the objects which associations like this aim to accomplish. All
+who encourage these things, and who desire to aid in such
+achievements, deserve a hearty welcome wherever they may go,
+and will, I assure you, always find it, as you do now, in the State
+of Ohio."</p></div>
+
+<p>Soon after the death of Secretary Stanton, and near
+the beginning of the governor's second term, a meet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>ing of members of the Ohio bar was held in the room
+of the Supreme Court of Ohio, to take action with
+reference to the loss of their former associate and
+friend. On this occasion Governor Hayes said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I shall not undertake to describe the life and character and
+services of Mr. Stanton. Few men&mdash;very few men&mdash;ever possessed
+such learning, such intellect, such energy, such courage,
+such will, such honesty, such patriotism, in one word, such manhood,
+as belonged to him. All of his great powers and qualities
+he gave to the performance of duty, and with them he gave also
+life itself.</p>
+
+<p>"Our profession rejoices that Mr. Stanton was an eminent
+lawyer. Our State rejoices that he was her great son. Our
+country and our age may well rejoice that he lived in this age
+and in this country. The members of our profession, the people
+of our State and of the Nation, and all mankind do honor
+to themselves in striving to do honor to the memory of such a
+man as Edwin M. Stanton."</p></div>
+
+<p>It can be readily understood why a robust, positive,
+hard-fighting soldier like Hayes, should so ardently
+give his admiration to a firm-sinewed, iron-nerved,
+masculine man like the great minister of war.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of April, 1870, the colored people of
+Central Ohio celebrated the adoption of the Fifteenth
+Amendment at an immense meeting held in the opera
+house in Columbus. Governor Hayes, as their chosen
+orator, delivered the following brief address, which
+seems the inspiration of one who has the logic of history
+in his head and humanity in his heart:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Fellow-citizens</span>:&mdash;We celebrate to-night the final triumph of
+a righteous cause after a long, eventful, memorable struggle.
+The conflict which Mr. Seward pronounced "irrepressible" at
+last is ended. The house which was divided against itself, and
+which, therefore, according to Mr. Lincoln, could not stand as it
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>was, is divided no longer; and we may now rationally hope that
+under Providence it is destined to stand&mdash;long to stand the
+home of freedom, and the refuge of the oppressed of every race
+and of every clime.</p>
+
+<p>The great leading facts of the contest are so familiar that I
+need not attempt to recount them. They belong to the history of
+two famous wars&mdash;the war of the Revolution and the war of the
+Rebellion&mdash;and are part of the story of almost a hundred years
+of civil strife. They began with Bunker Hill and Yorktown,
+with the Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the
+Federal Constitution. They end with Fort Sumter and the fall
+of Richmond, with the Emancipation Proclamation and the
+Anti-Slavery and Equal Rights Amendments to the Constitution
+of the Nation. These long and anxious years were not years of
+unbroken ceaseless warfare. There were periods of lull, of
+truce, of compromise. But every lull was short-lived, every truce
+was hollow, and every compromise, however pure the motives of
+its authors, proved deceitful and vain. There could be no lasting
+peace until the great wrong was destroyed, and impartial
+justice established.</p>
+
+<p>The history of this period is adorned with a long list of illustrious
+names&mdash;with the names of men who were indeed "Solomons
+in council and Sampsons in the field." At its beginning
+there were Washington, Franklin, and Hamilton, and their compeers;
+and in the last great crisis Providence was equally gracious,
+and gave us such men as Lincoln, and Stanton, and George
+H. Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>All who faithfully bore their part in the great conflict may
+now with grateful hearts rejoice that it is forever ended.</p>
+
+<p>The newly-made citizens who seem to carry off the lion's share
+of the fruits of the victory&mdash;it is especially fitting and proper that
+they should assemble to congratulate each other, and to be congratulated
+by all of us that they now enjoy for the first time
+in full measure the blessings of freedom and manhood.</p>
+
+<p>Those, also, who have opposed many of the late steps in the
+great progress&mdash;it is a satisfaction to know that so large a number
+of them gracefully acquiesce in the decision of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>The war of races, which it was so confidently predicted would
+follow the enfranchisement of the colored people&mdash;where was it
+in the elections in Ohio last week? In a few localities the old
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>prejudice and fanaticism made, we hope, their last appearance.
+There was barely enough angry dissent to remind us of the barbarism
+of slavery which has passed away forever. Generally
+throughout the State, and especially in the cities of Cincinnati,
+Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, and Toledo, where the new element
+is large, those who strove to avert the result over which we
+rejoice, leaders as well as followers, were conspicuous in setting
+an example of obedience to the law.</p>
+
+<p>Not the least among the causes for congratulation to-night is
+the confidence we have that the enfranchised people will prove
+worthy of American citizenship. No true patriot wishes to see
+them exhibit a blind and unthinking attachment to mere party;
+but all good men wish to see them cultivate habits of industry and
+thrift, and to exhibit intelligence and virtue, and at every election
+to be earnestly solicitous to array themselves on the side of
+law and order, liberty and progress, education and religion.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following letters, written during 1870, have
+come under our observation. We reproduce them
+because they exhibit to some extent opinions and
+character.</p>
+
+<p>In one dated March 1, 1870, these passages occur:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I also agree with you perfectly on the spoils doctrine. This
+you would know if you had read my last inaugural. I am glad
+you do not bore yourself with such reading generally, but you are
+in for it now, as I shall send you a copy. I, too, mean to be out
+of politics. The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment gives
+me the boon of equality before the law, terminates my enlistment,
+and discharges me cured."</p></div>
+
+<p>Another letter, dated June 2d, in reply to a stranger
+in Baltimore, shows his tender regard for the private
+soldier, whether he be living or dead:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I acknowledge with great gratification the receipt of your
+letter of the 30th, informing me of your patriotic attention to
+the grave of an Ohio soldier in your city on Decoration Day."</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+
+<p>"Be pleased to accept my thanks for your generous action, and for
+courtesy of your letter."</p></div>
+
+<p>To a friend in Congress he writes, on June 13th:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"You will as astonished as I was by this decision as to the
+right of the soldiers to vote at the Dayton National Asylum.
+But there it is. How can we get rid of it? Can you pass an act
+of Congress that will avoid it? I feel like saying that the soldiers
+must vote as usual, and test the case again. I merely call your
+attention to it with a view to Congressional action. You recollect
+the act ceding jurisdiction expressly provided that residents
+of Ohio retained the right to vote."</p></div>
+
+<p>To the president of the Commercial Union of New
+York he wrote, June 20th:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of
+the 10th instant, inviting me to attend a meeting of the Commercial
+Union of the State of New York, to be held in the city
+of Rochester on the 15th of July next, and to express my regret
+that prior engagements will prevent me from being present on
+that occasion. The subject to be considered&mdash;cheap transportation
+between the East and West&mdash;is of importance to the
+whole country, and especially to the State of Ohio. Earnestly
+hoping that the deliberations of the meeting will greatly promote
+this object, I remain, etc."</p></div>
+
+<p>January 3, 1871, Governor Hayes delivered the following
+important annual message:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly</i>:</p>
+
+<p>The official reports, which the law requires to be annually
+made to the governor, show that the affairs of the various departments
+of the State government and of the State institutions
+have been conducted during the past year in a satisfactory manner.
+I shall not attempt to give a synopsis of the facts and figures
+which the reports contain. The most important parts of them
+have been spread before the people of the State by the news<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>paper press, and the details which may be desired with a view
+to legislation can be best obtained from the reports themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I also refrain from making many recommendations. Believing
+that too frequent changes of the laws and too much legislation
+are serious evils, I respectfully suggest that upon many subjects
+it may be well to defer legislation until the people have
+acted upon the question of calling a constitutional convention.
+If such a convention shall be called, it is not improbable that
+the General Assembly will be clothed with powers essentially different
+from those conferred by the present fundamental law in
+respect to the judiciary, railroads, intemperance, and many
+other important subjects, and that the legislature itself will be
+so constituted as to secure to minorities a fairer representation
+than they now enjoy.</p>
+
+<p>The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November,
+1869, was $438,060.14; the receipts during the year were $4,399,932.53;
+making the total amount of available funds in the treasury
+during the year $4,837,992.67.</p>
+
+<p>The disbursements during the year have been $4,071,954.57;
+leaving a balance in the treasury, November 15, 1870, of $766,038.10.</p>
+
+<p>The estimates of the auditor of State for the current year are
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances, $5,670,205.10;
+estimated disbursements for all purposes, $5,163,976.01;
+leaving an estimated balance in the treasury, November, 15, 1871,
+of $506,229.09.</p>
+
+<p>The public funded debt of the State on the 15th of November,
+1869, after deducting the amount invested in loans not yet due,
+was $9,855,938.27. During the last year there has been redeemed
+of the various loans, and invested in loans not yet due, the sum
+of $123,860.36, leaving the total debt due November 15, 1870,
+$9,732,077.91.</p>
+
+<p>The fund commissioners were prepared to pay off a larger
+amount of the debt than has been actually discharged during
+the year, but none of the bonds of the State were due, and some
+of the holders demanded ten or twelve per cent premium, and
+others refused to surrender their bonds at any price.</p>
+
+<p>The constant and rapid increase of taxation demands consideration.
+The following table, showing the taxation for different
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>purposes in 1860 and in 1870, and the increase of taxation in ten
+years, sufficiently exhibits the nature and extent of the evil.</p>
+<br />
+
+<center>AMOUNT OF TAXES LEVIED.</center>
+<br />
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Amount of Taxes Levied">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='center'>For what purpose.</td><td align='center'> 1860.</td><td align='center'> 1870.</td><td align='center'> Increase.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>County taxes</td><td align='right'> $1,309,137.46</td><td align='right'> $1,975,088.71</td><td align='right'> $665,951.25</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Bridge taxes</td><td align='right'> 487,538.40</td><td align='right'> 1,474,148.18</td><td align='right'> 1,036,609.78</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Poor taxes</td><td align='right'> 260,607.20</td><td align='right'> 657,116.42</td><td align='right'> 396,509.22</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Building taxes</td><td align='right'> 228,444.13</td><td align='right'> 783,960.73</td><td align='right'> 505,516.60</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Road taxes</td><td align='right'> 394,424.77</td><td align='right'> 1,199,767.26</td><td align='right'> 805,342.49</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Railroad taxes</td><td align='right'> 538,869.50</td><td align='right'> 461,848.72</td><td align='center'>..........</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Township taxes</td><td align='right'> 349,360.86</td><td align='right'> 734,585.65</td><td align='right'> 385,224.79</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>T'p and sub-district and district school taxes</td><td align='right'> 1,487,247.44</td><td align='right'> 4,960,771.87</td><td align='right'> 3,473,524.43</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Other special taxes</td><td align='right'> 349,236.33</td><td align='right'> 1,152,335.09</td><td align='right'> 803,098.76</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>City and town taxes</td><td align='right'> 1,506,083.86</td><td align='right'> 5,447,766.96</td><td align='right'> 3,941,683.10</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Delinquent taxes</td><td align='right'> 453,013.46</td><td align='right'> 667,188.69</td><td align='right'> 214,175.23</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Other than State taxes</td><td align='right'> 7,313,963.41</td><td align='right'> 19,464,578.28</td><td align='right'> 12,227,685.65</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>State taxes</td><td align='right'> 3,503,712.93</td><td align='right'> 4,666,242.23</td><td align='right'> 1,162,529.30</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Totals</td><td align='right'> $10,817,676.34</td><td align='right'>$24,130,820.51</td><td align='right'>$13,390,164.95</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<p>This table shows that in ten years the State taxes have increased
+thirty-three per cent, and that local taxes have increased
+almost one hundred and seventy per cent; in other words, that
+less than one-tenth of the increase has been in State taxes, and
+more than nine-tenths in local taxes.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of local taxation has been far greater than the
+growth of the State in business, population or wealth. It is
+not to be doubted that this burden has grown to dimensions
+which seriously threaten the prosperity of the State.</p>
+
+<p>No full and exact statement can be made from the official reports
+as to the amount annually collected from the property-holders
+of the State in the form of special assessments for what
+are termed local improvements, but it is certain that this burden
+is also great and rapidly growing.</p>
+
+<p>The auditor of State reports cases in which such assessments
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>have been made, amounting to half of the cash value of the
+property on which they were levied, and, in one case which he
+refers to, the assessment was double the value of the property.</p>
+
+<p>In respect to these evils it is undoubtedly easier to find fault
+than to provide a remedy. No single measure will remove
+them. Probably no system of measures which the General Assembly
+can adopt will of themselves accomplish what is desired.
+A complete reform is impossible, unless the city, county, and
+other officers are disposed and thoroughly competent to do the
+work of cutting off every unnecessary expenditure.</p>
+
+<p>Much, however, can be accomplished by wise legislation. Let
+the General Assembly firmly adhere to the policy of the constitution,
+and refuse to enact special laws granting powers to tax
+or make assessments. Let such powers be exercised only in
+pursuance of general laws. Local authorities should be empowered
+to levy no higher rate of taxation than is absolutely required
+for practical efficiency under ordinary circumstances.
+In extraordinary cases general laws should provide for the submission
+of the proposed tax or assessment to the people to be
+affected by it, under such regulations that it can not be levied
+unless at least two-thirds of the tax-payers approve the measure.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most valuable articles of the present State constitution
+is that which prohibits the State, save in a few exceptional
+cases, from creating any debt, and which provides for the payment
+at an early day of the debt already contracted. I am
+convinced that it would be wise to extend the same policy to
+the creation of public debts by county, city, and other local authorities.
+The rule "pay as you go" leads to economy in public
+as well as in private affairs; while the power to contract debts
+opens the door to wastefulness, extravagance, and corruption.</p>
+
+<p>In the early history of the State, when capital was scarce and
+expensive public works were required for transporting the products
+of the State to market, public debts were probably unavoidable;
+but the time, I believe, has come when not only the
+State, but all of its subordinate divisions, ought to be forbidden
+to incur debt. The same rule on this subject ought to be applied
+to local authorities which the constitution applies to the
+State legislature. Experience has proved that the power to contract
+debt is as liable to abuse by local boards as it is by the General
+Assembly. If it is important to the people that the State
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>should be free from debt, it is also important that its municipal
+divisions should not have power to oppress them with the burden
+of local indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p>It would promote an economical administration of the laws
+if all officers, State, county, and municipal, including the members
+of the legislature, were paid fixed salaries.</p>
+
+<p>Under existing laws a part of the public officers are paid by
+fees and a part by fixed annual salaries or by a per diem allowance.
+The result is great inequality and injustice. Many of
+those who are paid by fees receive a compensation out of all proportion
+to the services rendered. Others are paid salaries
+wholly inadequate. For example, many county officers and
+some city officers receive greater compensation than the judges
+of the Supreme Court of the State. The salaries paid to the
+judges ought to be increased; the amount paid to many other
+public officers ought to be reduced. To do justice, a system of
+fixed salaries, without fees or perquisites, should be adopted.
+The people of Ohio will, without question, sustain an increase
+of the salaries of judges and of other officers who are now inadequately
+paid; but it can probably best be done as a part of a
+system which would prevent the payment to public officers of
+enormous sums by means of fees and perquisites. To remove
+all ground of complaint, on account of injustice to present incumbents,
+the new system should apply only to those elected
+after its adoption.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to considerations already presented in favor of a
+revision of the rates of taxation which local officers and boards
+are authorized to levy, another controlling reason is not to be
+omitted. By the recent revaluation of real estate the total basis
+of taxation for the State at large will probably be increased
+almost forty per cent, and in many of the cities the increase will
+be nearly one hundred per cent This renders it imperatively
+necessary to revise the present rates, so as to prevent the collection
+and expenditure of sums much greater than the public good
+demands.</p>
+
+<p>Under prudent and efficient management the earnings of the
+penitentiary continue to exceed its expenses, and at the same
+time gratifying progress has been made in improving the condition
+and treatment of the prisoners. The hateful and degrading
+uniform of past years is disappearing; increased means of edu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>cation, secular and religious, are afforded, and the officers of the
+institution exhibit an earnest desire to employ every instrumentality
+authorized by existing laws to restore its inmates to
+society improved in habits, capacity, and character.</p>
+
+<p>While much has been done in our State during the last twenty-five
+years for the improvement of prison discipline, it is not to
+be denied that much more yet remains unaccomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Assuming that the time has not arrived to attempt a radical
+change of our prison discipline, the following practical suggestions,
+consistent with the present system, are offered for your
+consideration: A convict is now allowed a deduction from the
+period of his sentence as a reward for good behavior. The
+power to extend the period of the sentence as a punishment for
+bad conduct would also, under proper regulations, exercise a
+wholesome influence in the discipline of the prison.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of classification among convicts is now universally
+admitted. For economical or other reasons the establishment
+of an intermediate prison will perhaps be deemed
+inexpedient at this time. It is believed, however, that by employing
+convict labor the additional buildings and improvements
+required for a satisfactory classification can be erected on the
+ground adjoining the old prison, recently purchased and now
+enclosed, at a small expense compared with the cost of a new
+prison. This plan, it is hoped, will receive your careful consideration.</p>
+
+<p>It is also recommended that the Board of State Charities be
+empowered to aid discharged convicts to obtain honest employment.
+An annual appropriation of a small sum for this purpose,
+in the course of a few years, would probably save a large number,
+who, without such help, would again return to a criminal
+course of life.</p>
+
+<p>The most defective part of our present prison system is probably
+our county jails. It is supposed about 8,000 persons pass
+through our county jails each year. They are generally persons
+charged with crimes and awaiting trial. But lunatics and petty
+offenders in considerable numbers are also confined in these
+places. The young and the old, the innocent and the guilty,
+hardened offenders and beginners in crime, are commonly mingled
+together in the jails, under few restraints, without useful
+occupation and with abundant leisure and temptation to learn
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>wickedness. The jails have been fitly termed nurseries of
+crime. Plans of jails, not too expensive, have been furnished
+by the Board of State Charities, which provide for the absolute
+separation of the prisoners. It is recommended that the law
+shall require all jails to be so constructed as to entirely prevent
+this promiscuous and dangerous intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>Your attention is particularly called to the recommendation
+of the Board of State Charities that the proper authorities of all
+of the cities of the State should be required to make full reports
+annually to the legislature, through the governor, of the
+statistics of vice and crime and of the work of the police department
+in such cities; and also to the suggestion that prosecuting
+attorneys should not be allowed to enter a <i>nolle prosequi</i>
+in any case of an indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment
+in the penitentiary or by death, without the written approval
+of the attorney-general first given upon a written report
+to him of the facts.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of this is sufficiently shown by the fact that
+in 1869 the number of cases in which a <i>nolle prosequi</i> was entered
+exceeded fifteen hundred.</p>
+
+<p>The Girls' Reformatory at White Sulphur Springs contains
+forty-nine inmates, and it is now demonstrated that the number
+is likely to increase as rapidly as the welfare of the institution
+will allow. Whatever doubts may have been reasonably entertained
+as to the necessity for such an institution prior to its establishment,
+the report of the directors and superintendent and
+a thorough investigation of the facts will, it is believed, satisfy
+you that the institution is a very important one, and ought to be
+liberally supported.</p>
+
+<p>The report of the superintendent and trustees of the Soldiers'
+Orphans' Home will engage your earnest attention. The duty
+of providing for the education and support of the children of
+the soldiers of Ohio who fell in the war for the Union was fully
+recognized by the resolutions and acts of your last session. It
+is not doubted that your action was in accordance with the will
+of the people of the State, and they earnestly desire that the
+duty of caring for the soldiers' orphans shall be performed in a
+manner that will worthily express the affection and gratitude
+with which these wards of the State must ever be regarded by
+a just and patriotic community. I therefore respectfully recom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>mend that the legislation deemed necessary by the board and
+officers in charge of the institution be enacted as promptly as
+practicable.</p>
+
+<p>The report of the geological survey, to be laid before you, exhibits
+the encouraging progress of that work. The future growth
+of Ohio in wealth and population will depend largely on the
+development of the mining and manufacturing resources of the
+State. Heretofore, our increase in capital and numbers has been
+chiefly due to agriculture. Important as that great interest will
+always be in Ohio, the recent census shows that we may not
+reasonably anticipate, in future, rapid growth in population or
+wealth from agriculture alone. Without calling in question the
+great and immediate benefit to accrue to agriculture from the
+geological survey, it is yet true that the tendency of its exhibition
+of our vast mineral wealth is to encourage the employment of
+labor and capital in mining and manufacturing enterprises. Let
+the work be continued and sustained by ample appropriations.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary that the General Assembly, at its present session,
+should adopt the requisite legislation to carry into effect
+the following requirement of the constitution: Sec. 3, article 16,
+of the constitution, provides that "at the general election to be
+held in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one,
+and in each twentieth year thereafter, the question, 'Shall there
+be a convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution?' shall
+be submitted to the electors of the State, and in case a majority
+of all the electors voting at such election shall decide in favor
+of such a convention, the General Assembly, at its next session,
+shall provide by law for the election of delegates and the assembling
+of such convention."</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I feel warranted in congratulating you on the
+favorable judgment of your constituents upon your action on
+the important subjects which were considered at your last session,
+and in expressing a confident hope that what remains to
+be done will, under Providence, be so wisely ordered that the
+true interests of all the people of the State will be greatly and
+permanently advanced.</p></div>
+
+<p>Without comments of our own, we will simply give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+the opinions of Democratic journals concerning this
+message.</p>
+
+<p>The Cincinnati <i>Enquirer</i>, of January 4, 1871, said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The message of Governor Hayes is a plain, straightforward,
+and sensible document, and in every respect is creditable to
+him."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Columbus <i>Crisis</i> said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The annual message of Governor R. B. Hayes, printed in this
+issue, is a very fair and plain statement of the condition of the
+affairs of the State, and is especially commendable for its brevity
+and practical purport."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Steubenville <i>Gazette</i> characterized this message
+as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"An excellent and appropriate document&mdash;short and comprehensive&mdash;and,
+as it should be, devoted wholly to State affairs."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Cincinnati <i>Commoner, ultra</i> Democratic, declared:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The message is brief, but full of wisdom, and deserves the
+study of every citizen."</p></div>
+
+<p>The correspondence of 1871 from the executive
+office reveals letters like these:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I long since, in conversation, announced my wish and purpose
+to withdraw from the race for important positions in public
+affairs. I meant this announcement to apply both to the office
+I now hold and the senatorship. That purpose remains unchanged."</p></div>
+
+<p>A letter of May 5th, to a distinguished New York
+journalist, says:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your article on the Ohio governorship is of course satisfactory
+to me, but you will not object to two corrections. I have
+not been and shall not be a candidate for re-nomination. I
+probably could without effort have been renominated, but usage
+and personal inclination were against it. The more serious error
+is: You omit to name the Republican candidate who is nearly
+certain of the nomination and election. General Edward F.
+Noyes, of Cincinnati, a brave and popular soldier, who lost a leg
+in the Atlanta campaign; an eloquent and attractive speaker,
+and a gentleman of integrity and purity of character, will, I
+think, without question, be nominated. He is the sort of
+man you would support heartily if you lived in Ohio."</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 6th of October, 1871, Governor Hayes delivered
+the striking address we give below, on the occasion
+of the inauguration of the celebrated Davidson
+fountain, in Cincinnati. This fountain, in design and
+execution, is a work of art of extraordinary merit.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-Citizens:</i></p>
+
+<p>It is altogether fitting that the citizens of Cincinnati should
+feel a deep interest in the occasion which has called together
+this large assemblage. It is well to do honor to this noble gift,
+and to do honor to the generous giver. This work lends a new
+charm to the whole city.</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow's lines in praise of the Catawba that grows on the
+banks of the Beautiful River gives to the Catawba a finer flavor,
+and renders the Beautiful River still more beautiful. When art
+and genius give to us in marble or on canvas the features of those
+we admire or love, ever afterward we discover in their faces and
+in their characters more to admire and more to love.</p>
+
+<p>This work makes Cincinnati a pleasanter city, her homes more
+happy, her aims worthier, and her future brighter.</p>
+
+<p>But this fountain does not pour out its blessings for Cincinnati
+or for her visitors and guests alone. Cincinnati is one of the
+central cities of the Nation&mdash;of the great continent. It is becoming
+the convention city. Witness the National assemblies
+in the interest of commerce, of industry, of education, of be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>nevolence, of progress, of religion, which annually gather here
+from the most distant parts of America. This monument is an
+instructor of all who come. Whoever beholds it will carry away
+some part of the lesson it teaches. The duty which the citizen
+owes to the community in which, and by which, he has prospered,
+that duty this work will forever teach. No rich man who
+is wise will, in the presence of this example, willingly go to his
+grave with his debt to the public unpaid and unprovided for.
+Many a last will and testament will have a beneficent codicil,
+suggested by the work we inaugurate to-day. Parks, fountains,
+schools, galleries of art, libraries, hospitals, churches&mdash;whatever
+benefits and elevates mankind&mdash;will here receive much needed
+encouragement and support.</p>
+
+<p>This work says to him who, with anxious toil and care, has
+successfully gathered and hoarded&mdash;Do not neglect your great opportunity.
+Divide wisely and equitably between the few who
+are most nearly of your own blood, and the many who in kinship
+are only a little farther removed. If you regard only those
+reared under your own roof, your cherished estate will soon be
+scattered, perhaps wasted by profligate heirs in riotous living, to
+their own ruin, and you and your fortune will quickly be forgotten.
+Give a share&mdash;pay a tithe to your more distant and
+more numerous kindred&mdash;to the general public, and you will be
+gratefully remembered, and mankind will be blessed by your
+having lived!</p>
+
+<p>Many, reflecting on the uncertainty of the future, will prefer to
+see their benefactions distributed and applied while they are
+still living. Regarding their obligations to the public as sacred
+debts, they will wish to pay as they go. This is commendable;
+perhaps it is safest.</p>
+
+<p>But at some time and somehow the example here presented
+will and must be followed. All such deeds are the parents of
+other similar good deeds. And so the circle within which the
+blessings flowing from this fountain are enjoyed will forever grow
+wider and wider, and the people of distant times and places will
+rejoice to drink, as we now do, healthful and copious draughts
+in honor of its founder.</p>
+
+<p>Here, this matchless structure will link together, in perpetual,
+grateful remembrance, the names of Tyler Davidson and Henry
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>Probasco! Ever honored be those names in the city they have
+so greatly honored!</p></div>
+
+<p>The message of Governor Hayes, on retiring from
+office at the close of his fourth year, calls attention
+to the encroachments upon the rights and interests
+of the people by railway corporations, and discusses
+at length the important subject of securing economy,
+efficiency, and purity in the administration of the local
+governments of cities and towns. For its able discussion
+of these and other subjects, this message of
+1872 commends itself.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:</i></p>
+
+<p>The finances of the State government are in a satisfactory
+condition. The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November,
+1870, was $766,038.10; the receipts during the last fiscal
+year were $5,241,184.91; making the total amount of available
+funds in the treasury during the year ending November 15, 1871,
+$6,007,223.01.</p>
+
+<p>The disbursements during the year have been $5,259,046.74,
+leaving a balance in the treasury, Nov, 15, 1871, of $748,176.27.</p>
+
+<p>The estimates of the auditor of State of receipts and expenditures
+for the current year, are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances,
+$5,206,366.27.</p>
+
+<p>Estimated disbursements for all purposes, $4,776,035.73.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving an estimated balance in the treasury, November 15,
+1872, of $430,330.54.</p>
+
+<p>The public funded debt of the State November 15, 1870, after
+deducting the amount invested in Ohio stocks, was $9,730,144.36.</p>
+
+<p>During the past year the debt has been reduced $729,415.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the total debt yet to be provided for, $9,000,729.36.
+Of this amount, the sum of $44,518.31 has ceased to bear interest,
+the holders thereof having been notified of the readiness of the
+State to pay the same. This leaves the total interest-bearing
+debt of the State, $8,956,211.05.</p>
+
+<p>The taxes levied in 1870, collectible in 1871, were as follows:</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Taxes Levied 1870">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>State taxes</td>
+<td align='right'>$&nbsp;4,666,242.23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>County and local levies</td>
+<td align='right'>18,797,389.59</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Delinquencies and forfeitures in former years</td>
+<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" align='right'>667,188.69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='center'>Total taxes, including delinquencies collectible in 1871</td>
+<td align='right'>$24,130,820.51</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The taxes levied in 1871, collectible in 1872, were as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Taxes Levied 1871">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>State taxes</td>
+<td align='right'>$&nbsp;4,350,728.28</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>County and local levies</td>
+<td align='right'>18,604,660.12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='left'>Delinquencies and forfeitures</td>
+<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" align='right'>632,275.84</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td align='center'>Total taxes and delinquencies collectible
+in 1872</td>
+<td align='right'>$23,587,664 24</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>It will be noticed, with gratification, that the annual increase
+of taxation, to which the people have been long accustomed, has
+been checked, and that the taxes, both State and local, have
+been somewhat reduced.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of local indebtedness still continues. The returns
+made to the auditor of State are imperfect, but enough is
+shown to warrant the opinion that during the past year the indebtedness
+of the towns and cities of the State has increased
+not less than one million of dollars, and that their aggregate indebtedness
+now equals the indebtedness of the State. I respectfully
+repeat, as the remedy for this evil, the recommendation
+heretofore made, that all public debts be prohibited, except
+in cases of emergency, analogous to those specified in sections
+1 and 2, article 8, of the constitution.</p>
+
+<p>The report of the adjutant-general shows that there has been
+collected by him from the United States during the year, on account
+of the State war claims, the sum of $145,304.60, making
+the total amount of war claims collected $2,826,247.94. It is
+probable that about $100,000 more can be collected on these
+claims without additional legislation by Congress. This will
+leave about $400,000 of claims unpaid, which, it is believed, when
+presented to Congress, with proper vouchers and explanations,
+will be provided for by special act. As long, however, as the
+board of military claims exists, these claims will continue to increase,
+and it would not be advisable to seek Congressional
+action until the State, by closing its accounts with individuals,
+shall be able to ask for a final settlement.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+
+<p>It is therefore recommended that the statutes providing for
+the allowance of claims against the State by the commissioners
+of military claims be repealed; the repeal to take effect at such
+date in the future as will afford opportunity for the presentation
+and allowance of all just claims.</p>
+
+<p>The report of the commissioner of common schools shows that,
+upon the whole, the educational interests of the State continue
+to be very prosperous. He presents, however, for your consideration,
+a number of changes in the school laws, which he deems
+essential to further progress. The proposed reforms are treated
+of in his report under the following heads: normal instruction,
+supervision, a codification of the laws, and the township system.</p>
+
+<p>The commanding position which Ohio has held in the great
+transactions of our recent civil and military history is largely
+due to the educational advantages enjoyed by her people.
+Every measure which tends to continue and increase those advantages
+merits your earnest and favorable consideration.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the most eminent teachers and friends of education
+have urged the necessity of establishing institutions for
+the instruction of teachers in the principles and duties of their
+high and honorable calling. A few thousand dollars of the
+school fund applied every year to this purpose will, it is believed,
+make the expenditures for school purposes vastly more beneficial
+to the State.</p>
+
+<p>There are serious objections to the present mixed system of
+school management by means of township boards and sub-district
+directors. It is believed that this system ought to give place to
+the purely township system, in which all of the schools of the
+township are under the exclusive control of a board of education
+chosen by the electors of the township. This plan is in
+conformity with that which has been adopted with satisfactory
+results in most of our towns, and is sustained by the experience
+of other States in which the purely township system has
+been tried.</p>
+
+<p>In several counties of the State colored children are practically
+deprived of the privilege of attending public schools.
+The denial of education to any citizen of Ohio is so manifestly
+unjust that it is confidently believed that the legislature needs
+only to be informed that such a wrong exists to promptly provide
+a remedy.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+
+<p>The official reports of the penitentiary, the Reform School for
+Boys, the Reform School for Girls, and the benevolent institutions
+of the State, which will be laid before you, show that the
+work of these institutions has during the past year been well
+done. They will, without question, receive from you all needed
+encouragement and support. It seems proper, however, to direct
+your attention to the urgent necessity of such legislation as will
+empower the boards of trustees and directors charged with the
+erection of buildings for the insane and for the orphans of deceased
+soldiers, to complete them as soon as practicable.</p>
+
+<p>By the census of 1870 the number of insane persons in the
+State was 3,414. The number of patients under treatment in
+the insane asylums of the State was, last year, only 1,346. The
+trustees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home report that
+the number of orphans in Ohio needing care is about eight hundred,
+and that the number cared for is only about two hundred
+and fifty. These facts sufficiently demonstrate the importance
+of the suggestion here made.</p>
+
+<p>I renew the recommendation heretofore made that the legislature
+provide for the erection of suitable monuments at the
+graves of General Harrison and General Hamer.</p>
+
+<p>General Harrison has many titles to the grateful remembrance
+of the people of Ohio. He was one of the pioneers of the West,
+a soldier of honorable fame in two wars against the savages and
+in the war of 1812, a secretary and acting governor of the Northwest
+Territory before Ohio was organized, a law-maker of conspicuous
+usefulness at the State capital and at Washington, and
+was chief magistrate of the Nation at the time of his death.
+To honor him is to honor all who were eminent and useful in
+the early settlement of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>General Hamer served with distinction four times in the General
+Assembly; was the speaker of the house of representatives;
+was six years a member of Congress from the Brown county district,
+and died in Mexico in 1846, a volunteer from Ohio, in the
+service of his country, with the rank of brigadier-general. At the
+time of his death the General Assembly, with entire unanimity,
+"resolved that the body of the deceased be brought from Mexico
+and interred in the soil of Ohio, at the expense of the State."
+Having undertaken, as the duty of the State, to give the remains
+of General Hamer a fitting burial, the legislature can not regard
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>that duty as completely performed until an appropriate monument
+has been built at his grave.</p>
+
+<p>Since the adoption of the present constitution the governor's
+duties have compelled him to reside at the capital. If any
+change is made in respect to the powers and duties of the executive
+in the revision about to be made of the constitution, the
+change, it is probable, will increase rather than diminish his
+duties. The evident impropriety of subjecting each new incumbent
+of the office to the inconvenience and expense of procuring
+and furnishing a suitable residence for the short period of a governor's
+term of office has led, in many States, to the purchase
+of a governor's mansion. Three of the States adjoining Ohio
+have adopted this course. It can not be doubted that Ohio will,
+at no distant day, follow their example. The rapid increase in
+the value of real estate in Columbus in consequence of its present
+growth and its promise of continued prosperity in the future
+gives force to the suggestion that if the State is to purchase a
+governor's residence at all it would be well to do it promptly.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of wise legislation on the subject of railroads,
+in a State having the geographical position which belongs to
+Ohio, can not be over-estimated. The greater part of the trade
+and travel between the commercial and manufacturing States of
+the East and the agricultural States of the West, and of the
+business of the continental railways which connect the Atlantic
+and Pacific oceans, passes over the railroads of this State. Fourteen
+years ago, Governor Chase, speaking of the railroads of
+Ohio, said: "This vast interest, affecting vitally so many other
+interests, has grown suddenly to its present dimensions without
+system, without general organization, and, in some important
+respects, without responsibility." Then the railroads of the State
+carried annually about a million of passengers, and their gross
+receipts were about six millions of dollars a year. Last year
+they carried twelve millions of passengers, and their gross receipts
+exceeded thirty million of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>All of the just powers of the corporations which conduct this
+immense business are derived from the laws of the State. If
+these laws fail to guard adequately the rights and the interests
+of our citizens, it is the duty of the General Assembly to supply
+their defects. Serious and well-grounded apprehensions are felt
+that in the management of these companies, which are largely
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>controlled by non-residents of Ohio, practices, not sanctioned by
+the law, nor by sound morality, have become common, which are
+prejudicial to the interests of the great body of the people, and
+which, if continued, will ultimately destroy the prosperity of the
+State.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding railroads as the most useful instrumentality by
+which intercourse is carried on between different sections of the
+country, the people do not desire the adoption of a narrow or
+unfriendly policy toward them. But it should be remembered
+that these corporations were created, and their valuable franchises
+granted by the legislature to promote the interests of the
+people of the State. No railroad company can sacrifice those
+interests without violating the law of its origin. It is not to be
+doubted that the authority of the General Assembly is competent
+to correct whatever abuses have grown up in the management
+of the railroads of the State.</p>
+
+<p>The late commissioner of railroads and telegraphs, in his last
+able and valuable report, directs attention to a large number of
+what he terms "clear and palpable violations of law" by railroad
+companies, which are of frequent occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>In relation to the rates prescribed by law for the transportation
+of persons and property, he says: "There is not a railroad
+operated in the State, either under special charter or the general
+law, upon which the law regulating rates is not in some way violated
+nearly every time a regular passenger, or freight, or mixed
+train passes over it."</p>
+
+<p>As to the laws regulating the occupation of streets and alleys
+by railroad tracks, the speed of locomotives in towns and cities,
+and railroad crossings, he says that statutes which he regards as
+wholesome are, "it is notorious, wholly ignored by some companies,
+and only partially obeyed by others."</p>
+
+<p>He quotes the laws forbidding railroad officials from being interested
+in fast freight, express, or transportation companies, and
+from dealing in railroad securities, and adds, that "the violation
+of these laws is believed to be very common among railroad
+officials."</p>
+
+<p>The commissioner also gives examples of the "increase or
+watering of stock" by railroad companies, and remarks, "the
+foregoing statements are the more striking in view of the fact
+that the stockholders in the company have been in receipt of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>regular semi-annual dividends for seven years of from six to ten
+per cent per annum."</p>
+
+<p>The significance of this remark of the commissioner lies in
+the fact that the rates which railroad companies may charge for
+the transportation of passengers and freight may be prescribed
+by the General Assembly, whenever the net profits amount to
+ten per cent on the capital actually invested.</p>
+
+<p>The interests involved are of such magnitude that all legislation
+ought to be based on the fullest and most accurate information
+which a careful investigation can furnish. I, therefore, recommend
+that a commission of five citizens, of whom the railroad
+commissioner shall be one, be organized, with ample powers to
+investigate the management of the railroad companies of the
+State, their legal rights, and the rights of the State and its citizens,
+and to report the information acquired, with a recommendation
+of such measures as the commission shall deem expedient.</p>
+
+<p>During the past year, the traveling public has enjoyed, in Ohio,
+remarkable immunity from railroad accidents. According to the
+reports of the railroad companies to the commissioner, not a
+single passenger has lost his life by the fault of the railroads in
+the State during the year. But the number of persons, "other
+than passengers," and of "employees" who have lost their lives,
+is quite large. One hundred and fifty-seven persons are reported
+to have been killed, and it is without doubt that many deaths
+have occurred which have not been reported. Many of these
+fatal accidents happened in the streets of towns and cities, and
+at street and road crossings. It is perfectly practicable to protect
+citizens from these dangers, by enforcing proper regulations
+as to the speed of trains, and as to the occupancy and crossing
+of streets and roads. Your special attention is called to this
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most difficult and interesting practical problems
+which now engages the thoughts of the American people is how
+to maintain economy, efficiency, and purity in the administration
+of local affairs, and especially in the government of towns
+and cities, without a departure from principles and methods
+which are deemed essential to free popular government. Many
+of the most important functions of government are in the hands
+of the local authorities. They are directly charged with the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>expenditure of large sums of money, with the protection of life
+and property, and with the administration of civil and criminal
+justice. These duties, in one way or another, touch nearly and
+constantly the interests and feelings of every citizen. Upon
+their faithful performance depends the prosperity, happiness,
+and safety of the community. It is true that as yet Ohio is happily,
+in a great measure, free from the operation of causes which
+in the commercial metropolis of the country recently led to
+such extraordinary corruption in the government of that city.
+But those causes do not belong alone to the great cities of the
+East. They are already at work in our midst, and they are
+steadily and rapidly increasing in power. No political party is
+altogether free from their influence, and no political party is
+solely responsible for them. We have laws prohibiting almost
+every conceivable official neglect and abuse, and penalties are
+affixed to the violation of those laws which can not be regarded
+as inadequate. The difficulty is to secure their enforcement.
+Those whose duty it is to detect and prosecute are often interested
+in maintaining good relations with the wrong-doers. The
+contractors for public work and supplies not infrequently have
+a community of interest with those who are the agents of the
+public to let and superintend the performance of contracts.
+Where these abuses exist there is apt to be a large circle of apparently
+disinterested citizens, who labor to conceal the facts
+and to suppress investigation. What the public welfare demands
+is a practical measure which will provide for a thorough
+and impartial investigation in every case of suspected neglect,
+abuse, or fraud. Such an investigation, to be effective, must be
+made by an authority independent, if possible, of all local influences.
+When abuses are discovered, the prosecution and punishment
+of offenders ought to follow. But even if prosecutions
+fail in cases of full exposure, public opinion almost always accomplishes
+the object desired. A thorough investigation of
+official corruption and criminality leads with great certainty to
+the needed reform. Publicity is a great corrector of official
+abuses. Let it therefore be made the duty of the governor, on
+satisfactory information that the public good requires an investigation
+of the affairs of any public office or the conduct of any
+public officer, whether State or local, to appoint one or more citizens
+who shall have ample powers to make such investigation.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+
+<p>If by the investigation violations of law are discovered, the governor
+should be authorized, in his discretion, to notify the attorney-general,
+whose duty it should be, on such notice, to prosecute
+the offenders. The constitution makes it the duty of the governor
+to "see that the laws are faithfully executed." Some such
+measure as the one here recommended is necessary to give force
+and effect to this constitutional provision.</p>
+
+<p>In compliance with the constitution, the last General Assembly
+submitted to the people the question of holding a convention
+"to revise, alter, or amend" the constitution, and at the October
+election a large majority of the voters of the State decided in
+favor of a convention. It is the duty of the General Assembly,
+at its present session, to provide by law for the election of delegates
+and the assembling of the convention.</p>
+
+<p>The vote on the question of calling the convention which
+formed the present constitution was taken at the October election,
+1849. At the next session of the General Assembly an act
+was passed which provided for the election of delegates to the
+convention the first Monday of April, 1850, and the convention
+was convened on the first Monday of May following.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I wish to make my grateful acknowledgments
+to the people of Ohio for the honorable trusts they have confided
+to me, and to express the hope that the harmony, prosperity,
+and happiness which they now enjoy in such full measure
+may, under Providence, be perpetual.</p></div>
+
+<p>Hayes, during his two terms as Governor, proposed
+and carried through the following measures of the
+first importance to the welfare of the State:</p>
+
+<p>He recommended and had completed a comprehensive
+Geological Survey of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>He secured the establishment of a Soldiers' Orphans'
+Home.</p>
+
+<p>He had the powers of the Board of State Charities
+restored and enlarged.</p>
+
+<p>He had provision made for the care, by the State,
+of the chronic insane.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Under his direction the graded system was adopted
+in the State Prison and prison reforms introduced.</p>
+
+<p>Minority representation on Election Boards was
+secured.</p>
+
+<p>The Agricultural and Mechanical College was
+founded, trustees appointed, and the institution organized.</p>
+
+<p>Portraits of the Governors of Ohio were placed in
+the State collection.</p>
+
+<p>The suffrage amendment to the Constitution of the
+State was adopted.</p>
+
+<p>The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the
+United States was ratified.</p>
+
+<p>The Lincoln Memorial, an admirable work of art,
+was placed in the capitol.</p>
+
+<p>The right of soldiers in the National Asylum to
+vote was restored.</p>
+
+<p>The students' privilege of voting while attending
+college was given back.</p>
+
+<p>The odious "visible admixture" law was repealed.</p>
+
+<p>The St. Clair papers were purchased, and letters
+and manuscripts relating to pioneer history collected.</p>
+
+<p>A Reform School for Girls was established and made
+successful.</p>
+
+<p>The State debt was reduced, and all increase of
+debt opposed.</p>
+
+<p>Can any Governor of any State say that he has
+done a better business?</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+
+<h3>THIRD TIME ELECTED GOVERNOR.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>The Senatorship declined&mdash;Army Banquet Speech&mdash;Third
+Time nominated for Congress&mdash;Glendale Speech&mdash;Declines
+a Federal Office&mdash;Making a Home&mdash;Nomination
+for Governor&mdash;Platform&mdash;Serenade Speech&mdash;Democratic
+Convention and Platform&mdash;Marion Speech of
+Hayes&mdash;Woodford&mdash;Grosvenor&mdash;Schurz&mdash;Inflation
+Drivel&mdash;Interest in the Contest&mdash;Honest Money Triumphant&mdash;Third
+Inaugural.</i></p></div>
+
+
+<p>Just as Governor Hayes was vacating the office of
+chief executive of Ohio, to which he had positively
+refused to be re-elected, he was offered and declined
+the Senatorship from that State. The proofs of this
+fact are before us. The circumstances were these:
+A Senator in Congress was to be elected by the State
+Legislature, in January, 1872, to succeed John Sherman.
+Mr. Sherman had secured the nomination and
+election of a majority of Republicans who were favorable
+to his own re-election; but the Republican majority
+on joint ballot was small. Before the meeting of
+the Republican caucus, a sufficient number of members
+to control the result, with the aid of the Democrats,
+proposed to Governor Hayes to stay out of the
+caucus, and, uniting the entire opposition to Sherman,
+secure his defeat.</p>
+
+<p>Hayes had authoritative assurances that the Democratic
+members would support him, with a view of
+defeating Sherman; while the Independent or anti-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>Sherman Republicans, who held the balance of power,
+were importunate that he should allow himself to be
+their compromise candidate. But he firmly rejected
+all these overtures, and forbid the use of his name in
+connection with the matter in any manner whatever.
+A leading State Senator declared it "was most extraordinary
+to see the Senatorship refused, with the
+Presidency in prospect."</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of April, General Hayes delivered a
+speech in Cincinnati in response to the toast "Our
+Country," which contains thoughts worthy of reproduction.
+It was upon the occasion of the fifth annual
+banquet of the Army of the Tennessee. After some
+general introductory remarks, the orator said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Consider the history of our country. It is the youngest of the
+nations. We are just beginning to look forward to the celebrations,
+five years hence, of the completion of the first century of
+its existence. This brief period, so crowded with interesting
+events, with great achievements in peace and war, and adorned
+with illustrious names in every honorable walk of life, has witnessed
+a progress in our country without a parallel in the annals
+of the race.</p>
+
+<p>"Add to these considerations the visions of greatness and
+prosperity which the future opens to America, and we shall begin
+to see by what titles our country claims from all of her children
+admiration, gratitude, and loyal love.</p>
+
+<p>"Those who are accustomed to take gloomy views of every event
+and every prospect, will perhaps remind us that all the parts of
+this picture have their dark side; that this extended and magnificent
+territory of ours must needs have rival interests hostile
+and dangerous to unity; that people differing in race, nationality,
+religion, language, and traditions will, with difficulty, be
+fused into one harmonious Nation; that written constitutions do
+not make a government unless their provisions are obeyed or enforced.
+As to our boasted history, they will point to pages darkened
+with grave crimes against the weaker races; and as to our
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>future, they will tell us of the colossal fortunes which, under the
+sanction of law, are already consolidating in the hands of a few
+men&mdash;not always the best men&mdash;powers which threaten alike
+good government and our liberties.</p>
+
+<p>"In reply to these views, it can not be denied that in a wide
+domain like ours, inhabited by people not always harmonious,
+something more than written constitutions are required. A
+mere paper government is not enough. The law, if not voluntarily
+obeyed, must be firmly enforced. To accomplish this
+there must be wisdom, moderation, firmness, not only in those
+who administer the government, but in the people, who, at last,
+are the government.</p>
+
+<p>"The great task is to educate a whole people in these high
+virtues, to the end that they may be equal to their opportunities
+and to the dangers that surround them. The chief instrumentalities
+in this education are the home, the school, the platform,
+the pulpit, and the press, and all good men and women are the
+educators.</p>
+
+<p>"Doubt and difficulty and danger lend to every human enterprise
+its chief interest and charm. Every man who fought in
+the Army of the Tennessee at Shiloh knows that the gloom and
+despondency in which the first day's battle closed, gave an added
+glory to the victory of the second day; that the victory is always
+most highly prized which, after a long and desperate struggle,
+is snatched at last from the very jaws of disaster and defeat.</p>
+
+<p>"If, in the future of our country, trials and conflicts and calamities
+await her, it is but the common allotment of Providence
+to men. The brave and the good will (here always) find
+noble work and a worthy career, and will rejoice that they are
+permitted to live and to act in such a country as the American
+republic."</p></div>
+
+<p>In July, 1872, Ex-Governor Hayes received a petition,
+signed by the most influential men in the second
+Congressional district in Cincinnati, asking him to
+accept a nomination for Congress. Scores of letters
+and telegrams were sent to him at Fremont, where he
+was detained by illness in his family, urging upon him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+the duty of sacrificing personal to public interests and
+consent to become a candidate. He refused absolutely.
+The nominating convention met August 6th,
+and the following telegram tells the story:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In spite of your protests, you were nominated on first ballot.
+Great enthusiasm, and whole party lifted up. We assured Republicans
+that Governor Hayes never retreated when ordered
+to advance. Things are looking bright.</p>
+
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;" class="smcap">"Richard Smith."</span></div>
+
+<p>Two days after, a petition was forwarded, signed
+by two hundred influential Republican and non-partisan
+voters of the second district, containing the words,
+we "most urgently solicit you to accept the nomination
+given you."</p>
+
+<p>His acceptance being demanded on the ground of
+duty, he returned to Cincinnati and made the canvass.
+At Glendale, on September 4, he delivered a lengthy
+speech, from which we take these extracts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-citizens:</i></p>
+
+<p>My purpose in addressing you this evening is to spread before
+the people of the second district my views on the questions of
+National policy which now engage the public attention.</p>
+
+<p>In the present condition of the country, two things are of vital
+importance&mdash;peace and a sound financial policy. We want
+peace&mdash;honorable peace&mdash;with all nations; peace with the Indians,
+and peace between all of the citizens of all of the States.
+We want a financial policy so honest that there can be no stain
+on the National honor and no taint on the National credit; so
+stable that labor and capital and legitimate business of every
+sort can confidently count upon what it will be the next week,
+the next month, and the next year. We want the burdens of
+taxation so justly distributed that they will bear equally upon
+all classes of citizens in proportion to their ability to sustain
+them.</p>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+<p>We want our currency gradually to appreciate, until, without
+financial shock or any sudden shrinkage of values, but in the
+natural course of trade, it shall reach the uniform and permanent
+value of gold. With lasting peace assured, and a sound financial
+condition established, the United States and all of her citizens
+may reasonably expect to enjoy a measure of prosperity
+without a parallel in the world's history.</p>
+
+<p>When the debates of the last presidential election were in
+progress, four years ago, there were troubles with other nations
+threatening the public peace, and, in particular, there was a most
+difficult, irritating, and dangerous controversy with Great Britain,
+which it seemed almost impossible peaceably to settle. Now
+we are at peace with all nations; the American government is
+everywhere abroad held in the highest honor; and an example
+of submitting National disputes to the decision of a court of arbitration
+has been set, which is of incalculable value to the
+world.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 35%;' />
+
+<p>Four years ago, and for a considerable period since, the public
+peace has been broken or threatened in a majority of the late
+slave States, by bands of lawless men, oath bound, disguised, and
+armed, who, by terror, by scourging, and by assassination, undertook
+to deprive unoffending citizens, both white and colored, of
+their most cherished rights, for no reason except a difference of
+political sentiment. Now these organizations have, it is claimed
+by their political associates, disbanded. Large numbers of citizens
+in those States, heretofore hostile to the recent amendments
+to the constitution, and to the equal rights of colored people,
+declare themselves satisfied with those amendments, and ready
+to maintain the constitutional rights of colored citizens. Notwithstanding
+the predictions of our adversaries, that to confer
+political rights upon colored people would lead to a war of races,
+white people and colored people are now voting side by side in
+all of the old slave States, and their elections are quite as free
+from violence and disorder as they were when whites alone were
+the voters. In a word, peace prevails in the South to an extent
+which, under the circumstances, the ablest statesmen among our
+adversaries three years ago pronounced impossible. The watchword
+of the Republican party four years ago was "Let us have
+peace." A survey of every field where the public peace was then
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>imperiled, of our affairs with foreign nations, with the Indians,
+and in the South, shows that the pledge implied in that famous
+watchword has been substantially made good, and that, if the
+people continue to stand by the government, the peace we now
+enjoy will be continued and enduring.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.</h3>
+
+<p>There are several questions relating to the present and the
+future which merit the attention of the people. Among the
+most interesting of these is the question of civil service reform.</p>
+
+<p>About forty years ago a system of making appointments to
+office grew up, based on the maxim, "to the victors belong the
+spoils." The old rule&mdash;the true rule&mdash;that honesty, capacity,
+and fidelity constitute the highest claim to office, gave place to
+the idea that partisan services were to be chiefly considered.
+All parties in practice have adopted this system. Since its first
+introduction it has been materially modified. At first, the
+president, either directly or through the heads of departments,
+made all appointments. Gradually, by usage, the appointing
+power in many cases was transferred to members of
+Congress&mdash;to senators and representatives. The offices in these
+cases have become not so much rewards for party services as rewards
+for personal services in nominating and electing senators
+and representatives. What patronage the president and his cabinet
+retain, and what offices congressmen are by usage entitled
+to fill is not definitely settled. A congressman who maintains
+good relations with the executive usually receives a larger share
+of patronage than one who is independent. The system is a
+bad one. It destroys the independence of the separate departments
+of the government, and it degrades the civil service. It
+ought to be abolished. General Grant has again and again explicitly
+recommended reform. A majority of Congress has been
+unable to agree upon any important measure. Doubtless the
+bills which have been introduced contain objectionable features.
+But the work should be begun. Let the best obtainable bill be
+passed, and experience will show what amendments are required.
+I would support either Senator Trumbull's bill or Mr. Jenckes'
+bill, if nothing better were proposed. The admirable speeches
+on this subject by the representative of the first district, the Hon.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>Aaron F. Perry, contain the best exposition I have seen of sound
+doctrine on this question, and I trust the day is not distant when
+the principles which he advocates will be embodied in practical
+measures of legislation. We ought to have a reform of the system
+of appointments to the civil service, thorough, radical, and
+complete.</p></div>
+
+<p>The people of the United States will be agreeably
+surprised to learn that, four years ago, not only the
+sentiments, but almost the identical language of the
+recent letter of acceptance upon the subject of this
+great reform was publicly proclaimed by the Republican
+candidate for the presidency.</p>
+
+<p>In 1872, when the Presidency was not in his thoughts,
+he advocated with great force the doctrines which Independent
+Republicans especially commend him for
+maintaining to-day. These opinions it would then be
+foolishly needless to say are honest; they are deep-rooted
+convictions of long growth.</p>
+
+<p>The elections went heavily against the Republicans
+in Hamilton county, in 1872. Mr. Eggleston, the
+sitting member of Congress from the First District,
+was beaten three thousand five hundred and sixty-nine
+votes; and General Hayes was defeated by General
+H. B. Banning, whose majority was one thousand
+five hundred and two. Compared with the result in
+the First District, Hayes ran a thousand votes ahead
+of his ticket. He had performed his duty and was
+satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>A few months later he was offered, by the President,
+the office of Assistant Treasurer of the United
+States, at Cincinnati, which appointment he respectfully
+declined.</p>
+
+<p>The years 1873 and 1874 were employed by General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+Hayes in making and adorning a future home for
+himself and his family, near Fremont. He planted
+over a thousand trees, and filled his grounds with
+vines, shrubs, and flowers.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1874, his patron uncle and life-long
+friend Sardis Birchard died, leaving his favorite
+nephew heir to a considerable estate. It elevates
+our estimate of human nature to find that this heir-apparent,
+or rather heir inevitable to a handsome
+fortune, diminished the amount he would naturally
+inherit by persuading his uncle to make bequests,
+amounting to seventy-five thousand dollars, to the
+citizens of Fremont for a Public Park and a Free
+Public Library. It is not necessary to add, that this
+unselfish course of action makes known character,
+nor to say what kind of a character it makes known.</p>
+
+<p>The Republican State Convention, which assembled
+at Columbus, June 2, 1875, nominated General
+Hayes a third time for the office of Governor. He
+received the news of the nomination while playing
+base ball with his children at their home in Fremont.
+The circumstances of this nomination were extraordinary,
+and the honor it implied exceptional. The
+facts, in brief, were these: The Hon. William Allen
+having been put in nomination by the Democrats,
+for the office of Governor, in 1873, mainly through
+the influence of his nephew, Senator Thurman, was
+elected by a small majority in October of that year.
+Mr. Allen, as Governor, made himself active in the
+direction of economy and the reduction of taxation,
+and seemed to increase his popularity because of the
+high reputation he enjoyed for personal integrity.
+Early in 1875 it became apparent that he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+secure, without opposition, a re-nomination. It became
+equally apparent, also, that the Republicans
+would encounter no slight difficulty in defeating him.
+He was in possession, he had the <i>prestige</i> of victory,
+and was immensely popular with his party. It was
+the plainest dictate of policy and duty for the Republicans
+to proceed with extremest caution and put in
+nomination their very strongest man. Personal ambitions
+and interests must be put aside in every great
+emergency, when the success of a cause is at stake.
+What every great emergency needs is a <span class="smcap">MAN</span>. The
+eyes of the Republicans of Ohio were at the same
+period of time turned toward Hayes as that leader&mdash;that
+man. He was written to, from every portion of
+the State, to consent to become again a candidate.
+His uniform reply was, that he had retired finally and
+absolutely from public life, and that his tastes and
+interests would keep him at home. Some, receiving
+these responses in the spirit in which they were given,
+looked around for other candidates. In Cincinnati
+there was a strong local influence favoring Judge
+Taft, the able and most estimable gentleman who
+is now Attorney-General of the United States. Governor
+Hayes repeatedly announced that he would,
+under no circumstances, be a candidate against his
+friend, Judge Taft, and urged the delegates from his
+county to support Taft, which they did. Notwithstanding
+these facts, when the Convention met, the
+delegates, according to the public statement of General
+Grosvenor, were four to one in favor of Hayes'
+nomination. On the first ballot, two hundred and
+seventy-four being necessary to a choice, Hayes
+received four votes less than four hundred, and Taft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+one hundred fifty-one. The nomination was made
+unanimous on motion of Judge Taft's son.</p>
+
+<p>Finding himself once more an involuntary candidate
+for office, Governor Hayes lost no time in getting
+ready for the supreme struggle, thus far, of his life.
+Visiting, three weeks later, the home of his relative,
+General Mitchell, in Columbus, he was serenaded by
+the Hayes Club of the capital city, and, in response to
+their calls, foreshadowed the great issues of the approaching
+campaign. Without circumlocution, he
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If it shall turn out that the party in power are opposed to a
+sound, safe, stable currency, I have no doubt that in October the
+people will make a change. If it shall turn out that the party
+in power were guilty of gross corruption in the legislative department,
+and that when that corruption was exposed the majority
+shielded those who were implicated, I have no doubt the
+people will make a change. If it shall turn out that the party
+in power yielded to the dictation of an ecclesiastical sect, and
+through fear of a threatened loss of votes and power has suffered
+itself to be domineered over in its exercise of the law-making
+power, there ought to be, as I doubt not there will be, a great
+change. If it shall turn out that the party in power is dangerously
+allied to any body of men who are opposed to our free
+schools, and have proclaimed undying hostility to our educational
+system, then I doubt not the people will make a change in
+the administration."</p></div>
+
+<p>The convention which nominated Hayes had adopted
+some sensible resolutions. It declared, first, that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The United States are one as a Nation, and all citizens are
+equal under the laws, and entitled to their fullest protection.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Third</i>. We are in favor of a tariff for revenue with incidental
+protection to American industry.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Fourth</i>. We stand by free education, our public school system,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>the taxation of all for its support, and no division of the school
+fund.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Eleventh</i>. The observance of Washington's example in retiring
+at the close of a second presidential term will be in the
+future, as it has been in the past, regarded as a fundamental rule
+in the unwritten law of the Republic."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Democratic State Convention met on the 17th
+of June, and was presided over by Judge Rufus P.
+Ranney. It renominated Governor Allen by acclamation
+and a rising vote amidst great cheering.</p>
+
+<p>The governor delivered an intemperate speech upon
+the occasion, in which his denunciation was about
+equally divided between the old alien and sedition
+laws and Grant's administration. Samuel F. Cary,
+nominated for lieutenant-governor, made a loud
+speech. Pendleton, Ewing, Thurman, Allen, and
+Cary spoke at the ratification meeting in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>The platform contained the sound proposition that
+the president's services should be limited to one term,
+thereby endorsing a material part of Governor Hayes'
+letter of acceptance in advance. It also contained
+what some have called the rascally, others the asinine
+propositions that the volume of currency should be
+made and kept equal to the wants of trade; that all
+National Bank circulation should be promptly and
+permanently retired, and legal tenders be issued in their
+stead, and that the payment of at least one-half of the
+customs should be in legal tenders.</p>
+
+<p>Senator Thurman, much to the surprise of his eastern
+friends, acquiesced in, or at least failed to denounce
+this inflation platform. He forgot the proverb
+that it is the bold man who wins. Had he made
+a ringing, thirty-minutes, hard-money speech on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+occasion, no power on the continent could probably
+have kept him out of the White House. This was the
+day of his destiny, but the day of his destiny is over.</p>
+
+<p>The public and non-partisan estimate of this Democratic
+platform is fairly reflected in the editorial utterances
+of the Cincinnati <i>Commercial</i> of June 18th,
+to the effect that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This platform is a declaration of war upon the National
+credit. The programme of repudiation is made particularly
+clear.... The contest in Ohio this summer in an extraordinary
+degree concerns the Nation."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Chicago <i>Times</i> said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If Allen be elected, the immediate effect is very sure to be
+a prodigious rise in the threatening and dangerous tidal wave of
+inflation and repudiation. The political tradition which goes
+by the name of the Democratic party, will be forthwith pervaded
+in every part by an active and aggressive repudiation sentiment."</p></div>
+
+<p>The inflation Democracy were not only hopeful but
+boastful. Governor Allen made and repeated the
+prediction that he would be re-elected by from 60,000
+to 70,000 majority. He said that he would not compromise
+with Hayes on 20,000. It was represented
+that the hard times were caused by the Republicans,
+and that the people wanted "more money," which
+interpreted meant more debts or due bills. Much was
+said on the stump about what "the people think,"
+forgetting that the material question is not what they
+think, but what they ought to think.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hayes was not unmindful of the national
+and international importance of the contest. Knowing
+that the Democrats had carried the State the year<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+before by a majority of 17,000 on their State ticket
+and 24,000 on their Congressional ticket, he did not
+underrate the difficulties to be contended with in the
+struggle. Several Republican members of Congress
+had taken the inflation shute, and were continually
+writing him not to be too decided; that a little more
+currency would be a good thing. But he buckled on
+his hard-money armor, and going into the contest
+early, delivered at Marion, Lawrence county, the
+sound and solid speech which closes this volume.
+Thus, in the midst of the miners and furnace men
+who were suffering most from hard times and clamoring
+most loudly for more money, Hayes boldly proclaimed
+his sound currency creed, and opposed inflation
+to the extent of a dollar.</p>
+
+<p>Strong men came from other States to aid him in
+this battle against odds. The strongest in this kind
+of battle were Stewart L. Woodford, of New York,
+and Schurz and Grosvenor, of Missouri. General
+Woodford, in the dozen debates he conducted with
+General Ewing, the ablest of the inflationists, developed
+debating abilities of the first order, and exhibited
+a complete mastery of the science of finance.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Wm. M. Grosvenor showed the same powers
+on the stump he had shown as a writer, and presented
+arguments which will probably remain unanswered
+for some centuries to come.</p>
+
+<p>Carl Schurz appeared late in the field, upon the call
+of two hundred merchants of Cincinnati, who assured
+him that the cause of "National honor and common
+honesty" was involved, and delivered a half dozen
+superb speeches. Senator Morton, Senator Oglesby,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+Senator Windom, and Senators Sherman, Dawes, and
+Boutwell took part in the canvass.</p>
+
+<p>Attorney-General Taft, Ex-Governor Noyes, Garfield,
+Monroe, Foster, Danford, and Lawrence strengthened
+the State forces.</p>
+
+<p>We can not waste time upon the dreary drivel on
+the inflation side of this campaign. Men who have
+not learned the elementary principles of the science
+of political economy, who have not mastered the definitions,
+as we say, in geometry, could say nothing intelligible
+to the finite understanding. The speeches
+were as "incoherent" as the New York <i>World</i> proved
+the platform to be. They all contained doctrines, however,
+in perpendicular antagonism to the financial
+doctrines of the St. Louis convention. When the inflationists
+learn what money is&mdash;what its office, its
+function is&mdash;they may be able to resume the discussion
+of finance with their opponents in the Democratic
+party.</p>
+
+<p>After a campaign which called forth almost daily
+leaders from the press of New York and London, and
+aroused the interest of Europe, General Hayes was a
+third time elected governor of Ohio by a majority of
+5,544.</p>
+
+<p>The character of the contest lifted him from a State
+leader to a national, an international man, and made the
+presidency a possibility. We now leave the reader to
+engage in the profitable pleasure of reading the only
+Ohio governor's third inaugural:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly:</i></p>
+
+<p>Questions of National concern, in the existing condition of
+public affairs, may well be left to those officers to whom the people,
+in conformity with the constitution of the United States,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>have confided the important duties and responsibilities of the
+various departments of the general government.</p>
+
+<p>During the term for which you have been elected, the constitution
+of the State devolves on you the task of dealing with
+many subjects very interesting to the people of Ohio. The duty
+of communicating to you the condition of the State, and of recommending
+measures deemed expedient, was performed at the
+opening of your present session by the distinguished citizen who
+has preceded me in the executive office. In complying with the
+usage which requires me to appear before you on this occasion,
+I am, therefore, relieved from the necessity of entering upon
+any extensive examination of the subjects which will claim your
+attention. There are, however, a few topics on which brief suggestions
+may, perhaps, be profitably submitted.</p>
+
+<p>The attention of the legislature has often been earnestly invoked
+to the rapid increase of municipal and other local expenditures,
+and the consequent augmentation of local taxation
+and local indebtedness. This increase is found mainly in the cities
+and large towns. It is certainly a great evil. How to govern
+cities well, consistently with the principles and methods of popular
+government, is one of the most important and difficult
+problems of our time. Profligate expenditure is the fruitful
+cause of municipal misgovernment. If a means can be found
+which will keep municipal expenses from largely exceeding the
+public necessities, its adoption will go far toward securing honesty
+and efficiency in city affairs. In cities large debts and bad
+government go together. Cities which have the lightest taxes
+and smallest debts are apt, also, to have the purest and most satisfactory
+governments.</p>
+
+<p>The following statement, showing the increase of municipal
+taxation and indebtedness in the cities and large towns of Ohio,
+ought to arrest attention:</p>
+
+<p>In 1871, in thirty-one of the principal cities and towns of the
+State, the average rate of taxation was twenty-three and one-tenth
+mills on the dollar. The total amount of taxes levied for
+all purposes was $8,988,064. The total indebtedness was $7,187,082.</p>
+
+<p>In 1875, in the same cities and towns, the average rate of taxation
+was twenty-eight and three-tenths mills on the dollar. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>total amount of taxes levied for all purposes was $12,361,934.
+The total indebtedness was $20,800,491.</p>
+
+<p>The salient points in this statement are, that in four years the
+rate of municipal taxation has increased almost 25 per cent; the
+total amount of municipal taxes has increased over thirty-seven per
+cent, and municipal indebtedness has increased about one hundred
+and ninety per cent, or more than thirteen and a half millions
+of dollars. If this great increase of burdens affected directly
+the whole people of the State, they would give their agents
+in the legislative and executive departments of the State government
+no peace until effective measures to prevent its continuance
+were adopted. But, in fact, the whole people of the State
+are deeply interested in this subject. The burdens borne by the
+cities and towns must be shared, in part at least, by all who transact
+business with them. The town and the neighboring country
+have a common interest, and, in many respects must be regarded
+as one community.</p>
+
+<p>It has been said that the discretion committed to the local authorities,
+however limited and guarded, must be necessarily
+large; that in respect to the imposition of the largest proportion
+of the burden imposed upon the citizen, they constitute the real
+legislature; and that for the prevention of the evils we are considering,
+the people must exercise the greatest care in the choice
+of citizens to fill the important local offices. Experience does
+not seem to justify the expectation that an adequate remedy can
+be obtained in this way.</p>
+
+<p>I submit that to the subject of local indebtedness the General
+Assembly should apply the principles of the State constitution
+on the subject of State indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p>It is not enough to require in every grant of special authority
+to incur debt as a condition precedent that the people interested
+shall approve it by their votes. It is well known how easily such
+elections are carried under the influence of local excitement and
+local rivalries. If the rule of the State constitution which forbids
+all debts except in certain specified emergencies is deemed
+too stringent to be applied to local affairs, the legislature should
+at least accompany every authority to contract debt with an imperative
+requirement that a tax sufficient to pay off the indebtedness
+within a brief period shall be immediately levied, and
+thus compel every citizen who votes to increase debts to vote at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>the same time for an immediate increase of taxes sufficient to
+discharge them.</p>
+
+<p>The wisdom of the policy long since adopted of placing a judicious
+limitation on the power of municipal authorities to levy
+taxes has been vindicated by experience. It must, however, ultimately
+fail to accomplish its object if the increase of municipal
+indebtedness is allowed to go on. To authorize a town to contract
+a debt, whose expenditures already require taxation up to
+the limit allowed by law, is, in its necessary effect, tantamount
+to a repeal of the limitation.</p>
+
+<p>Under the provisions of the eighth article of the constitution,
+already referred to, the State debt, notwithstanding the extraordinary
+expenditures of the war, has been reduced from over
+twenty millions, the amount due in 1851, until it is now only
+about seven millions. An important part of the constitutional
+provisions which have been so successful in State finances is the
+section which requires the creation of a sinking fund and the
+annual payment of a constantly increasing sum on the principal
+of the State debt. Let a requirement analogous to this be enacted
+in regard to existing local indebtedness; let a judicious
+limitation of the rate of taxation which local authorities may
+levy be strictly adhered to, and allow no further indebtedness
+to be authorized except in conformity with these principles;
+and we may, I believe, confidently expect that within a few
+years the burdens of debt now resting upon the cities and towns
+of the State will disappear, and that other wholesome and much
+needed reforms in the whole administration of our municipal
+government will of necessity follow the adoption of what may
+be called the cash system in local affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most interesting duties you will have to perform
+are those which relate to the guardianship and care of the unfortunate
+classes of society and to the punishment and reformation
+of criminals. According to the latest official reports the
+State is responsible for the support and care of about fifteen
+thousand of her dependent citizens. The State is also bound
+to see that many thousands more, who are imprisoned for longer
+or shorter periods on account of crime, have just and wise treatment.
+There is annually expended in the performance of these
+duties a sum exceeding two and a half millions of dollars. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>people of Ohio feel a profound interest in what are known as
+the benevolent, reformatory, and penal institutions of the State.</p>
+
+<p>In order that the General Assembly might from time to time
+receive full and accurate information as to the efficiency of the
+management of these institutions, and of the county and city
+jails, infirmaries, and work-houses, it was enacted in 1867 that a
+Board of State Charities be established. It was intended that
+this board should be composed of citizens of intelligence and
+benevolence, who would serve without compensation. They
+were "to investigate the system of the public charitable and
+correctional institutions of the State, and to make such recommendations
+as they might deem necessary." They were also
+required to make annually a full and complete report of their
+doings to the legislature. In pursuance of this law a board was
+organized, which, at a trifling expense to the State, did much
+valuable work. By reason of their investigations and reports,
+important improvements were introduced into the infirmaries
+and jails of the State, and the general efficiency of our penal
+and reformatory system was increased. In 1872 the General
+Assembly, without due consideration, it is believed, repealed the
+act creating the board. I respectfully recommend that the
+Board of State Charities be re-established.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that an investigation in the interest of economy
+will discover that several offices, somewhat expensive to the
+State, may, without detriment to the public service, be either
+abolished, or so consolidated as to accomplish a material saving
+to the treasury.</p>
+
+<p>Agreeing generally with the sentiments of Governor Allen's
+recent message, I desire especially to concur in what is said on
+the subject of the National Centennial Celebration.</p>
+
+<p>No community in the world has been permitted by Providence
+to enjoy more largely the blessings conferred on mankind by
+the great event of 1776 than the people of Ohio. Ohio and her
+interests had no existence one hundred years ago. They are the
+growth of less than a century. The people naturally wish that
+their State, and her history, and her advantages should be widely
+known. No other such opportunity for their exhibition will
+probably occur for several generations.</p>
+
+<p>Let your session be short&mdash;avoid all schemes requiring excessive
+expenditure, whether State or local, and your constituents
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>will cheerfully approve the appropriation required to secure to
+Ohio a fitting representation in the approaching celebration of
+the Nation's birth.</p>
+
+<p>Before taking the oath of office, I desire to make my acknowledgments
+to my predecessor, Governor Allen, for the friendly
+and considerate way in which he has treated me, both during
+and since the recent political contest in Ohio; and to express
+the wish, in which I am sure you and all the people whom he
+has served will unite with me, that, returning to his beautiful
+home overlooking the ancient capital of our State, he may enjoy
+for many years to come the best blessings which belong to this
+stage of existence.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+
+<h3>NOMINATION TO THE PRESIDENCY.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Early Suggestions&mdash;Letters on Subject&mdash;Garfield Letter&mdash;Action
+of State Convention&mdash;Cincinnati Convention&mdash;Course
+of his Friends&mdash;First and Second Day's
+Events&mdash;Speech of Noyes&mdash;Balloting&mdash;Nominated on
+Seventh Ballot&mdash;Officially Notified&mdash;Habits&mdash;Personal
+Appearance&mdash;Family&mdash;Letter of Acceptance&mdash;Character
+as a Soldier, Magistrate, and Man&mdash;Domestic Surroundings.</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>No able man can for a long time fill the office of
+chief magistrate of one of the three great States of
+the Union without having his name more or less mentioned
+by his friends in connection with the presidency.
+As early as October, 1871, the president of
+the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, at a large
+public meeting held in that city just prior to the fall
+election, introduced Governor Hayes as the next Republican
+candidate for President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In 1872 a modest poet was inspired by the surrounding
+sentiment to sing:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"We bow not down to yonder rising sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">As did the Parsee worshiper of old,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But bend in homage when its race is run,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And watch it sink in purple-fretted gold.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And thus to thee, oh Hayes! the tried, the true,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">On battle-field and in the civic chair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Our heart's deep gratitude, thy meed and due,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">(As closes far too soon thy proud career),<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Goes out with benedictions pure and high:<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span><span class="i4">Oh may thy set be brief, and, like the sun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Rise thou again&mdash;thy light to fill the sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">A brighter course of glory still to run,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Till millions now unborn shall hail thy name<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In ages yet to come, with grand acclaim!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Early in 1875 he was overwhelmed with letters
+urging upon him the acceptance of the third nomination
+for governor. Many of these letters presented
+as an inducement in favor of acceptance that if he
+ran for governor and succeeded in beating Allen, the
+prize of the presidency would be within his reach.
+To one of these letters from a leading editor he replied
+on April 10:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The personal advantages you suggest rather tend to repel me.
+The melancholy thing in our public life is the insane desire to get
+higher.... But now I can't take that direction, and I will
+be ever so much obliged if you will help drop me out of it as
+smoothly as may be."</p></div>
+
+<p>To a member of the State legislature he wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Content with the past, I am not in a state of mind about the
+future. It is for us to act well in the present. George E. Pugh
+used to say there is no political hereafter."</p></div>
+
+<p>In the canvass of 1875, so much were the hearts of
+the people set upon having their great State leader
+the National leader, that the masses were invited in
+announcements for political meetings to come out and
+hear "the next President of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>As illustrating the firmness of Governor Hayes in
+adhering to convictions, we give below a letter addressed
+to Hon. James A. Garfield. It must be remembered
+that at the time this letter was written the paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+money madness prevailed through Ohio and in Congress
+to an alarming extent.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div style="margin-left: 35%;">
+<span class="smcap">Executive Department, State of Ohio</span>,
+<span class="bracket2">}</span></div>
+<div style="margin-left: 45%;">
+<span class="smcap">Columbus</span>, <i>March 4, 1876</i>.
+</div>
+
+<p><i>My Dear General:</i></p>
+
+<p>I have your note of 2d. I am kept busy with callers, correspondence,
+and the routine details of the office, and have not
+therefore tried to keep abreast of the currents of opinion on
+any of the issues. My notion is that the true contest is to be
+between inflation and a sound currency. The Democrats are
+again drifting all to the wrong side. We need not divide on details,
+on methods, or time when.</p>
+
+<p>The previous question will again be irredeemable paper as a
+permanent policy, or a policy which seeks a return to coin. My
+opinion is decidedly against yielding a hair's breadth.</p>
+
+<p>We can't be on the inflation side of the question. We must
+keep our face, our front, firmly in the other direction. "No
+steps backward," must be something more than unmeaning platform
+words. "The drift of sentiment among our friends in
+Ohio," which you inquire about, will depend on the conduct of
+our leading men. It is for them to see that the right sentiment
+is steadily upheld. We are in a condition such that firmness
+and adherence to principle are of peculiar value just now. I
+would "consent" to no backward steps. To yield or compromise
+is weakness, and will destroy us. If a better resumption
+measure can be substituted for the present one, that may do.
+But keep cool. We can better afford to be beaten in Congress
+than to back out.</p>
+
+
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;">Sincerely,</span>
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;" class="smcap">R. B. Hayes.</span>
+</div>
+<br />
+<p>Here is high courage and lofty political morality.
+The letter proclaims the grand truth that the only inquiry
+worthy of a statesman is, not what the tendency
+of public opinion is, but what ought it to be?</p>
+
+<p>To a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention he
+wrote, under date of April 6:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Having done absolutely nothing to make myself the candidate
+of Ohio, I feel very little responsibility for future results.
+When the State Convention was called it seemed probable that
+if I encouraged my friends to organize for the purpose, every
+district would elect my decided supporters. But to make such
+an effort in my own behalf, to use Payne's phrase on repudiation,
+'I abhorred.'"</p></div>
+
+<p>The Republican State Convention, which met
+March 29, had passed, by a unanimous vote, and with
+boundless enthusiasm, the following resolution:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Republican party of Ohio, having full confidence in the
+honesty, ability, and patriotism of Rutherford B. Hayes, cordially
+presents him to the National Republican Convention, for
+the nomination for president of the United States, and our
+State delegates to that Convention are instructed and the district
+delegates are requested to use their earnest efforts to secure his
+nomination."</p></div>
+
+<p>We shall not stop to trace the growth of the Hayes
+sentiment in other States. When the Sixth Republican
+National Convention assembled in Cincinnati, on
+June 14, 1876, the situation was this: Hayes was the
+first choice of every one for the second place on the
+ticket, and every one's second choice for the first. He
+and his friends had in no way antagonized other candidates,
+and had been guilty of no uncharitableness
+of judgment toward them. In the convention, he
+was modestly presented as the one candidate who
+could harmonize all interests, and unite all party elements.
+His friends argued that he combined merit
+and availability to a higher degree than any one whose
+name was before the convention.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of the convention was good, and there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+seemed a willing response to this portion of the opening
+prayer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"By Thy grace, give to them a spirit of concord, that harmony
+may prevail in their counsels; a spirit of wisdom that may discern
+and use the right means to promote the end for which they
+are convened; a spirit of patriotism, that the prosperity of the
+Nation may overshadow all personal or sectional desires; a spirit
+of courage, that they may be faithful to the deepest convictions
+of duty."</p></div>
+
+<p>Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, Chairman of
+the National Executive Committee, in his opening
+address, pertinently said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Resumption accomplished, then, in all human probability,
+will follow ten or fifteen years of prosperity, equal to that of any
+former period, perhaps greater than the country has yet seen.
+If you will, in addition, put a plank in your platform, declaring
+for such an amendment of the constitution as will extend the
+presidential office to six years, and make the incumbent ineligible
+for re-election, you will deserve the gratitude of the American
+people."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Hon. Theodore M. Pomeroy, Temporary Chairman,
+forcibly declared:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"No, gentlemen, the late war was not a mere prize-fight for
+National supremacy. It was the outgrowth of the conflict of irreconcilable
+moral, social, and political forces. Democracy had
+its lot with the moral, social, and political forces of the cause
+which was lost; the Republican party with those which triumphed
+and survived. The preservation of the results of that
+victory devolves upon us here and now. Democracy has no traditions
+of the past, no impulses of the present, no aspirations
+for the future, fitting it for this task. The reaction of 1874 has
+already spent itself in a vain effort to realize the situation. It
+has simply demonstrated that no change in the machinery of the
+government can be had outside of the Republican party, without
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>drawing with it a practical nullification of the great work of reconstruction,
+financial chaos, and administrative revolution.
+The present House of Representatives has succeeded in nothing
+except the development of its own incapacity."</p></div>
+
+<p>The additional speeches delivered on the first day
+(which was devoted to organization) were by Senator
+Logan, General Joseph R. Hawley, Ex-Governor
+Noyes, Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, Ex-Governor
+Wm. A. Howard, of Michigan, and Fred. Douglass.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Douglass was vociferously applauded, when he
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The thing, however, in which I feel the deepest interest, and
+the thing in which I believe this country feels the deepest interest,
+is that the principles involved in the contest which carried
+your sons and brothers to the battle-field, which draped our
+Northern churches with the weeds of mourning, and filled our
+towns and our cities with mere stumps of men&mdash;armless, legless,
+maimed, and mutilated&mdash;the thing for which you poured out your
+blood and piled a debt for after-coming generations higher than
+a mountain of gold, to weigh down the necks of your children
+and your children's children&mdash;I say those principles, those principles
+involved in that tremendous contest, are to be dearer to
+the American people in the great political struggle now upon
+them than any other principles we have."</p></div>
+
+<p>The most significant event of the first day's proceedings
+was the reading from the platform, by George
+William Curtis, of the outspoken address of the Republican
+Reform Club of the city of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The Hon. Edward McPherson, of Pennsylvania,
+was chosen permanent chairman. The important
+events of the second day's proceedings were the adoption
+of the platform and the putting presidential candidates
+in nomination. The candidate the convention
+subsequently selected was placed in nomination by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+Ex-Governor Noyes, of Ohio, through the following
+eminently appropriate speech:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>:&mdash;On behalf of the forty-four delegates from Ohio,
+representing the entire Republican party of Ohio, I have the
+honor to present to this convention the name of a gentleman
+well known and favorably known throughout the country; one
+held in high respect, and much beloved, by the people of Ohio;
+a man who, during the dark and stormy days of the rebellion,
+when those who are invincible in peace and invisible in battle
+were uttering brave words to cheer their neighbors on, himself,
+in the fore-front of battle, followed his leaders and his flag until
+the authority of our government was established from the lakes
+to the Gulf, and from the river round to the sea. A man who
+has had the rare good fortune since the war was over to be twice
+elected to Congress from the district where he resided, and subsequently
+the rarer fortune of beating successively for the highest
+office in the gift of the people of Ohio, Allen G. Thurman,
+George H. Pendleton, and William Allen. He is a gentleman
+who has somehow fallen into the habit of defeating Democratic
+aspirants for the Presidency, and we in Ohio all have a notion
+that from long experience he will be able to do it again. In presenting
+the name of Governor Hayes, permit me to say we wage
+no war upon the distinguished gentlemen whose names have been
+mentioned here to-day. They have rendered great service to
+their country, which entitles them to our respect and to our
+gratitude. I have no word to utter against them. I only wish
+to say that General Hayes is the peer of these gentlemen in integrity,
+in character, in ability. They appear as equals in all the
+great qualities which fit men for the highest positions which the
+American people can give them. Governor Hayes is honest; he
+is brave; he is unpretending; he is wise, sagacious, a scholar, and
+a gentleman. Enjoying an independent fortune, the simplicity
+of his private life, his modesty of bearing, is a standing rebuke to
+the extravagance&mdash;the reckless extravagance&mdash;which leads to
+corruption in public and in private places.</p>
+
+<p>Remember now, delegates to the convention, that a responsible
+duty rests upon you. You can be governed by no wild impulse.
+You can run no fearful risks in this campaign. You
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>must, if you would succeed, nominate a candidate here who will
+not only carry the old, strong Republican States, but who will
+carry Indiana, Ohio, and New York, as well as other doubtful
+States. We care not who the man shall be, other than our own
+candidate. Whoever you nominate, men of the convention, shall
+receive our heartiest and most earnest efforts for their success.
+But we beg to submit that in Governor Hayes you have those
+qualities which are calculated best to compromise all difficulties,
+and to soften all antagonisms. He has no personal enemies: His
+private life is so pure that no man has ever dared to assail it.
+His public acts throughout all these years have been above suspicion
+even. I ask you, then, if, in the lack of these antagonisms,
+and with all of these good qualities, living in a State which holds
+its election in October, the result of which will be decisive, it
+may be, of the presidential campaign&mdash;it is not worth while to
+see to it that a candidate is nominated against whom nothing
+can be said, and who is sure to succeed in the campaign?</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, permit me to say that, if the wisdom of this
+convention shall decide at last that Governor Hayes' nomination
+is safest, and is best, that decision will meet with such responsive
+enthusiasm here in Ohio as will insure Republican success at
+home, and which will be so far-reaching and wide-spreading as
+to make success almost certain from the Atlantic to the Pacific.</p></div>
+
+<p>The nomination was seconded by Benjamin F.
+Wade, of Ohio, Colonel J. W. Davis, of West Virginia,
+Hon. A. St. Gem, and Hon. J. P. Jones, of Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>The third and last day of the sitting of the Convention
+was employed in balloting and in making the
+nominations.</p>
+
+<p>At twenty minutes to 11 the balloting for president
+began:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST BALLOT.</h4>
+
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="First Ballot">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='center'>STATES.</td><td align='center'>Blaine</td><td align='center'>Morton</td><td align='center'>Conkling</td><td align='center'>Bristow</td><td align='center'>Hayes</td><td align='center'>Hartranft</td><td align='center'>Wheeler</td><td align='center'>Jewell</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>12</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='center'>9</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Delaware</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>4</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='center'>5</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='center'>38</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>30</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='center'>22</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kansas</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>24</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Louisiana</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maine</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='center'>16</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>17</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>9</td><td align='center'>4</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mississippi</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>12</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>12</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nebraska</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nevada</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Hampshire</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='center'>13</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>5</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>69</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='center'>9</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>44</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oregon</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>58</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Carolina</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>13</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>5</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='center'>4</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='center'>16</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin</td><td align='center'>20</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arizona</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colorado</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dakota</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Idaho</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Montana</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Mexico</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Utah</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>District of Columbia</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wyoming</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Totals</td><td align='center'>285</td><td align='center'>125</td><td align='center'>99</td><td align='center'>113</td><td align='center'>61</td><td align='center'>58</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>11</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+
+<p>The second ballot resulted as follows: Blaine, 296;
+Morton, 120; Bristow, 114; Conkling, 93; Hayes,
+64; Hartranft, 63: Wheeler, 3; Washburne, 1.</p>
+
+<p>Third ballot: Blaine, 293; Bristow, 121; Morton,
+113; Conkling, 90; Hartranft, 08; Hayes, 67;
+Wheeler, 2; Washburne, 1.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth ballot: Blaine, 292; Bristow, 126; Morton,
+108; Conkling, 84; Hartranft, 71; Hayes, 68; Washburne,
+3; Wheeler, 2.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth ballot: Whole number of votes cast, 755.
+Necessary to a choice, 378. Not voting, 1. Blaine,
+286; Morton, 95; Bristow, 114; Conkling, 82; Hayes,
+104; Hartranft, 69; Wheeler (Mass.), 2; Washburne,
+(Ga. 1, 111. 1, Minn. 1), 3.</p>
+
+<p>On this ballot Hayes passed from the fifth to the
+third place, through the aid of 22 votes cast for him
+by Michigan, and 12 by North Carolina. This was
+the first distinct foreshadowing of the result.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixth ballot Hayes was second, the vote
+standing: Blaine, 308; Hayes, 113; Bristow, 111;
+Morton, 85; Conkling, 81; Hartranft, 50; Washburne,
+5; Wheeler, 2.</p>
+
+<p>The decisive ballot stood:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>SEVENTH BALLOT.</h4>
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Seventh Ballot">
+<tbody>
+<tr><td align='center'>STATES.</td><td align='center'>Hayes</td><td align='center'>Blaine</td><td align='center'>Bristow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>17</td><td align='center'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>11</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>16</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Delaware</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>35</td><td align='center'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='center'>25</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>22</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kansas</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='center'>24</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Louisiana</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maine</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>16</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='center'>21</td><td align='center'>5</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='center'>22</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>9</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mississippi</td><td align='center'>16</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>20</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nebraska</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nevada</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Hampshire</td><td align='center'>3</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>12</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='center'>61</td><td align='center'>9</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='center'>20</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='center'>44</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oregon</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='center'>28</td><td align='center'>30</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Carolina</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>7</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='center'>15</td><td align='center'>1</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='center'>18</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='center'>10</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='center'>8</td><td align='center'>14</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='center'>4</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin</td><td align='center'>4</td><td align='center'>16</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arizona</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colorado</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>6</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dakota</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Idaho</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Montana</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Mexico</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Utah</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>District of Columbia&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wyoming</td><td align='center'>2</td><td align='center'>...</td><td align='center'>...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Totals</td><td align='center'>381</td><td align='center'>351</td><td align='center'>21</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<br />
+<p>The nomination of Governor Hayes was received
+with indescribable enthusiasm, with long-continued<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+cheering, and every other demonstration of joy and
+delight.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of Ohio the State that contributed most to
+this far-reaching result was Michigan. From the fact
+that Mr. Bristow telegraphed to the Kentucky delegation
+several hours before the crisis was reached to
+cast their votes for Hayes, that State should share,
+after Michigan, the honor of achieving the grand result.
+Indiana, North Carolina, and New York followed
+close upon Kentucky, if it is possible to compare
+the value of the aid each State brought.</p>
+
+<p>On motion of the Hon. Wm. P. Frye, of Maine,
+Rutherford B. Hayes was declared the unanimous
+choice of the Republican National Convention for
+President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>This great convention concluded its labors by nominating
+the able and incorruptible Wm. A. Wheeler,
+of New York, for vice-president by acclamation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of June, the day following the nomination,
+the committee appointed by the convention to
+notify Governor Hayes of the fact presented themselves
+in the executive office at Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McPherson, the chairman, approaching him,
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Governor Hayes</span>: We have been deputed by the National
+convention of the Republican party, holden at Cincinnati on
+the 14th of the present month, to inform you officially that you
+have been unanimously nominated by that convention for the
+office of President of the United States. The manner in which
+that action was taken, and the response to it from every portion
+of the country, attest the strength of the popular confidence in
+you and the belief that your administration will be wise, courageous,
+and just. We say, sir, your administration, for we believe
+that the people will confirm the action of the convention, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>thus save the country from the control of the men and the operations
+of the principles and policy of the Democratic party.
+We have also been directed to ask your attention to the summary
+of the Republican doctrine contained in the platform
+adopted by the convention. In discharging this agreeable duty
+we find cause of congratulation in the harmonious action of the
+convention, and in the hearty response given by the people we
+see the promise of assured success. Ohio, we know, trusts and
+honors you. Henceforth you belong to the whole country.
+Under circumstances so auspicious, we trust you will indicate
+your acceptance of the nomination."</p></div>
+
+<p>The governor, who had had no intimation as to
+what the length or character of the address would be,
+was left in doubt with respect to the response expected
+from him by the committee. He, however, without
+embarrassment, but in an intentionally subdued tone
+of voice, gave this appropriately brief reply:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have only to say in response to your information that
+I accept the nomination. Perhaps at the present time it would
+be improper for me to say more than this, although even now I
+should be glad to give some expression to the profound sense of
+gratitude I feel for the confidence reposed in me by yourselves
+and those for whom you act. At a future time I shall take occasion
+to present my acceptance in writing, with my views upon
+the platform."</p></div>
+
+<p>Since his nomination for the presidency, Governor
+Hayes has changed in no perceptible respect the
+habits, recreations, or labors of his daily life. He
+rises early and accomplishes much work before breakfast.
+He labors in the executive office in the capitol
+from nine until five, discharging his varied duties as
+governor, answering or dictating the answers to be
+given his official, political, and private correspondence,
+and remaining at all times accessible to visitors of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+every age, sex, color, and condition, who seek to see
+him. His evenings are passed with his family, or at
+the social parties of his many friends. He makes his
+customary trips to his home and farms near Fremont,
+and, while profitably managing large property interests,
+finds time to devote to pioneer history, to domestic
+architecture, to gardening, to general literature, to
+languages, and other liberal studies and pursuits. He
+is sobered, but not overpowered or oppressed by the
+new responsibilities cast upon him. He suffers himself
+to be&mdash;as he ever has been&mdash;natural. Moderate,
+discreet, and wise in all things as he has been in the
+past and is in the present, he is conspicuously one who
+grows wiser each day that he lives.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Hayes has reached the age of fifty-four,
+is five feet nine inches in height, and weighs one hundred
+and eighty pounds. Perfect health and habits
+leave him just in the ripe maturity of physical manhood
+and mind. His shoulders and breast are broad,
+his frame solid and compact, his limbs muscular and
+strong. He has a fresh, ruddy complexion, is full of
+activity and elasticity, and is very fond of the amusements
+of young people. He has an exceptionally high
+and full forehead, a prominent nose, and bluish-gray
+eyes. A heavy sandy mustache and beard, which are
+silvered a little, conceal his mouth and chin. His
+light-brown hair is thin and slightly sprinkled with
+gray.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor is the father of eight children, five
+of whom are now living. Those still living were
+born as follows: Birchard Austin, November 4,
+1853; Webb Cook, March 20, 1856; Rutherford<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+Platt, June 24, 1858; Fanny Hayes, September 2,
+1867; Scott Russell, February 8, 1871.</p>
+
+<p>The youngest of these children was born in Columbus,
+the others in Cincinnati. The oldest son graduated
+at Cornell University, in the class of 1874, and
+is now at the Harvard Law School. The second son
+passed three years at Cornell, and is now at home.
+The third son is at Cornell.</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks from the day that Governor Hayes
+was nominated for the Presidency, his private secretary,
+Captain A. E. Lee, put upon the telegraphic
+wires, at Columbus, the following accurate copy of:</p>
+<br />
+<div class="blockquot"><center><b>THE LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE.</b></center>
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 45%;"><span class="smcap">Columbus, Ohio</span>, <i>July 8, 1876.</i></span>
+<br />
+<p>Hon. Edward McPherson, Hon. Wm. A. Howard, Hon. Joseph
+H. Rainey, and others, Committee of the Republican National
+Convention.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: In reply to your official communication of June
+17, by which I am informed of my nomination for the office of
+President of the United States by the Republican National
+Convention at Cincinnati, I accept the nomination with gratitude,
+hoping that, under Providence, I shall be able, if elected,
+to execute the duties of the high office as a trust for the benefit
+of all the people.</p>
+
+<p>I do not deem it necessary to enter upon any extended examination
+of the declaration of principles made by the convention.
+The resolutions are in accord with my views, and I heartily concur
+in the principles they announce. In several of the resolutions,
+however, questions are considered which are of such importance
+that I deem it proper to briefly express my convictions
+in regard to them.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth resolution adopted by the convention is of paramount
+interest. More than forty years ago, a system of making appointments
+to office grew up, based upon the maxim "To the victors
+belong the spoils." The old rule, the true rule, that honesty,
+capacity, and fidelity constitute the only real qualifications for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>office, and that there is no other claim, gave place to the idea
+that party services were to be chiefly considered. All parties, in
+practice, have adopted this system. It has been essentially modified
+since its first introduction. It has not, however, been improved.</p>
+
+<p>At first the president, either directly or through the heads of
+departments, made all the appointments. But gradually the
+appointing power, in many cases, passed into the control of members
+of Congress. The offices, in these cases, have become not
+merely rewards for party services, but rewards for services to
+party leaders. This system destroys the independence of the
+separate departments of the government; it tends directly to
+extravagance and official incapacity; it is a temptation to dishonesty;
+it hinders and impairs that careful supervision and
+strict accountability by which alone faithful and efficient public
+service can be secured; it obstructs the prompt removal and
+sure punishment of the unworthy. In every way it degrades the
+civil service and the character of the government. It is felt, I
+am confident, by a large majority of the members of Congress,
+to be an intolerable burden, and an unwarrantable hindrance to
+the proper discharge of their legitimate duties. It ought to be
+abolished. The reform should be thorough, radical, and complete.</p>
+
+<p>We should return to the principles and practice of the founders
+of the government, supplying by legislation, when needed,
+that which was formerly established custom. They neither expected
+nor desired from the public officer any partisan service.
+They meant that public officers should owe their whole service to
+the government and to the people. They meant that the officer
+should be secure in his tenure as long as his personal character
+remained untarnished, and the performance of his duties satisfactory.
+If elected, I shall conduct the administration of the
+government upon these principles; and all constitutional powers
+vested in the executive will be employed to establish this reform.</p>
+
+<p>The declaration of principles by the Cincinnati Convention
+makes no announcement in favor of a single presidential term.
+I do not assume to add to that declaration; but, believing that
+the restoration of the civil service to the system established by
+Washington and followed by the early presidents can be best accomplished
+by an executive who is under no temptation to use
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>the patronage of his office to promote his own re-election, I desire
+to perform what I regard as a duty, in stating now my inflexible
+purpose, if elected, not to be a candidate for election
+to a second term.</p>
+
+<p>On the currency question, I have frequently expressed my
+views in public, and I stand by my record on this subject. I regard
+all the laws of the United States relating to the payment
+of the public indebtedness, the legal tender notes included, as
+constituting a pledge and moral obligation of the Government,
+which must in good faith be kept. It is my conviction that the
+feeling of uncertainty inseparable from an irredeemable paper
+currency, with its fluctuations of values, is one of the great obstacles
+to a revival of confidence and business, and to a return
+of prosperity. That uncertainty can be ended in but one way&mdash;the
+resumption of specie payments; but the longer the instability
+connected with our present money system is permitted to
+continue, the greater will be the injury inflicted upon our economical
+interests, and all classes of society.</p>
+
+<p>If elected, I shall approve every appropriate measure to accomplish
+the desired end, and shall oppose any step backward.</p>
+
+<p>The resolution with respect to the public school system is one
+which should receive the hearty support of the American people.
+Agitation upon this subject is to be apprehended, until, by constitutional
+amendment, the schools are placed beyond all danger
+of sectarian control or interference. The Republican party is
+pledged to secure such an amendment.</p>
+
+<p>The resolution of the convention on the subject of the permanent
+pacification of the country, and the complete protection of
+all its citizens in the free enjoyment of all their constitutional
+rights, is timely and of great importance. The condition of the
+Southern States attracts the attention and commands the sympathy
+of the people of the whole Union. In their progressive
+recovery from the effects of the war, their first necessity is an
+intelligent and honest administration of government, which will
+protect all classes of citizens in all their political and private rights.
+What the South most needs is peace, and peace depends upon
+the supremacy of law. There can be no enduring peace if the
+constitutional rights of any portion of the people are habitually
+disregarded. A division of political parties, resting merely upon
+distinctions of race, or upon sectional lines, is always unfortu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>nate, and may be disastrous. The welfare of the South, alike
+with that of every other part of the country, depends upon the
+attractions it can offer to labor, to immigration, and to capital.
+But laborers will not go, and capital will not be ventured, where
+the constitution and the laws are set at defiance, and distraction,
+apprehension, and alarm, take the place of peace-loving and
+law-abiding social life. All parts of the constitution are sacred,
+and must be sacredly observed&mdash;the parts that are new no less
+than the parts that are old. The moral and material prosperity
+of the Southern States can be most effectively advanced by a
+hearty and generous recognition of the rights of all by all&mdash;a
+recognition without reserve or exception.</p>
+
+<p>With such a recognition fully accorded, it will be practicable
+to promote, by the influence of all legitimate agencies of the
+general government, the efforts of the people of those States to
+obtain for themselves the blessings of honest and capable local
+government.</p>
+
+<p>If elected, I shall consider it not only my duty, but it will be
+my ardent desire, to labor for the attainment of this end.</p>
+
+<p>Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States that if
+I shall be charged with the duty of organizing an Administration,
+it will be one which will regard and cherish their truest interests&mdash;the
+interests of the white and of the colored people both, and
+equally; and which will put forth its best efforts in behalf of a
+civil policy which will wipe out forever the distinction between
+North and South in our common country.</p>
+
+<p>With a civil service organized upon a system which will secure
+purity, experience, efficiency, and economy; with a strict regard
+for the public welfare, solely, in appointments; with the speedy,
+thorough, and unsparing prosecution and punishment of all public
+officers who betray official trusts; with a sound currency;
+with education unsectarian and free to all; with simplicity and
+frugality in public and private affairs, and with a fraternal spirit
+of harmony pervading the people of all sections and classes, we
+may reasonably hope that the second century of our existence
+as a Nation will, by the blessing of God, be pre-eminent as an
+era of good feeling, and a period of progress, prosperity, and
+happiness.</p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">Very respectfully,</span>
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;">Your fellow-citizen,</span>
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;" class="smcap">R. B. Hayes.</span>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+
+<p>The non-partisan verdict upon this letter is that it
+is faultless in style, sound in principle, courageous,
+broad and elevated in tone, liberal, wise, statesmanlike,
+and strong. It is, in short, the declaration of
+faith of an honest man who has a heart in his breast
+and a head on his shoulders, with purity in that heart
+and brains in that head.</p>
+
+<p>The conclusions which follow our study of the public
+career of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, and the
+study of that interior life, the beauty of which the
+world will not know until he has passed from it, are
+briefly these.</p>
+
+<p>In boyhood, in battle, in the civic chair, in the esteem
+of his State, in every duty and relation of life,
+he has been first, and now, it would seem, is first in
+the hearts of his countrymen. As a student, he was
+foremost; as a lawyer, he was in the front rank; as a
+soldier, he was the bravest; as a legislator, the most
+judicious; as a governor, second to none of Ohio's
+great magistrates.</p>
+
+<p>The most striking characteristic of Hayes as a soldier
+was his personal intrepidity. Anthony Wayne,
+Francis Marion, and Ethan Allen were called brave
+men in the Revolution, and so they were; but we look
+in vain in their histories for as numerous proofs of
+unsurpassable daring as the hero of Cloyd Mountain,
+Cedar Creek, and South Mountain, has given us.
+Four horses shot under him; four wounds in action;
+fighting after he fell; a hundred days exposed to
+death under fire&mdash;these are the evidences of as lofty
+a courage as is yet known among men.</p>
+
+<p>As a regimental, brigade, and division commander,
+his most striking quality as a leader was his impetu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>osity. General Crook used to say that Hayes fought
+infantry as other men fought cavalry. He was always
+wanting to move forward, to charge, to get at the
+enemy with cold steel. His favorite step was the
+double-quick; his choice of distance two paces; and
+his preferred mode of fighting, the hand-to-hand grapple.
+This meant business, was decisive, and was soon
+over.</p>
+
+<p>Another characteristic was his constant care for the
+comfort of his soldiers. He was much in the hospitals,
+cheering up the wounded, writing letters for them,
+and sending last messages from the lips of the dying
+to wives, mothers, and friends. He shared his blanket,
+his last crust, his last penny, with the neediest of his
+men, and abstained from food when they had none.</p>
+
+<p>His house is to-day, and has been since the war, a
+soldiers' home, where all who served with him are invited
+to come at all times and partake at his own
+table with his wife and children. Seldom is this generous
+hospitality imposed on by the members of his
+large military family. Once, only, a pseudo-soldier,
+whom the children called the "Veteran," having
+served two days and a half in the army, remained
+just double the term of his military service under the
+governor's roof. He doubtless found that the rations
+at this camp were good.</p>
+
+<p>As a civil magistrate, Governor Hayes has developed
+executive and administrative abilities of the
+highest order. He has a practical, common-sense,
+direct way of doing things. He first finds what
+things ought to be done, and then how. When his
+own party has been in a minority, he has made
+friends with a few of the most reasonable men in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+opposition, and through them, as instruments, has accomplished
+his purposes.</p>
+
+<p>He is a discriminating judge of human nature, and
+is magnetic enough to make legislators follow his
+lead, as his soldiers followed him.</p>
+
+<p>He has fixed rules of official conduct to which he
+adheres in all cases. For example, if he has a judge
+to appoint&mdash;and he has appointed many to fill vacancies&mdash;his
+simple inquiry is, Whom do the members of
+the legal profession want, who live in the judicial
+district to be provided for? When that fact is accurately
+ascertained, the appointment follows as a matter
+of course, even though the lawyer preferred may
+be his personal enemy. In the interests of learning,
+higher education, human benevolence, and equal
+rights, Hayes has accomplished more than any governor
+Ohio has yet had. We make this statement
+with the honorable records of old Jeremiah Morrow,
+Corwin, Chase, Tod, Brough, and Cox spread before
+us.</p>
+
+<p>In a word, Governor Hayes is square-built, solid
+and sound, mentally, morally, and physically. His integrity
+is a proverb; his fidelity to his convictions is
+recognized by political enemies; his record is of unassailable
+soundness; and there is absolutely nothing
+vulnerable in his character. He has a Lincoln-like
+soundness of judgment, and is as inexorably just as
+old John Marshall. He is a man absolutely free from
+eccentricities and affectations; he neither walks nor
+talks on stilts. His manners have the warmth and
+grace that sincerity and simplicity give. In bearing,
+he is animated and thoughtful, manly and refined.
+His firmness, while it does not amount to obstinacy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+marks the clear-cut individuality and decision of his
+character. He has the guiding faculty and the power
+of containing himself. He takes a just measure both
+of himself and of other men. If the country will do
+this, his future is as secure as his past. If president,
+he would do the right thing at the right time, in the
+right way. His election will give us, not a "solid
+South" or a solid North, but a solid Union!</p>
+
+<p>Since experience has taught us how essential it is
+that the representative of the women of America in
+the executive mansion should worthily represent all
+that is best and most elevated in our social life, a word
+in regard to the companion of Governor Hayes may
+not be out of taste. If any public man in our history
+has been more fortunate and happy in his home surroundings
+and family relations, we are not aware who
+he may be. If the voice of the people should decree
+the transplanting of the ideal home of this family
+from the capital of Ohio to the capital of the Republic,
+the pure and elevating influences radiating from
+such a home would pervade and purify the social life of
+the National city, if not of the land. A severer simplicity
+would mark the inner and the outer life of the
+president's household. Extravagance in dress and
+living, wastefulness in vain displays and in ambitious
+entertainments, would find no encouragement from
+the mistress of the Nation's mansion. The lessons
+of truth and piety, of purity and virtue, of charity
+and benevolence, of sincerity and self-forgetfulness,
+would be taught by example. A whole people could
+here find in illustration the sacredness of the family
+and the holiness of home.</p>
+
+<p>A union of rare accomplishments, social and do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>mestic, with beauty of features, manners, and character,
+may yet be found in a successor of Mrs. Madison.</p>
+
+<p>A doctor of divinity and a doctor of laws, the president
+of the Ohio Wesleyan University, bears this
+weighty testimony, in a public address, to the correctness
+of what we have hereinbefore recorded:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is in no spirit of partisanship, nor with the slightest reference
+to merely political ends, but simply in illustration of our
+subject that we add, already there are hopeful signs of reformation
+in our National life. It is a sign of progress that the suspicion
+of sullied purity is beginning to be fatal to a public man.
+It is an omen of good when in a large and representative convention,
+with the names of many distinguished men before it,
+one is borne above them all on the tide of popular enthusiasm
+and with ringing peals of applause is presented to the American
+people, without effort of his own, as a candidate for the highest
+office in the Nation, not only because of his eminent ability, but
+largely because of the transparent purity of his character and
+his high, manly, moral worth.</p>
+
+<p>"It is doubtless a cause of honest pride to the citizens of this
+town, irrespective of political creeds and preferences, that the
+man thus highly distinguished is a native of your classic city.
+By reason of its youth this university can not claim him as a
+son, but it regards with maternal pride his not less worthy companion,
+who, after graduation at one of the best female colleges
+in the State, indicated her rare good sense by passing through
+much of the college curriculum of our university here.</p>
+
+<p>"If, by the decree of the people and the providence of God, this
+worthy pair, honored graduates of Ohio's higher schools of learning,
+shall be lifted to the highest position and power and influence
+in the Nation, we have reason to believe that they will
+illustrate the salutary influence of that cultured goodness of
+which we have spoken, and that the National capital and the
+entire National domain will enjoy a purer atmosphere."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+
+
+<center>
+<b><i>Speech of</i> <span class="smcap">General R. B. Hayes</span>, <i>delivered at <a name="LEBANON" id="LEBANON"></a>Lebanon</i>,
+<i>Ohio</i>, <i>August 5, 1867.</i></b>
+</center>
+<br />
+<p>
+<i>Fellow-Citizens:</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>President Lincoln began his memorable address at the dedication
+of the Gettysburg National Cemetery with these words:</p>
+
+<p>"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on
+this continent a new Nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated
+to the proposition that all men are created equal."</p>
+
+<p>This was Abraham Lincoln's opinion of what was accomplished
+and what was meant by the Declaration of Independence.
+His idea was that it gave birth to a Nation, and that it
+dedicated that Nation to equal rights.</p>
+
+<p>Now, so far as the performance of duty in the present condition
+of our country is concerned, "this is the whole law and the
+prophets." The United States are not a confederacy of independent
+and sovereign States, bound together by a mere treaty
+or a compact, but the people of the United States constitute a Nation,
+having one flag, one history, "one country, one constitution,
+one destiny." Whoever seeks to divide this Nation into
+two sections&mdash;into a North and a South, or into four sections, according
+to the cardinal points of the compass, or into thirty or
+forty independent sovereignties&mdash;is opposed to the Nation, and
+the Nation's friends should be opposed to him.</p>
+
+<p>Washington, in his Farewell Address, says:</p>
+
+<p>"The unity of government, which constitutes you one people,
+is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in
+the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquillity
+at home, your peace abroad; of your safety, of your prosperity,
+of that very liberty which you so highly prize....
+The name of American, which belongs to you in your National
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more
+than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With
+slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners,
+habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause,
+fought and triumphed together; the independence and liberty
+you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts&mdash;of
+common dangers, sufferings, and successes."</p>
+
+<p>The sentiment of Nationality is the sentiment of the Declaration
+of Independence; it is the sentiment of the fathers; it is
+the sentiment which carried us through the war of the Revolution,
+and through the war of the late Rebellion; and it is a sentiment
+which the people of the United States ought forever to
+cultivate and cherish.</p>
+
+<p>The great idea to which the Nation, according to Mr. Lincoln,
+was dedicated by the fathers is expressed in the Declaration in
+these familiar phrases: "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
+that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their
+Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these
+rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their
+just powers from the consent of the governed."</p>
+
+<p>An intelligent audience will not wish to hear discussion as to
+the import of these sentences. Their language is simple, their
+meaning plain, and their truth undoubted. The equality declared
+by the fathers was not an equality of beauty, of physical
+strength, or of intellect, but an equality of rights. Foolish attempts
+have been made by those who hate the principles of the
+fathers to destroy the great fundamental truth of the Declaration,
+by limiting the application of the phrase "all men" to the
+men of a single race.</p>
+
+<p>But Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration leaves no
+room to doubt what he meant by these words. The gravest
+charge he made against the King of Great Britain in the original
+draft of the Declaration of Independence was the following:</p>
+
+<p>"He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating
+its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a
+distant people, who never offended him, capturing and carrying
+them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable
+death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian
+King of Great Britain, determined to keep open market where
+MEN should be bought and sold."</p>
+
+<p>In this sentence the word "men" is written by Jefferson in
+capital letters, showing with what emphasis he wished to declare
+that the King of Great Britain was making slaves of a people to
+whom belonged the rights of men.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for our country, that King, and others who
+"waged cruel war against human nature itself," had already succeeded
+in planting in the bosom of American society an element
+implacably hostile to human rights, and destined to become the
+enemy of the Union, whenever the American people, in their
+National capacity, should refuse assent to any measures which
+the holders of slaves should deem necessary or even important
+for the security or prosperity of their "peculiar institution."</p>
+
+<p>I need not, upon this occasion, repeat what is now familiar history&mdash;how,
+by the invention of the cotton-gin, and the consequent
+enormous increase of the cotton crop, slave labor in the
+cotton States, and slave breeding in the Northern slave States,
+became so profitable that the slaveholders were able, for many
+years, largely to influence, if not control, every department of
+the National Government. The slave power became something
+more than a phrase&mdash;it was a definite, established, appalling
+fact. The Missouri controversy, South Carolina nullification, the
+Texas controversy, the adoption of the compromise measures
+of 1850, and the repeal of the Missouri compromise in 1854,
+were all occasions when the country was compelled to see the
+magnitude, the energy, the recklessness, and the arrogance of
+the slave power.</p>
+
+<p>Precisely when the men who wielded that power determined
+to destroy the Union it is not now necessary to inquire. Threats
+of disunion were made in the first Congress that assembled
+under the constitution. Upon various pretexts they were repeated
+from time to time, and no one doubts that slavery was at
+the bottom of them. In 1833 General Jackson wrote to Rev. A.
+J. Crawford: "Take care of your nullifiers; you have them
+among you; let them meet with the indignant frown of every
+man who loves his country. The tariff, it is now known, was a
+mere pretext ... and disunion and a Southern Confederacy
+the real object. The next pretext will be the negro or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>slavery question." General Jackson was no doubt right as to
+the existence of a settled purpose to break up the Union, and
+to establish a Southern Confederacy, as long ago as 1832. But
+why was there such a purpose? On what ground did it stand?</p>
+
+<p>Great political parties, whether sectional or otherwise, do not
+come by accident, nor are they the invention of political intrigue.
+A faction born of a clique may have some strength at
+one or two elections, but the wisest political wire-workers can
+not, by merely "taking thought," create a strong and permanent
+party. The result of the Philadelphia Convention last summer
+probably taught this truth to the authors of that movement.
+Great political movements always have some adequate cause.</p>
+
+<p>Now, on what did the conspirators who plotted the destruction
+of the Union and the establishment of a Southern Confederacy
+rely? In the first place, they taught a false construction
+of the National constitution, which was miscalled State rights,
+the essential part of which was that "any State of the Union
+might secede from the Union whenever it liked." This doctrine
+was the instrument employed to destroy the unity of the Nation.
+The fact which gave strength and energy to those who employed
+this instrument was that in the southern half of the Union, society,
+business, property, religion, and law were all based on the
+proposition that over four millions of our countrymen, capable
+of civilization and religion, were, because of their race and color,
+"so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man
+was bound to respect." The practice, founded upon this denial
+of the Declaration of Independence, protected by law and sanctioned
+by usage, was our great National transgression, and was
+the cause of our great National calamity.</p>
+
+<p>In a country where discussion was free, sooner or later, parties
+were sure to be formed on the issues presented by the slaveholders.
+The supporters of the Union and of human rights would
+band together against the supporters of disunion and slavery.
+For many years after the struggle really began, the issues were
+not clearly defined, and neither party was able to occupy its true
+and final position, or to rally to its standard all who were in fact
+its friends. Old parties encumbered the ground. Men were
+slow to give up old associations and leave the discussion of obsolete,
+immaterial, or ephemeral issues.</p>
+
+<p>At last the crisis came. In 1860, Mr. Lincoln, who was un<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>friendly to slavery and faithful to the Union, was elected president.
+The party of disunion and slavery were prepared for this
+event. Their action was prompt, decisive, and defiant. They
+proceeded to organize southern conventions, and formally to
+withdraw from the Union, and undertook to establish a new
+government and a new Nation on the soil of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to 1860 the party calling itself Democratic had gathered
+under one name and one organization almost the whole of the
+secessionists of the South and a large body of the people of the
+North, many of whom had no sympathy either with secession
+or slavery. In 1860 the secessionists were so arrogant in their
+demands that the great body of the Democratic party in the
+North refused to yield to them, and supported Mr. Douglass in
+opposition both to Mr. Lincoln, and to the disunion and slavery
+candidate, Mr. Breckenridge. But it was well known that many
+leading Democrats who supported Mr. Douglass leaned strongly
+toward the southern Calhoun democracy, and that their sympathies
+were with slave-holding or at least with slaveholders.</p>
+
+<p>The evidence of this is abundantly furnished in their recorded
+opinions. The most distinguished and perhaps the most influential
+Democrat now actively engaged in politics in Ohio, who
+presided over and addressed the last Democratic State Convention
+held at Columbus, Mr. Pendleton, delivered a speech in the
+House of Representatives on the 18th of January, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>You will recollect how far the slaveholders had progressed in
+their great rebellion at that date. Mr. Pendleton himself says:</p>
+
+<p>"To-day, sir, four States of this Union have, so far as their
+power extends, seceded from it. Four States, as far as they are
+able, have annulled the grants of power made to the Federal
+Government; they have resumed the powers delegated by the
+Constitution; they have canceled, so far as they could, every
+limitation upon the full exercise of all their sovereign rights.
+They do not claim our protection; they ask no benefit from our
+laws; they seek none of the advantages of the confederation.
+On the other hand, they renounce their allegiance; they repudiate
+our authority over them, and they assert that they have
+assumed&mdash;some of them that they have resumed&mdash;their position
+among the family of sovereignties, among the nations of the
+earth.... To-day, even while I am speaking, Georgia is voting
+upon this very question. And unless the signs of the times
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>very much deceive us, within three weeks other States will be
+added to the number."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pendleton might also have said that prior to that date, forts,
+arsenals, dock-yards, mints, and other places and property belonging
+to the United States, had been seized by organized and
+armed bodies of rebels; the collection of debts due in the South
+to Northern creditors had been stopped; South Carolina had declared
+that any attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter by the United
+States would be regarded by that State as an act of hostility
+against her and equivalent to a declaration of war; the Star of
+the West, an unarmed vessel, with the American flag floating at
+her mast-head, carrying provisions to the famishing garrison of
+Fort Sumter, had been fired on and driven from Charleston harbor;
+in short, at that date the rebels were engaged in actual war
+against the Nation, and the only reason why blood had not been
+shed was that the National government had failed in its duty to
+defend the Nation's property, and to maintain the sacredness of
+the National flag.</p>
+
+<p>At that crisis Mr. Pendleton delivered and sent forth a speech
+bearing this significant motto: "But, sir, armies, money, blood,
+can not maintain this Union&mdash;justice, reason, peace, may." The
+speech was according to its motto. Accustomed as he is to speak
+cautiously, and in a scholarly and moderate way, we can not be
+mistaken as to his drift. On the authority of the National government
+he says:</p>
+
+<p>"Now, sir, what force of arms can compel a State to do that
+which she has agreed to do? What force of arms can compel a
+State to refrain from doing that which her State government,
+supported by the sentiment of her people, is determined to persist
+in doing.... Sir, the whole scheme of coercion is impracticable.
+It is contrary to the genius and spirit of the Constitution."</p>
+
+<p>These extracts sufficiently and fairly show Mr. Pendleton's notion
+of the duty and authority of the Nation in that great crisis.
+He held the States rights doctrines of Calhoun and Breckenridge,
+and not the National principles of Washington and Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>As to the treatment of rebels already in arms, and as to the
+"demands" of the slave power, consider this advice which he
+gave to Congress and the people:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+"If these Southern States can not be conciliated; if you, gentlemen,
+can not find it in your hearts to grant their demands;
+if they must leave the family mansion, I would signalize their
+departure by tokens of love; I would bid them farewell so tenderly
+that they would be forever touched by the recollection of
+it; and if in the vicissitudes of their separate existence they
+should desire to come together with us again in one common
+government, there should be no pride to be humiliated, there
+should be no wound inflicted by my hand to be healed. They
+should come and be welcome to the places they now occupy."</p>
+
+<p>Thus we see there were those who, with honeyed phrases and
+soft words, would have looked smilingly on, while the great Republic&mdash;the
+pride of her children, the hope of the ages&mdash;built
+by the fathers at such an expense of suffering, of treasure, and
+of blood, was stricken by traitors' hands from the roll of living
+Nations, and while an armed oligarchy should establish in its
+stead a nation founded on a denial of human rights, and under
+whose sway south of the Potomac more than half of the territory
+of the old Thirteen Colonies&mdash;soil once fertilized by the
+best blood of the Revolution&mdash;should, for generations to come,
+continue to be tilled by the unrequited toil of slaves.</p>
+
+<p>The best known, the boldest, and perhaps the ablest leader of
+the peace Democracy in the North is Mr. Vallandigham. He
+was chairman of the committee on resolutions in the last Democratic
+State Convention in Ohio, and reported the present State
+platform of his party. He, probably, still enjoys in a greater degree
+than any other public man the affection and confidence of
+the positive men of the Ohio Democracy, who, from beginning
+to end, opposed the war. On the 20th of February, 1861, he delivered
+a speech in the House of Representatives in support of
+certain amendments which he proposed to the Constitution of
+the United States. In an appendix to that speech, he published
+an extract from a card in the Cincinnati <i>Enquirer</i> of November
+10, 1860, from which I quote:</p>
+
+<p>"And now let me add that I did say, ... in a public
+speech at the Cooper Institute, on the 2d of November, 1860,
+that if any one or more of the States of this Union should at
+any time secede, for reasons of the sufficiency and justice of
+which, before God and the great tribunal of history, they alone
+may judge, much as I should deplore it, I never would, as a rep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>resentative in Congress of the United States, vote one dollar of
+money whereby one drop of American blood should be shed in
+a civil war.... And I now deliberately repeat and reaffirm
+it, resolved, though I stand alone, though all others yield and fall
+away, to make it good to the last moment of my public life."
+Here was another strong man of large influence solemnly pledged
+to allow the Union to be broken up and destroyed, in case the
+rebel conspirators chose that alternative, rather than forgo
+their demands in favor of oppression and against human rights.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d of January, 1861, the Democratic party held a
+State Convention at Columbus. Remember, at that date the air
+was thick with threats of war from the South. The rebels were
+organizing and drilling; arms robbed from the National arsenals
+were in their hands; and the question upon all minds was
+whether the Republic should perish without having a single
+blow struck in her defense, or whether the people of the loyal
+North should rise as one man, prepared to wage war until treason
+and, if need be, slavery went down together. On this question,
+that convention was bound to speak. Silence was impossible.
+There were present war Democrats and peace Democrats, followers
+of Jackson, and followers of Calhoun. There was a determined
+and gallant struggle on the part of the war Democrats,
+but the superior numbers, or more probably the superior tactics
+and strategy, of the peace men triumphed.</p>
+
+<p>The present candidate of the Democratic party for Governor
+of Ohio, Judge Thurman, a gentleman of character and ability,
+a distinguished lawyer and judge and a politician of long experience,
+succeeded in passing through the convention this resolution:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the two hundred thousand Democrats of Ohio
+send to the people of the United States, both North and South,
+greeting; and when the people of the North shall have fulfilled
+their duties to the constitution and to the South, then, and not
+until then, will it be proper for them to take into consideration
+the question of the right and propriety of coercion."</p>
+
+<p>In support of this famous resolution, Judge Thurman addressed
+the convention, and, among other things, is reported to
+have said:</p>
+
+<p>"A man is deficient in understanding who thinks the cause of
+disunion is that the South apprehended any overt act of oppres<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>sion in Lincoln's administration. It is the spirit of the late
+presidential contest that alarms the South.... It would
+try the ethics of any man to deny that some of the Southern
+States have no cause for revolution.... Then you must be
+sure you are able to coerce before you begin the work. The
+South are a brave people. The Southern States can not be held
+by force. The blacks won't fight for the invaders.... The
+Hungarians had less cause of complaint against Austria than the
+South had against the North."</p>
+
+<p>When we reflect on what the rebels had done and what they
+were doing when this resolution was passed, it seems incredible
+that sane men, having a spark of patriotism, could for one moment
+have tolerated its sentiments. The rebels had already deprived
+the United States of its jurisdiction and property in
+about one-fourth of its inhabited territory, and were rapidly extending
+their insurrection so as to include within the rebel lines
+all of the slave States. The lives and property of Union citizens
+in the insurgent States were at the mercy of traitors, and the
+National flag was everywhere torn down, and shameful indignities
+and outrages heaped upon all who honored it.</p>
+
+<p>This resolution speaks of fulfilling the duties of the people of
+the North to the South. The first and highest duty of the people
+of the North to themselves, to the South, to their country,
+and to God, was to crush the rebellion. All speeches and resolutions
+against either the right or the propriety of coercion
+merely gave encouragement, "moral aid and comfort," more important
+than powder and ball, to the enemies of the Nation.</p>
+
+<p>Do I state too strongly the mischievous, the fatal tendency of
+these proceedings? The resolution adopted by the peace Democracy
+of Ohio is addressed in terms "to the people of all the
+States, North and South," and in fact was sent, I am informed,
+to the governors of all the States.</p>
+
+<p>In the South, Union men were laboring by every means in
+their power to prevent secession. Their most cogent argument
+was that the National government would defend itself by war
+against rebellion. To this, the rebel reply was, "There will be
+no war. Secession will be peaceable. The peace party of the
+North will prevent coercion. If there is fighting, it will be as
+Ex-President Pierce writes to Jefferson Davis, 'The fighting will
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>not be along Mason and Dixon's line merely. It will be within
+our own borders, in our own streets.'"</p>
+
+<p>For the evidence of the correctness of this opinion, the rebels
+could point confidently to such speeches and resolutions as those
+we are now considering. Governor Orr, of South Carolina, in a
+recent speech at the Charleston Board of Trade banquet, is reported
+to have said:</p>
+
+<p>"I know there is an apprehension widespread in the North and
+West that, after the reconstruction of the Southern States, we
+shall fall into the arms of our old allies and associates, the old
+Democratic party. I say to you, gentlemen, however, that I
+would give no such pledges. We have accounts to settle with
+that party, gentlemen, before I, at least, will consent to affiliate
+with it. Many of you will remember that, when the war first
+commenced, great hopes and expectations were held out by our
+friends in the North and West that there would be no war, and
+that if it commenced, it would be North of Mason and Dixon's
+line, and not in the South."</p>
+
+<p>Without pausing to inquire how much strength accrued to the
+rebellion in its earlier stages by the encouragement it received
+from sympathizers in the North, let us pass on to the spring and
+summer of 1861, after the bombardment and surrender of Fort
+Sumter, and when the armies of the Union and of the rebellion
+were facing each other upon a line of operations extending
+from the Potomac to the Rio Grande. The most superficial observer
+could not fail to discover these facts.</p>
+
+<p>In the South, where slavery was strongest, the rebellion was
+strongest. Where there were few slaveholders, there were few
+rebels. South Carolina and Mississippi, having the largest number
+of slaves in proportion to population, were almost unanimous
+for rebellion. Western Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, East
+Tennessee, had few slaves, and love of the Union and hatred of
+secession in those mountain regions was nearly universal.</p>
+
+<p>The counterpart of this was found everywhere in the North.
+In counties and districts where the majority of the people had
+been accustomed to defend or excuse the practice of slave-holding
+and the aggressions of the slaveholders, there was much
+sympathy with the rebellion and strong opposition to the war.
+Men who abused and hated negroes did not usually hate rebels.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>On the other hand, anti-slavery counties and districts were quite
+sure to be Union to the core.</p>
+
+<p>In Ohio, as in other free States, the Democratic party could
+not be led off in a body after the peace Democracy. Brough,
+Tod, Matthews, Dorsey, Steedman, and a host of Democrats of
+the Jackson school, nobly kept the faith. Lytle, McCook, Webster,
+and gallant spirits like them, from every county and neighborhood
+of our State, sealed their devotion to the Union and
+to true Democracy with their life's blood.</p>
+
+<p>They believed, with Douglass, in the last letter he ever wrote,
+that "it was not a party question, nor a question involving partisan
+policy; it was a question of government or no government,
+country or no country, and hence it became the imperative duty
+of every Union man, every friend of constitutional liberty, to
+rally to the support of our common country, its government and
+flag, as the only means of checking the progress of revolution,
+and of preserving the Union of the States."</p>
+
+<p>They believed the words of Douglass' last speech: "This is no
+time for a detail of causes. The conspiracy is now known.
+Armies have been raised, war is levied to accomplish it. There
+are only two sides to the question. Every man must be for the
+United States or against it. There can be no neutrals in this
+war&mdash;only patriots and traitors."</p>
+
+<p>As the war progressed, the great political parties of the country
+underwent important changes, both of organization and policy.
+In the North, the Republican party, the great body of the
+American or Union party of 1860, and the war Democracy formed
+the Union party. The Democracy of the South, for the most
+part, became rebels, and in the North those who did not unite
+with the Union party generally passed under the control and
+leadership of the peace Democracy.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the war, the creed of the Union party
+consisted of one idea&mdash;it labored for one object&mdash;the restoration
+of the Union. Slavery, the rights of man, the principles of the
+Declaration of Independence, were for the time lost sight of in
+the struggle for the Nation's life. As late as August, 1862, President
+Lincoln wrote to Mr. Greeley: "My paramount object is
+to save the Union, and not either to save or to destroy slavery.
+If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do
+it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I
+would also do that."</p>
+
+<p>Slowly, gradually, after repeated disasters and disappointments,
+the eyes of the Union leaders were opened to the fact
+that slavery and rebellion were convertible terms; that the Confederacy,
+according to its Vice-President, Alexander H. Stephens,
+was founded upon "exactly the opposite idea" from that of Jefferson
+and the fathers. "Its foundations," said he, "are laid, its
+corner-stone rests upon the great truth that the negro is not
+equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior
+race, is his natural and normal condition." Mr. Lincoln
+and the Union party, struggling faithfully onward, finally
+reached the solid ground that the American government was
+founded on the broad principles of right, justice, and humanity,
+and that, for this Nation, "Union and liberty" were indeed
+"one and inseparable."</p>
+
+<p>The leaders of the peace Democracy were for a time overwhelmed
+by the popular uprising which followed the attack on
+Fort Sumter, and were not able during the year 1861 or the early
+part of 1862 to mark out definitely the course to be pursued.
+But, like the Union party, they gradually approached the position
+they were ultimately to occupy.</p>
+
+<p>Their success in the autumn elections of 1862 encouraged them
+to enter upon the pathway in which they have plodded along
+consistently if not prosperously ever since. Opposition to the
+war measures of Mr. Lincoln's administration, and in particular
+to every measure tending to the enfranchisement and elevation
+of the African race, became their settled policy. By this policy
+they were placed in harmony with their former associates, the
+rebels of the South. The rebels were fighting to destroy the
+Union. The peace party were opposing the only measures which
+could save it. The rebels were fighting for slavery. The peace
+party were laboring in their way to keep alive and inflame the
+prejudice against race and color, on which slavery was based.</p>
+
+<p>The abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, the repeal
+of the fugitive slave law, Mr. Lincoln's proclamation of
+emancipation, in a word, every step of the Union party toward
+enfranchisement of the colored people, the peace Democracy
+opposed. Every war measure, every means adopted to strengthen
+the cause of the Union and weaken the rebellion, met with the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>the same opposition. Whatever Mr. Lincoln or Congress did to
+get money, to get men, or to obtain the moral support of the
+country and the world&mdash;tax laws, tariff laws, greenbacks, government
+bonds, army bills, drafts, blockades, proclamations&mdash;met
+the indiscriminate and bitter assaults of these men. The
+enlistment of colored soldiers, a measure by which between one
+and two hundred thousand able-bodied men were transferred
+from the service of the rebels in corn-fields to the Union service
+in battle-fields&mdash;how Mr. Lincoln and the Union party were vilified
+for that wise and necessary measure! But worse, infinitely
+worse, than mere opposition to war measures, were their efforts
+to impair the confidence of the people, to diminish the moral
+power of the government, to give hope and earnestness to the
+enemies of the Union, by showing that the administration was
+to blame for the war, that it was unnecessary, unjust, and that it
+had been perverted from its original object, and that it could
+not but fail.</p>
+
+<p>I need not go beyond the record of leaders of the Ohio Democracy
+of to-day for proof what I am saying. Mr. Pendleton,
+usually so gentlemanly and prudent in speech, lost his balance
+after the victories of the peace Democracy in 1862. At the Democratic
+jubilee in Butler county over the elections, Mr. Pendleton
+is reported as saying:</p>
+
+<p>"I came up to see if there were any Butternuts in Butler
+county. I came to see if there were any Copperheads in Butler
+county, as my friends of the Cincinnati <i>Gazette</i> and <i>Commercial</i>
+are fond of terming the Democracy of the country. I came up
+to tell you that there are a good many of that stripe of animals
+in old Hamilton. I have traveled about the country lately, and
+I assure you there is a large crop of Butternuts everywhere: not
+only that, but the quality and character of the nut is quite as
+good as the quantity."</p>
+
+<p>Of course, Mr. Pendleton was applauded by his audience; and
+he returned to his place in the House of Representatives at
+Washington prepared to give expression to his views with the
+same plainness and boldness which marked the utterances of
+his colleague, Mr. Vallandigham.</p>
+
+<p>On the 31st of January, 1863, he made an elaborate speech
+against the enlistment of negroes into the service of the United
+States, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+"I should be false to you, my fellow-representatives, if I did
+not tell you that there is an impression, growing with great rapidity,
+upon the minds of the people of the Northwest that they
+have been deliberately deceived into this war&mdash;that their patriotism
+and their love of country have been engaged to call them
+into the army, under the pretense that the war was to be for the
+Union and the Constitution, when, in fact, it was to be an armed
+crusade for the abolition of slavery. I tell you, sir, that unless
+this impression is speedily arrested it will become universal; it
+will ripen into conviction, and then it will be beyond your power
+to get from their broad plains another man, or from their almost
+exhausted coffers another dollar."</p>
+
+<p>In the same speech he says:</p>
+
+<p>"I said two years ago, on this floor, that armies, money, war
+can not restore this Union; justice, reason, peace, may. I believed
+it then; I have believed it at every moment since; I believe
+it now. No event of the past two years has for a moment
+shaken my faith. Peace is the first step to Union. Peace
+is Union. Peace unbroken would have preserved it; peace
+restored will, I hope, in some time reconstruct it. The only
+bonds which can hold these States in confederation, the only
+ties which can make us one people, are the soft and silken
+cords of affection and interest. These are woven in peace, not
+war; in conciliation, not coercion; in deeds of kindness and acts
+of friendly sympathy, not in deeds of violence and blood. The
+people of the Northwest were carried away by the excitement
+of April and May. They believed war would restore the Union.
+They trusted to the assurances of the president and his cabinet,
+and of Congress, that it should be carried on for that purpose
+alone. They trusted that it would be carried on under the Constitution.
+They were patriotic and confiding. They sent their
+sons, and brothers, and husbands to the army, and poured out
+their treasures at the feet of the administration. They feel that
+the war has been perverted from this end; that the Constitution
+has been disregarded; that abolition and arbitrary power, not
+Union and constitutional liberty, are the governing ideas of the
+administration. They are in no temper to be trifled with. They
+think they have been deceived. There is danger of revolution.
+They are longing for peace."</p>
+
+<p>Need I pause to inquire who would receive encouragement, or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>whose spirits would be depressed, on reading these remarkable
+sentences? Imagine them read by the rebel camp-fires, or at the
+fire-sides of the rebel people. What hope, what exultation we
+should behold in the faces of those who heard them! On the
+other hand, at Union camp-fires, or by the loyal fire-sides of the
+North, what sorrow, what mortification, what depression such
+statements would surely carry wherever they were heard and
+believed!</p>
+
+<p>The course of the peace Democracy of Ohio during the memorable
+contest of 1863, between Brough and Vallandigham, is too
+well known to require attention now. Judge Thurman was one
+of the committee who constructed the platform of the convention
+which nominated Mr. Vallandigham, and was the ablest
+member of the State Central Committee which had charge of
+the canvass in his behalf during his exile.</p>
+
+<p>The key-note to that canvass was given by Mr. Vallandigham
+himself in a letter written from Canada, July 15, 1863. That
+letter contained the following:</p>
+
+<p>"If this civil war is to terminate only by the subjugation or
+submission of the South to force and arms, the infant of to-day
+will not live to see the end of it. No, in another way only can
+it be brought to a close. Traveling a thousand miles and more,
+through nearly half of the Confederate States, and sojourning
+for a time at widely different points, I met not one man, woman,
+or child, who was not resolved to perish rather than yield to the
+pressure of arms, even in the most desperate extremity. And
+whatever may and must be the varying fortune of the war, in
+all which I recognize the hand of Providence pointing visibly to
+the ultimate issue of this great trial of the States and people
+of America, they are better prepared now every way to make
+good their inexorable purpose than at any period since the beginning
+of the struggle. These may be unwelcome truths; but
+they are addressed only to candid and honest men."</p>
+
+<p>The assumption of the certain success of the rebellion, and
+that the war for the Union would assuredly fail, was the strong
+point of these gentlemen in favor of the election of Vallandigham
+and the defeat of Brough. Fortunately, the patriotic people
+saw the situation from another standpoint, and under the
+influence of different feelings and different sympathies.</p>
+
+<p>In the elections of 1863, the peace Democracy of Ohio and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>other States sustained defeats which have no parallel in our political
+history. But, notwithstanding their reverses, the year
+1864, the year of the presidential election, found the Ohio leaders
+possibly sadder, but certainly not wiser nor more patriotic
+than before.</p>
+
+<p>At the National Convention at Chicago, in August, Mr. Pendleton
+was nominated for vice-president, Judge Thurman was a
+delegate of the State of Ohio at large, and Mr. Vallandigham as
+a district delegate, and as a member of the committee on platform,
+was the author of the following resolution adopted by the
+convention:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That this convention does explicitly declare, as the
+sense of the American people, that, after four years of failure to
+restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which,
+under pretense of military necessity, or war power higher than
+the constitution, the constitution has been disregarded in every
+part, and public liberty and private rights have been alike trodden
+down, and the material prosperity of the country essentially
+impaired, justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare
+demand that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities,
+with a view to an ultimate convention of all the States,
+or other peaceable means, to the end that at the earliest practicable
+moment peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal
+Union of the States."</p>
+
+<p>This resolution does not seem to require explanation or comment.
+But as General McClellan's letter accepting the nomination
+for president did not square well with this part of the party
+platform, Mr. Vallandigham, in a speech at Sidney, Ohio, September
+24, 1864, explained it at some length. In that speech,
+he said:</p>
+
+<p>"I am speaking now of the fact that this convention pronounced
+this war a failure, and giving you the reasons why it is
+a failure.... What has been gained by this campaign?
+More lives have been lost, more hard fighting has been done,
+more courage has been exhibited by the Federal as well as the
+Southern soldiers than in any former campaign, and what has
+been accomplished? General Grant is nearer to Richmond, occupying
+a territory of perhaps eleven miles, which was not in
+the possession of the United States when the campaign began,
+from City Point to the suburbs of Petersburg. To secure that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>he gave up all the country from Manassas down to Richmond and
+a large part of the valley.... How about the Southern
+campaign? General Sherman, through the courage of the best
+disciplined, best organized, and most powerful army that has
+been seen since the campaigns of the first Napoleon, has taken
+Atlanta&mdash;a town somewhat larger than Sidney. It has cost him
+sixty thousand men and four or five months of the most terrible
+campaign ever waged on this continent or any other, or any
+other part of the globe. He occupies from two to five miles on
+each side of a railroad of one hundred and thirty-eight miles in
+length. He has penetrated that far into Georgia. What has
+been surrendered to obtain that? All of Texas, nearly all of
+Louisiana, nearly all of Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and a
+part of Tennessee, which were in possession of the Federals
+on the first of May. Kentucky has been opened to continual
+incursions of the Confederate armies. All this has been surrendered
+in order to gain this barren strip of country on the line of
+the railroad. The war, then, has been properly pronounced a
+failure in a military point of view. The convention meant that
+it has failed to restore the Union, and there is not a Republican
+in the land who does not know it."</p>
+
+<p>In the Sidney speech, Mr. Vallandigham says, also:</p>
+
+<p>"What will you have now? Four years more of war? What
+guaranties of success have you? Do you want two million more
+of men to go forth to this war as the Crusaders went to the sepulcher
+at Jerusalem? The beginning of this administration
+found us with very little debt, comparatively no taxation, and
+peace and happiness among the States; and now look at the
+scene! Four more years of war, do you tell me, when the first
+four, with every advantage, has failed? Now, too, that the hearts
+of one-half of the people are turned away from war, and intent
+upon the arts of peace? What will be the consequence? Four
+thousand millions more of debt, five hundred millions more of
+taxation, more conscriptions, more calls for five hundred thousand
+men, more sacrifices for the next four years. All this is
+what Abraham Lincoln demands of you in order that the South
+may be compelled not to return to the Union, but to abandon
+slavery."</p>
+
+<p>All this logic, this eloquence, this taxing the imagination to
+portray the horrors of war, failed to deceive the people; Lincoln
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>was re-elected; the war went on, and a few short months witnessed
+the end of the armed rebellion, and the triumph of liberty
+and of Union.</p>
+
+<p>Now came the work of reconstruction. The leaders of the
+Peace Democracy, who had failed in every measure, in every
+plan, in every opinion, and in every prediction relating to the
+war, were promptly on hand, and with unblushing cheek were
+prepared to take exclusive charge of the whole business of reorganization
+and reconstruction. They had a plan all prepared&mdash;a
+plan easily understood, easily executed, and which they
+averred would be satisfactory to all parties. Their plan was in
+perfect harmony with the conduct and history of its authors
+and friends during the war. They had been in very close sympathy
+with the men engaged in the rebellion, while their sympathy
+for loyal white people at the South was not strong, and
+they were bitterly hostile to loyal colored people both North
+and South. Their plan was consistent with all this.</p>
+
+<p>According to it, the rebels were to be treated in the same
+manner as if they had remained loyal. All laws, State and National,
+all orders and regulations of the military, naval, and
+other departments of the government, creating disabilities on
+account of participation in the rebellion, were to be repealed,
+revoked, or abolished. The rebellious States were to be represented
+in Congress by the rebels without hindrance from any
+test oath. All appointments in the army, in the navy, and in
+the civil service, were to be made from men who were rebels,
+on the same terms as from men who were loyal. The people
+and governments in the rebellious States were to be subjected to
+no other interference or control from the military or other departments
+of the general government than exists in the States
+which remained loyal. Loyal white men and loyal colored men
+were to be protected alone in those States by State laws, executed
+by State authorities, as if they were in the loyal States.</p>
+
+<p>There were to be no amendments to the constitution, not even
+an amendment abolishing slavery. In short, the great rebellion
+was to be ignored or forgotten, or, in the words of one of their
+orators, "to be generously forgiven." The war, whose burdens,
+cost, and carnage they had been so fond of exaggerating, suddenly
+sank into what the Rev. Petroleum V. Nasby calls "the
+late unpleasantness," for which nobody but the abolitionists
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>were to blame. Under this plan the States could soon re-establish
+slavery where it had been disturbed by the war. Jefferson
+Davis, Toombs, Slidell, and Mason could be re-elected to their
+old places in the Senate of the United States; Lee could be re-appointed
+in the army, and Semmes and Maury could be restored
+to the navy. Of course this plan of the Peace Democracy was
+acceptable to the rebels of the South.</p>
+
+<p>But the loyal people, who under the name of the Union party
+fought successfully through the war of the rebellion, objected to
+this plan as wrong in principle, wrong in its details, and fatally
+wrong as an example for the future. It treats treason as no
+crime and loyalty as no virtue; it contains no guarantees, irreversible
+or otherwise, against another rebellion by the same parties
+and on the same grounds. It restores to political honor and
+power in the government of the Nation men who have spent the
+best part of their lives in plotting the overthrow of that government,
+and who for more than four years levied public war against
+the United States; it allows Union men in the South, who
+have risked all&mdash;and many of whom have lost all but life in upholding
+the Union cause&mdash;to be excluded from every office, State and
+National, and in many instances to be banished from the States
+they so faithfully laboured to save; it abandons the four millions
+of colored people to such treatment as the ruffian class of the
+South, educated in the barbarism of slavery and the atrocities
+of the rebellion, may choose to give them; it leaves the obligations
+of the Nation to her creditors and to the maimed soldiers
+and to the widows and orphans of the war, to be fulfilled by men
+who hate the cause in which those obligations were incurred;
+it claims to be a plan which restores the Union without requiring
+conditions; but, in conceding to the conquered rebels the
+repeal of laws important to the Nation's welfare, it grants conditions
+which they demand, while it denies to the loyal victors
+conditions which they deem of priceless value.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, President Johnson having declared that
+"the rebellion, in its revolutionary progress, had deprived the
+people of the rebel States of all civil government," proceeded by
+military power to set up provisional State governments in those
+States, and to require them to declare void all ordinances of secession,
+to repudiate the rebel debt, and to adopt the thirteenth
+amendment of the constitution, proposed by the Union party,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>abolishing slavery throughout the United States. The Peace
+Democracy opposed all conditions, and, instinctively unsound
+upon human rights, opposed the amendment abolishing slavery.
+The elections of 1865 settled that question against them, and deprived
+them of New Jersey, the last free State which adhered to
+their fallen fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>At the session of Congress of 1865-66, the president, finding
+that his co-called State governments in the rebel States&mdash;created
+by military power alone and without the sanction of the legislative
+power of the government&mdash;had accepted his conditions;
+insisted that those States were fully restored to their former
+proper relations with the general government, and that they
+were again entitled to representation in the same manner with
+the loyal States. This plan accorded with the wishes of all unrepentant
+rebels, and as a matter of course received the support
+of their allies of the Peace Democracy.</p>
+
+<p>The Union party, at the sacrifice of all of the power and patronage
+of the administration they had elected, firmly opposed
+and finally defeated this project. They required, before the
+complete restoration of the rebel States, that the fourteenth
+amendment of the constitution should be adopted, which was
+framed to secure civil rights to the colored people, equal representation
+between the free States and the former slave States,
+the disqualification for office of leading rebels, the payment of
+the loyal obligations to creditors, to maimed soldiers, and to
+widows and orphans, and the repudiation of the rebel debt, and
+of claims to payment for slaves. On the adoption of this amendment
+turned the elections of 1866. After the amplest debates
+before the people the Union party carried the country in favor
+of the amendment, electing more than three-fourths of the
+members of the House of Representatives. They also secured
+the adoption of the amendment in twenty-one out of the twenty-four
+States now represented, which have acted upon it by an
+average vote in the State legislature of more than four to one.</p>
+
+<p>In striking contrast with this was the action of the rebel
+States. Tennessee alone ratified the amendment. The other
+ten promptly and defiantly rejected it by an average majority in
+their State legislatures of more than fifty to one. When, therefore,
+the Thirty-ninth Congress met in the session of 1866-67
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>they found the work of reconstruction in those ten States still
+unaccomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in what condition were those ten rebel States? In the
+first place all political power in those States was in the hands of
+rebels, and for the most part of leading and unrepentant rebels.
+Their governors, their members of legislature, their judges,
+their county and city officers, and their members of Congress,
+with rare exceptions, were rebels. Such was their political condition.</p>
+
+<p>What was their condition with respect to the preservation of
+order, the suppression of crime, and the redress of private
+grievances? After the suppression of the rebellion the next
+plain duty of the National government was to see that the lives,
+liberty, and property of all classes of citizens were secure, and
+especially to see that the loyal white and colored citizens who
+resided or might sojourn in those States did not suffer injustice,
+oppression, or outrage because of their loyalty. Loyal men,
+without distinction of race or color, were clearly entitled to
+the full measure of protection usually found in civilized countries,
+if in the nature of things it was possible for the Nation to
+furnish it.</p>
+
+<p>Inquiring as to the condition of things in the South, I waive
+the uniform current of information derived from the press and
+other unofficial sources from all parts of the South, and rely exclusively
+on the official reports of army officers like Grant,
+Thomas, Sheridan, and Howard&mdash;officers of clear heads, of
+strong sense, and of spotless integrity, whose business it is to
+know the facts, and who all united in warning the Nation that
+Union men, either white or colored, were not safe in the South.</p>
+
+<p>General Grant says that the class at the South who "will acknowledge
+no law but force" is sufficiently formidable to justify
+the military occupation of that territory.</p>
+
+<p>General Sheridan, in an official report, says the "trial of a
+white man for the murder of a freedman in Texas would be a
+farce; and, in making this statement, I make it because truth
+compels me, and for no other reason.... Over the killing
+of many freedmen nothing is done." General Sheridan cites
+cases in which our National soldiers wearing the uniform of the
+Republic have been deliberately shot "without provocation" by
+citizens, and the grand jury refused to find a bill against the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>murderers. Even in Virginia, General Schofield was compelled
+to resort to a military tribunal because "a gentleman" who shot
+a negro dead in cold blood "was instantly acquitted by one of
+the civil courts."</p>
+
+<p>General Ord reports in Arkansas fifty-two murders of freed
+persons by white men in the past three or four months, <i>and no
+reports have been received that the murderers have been imprisoned or
+punished</i>.... "The number of murders reported is not half
+the number committed."</p>
+
+<p>General Sickles says that in South Carolina, "in certain counties,
+such as Newberry, Edgecombe, and Laurens, so much countenance
+was given to outrages on freedmen by the indifference
+of the civil authorities and by the population, who made themselves
+accomplices in the crimes, that other measures became
+necessary."</p>
+
+<p>In Mississippi, General Thomas calls attention to the legislation
+in regard to colored people. "It is oppressive, unjust, and
+unconstitutional." The laws as to buying real estate, bearing
+arms, making contracts, and the like, are of such a character
+"that the constitutional gift of freedom is not much more than
+a name."</p>
+
+<p>General Sheridan, speaking of Louisiana, says: "Homicides
+are frequent in some localities. Sometimes they are investigated
+by a coroner's jury, which justifies the act and releases
+the perpetrator; in other cases, ... the parties are held to
+bail in a nominal sum; but the trial of a white man for the killing
+of a freedman can, in the existing state of society in this
+State, be nothing more or less than a farce."</p>
+
+<p>General Thomas, in February last, in relation to the display of
+the rebel flag in Rome, Georgia, said: "The sole cause of this and
+similar offenses lies in the fact that certain citizens of Rome,
+and a portion of the people of the States lately in rebellion, do
+not and have not accepted the situation, and that is that the late
+civil war was a rebellion, and history will so record it....
+Everywhere in the States lately in rebellion treason is respectable
+and loyalty odious. This the people of the United States
+who ended the rebellion and saved the country will not permit;
+and all attempts to maintain this unnatural order of things will
+be met by decided disapproval."</p>
+
+<p>Upon these official reports, showing not merely that atrocious
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>crimes were everywhere committed against loyal people, but
+that the civil authorities did not even attempt to prevent them
+by the punishment of the perpetrators, it became the plain duty
+of Congress to adopt measures "to enforce peace and good order
+in the rebel States, until loyal and Republican State governments
+could be legally established." How well this duty was
+performed will appear from a brief examination of the reconstruction
+acts which were passed by Congress in March last, and
+by the auspicious results which followed their adoption and execution.</p>
+
+<p>By these acts, the ten rebel States were divided into five military
+districts, subject to the military authority of the United
+States; and it was made the duty of the president to assign
+military officers, not below the rank of brigadier-general, to command
+each of said districts, and to detail a sufficient military
+force to enable such officers to perform their duties. The duties
+of military commanders were defined as follows, in the 3d section
+of the act:</p>
+
+<p>"Sec. 3. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That it shall be the duty of
+each officer assigned as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their
+rights of person and property, to suppress insurrection, disorder,
+and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all disturbers
+of the public peace and criminals; and to this end he
+may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try
+offenders; or when, in his judgment, it may be necessary for the
+trial of offenders, he shall have power to organize military commissions
+or tribunals for that purpose; and all interference,
+under color of State authority, with the exercise of military authority
+under this act shall be null and void."</p>
+
+<p>The act also sets forth the manner in which the people of any
+one of the rebel States could form a State constitution, and the
+terms on which the State would be fully restored to proper relations
+with the Union. The most important provisions are those
+relating to the qualifications of voters, and the one requiring
+the adoption of the amendment to the constitution proposed by
+the Thirty-ninth Congress, known as article fourteen. The right
+of suffrage is given to all men of suitable age and residence,
+without distinction of race or color, except a limited number
+who are excluded for participation in the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of these acts, the district of Louisiana and Texas
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>was placed under the command of General Sheridan; Arkansas
+and Mississippi under General Ord; Alabama, Georgia, and
+Florida under General Pope; North Carolina and South Carolina
+under General Sickles; and Virginia under General Schofield.
+The merits of this plan are obvious.</p>
+
+<p>1. It places the rebels again under the control of the power
+which conquered them, and of the very officers to whom they
+surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>2. It is well calculated to afford protection to all loyal people,
+white or colored, against those who would oppress or injure them
+on account of their loyalty.</p>
+
+<p>3. It places the new State governments of the South upon the
+solid basis of justice and equal rights.</p>
+
+<p>This plan received in Congress the support of many members
+of Congress who did not uniformly vote with the Union party,
+and was acceptable to some of its most distinguished adversaries.
+In the Senate, Reverdy Johnson, a Maryland Democrat,
+voted for it, and made effective speeches in its support. The
+loyal press of the North, without exception, upheld it.</p>
+
+<p>In the South, its success was everywhere gratifying and unexampled.
+Its enemies had said that it would organize anarchy in
+the rebel States&mdash;that it would immediately inaugurate a war of
+races between whites and blacks&mdash;and compared the condition
+of the South under it to the condition of India under English
+oppression, and to Hungary under the despotism of Austria.</p>
+
+<p>But the course of the public press, and the conduct, the letters,
+and speeches of public men in the rebel States, vindicated
+the wisdom and justice of the measure. I will quote only from
+rebel sources.</p>
+
+<p>In Virginia, the Charlottesville <i>Chronicle</i> addressed its readers
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">For White Folks and Colored Folks</span>.&mdash;Every colored person
+may now go where and when he pleases. He is a free man and
+a full citizen. This is not all; by another bound they have become
+voters. They will take part in the government of the
+country. No people was ever so suddenly, so rapidly lifted up.</p>
+
+<p>"Shall we all live happily together, or shall we hate each other,
+and quarrel and bear malice?</p>
+
+<p>"Let us all try and get on together. The land is big enough.
+Let the whites accommodate themselves to the new state of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>things. Let them be polite and kind to all, and be always ready
+to accord to every man, whether white or colored, his full rights.
+We make bold to say that the behavior of the colored people of
+this State, since they were set free, has surprised all fair-minded
+white people. We do not believe the white people, under the
+same circumstances, would have behaved so well by twenty per
+cent. They have shown the greatest moderation. They have
+passed from plantation hands to freedom and the ballot without
+outward excitement."</p>
+
+<p>The Richmond <i>Examiner</i>, the organ of the fire-eaters, says of
+the colored people:</p>
+
+<p>"This class of our population, as a general thing, manifest a
+disposition to prepare themselves for the altered political condition
+in which the events of the past two years have placed them.
+The sudden abolition of slavery did not, as most persons expected,
+turn their heads. They have been, in the main, orderly
+and well behaved. They have not presumed upon their newly-acquired
+freedom to commit breaches of the peace or to be guilty
+of any acts calculated to sow dissension between the two races.
+The utmost good feeling is felt by the white people of this city
+toward the negroes. There is not one particle of bitterness felt
+for them."</p>
+
+<p>In South Carolina, Wade Hampton addressed a mixed assembly
+of whites and colored people at Columbia, in which he quoted
+from a former speech to his old soldiers:</p>
+
+<p>"There is one other point on which there should be no misunderstanding
+as to our position&mdash;no loop on which to hang a
+possible misconstruction as to our views&mdash;and that is the abolition
+of slavery. The deed has been done, and I, for one, do
+honestly declare that I never wish to see it revoked. Nor do I
+believe that the people of the South would now remand the
+negro to slavery, if they had the power to do so unquestioned.</p>
+
+<p>"Under our paternal care, from a mere handful, he grew to be
+a mighty host. He came to us a heathen; we made him a
+Christian. Idle, vicious, savage in his own country, in ours he
+became industrious, gentle, civilized. As a slave, he was faithful
+to us; as a freeman, let us treat him as a friend. Deal with him
+frankly, justly, kindly, and, my word for it, he will reciprocate
+your kindness. If you wish so see him contented, industrious,
+useful, aid him in his efforts to elevate himself in the scale of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>civilization, and thus fit him not only to enjoy the blessings of
+freedom, but to appreciate his duties."</p>
+
+<p>After stating the provisions of the "military bill," as he calls
+the reconstruction law, he said to the colored people:</p>
+
+<p>"But suppose the bill is pronounced unconstitutional; how
+then? I tell you what I am willing to see done. I am willing
+to give the right of suffrage to all who can read and who pay a
+certain amount of taxes; and I agree that this qualification shall
+bear on white and black alike. You would have no right to
+complain of a law which would put you on a perfect political
+equality with the whites, and which would put within your reach
+and that of your children the privilege enjoyed by any class of
+citizens."</p>
+
+<p>In Georgia, the prevailing sentiment is indicated by the following.
+The Atlanta <i>New Era</i> says:</p>
+
+<p>"We freely accept the Sherman platform as the only means
+whereby to rescue the country from total destruction, and if we
+mistake not, our backbone will prove sufficiently strong to enable
+us to look the issue full in the face, without a shudder. It
+is our bounden duty, and that of every other patriot and well-wisher
+of the South, to at once signify an unconditional acceptance
+of the measures perfected by Congress for our restoration
+to the Union, and heartily co-operate with the United States authorities
+in securing that most desirable end."</p>
+
+<p>The Augusta <i>Press</i>, alluding to the recent meeting of negroes
+at Columbia, S. C., and the fact that speeches were made by General
+Wade Hampton and others, states that&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"All good citizens all over the South entertain precisely the
+same kind feelings for the colored people that were exhibited
+by these eminent Carolinians, and it is unfortunate that these
+sentiments are not more widely manifested in meetings for public
+counsel with them. 'Representative men' in every community
+should be prompt and earnest in signifying their wish to
+co-operate with the colored people in the administration of the
+laws and the preservation of harmony and good will. To this
+end, we deem it our duty to urge that in every community public
+meetings be held, in which the two races may take friendly
+counsel together."</p>
+
+<p>In Florida, Hon. R. S. Mallory, a former Democratic United
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>States Senator, is reported to have said, at a large meeting composed
+of whites and blacks, in Pensacola, that&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The recent legislation of Congress ought to be submitted to
+in good faith; that, as the negro was now entitled to vote, it was
+the interest of the State that he should be educated and enlightened,
+and made to comprehend the priceless value of the
+ballot, and the importance to himself and to the State of its judicious
+use.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us fully and frankly acknowledge, as well by deeds as by
+words, their equality with us, before law, and regard it as
+no less just to ourselves and them than to our State and her
+best interests to aid in their education, elevation, and enjoyment
+of all the rights which follow their new condition."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Patton, of Alabama, says:</p>
+
+<p>"It seems to me that it is the true feeling of the Southern
+people to contribute their best influence in favor of an early organization
+of their respective States, in accordance with the requirements
+of the recent reconstruction act. Congress claims
+the right to control this whole question. In my humble judgment,
+it is unwise to contend longer against its power, or to struggle
+further against its repeatedly expressed will."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>"The freedmen are now to vote the first time. We should
+cherish against them no ill-feeling. The elective franchise is
+conferred upon them; let them exercise it freely, and in their
+own way. No effort should be made to control their votes, except
+such as may tend to enable them to vote intelligently, and
+such as may be necessary to protect them against mischievous influences
+to which, from their want of intelligence, they may possibly
+be subjected. Above all things, we should discourage everything
+which may tend to generate antagonism between white
+and colored voters."</p>
+
+<p>In Mississippi, Albert G. Brown, a former Democratic United
+States Senator, and a rebel, says:</p>
+
+<p>"To those who think it most becoming men in my situation to
+keep quiet, I am free to say 'that is very much my own opinion.'"</p>
+
+<p>"As I speak reluctantly, you will not be surprised if I say as
+little as possible."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>"The negro is a fixture in this country. He is not going out of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>it; he is not going to die out, and he is not going to be driven out.
+Nor is his exodus from the country desirable. I am frank in
+saying if they, every one of them, could be packed in a balloon,
+carried over the water, and emptied into Africa, I would not
+have it done, unless, indeed, it were already arranged that the
+balloon should return by the way of Germany, Ireland, Scotland,
+etc., and bring us a return cargo of white laborers. If the negro
+is to stay here, and it is desirable to have him do so, what is the
+duty of the intelligent white man toward him? Why, to educate
+him, admit him, when sufficiently instructed, to the right
+of voting, and as rapidly as possible prepare him for a safe and
+rational enjoyment of that 'equality before the law' which, as a
+free man, he has a right to claim, and which we can not long refuse
+to give."</p>
+
+<p>The Mississippi <i>Index</i> says:</p>
+
+<p>"There are some laws on our statute-book respecting negroes
+that are of no practical use, and will have to be done away with
+some day. The sooner we dispense with them the better. But
+in the matter of educating the negro we can accomplish more
+toward convincing the people of the North that we have been
+misrepresented and slandered than by legislative action. Let
+us take the work of education out of the hands of the Yankees
+among us. We can do this by encouraging the establishment
+of negro schools and placing them in the charge of men and
+women whom we know to be competent and trustworthy."</p>
+
+<p>In Louisiana, General Longstreet, one of the most distinguished
+of the rebel Generals, says:</p>
+
+<p>"The striking feature, and the one that our people should
+keep in view, is, that we are a conquered people. Recognizing
+this fact fairly and squarely, there is but one course left for wise
+men to pursue&mdash;accept the terms that are offered us by the conquerors.
+There can be no discredit to a conquered people for
+accepting the conditions offered by their conquerors. Nor is
+that any occasion for a feeling of humiliation. We have made
+an honest, and I hope that I may say, a creditable fight, but we
+have lost. Let us come forward, then, and accept the ends
+involved in the struggle.</p>
+
+<p>"Our people earnestly desire that the constitutional government
+shall be re-established, and the only means to accomplish
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>this is to comply with the requirements of the recent Congressional
+legislation."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 25%;' />
+
+<p>"The military bill and amendments are peace offerings. We
+should accept them as such, and place ourselves upon them as
+the starting-point from which to meet future political issues as
+they arise."</p>
+
+<p>"Like other Southern men, I naturally sought alliance with
+the Democratic party, merely because it was opposed to the Republican
+party. But, as far as I can judge, there is nothing tangible
+about it, except the issues that were staked upon the war
+and lost. Finding nothing to take hold of except prejudice,
+which can not be worked into good for any one, it is proper and
+right that I should seek some standpoint from which good may
+be done."</p>
+
+<p>Quotations like these from prominent Democratic politicians,
+from rebel soldiers, and from influential rebel newspapers, might
+be multiplied indefinitely. Enough have been given to show
+how completely and how exactly the Reconstruction Acts have
+met the evil to be remedied in the South. My friend, Mr. Hassaurek,
+in his admirable speech at Columbus, did not estimate
+too highly the fruits of these measures. Said he:</p>
+
+<p>"And, sir, this remedy at once effected the desired cure. The
+poor contraband is no longer the persecuted outlaw whom incurable
+rebels might kick and kill with impunity; but he at
+once became 'our colored fellow-citizen,' in whose well-being his
+former master takes the liveliest interest. Thus, by bringing
+the negro under the American system, we have completed his
+emancipation. He has ceased to be a pariah. From an outcast
+he has been transformed into a human being, invested with the
+great National attribute of self-protection, and the re-establishment
+of peace, and order, and security, the revival of business
+and trade, and the restoration of the Southern States on the
+basis of loyalty and equal justice to all, will be the happy results
+of this astonishing metamorphosis, provided the party which has
+inaugurated this policy remains in power to carry it out."</p>
+
+<p>The Peace Democracy generally throughout the North oppose
+this measure. In Ohio they oppose it especially because it commits
+the people of the Nation in favor of manhood suffrage.
+They tell us that if it is wise and just to entrust the ballot to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>colored men in the District of Columbia, in the Territories, and
+in the rebel States, it is also just and wise that they should have
+it in Ohio and in the other States of the North.</p>
+
+<p>Union men do not question this reasoning, but if it is urged
+as an objection to the plan of Congress, we reply: There are now
+within the limits of the United States about five millions of colored
+people. They are not aliens or strangers. They are here
+not by the choice of themselves or of their ancestors. They are
+here by the misfortune of their fathers and the crime of ours.
+Their labor, privations, and sufferings, unpaid and unrequited,
+have cleared and redeemed one-third of the inhabited territory
+of the Union. Their toil has added to the resources and wealth
+of the nation untold millions. Whether we prefer it or not,
+they are our countrymen, and will remain so forever.</p>
+
+<p>They are more than countrymen&mdash;they are citizens. Free colored
+people were citizens of the colonies. The Constitution of
+the United States, formed by our fathers, created no disabilities
+on account of color. By the acts of our fathers and of ourselves,
+they bear equally the burdens and are required to discharge the
+highest duties of citizens. They are compelled to pay taxes and
+to bear arms. They fought side by side with their white countrymen
+in the great struggle for independence, and in the recent
+war for the Union. In the revolutionary contest, colored men
+bore an honorable part, from the Boston massacre, in 1770, to
+the surrender of Cornwallis, in 1781. Bancroft says: "Their
+names may be read on the pension rolls of the country side by
+side with those of other soldiers of the revolution." In the war
+of 1812 General Jackson issued an order complimenting the colored
+men of his army engaged in the defense of New Orleans.
+I need not speak of their number or of their services in the war
+of the rebellion. The Nation enrolled and accepted them among
+her defendants to the number of about two hundred thousand,
+and in the new regular army act, passed at the close of the rebellion,
+by the votes of Democrats and Union men alike, in the
+Senate and in the House, and by the assent of the president,
+regiments of colored men, cavalry and infantry, form part of the
+standing army of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>In the navy, colored American sailors have fought side by side
+with white men from the days of Paul Jones to the victory of
+the Kearsarge over the rebel pirate Alabama. Colored men will,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>in the future as in the past, in all times of National peril, be our
+fellow-soldiers. Tax-payers, countrymen, fellow-citizens, and
+fellow-soldiers, the colored men of America have been and will
+be. It is now too late for the adversaries of nationality and human
+rights to undertake to deprive these tax-payers, freemen,
+citizens, and soldiers of the right to vote.</p>
+
+<p>Slaves were never voters. It was bad enough that our fathers,
+for the sake of Union, were compelled to allow masters to reckon
+three-fifths of their slaves for representation, without adding
+slave suffrage to the other privileges of the slaveholder. But
+free colored men were always voters in many of the Colonies,
+and in several of the States, North and South, after independence
+was achieved. They voted for members of the Congress
+which declared independence, and for members of every Congress
+prior to the adoption of the Federal Constitution; for the
+members of the convention which framed the Constitution; for
+the members of many of the State conventions which ratified
+it, and for every president from Washington to Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>Our government has been called the white man's government.
+Not so. It is not the government of any class, or sect, or nationality,
+or race. It is a government founded on the consent of the
+governed, and Mr. Broomall, of Pennsylvania, therefore properly
+calls it "the government of the governed." It is not the
+government of the native born, or of the foreign born, of the
+rich man, or of the poor man, of the white man, or of the colored
+man&mdash;it is the government of the freeman. And when
+colored men were made citizens, soldiers, and freemen, by our
+consent and votes, we were estopped from denying to them the
+right of suffrage.</p>
+
+<p>General Sherman was right when he said, in his Atlanta letter,
+of 1864: "If you admit the negro to this struggle for any purpose,
+he has a right to stay in for all; and, when the fight is
+over, the hand that drops the musket can not be denied the
+ballot."</p>
+
+<p>Even our adversaries are compelled to admit the Jeffersonian
+rule, that "the man who pays taxes and who fights for the country
+is entitled to vote."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pendleton, in his speech against the enlistment of colored
+soldiers, gave up the whole controversy. He said: "Gentlemen
+tell us that these colored men are ready, with their strong arms
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>and their brave hearts, to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution,
+and to defend the integrity of the Union, which in our
+hands to-day is in peril. What is that Constitution? It provides
+that every child of the Republic, every citizen of the land
+is before the law the equal of every other. It provides for all
+of them trial by jury, free speech, free press, entire protection for
+life and liberty and property. It goes further. It secures to every
+citizen the right of suffrage, the right to hold office, the right to
+aspire to every office or agency by which the government is carried
+on. Every man called upon to do military duty, every man
+required to take up arms in its defense, is by its provisions entitled
+to vote, and a competent aspirant for every office in the
+government."</p>
+
+<p>The truth is, impartial manhood suffrage is already practically
+decided. It is now merely a question of time. In the eleven
+rebel States, in five of the New England States, and in a number
+of the Northwestern States, there is no organized party able
+to successfully oppose impartial suffrage. The Democratic party
+of more than half of the States are ready to concede its justice
+and expediency. The Boston <i>Post</i>, the able organ of the New
+England Democracy, says:</p>
+
+<p>"Color ought to have no more to do with the matter (voting)
+than size. Only establish a right standard, and then apply it impartially.
+A rule of that sort is too firmly fixed in justice and
+equality to be shaken. It commends itself too clearly to the
+good sentiment of the entire body of our countrymen to be successfully
+traversed by objections. Once let this principle be
+fairly presented to the people of the several States, with the
+knowledge on their part that they alone are to have the disposal
+and settlement of it, and we sincerely believe it would not
+be long before it would be adopted by every State in the Union."</p>
+
+<p>The New York <i>World</i>, the ablest Democratic newspaper in the
+Union, says:</p>
+
+<p>"Democrats in the North, as well as the South, should be fully
+alive to the importance of the new element thrust into the politics
+of the country. We suppose it to be morally certain that
+the new constitution of the State of New York, to be framed
+this year, will confer the elective franchise upon all adult male
+negroes. We have no faith in the success of any efforts to shut
+the negro element out of politics. It is the part of wisdom
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>frankly to accept the situation, and get beforehand with the
+Radicals in gaining an ascendancy over the negro mind."</p>
+
+<p>The Chicago <i>Times</i>, the influential organ of the Northwestern
+Democracy, says:</p>
+
+<p>"The word 'white' is not found in any of the original constitutions,
+save only that of South Carolina. In every other State
+negroes, who possessed the qualifications that were required impartially
+of all men, were admitted to vote, and many of that
+race did vote, in the Southern as well as in the Northern States.
+And, moreover, they voted the Democratic ticket, for it was the
+Democratic party of that day which affirmed their right in that
+respect upon an impartial basis with white men. All Democrats
+can not, even at this day, have forgotten the statement of General
+Jackson, that he was supported for the presidency by negro
+voters in the State of Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p>"The doctrine of impartial suffrage is one of the earliest and
+most essential doctrines of Democracy. It is the affirmation of
+the right of every man who is made a partaker of the burdens
+of the State to be represented by his own consent or vote in its
+government. It is the first principle upon which all true republican
+government rests. It is the basis upon which the liberties
+of America will be preserved, if they are preserved at all. The
+Democratic party must return from its driftings, and stand again
+upon the immutable rock of principles."</p>
+
+<p>In Ohio the leaders of the Peace Democracy intend to carry
+on one more campaign on the old and rotten platform of prejudice
+against colored people. They seek in this way to divert attention
+from the record they made during the war of the rebellion.
+But the great facts of our recent history are against them.
+The principles of the fathers, reason, religion, and the spirit of
+the age are against them.</p>
+
+<p>The plain and monstrous inconsistency and injustice of excluding
+one-seventh of our population from all participation in
+a government founded on the consent of the governed in this
+land of free discussion is simply impossible. No such absurdity
+and wrong can be permanent. Impartial suffrage will carry the
+day. No low prejudice will long be able to induce American
+citizens to deny to a weak people their best means of self-protection
+for the unmanly reason that they are weak. Chief Justice
+Chase expressed the true sentiment when he said "the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>American Nation can not afford to do the smallest injustice to
+the humblest and feeblest of her children."</p>
+
+<p>Much has been said of the antagonism which exists between
+the different races of men. But difference of religion, difference
+of nationality, difference of language, and difference of rank and
+privileges are quite as fruitful causes of antagonism and war as
+difference of race. The bitter strifes between Christians and
+Jews, between Catholics and Protestants, between Englishmen
+and Irishmen, between aristocracy and the masses are only too
+familiar. What causes increase and aggravate these antagonisms,
+and what are the measures which diminish and prevent
+them, ought to be equally familiar. Under the partial and unjust
+laws of the Nations of the Old World men of one nationality
+were allowed to oppress those of another; men of one
+faith had rights which were denied to men of a different faith;
+men of one rank or caste enjoyed special privileges which were
+not granted to men of another. Under these systems peace was
+impossible and strife perpetual. But under just and equal laws
+in the United States, Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, Englishmen
+and Irishmen, the former aristocrat and the masses of the
+people, dwell and mingle harmoniously together. The uniform
+lesson of history is that unjust and partial laws increase and
+create antagonism, while justice and equality are the sure foundation
+of prosperity and peace.</p>
+
+<p>Impartial suffrage secures also popular education. Nothing
+has given the careful observer of events in the South more gratification
+than the progress which is there going on in the establishment
+of schools. The colored people, who as slaves were debarred
+from education, regard the right to learn as one of the
+highest privileges of freemen. The ballot gives them the power
+to secure that privilege. All parties and all public men in the
+South agree that, if colored men vote, ample provision must be
+made in the reorganization of every State for free schools. The
+ignorance of the masses, whites as well as blacks, is one of the
+most discouraging features of Southern society. If Congressional
+reconstruction succeeds, there will be free schools for all.
+The colored people will see that their children attend them.
+We need indulge in no fears that the white people will be left
+behind. Impartial suffrage, then, means popular intelligence;
+it means progress; it means loyalty; it means harmony between
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>the North and the South, and between the whites and the colored
+people.</p>
+
+<p>The Union party believes that the general welfare requires
+that measures should be adopted which will work great changes
+in the South. Our adversaries are accustomed to talk of the rebellion
+as an affair which began when the rebels attacked Fort
+Sumter in 1861, and which ended when Lee surrendered to
+Grant in 1865. It is true that the attempt by force of arms to
+destroy the United States began and ended during the administration
+of Mr. Lincoln. But the causes, the principles, and the
+motives which produced the rebellion are of an older date than
+the generation which suffered from the fruit they bore, and their
+influence and power are likely to last long after that generation
+passes away. Ever since armed rebellion failed, a large party in
+the South have struggled to make participation in the rebellion
+honorable and loyalty to the Union dishonorable. The lost
+cause with them is the honored cause. In society, in business,
+and in politics, devotion to treason is the test of merit, the passport
+to preferment. They wish to return to the old state of
+things&mdash;<i>an oligarchy of race and the sovereignty of States</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To defeat this purpose, to secure the rights of man, and to
+perpetuate the National Union, are the objects of the Congressional
+plan of reconstruction. That plan has the hearty support
+of the great generals (so far as their opinions are known)&mdash;of
+Grant, of Thomas, of Sheridan, of Howard&mdash;who led the armies
+of the Union which conquered the rebellion. The statesmen
+most trusted by Mr. Lincoln and by the loyal people of the
+country during the war also support it. The Supreme Court of
+the United States, upon formal application and after solemn argument,
+refuse to interfere with its execution. The loyal press
+of the country, which did so much in the time of need to uphold
+the patriot cause, without exception, are in favor of the
+plan.</p>
+
+<p>In the South, as we have seen, the lessons of the war and the
+events occurring since the war have made converts of thousands
+of the bravest and of the ablest of those who opposed the National
+cause. General Longstreet, a soldier second to no living
+corps commander of the rebel army, calls it "a peace offering,"
+and advises the South in good faith to organize under it. Unrepentant
+rebels and unconverted Peace Democrats oppose it, just
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>as they opposed the measures which destroyed slavery and saved
+the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Opposition to whatever the Nation approves seems to be the
+policy of the representative men of the Peace Democracy. Defeat
+and failure comprise their whole political history. In
+laboring to overthrow reconstruction they are probably destined
+to further defeat and further failure. I know not how it may
+be in other States, but if I am not greatly mistaken as to the
+mind of the loyal people of Ohio, they mean to trust power in
+the hands of no man who, during the awful struggle for the Nation's
+life, proved unfaithful to the cause of liberty and of
+Union. They will continue to exclude from the administration
+of the government those who prominently opposed the war,
+until every question arising out of the rebellion relating to the
+integrity of the Nation and to human rights shall have been
+firmly settled on the basis of impartial justice.</p>
+
+<p>They mean that the State of Ohio, in this great progress,
+"whose leading object is to elevate the condition of men, to lift
+artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the paths of laudable
+pursuits for all, to afford all an unfettered start and a fair
+chance in the race of life," shall tread no step backward.</p>
+
+<p>Penetrated and sustained by a conviction that in this contest
+the Union party of Ohio is doing battle for the right, I enter
+upon my part of the labors of the canvass with undoubting confidence
+that the goodness of the cause will supply the weakness
+of its advocates, and command in the result that triumphant
+success which I believe it deserves.</p>
+
+<br />
+<center><b><i>Speech of</i> <span class="smcap">General R. B. Hayes</span>, <i>delivered at <a name="Sidney" id="Sidney"></a>Sidney,
+Ohio, Wednesday, September 4, 1867.</i></b>
+</center>
+<br />
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<p>
+<i>Mr. President and Fellow-Citizens</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It was very plain at the beginning of the pending canvass in
+Ohio that the leading speakers of the peace party of the State
+were desirous to persuade the people that at this election they
+were to pass upon different issues from those which have been
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>considered in former elections. They undertook at the beginning,
+generally, to discuss questions which have not heretofore
+been much considered. They told the people that the old issues
+were settled, and that in this canvass in particular, there would
+be no propriety in discussing the record made by men during
+the war; that the war was over; that bygones ought to be permitted
+to be bygones; and they started a considerable number
+of subjects for discussion, which I claim are either unimportant
+matters, or are matters which are in no sense party questions.
+For example, Judge Ranney, in a very elaborate speech at Mansfield,
+of great length, discussed perhaps a dozen or fifteen topics,
+almost all of which are in no sense party questions. For example,
+he talked about the land grants that had been made to the
+railroads, particularly to the Pacific Railroad, during the last few
+years, and of the subsidies of money that by law have been
+given to the railroad companies. Now, this is but a specimen of
+the topics discussed by Judge Ranney. It is enough to say, in
+regard to the railroads, that they were voted for indiscriminately
+by Union men and by Democrats&mdash;peace Democrats and war
+Democrats&mdash;and that they were finally made laws by the signature
+of Andrew Johnson. They are in no sense, therefore, party
+issues; and the only purpose of discussing them is, so far as I
+can see, to mislead the people, and to withdraw their attention
+from the main issues before them.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Thurman has discussed the subject of a standing army.
+He has spoken of the great expense of keeping up a standing
+army, and, as I think, has greatly exaggerated the sum requisite&mdash;naming
+two hundred and fifty millions as the annual expense
+of it. I suppose that is three or four, or perhaps five times as
+great as the actual amount: but I do not stop to argue that matter
+with him. I say to him, in regard to it, that Democrats voted
+for it in both houses, and it became a law by the signature of the
+president whom he supports. It is not, therefore, a party issue.</p>
+
+<p>I can not, in any reasonable length of time, even name the
+various topics that have been discussed in this way. Perhaps
+none has attracted more attention than the subject of finances,
+and the main issue presented by our Democratic friends on that
+subject has been this&mdash;namely, that it is for the interest of the
+people to pay off the whole of the present bonded debt by an
+issue of greenbacks. At the beginning of the canvass, the Cin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>cinnati <i>Enquirer</i>, and, I think, the leading peace party paper at
+Columbus, and Mr. Vallandigham, presented this as the leading
+question before the people. The <i>Enquirer</i> told us that Democratic
+conventions in forty counties had resolved in favor of it;
+and certainly if any one of the topics which have been presented
+in this way may be regarded as a party topic, that is one. If
+they have succeeded in making a new issue, that is one. On the
+20th of last month, I spoke at Batavia, and I referred to that
+subject. I said that Judge Thurman was plainly committed
+against the issue of more greenbacks; that when we were in the
+midst of the war, and the necessities of the country were such
+that it was necessary to get money by every means in our power,
+he had told the people there was no constitutional authority to
+issue greenbacks. I said further, that in his speech at Waverly
+he had spoken of this currency as a currency of rags; and that,
+therefore, I was authorized to say he was opposed to this new
+scheme of the Cincinnati <i>Enquirer</i>. That speech of mine was reported
+in the Cincinnati <i>Commercial</i> of the next morning. On
+the following day, the 22d of August, the <i>Enquirer</i> noticed my
+speech. I will read you the whole of the <i>Enquirer's</i> article on
+that subject. I do this because I think, in this county as well as
+elsewhere, Democrats are claiming the votes of Union men on
+the ground that it is wise to pay off the bonded debt by an issue
+of greenbacks, and I wish to show that Judge Thurman is opposed
+to the scheme. Therefore, it is no party issue, because no
+party State convention has resolved in favor of it, and the peace
+party candidate for governor is against it. The <i>Enquirer</i> says,
+under the caption of "Judge Thurman and the bondholders:"</p>
+
+<p>"In his speech at Batavia, Clermont county, on Tuesday, General
+Hayes, while discussing the payment of the public debt
+question, said:</p>
+
+<p>"Judge Thurman has not yet spoken distinctly on this question.
+But his well-known opinion, that even the necessities of
+the war did not authorize, under our constitution, the issue of
+the legal-tender currency, coupled with the fact that he speaks
+of it in his Waverly speech as a currency of 'rags&mdash;only
+rags'&mdash;warrants me in saying that he is probably opposed, on
+grounds both of constitutional law and of expediency, to the
+financial scheme of Mr. Vallandigham and of the Cincinnati
+<i>Enquirer</i>. Judge Ranney and Judge Jewett are also evidently
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>unwilling to accept the inflation theories of the <i>Enquirer</i>. They
+are both opposed to taking up the greenbacks now in circulation
+by an issue of bonds bearing interest, and repeat the same arguments
+against this policy of Johnson's administration which
+were urged by the Cincinnati <i>Gazette</i> and by Thaddeus Stevens
+and Judge Kelley, with much more cogency, a year or two ago."</p>
+
+<p>Commenting on the above, the <i>Enquirer</i> says, editorially:</p>
+
+<p>"This will render it necessary for Judge Thurman to do what
+he ought to have done in his first (Waverly) speech, define his
+position distinctly on this question. As one of his friends and
+supporters, we call upon him to put a stop to these representations
+of General Hayes by giving the people his views.</p>
+
+<p>"Is he for the bondholders or the people? Does he believe
+that the debts due the bondholders should be paid in any other
+than the government money, which pays all other debts and liabilities,
+even those which were contracted in gold?</p>
+
+<p>"Is he for one currency for the bondholders and another and
+different currency for the people?</p>
+
+<p>"The Democracy of more than forty counties in Ohio have
+spoken out on this question, and we have no doubt the example
+will be followed by every county in the State. In some counties
+no other resolutions have been passed.</p>
+
+<p>"The time has passed when the people kept step to the music
+of candidates. The latter must now march with and not against
+the people. Will Judge Thurman define his position, for thousands
+of votes may depend upon it?"</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of August, at Wapakoneta, Judge Thurman made
+a speech, which I hold in my hand&mdash;as you see, a very long
+speech, covering all of one side of the <i>Commercial</i>, and parts of
+two others. One would suppose that, a week having elapsed
+since the speech to which his attention was called had been
+made, that in this speech, at least, if this was an important issue
+of the canvass, we should have his position plainly and clearly
+defined. Of that long speech he devotes to that important question,
+which the <i>Enquirer</i> says is the real question, and which
+many of your speakers doubtless here say is the real question,
+precisely eleven lines&mdash;one short paragraph. And the pith of
+that paragraph is contained in these two lines: "I am sorry that
+what I have to say on that subject for publication I must reserve
+for some future time."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+I think that this satisfactorily shows where my friend Judge
+Thurman stands on that issue, and that we therefore need no
+longer discuss it&mdash;in short, that, as a party question, it is abandoned
+by the candidate of the Democratic party. There is another
+phase of the financial question. Judge Ranney and Judge
+Jewett are telling the people that it is the policy of Secretary
+McCulloch to take up the greenback currency and issue in its
+stead interest-bearing bonds, not taxable, principal and interest,
+both payable in coin at the option of the secretary. That is
+true. That was the policy, and is the policy of Secretary McCulloch.
+But they go further, and say they are authorized to
+say that this is the policy of the Union party. I take issue with
+them on that statement. They offer no proof that it is true,
+except the fact that it is the policy of the Johnson administration;
+and I submit to an intelligent audience that the fact that
+Johnson and his administration are in favor of a measure is no
+evidence whatever that the Union party supports it. It is not
+for me to prove a negative, but I am prepared, nevertheless, to
+prove it. The very measure which was intended to carry out
+this policy of Secretary McCulloch to enable him to take up the
+greenback currency with interest-bearing bonds was introduced
+in Congress in March, 1866. I have here the votes upon that
+question, and I say to you that the Democratic party in both
+houses&mdash;all the members of the Democratic party in both
+houses&mdash;voted for Senator McCulloch's plan, and that Mr. Julian,
+Judge Schofield, Mr. Lawrence, all of whom I see here, and
+myself, a majority of the Republican members of Congress, voted
+against the scheme, and it became a law because a minority of
+the Union party, with the unanimous vote of the Democratic
+party, supported it; and because, when it was submitted to Andrew
+Johnson, instead of vetoing it, as he did all Union party
+measures, he wrote his name, on the 12th of April, at the bottom
+of it, "Approved, Andrew Johnson." Now, it is under that
+measure, and by virtue of that law, voted for by Mr. Finck and
+and Mr. LeBlond, of the Democratic party of Ohio, in the House
+of Representatives; it is by virtue of that law that to-day Secretary
+McCulloch is issuing interest-bearing bonds, not taxable, to
+take up the greenback currency of the country. I think, then,
+I am authorized in saying that these gentlemen are mistaken
+when they accuse the Union party of being in favor of taking
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>up the greenback currency and putting in the place of it interest-bearing,
+non-taxable bonds.</p>
+
+<p>This investigation of two or three of the leading questions
+presented to the people at the beginning of this canvass by the
+advocates of the peace party of Ohio is, I think, sufficient to
+warrant me in saying that all of the side issues presented are
+merely urged on the people to withdraw their minds from the
+great main issue which ought to engage the attention of the
+American Nation. What is that great issue? It is reconstruction.
+That is the main question before us, and until it is settled,
+and settled rightly, all other issues sink into insignificance in
+comparison with it. Fortunately for the Union party of Ohio,
+events are occurring every day at Washington which tend more
+and more clearly to define the exact question before the people,
+showing that the main question is whether the Union shall be reconstructed
+in the interests of the rebellion or in the interests of
+loyalty and Union; whether that reconstruction shall be carried
+on by men who, during the war, were in favor of the war and
+against the rebellion, or by men who in the North were against
+the war, and who in the South carried on the rebellion. On one
+side of this question we see Andrew Johnson, Judge Black, and
+the other leaders of the peace party of the North and the unrepentant
+rebels of the South; and on the other side is the great
+war secretary, Stanton, with General Grant, General Sheridan,
+General Thomas, General Howard, and the other Union commanders
+engaged in carrying out the reconstruction acts of Congress.
+This presents clearly enough the question before the
+people. General Grant, in one paragraph of his letter to the
+president, said to him:</p>
+
+<p>"General Sheridan has performed his civil duties faithfully
+and intelligently. His removal will only be regarded as an effort
+to defeat the laws of Congress. It will be interpreted by the
+unreconstructed element in the South&mdash;those who did all they
+could to break up this government by arms, and now wish to be
+the only element consulted as to the method of restoring order&mdash;as
+a triumph. It will embolden them to renewed opposition
+to the will of the loyal masses, believing that they have the executive
+with them."</p>
+
+<p>This presents exactly the question before the people. We
+want the loyal people of the country, the victors in the great
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>struggle we have passed through, to do the work; we want reconstruction
+upon such principles, and by means of such measures
+that the causes which made reconstruction necessary shall
+not exist in the reconstructed Union; we want that foolish notion
+of State rights, which teaches that the State is superior to the
+Nation&mdash;that there is a State sovereignty which commands the
+allegiance of every citizen higher than the sovereignty of the
+nation&mdash;we want that notion left out of the reconstructed
+Union; we want it understood that whatever doubts may have
+existed prior to the war as to the relation of the State to the
+National government, that now the National government is supreme,
+anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the
+contrary notwithstanding. Again, as one of the causes of the
+rebellion, we want slavery left out, not merely in name, but in
+fact, and forever; we want the last vestige, the last relic of that
+institution, rooted out of the laws and institutions of every State;
+we want that in the South there shall be no more suppression
+of free discussion. I notice that in the long speech of my friend,
+Judge Thurman, he says that for nearly fifty years, throughout
+the length and breadth of the land, freedom of speech and of
+the press was never interfered with, either by the government or
+the people. For more than thirty years, fellow-citizens, there
+has been no such thing as free discussion in the South. Those
+moderate speeches of Abraham Lincoln on the subject of slavery&mdash;not
+one of them&mdash;could have been delivered without endangering
+his life, south of Mason and Dixon's line. We want in
+the reconstructed Union that there shall be the same freedom
+of the press and freedom of speech in the States of the South
+that there always has been in the States of the North. Again,
+we want the reconstructed Union upon such principles that the
+men of the South who, during the war, were loyal and true to
+the government, shall be protected in life, liberty, and property,
+and in the exercise of their political rights. It becomes the
+solemn duty of the loyal victors in the great struggle to see that
+the men who, in the midst of difficulties, discouragements, and
+dangers in the South were true, are protected in these rights.
+And, in order that our reconstruction shall be carried out faithfully
+and accomplish these objects, we further want that the
+work shall be in the hands of the right men. Andrew Johnson,
+in the days when he was loyal, said the work of reconstruction
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>ought to be placed absolutely in the hands of the loyal men of
+the State; that rebels, and particularly leading rebels, ought not
+to participate in that work; that while that work is going on
+they must take back seats. We want that understood in our
+work of reconstruction. How important it is to have the right
+men in charge of this work appears upon the most cursory examination
+of what has already been done. President Lincoln
+administered the same laws substantially&mdash;was sworn to support
+the same constitution with Andrew Johnson&mdash;yet how different
+the reconstruction as carried out by these two men. Lincoln's
+reconstruction in all the States which he undertook to reorganize
+gave to those States loyal governments, loyal governors,
+loyal legislatures, judges, and officers of the law. Andrew Johnson,
+administering the same constitution and the same laws, reconstructs
+a number of States, and in all of them leading rebels
+are elected governors, leading rebels are members of the legislature,
+and leading rebels are sent to Congress. It makes, then,
+the greatest difference to the people of this country who it is
+that does the work.</p>
+
+<p>This, my friends, brings me to a proposition to which I call the
+attention of every audience that I have occasion to address, and
+that is this, that until the work of reconstruction is complete,
+until every question arising out of the rebellion relating to the
+integrity of the Nation and to human rights has been settled,
+and settled rightly, no man ought to be trusted with power in
+this country, who, during the struggle for the Nation's life, was
+unfaithful to Union and liberty. That is the proposition upon
+which I go before the people of Ohio. At the beginning of the
+canvass, as I have said, the gentlemen who are engaged in advocating
+the claims of the peace party of Ohio did not desire to
+have this record discussed. I am happy to know by this long
+Wapakoneta speech of Judge Thurman that at last they have
+found it necessary to come to the discussion of the true question.
+Judge Thurman, in that speech, invites us to the discussion of
+it. He says:</p>
+
+<p>"I give all of them this bold and unequivocal defiance, that
+there is no one act of my life, or one sentence ever uttered by
+me that I am not prepared to have investigated by the American
+people; and I wish them to stand up to the same rule, that I
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>may see what is in their past record, and see how it tallies with
+what they say to the American people at the present time."</p>
+
+<p>He proceeds to do this. He proceeds to examine the record
+of various gentlemen connected with the Union party. Now, I
+am not in the habit of giving challenges or accepting challenges,
+but I desire, for a few minutes, to ask the attention of this audience
+to the record of my friend, Judge Thurman. He under-takes
+to justify the course he took as a leader of the peace party
+of Ohio, by telling us what Mr. Lincoln said in 1848. Now,
+what is it that Mr. Lincoln said? He made a speech during the
+Mexican war as to the title which Texas had to certain lands in
+dispute between the State of Texas and Mexico, or rather between
+the United States and Mexico. He laid down the doctrine
+that a revolutionary government is entitled to own just as
+much of the property of the former government as it has succeeded
+in conquering; and he says, in the course of that speech,
+that it is the right of every people to revolutionize; that the
+right of revolution, in short, belongs to every people; that it was
+the right exercised by our forefathers in 1776. Now, that is all
+true&mdash;that is all correct; but how does my friend Judge Thurman
+find any justification for the rebellion in that? What is
+the right of revolution? It is the right to resist a government
+under which you live, if that government is guilty of intolerable
+oppression or injustice, but not otherwise. And that is the doctrine
+of Abraham Lincoln. Now, in order to make that a precedent
+for the rebellion, Judge Thurman is bound to take the position
+that, in the case of the rebel States, there had been acts of
+intolerable oppression and injustice done to that part of the
+country which went into rebellion. I know that the rebels, for
+the most part, did not put the rebellion upon that ground; but
+Judge Thurman now does it for them. He makes it out&mdash;or
+must make it out to sustain himself&mdash;that it was a case of revolution,
+growing out of the exercise of that right which our
+fathers exercised in 1776. Now, if Judge Thurman can show
+that there was justification for the rebellion, he has made out
+his case. If that rebellion was not justified by such circumstances&mdash;if
+there was no such intolerable injustice and oppression&mdash;he
+has failed in his precedent. He goes further, and says
+that Mr. Wade, Chief Justice Chase, Secretary Stanton, and General
+Butler all held sentiments before the war the same as the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>sentiments which he held then, and holds now, on the subject
+of the rights of the States. Suppose they did&mdash;suppose they belonged
+to the same party before the war&mdash;is that any defense of
+his conduct during the war? They saw fit, after the war had
+broken out, to rally to the side of their country, notwithstanding
+any notions or theories they might have held with regard to
+the rights of the States.</p>
+
+<p>I do not stop now to discuss the correctness of Judge Thurman's
+opinions as to the course of these men prior to the war.
+It is enough for me to say that the question I make&mdash;the question
+which the people of Ohio make&mdash;is, What was your conduct
+after it was found that there was a conspiracy to break up the
+Union, after war was upon us, and armies were raised&mdash;what was
+your conduct then? That is the question before the people.
+And I ask of an intelligent audience, what was the duty of a
+good citizen after that war for the destruction of the government
+and the Union had begun? Need I ask any old Jackson Democrat
+what is his duty when the Union is at stake? In 1806,
+Aaron Burr proposed this matter to Andrew Jackson, of making
+a new confederacy in the Southwest. Jackson said:</p>
+
+<p>"I hate the Dons, and I would like to see Mexico dismembered;
+but before I would see one State of this Union severed
+from the rest, I would die in the last ditch."</p>
+
+<p>That was Jackson's Democracy. Douglass said:</p>
+
+<p>"This is no time for delay. The existence of a conspiracy is
+now known; armies are raised to accomplish it. There can be
+but two sides to the question. A man must be either for the
+United States or against the United States. There can be no
+neutrals in this war&mdash;only patriots and traitors."</p>
+
+<p>There is the Douglass doctrine. But I need not go back to
+Jackson and Douglass. I have the opinions of the very gentlemen
+who now lead the peace party on this subject. Let me read
+you a resolution, introduced and passed through a Democratic
+convention, in 1848, by Clement L. Vallandigham:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That whatever opinions might have been entertained
+of the origin, necessity or justice, by the Tories of the
+revolutionary war, by the Federalists of the late war with England,
+or by the Whigs and Abolitionists of the present war with
+Mexico, the fact of their country being engaged in such a war
+ought to have been sufficient for them and to have precluded
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>debate on that subject till a successful termination of the war,
+and that in the meantime the patriot could have experienced no
+difficulty in recognizing his place on the side of his country, and
+could never have been induced to yield either physical or moral
+aid to the enemy."</p>
+
+<p>I will quote also from Judge Thurman himself. In a speech
+lecturing one of his colleagues, who thought the Mexican war
+was unnecessary, he says:</p>
+
+<p>"It is a strange way to support one's country, right or wrong,
+to declare after war has begun, when it exists both in law and in
+fact, that the war is aggressive, unholy, unrighteous, and damnable
+on the part of the government of that country, and on that
+government rests its responsibility and its wrongfulness. It is
+a strange way to support one's country right or wrong in a war,
+to tax one's imagination to the utmost to depict the disastrous
+consequences of the contest; to dwell on what it has already
+cost and what it will cost in future; to depict her troops
+prostrated by disease and dying with pestilence; in a word, to
+destroy, as far as possible, the moral force of the government in
+the struggle, and hold it up to its own people and the world as
+the aggressor that merits their condemnation. It was for this
+that I arraigned my colleague, and that I intend to arraign him.
+It was because his remarks, as far as they could have any influence,
+were evidently calculated to depress the spirits of his
+own countrymen, to lessen the moral force of his own government,
+and to inspire with confidence and hope the enemies of his
+country."</p>
+
+<p>He goes on further to say:</p>
+
+<p>"What a singular mode it was of supporting her in a war to
+bring against the war nearly all the charges that were brought
+by the peace party Federalists against the last war, to denounce
+it as an unrighteous, unholy, and damnable war; to hold up our
+government to the eyes of the world as the aggressors in the
+conflict; to charge it with motives of conquest and aggrandizement;
+to parade and portray in the darkest colors all the horrors
+of war; to dwell upon its cost and depict its calamities."</p>
+
+<p>Now, that was the doctrine of Judge Thurman as to the duties
+of citizens in time of war&mdash;in time of such a war as the Mexican
+war even, in which no vital interest of the country could by possibility
+suffer. Judge Thurman says that General Hayes, in his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>speech, has a great many slips cut from the newspapers, and that
+he must have had some sewing society of old ladies to cut out the
+slips for him. I don't know how he found that out. I never
+told it, and you know the ladies never tell secrets that are confided
+to them. I hold in my hand a speech of Judge Thurman,
+from which I have read extracts, and I find that he has in it
+slips cut from more than twenty different prints, sermons, newspapers,
+old speeches, and pamphlets, to show how, in the war of
+1812, certain Federalists uttered unpatriotic sentiments. I presume
+he must have acquired his slips on that day in the way he
+says I acquired mine now.</p>
+
+<p>Now, my friends, I propose to hold Judge Thurman to no severe
+rule of accountability for his conduct during the war. I
+merely ask that it shall be judged by his own rule: "Your country
+is engaged in war, and it is the duty of every citizen to say
+nothing and do nothing which shall depress the spirits of his
+own countrymen, nothing that shall encourage the enemies of
+his country, or give them moral aid or comfort." That is the
+rule. Now, Judge Thurman, how does your conduct square with
+it? I do not propose to begin at the beginning of the war, or
+even just before the war, to cite the record of Judge Thurman.
+I am willing to say that perhaps men might have been mistaken
+at that time. They might have supposed in the beginning a
+conciliatory policy, a non-coercive policy, would in some way
+avoid the threatened struggle. But I ask you to approach the
+period when the war was going on, when armies to the number
+of hundreds of thousands of men were ready on one side and
+the other, and when the whole world knew what was the nature
+of the great struggle going on in America. Taking the beginning
+of 1863, how stands the conflict? We have pressed the rebellion
+out of Kentucky and through Tennessee. Grant stands
+before Vicksburg, held at bay by the army of Pemberton; Rosecranz,
+after the capture of Nashville, has pressed forward to
+Murfreesboro, but is still held out of East Tennessee by the
+army of Bragg. The army of the Potomac and the army of Lee,
+in Virginia, are balanced, the one against the other. The whole
+world knows that that exhausting struggle can not last long
+without deciding in favor of one side or the other. That the
+year 1863 is big with the fate of Union and of liberty, every
+intelligent man in the world knows&mdash;that on one side it is a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>struggle for nationality and human rights. There is not in all
+Europe a petty despot who lives by grinding the masses of the
+people, who does not know that Lincoln and the Union are his
+enemies. There is not a friend of freedom in all Europe who
+does not know that Lincoln and the loyal army are fighting in the
+cause of free government for all the world. Now, in that contest,
+where are you, Judge Thurman? It is a time when we
+need men and money, when we need to have our people inspired
+with hope and confidence. Your sons and brothers are
+in the field. Their success depends upon your conduct at home.</p>
+
+<p>The men who are to advise you what to do have upon them a
+dreadful responsibility to give you wise and patriotic advice.
+Judge Thurman, in the speech I am quoting from, says:</p>
+
+<p>"But now, my friends, I shall not deal with obscure newspapers
+or obscure men. What a private citizen like Allen G.
+Thurman may have said in 1861 is a matter of indifference."</p>
+
+<p>Ah, no, Judge Thurman, the Union party does not propose to
+allow your record to go without investigation because you are a
+private citizen. I know you held no official position under the
+government at the time I speak of; but, sir, you had for years
+been a leading, able, and influential man in the great party which
+had often carried your State. You were acting under grave responsibilities.
+More than that, during that year 1863, you were
+more than a private citizen. You were one of the delegates to
+the State convention of that year; you were one of the committee
+that forms your party platform in that convention; you were
+one of the central committee that carries on the canvass in the
+absence of your standard-bearers; and you were one of the orators
+of the party. No, sir, you were not a private citizen in 1863.
+You were one of the leading and one of the ablest men in your
+party in that year, speaking through the months of July, August,
+September, and October, in behalf of the candidate of the peace
+party. You can not escape as a private citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Well, sir, in the beginning of that eventful year, there rises in
+Congress the ablest member of the peace party, to advise Congress
+and to advise the people, and what does he say?</p>
+
+<p>"You have not conquered the South. You never will. It is
+not in the nature of things possible, especially under your auspices.
+Money you have expended without limit; blood you have
+poured out like water."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+Now, mark the taunt&mdash;the words of discouragement that were
+sent to the people and to the army of the Union:</p>
+
+<p>"Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers&mdash;these are your trophies.
+Can you get men to enlist now at any price?"</p>
+
+<p>Listen again to the words that were sent to the army and to
+the loyal people:</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, sir, it is easier to die at home."</p>
+
+<p>We knew that, Judge Thurman, better than Mr. Vallandigham
+knew it. We had seen our comrades falling and dying alone on
+the mountain side and in the swamps&mdash;dying in the prison-pens
+of the Confederacy and in the crowded hospitals, North and
+South. Yet he had the face to stand up in Congress, and say to
+the people and the world, "Ah, sir, it is easier to die at home."
+Judge Thurman, where are you at this time? He goes to Columbus
+to the State convention, on the 11th of June of that
+year, in all the capacities in which I have named him&mdash;as a delegate,
+as committeeman, and as an orator&mdash;and he spends that
+whole summer in advocating the election of the man who taunted
+us with the words, "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers&mdash;these
+are your trophies."</p>
+
+<p>In every canvass you know there is a key-note. What was
+the key-note of that canvass? Who sounded it? It came over
+to us from Canada. On the 15th of July, 1863, Mr. Vallandigham
+wrote, accepting the nomination of that convention of
+Judge Thurman's. He said, in his letter:</p>
+
+<p>"If this civil war is to terminate only by the subjugation or
+submission of the South to force and arms, the infant of to-day
+will not live to see the end of it. No; in another way only can
+it be brought to a close. Traveling a thousand miles and more,
+through nearly half of the Confederate States, and sojourning
+for a time at widely different points, I met not one man, woman,
+or child who was not resolved to perish, rather than yield to the
+pressure of arms, even in the most desperate extremity. And
+whatever may and must be the varying fortune of the war, in all
+of which I recognize the hand of Providence pointing visibly to
+the ultimate issue of this great trial of the States and people of
+America, they are better prepared now, every way, to make good
+their inexorable purpose than at any period since the beginning
+of the struggle."</p>
+
+<p>That was the key-note of the campaign. It was the platform
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>of the candidate in behalf of whom Judge Thurman went
+through the State of Ohio&mdash;all over the State&mdash;in July, August,
+and September, up to the night of the 12th of October&mdash;making
+his last speech just twenty-four hours before the glad news went
+out to all the world, over the wires, that the people of Ohio had
+elected John Brough by over one hundred thousand majority,
+in preference to the author of the sentiment, "Defeat, debt,
+taxation, sepulchers."</p>
+
+<p>And how true was that sentiment which had been endorsed
+by the peace party. I do not question the motives of men in
+any of my speeches. I merely ask as to the facts. "Better prepared,"
+said he, "than ever before," on the 15th of July. On
+that theory, they went through the canvass to the end. What
+was the fact? On the 15th of July, 1863, Grant had captured
+Vicksburg. That gallant, glorious son of Ohio, who perished
+afterward in the Atlanta campaign, and whose honored remains
+now sleep near his old home on the lake shore, General James
+B. McPherson, on the 4th of July, had ridden at the head of a
+triumphant host into Vicksburg. On the 7th of July, Banks had
+captured Port Hudson. A few days afterward, a party of serenaders,
+calling upon Mr. Lincoln, saw that good man, who had
+been bowed down with the weight and cares of office; they saw
+his haggard face lit up with joy and cheer, and he said to them:
+"At last, Grant is in Vicksburg. The Father of Waters, the Mississippi,
+again flows unvexed to the sea."</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of July, what else had happened? The army of
+Lee, defiantly crowding up into Pennsylvania, and claiming to
+go where it pleased, and take what it pleased, only doubting
+whether they would first capture Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia,
+or New York, and concluding finally that it was a matter
+of military strategy first to capture the Army of the Potomac&mdash;that
+army, which had invaded Pennsylvania under such flattering
+auspices, was, on the 15th of July, when Mr. Vallandigham's
+letter was written, straggling back over the swollen
+waters of the Potomac, glad to escape from the pursuing armies
+of the Union, with the loss of thirty thousand of its bravest and
+best, killed, wounded, and captured, and utterly unable ever
+after during the war to set foot upon free soil except in such
+fragments as were captured by our armies in subsequent battles.
+That was the condition of the two great armies when Mr. Val<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>landigham uttered that sentiment; and on that sentiment my
+friend, Judge Thurman, argued his case through all that summer.</p>
+
+<p>But wisdom was not learned even at the close of 1863 by this
+peace party. Things were greatly changed in the estimation of
+every loyal man. We had now not merely got possession of the
+Mississippi river&mdash;we had not merely driven the army of Lee
+out of Pennsylvania, never again to return, but the battle of
+Mission Ridge and the battle of Knoxville had been fought.
+That important strategic region, East Tennessee, was now within
+our lines. From that abode of loyalty, the mountain region of
+East Tennessee, we could pierce to the very heart of the Southern
+Confederacy. We were now in possession of the interior
+lines, giving us an immense advantage, and we were in a condition
+to march southeast to Atlanta and northeast to Richmond;
+yet with this changed state of affairs, where is my friend Judge
+Thurman? Advising the people? What is he advising them
+to do? He says Allen G. Thurman was a private citizen. Not
+so. He held no official position, I know, under the government.
+Fortunately for the people of this country, they were not giving
+official positions in Ohio to men of his opinions and sentiments
+at that time. [A voice, "They won't now, either."] But he was
+made delegate at large from the State of Ohio to the convention
+to meet at Chicago to nominate a president and form a platform
+on which that nominee should stand. Mr. Vallandigham was a
+district delegate and one of the committee to form a platform,
+and he drew the most important resolution. The principal
+plank of that platform is of his construction. You are perfectly
+familiar with it. It merely told the people that the war had
+been for four years a failure, and advised them to prepare to negotiate
+with this Confederate nation on our Southern borders.
+Well, when this advice was given to the Nation, we were still in
+the midst of the war, and were prosecuting it with every prospect
+of success. What had been accomplished in 1863 enabled
+us, with great advantages, to press upon the rebellion. I remember
+well when I first read that resolution declaring the war
+a four years' failure. It came to the army in which I was serving
+on the same day that the news came to us that Sherman had
+captured Atlanta. We heard of both together. The war a four
+years' failure, said the Chicago convention. I well remember
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>how that evening our pickets shouted the good news to the
+pickets of the enemy. What good news? News that a convention
+representing nearly one-half of the people of the North
+had concluded that the war was a failure? No such news was
+shouted from our-picket line. The good news that they shouted
+was that Sherman had captured Atlanta.</p>
+
+<p>This, my friends, is a part of that record which we are invited
+to examine by my friend Judge Thurman. I ask you to apply
+to it the principle that whoever, during the great struggle, was
+unfaithful to the cause of the country is not to be trusted to be
+one of the men to harvest and secure the legitimate fruits of
+the victory, which the Union people and the Union army won
+during the rebellion. In the great struggle in 1863 in Ohio, I
+had not an opportunity to hear the eloquent voice of John
+Brough, which I knew stirred the hearts of the people like the
+sound of a trumpet, but I read, as occasion offered, his speeches,
+and I saw not one in which he did not warn the young men&mdash;warn
+the Democrats of Ohio&mdash;that if they remained through
+that struggle opposed to this country, the conduct particularly
+of leading men would never be forgotten, and never forgiven.
+Now, in this canvass, I merely have to ask the people to remember
+the prediction of honest John Brough, and see that that
+prediction is made good.</p>
+
+<p>It is not worth while now to consider, or undertake to predict,
+when we shall cease to talk of the records of those men. It
+does seem to me that it will, for many years to come, be the voice
+of the Union people of the State that for a man who as a leader&mdash;as
+a man having control in political affairs&mdash;that for such a man
+who has opposed the interests of his country during the war,
+"the post of honor is the private station." When shall we stop
+talking about it? When ought we to stop talking about that
+record, when leading men come before the people? Certainly
+not until every question arising out of the rebellion, and every
+question which is akin to the questions which made the rebellion,
+is settled. Perhaps these men will be remembered long
+after these questions are settled; perhaps their conduct will long
+be remembered. What was the result of this advice to the people?
+It prolonged the war; it made it impossible to get recruits;
+it made it necessary that we should have drafts. They opposed
+the drafts, and that made rioting, which required that troops
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>should be called from all the armies in the field, to preserve the
+peace at home. From forty to a hundred thousand men in the
+different States of this Union were kept within the loyal States
+to preserve the peace at home. And now, when they talk to you
+about the debt and about the burden of taxation, remember how
+it happened that the war was so prolonged, that it was so expensive,
+and that the debt grew to such large proportions.</p>
+
+<p>There are other things, too, to be remembered. I recollect
+that at the close of the last session of Congress, I went over to
+Arlington, the estate formerly of Robert E. Lee, and I saw there
+the great National cemetery into which that beautiful place has
+been converted. I saw the graves of 18,000 Union soldiers,
+marked with white head-boards, denoting the name of each occupant,
+and his regiment and company. Passing over those
+broad acres, covered with the graves of the loyal men who had
+died in defense of their country, I came upon that which was
+even more touching than these 18,000 head-boards. I found a
+large granite, with this inscription upon it:</p>
+
+<p>"Beneath this stone repose the remains of two thousand one
+hundred and eleven unknown soldiers, gathered, after the war,
+from the field of Bull Run and the route to the Rappahannock.
+Their remains could not be identified, but their names and deaths
+are recorded in the archives of their country, and its grateful
+citizens honor them as of their noble army of martyrs. May
+they rest in peace. September, 1866."</p>
+
+<p>I say to those men who were instrumental and prominent in
+prolonging the war, by opposing it, that when honeyed words
+and soft phrases can erase from the enduring granite inscriptions
+like these, the American people may forget their conduct; but
+I believe they will not do so until some such miracle is accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>That is all I desire to say this afternoon upon the record of the
+peace party of Ohio. A few words upon another topic that is
+much discussed in this canvass, and that is the proposed amendment
+to the constitution of the State of Ohio. At the beginning,
+I desire to say, that there may be no misunderstanding&mdash;and I
+suppose there is no misunderstanding upon that subject&mdash;that I
+am in favor of the adoption of that amendment, and I trust that
+every Union man, and every Democrat too, will vote for it next
+October. And why do I say this? Let us discuss it a moment.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>It consists of four parts. First, it disfranchises any man who becomes
+a resident of the State of Ohio, or who was a citizen of
+Ohio, who fought in the rebellion against the country. Isn't
+that right? If you want that to go into your constitution, vote
+for the amendment. It disfranchises every man who, being liable
+to the draft, when the country needed them at the front&mdash;when
+the soldiers doing their duty at the front were anxiously
+looking for their aid&mdash;it disfranchises every man who, at such
+time, ran away to escape the draft. Isn't that right? In the
+next place, it disfranchises every man who deserted his comrades
+at the front, and ran away to vote the peace party ticket at the
+rear. Isn't that right? It disfranchises him whether he voted
+that ticket or not, I may observe. If you want these provisions
+in your State constitution, vote for the amendment. In the next
+place, it gives the right of suffrage to all the negroes of Ohio.
+Mark the phrase: I have not said impartial suffrage or manhood
+suffrage. I wish to be understood. It gives the suffrage to the
+negroes of Ohio upon the same terms that it is given to white
+men. The reason I am in favor of that is because it is right.</p>
+
+<p>Let me have the ears of my Democratic friends on that question
+a moment. If Democracy has any meaning now that is
+good&mdash;any favorable meaning&mdash;it is that Democracy is a government
+of the people, by the people, and for the people. It is a
+government in which every man who has to obey the laws has a
+part in making the laws, unless disqualified by crime. Then the
+proposition I am for is a Democratic proposition. Again, it is
+according to the principles upon which good men have always
+desired to see our institutions placed, namely, that all men are
+entitled to equal rights before the law. They are not equal in
+any other respect. Nobody claims that they are. But we propose
+to give to each man the same rights which you want for
+yourself. It is, in short, obeying the rule of the Great Teacher:
+"Do unto others as ye would that others should do unto you."
+Abraham Lincoln said: "No man is good enough to govern another
+without that other man's consent." Is not that true?
+Good as you think you are, are you good enough absolutely to
+govern another man without that other man's consent? If you
+really think so, just change shoes with that other man, and see
+if you are willing to be governed yourself, without your consent,
+by somebody else. The declaration of independence says gov<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>ernments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.
+Now, don't you see there is no way by which one man
+can give consent to be governed by another man in a republican
+government except by the ballot? There is no way provided by
+which you can consent to give powers to a government except
+by the ballot. Therefore every man governed under our system
+is entitled to the ballot.</p>
+
+<p>So much for principle. One word now as to why our Democratic
+friends oppose it. I remember their opposing the extension
+of suffrage once under circumstances that made many of us
+think they were doing wrong. During the years 1861, 1862,
+1863, and 1864, I was a citizen of the Fifteenth ward, in Cincinnati;
+I had lived there ever since it was a ward. All the property
+I had in the world was taxed there, real or personal; and
+there was a party in Ohio of loyal Union men, who said I and
+others who were with me ought to have a right to vote, although
+I was not in the Fifteenth ward, but was serving the country in
+the field against the rebels. The Democratic party in Ohio&mdash;these
+very peace men&mdash;said no. Why did they say I should not
+vote? I never heard but one good reason, and that was the apprehension
+they had that if the soldiers did vote, they wouldn't
+vote the Democratic ticket. That's what's the matter. Now,
+I suspect we have the same difficulty on this proposition; I suspect
+that the real trouble is that they fear if the colored man
+has a vote, they have dealt so hardly with him these last few
+years that when he comes to vote he will vote against the Democratic
+party. That's what's the matter. Why, for the sake
+of political power, these Democrats of Ohio have not been unwilling
+to look kindly toward the colored man. Do you remember
+we once had black laws in Ohio which kept the colored men
+out of the State? Who repealed those laws? Why did they do
+it? The Democratic party did it, because they could get political
+power by it. I suspect that if it were quite certain that the
+colored vote would elect Allen G. Thurman Governor of Ohio,
+our Democratic friends would not object to it at all. What,
+then, do I say to the Union men? This objection may be very
+good for the Democrats, but it is not a wise one for you.</p>
+
+<p>I commend to you Union men who are a little weak on this
+question, or perhaps I should say a little strong, the example of
+the Union men of the country during the war. Abraham Lin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>coln thought, in 1862, it was wise to proclaim freedom to the
+slaves. Many good Union men thought it was unwise&mdash;thought
+Mr. Lincoln was going too far or too fast&mdash;but the sequel justified
+the wisdom of Abraham Lincoln. Again, he thought it was
+wise that colored men should be placed in our armies. There were
+good soldiers and good Union men who thought it was unwise.
+They feared that Mr. Lincoln was going too fast or too far, but
+events justified it. Now, everybody agrees that in both cases
+Abraham Lincoln was right. Now, the example I commend to our
+Union friends who are doubting on this great question is the example
+of those Union men during the war who doubted the wisdom
+of these other measures. Greatly as they were opposed to the
+proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, strongly as they were opposed
+to the enlistment of colored soldiers, I say to you I never heard
+of one good Union man, in the army or out of it, who left his
+party because of that difference with Mr. Lincoln. I commend
+that example to the Union men who now doubt about colored
+suffrage. The truth is, that every step made in advance toward
+the standard of the right has in the event always proved a safe
+and wise step. Every step toward the right has proved a step
+toward the expedient; in short, that in politics, in morals, in
+public and private life, the right is always expedient.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you, fellow-citizens, for your kind attention.</p>
+
+<br />
+<center><b><i>Speech of</i> <span class="smcap">Governor Hayes</span>, <i>on his <a name="re-nomination" id="re-nomination"></a>re-nomination, delivered
+June 23, 1869.</i></b></center>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<br />
+<p>Twice since the organization of existing political parties the
+people of Ohio have trusted the law-making power of the State
+in the hands of the Democratic party. They first tried the experiment
+twelve years ago, and such were the results that ten
+years elapsed before they ventured upon a repetition of it. Two
+years ago, in a time of reaction, which was general throughout
+the country, the Democratic party, by a minority of the popular
+vote, having large advantages in the apportionment, obtained
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>complete control of the legislature in both of its branches. They
+came into power, proclaiming that the past ought to be forgotten;
+that old issues and divisions should be laid aside; that new
+ideas and new measures required attention; and they were particularly
+emphatic and earnest in declaring that the enormous
+burdens of debt and taxation under which the people were
+struggling made retrenchment and economy the supreme duty
+of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>These were their promises, and the manner in which they
+were kept is now before the people for their judgment. Disregarding
+the well-known and solemnly-expressed will of Ohio,
+they began the business of their first session by passing fruitless
+resolutions to rescind the ratification of the 14th amendment to
+the constitution of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>They placed on the statute book visible admixture bills, to deprive
+citizens of the right of suffrage&mdash;a constitutional right long
+enjoyed and perfectly well settled by repeated decisions of the
+highest court having jurisdiction of the question.</p>
+
+<p>They repealed the law allowing, after the usual residence, the
+disabled veterans of the Union army to vote in the township in
+which the National Soldiers' Home is situated; and enacted a
+law designed to deprive of the right of suffrage a large number
+of young men engaged in acquiring an education at "any school,
+seminary, academy, college, university, or other institution of
+learning." To prevent citizens who were deprived of their constitutional
+rights by these acts from obtaining prompt relief in
+the Supreme Court, they passed a law prohibiting that court from
+taking up causes on its docket according to its own judgment of
+what was demanded by public justice, in any case "except where
+the person seeking relief had been convicted of murder in the
+first degree, or of a crime the punishment of which was confinement
+in the penitentiary."</p>
+
+<p>I believe it is the general judgment of the people of Ohio that
+the passage of these measures, unconstitutional as some of them
+are, and unjust as they all are, was mainly due to the fact that
+the classes of citizens disfranchised by them do not commonly
+vote with the Democratic party. The Republican party condemns
+all such legislation, and demands its repeal.</p>
+
+<p>On the important subject of suffrage, General Grant, in his
+inaugural message, expresses the convictions of the Republican
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>party. He says: "The question of suffrage is one which is
+likely to agitate the public so long as a portion of the citizens
+of the Nation are excluded from its privileges in any State. It
+seems to me very desirable that this question should be settled
+now, and I entertain the hope and express the desire that it
+may be by the ratification of the fifteenth amendment to the
+constitution."</p>
+
+<p>During the canvass which resulted in the election of the late
+Democratic legislature the Republicans were charged with having
+used $800,000, raised for the relief of soldiers' families, to pay
+the State debt, and this charge was insisted upon, notwithstanding
+a majority of the Democratic members had supported the
+measure. The idea was everywhere held out that if the Democratic
+party were successful this money would be restored to the
+relief fund and expended for the benefit of the soldiers. The
+failure to redeem this pledge is aggravated by the fact that the
+legislature, by a strictly party vote in the Senate, refused to provide
+for the support of soldiers' destitute orphans at homes to
+be established without expense to the State by the voluntary
+contributions of patriotic and charitable people.</p>
+
+<p>But of all the pledges upon which the Democratic party obtained
+power in the last legislature, the most important, and
+those in regard to which the just expectations of the people have
+been most signally disappointed, are their pledges in relation to
+financial affairs&mdash;to expenditure, to debt, and to taxation. Upon
+this subject the people are compelled to feel a very deep interest.
+The flush times of the war have been followed by a financial reaction,
+and for the last three or four years the country has been
+on the verge of a financial crisis. The burdens of taxation bear
+heavily upon labor and upon capital. The Democratic party,
+profuse alike of accusations against their adversaries, and of
+promises of retrenchment and reform, were clothed with power
+to deal with the heaviest part of these burdens, viz: with the
+expenditures, debts, assessments, and taxes which are authorized
+by State legislation. The results of their two years of power are
+now before the people. They are contained in the 65th and 66th
+volumes of the Laws of Ohio. Let any Republican diligently
+study these volumes, and he will fully comprehend the meaning
+of Job when he said, "Oh, that mine adversary had written a
+book." No intelligent man can read carefully these volumes,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>and note the number and character of the laws increasing the
+expenses and liabilities of the State and authorizing additional
+debts and additional taxation for city and village, for county
+and township purposes, without having the conviction forced
+upon him that the gentlemen who enacted these laws hold to
+the opinion that the way to increase wealth is to increase taxation,
+and that public debts are public blessings.</p>
+
+<p>When the late Democratic Legislature assembled they found
+the revenue raised yearly in Ohio by taxation to pay the interest
+on the State and local debts and for State and local expenditures
+was $20,253,615.34. This is at the rate of almost forty dollars
+for every vote cast in the State at the last election, and exceeds
+seven dollars for each inhabitant of the State. Of this large
+sum collected annually by direct taxation less than one-fifth or
+$3,981,099.79 was for State purposes, and more than four-fifths
+or $16,272,515.34 was for local purposes. The increase of taxation
+for State purposes during the last few years has been small,
+but many items of taxation for local purposes are increasing
+rapidly. The taxation, for example, in the thirty-three cities of
+the State has increased until, according to the report of the auditor
+of State, "in several the rates of levy exceed three per cent,
+and the average rate in all is but little short of three per cent."
+In this condition of the financial affairs of the State, and in the
+embarrassed and depressed condition of the business of the
+country, the duty of the legislature was plain. They were to
+see that no unnecessary additional burdens were imposed upon
+the people&mdash;that all wholesome restraints and limitations upon
+the power of local authorities to incur debts and levy taxes
+should be preserved and enforced, and especially that no increase
+of liabilities should be authorized except in cases of pressing
+necessity.</p>
+
+<p>Now consider the facts. These gentlemen professed to be
+scrupulously strict in their observance of the requirements of
+the constitution. Yet under provisions which contemplate one
+legislative session in two years they held two sessions in the same
+year, and three sessions in their term of two years. They were
+in session two hundred and sixty days&mdash;longer than was ever before
+known in Ohio, and at an expense of $250,624.10&mdash;more
+than double that of their Republican predecessors.</p>
+
+<p>They created between thirty and forty new offices at a cost to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>the people for salaries, fees, and expenses of at least $75,000 per
+annum. They added to the State liabilities for various purposes
+about $1,500,000. In order to avoid an increase of taxes levied
+for State purposes they diminished the sum levied to pay the
+State debt, and increased the levy for other State purposes almost
+$600,000.</p>
+
+<p>The acts of the last legislature in relation to local debts and
+local taxes are of the most extraordinary character. These acts
+relate to raising money for county purposes, for township purposes,
+for city and village purposes, and for special purposes.
+These taxes or debts are levied or incurred under the direction
+of county commissioners, township trustees, or of city or village
+councils, who derive their authority exclusively from State legislation.
+The State legislature has therefore the control of the
+whole matter. Now, the general statement which I wish to make,
+and which I believe is sustained by the facts, is, that the late
+Democratic legislature authorized greater local pecuniary burdens
+to be imposed upon the people of Ohio, without their consent,
+than were ever before authorized by any General Assembly,
+either in peace or war, since the organization of our State government.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty or seventy different acts were passed authorizing debts
+to be contracted, amounting in the aggregate to more than
+$25,000,000. A large part of them bear eight per cent interest,
+and a very small part bear less than seven and three-tenths per
+cent interest. And they passed seventy or eighty acts by which
+additional taxes were authorized to the amount of over
+$10,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Now it is to be hoped, as to a considerable part of the local
+debts and local taxes authorized by the late Democratic legislature,
+that the people will not be burdened with them. It is to be
+hoped that county commissioners, city councils, and other local
+boards, will show greater moderation and economy in the exercise
+of their dangerous and oppressive powers under the laws than
+was exhibited in their enactment. But in any event, nothing is
+more certain than that the people of Ohio have great reason to apprehend
+that the evil consequences of these laws will be felt
+in their swollen tax bills for many years.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that many of the acts to which I have alluded,
+creating additional offices, incurring State liabilities, and au<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>thorizing local debts and taxes were required by sound policy.
+But a candid investigation will show that the larger part of these
+enormous burdens of expenditure, debt, and taxation could and
+ought to have been avoided.</p>
+
+<p>The last legislature afforded examples of many of the worst
+evils to which legislative bodies are liable&mdash;long sessions, excessive
+legislation, unnecessary expenditures, and recklessness in
+authorizing local debts and local taxes. These evils "have increased,
+are increasing, and ought to be diminished." Let there
+be reform as to all of them. Especially let the people of all
+parties insist that the parent evil&mdash;long legislative sessions&mdash;shall
+be reformed altogether. Let the bad precedent of long sessions,
+set by the last legislature, be condemned, and the practice of
+short sessions established. With the average rate of taxation
+in the cities and large towns of the State&mdash;nearly three per
+cent.&mdash;legitimate business and industry can not continue to
+thrive, if the rate of taxation continues to increase. With the
+rates of interest for public debts ranging from seven and three-tenths
+per cent to eight per cent, the reckless increase of such
+debts must stop, or will seriously affect the prosperity of the
+State. These are subjects which deserve, and which, I trust, will
+receive, the profound attention of the people in the pending canvass.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that one of the ablest Democratic members of the
+last legislature declared at its close that "enough had been done
+to keep the Democratic party out of power in Ohio for twenty
+years." Let the Republican press and the Republican speakers
+see to it that the history of the acts of that body be spread fully
+before the people, and I entertain no doubt that the declaration
+will be substantially made good.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that the discussions of the present canvass will
+turn more upon State legislation and less upon National affairs
+than those of any year since 1861. Neither senators nor representatives
+in Congress are to be chosen. But it is an important
+State election, and will be regarded as having a bearing on National
+politics. The Republicans of Ohio heartily approve of the
+principles of General Grant's inaugural message, and are gratified
+by the manner in which he is dealing with the leading questions
+of the first three months of his administration.</p>
+
+<p>Under President Johnson, Secretary McCulloch hoarded mill<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>ions of gold, to enable him to maintain a wretched rivalry with
+the gold gamblers of New York city. The Nation was defrauded
+of its just dues, and the National debt increased from November
+1, 1867, to November 1, 1868, $35,625,102.82. General Grant began
+his financial policy by revoking his predecessor's pardons of
+revenue robbers, and by cutting down expenses in all directions;
+and Secretary Boutwell disposes of surplus gold in the purchase
+of interest-bearing bonds to the amount of two millions a week,
+and in his first quarter reduces the National debt more than
+twenty millions of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The two Democratic Johnsons, Andrew and Reverdy, furnished
+their ideas of a foreign policy in the Johnson-Clarendon treaty.
+They undertook to settle the American claims against England
+on account of the Alabama outrage by the award of a Commission,
+one-half of whose members were to be chosen by England
+and the other half by the United States; and, in case of a disagreement,
+an umpire was to be chosen by lot. That is to say, a
+great National controversy, involving grave questions of international
+law, and claims of undoubted validity, amounting to millions
+of money, was to be decided by the toss of a copper! The
+administration of General Grant crushed the disgraceful treaty,
+and proposes to deal with England on the principle laid down in
+General Grant's inaugural. The United States will treat all other
+Nations "as equitable law requires individuals to deal with each
+other;" but, "if others depart from this rule in their dealings
+with us, we may be compelled to follow their precedent."</p>
+
+<p>On the great question of reconstruction, in what a masterly
+way and with what marked success has General Grant's administration
+begun. Congress had fixed its day of adjournment,
+and all plans for reconstructing the three unrepresented States
+had been postponed until next December. At this junction
+General Grant, on the 7th of April last, sent to Congress a special
+message recommending that before its adjournment it take the
+necessary steps for the restoration of the State of Virginia to its
+proper relations to the Union. As the ground of his recommendation
+he said: "I am led to make this recommendation
+from the confident hope and belief that the people of that State
+are now ready to co-operate with the National government in
+bringing it again into such relations to the Union as it ought as
+soon as possible to establish and maintain, and to give to all its
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>people those equal rights under the law which were asserted in
+the declaration of independence, in the words of one of the
+most illustrious of its sons."</p>
+
+<p>The message of the president was referred, in the House of
+Representatives, to the Committee on Reconstruction. That
+committee the next day reported a bill for the reconstruction of
+Virginia, and also of Mississippi and Texas. The character of
+the bill sufficiently appears by the first two sections relating to
+Virginia:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the President
+of the United States, at such time as he may deem best for the
+public interest, may submit the constitution which was framed
+by the convention which met in Richmond, Virginia, on Tuesday,
+the 3d day of December, 1867, to the registered voters of
+said State, for ratification or rejection; and may also submit
+to a separate vote such provisions of said constitution as he may
+deem best.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 2</span>. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That at the same election
+the voters of said State may vote for and elect members of the
+General Assembly of said State and all the officers of said State
+provided for by the said constitution, and for members of Congress;
+and the officer commanding the district of Virginia shall
+cause the lists of registered voters of said State to be revised
+and corrected prior to such election, and for that purpose may
+appoint such registrars as he may deem necessary. And said
+election shall be held and returns thereof made in the manner
+provided by the election ordinance adopted by the convention
+which framed said constitution."</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that by this bill the people of Virginia were to
+proceed in the work of reconstruction at such time as the president
+might deem best, and that such reconstruction in all its
+parts was to be on the basis of equal political rights. The constitution
+to be submitted was framed by a convention, in the
+election of which colored citizens participated, and of which
+colored men were members. The "registered voters" who are
+to vote on its ratification or rejection, and also for members of
+the General Assembly, for State officers and for members of Congress,
+include the colored men of Virginia; and if the constitution
+is adopted, it secures to them equal political rights in that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>State. The remaining sections of the bill provide for the reconstruction
+of Mississippi and Texas on the same principles, and
+left the time and manner to the discretion of the president.</p>
+
+<p>This bill was reported to the House of Representatives and
+unanimously agreed upon by a committee, of which four members
+were Democrats. The most distinguished Democratic representatives
+of the States of New York and Pennsylvania advocated
+its passage. Out of about seventy Democratic members
+of the House, only twenty-five voted against it, and the only
+Democratic members from Ohio who voted on the passage of the
+bill, voted for it.</p>
+
+<p>It thus appears that upon the recommendation of General
+Grant even the Democratic party of Ohio, by their representatives
+in Congress, voted for equal political rights in Virginia,
+Mississippi, and Texas! And to-day the great body of the people
+of those States, Democrats and Conservatives as well as Republicans,
+have yielded assent to that great principle. In view
+of these facts I submit that I am fully warranted in saying that
+General Grant has begun the work of reconstruction in a masterly
+way and with marked success.</p>
+
+<p>Again thanking you for the honor you have done me, I repeat,
+in conclusion, what I said two years ago. The people represented
+in this convention mean that the State of Ohio in the
+great progress, "whose leading object is to elevate the condition
+of men, to lift artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the
+paths of laudable pursuits for all, and to afford all an unfettered
+start and a fair chance in the race of life," shall tread no more
+steps backward. I shall enter upon my part of the labors of the
+canvass believing that the Union Republican party is battling
+for the right, and with undoubting confidence that the goodness
+of the cause will supply the weakness of its advocates, and command
+in the result that triumphant success which it deserves.</p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+
+<br />
+<center><b><i>Speech of</i> <span class="smcap">General R. B. Hayes</span>, <i>delivered at <a name="Zanesville" id="Zanesville"></a>Zanesville,
+Ohio, Thursday, August 24, 1871.</i></b></center>
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<br />
+<p>The change of principles which a majority of the late Democratic
+State Convention at Columbus decided to make, commonly
+called the new departure, lends to the pending political contest
+in Ohio its chief interest. Indeed, there is no other salient feature
+in the Democratic platform. Resolutions in the usual form
+were adopted on several other political topics; but the main discussion,
+and the absorbing interest of the convention, was on the
+question of accepting as a finality the series of Republican measures
+which is generally regarded as the natural and legitimate
+result of the overthrow of the rebellion, and which is embodied
+in the last three amendments to the constitution.</p>
+
+<p>Certain influential Democratic leaders in Ohio had become satisfied
+by the repeated defeats of their party that no considerable
+number of Republicans would ever aid the Democratic party to
+obtain power until it fully and explicitly accepted in good faith,
+as a final settlement of the questions involved, the leading Republican
+measures resulting from the war. They were convinced
+that Republicans generally regarded these measures of such vital
+importance that, until they were irrevocably established, other
+and minor questions would not be allowed to divide that great
+body of patriotic people who rallied together in support of the
+government during its struggle for existence. The important
+principles which Republicans claim should be accepted as settled
+are:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the National power is the Supreme power of the land,
+and that the doctrine that the States are in any proper sense
+sovereign, including as it does the right of nullification and secession,
+is no longer to be maintained.</p>
+
+<p>2. That all persons born or naturalized in the United States,
+and subject to their jurisdiction, are citizens thereof, and entitled
+to equal rights, civil and political, without regard to race,
+color, or condition.</p>
+
+<p>3. That the public debt resulting from the war is of binding
+obligation, and must be fully and honestly paid.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+Mr. Vallandigham, with that boldness and energy for which
+he was distinguished, undertook the task of forcing his party to
+take the position required to make success possible in Ohio. In
+this work, he was encouraged, and probably aided, by the counsel
+and advice of that other eminent Democratic leader, Chief
+Justice Chase. The first authentic announcement of the new
+movement in Ohio was made by the Montgomery County Democratic
+Convention, held at Dayton, on the 18th day of May last.
+The speech and resolutions of Mr. Vallandigham in that body
+contained much sound Republicanism. He still clung to a general
+assertion of the State rights heresy, but accepted the last
+three constitutional amendments "as a settlement, in fact, of all
+the issues of the war," and "pledged" the Democratic party to
+the faithful and absolute enforcement of the constitution as it
+now is, "so as to secure equal rights to all persons, without distinction
+of race, color, or condition." On the subject of the National
+debt, and of currency, he was equally explicit. He declared
+"in favor of the payment of the public debt at the earliest
+practicable moment consistent with moderate taxation; that
+specie is the basis of all sound currency; and that true policy
+requires a speedy return to that basis as soon as practicable without
+distress to the debtor class of people."</p>
+
+<p>Surely, here was a long stride away from the Democracy of the
+last ten years, and toward wholesome Republican ideas. If a
+Democratic victory could be gained by adopting Republican
+principles, the framer of the Dayton platform was not lacking in
+political sagacity. Unfortunately for the success of the scheme,
+no Ohio Democrat of conspicuous position, except Mr. Chase, is
+known to have approved Mr. Vallandigham's resolutions as a
+whole. The chief justice wrote to Mr. Vallandigham the well-known
+letter of May 20, in which he warmly congratulated him
+on the movement which was to return "the Democratic party to
+its ancient platform of progress and reform."</p>
+
+<p>This was perfectly consistent with the previous opinions and
+public conduct of Mr. Chase. He had supported the three
+amendments to the constitution, and notwithstanding the censure
+of his Democratic associates, he had been signally active
+and influential in procuring the ratification by Ohio of the fifteenth
+amendment. In addition to this, he was probably the
+only prominent Western Democrat who was for the payment of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>the public debt in coin, and in favor of a speedy return to specie
+payments.</p>
+
+<p>When the convention assembled, on the first of June, neither
+the talents and energy of Mr. Vallandigham nor the great name
+and authority of the chief justice were sufficient to carry through,
+in all its parts, the Dayton programme. The financial resolutions
+were stricken out and the oft-defeated greenback theory,
+slightly modified, was inserted in its place. Other important
+paragraphs of Mr. Vallandigham were also omitted, in which
+"secession, slavery, inequality before the law, and political inequality"
+were described as "belonging to the dead past" and
+"buried out of sight." This left as the new departure two resolutions,
+which were adopted only after strong opposition.</p>
+
+<p>"1. <i>Resolved, by the Democracy of Ohio</i>, That denouncing the extraordinary
+means by which they were brought about, we recognize
+as accomplished facts the three several amendments to the
+constitution, recently adopted, and regard the same as no longer
+political issues before the country.</p>
+
+<p>"2. ...The Democratic party pledges itself to the full,
+faithful, and absolute enforcement of the constitution as it now
+is, so as to secure equal rights to all persons under it, without
+distinction of race, color, or condition."</p>
+
+<p>The Democratic managers claim that by this movement they
+have taken such a position that, at least equally with the Republicans,
+they are entitled to the confidence and support of the
+early and earnest friends of the principles of the three recent
+constitutional amendments. They claim at the same time, in
+the same breath, that they are entitled also to the confidence of
+the Democratic people whom they have hitherto taught that the
+amendments were ratified by force and fraud; that they are revolutionary
+and void, and that they are a dangerous departure
+from the principles of the fathers of the republic, and destructive
+of all good government.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the important question presented is, whether it is safe
+and wise to trust these amendments for interpretation, construction,
+and execution to the party which, from first to last, has
+fiercely opposed them. The safe rule is, if you want a law fairly
+and faithfully administered, entrust power only to its friends.
+It will rarely have a fair trial at the hands of its enemies. These
+amendments are no exception to this rule.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+What the country most needs, and what good citizens most
+desire in regard to these great measures is peace&mdash;repose. They
+wish to be able to rest confidently in the belief that they are to
+be enforced and obeyed. They do not want them overthrown
+by revolutionary violence or defeated by fraud. They do not
+wish them repealed by constitutional amendments, abrogated by
+judicial construction, nullified by unfriendly legislation, State
+or National, or left a dead letter by non-action on the part of
+law-makers or executive officers. Has the time come when the
+country can afford to trust the Democratic party on these questions?
+Consider the facts.</p>
+
+<p>The new departure is by no means generally accepted by the
+Democratic party, and where accepted the conversion is sudden
+and recent, and against the protest of a large element of sincere
+and inflexible Democrats.</p>
+
+<p>The only State touching the borders of Ohio which has been
+reliably Democratic for the last five years is Kentucky. She
+sends to Congress an undivided Democratic delegation of two
+senators and nine representatives. At the late election, notwithstanding
+the heroic efforts of her Republicans under the splendid
+leadership of General Harlan, the Democratic organs are
+able to rejoice that they still hold the State by from thirty to
+forty thousand majority. Where did the Democrats of Kentucky,
+in their canvass, stand on the new departure? They
+marched in the old Democratic path. They turned no back
+somersault to catch Republican votes. On the very day that the
+Ohio Democracy were wrangling in convention over the bitter
+dose, Governor Leslie, addressing the Democracy of Lewis county,
+said: "As to the new amendments, I am out and out opposed to
+them. I care not who in Indiana, Ohio, or elsewhere may be for
+them. Those amendments were engrafted upon the constitution
+of the country, and proclaimed to the country as part and parcel
+of the constitution by force and by fraud, and not in the legitimate
+way laid down in the constitution. Ten States of this
+Union were tied hand and foot, and bayonets were presented to
+their breasts to make them consent against their will to the passage
+of these amendments. The procuring of these amendments
+was a fraud upon this people, and upon the people of the whole
+United States, and having been thus obtained, I hold that they
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>ought to be repealed. There may be some Democrats who are
+not for their repeal, but the great body of our party is for it."</p>
+
+<p>The Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor, Mr. Carlisle,
+was equally decided. Said he: "In the first place, I do not
+think that the resolution passed by the Ohio Democracy, declaring
+that these constitutional amendments are no longer political
+issues before the country, will have the effect which they appear
+to have supposed it would.</p>
+
+<p>"Instead of withdrawing them as subjects of political discussion,
+it will give them far more prominence than they ever had
+heretofore, and they will be confronted with them throughout
+the entire canvass. The only way in which any question can be
+withdrawn from the arena of political discussion is for both parties
+to ignore it altogether.</p>
+
+<p>"This can not be done as to these amendments, because they
+present real living issues, in which the people feel a very deep
+interest. They are not dead issues, and politicians can not kill
+them by resolutions. The Ohio Democrats seem to recognize
+this to some extent at least, for they have simply attempted to
+turn the discussion away from the validity and merits of the
+amendments themselves to the question of their construction.
+In this I think they have made a grievous mistake."</p>
+
+<p>In Indiana, the last authoritative Democratic utterance on this
+subject, was the passage, in January last, by the Senate of that
+State, of the following resolution, offered by Mr. Hughes, every
+Democrat supporting it:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That Congress has no lawful power derived from the
+constitution of the United States, nor from any other source
+whatever, to require any State of the Union to ratify an amendment
+proposed to the constitution of the United States as a condition
+precedent to representation in Congress; that all such
+acts of ratification are null and void, and the votes so obtained
+ought not to be counted to affect the rights of the people and
+the States of the whole Union, and that the State of Indiana
+protests and solemnly declares that the so-called fifteenth amendment
+is not this day, nor never has been in law, a part of the
+constitution of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to go to neighboring States for Democratic
+authorities, to show how far the new departure is from modern
+Democracy.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+When this question was last debated before the people of Ohio,
+the Democratic position on the principle of the fifteenth amendment,
+and on its constitutional validity, if <i>declared</i> adopted, was
+thus stated:</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of the principle of the amendment, Judge Thurman
+said: "I tell you it is only the entering wedge that will destroy
+all intelligent suffrage in this country, and turn our country
+from an intelligent white man's government into one of the most
+corrupt mongrel governments in the world."</p>
+
+<p>On its validity, if declared adopted, General Ward said: "Fellow-citizens
+of Ohio, I boldly assert that the States of this Union
+have always had, both before and since the adoption of the constitution
+of the United States, entire sovereignty over the whole
+subject of suffrage in all its relations and bearings. Ohio has
+that sovereignty now, and it can not be taken from her without
+her consent, even by all the other States combined, except by
+revolutionary usurpation. The right to regulate suffrage as to
+the organization of its own government, and the election of officers
+under it, is an inalienable attribute of sovereignty, which
+the State could not surrender without surrendering its sovereign
+existence as a State. To take from Ohio the power of determining
+who shall exercise the right of suffrage is not an amendment
+of the constitution, but a revolutionary usurpation by the other
+States, in no wise constitutionally binding upon her sovereignty
+as a State."</p>
+
+<p>These opinions are still largely prevalent in the Democratic
+party. When a new departure was announced at Dayton, the
+leading organ of the party in this State said:</p>
+
+<p>"There are matters in the Montgomery county resolutions
+which, it is very safe to say, will not receive the approval of the
+State convention, and which should not receive its endorsement.
+They have faults of omission and commission. They evince a
+desire to sail with the wind, and as near the water as possible
+without getting wet. The Democracy everywhere believe that
+the constitution was altered by fraud and force, and do not intend
+to be mealy-mouthed in their expression of the outrage,
+whatever they may agree upon as to how the amendments should
+be treated in the future, for the sake of saving, if possible, what
+is left of constitutional liberty."</p>
+
+<p>After the scheme was adopted in convention, the common
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>sentiment was well expressed by the editor who said that "the
+platform was made for present use, and is marked with the taint
+of insincerity."</p>
+
+<p>The speeches of Colonel McCook and other Democratic gentlemen
+exhibit, when carefully read, clearly enough the character
+of the new departure.</p>
+
+<p>In accepting his nomination, Colonel McCook said: "Let me
+speak now upon the fifteenth amendment, which confers the
+right of suffrage upon the blacks. It was no legitimate consequence
+of the war; it was no legitimate consequence of secession;
+but it was passed in the exigency of a political party, that
+they might have control as much in Ohio as in those States in
+the South. I opposed it, as I did the fourteenth, from the beginning,
+and I have no regrets over that opposition. But now
+a word more upon it. If it contained nothing but this provision
+for suffrage there would be but little objection in it; but it contains
+a provision intended to confer power upon Congress which
+is dangerous to the liberties of the country, and the dangers can
+only be avoided by having Democratic Congresses in the future,
+who will trust no power to the executive which bears the purse
+and sword to interfere with our elections."</p>
+
+<p>When interrogated on this subject at Chardon, he said: "When
+he received the nomination he had said that no black man who
+had received the right to vote under the 15th amendment ever
+could have it taken away. Repealing the 15th amendment would
+not take it away; that amendment is no more sacred, but just
+as sacred as any other part of the constitution; but repealing it
+could not take away a right." He was asked as to the 13th,
+14th, and 15th amendments: "Do you regard them as in the same
+sense and to the same extent parts of the constitution as other
+portions?" He answered: "Yes, certainly. Can not men see
+the difference between opposing the adoption of a measure and
+yielding when it has been adopted, and opposition has become
+useless?" He was asked: "Are these amendments never again
+to become political questions?" "I have no authority or power
+to answer such a question. How can I answer as to all the future?
+How can I tell what the Democracy of New York or any
+other State may do? But how can they become political questions,
+now that they are acquiesced in by almost the entire people
+of the country?"</p>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+<p>Mr. Hubbard, the chairman of Colonel McCook's first meeting,
+said: "The Democrats did not dispute that this amendment,
+which was adopted by constitutional forms, was valid; but, while
+accepting it, call it a 'new departure.' If you please, we don't
+surrender the right to make such returns to the old constitution
+as we may deem expedient. It is a future question that we are
+not bound to discuss."</p>
+
+<p>The gentleman who has the second place on the Democratic
+ticket, Mr. Hunt, says: "There is no reasoning, and certainly no
+circumstance, which can give the 13th amendment more binding
+force than either of the other two amendments. If the 13th amendment
+abolished slavery, then the title to vote under the 15th
+amendment is as perfect as the title to liberty. The fact that
+they have been declared a part of the constitution does not preclude
+any legitimate discussion as to their expediency. Proper
+action will never be barred, for the statute of limitation will run
+with the constitution itself. Experience may teach the necessity
+of a change in any provision of the organic law, and any
+legislation to be permanent must conform to the living sentiment
+of the people."</p>
+
+<p>These paragraphs furnish no adequate reply to the questions
+which an intelligent and earnest Republican, who believes in
+the wisdom and value of the amendments, would put to these
+distinguished gentlemen, when they ask him for his vote. He
+would ask: "If the Democratic party shall obtain the controlling
+power in the general government, in its several departments,
+executive, legislative, and judicial, and in the State governments,
+what would it do? Would it faithfully execute these amendments,
+or would it not rather use its power to get rid of them&mdash;either
+by constitutional amendment, by judicial decision, by
+unfriendly legislation, or by a failure or refusal to legislate?"
+Before the "new departure" can gain Republican votes, its
+friends must answer satisfactorily these questions. The speeches
+I have quoted fail to furnish such answers. Colonel McCook
+objects to the 15th amendment, because "it contains a provision
+intended to confer power upon Congress which is dangerous to
+the liberties of the country." Now, what is this dangerous provision?
+It reads: "Section 2. The Congress shall have power to
+enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Each of the
+three recent amendments contains a similar provision. Without
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>this provision, they would be inoperative in more than half of
+the late rebel States. The complaints made of these provisions
+warn us that in Democratic hands the legislation required to
+give force and effect to these provisions would be denied.</p>
+
+<p>But the most significant part of these speeches are the passages
+which refer to the repeal of the amendments. Mr. Hubbard
+said: "We don't surrender the right to make such returns to
+the old constitution as we may deem expedient. It is a future
+question that we are not bound to discuss." Colonel McCook
+says: "How can I answer for all the future? How can I tell
+what the Democracy of New York or any other State may do?"
+Mr. Hunt says: "The fact that they have been declared a part
+of the constitution does not preclude any legitimate discussion
+as to their expediency. Proper action will never be barred."
+The meaning of all this is that the Democratic party will acquiesce
+in the amendments while it is out of power. Whether
+or not it will try to repeal them when it gets power is a question
+of the future which they are not bound to discuss. Or as another
+distinguished gentleman has it, this question is "beyond
+the range of profitable discussion." In reply to these gentlemen,
+the well-informed Republican citizen when asked to vote
+for the new departure, is very likely to adopt their own phraseology,
+and to say, Whether I shall vote your ticket or not is a
+question of the future which it is not now proper to discuss&mdash;"it
+is beyond the range of profitable discussion;" and if he has the
+Democratic veneration for Tammany hall, he will say with Colonel
+McCook, "How can I tell what the Democracy of New York
+may do?"</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the decision of the late convention, it is
+probable that the real sentiment of the Democracy of Ohio is
+truly stated by the Butler county Democrat:</p>
+
+<p>"Our position then, is, that while we regard the so-called
+amendments as gross usurpation and base frauds&mdash;not a part of
+the Federal constitution <i>de facto</i> nor <i>de jure</i>&mdash;and, therefore, acts
+which are void, we will abide by them until a majority of the
+people of the States united shall, at the polls, put men in power
+who shall hold them to be null and of no effect. We adhere
+strictly, on this point, to the second resolution of Hon. L. D.
+Campbell, adopted at the Democratic convention held in this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>county last May; and to refresh the minds of our readers we reproduce
+it here:</p>
+
+<p>"2. That now, as heretofore, we are opposed to all lawlessness
+and disorder, and for maintaining the supremacy of the constitution
+and laws as the only certain means of public safety, and
+will abide by all their provisions until the same shall be amended,
+abrogated, or repealed by the lawfully constituted authorities."</p>
+
+<p>The new departure has certainly very little claim to the support
+of Republican citizens. What are its claims on honest
+Democrats?</p>
+
+<p>Colonel McCook, to make the new departure palatable to his
+Democratic supporters, tells them that a repeal of the fifteenth
+Amendment would fail of its object. That the right to vote, once
+exercised by the black man, can not be taken away. Is this
+sound either in law or logic? By the fifteenth amendment no
+State can deny the right to vote to any citizens on account of
+race or color. Suppose that amendment was repealed; what
+would prevent Kentucky from denying suffrage to colored citizens?
+Plainly nothing. And in case of such repeal it is probable
+that in less than ninety days thereafter every Democratic
+State would deny suffrage to colored citizens, and the great body
+of Democratic voters would heartily applaud that result. The
+truth is, no sound argument can be made, showing or tending to
+show that the new departure is consistent with the Democratic
+record. Hitherto Democracy has taught that, as a question of
+law, the amendments were made by force and fraud, and are
+therefore void; that, as a question of principles, this is a white
+man's government, and that to confer suffrage on the colored
+races&mdash;on the African or Chinaman&mdash;would change the nature
+of the government and speedily destroy it. Now the new departure
+demands that Democrats shall accept the amendments
+as valid, and shall take a pledge "to secure equal rights to all
+persons, without distinction of race, color, or condition." Sincere
+Democrats will find it very difficult to take that pledge, unless
+they are now convinced that their whole political life has
+been a great mistake.</p>
+
+<p>When an individual changes his political principles&mdash;turns his
+coat merely to catch votes&mdash;he is generally thought to be unworthy
+of support, I entertain no doubt that the people of Ohio,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>at the approaching election, will, upon that principle, by a large
+majority, condemn the Democratic party for its bold attempt to
+catch Republican votes by the new departure.</p>
+
+<br />
+<center><b><i>Speech of</i> <span class="smcap">General R. B. Hayes</span>, <i>delivered at <a name="Marion" id="Marion"></a>Marion,
+Lawrence County, Ohio, July 31, 1875.</i></b></center>
+<br />
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<p>
+<i>Fellow-citizens of Lawrence County:</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It is a gratification for which I wish to make my acknowledgments
+to the Republican committee of this county, to have the
+privilege of beginning, in behalf of the Republicans of Ohio, the
+oral discussions of this important political canvass before the
+people of Lawrence county. Although my residence is separated
+from yours by the whole breadth of the State, we are not
+strangers. We have met before on similar occasions, and some
+of you were my comrades in the Union army during a considerable
+part of the great civil conflict which ended ten years ago.
+Those who had the honor and the happiness to serve together
+during that memorable struggle are not likely to forget each
+other. We shall forever regard those four years as the most interesting
+period of our lives.</p>
+
+<p>The great majority of the people of Lawrence county, citizens
+as well as soldiers, have also good reason to recall the events and
+scenes of that contest with satisfaction and pride.</p>
+
+<p>The official records of the State show how well Lawrence
+county performed her part in the war for the Union. From the
+beginning to the end, with the ballot at home and with the musket
+in the field, this county stood among the foremost of all the
+communities in the United States in devotion to the good cause.
+And since the Nation's triumph, Lawrence county, sooner or
+later, but never too late to rejoice in the final and decisive victory,
+has supported every measure required to secure the legitimate
+results of that triumph. You have done your part forever
+to set at rest the great questions of the past. It is settled that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>the United States constitute a Nation, and that their government
+possesses ample power to maintain its authority over every part of
+its territory against all opposers. It is settled that no man under
+the American flag shall be a slave. It is settled that all men
+born or naturalized in the United States and within its jurisdiction
+shall be citizens thereof, and have equal civil and political
+rights. It is settled that the debt contracted to save the Nation
+is sacred, and shall be honestly paid. You may well be congratulated
+that on all of these questions you fought and voted on the
+right side.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, there is still further cause for congratulation.
+Our adversaries, who were on the wrong side of all of these questions,
+and who opposed us on all of them to the very last, are
+now compelled to be silent in their platform on every one of
+them. Not a single one of their fourteen resolutions raises any
+question on any of these long-contested subjects. It is not
+strange that they are silent. I do not choose on this occasion to
+recall the predictions of evil which they so confidently made
+when discussing the measures to which I have referred. It is
+enough for my present purpose to point to the grand results.
+When the Republican party, with Abraham Lincoln as president,
+received the government from the hands of the Democratic party,
+fifteen years ago, the Union of the fathers was destroyed. A
+hostile Nation, dedicated to perpetual slavery, had been established
+south of the Potomac, and claimed jurisdiction over one-third
+of the people and territory of the Republic. These States
+were "dissevered, discordant, belligerent"&mdash;our land was rent
+with civil feud, and ready to be drenched in fraternal blood.
+Now, behold the change! The Union is re-established on firmer
+foundations than ever before. Brave men in the South, who
+were then in battle array against us, now stand side by side with
+Union soldiers, with no shadow of discord between them.
+Slavery, which was then an impassable gulf between the hostile
+sections, is now gone; and good men of the South unite with
+good men of the North in thanking God that it is forever a thing
+of the past. Then there was no freedom of speech or of the press&mdash;no
+friendly mingling together of the people of the two sections of
+the country. Now the people of the South receive and greet as
+a fellow-citizen and a friend the vice-president&mdash;a citizen of Massa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>chusetts, and an anti-slavery man from his youth; and Maryland,
+Virginia, and South Carolina send their distinguished sons to
+celebrate with New England the centennial anniversaries of the
+early battles of the Revolution. The men of the North and the
+men of the South are now everywhere coming together in a
+spirit of harmony and friendship which this generation has not
+witnessed before, and which has not existed, until now, since
+Jefferson was startled by that "fire-ball in the night"&mdash;the Missouri
+question&mdash;more than fifty years ago.</p>
+
+<p>In this era of good feeling and reconciliation a few men of
+morbid temperament, blind to what is passing before them, still
+talk of "bayonets" and "tyranny and cruelty to the South"
+and seek in vain to revive the prejudices and passions of the
+past. But there is barely enough of this angry dissent to remind
+us of the terrible scenes through which we have passed, and to
+fill us with gratitude that the house which was divided against
+itself is divided no longer, and that all of its inhabitants now
+have a fair start and an equal chance in the race of life.</p>
+
+<p>Let us now proceed to the consideration of some of the questions
+which engage the attention of the people of Ohio. The
+war which the Democratic party and its doctrines brought upon
+the country left a large debt, heavy taxation, a depreciated currency,
+and an unhealthy condition of business, which resulted
+two years ago in a financial panic and depression, from which
+the country is now slowly recovering. With this condition of
+things the Democratic party in its recent State convention at
+Columbus undertook to deal.</p>
+
+<p>The most important part&mdash;in fact the only part of their platform
+in Ohio this year which receives or deserves much attention,
+is that in which is proclaimed a radical departure on the subject
+of money from the teachings of all of the Democratic fathers.
+This Ohio Democratic doctrine inculcates the abandonment of
+gold and silver as a standard of value. Hereafter gold and silver
+are to be used as money only "where respect for the obligation
+of contracts requires payment in coin." The only currency for
+the people is to be paper money, issued directly by the general
+government, "its volume to be made and kept equal to the wants
+of trade," and with no provision whatever for its redemption in
+coin. The Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor, who
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>opened the canvass for his party, states the money issue substantially
+as I have. General Carey, in his Barnesville speech, says:</p>
+
+<p>"Gold and silver, when used as money, are redeemable in any
+property there is for sale in the Nation; will pay taxes for any
+debt, public or private. This alone gives them their money
+value. If you had a hundred gold eagles, and you could not
+exchange them for the necessaries of life, they would be trash,
+and you would be glad to exchange them for greenbacks or anything
+else that you could use to purchase what you require.
+With an absolute paper money, stamped by the government and
+made a legal tender for all purposes, and its functions as money
+are as perfect as gold or silver can be!"</p>
+
+<p>This is the financial scheme which the Democratic party asks
+the people of Ohio to approve at the election in October. The
+Republicans accept the issue. Whether considered as a permanent
+policy or as an expedient to mitigate present evils we are
+opposed to it. It is without warrant in the constitution, and it
+violates all sound financial principles.</p>
+
+<p>The objections to an inflated and irredeemable paper currency
+are so many that I do not attempt to state them all. They are
+so obvious and so familiar that I need not elaborately present or
+argue them. All of the mischief which commonly follows inflated
+and inconvertible paper money may be expected from
+this plan, and in addition it has very dangerous tendencies,
+which are peculiarly its own. An irredeemable and inflated
+paper currency promotes speculation and extravagance, and at
+the same time discourages legitimate business, honest labor, and
+economy. It dries up the true sources of individual and public
+prosperity. Over-trading and fast living always go with it. It
+stimulates the desire to incur debt; it causes high rates of interest;
+it increases importations from abroad; it has no fixed
+value; it is liable to frequent and great fluctuations, thereby
+rendering every pecuniary engagement precarious and disturbing
+all existing contracts and expectations; it is the parent of panics.
+Every period of inflation is followed by a loss of confidence,
+a shrinkage of values, depression of business, panics, lack of
+employment, and widespread disaster and distress. The heaviest
+part of the calamity falls on those least able to bear it. The
+wholesale dealer, the middle-man, and the retailer always en<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>deavor to cover the risks of the fickle standard of value by raising
+their prices. But the men of small means and the laborer
+are thrown out of employment, and want and suffering are liable
+soon to follow.</p>
+
+<p>When government enters upon the experiment of issuing irredeemable
+paper money there can be no fixed limit to its volume.
+The amount will depend on the interest of leading politicians,
+on their whims, and on the excitement of the hour. It
+affords such facility for contracting debt that extravagant and
+corrupt government expenditure are the sure result. Under the
+name of public improvements, the wildest enterprises, contrived
+for private gain, are undertaken. Indefinite expansion becomes
+the rule, and in the end bankruptcy, ruin, and repudiation.</p>
+
+<p>During the last few years a great deal has been said about the
+centralizing tendency of recent events in our history. The increasing
+power of the government at Washington has been a
+favorite theme for Democratic declamation. But where, since
+the foundation of the government, has a proposition been seriously
+entertained which would confer such monstrous and dangerous
+powers on the general government as this inflation scheme
+of the Ohio Democracy? During the war for the Union, solely
+on the ground of necessity, the government issued the legal
+tender, or greenback currency. But they accompanied it with
+a solemn pledge in the following words of the act of June 30,
+1864:</p>
+
+<p>"Nor shall the total amount of United States notes issued or
+to be issued ever exceed four hundred millions, and such additional
+sum, not exceeding fifty millions, as may be temporarily
+required for redemption of temporary loans."</p>
+
+<p>But the Ohio inflationists, in a time of peace, on grounds of
+mere expediency, propose an inconvertible paper currency, with
+its volume limited only by the discretion or caprice of its issuers,
+or their judgment as to the wants of trade. The most distinguished
+gentleman whose name is associated with the subject
+once said "the process must be conducted with skill and
+caution, ... by men whose position will enable them to
+guard against any evil," and using a favorite illustration he said,
+"The secretary of the treasury ought to be able to judge. His
+hand is upon the pulse of the country. He can feel all the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>throbbings of the blood in the arteries. He can tell when the
+blood flows too fast and strong, and when the expansion should
+cease." This brings us face to face with the fundamental error
+of this dangerous policy. The trouble is the pulse of the patient
+will not so often decide the question as the interest of the
+doctor. No man, no government, no Congress is wise enough
+and pure enough to be trusted with this tremendous power
+over the business, and property, and labor of the country. That
+which concerns so intimately all business should be decided, if
+possible, on business principles, and not be left to depend on the
+exigencies of politics, the interests of party, or the ambition of
+public men. It will not do for property, for business, or for labor
+to be at the mercy of a few political leaders at Washington,
+either in or out of Congress. The best way to prevent it is to
+apply to paper money the old test sanctioned by the experience
+of all Nations&mdash;let it be convertible into coin. If it can respond
+to this test, it will, as nearly as possible, be sound, safe, and
+stable.</p>
+
+<p>The Republicans of Ohio are in favor of no sudden or
+harsh measures. They do not propose to force resumption by a
+contraction of the currency. They see that the ship is headed
+in the right direction, and they do not wish to lose what has already
+been gained. They are satisfied to leave to the influences
+of time and the inherent energy and resources of the country the
+work that yet remains to be done to place our currency at par.
+We believe that what our country now needs to revive business
+and to give employment to labor, is a restoration of confidence.
+We need confidence in the stability and soundness of the financial
+policy of the government. That confidence has for many
+months past been slowly but steadily increasing. The Columbus
+Democratic platform comes in as a disturbing element, and gives
+a severe shock to reviving confidence. The country believed,
+and rejoiced to believe, that Senator Thurman expressed the
+sober judgment of Ohio, when he spoke last year in the Senate
+on this subject. The senator said, March 24, 1874:</p>
+
+<p>"Never have I spoken in favor of that inflation of the currency,
+which, I think I see full well, means that there shall never
+be any resumption at all. That is the difference. It is one
+thing to contract the currency, with a view to the resumption of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>specie payment; it is another thing neither to contract nor enlarge
+it, but let resumption, come naturally and as soon as the
+business and production of the country will bring it about. But
+it is a very different thing indeed to inflate the currency with a
+view never in all time to redeem it at all. And that is precisely
+what this inflation means. It means demonetizing gold and
+silver in perpetuity, and substituting a currency of irredeemable
+paper, based wholly and entirely upon government credit, and
+depending upon the opinion and the interests of the members
+of Congress and their hopes of popularity, whether the volume
+of it shall be large or small. That is what this inflation means.
+Sir, I have never said anything in favor of that. I am too old-fashioned
+a Democrat for that. I can not give up the convictions
+of a life-time, whether they be popular or unpopular."</p>
+
+<p>April 6th, when the Senate inflation bill was debated, he said:</p>
+
+<p>"It simply means that no man of my age shall ever again see
+in this country that kind of currency which the framers of the
+constitution intended should be the currency of the Union;
+which every sound writer on political economy the world over
+says is the only currency that defrauds no man. It means that
+so long as I live, and possibly long after I shall be laid in the
+grave, this people shall have nothing but an irredeemable
+currency with which to transact their business&mdash;that currency
+which has been well described as the most effective invention
+that ever the wit of man devised to fertilize the rich man's field
+by the sweat of the poor man's brow. I will have nothing to do
+with it."</p>
+
+<p>How great the shock which was given to returning confidence
+by the Democratic action at Columbus abundantly appears by
+the manner in which the platform is received by the Liberal
+and the English and the German Democratic press throughout
+the United States. The Liberal press and the German press, so
+far as I have observed, in the strongest terms condemn the platform.
+They speak of it as disturbing confidence, shaking credit,
+and threatening repudiation. A large part of the Democratic
+press of other States is hardly less emphatic. It would be
+strange, indeed, if this were otherwise. In Ohio, less than two
+years ago, the convention which nominated Governor Allen resolved,
+speaking of the Democratic party, that "it recognizes the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>evils of an irredeemable paper currency, but insists that in the
+return to specie payment care should be taken not to seriously
+disturb the business of the country or unjustly injure the debtor
+class." There was no inflation then. Now come the soft-money
+leaders of the Democratic party, and try to persuade the people
+that the promises of the United States should only be redeemed
+by other promises, and that it is sound policy to increase them.</p>
+
+<p>The credit of the Nation depends on its ability and disposition
+to keep its promises. If it fails to keep them, and suffers them
+to depreciate, its credit is tainted, and it must pay high rates of
+interest on all of its loans. For many years we must be a borrower
+in the markets of the world. The interest-bearing debt is
+over seventeen hundred millions of dollars. If we could borrow
+money at the same rate with some of the great Nations of
+Europe, we could save perhaps two per cent per annum on this
+sum. Thirty or forty millions a year we are paying on account
+of tainted credit. The more promises to pay an individual issues,
+without redeeming them, the worse becomes his credit. It
+is the same with Nations. The legal tender note for five dollars
+is the promise of the United States to pay that sum in the money
+of the world, in coin. No time is fixed for its payment. It is therefore
+payable on presentation&mdash;on demand. It is not paid; it is past
+due; and it is depreciated to the extent of twelve per cent. The
+country recognizes the necessities of the situation, and waits,
+and is willing to wait, until the productive business of the country
+enables the government to redeem. But the Columbus financiers
+are not satisfied. They demand the issue of more promises.
+This is inflation. No man can doubt the result. The credit of
+the Nation will inevitably suffer. There will be further depreciation.
+A depreciation of ten per cent diminishes the value
+of the present paper currency from fifty to one hundred
+millions of dollars. Its effect on business would be disastrous
+in the extreme. The present legal tenders have a certain steadiness,
+because there is a limit fixed to their amount. Public
+opinion confides in that limit. But let that limit be broken
+down, and all is uncertainty. The authors of this scheme believe
+inflation is a good thing. When this subject was under
+discussion, a few years ago, the Cincinnati <i>Enquirer</i> said "the issue
+of two millions dollars of currency would only put it in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>power of each voter to secure $400 for himself and family to
+spend in the course of a life-time. Is there any voter thinks
+that is too much&mdash;more than he will want?" This shows what
+the platform means. It means inflation without limit; and inflation
+is the downward path to repudiation. It means ruin to
+the Nation's credit, and to all individual credit. All the rest of
+the world have the same standard of value. Our promises are
+worthless as currency the moment you pass our boundary line.
+Even in this country, very extensive sections still use the money
+of the world. Texas, the most promising and flourishing State
+of the South, uses coin. California and the other Pacific States
+and Territories do the same. Look at their condition. Texas
+and California are not the least prosperous part of the United
+States. This scheme can not be adopted. The opinion of the
+civilized world is against it. The vast majority of the ablest
+newspapers of the country is against it. The best minds of the
+Democratic party are against it. The last three Democratic candidates
+for the presidency were against it. The German citizens
+of the United States, so distinguished for industry, for thrift, and
+for soundness of judgment in all practical money affairs, are a
+unit against it. The Republican party is against it. The people
+of Ohio will, I am confident, decide in October to have nothing
+to do with it.</p>
+
+<p>Since the adoption of the inflation platform at Columbus, a
+great change has taken place in the feelings and views of its
+friends. Then they were confident&mdash;perhaps it is not too much
+to say that they were dictatorial and overbearing toward their
+hard money party associates. There was no doubt as to the intent
+and meaning of the platform. Its friends asserted that the
+country needed more money, and more money now. That the
+way to get it was to issue government legal tender notes liberally.
+But the storm of criticism and condemnation which burst
+upon the platform from the soundest Democrats in all quarters
+has alarmed its supporters. Many of them have been seized
+with a panic, and are now utterly stampeded and in full retreat.
+They say that they are not for inflation, not for inconvertible
+paper money, and that they never have been. That they are
+hard money men, and always have been. That they look forward
+to a return of specie payment, and that it must always be
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>kept in view. Why what did they mean by their platform?
+Did they expect to make money plenty by an issue of more
+coin? Certainly not. By an issue of more paper redeemable in
+coin? Certainly not. They expected to issue more legal tender
+notes&mdash;notes irredeemable and depreciated. But public opinion
+as shown by the press is so decidedly against them, that Ohio inflationists
+now begin to desert their own platform. Even Mr.
+Pendleton is solicitous not to be held responsible for the Columbus
+scheme. He says, "I speak for myself alone. I do not assume
+to speak for the Democratic party. Its convention has
+spoken for it," and proceeds to interpret the platform as if it was
+for hard money. Senator Thurman did not so understand it.
+He thought the hard money men were beaten and felt disappointed.
+It now looks as if General Carey might be left almost
+alone before the canvass ends. If Judge Thurman could get
+that convention together again, it is evident that he could now
+in the same body rout the inflationists, horse, foot, and artillery.
+Nothing but a victory in Ohio can put inflation again on its legs.
+Let it be defeated in October, and the friends of a sound and
+honest currency will have a clear field for at least the life of the
+present generation.</p>
+
+<p>Two years ago, the Democratic party came fully into power in
+Ohio, in the State legislature, and for the first time in twenty
+years, elected the executive of the State. They were also entrusted
+with the affairs of the leading cities, and a majority of
+the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. It would
+be profitable in us to inquire how this came about, and what are
+the results. In the course of the canvass it is my purpose to
+show in detail how unfortunate their management of State affairs
+has been. It will appear, on investigation, that the interests
+of the State in the benevolent, penal, and reformatory institutions
+have been sacrificed to the spoils doctrine: how the
+cities, and especially the chief city of the State, has suffered by
+the corruption of its rulers; how public expenditures have been
+increased, until the aggregate of taxation in Ohio, in this time
+of money depression, is vastly larger than ever before; how the
+number of salaried officers was increased; how the members of
+the legislature were corrupted by bribery, notorious, and shameless;
+and how the dominant party utterly failed to deal with
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>this corruption as duty and the good name of the State demanded.
+Fallacious and deceptive statements have been made
+as to the reduction of the levy for State taxes, and as to the appropriations.
+It is enough now to say that the aggregate taxation
+in Ohio in 1874, was over $27,000,000, a larger sum than was
+ever before collected by tax-gatherers in Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether the most interesting questions in our State affairs
+are those which relate to the passage, by the last legislature, of
+the Geghan bill and the war which the sectarian wing of the
+Democratic party is now waging against the public schools. In
+the admirable speech made by Judge Taft at the Republican
+State Convention, he sounded the key-note to the canvass on
+this subject. He said "our motto must be universal liberty and
+universal suffrage, secured by universal education." Before we
+discuss these questions, it may be well, in order that there may
+be no excuse for further misrepresentation, to show by whom this
+subject was introduced into politics, and to state explicitly that
+we attack no sect and no man, either Protestant or Jew, Catholic
+or Unbeliever, on account of his conscientious convictions in
+regard to religion. Who began the agitation of this subject?
+Why is it agitated? All parties have taken hold of it. The
+Democratic party in their State convention make it the topic
+of their longest resolution. In their platform they gave
+it more space than to any other subject except the currency.
+Many of the Democratic county conventions also took action
+upon it.</p>
+
+<p>The Republican State Convention passed resolutions on the
+question. It is stated that it was considered in about forty Republican
+county conventions. The State Teachers' Association,
+at their last meeting, passed unanimously the following resolution.
+Mr. Tappan, from the Committee on Resolutions, reported
+the following:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That we are in favor of a free, impartial, and unsectarian
+education to every child in the State, and that any division
+of the school fund or appropriation of any part thereof to
+any religious or private school would be injurious to education
+and the best interests of the church."</p>
+
+<p>An able address by the Rev. Dr. Jeffers, of Cleveland, showing
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>the "perils which threaten our public schools," was emphatically
+applauded by that intelligent body of citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The assemblies of the different religious denominations in the
+State, which have recently been held, have generally, and I
+think without exception, passed similar resolutions. If blame
+is to attach to all who consider and discuss this question before
+the public, we have had a very large body of offenders. But I
+have not named all who are engaged in it. I have not named
+those who began it; those who for years have kept it up; those
+who in the press, on the platform, in the pulpit, in legislative
+bodies, in city councils, and in school boards, now unceasingly agitate
+the question. Everybody knows who they are; everybody
+knows that the sectarian wing of the Democratic party began
+this agitation, and that it is bent on the destruction of our free
+schools. If Republicans acting on the defensive discuss the
+subject, and express the opinion that the Democratic party can't
+safely be trusted, they are denounced in unmeasured terms.
+General Carey calls them "political knaves" and "fools" and
+"bigots." But it is very significant that no Democratic speaker
+denounces those who began the agitation. All their epithets
+are leveled at the men who are on the right side of the question.
+Agitation on the wrong side&mdash;agitation against the schools may
+go on. It meets no condemnation from leading Democratic candidates
+and speakers. The reason is plain. Those who mean
+to destroy the school system constitute a formidable part of the
+Democratic party, without whose support that party, as the legislature
+was told last Spring, can not carry the county, the city,
+nor the State.</p>
+
+<p>The sectarian agitation against the public schools was begun
+many years ago. During the last few years, it has steadily and
+rapidly increased, and has been encouraged by various indications
+of possible success. It extends to all of the States where
+schools at the common expense have been long established. Its
+triumphs are mainly in the large towns and cities. It has already
+divided the schools, and in a considerable degree impaired
+and limited their usefulness. The glory of the American system
+of education has been that it was so cheap that the humblest
+citizen could afford to give his children its advantages, and so
+good that the man of wealth could nowhere provide for his chil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>dren anything better. This gave the system its most conspicuous
+merit. It made it a Republican system. The young of all
+conditions of life are brought together and educated on terms
+of perfect equality. The tendency of this is to assimilate and
+to fuse together the various elements of our population, to promote
+unity, harmony, and general good will in our American society.
+But the enemies of the American system have begun the
+work of destroying it. They have forced away from the public
+schools, in many towns and cities, one-third or one-fourth of their
+pupils and sent them to schools which it is safe to say are no
+whit superior to those they have left. These youth are thus deprived
+of the associations and the education in practical Republicanism
+and American sentiments which they peculiarly need.
+Nobody questions their constitutional and legal right to do this,
+and to do it by denouncing the public schools. Sectarians have
+a lawful right to say that these schools are "a relict of paganism&mdash;that
+they are Godless," and that "the secular school system
+is a social cancer." But when having thus succeeded in dividing
+the schools, they make that a ground for abolishing
+school taxation, dividing the school fund, or otherwise destroying
+the system, it is time that its friends should rise up in its
+defense.</p>
+
+<p>We all agree that neither the government nor political parties
+ought to interfere with religious sects. It is equally true that
+religious sects ought not to interfere with the government or
+with political parties. We believe that the cause of good government
+and the cause of religion both suffer by all such interference.
+But if Sectarians make demands for legislation of
+political parties, and threaten that party with opposition at the
+elections in case the required enactments are not passed, and if
+the political party yields to such threats, then those threats,
+those demands, and that action of the political party become a
+legitimate subject of political discussion, and the sectarians who
+thus interfere with the legislation of the State are alone responsible
+for the agitation which follows.</p>
+
+<p>And now a few words as to the action of the last legislature on
+this subject. After an examination of the Geghan bill, we shall
+perhaps come to the conclusion that in itself it is not of great
+importance. I would not undervalue the conscientious scruples
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>on the subject of religion of a convict in the penitentiary, or of
+any unfortunate person in any State institution. But the provision
+of the constitution of the State covers the whole ground.
+It needs no awkwardly framed statute of doubtful meaning, like
+the Geghan bill, to accomplish the object of the organic law.
+The old constitution of 1802, and the constitution now in force,
+of 1851, are substantially alike. Both declare (I quote section
+7, article 1, constitution of 1851):</p>
+
+<p>"All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty
+God according to the dictates of their own conscience.
+No person shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any
+place of worship, or maintain any form of worship against his
+consent; and no preference shall be given by law to any religious
+society; nor shall any interference with the right of conscience
+be permitted."</p>
+
+<p>If the Geghan bill is merely a re&#235;nactment of this part of the
+bill of rights, it is a work of supererogation, and it is not strange
+that the legislature did not, when it was introduced, favor
+its passage. The author of the bill wrote, "the members
+claim that such a bill is not needed." The same opinion prevails
+in New Jersey, where a similar bill is said to have been defeated
+by a vote of three to one. But the sectarians of Ohio were
+resolved on the passage of this bill. Mr. Geghan, its author,
+wrote to Mr. Murphy, of Cincinnati:</p>
+
+<p>"We have a prior claim upon the Democratic party. The elements
+composing the Democratic party in Ohio to-day are made
+up of Irish and German catholics, and they have always been
+loyal and faithful to the interests of the party. Hence the
+party is under obligations to us, and we have a perfect right to
+demand of them, as a party, inasmuch as they are in control of
+the State legislature and State government, and were by both
+our means and votes placed where they are to-day, that they
+should, as a party, redress our grievances."</p>
+
+<p>The organ of the friends of the bill published this letter, and
+among other things said:</p>
+
+<p>"The political party with which nine-tenths of the Catholic
+voters affiliate on account of past services that they will never
+forget, now controls the State. Withdraw the support which
+Catholics have given to it and it will fall in this city, county, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>State, as speedily as it has risen to its long lost position and
+power. That party is now on trial. Mr. Geghan's bill will test
+the sincerity of its professions."</p>
+
+<p>That threat was effectual. The bill was passed, and the sectarian
+organ therefore said:</p>
+
+<p>"The unbroken solid vote of the Catholic citizens of the State
+will be given to the Democracy at the fall election."</p>
+
+<p>In regard to those who voted against the bill, it said: "They
+have dug their political grave; it will not be our fault if they do
+not fill it. When any of them appear again in the political
+arena, we will put upon them a brand that every Catholic citizen
+will understand." No defense of this conduct of the last
+legislature has yet been attempted. The facts are beyond dispute.
+This is the first example of open and successful sectarian
+interference with legislation in Ohio. If the people are wise,
+they will give it such a rebuke in October that for many years,
+at least, it will be the last.</p>
+
+<p>But it is claimed that the schools are in no danger. Now that
+public attention is aroused to the importance of the subject, it
+is probable that in Ohio they are safe. But their safety depends
+on the rebuke which the people shall give to the party which
+yielded last spring at Columbus to the threats of their enemies.
+It is said that no political party "desires the destruction of the
+schools." I reply, no political party "desired" the passage of
+the Geghan bill; but the power which hates the schools passed
+the bill. The sectarian wing of the Democratic party rules that
+party to-day in the great commercial metropolis of the Nation.
+It holds the balance of power in many of the large cities of the
+country. Without its votes, the Democratic party would lose
+every large city and county in Ohio and every Northern State.
+In the presidential canvass of 1864, it was claimed that General
+McClellan was as good a Union man as Abraham Lincoln, and
+that he was as much opposed to the rebellion. An eminent citizen
+of this State replied: "I learn from my adversaries. Who
+do the enemies of the Union want elected? The man they are
+for, I am against." So I would say to the friends of the public
+schools: "How do the enemies of universal education vote?"
+If the enemies of the free schools give their "unbroken, solid
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>vote" to the Democratic ticket, the friends of the schools will
+make no mistake if they vote the Republican ticket.</p>
+
+<p>The Republicans enter upon this important canvass with many
+advantages. Their adversaries are loaded down with the record
+of the last legislature. Democratic legislatures have not been
+fortunate in Ohio. Since the present division of parties, twenty
+years ago, no Democratic legislature has ever failed to bring defeat
+to its party. The people of Ohio have never been willing
+to venture on the experiment of two Democratic legislatures in
+succession. The Democratic inflation platform offends German
+Democrats, has driven off the Liberal Republicans, and is accepted
+by very few old-fashioned Democrats in its true intent
+and meaning. The Republicans are out of power in the cities
+and in the State, and are everywhere taking the offensive. If
+Democrats assail them on account of some affair of years ago,
+or in a distant Southern State, or at Washington, Republicans
+reply by pointing to what Democrats are now doing in their own
+cities, or have just done in the last legislature. The materials
+for such retort are abundant and ready at hand. The Republicans
+are embarrassed by no entangling alliance with the sectarian
+enemies of the public schools, and they have yielded to no
+sectarian demands or dictation in public affairs. We rejoice to
+see indications of an active canvass and a large vote at the election.
+Such a canvass and such a vote in Ohio never yet resulted
+in a Democratic victory. Our motto is honest money
+for all and free schools for all. There should be no inflation
+which will destroy the one, and no sectarian interference which
+will destroy the other.</p>
+
+<br />
+<center><b><i>Speech of</i> <span class="smcap">Governor Hayes</span> <i>to his neighbors at <a name="Fremont" id="Fremont"></a>Fremont,
+delivered June 25, 1876.</i></b></center>
+<br />
+<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">Top</a></span>
+<p>
+<i>Mr. Mayor, Fellow-Citizens, Friends, and Neighbors:</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I need not attempt to express the emotions I feel at the reception
+which the people of Fremont and this county have given
+me to-night. Under any circumstances, an assemblage of this
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>sort at my home to welcome me would touch me, would excite
+the warmest emotions of gratitude; but what gives to this its
+distinctive character is the fact that those who are prominent in
+welcoming me home, I know, in the past, have not voted with
+me or for me, and they do not intend in the future to vote with
+me or for me. It is simply that, coming to my home, they rejoice
+that Ohio, that Sandusky county, that the town of Fremont
+has received at that National Convention high honor,
+and I thank you, Democrats, fellow-citizens, Independents, and
+Republicans, for this spontaneous and enthusiastic reception.</p>
+
+<p>I trust that in the course of events the time will never come
+that you will have cause to regret what you do to-night. It is a
+very great responsibility that has been placed upon me&mdash;to be a
+representative of a party embracing twenty millions of people&mdash;a
+responsibility which I know I am not equal to. I understand
+very well that it was not by reason of ability or talents that I
+was chosen. But that which does rejoice me is that here, where
+I have been known from my childhood, there are those that
+come and rejoice at the result.</p>
+
+<p>I trust, my friends, that as I run along in this desultory way&mdash;for
+you well know that since I learned that I was to be here
+to-night, the multitude of letters, and visits, and telegrams requiring
+attention have given me no time to prepare for a reception
+like this&mdash;you must, therefore, put up with hastily-formed
+sentences, very unfitly representing the sentiments appropriate
+to the occasion. Let me, if I may do it without too much egotism,
+recur to the history of my connection with Fremont. Forty-two
+years ago my uncle, Sardis Birchard, brought me to this place,
+and I rejoice, my friends, in the good taste and good feeling
+which have placed his portrait here to-night. He, having
+adopted me as his child, brought me to Fremont. I recollect
+well the appearance of the then Lower Sandusky, consisting of
+a few wooden buildings scattered along the river, with little
+paint on them, and these trees none of them grown, the old
+fort still having some of its earthworks remaining, so that it
+could be easily traced. A pleasant village this was for a boy to
+enjoy himself in. There was the fishing on the river, shooting
+water-fowls above the dam, at the islands and the lake. Per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>haps no boy ever enjoyed his departure from home better than
+I did when I first came to Fremont.</p>
+
+<p>But now see what this town is,&mdash;how it has grown. It has
+not increased to a first-class city, but it has become a pleasant
+home, so pleasant, so thriving that I rejoice to think that whatever
+may be the result next fall it will be pleasant to return
+to it when the contest is over. If defeated, I shall return to
+you oftener than if I go to the White House. If I go there I shall
+look forward with pleasure to the time when I shall be permitted
+to return to you, to be a neighbor with you again. And really
+we have cause to be satisfied with our home and the interests
+which the future has in store for us here. Larger cities always
+have strife and rivalry, from which we are free, and yet we are
+well situated between two commercial centers, the Eastern and
+Western, between which is the great highway of the world, and
+we can not but partake of their prosperity. Over the railroad
+passing through this place, or near it, will pass for all time to
+come the travel and trade of New York and San Francisco, of
+London and Pekin. Every town along this route partakes of
+the prosperity of this highway. Upper Sandusky, on the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and Tiffin, that thriving
+and beautiful city through which passes the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad, south of us, while along the lake shore passes the
+great northern division of the Lake Shore Road, making this
+route, as it were, the great artery of the world's travel, and we
+can abide with the prosperity that is to come in the future. Those
+of our friends who travel in Europe return sometimes dissatisfied,
+because there is a rawness in this country not seen in England
+and the older countries of Europe. But then the greatest
+happiness, as all of us know, in preparing a garden or a home
+is to see the improvements growing up under our hands. This
+is what we enjoy; and the change in Fremont from the time I
+first knew it till to-day gives me very great pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>There is another change which gives rise to mournful reflections.
+When I came here in the year 1834, I became
+acquainted with honored citizens who are no longer living.
+There was, Mr. Mayor, your father, Rudolphus Dickinson,
+Thomas I. Hawkins, Judge Olmsted, Judge Howland, and,
+among others, that marvel of business energy, George Grant;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>and I might go on giving name after name. But it is true that
+of all those I remember seeing on that first visit, not one is with
+us to-night. All who came with me, my uncle, my mother, and
+my sister, are gone. But this is the order of Providence.
+Events follow upon one another as wave follows wave upon the
+ocean. It is for each man to do what he can to make others
+happy. This is the prayer and this is the duty of life. Let us,
+my friends, in every position, undertake to perform this duty.
+For one, I have no reliance except that which Abraham Lincoln
+had when, on leaving Springfield, he said to his friends: "I go
+to Washington to assume a responsibility greater than that
+which has been devolved upon any one since the first president,
+and I beg you, my friends and neighbors, to pray that I may
+have that Divine assistance, without which I can not succeed,
+and with which I can not fail." In that spirit I ask you to deal
+with me. If it shall be the will of the people that this nomination
+shall be ratified, I know I shall have your good wishes and
+your prayers. If, on the other hand, it shall be the will of the
+people that another shall assume these great responsibilities, let
+us see to it that we who shall oppose him give him a fair trial.</p>
+
+<p>My friends, I thank you for the interest you have taken in
+this reception, and that you have laid aside partisan feeling.
+There has been too much bitterness on such occasions in our
+land. Let us see to it that abuse and vituperation of the candidate
+that shall be named at St. Louis do not proceed from our
+lips. Let us, in this centennial year, as we enter upon this second
+century of our existence, set an example of what a free and
+intelligent people can do. There is gathered at Philadelphia an
+assemblage representing nearly all the Nations of the world,
+with their arts and manufactures. We have invited competition,
+and they have come to compete with us, and with
+each other. We find that America stands well with the
+works of the world, as there exhibited. Let us show, in
+electing a chief magistrate of the Nation&mdash;the officer that is
+to be the first of forty or forty-five millions&mdash;let us show all
+those who visit us how the American people can conduct themselves
+through a canvass of this kind. If it shall be in the
+spirit in which we have met to-night, if it shall be that justness
+and fairness shall be in all the discussions, it will com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>mend free institutions to the world in a way which they have
+never been commended before.</p>
+
+<p>Well, friends, I am detaining you too long. Therefore I close
+what I have to say by expressing the feelings of gratitude entertained
+by myself and family for the kindness and regard shown
+us by the people of Fremont.</p>
+
+<p>About the middle of the war, General Sherman lost a boy,
+named after himself, aged about thirteen years. He supposed
+that he belonged to the Thirteenth Infantry, and when they went
+out to drill and dress parade, he dressed in the dress of a sergeant
+and marched with them. But he sickened and died. The
+regiment gathered about him, for he was to them a comrade&mdash;dear
+as the child is loved by men who are torn away from
+the associations of home. General Sherman, the great soldier,
+was touched by it. He said it would be idle for him to try to
+express the gratitude which he felt; but he said they held the
+key to the affections of himself and family, and if any of them
+should ever be in need, if they would mention that they belonged
+to the Thirteenth Infantry at the time his boy died, they
+would divide with him the last blanket, and last morsel of food.
+It is in this spirit that I wish to express my thanks to the people
+of Fremont for the welcome they have given me. I bid you,
+my friends, good night.</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Public Services and Select
+Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Public Services and Select
+Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life, Public Services and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Author: James Quay Howard
+
+Release Date: July 10, 2007 [EBook #22037]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF RUTHERFORD HAYES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Marcia Brooks, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced
+from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.]
+
+THE LIFE
+
+PUBLIC SERVICES AND SELECT SPEECHES
+
+OF
+
+RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
+
+BY
+
+J. Q. HOWARD
+
+CINCINNATI
+ROBERT CLARKE & CO
+
+1876
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by
+ROBERT CLARKE & CO.
+
+In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
+
+Stereotyped by OGDEN, CAMPBELL & CO., Cincinnati.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ANCESTRY.
+
+ Line of Descent--Family Tradition--Indian Fighters--Grandfather
+ Rutherford--Chloe Smith Hayes--Father and
+ Mother--Characteristics--Tribute to a Sister--General Character
+ of Ancestors                                                        9
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION.
+
+ Birthplace--University--Springs--Kossuth's Allusion--Early
+ Instructors--Sent East--College Life--Began the Study of Law--At
+ Harvard Law School--Story, Greenleaf, Webster, Agassiz, and
+ Longfellow--Admission to Bar                                       15
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+AT THE BAR.
+
+ Commences Practice--First Case--Partnership with Ralph P.
+ Buckland--Settles in Cincinnati--Becoming Known--Literary
+ Club--Nancy Farrer Case--Summons Case--Marriage--Law
+ Partners--City Solicitor                                           22
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+IN THE FIELD.
+
+ Appointed Major--Judge Advocate--Lieutenant-Colonel--South
+ Mountain--Wounded--Fighting while Down--After Morgan--Battle of
+ Cloyd Mountain--Charge up the Mountain--Enemy's Works Carried by
+ Storm--First Battle of Winchester--Berryville                      31
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+FROM MAJOR TO MAJOR-GENERAL.
+
+ Opequan--Morass--First Over--Intrepidity--Official
+ Reports--Assault on Fisher's Hill--Battle of Cedar
+ Creek--Commands a Division--Promoted on Field--His Wounds--A
+ Hundred Days under Fire                                            43
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+IN CONGRESS.
+
+ Nomination--Refuses to Leave Army--Election
+ Incident--Election--Course in Congress--Services on Library
+ Committee--Votes on Various Questions--Submits Plan of
+ Constitutional Amendments--Re-nominated by
+ Acclamation--Re-elected by Increased Majority--Overwhelmed with
+ Soldiers' Letters--Character as Congressman                        51
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ELECTED GOVERNOR OF OHIO.
+
+ Party of States Rights--Their Convention--Platform--Nomination of
+ Thurman--Republican Convention and Platform--Nomination of
+ General Hayes--Opening Speech at Lebanon--Thurman at
+ Waverly--National Interest Aroused--Hayes
+ Victorious--Inaugural--First Annual Message--Second Annual
+ Message                                                            62
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+SECOND ELECTION AS GOVERNOR.
+
+ Re-nomination--Democratic Platform--Nomination of
+ Rosecrans--Declines--Pendleton Nominated--Hayes at
+ Wilmington--Election--Second Inaugural--Civil Service
+ Reform--Short Addresses--Letters--Annual Message--Democratic
+ Estimate of It--Davidson Fountain Address--Message of 1872--Work
+ Accomplished                                                       90
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THIRD TIME ELECTED GOVERNOR.
+
+ The Senatorship Declined--Army Banquet Speech--Third Time
+ Nominated for Congress--Glendale Speech--Declines a Federal
+ Office--Making a Home--Nomination for
+ Governor--Platform--Serenade Speech--Democratic Convention and
+ Platform--Marion Speech of
+ Hayes--Woodford--Grosvenor--Schurz--Inflation Drivel--Interest
+ in the Contest--Honest Money Triumphant--Third Inaugural          124
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+NOMINATION TO THE PRESIDENCY.
+
+ Early Suggestions--Letters on Subject--Garfield Letter--Action of
+ State Convention--Cincinnati Convention--Course of his Friends--
+ First and Second Day's Events--Speech of Noyes--Balloting--
+ Nominated on Seventh Ballot--Officially Notified--Habits--Personal
+ Appearance--Family--Letter of Acceptance--Character as a Soldier,
+ Magistrate, and Man--Domestic Surroundings                        143
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+  I. Speech at Lebanon, Ohio, August 5, 1867                       167
+
+ II. Speech at Sidney, Ohio, September 4, 1867                     202
+
+III. Speech on his Re-nomination, June 23, 1869                    222
+
+ IV. Speech at Zanesville, Ohio, August 24, 1871                   231
+
+  V. Speech at Marion, Ohio, July 31, 1875                         241
+
+ VI. Speech at Fremont, June 25, 1876.                             256
+
+
+
+
+LIFE
+
+OF
+
+RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ANCESTRY.
+
+     _Line of Descent--Family Tradition--Indian Fighters--Grandfather
+     Rutherford--Chloe Smith Hayes--Father and Mother--Characteristics--
+     Tributes to a Sister--General Character of Ancestors._
+
+
+George Hayes, of Scotland, came to America by the way of England, and
+settled at Windsor, in the Colony of Connecticut, in 1682. He married,
+in 1683, Abigail Dibble, who was born on Long Island in 1666. From these
+ancestors the direct line of descent to the Republican candidate for
+President of the United States is the following:
+
+George Hayes,       Abigail Dibble.
+Daniel Hayes,       Sarah Lee.
+Ezekiel Hayes,      Rebecca Russell.
+Rutherford Hayes,   Chloe Smith.
+Rutherford Hayes,   Sophia Birchard.
+
+The earlier family traditions connect the name and descent of George
+Hayes with the fighting plowman mentioned in Scottish history, who at
+Loncarty, in Perthshire, turned back the invaders of his country, in a
+narrow pass, with the sole aid of his own valorous sons.
+
+"Pull your plow and harrow to pieces, and fight," said the sturdy
+Scotchman to his sons. They fought, father and sons together, and won. A
+like command seems to have come down the centuries to an American-born
+son--"Tear your briefs and petitions to pieces, and fight." He also
+fought, and, though sorely wounded, won. Shall the crown of valor be
+withheld by a free people that was once bestowed by a Scottish king?
+
+Daniel Hayes, the third of the ten children of George Hayes, was born at
+Windsor, in 1686. At the age of twenty-three, while fighting in defense
+of Simsbury--now Granby--to which town his father's family had removed,
+he was captured and carried off by the French and Indians. He was held
+as a prisoner in Canada for five years, and being a young man of great
+physical strength and vigor, the Indians adopted him as one of their
+race. His freedom was finally purchased through the intervention of a
+Frenchman, the colonial assembly of Connecticut, sitting at New Haven,
+having made an appropriation of public funds in aid of that specific
+purpose. An account of the captivity of this early defender of New
+England homes is found in Phelps' "History of Simsbury, Granby, and
+Canton." The wife of Daniel Hayes was the daughter of John Lee, who was
+noted for his bravery in fighting Indians.
+
+Captain Ezekiel Hayes, who gained his title in the military service of
+the Colonies, married the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Russell,
+the famous preacher of Wethersfield and Hadley, who concealed the
+regicides at Hadley for many years.
+
+Rutherford Hayes, the grandfather of the subject of our biography, was
+born at New Haven, Connecticut, July 29, 1756. He married, in 1779, at
+West Brattleboro, Vermont--whither he had removed the year before--Chloe
+Smith, whose ancestry fill a large space in the "History of Hadley,"
+several of whom lost their lives while fighting in defense their own and
+neighboring towns. From this fortunate and happy union, which continued
+unbroken for fifty-eight years, have sprung a race of accomplished women
+and honor-deserving men. One daughter married the Hon. John Noyes, of
+New Hampshire, who served in Congress 1817-19, and died in 1841, at
+Putney, Vermont. A daughter of this marriage is the mother of Larkin G.
+Meade, the sculptor; whose sister is the wife of William D. Howells, the
+novelist, and present editor of the _Atlantic Monthly_. Another daughter
+of Rutherford and Chloe Smith Hayes married the Hon. Samuel Elliott, of
+Vermont, who attained distinction in Congress and as an author.
+
+In a diary still existing, kept by Chloe Smith Hayes when she was eighty
+years of age, are found evidences of this good woman's intellectual
+cleverness and vigor, and abounding proofs of her fruit-bearing piety
+and affectionate tenderness for her offspring and kindred. At this
+advanced age she seems a philosophical observer of natural phenomena and
+political events--minutely describing eclipses, floods, and storms--and,
+while moralizing over the inauguration and death of President Harrison,
+giving expression to the shadowy hope that wise and good men would take
+the helm of government, and, rebuked by the presence of death, be taught
+the lesson of mortality. Rutherford, the grandfather, bore the
+commission, dated 1782, of Governor George Clinton as an officer in the
+military service of the State of New York.
+
+Rutherford Hayes, the father of Governor R. B. Hayes, was born at West
+Brattleboro, Vermont, January 4, 1787. On the 19th day of September,
+1813, he was married, at Wilmington, Vermont, to Sophia Birchard,
+daughter of Roger Birchard and Drusilla Austin Birchard, of that place.
+The Birchards had emigrated from England to Saybrook and Norwich,
+Vermont, as early as 1635. They soon became men of note in Norwich and
+Lebanon, and many of their descendants have continued to be men of mark
+since that time. The family has had representatives in Congress from
+Illinois and Wisconsin, and noted members of it in the pulpit in New
+York and elsewhere.
+
+Rutherford Hayes was engaged in business as a merchant at Dummerston,
+Vermont, until 1817, in which year he removed to Delaware, Ohio, with
+his family, consisting at the time of a wife and two children. In
+January, 1820, a daughter--Fanny--was born, and in October of the
+following year, a daughter, at the age of four, was lost. In July, 1822,
+Rutherford Hayes, the father, died of malarial fever; at the age of
+thirty-five; and on the 4th of the following October was born Rutherford
+Birchard Hayes, the since distinguished son. Three years later, the
+widowed mother was called to suffer a most distressing calamity in the
+death, by drowning, of Lorenzo, aged ten, a hopeful and helpful son.
+
+The father of Governor Hayes was a quick, bright, accurate, active
+business man. He possessed both energy and executive ability. He had the
+independence which intelligence gives, and his dry humor served him well
+in exposing shams and exploding humbugs. He was rigidly honest, and was,
+in the words of one of his neighbors, "as good a citizen as ever lived
+in the town of Delaware." He could do a great deal of work, and do it
+well. He was a witty, social, popular man, who made warm friends and few
+enemies.
+
+The mother of Governor Hayes united force of character with sweetness of
+nature. Her self-reliant energy is shown by her making a trip, in the
+summer of 1824, to Vermont and back--a distance of sixteen hundred
+miles. The journey had to be performed by stage, and consumed two months
+in going and returning. She made a second journey to New England when
+Rutherford was nine years old. Her amiability of disposition made her
+the favorite guest at the homes of her neighbors. The straightened
+circumstances of a family deprived of its head required the aid of
+industry and economy. She was known, in village parlance, as a "good
+manager." Afflictions which would have made perfect a more faulty
+character purified her own. She died in Columbus, Ohio, October 30,
+1866, at the age of seventy-four. She had been a consistent member of
+the Presbyterian Church for fifty years.
+
+Mrs. William A. Platt, the sister of Governor Hayes, who died July 16,
+1856, at the age of thirty-six, was a lady whose virtues and good deeds
+are enduring memories in Columbus homes. The Hon. Aaron F. Perry, of
+Cincinnati, in a public address, made this allusion to her worth: "Mrs.
+Platt, in the prime of a happy womanhood, passed beautifully away; not
+a white hair on her head, not a wrinkle on her brow, not a cloud upon
+her hopes; but in the full maturity of life and love she has gone where
+life and happiness are perfected." He whose character it is our duty to
+make known reflects this tender light from two lives: "She loved me as
+an only sister loves a brother whom she imagines almost perfect, and I
+loved her as an only brother loves a sister who is perfect. Let me be
+just and truthful, wise and pure and good for her sake. How often I
+think of her! I read of the death of any one worthy of love, and she is
+in my thoughts. I see--but all things high and holy remind me of her."
+
+The conclusions which we draw from the examination of the records of the
+ancestral descent of Rutherford B. Hayes are, that his progenitors have
+in each generation displayed courage and capacity to fight limited only
+by the strength of the enemy to hold out. It was a habit they had to
+fight on the side in the right, and on the side that won. Three of his
+immediate ancestors--Elias Birchard, Israel Smith, and Daniel
+Austin--gave proofs of valor and patriotism in the War of Independence.
+Another characteristic of the Hayes stock is the almost uniform tendency
+toward longevity. It is a robust race, presenting an extraordinary
+number of large families. The divine injunction to increase and multiply
+has been obeyed with religious fidelity. Upon the whole, the stock is
+good, and bids fair to become better. As men suffer discredit from
+disreputable progenitors, they ought to enjoy credit from reputable
+ancestors.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+BOYHOOD AND EDUCATION.
+
+     _Birthplace--University--Springs--Kossuth's Allusion--Early
+     Instructors--Sent East--College Life--Began the Study of Law--At
+     Harvard Law School--Story, Greenleaf, Webster, Agassiz, and
+     Longfellow--Admission to the Bar._
+
+
+The town of Delaware, the county seat of the county of Delaware, is
+located near the center of Ohio, twenty-five miles northwest of
+Columbus. It is a prosperous place of seven thousand people, the most of
+whom live in comfortable-looking, newly-built homes, and has been
+hitherto chiefly known for its University and its Springs. The Ohio
+Wesleyan University is the most flourishing literary institution of the
+great Methodist denomination in the West. The White Sulphur Spring is a
+fountain of healing and happiness to the whole region around, and is
+regarded with added interest since Kossuth came to drink of its waters,
+and, in reply to a welcoming address, eloquently said, that "out of the
+Delaware Springs of American sympathy he would fill a cup of health for
+his bleeding Hungary."
+
+Three squares from these Springs, near the center of the town, and in a
+two-story brick house on William street, Rutherford Birchard Hayes was
+born. This has long been Delaware's pride, and will be its fame. The
+income of his widowed mother, who was bereft of her husband four mouths
+before her son's birth, was derived from the rent of a good farm lying
+two miles north of Delaware, on the east side of the Whetstone. This
+income, used with frugality, enabled her to commence the education of
+her children. They were sent first to the ordinary schools of the town.
+The first teacher who enlisted the affections of her since distinguished
+pupil was Mrs. Joan Murray, a most worthy woman, whose funeral Governor
+Hayes quite recently attended. He began the study of the Latin and Greek
+languages with Judge Sherman Finch, a good classical scholar and a good
+lawyer, of Delaware, who had been at one time a tutor in Yale College.
+Judge Finch heard the recitations of his pupil in his office at
+intervals of leisure from the duties of his profession. The pupil taught
+his sister each day what his instructor taught him.
+
+Through the agency of his uncle, Sardis Birchard, his guardian, who at
+this time took charge of his education, Rutherford was sent to an
+academy at Norwalk, Ohio. Here he remained one year under the
+instruction of the Rev. Mr. Chapman, a Methodist clergyman of scholarly
+attainments. In the fall of 1837, to complete his preparation for
+college, he was sent to quite a noted school at Middletown, Connecticut,
+kept by Isaac Webb. Mr. Webb, being a graduate of Yale, made a specialty
+of preparing students for admission to Yale College. His scholars came
+from every part of the United States. In one year, his Ohio pupil's
+preparatory course was completed. The character established by him at
+this school is made known in the concluding portion of a commendatory
+letter addressed by Isaac Webb, his instructor, to Mrs. Sophia Hayes,
+which reads:
+
+"The conduct of your son has hitherto done 'honor to his mother,' and
+has secured our sincere respect and esteem. I hope and trust that he
+will continue to be a great source of happiness to you."
+
+The first prize for proficiency in Latin, Greek, and Arithmetic was
+awarded at this academy to "R. B. Hayes."
+
+In the fall of 1838, at the age of sixteen, young Hayes entered Kenyon
+College, Ohio, after passing satisfactorily the usual examination for
+admission. This institution is situated forty miles north of Columbus,
+in the village of Gambier, which is celebrated for the secluded beauty
+of its lawns and groves. The College was founded by Bishop Chase, with
+funds collected by him in England, the principal donors being Lord
+Gambier and Lord Kenyon. The institution was long under the fostering
+care of Bishop McIlvaine of blessed memory.
+
+Young Hayes excelled as a debater in the literary societies and in all
+the college studies; but his tastes especially ran to logic, mental and
+moral philosophy, and mathematics. In the words of a college mate, now a
+very distinguished lawyer, he was remarkable in college for "great
+common sense in his personal conduct; never uttered a profane word;
+behaved always like a considerate, mature man." In the language of
+another able member of the legal profession, who followed after him at
+Kenyon: "Hayes had left a memory which was a fascination, a glowing
+memory; he was popular, magnanimous, manly; was a noble, chivalrous
+fellow, of great promise."
+
+On the general points of character, conduct, and scholarship, it is
+conclusive to say that, when graduation-day came, Rutherford B. Hayes
+was found to have been awarded the valedictory, which was the highest
+honor the faculty could bestow upon a member of his class. Although the
+youngest in years, he was found the oldest in knowledge. In three
+journals published in August, 1842, the month and year of his
+graduation, we find exceptionally warm commendations of his valedictory
+oration. The Mt. Vernon _Democratic Banner_ said: "All who heard this
+oration pronounced it the best, in every point of view, ever delivered
+on the hill at Gambier."
+
+In the class with Governor Hayes were Lorin Andrews, afterward President
+of the College, who fell in the war for the Union, and the Hon. Guy M.
+Bryan, late member of Congress, and present speaker of the Texas House
+of Representatives, who, although engaged in the rebellion, has paid a
+manly tribute to his College classmate since the presidential
+nomination.
+
+In other college classes at the same time were Stanley Matthews, now one
+of the ablest lawyers in the United States; Hon. Joseph McCorkle and
+Hon. R. E. Trowbridge, afterward members of Congress from California and
+Michigan respectively; and Christopher P. Wolcott, who subsequently
+filled with high distinction the office of attorney-general of Ohio, and
+was also assistant secretary of war.
+
+Kenyon College and its graduates bestowed additional honors upon the
+valedictorian of the class of 1842. In 1845, he was invited back by the
+faculty to take the second degree, and deliver what is known as the
+Master's oration. He was invited also by the alumni to deliver the
+annual address before them, both in 1851 and in 1853. All these honors
+he modestly declined.
+
+Soon after graduating, Mr. Hayes began the study of the law in the
+office of Thomas Sparrow, of Columbus. Mr. Sparrow was a lawyer of high
+standing, whose integrity was proverbial. Although a Democrat in
+politics, he was regarded by his political adversaries as the purest of
+pure men. This worthy instructor certifies to the "great diligence" and
+"good moral character" of his student on the latter's departure to
+attend a course of law lectures at Harvard. A taste for the legal
+profession had been very early developed by young Hayes. The proceedings
+of courts had possessed to him in boyhood peculiar interest.
+
+Judge Ebenezer Lane, long a Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, an
+intimate associate of Sardis Birchard, the patron uncle, had early
+turned the thoughts of the guardian of the nephew in the direction of
+the law.
+
+Rutherford B. Hayes entered the law school of Harvard University, August
+22, 1843, and finished the course of lectures, January 8, 1845. The law
+institution was at this time under the charge of Mr. Justice Story,
+whose eminence as a jurist is only surpassed by that of his bosom
+friend, the great Chief Justice, John Marshall. He enjoyed the
+friendship and counsel of Story, and also that of Prof. Simon Greenleaf,
+who bears testimony to his diligence, exemplary conduct, and demeanor.
+He kept a minute record, still preserved, of all the trials and
+proceedings of the moot courts, presided over by Professors Greenleaf
+and Story, and pages of authorities are cited where "R. B. Hayes"
+appears as counsel for the fictitious plaintiff or defendant. It might
+have been safely assumed that a young man of his quick perceptions while
+in the atmosphere of Boston would make the most of his opportunities and
+advantages. He attended the lectures of Prof. Longfellow on the
+literature of foreign languages. He profited by the lecture-room talks
+of the great scientist, Agassiz, upon the grand theme of nature.
+Watching his opportunities, he heard Webster deliver his model arguments
+before juries, and his great political speeches in Faneuil Hall. He
+visited John Quincy Adams at his home in Quincy, with a party of his
+fellow-students, who, when he learned that some of his visitors were
+from Ohio, read to them a part of an address Mr. Adams was about to
+deliver on the laying of the corner-stone of the Observatory on Mt.
+Adams, near Cincinnati.
+
+He renewed and prosecuted with ardor the study of the French and German
+languages, both of which he now translates with ease, and speaks the
+former with reasonable fluency.
+
+Leaving with regret the classic shades of Cambridge, and parting from
+fellow-students such as George Hoadly, Manning F. Force, and the since
+famous orator, J. B. L. Curry, of Alabama, he returned to Ohio an
+educated young man. He was fitted for the battle of life which he has
+since so courageously fought, so far as America can afford facilities
+for procuring a complete, symmetrical education. Impatient to begin the
+struggle in his profession, he proceeded to Marietta, where the
+ambulatory Supreme Court of Ohio was then sitting, and having passed
+before an examining committee, composed of Messrs. Hart, Gardiner, Buel,
+and Robinson, was duly admitted to practice in the courts of the State
+as attorney and counsellor at law. The certificate of admission, which
+is dated March 10, 1845, has so good a name attached to it as that of
+Thomas W. Ewart, clerk. The Plymouth of the West had therefore the honor
+of welcoming to the bar the rising son of the West.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+AT THE BAR.
+
+     _Commences Practice--First Case--Partnership with Ralph P.
+     Buckland--Settles in Cincinnati--Becoming Known--Literary
+     Club--Nancy Farrer Case--Summons' Case--Marriage--Law
+     Partners--City Solicitor._
+
+
+The young lawyer, R. B. Hayes, full of hopefulness and ambition,
+commenced the practice of the law at Lower Sandusky, now Fremont,
+Sandusky county, Ohio. This growing town of Northern Ohio was selected
+because it was the home of the uncle whose extensive business
+connections would naturally throw more or less law business into the
+nephew's hands.
+
+His first case was one against a sheriff's sureties, the sheriff having
+become insolvent. There were five or six bondsmen, who employed as many
+different lawyers, who of course made a fierce fight to protect the
+pockets of their clients. The pleadings were difficult under the old
+practice, and the slightest technical defect in them would adroitly be
+taken advantage of by the defendants' attorneys. But so accurately had
+the pleadings been drawn, and so well had the case been worked up by the
+young lawyer, that no flaw could be found, and his suit was at all
+points successful.
+
+After this success he had a good run of office business, and was
+employed both in the defense and prosecution of criminals. In April,
+1846, he entered into a law-partnership with Ralph P. Buckland, an
+older practitioner in good practice. Mr. Buckland subsequently became a
+conspicuous member of the Ohio Senate, and a gallant officer of the rank
+of brigadier-general in the war. He became a member also of the
+Thirty-ninth Congress.
+
+One of the most important cases tried by Hayes while a member of this
+firm was an action to prevent or enjoin the building of a railway bridge
+across the Bay of Sandusky, on the ground of its obstructing navigation.
+The cause was tried before Judge McLean, in the United States District
+Court at Cincinnati. Thomas Ewing, who was one of the opposing counsel
+in the case, continued to compliment Hayes during life for this maiden
+effort in a United States Court.
+
+In November, 1848, in consequence of bleeding at the lungs and other
+alarming admonitions of failing health, Mr. Hayes left Fremont to pass a
+winter with his friend, Guy M. Bryan, in Texas. A half year of boating,
+fishing, hunting, and scouring the prairies brought about a physical
+revolution. He came back as sound as a dollar--that is, a coin
+dollar--and has so remained ever since.
+
+In December, 1849, he put in execution a design for some time
+contemplated, and on Christmas eve arrived in Cincinnati. He had
+consulted professional friends in Cincinnati about seeking the stimulus
+of a wider field for permanent occupation, and was doubtless influenced
+somewhat by the advice received. One who had been with him at Harvard
+wrote: "I have not flattered the face of man or woman for years, but I
+think honestly that the R. B. Hayes whom I knew four years ago would be
+sure to succeed at this bar, if he can afford to live and wait."
+Another professional brother, on terms of intimacy, wrote: "With your
+energies, talents, education, and address, you are green--verdant as
+grass--to stay in a country village." On the 8th of January, 1850, the
+new candidate for public and professional favor took possession of an
+office on the south side of Third street, between Main and Sycamore,
+opposite the Henrie House. His office companion was John W. Herron, with
+whose appearance and manners the new comer seems to have been well
+pleased. The first year in Cincinnati brought little professional
+business, but no day was passed in idleness. His studies were
+systematic, and his reading comprehensive in both law and literature.
+Shakespeare, Burke, Webster, and Emerson were his inseparable
+companions. He sought to widen the circle of his acquaintances, and add
+daily to the number of his friends. Having been a member of the order of
+Odd-Fellows and Sons of Temperance in Fremont, he united again with
+those organizations in Cincinnati. The addresses he was invited to
+deliver at Odd-Fellow's lodges and at many more public places were very
+numerous. In this way he made reputation as a public speaker, if not
+money. He was not only becoming known, but becoming favorably known.
+
+The widely renowned literary club of Cincinnati, which he joined in
+1850, and of which he remained an active member for eleven years,
+awakened his social sympathies and ardent interest. To the reading of
+essays, and to the discussions on political, social, and moral
+questions, he always listened, and in the latter often took part. In
+debate, he was strong, eager, clear, and logical. He had an aptitude at
+seeing principles and getting at the kernel of questions. Among those
+who during these years participated in the social or literary
+entertainments of the club-room were Chief Justice Chase, Thomas Corwin,
+Thomas Ewing, father and son, General Pope, General Edward F. Noyes,
+Stanley Matthews, M. D. Conway, Manning F. Force, W. K. Rogers, John W.
+Herron, D. Thew Wright, Isaac Collins, Charles P. James, R. D. Mussey,
+and many others of ability and distinction. In January, 1852, the
+opportunity for "getting a start" in his professional career came. While
+making a sensible, energetic little speech in behalf of a criminal
+indicted for grand larceny, named Cunningham, he attracted the attention
+and won the commendation of Judge R. B. Warden, then president judge of
+the criminal court, who thereupon appointed the modest young attorney
+counsel for Nancy Farrer, whose case became the great criminal case of
+the term, if not of the times.
+
+Nancy Farrer had poisoned all the members of two families. She had a bad
+countenance, a sinister, revolting look. It is not strange that she
+should have been considered by the court and jury that tried her, and by
+the entire public, a qualified candidate for the gallows. Hayes, in
+defending his client, had to contend against the passions, the
+indignation of the public, and the predispositions and prejudices of
+judge and jury. The judge who tried the case was not the one who
+appointed the comparatively unknown attorney as counsel. Hayes saw
+instinctively the immense importance of the case, and knew intuitively
+that a crisis had come in his career. He set laboriously to work to
+establish an impregnable line of defense.
+
+He found on examination of the proofs that the supposed murderess was
+totally irresponsible, because of hereditary idiocy and insanity. Her
+father had died of drunkenness in a Cincinnati hospital, and her mother
+went about under the insane hallucination that she was a prophetess.
+Nancy's conduct and conversations while employed in the wholesale
+poisoning business showed that she had no moral comprehension of what
+she was about. But the plea of insanity had been so often and so
+vehemently pressed in defense of prisoners who were sane that it seemed
+to be of no avail in defense of one who was not. The cry of insanity,
+like that of "wolf," had been so repeatedly raised when there was no
+insanity, that it was not heeded when there was. Notwithstanding an
+argument which for legal learning and forensic eloquence attracted the
+attention of the press and bar, and established the counsel's
+reputation, the poor, insane idiot was convicted of murder in the first
+degree. Hayes at once obtained a writ of error, which the district court
+reserved for decision in the Supreme Court of the State. The case was
+argued and determined in that court at the December term, 1858, and
+reported in 2 Ohio St. Reports. R. B. Hayes appeared for plaintiff in
+error, and George E. Pugh, attorney-general for the State. The earnest
+and determined advocate of Nancy Farrer carried his points, obtained a
+new trial, and greatly enhanced his professional reputation. The then
+official reporter of the Supreme Court of Ohio, who heard this argument,
+says: "It was a truly admirable effort, and the peroration was
+indescribably pathetic. But on this occasion, as on all others, Mr.
+Hayes was singularly modest." Although a new trial was granted, through
+the concurring opinions of Justices Corwin, Thurman, and Ranney, Nancy
+Farrer was never again tried. She was sent to a lunatic asylum.
+
+Hayes next gained reputation through his connection with the notorious
+James Summons murder case. He was employed by the older counsel in the
+case to take notes of the testimony and record the rulings of the court.
+The trial occupying many days and many differences arising between
+counsel with respect to the rulings of the court, it was found that the
+accuracy of the notes of the junior attorney was in every instance
+confirmed by the court itself. When the time came for the final
+arguments to begin, the leading counsel asked each a day for each side.
+Judge Thurman, then presiding, on consultation with Judge Piatt,
+announced that the court could only give the leading counsel two hours
+each, but that they would allow Mr. Hayes one hour additional.
+Notwithstanding the court was assured that Mr. Hayes was not strictly
+employed in the case, Judges Thurman, Matthews, and Piatt insisted upon
+hearing him, and he was accordingly heard. His unpremeditated argument
+was clear, convincing, impassioned, and impressive. It was one of the
+best speeches of his life. The case went up to the Supreme Court with
+the junior as the leading counsel.
+
+We now reach an event in the course of this narrative, which,
+controlling as is the influence it has upon all lives, has been
+immeasurably potent in its influence upon the life and fortunes of
+Governor Hayes.
+
+On the 30th of December, 1852, he was married to Miss Lucy W. Webb, by
+Prof. L. D. McCabe, of the Ohio Wesleyan University. The marriage took
+place at No. 141 Sixth street, Cincinnati, the bride's home, in the
+presence of about forty friends. Lucy Ware Webb was the daughter of Dr.
+James Webb and Maria Cook Webb. Dr. Webb was a popular gentleman and
+successful practicing physician in Chillicothe, Ohio. In 1833, he died
+of cholera in Lexington, Kentucky, where he had gone to complete
+arrangements for sending to Liberia slaves set free by himself and his
+father. The grandfather of Mrs. Dr. Webb was Lieutenant-Colonel Cook,
+who in 1777 was serving in a regiment commanded by Colonel Andrew Ward,
+in the army of the Revolution. Both Governor and Mrs. Hayes are,
+therefore, descendants of soldiers of the Revolution, most worthily
+uniting in their lineage jointly the dawn of the second century with the
+dawn of the first. The six years following 1852 were years of full
+practice and exacting labors, in which disappointments were few and
+successes many. These were years in which solid foundations were laid
+for as solid a reputation as it was possible for the men among whom he
+moved to build up.
+
+In January, 1854, he formed a law-partnership with R. M. Corwine and W.
+K. Rogers, under the firm name of Corwine, Hayes & Rogers. This proved a
+partnership of friendship as well as business, being in every way
+satisfactory and agreeable. Mr. Rogers is now the close companion of his
+old partner in these later and more eventful years. Mr. Corwine died a
+resident of Washington City, a year or two since.
+
+In April, 1859, he was, without solicitation, chosen city solicitor by
+the city council of Cincinnati, to fill the vacancy caused by the death
+of Judge Hart, and on the 9th of that month entered upon the discharge
+of his official duties. His chief competitor for this office was Caleb
+B. Smith, since a member of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet. The vote in the city
+council on the first ballot was: Mr. Smith, 13; Mr. Disney, 12; Mr.
+Hayes, 3. On the seventh ballot, Mr. Hayes had 17; Mr. Ware, 12; and Mr.
+Disney, 3. On the thirteenth ballot, Mr. Hayes was declared elected,
+having received 18 votes to Mr. Ware's 14. His election was due to the
+vote of Mr. Toohey, a Democratic councilman of the Thirteenth Ward. The
+election of Hayes to his first office was most favorably received.
+
+The Cincinnati _Commercial_, of December 9, 1858, said: "R. B. Hayes,
+Esq., one of the most honest and capable young lawyers of the city, was
+elected city solicitor last night by the city council to fill the
+vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Hart. It would have been very
+difficult to have made any other selection of a solicitor equally
+excellent and as generally satisfactory."
+
+The Cincinnati _Enquirer_, of the same date, said: "Mr. Hayes, the city
+solicitor elect, is a lawyer of good acquirements and reputation, and is
+well qualified for the position."
+
+Charles Reemelin, in a letter to the New York _Evening Post_, wrote: "I
+know of no young man in our city of higher promise than Mr. Hayes, and
+we hope for him a bright future."
+
+The estimate of the people seemed to correspond with that of the press,
+for in the following spring he was elected to the office to which he had
+been appointed by a majority of two thousand five hundred and
+thirty-six on the popular vote. His Democratic opponent was W. T.
+Forrest.
+
+He filled the office of corporation counsel for three years, during
+which time, as legal adviser of the municipal government of a great
+city, he passed judgment upon questions involving large interests, and
+discharged with high fidelity the duties of an important trust. As city
+solicitor, the opinion which perhaps aroused the most general attention
+and interest, was one delivered in February, 1859, denying the right of
+the city council to contract debts for waterworks purposes, without
+additional authority from the General Assembly. He was opposed to the
+increase of taxation and creation of new debts, on principle. In April,
+1861, in common with the entire Republican ticket, he was defeated for
+re-election as city solicitor. His vote, however, was larger than that
+of any candidate on his ticket. He had suffered a similar defeat in the
+fall of 1856, when a candidate for Common Pleas Judge, his party being
+in a decided minority in Hamilton county. Had the election of 1861
+occurred two weeks later, when the great uprising came with the fall of
+Sumter, the Republican war ticket, not the Democratic compromise ticket,
+would have carried the day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+IN THE FIELD.
+
+     _Appointed Major--Judge Advocate--Lieutenant-Colonel--South
+     Mountain--Wounded--Fighting while Down--After Morgan--Battle of
+     Cloyd Mountain--Charge up the Mountain--Enemy's Works Carried by
+     Storm--First Battle of Winchester--Berryville._
+
+
+That a loyal citizen of the antecedents, ardent patriotism, and
+impulsive nature of Rutherford B. Hayes would enter the army in the war
+for the Union, was to be looked for as a thing of course. He had been in
+the habit of obeying every call of duty, and could not therefore disobey
+when duty called loudest. He regarded the war waged for the supremacy of
+the constitution and the laws as a just and necessary war, and preferred
+to go into it if he knew he "was to die or be killed in the course of
+it." He had been a most earnest advocate of the election of Mr. Lincoln
+to the Presidency, and had been an anti-slavery man of established
+convictions long before the candidacy of Fremont for the Presidency. He
+did not think the Union should be destroyed to make slavery perpetual.
+He desired to mitigate and finally eradicate that evil. He had prayed
+for the election of General Harrison for the sake of the country; he had
+cast his first vote for Henry Clay, his second for General Taylor, and
+his third for General Scott. But the old Whig party having ceased to be
+a living organization, he gave his whole heart to the Republican party
+and its cause, and by political speeches, and in other ways, helped
+forward the movement in favor of equality of rights and laws. The insult
+to the flag at Fort Sumter aroused to the intensest pitch the patriotic
+indignation of a united North. At a great mass-meeting held in
+Cincinnati, R. B. Hayes was selected to give expression to the loyal
+voice, by being made chairman of the public committee on resolutions. It
+is not needful to add that these resolutions had all the fire and
+intensity of the popular feeling. The knowledge that it was his purpose
+to enter the Union army having reached Governor Dennison, that officer
+appointed Hayes major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, June
+7, 1861. With this appointment was coupled the appointments of W. S.
+Rosecrans as colonel, and Stanley Matthews as lieutenant-colonel of the
+same regiment. Colonel Rosecrans, with the other field-officers, had
+just set to work organizing the new regiment, when Rosecrans was
+appointed brigadier-general, and ordered to take command of the Ohio
+troops moving in the direction of Western Virginia. Upon the promotion
+of Rosecrans, Colonel E. P. Scammon, an officer of military education,
+was placed in command of the Twenty-third.
+
+After a brief period of discipline at Camp Chase the regiment was
+ordered, on the 25th of July, to Clarksburgh, West Virginia, and on the
+29th went into camp at Weston. We shall not follow it in this or in
+subsequent campaigns, in its marching, scouting, skirmishing, or
+counter-marching. It is enough to say, that in this first campaign it
+assisted in clearing the whole mountainous region of Western Virginia
+of a formidable enemy.
+
+Major Hayes was appointed by General Rosecrans, on the 19th of
+September, 1861, judge advocate of the department of Ohio, the duties of
+which service he discharged about two months. He received his first
+promotion, to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, October 24, 1861. Passing
+over less important events, we come to the first serious battle in which
+he was engaged.
+
+
+THE BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN
+
+Was fought on Sunday, September 14, 1862, a beautiful, bright September
+day. The enemy were in possession of the crest of the mountain, where
+the old National road crossed it. The army of McClellan, with Burnside
+in advance, were pressing up that mountain by the National road as its
+center. General Cox's division of Burnside's corps was in advance. The
+brigade to which Lieutenant-colonel Hayes was attached was in advance of
+the division. His regiment was in advance of the brigade. He was ordered
+to pass up a mountain path on the left of the National road and feel for
+the enemy, advancing until he struck him; to push him up the mountain if
+he could; in short, to open the engagement. Lieutenant-colonel Hayes
+pushed into the woods, came upon the enemy's pickets, received their
+fire, and drove them in. He soon saw a strong force of the enemy coming
+toward the line of his advance from a neighboring hill, and went to meet
+them. Hayes charged into that force with a regimental yell, and, after a
+fierce fight, drove them out of the woods in which he found them, into
+an open field near the summit. He then drove them across the field,
+losing many men and capturing and killing many of the enemy.
+
+Hayes, having just given the command for a third charge, felt a stunning
+blow, and found that a large musket ball had struck his left arm above
+the elbow, carrying away and badly fracturing the entire bone. Fearing
+an artery might be severed, he asked a soldier to bandage his arm above
+the elbow, and a few minutes after, through exhaustion, he fell.
+Recovering from a state of unconsciousness while down, in a few moments,
+and observing that his men had fallen back to the woods for shelter, he
+sprang to his feet, and, with unusual vehemence, ordered them to come
+forward, which they did. He continued fighting some time at the head of
+his men; but falling a second time, from exhausted strength, he kept on
+giving orders, while down, to fight it out.
+
+Major Comly, the second in command, then came to him to learn the orders
+under which the regiment was fighting, and deeming it best to assume
+command, owing to the critical condition of Lieutenant-colonel Hayes,
+gave orders that the wounded hero should be carried from the field. In
+an almost illegible narrative, written with the left hand just after the
+battle, we find this modest record, by the intrepid sufferer in this
+event: "While I was down I had considerable talk with a wounded
+Confederate lying near me. I gave him messages for my wife and friends
+in case I should not get up. We were right jolly and friendly. It was by
+no means an unpleasant experience."
+
+The enemy in this action continued to pour a most destructive fire of
+musketry, grape, and canister into the Union ranks. Lieutenant-colonel
+Hayes again made his appearance on the field with his wound half
+dressed, and fought until carried off. Soon after, the rest of the
+brigade coming up, a brilliant bayonet charge up the hill dislodged the
+enemy and drove him into the woods beyond. The Twenty-third regiment in
+this engagement lost within eight men of half the entire force engaged.
+
+South Mountain is inscribed on all the standards of this gallant
+regiment, and surrounds with a sad halo of glory the names of the living
+and the graves of the dead.
+
+At the time this battle was fought, Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes was not
+under pay, having been mustered out of the Twenty-third regiment to take
+command of the Seventy-ninth. His wound preventing him from becoming
+colonel of the Seventy-ninth, he was, on the 24th of October, 1862,
+appointed colonel of his own regiment, _vice_ Scammon, promoted. It was
+while at home recovering from his wounds that his wealthy uncle, Sardis
+Birchard, urged Colonel Hayes, to whom he was devotedly attached, to
+leave the army, on the ground that he had done his share, promising to
+himself and family abundant support; but he would not listen to the
+suggestion, and before his wounds were healed went back.
+
+
+AFTER JOHN MORGAN.
+
+In July, 1863, while Colonel Hayes, under superior officers and in
+connection with other forces, was engaged in skirmishing, scouting, and
+harassing the enemy in Southwestern Virginia, an episode occurred which
+illustrates his force and decision of character and energy in action.
+Happening to ride to Fayetteville, a distance of fifteen miles from
+camp, to learn the news, he was startled by the telegraph operator with
+the intelligence that John Morgan was in Ohio, and was at that moment
+making for Gallipolis to recross the Ohio river. Here was a cry of help
+from home. His own State invaded, and his own friends and kindred in
+danger! His decision was instantaneous to go to the rescue. He sent over
+the wires to his adjutant, then at Charleston, the message: "Are there
+any steamboats at Charleston?" And being informed there were two, he
+instantly ordered them to be sent to Luke creek, the highest navigable
+point on the Kanawha. Colonel Hayes then galloped back to camp, and,
+after bringing all his powers of persuasion to bear, succeeded in
+getting permission to take two regiments and a section of artillery, and
+go in pursuit of Morgan. In thirty minutes after the orders were read to
+the soldiers, the column was on its march. The road was mountainous, the
+darkness dense, the route almost impassable, but the Kanawha river was
+reached at the break of day. The steamers were both in sight, and on
+these the eager men and the artillery were embarked. By daylight the
+next morning this timely succor was at Gallipolis. That town was saved
+from a rebel raid, and the hot pursuit of John Morgan commenced. Warned
+by spies, he had turned his retreat in the direction of Pomeroy. Hayes
+re-embarked his force, and steamed up after him. Again disembarking his
+men, Hayes came in collision with the raider, who retreated after
+getting a taste of the quality of his adversary. But Morgan being beset
+on all sides was forced to surrender, and was made a prisoner with many
+of his men. Their next raiding was done from the inside to the outside
+of the walls of the Ohio penitentiary.
+
+
+BATTLE OF CLOYD MOUNTAIN.
+
+In the spring of 1864, General Crook moved with an army of about six
+thousand men to cut the main lines of communication between Richmond and
+the great Southwest. In this expedition Colonel Hayes commanded a
+brigade. General Crook, who is called "Gray Fox" by the warriors of
+Sitting Bull, is one of the shrewdest generals in the world in the way
+of tricking an enemy. On this expedition he marched up the Kanawha, and
+sent his music and one regiment toward the White Sulphur Springs, while
+his army went the other way. He charged his music to make noise enough
+for an army of ten thousand. The enemy, who were fortified on the road
+by which Crook's army was actually to pass, left Fort Breckenridge, and
+marched off fifty or sixty miles in the direction that Crook's band of
+music had gone. His army then hurried on, and marched right into the
+fort without firing a shot. To have taken it without stratagem would
+have cost much delay and many lives. In the meantime, the enemy hurried
+back, and, collecting an army under General Jenkins, fortified a
+position on the crest of Cloyd mountain. The base of the mountain was
+skirted with a stream of water two or three feet deep, and the approach
+to it was through a meadow five or six hundred yards wide. The enemy,
+who were strongly entrenched, opened upon Crook's force so soon as it
+reached the road that was within range of their artillery. It was
+evident the fortifications could not be carried without very determined
+fighting. A small force, after making a stout struggle, dropped back
+repulsed. Crook ordered Colonel Hayes' brigade to cross Cloyd's meadow,
+charge up the hill, and take the batteries. Hayes formed in the edge of
+the woods, and marched out with as perfect a line as ever was formed on
+parade. He moved on, and was soon under fire. The enemy opened heavily,
+bringing down men along the whole line. A slow double-quick was ordered,
+the alignments being kept good until the edge of the woods was reached.
+
+The fortifications could not be seen. There was only in sight a woody
+hill, and below it a stream to cross. Hayes, the brigade following,
+dashed through the creek to the foot of the last hill, which was so
+steep that the cannon could not be depressed sufficiently to damage
+them. After halting for a minute to take breath, the brigade charged,
+with a terrific yell, up the hill. The instant they passed the curve of
+the hill, as fearful a fire met them as men are ever called to face. The
+whole line seemed falling, officers and men going down by scores. But
+not a man stopped; all who were not hit went on. Hayes shouted to his
+men to push on to the enemy's works. They were carried by assault, many
+of the enemy being bayoneted beneath ingenious barricades that they
+deemed impregnable. The enemy were killed or driven out, and their
+cannon captured. For ten minutes it was a desperate, give-and-take,
+rough-and-tumble fight. The artillerymen attempted to reload when the
+assaulting party was not ten paces distant. The enemy retreated to a
+second ridge of the mountain, and made a determined effort to form a
+line, but the pursuit was too hot for the effort to be successful.
+Reinforcements arriving, they endeavored to make a third stand, but were
+easily driven off in full retreat. Thus ended the battle on the
+mountain, where the enemy's fort on its summit was carried by storm.
+
+
+BATTLE OF WINCHESTER.
+
+What is known as the first battle of Winchester, fought July 24, 1864,
+illustrates the pluck and endurance of Hayes under disaster. Here, as in
+the last battle, he commanded a brigade in a division of General Crook's
+army, of West Virginia. Two brigades, under Colonel Mulligan and Colonel
+Hayes, were ordered to go out and meet what was supposed to be a
+reconnaissance in force of the enemy. Hayes was ordered to join his
+right on Mulligan's left, and charge with him. They were to attack
+whatever there was in front. They could see only two skirmish lines in
+front. Hayes soon saw appearances of the enemy off on the left. Mulligan
+was informed there were signs of an enemy forward on the right.
+Indications were correct. The enemy were coming down upon them in
+overpowering force on both flanks and in front. Mulligan said his orders
+were to go forward, and he was going forward. Hayes thought it was as
+well to go forward as to go any other way, as there could be but one
+result. Soon after charging, the enemy opened a deadly fire with
+artillery on the left flank, and infantry close in front. In five
+minutes Colonel Mulligan fell, pierced with five balls. The enemy had
+double the force in front, and overlapped the right flank a quarter of a
+mile. This was a better place to be out of than in. The lines melted
+away under the destructive fire. The deafening roar of artillery and
+musketry prevented all commands from being heard. The Hayes brigade fell
+slowly back to a hill inaccessible to cavalry. There it formed, and held
+back the yelling pursuers. At this point Lieutenant-Colonel Comly was
+wounded. The cavalry, whose failure to furnish information of the
+presence of the enemy had brought on the disaster, had disappeared from
+the scene. Colonel Hayes' brigade, which was exposed to the cavalry of
+the enemy, marched in a half square, fighting steadily in front and on
+both flanks. Once the brigade was concealed in a belt of woods until the
+enemy's cavalry came within pistol-shot, when the whole line suddenly
+rose and poured its fire into their ranks. After that, the pursuit
+ceased. From morning until midnight, Colonel Hayes, having lost his
+horse, was fighting and encouraging his men on foot, saving his command
+from annihilation, and displaying personal bravery of the highest order.
+
+
+BATTLE OF BERRYVILLE.
+
+This was one of the fiercest fights of the war. It was between a South
+Carolina and Mississippi division, under General Kershaw, and six
+regiments of the Kanawha division.
+
+The occasion of this battle was this: Sheridan sent a body of cavalry to
+get in the rear of Early's army and cut off his supplies. To do this
+there were two roads up the pike--one through Winchester and one ten
+miles east of Winchester. Ten miles east of this place, through
+Berryville, was the enemy's headquarters, and Sheridan's object was to
+throw a force past them which would turn and strike them in the rear. In
+order to protect that body so that it could get back again--not be cut
+off on its line of retreat--Crook was ordered to take possession of the
+pike where the road from Winchester crosses it. The enemy, understanding
+the plan, moved to take possession of the same crossing. They first
+attacked with a small force, and were driven back. Being reinforced,
+they drove back in turn the regiments in advance of the Union force.
+Colonel Hayes had a line a quarter of a mile long sheltered behind a
+terrace wall, the ground in front being level with the top of the wall.
+He sat on his horse watching the tumultuous advance of the enemy. The
+Union advance lines, being driven back in precipitate retreat, ran right
+over Hayes' brigade. The enemy followed close on their heels. Hayes let
+them get within two rods, when the whole brigade rose, and with a yell
+delivered a deadly volley at the enemy's legs. They then jumped upon the
+terrace and charged bayonet, driving the pursuing enemy back like a
+flock of sheep. He pushed them to their second or reserve lines, where
+they rallied at dark, and stubbornly maintained their ground.
+
+Colonel Hayes' brigade went at double quick pace into action, their
+leader at the head of the column. The Twenty-third and Thirty-sixth
+Ohio, and the Fifth and Thirteenth Virginia, constituted at this time
+his brigade. From dark until almost ten o'clock the cannonading was
+continuous and the fighting terrible. Hayes, although never more exposed
+to danger, enjoyed the grand illumination and the thrilling excitement.
+Both divisions withdrew at the same hour, and the engagement was not the
+next day renewed. In this short action Colonel Hayes, by his courage and
+gallantry, added to his popularity as an officer among both officers and
+men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+FROM MAJOR TO MAJOR-GENERAL.
+
+     _Opequan--Morass--First Over--Intrepidity--Official
+     Reports--Assault on Fisher's Hill--Battle of Cedar Creek--Commands
+     a Division--Promoted on Field--His Wounds--A Hundred Days under
+     Fire._
+
+
+BATTLE OF OPEQUAN.
+
+Sheridan's battle of Winchester, or Opequan, was fought on the 19th of
+September, 1864. The battle had a bad beginning, but a glorious ending.
+There were five hours of staring disaster, and five of inspiring
+victory. Sheridan, in assuming the offensive, in September, was
+compelled to fight Early in the latter's chosen and particularly
+advantageous position, at the mouth of a narrow ravine near Winchester.
+
+Concerning the earlier, or disastrous part of the engagement, it is
+sufficient for our present purpose to say that Sheridan moved all except
+one corps of his entire army down this gorge, deployed in the valley
+beyond, fought a bloody fight, and was driven back in confusion along
+his line of advance. At noon the enemy were rejoicing over the victory,
+and their friends in Winchester were jubilant. The reserves of Sheridan
+were sent for. General Crook, in person, brought the reserve corps into
+action at one o'clock. He made for the enemy's left flank, and pushed
+direct for a battery on their extreme left. The brigade of Colonel Hayes
+was in front, supported by Colonel White's old brigade. The order was
+to walk fast, keep silent until within one hundred yards of the guns,
+and then with a yell charge at full speed. These brigades had passed
+over a ridge and were just ready to begin the rush, when they came upon
+a deep morass, forty yards wide, with high banks. The enemy's fire now
+broke out with fury. Of course the line stopped. To stop was death, to
+go on was probably the same; but the order was "Forward." Colonel Hayes
+was the first to plunge in; but his horse, after frantic struggling,
+mired down hopelessly in the middle of the boggy stream. He sprang off
+and succeeded in reaching the enemy's side. The next man over was
+Lieutenant Stearne, adjutant of the Thirty-sixth Ohio.
+
+Shot and shell were falling in the water as they crossed, and were still
+falling. When Hayes regained the opposite bank he motioned rapidly, with
+his cap in hand, for his men to come over. Some held back, but many
+plunged into the bog, and struggled across to their leader. Some sank to
+their chins while holding their arms and ammunition over their heads.
+Before fifty men had gotten over, Hayes shouted: "Men, right up the
+bank," and there were the rebel batteries without any support. So the
+artillerymen were bayoneted in the act of loading their guns. They never
+dreamed that any Union force could cross the barrier before them. The
+batteries were captured, the enemy's position successfully flanked, and
+his whole force driven back five hundred yards to a second line of
+defense. Here, strongly posted, he delivered a fearfully destructive
+fire. The advancing line was brought to a standstill by the storm of
+grape and balls. Officers in advance were falling faster than others,
+but all were suffering. Things began to look dark. At the most critical
+moment, a large body of Sheridan's splendid cavalry, with swords drawn,
+wound slowly around the right, then at a trot, and finally, with shouts,
+at a gallop, charged right into the rebel lines. Hayes, now in command
+of the division, his division commander having fallen, pushed on, and
+the enemy in utter confusion fled. Crook's command carried the forts
+which covered the heights, and Hayes led the advance of that command.
+His division entered Winchester in pursuit of Early far in advance of
+all other troops. The spirit of Early's brave army was broken. Its loss
+in this battle was nearly seven thousand men.
+
+The day following the battle of Opequan, Stanton telegraphed Sheridan:
+"Please accept for yourself and your gallant army the thanks of the
+President and the department for your great battle and brilliant victory
+of yesterday." An official report of Colonel Comly, commanding the
+Twenty-third Ohio, thus refers to Colonel Hayes, division commander: "He
+is everywhere exposing himself recklessly, as usual. He was the first
+one over the slough; he has been in advance of the line half the time
+since; his adjutant-general has been severely wounded; men are dropping
+all around him; but he rides through it all as if he had a charmed
+life."
+
+
+FISHER'S HILL.
+
+The assault on South Mountain, or Fisher's Hill, occurred on the 22d of
+September, three days after the battle of Opequan. Sheridan was in hot
+pursuit of Early, and had followed him up the Shenandoah valley,
+overtaking him in position at Fisher's Hill. This is a ridge stretching
+across the valley where it is only about three miles wide. There is a
+creek running in front of the ridge. Early had fortified the ridge, and
+was in strong position. Sheridan was disposed to attack him in front,
+trusting to the demoralization from the recent defeat for an easy
+victory.
+
+Crook insisted upon trying to turn their left flank. It was finally
+determined that it could be done. He was ordered to take Hayes'
+division, which led the advancing column. Crook and Hayes rode side by
+side at the head of the men. Pretty soon Crook and every officer, except
+Hayes, dismounted. The latter had a horse that could go wherever a man
+could. The command went up mountains, pushed their way through woods,
+and slid down ravines and gorges. When the enemy's left was supposed to
+be passed, they turned by the flank and bore down on his rear. Hayes
+galloped down a ravine, flanked by mountains, until he came right upon
+the enemy's guns. He rode back, ordered his division to charge with a
+yell, and the enemy, seized with a panic, fled. The charge was one of
+great impetuosity, each man trying to reach the entrenchments first.
+Every gun was captured. The brilliancy of this victory consisted in
+flanking the enemy from the side of a mountain, where Early said only a
+crow could go. But Colonel Hayes climbed there on horseback, at the head
+of his command.
+
+
+CEDAR CREEK.
+
+On the 19th of October, 1864, was fought the battle of Cedar creek, so
+memorable in the annals of war. It wiped out Early and his army. It gave
+the rebel general Gordon a seat in the United States Senate. It made
+Sheridan lieutenant-general. It made Colonel Hayes a brigadier-general
+and Governor of Ohio.
+
+Sheridan, supposing Early's army too much broken by recent defeats to be
+dangerous, had gone on a visit to Washington, leaving his force in
+command of General Wright. It was posted near Middletown, in the rear of
+Cedar creek, and on both sides of the Winchester pike. Ten miles to the
+westward, beyond the creek, were the enemy's camps. Two things induced
+Early to risk one more battle--the absence of Sheridan, and his own
+reinforcement with twelve thousand men. Early left camp on the night of
+the 18th, and, passing round with his entire army between Massanutten
+mountain and the north fork of the Shenandoah, forded the Shenandoah at
+midnight, and noiselessly formed in line of battle in the rear and on
+the flank of the Union army. The plan of attack was a bold one, and
+seemed the inspiration of genius. The ford that gave the enemy a
+crossing, which should have been well guarded by cavalry, was stupidly
+left exposed. At daylight, while Thoburn's division were sleeping in
+their camps, Early's onslaught was made. Generals Gordon, Pegram,
+Kershaw, and Wharton charged with the rebel yell upon the left rear of
+Crook's entire command. The assault, under the circumstances, was
+inevitably successful, and the whole Union force was hurled back on the
+Nineteenth corps and the Kanawha division, commanded by Colonel Hayes.
+The enemy overlapped both flanks, and pushed forward with irresistible
+impetuosity. Crook's command had already lost seven pieces of artillery,
+and was in rapid retreat. The men meeting the enemy's charge, knowing
+that they were outflanked and the enemy had gotten in their rear, fought
+desperately, but not hopefully. The whole line was pushed slowly back.
+Colonel Hayes, on seeing his right breaking up, rode over and with
+vehemence gave orders to stand firm. But the line melted away, leaving
+him alone and exposed. A whole volley came aimed at him, filling the air
+and killing his horse with twenty balls. The horse going at great speed
+when it fell, threw its rider with great violence to the ground,
+dislocating an ankle and badly bruising him from the head down. He rose,
+and though fired at by the pursuing enemy at forty paces, escaped
+further wounds or capture. Colonel Hayes procured the horse of his
+orderly, and with great exertion gradually brought his men to a stand.
+Here they were alternately preparing their breakfasts, and when orders
+were given, instantaneously forming lines.
+
+At ten o'clock the Union army received a reinforcement more powerful
+than was the enemy's of twelve thousand men. Sheridan had come, and with
+him confidence had come. He almost instantaneously inspired a beaten
+army with his own electric energy and unconquerable hope. "Boys, we must
+go back to our camps," he said; and they went. The army was recreated
+into a compact, advancing, aggressive organization. "The whole line will
+advance," said Sheridan, and it advanced.
+
+The enemy was charged a first and a second time, with infantry in the
+center and cavalry on the left and right. Custer's cavalry kept swooping
+down on the rebel flank, gathering them in as a sickle gathers grain.
+The gallant Colonel Hayes, too modest to seek promotion, though long
+discharging the duties of a major-general, as commander of a veteran
+division, fought in the center, forcing back the rebel line to Cedar
+creek. Here it broke in confusion, abandoning seventy pieces of
+artillery, arms, camps, and transportation. The pursuit ceased not until
+there was no longer an enemy to pursue. Early this time "stayed
+whipped." In the Shenandoah valley he ceased to take much interest in
+subsequent events.
+
+It was on the field of this most complete victory of the war that
+Sheridan clasped the hand of Hayes and said: "Colonel, from this day
+forward you will be a brigadier-general." Ten days after the battle the
+commission came. The gallant Crook presented him with the insignia of
+his new rank, and he wore them. On March 13, 1865, he was promoted to
+the rank of brevet major-general "for gallant and distinguished services
+during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the
+battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia."
+
+General Hayes was wounded four times in battle. From one wound he has
+never entirely recovered. He was struck by a shell, just below the knee,
+while on horseback. He did not get off his horse at the time, but
+remained at the front throughout the battle. The wound now troubles him
+when ascending stairs. According to the excellent authority of
+Adjutant-General Hastings, Hayes was under fire sixty days in 1864. He
+must therefore have been exposed to death on one hundred days during the
+war.
+
+A soldier who would thus risk life and limb to preserve the Union is
+perhaps entitled to have something to say concerning the government of
+it. He who is willing to die for the republic, will see that the
+republic suffers no harm.
+
+The qualities of General Hayes as a soldier will be reviewed when we
+come to speak of his characteristics as a civil magistrate and as a
+man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+IN CONGRESS.
+
+     _Nomination--Refuses to Leave Army--Election
+     Incident--Election--Course in Congress--Services on Library
+     Committee--Votes on Various Questions--Submits Plan of
+     Constitutional Amendments--Re-nominated by Acclamation--Re-elected
+     by Increased Majority--Overwhelmed with Soldiers'
+     Letters--Character as Congressman._
+
+
+On the 6th of August, 1864, while General Hayes was absent from Ohio in
+the field, he was nominated by the Republican Convention of the Second
+Congressional District of Cincinnati for Congress. This was the result
+of the spontaneous action of his friends, and was brought about through
+their agency alone. The nomination was neither sought nor desired. The
+following extract from a letter written in camp, and bearing date July
+30, 1864, makes known the then existing state of the case:
+
+"As to the canvass that occurs, I care nothing at all about it; neither
+for the nomination nor for the election. It was merely easier to let the
+thing take its own course than to get up a letter declining to run, and
+then to explain it to everybody who might choose to bore me about it."
+
+The first information of the nomination for Congress was conveyed to
+General Hayes through the letter of a friend written the day after the
+convention met, which information was received on Monday, August 22d,
+while preparing for battle, and on the same day he did a "good thing" in
+the way of taking prisoners while charging on the rebel lines. Two days
+after, with the enemy in front, he wrote this "private" letter on the
+subject of going home to canvass:
+
+     CAMP OF SHERIDAN'S ARMY,
+
+     NEAR CHARLESTOWN, VA., _August_ 24, 1864.
+
+     FRIEND S.:--Your favor of the 7th came to hand on Monday. It was
+     the first I had heard of the doings of the Second District
+     Convention. My thanks for your attention and assistance in the
+     premises. I cared very little about being a candidate, but having
+     consented to the use of my name I preferred to succeed. Your
+     suggestion about getting a furlough to take the stump was certainly
+     made without reflection. An officer fit for duty who at this crisis
+     would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought
+     to be scalped. You may feel perfectly sure I shall do no such
+     thing. We are, and for two weeks past have been, in the immediate
+     presence of a large rebel army. We have skirmishing and small
+     affairs constantly. I am not posted in the policy deemed wise at
+     headquarters, and can't guess as to the prospects of a general
+     engagement. The condition and spirit of this army are good and
+     improving. I suspect the enemy are sliding around us toward the
+     Potomac. If they cross we shall pretty certainly have a meeting.
+
+     Sincerely,
+
+     R. B. HAYES.
+
+An incident of this canvass caused at the time it occurred intense
+feeling and indignation. The Democrats were having a large mass meeting
+in Cincinnati, with an immense procession. Among the banners or
+transparencies carried in the procession was one large,
+coarsely-executed affair, representing General Hayes dodging bullets
+while running from the enemy. As Hayes was at that very moment at the
+front fighting the enemy, this assault in the rear was not deemed by
+Union-loving men to fall within the rules of legitimate political
+warfare. Some soldiers of the "Old Kanawha" division happening to be at
+home recovering from wounds, had their indignation aroused to such an
+uncontrollable pitch that they insisted upon ignominiously trampling
+down the libelous transparency and its bearer. They had seen General
+Hayes bare his breast a hundred times to the bullet-storm of battle, and
+thought they were better judges of what constituted courage than men who
+stayed at home occupying their time in passing resolutions that the war
+was a "failure." These old veteran comrades of Hayes were moving in
+compact line to charge on the procession, when a number of good
+citizens, in the interest of order and to prevent a riot, had the
+obnoxious banner removed. It is but just to say that Democrats of the
+better sort totally disapproved of this public indecency and excuseless
+outrage.
+
+During the canvass for Congress, and while in the thickest of the bloody
+fight at Opequan, the soldiers under General Hayes kept crying out: "We
+will gain a victory to-day, Colonel, and elect you to Congress;" "One
+more charge, and you go to Congress!" These brave defenders of the
+Republic well knew the effect of a Union victory upon a pending
+election. When the soldiers' vote was taken on Tuesday, the 11th of
+October, not a man in the Twenty-third or Thirty-sixth Ohio regiment
+voted the Democratic ticket, and but fifty-three voted the Peace ticket
+in the entire division commanded by General Hayes. The result of his
+first contest for Congress, or rather candidacy, for there was no
+contest on his part, was his triumphant election by a majority of two
+thousand four hundred and fifty-five votes. His competitor was Joseph
+C. Butler, a banker, capitalist, and most respectable gentleman. Eight
+days after the election, the battle of Cedar Creek was fought, so that
+the news of two victories came to the faithful soldier at the same time.
+Conducting a congressional campaign on the front, rear, and flanks of
+the enemy, worked well. To Hayes the cause of the Union was such a
+sacred cause that he could not cease fighting the enemies of that Union
+so long as there remained an armed enemy to fight.
+
+The war being ended, he took his seat on the first day of the first
+session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, which assembled December 4, 1865.
+Among the able or notable men in that Congress were Shellabarger,
+Bingham, Schenck, Spaulding, and Garfield, from Ohio, and Thad. Stevens,
+Conkling, Kerr, E. B. Washburne, A. H. Rice, Raymond, Niblack, John A.
+Griswold, Farnsworth, Orth, Cullom, Dawes, Blaine, Voorhees, and
+Randall, from other States. The first session was mainly occupied with
+the question of reconstruction. The central questions during the
+subsequent sessions were those growing out of the impeachment of
+President Johnson. General Hayes voted consistently with his party on
+these two classes of questions. He was the only new member, except one,
+who was given the chairmanship of a committee, being placed at the head
+of the joint committee of the House on Library. The other members were
+Wm. D. Kelley, of Pennsylvania, and Calvin T. Hurlburd, of New York. As
+chairman of the committee on the Library of the United States, to employ
+the language of its accomplished librarian, he had "a clear discernment
+and quick apprehension of all things that needed to be done;" he "threw
+his influence in favor of the most liberal and permanent improvement."
+
+During his term of service on the committee, the Library was expanded by
+the addition of two wings, increasing threefold its space. The "Force
+Historical Library" was added, to the acquisition of which General Hayes
+devoted months of zealous labor. It is now one of the most valuable
+parts of the great Library. He procured in the House the passage of the
+Senate bill to transfer the Library of the Smithsonian Institution to
+the Library of Congress. He introduced a joint resolution to extend the
+privileges of the Library to a larger class of public officers. He
+reported back and recommended the passage of a copyright bill for
+securing to the Library copies of all books, pamphlets, maps, etc.,
+published in the United States.
+
+In dealing with the subject of art while on this committee, Hayes showed
+artistic taste and judgment. He voted to reject works without merit,
+such as busts and portraits, and favored giving government commissions
+to real artists of conceded genius and established standing.
+
+One of the first votes of General Hayes in Congress was cast in favor of
+this resolution:
+
+"That the public debt created during the late rebellion was contracted
+upon the faith and honor of the nation; that it is sacred and inviolate,
+and must and ought to be paid, principal and interest; and that any
+attempt to repudiate or in any manner impair or scale the said debt
+should be universally discountenanced by the people, and promptly
+rejected by Congress if proposed."
+
+Early in the session a resolution was introduced "that the committee on
+appropriations be instructed to bring in a bill increasing the
+compensation of members of Congress." Mr. Hayes voted for Mr. E. B.
+Washburne's motion to lay the resolution on the table. This is the whole
+of his record on the back pay and front pay questions. General Hayes
+during the session voted for a resolution commending President Johnson
+for declining to accept presents, and condemning the practice as
+demoralizing in its tendencies and destructive of public confidence.
+This vote needs no explanation to enable it to be understood.
+
+He also submitted the following resolution, which was read, considered,
+and agreed to:
+
+"That the committee on military affairs be instructed to inquire into
+the expediency of providing by law for punishing by imprisonment or
+otherwise any person who, as agent or attorney, shall collect from the
+government money due to officers, soldiers, or sailors, or to their
+widows or orphans, for services in the army or navy, or for pensions or
+bounties, and who shall fraudulently convert the same to his own use;
+and to report by bill or otherwise."
+
+This was timely action aimed to remedy what has since become a gross
+abuse and most serious evil. Its purpose was to check robbery and secure
+to soldiers and sailors their own.
+
+In 1865, General Hayes submitted to leading Republicans in Congress, and
+subsequently to the Republican caucus, these resolutions, which became
+the basis of the action of the party:
+
+"_Resolved_, That it is the sense of the caucus that the best if not the
+only mode of obtaining from the States lately in rebellion guarantees
+which will be irreversible is by amendments of the national
+constitution.
+
+"_Resolved_, That such amendments to the national constitution as may be
+deemed necessary ought to be submitted to the house for its action at as
+early a day as possible, in order to propose them to the several states
+during the present sessions of their legislatures.
+
+"_Resolved_, That an amendment, basing representation on voters instead
+of population, ought to be promptly acted upon, and the judiciary
+committee is requested to prepare resolutions for that purpose, and
+submit them to the house as soon as practicable."
+
+When the ratification of the amendments taking their origin from these
+resolutions became a matter of supreme concern, Mr. Orth and Mr. Cullom,
+now the Republican candidates for Governor in Indiana and Illinois, in
+conjunction with Mr. Hayes, drafted the following letter, which was
+signed by Republican members of Congress and forwarded to Governor
+Brownlow, of Tennessee:
+
+"The undersigned members of Congress respectfully suggest, that, as
+Governor of the State of Tennessee, you call a special session of the
+legislature of your state, for the purpose of ratifying the
+constitutional amendment submitted by the present Congress to the
+several states for ratification, believing that upon such ratification
+this Congress will, during its present session, recognize the present
+state government of Tennessee and admit the state to representation in
+both houses of Congress."
+
+The session of the legislature was called, the fourteenth amendment
+ratified, and the Tennessee members admitted to seats in Congress in
+July, 1866. This ratification was the one required to render the
+amendment valid.
+
+In the fall of 1865, General Hayes delivered very earnest political
+speeches in about twenty counties in Ohio, in advocacy of the election
+of his military comrade, General Jacob D. Cox, as governor of the state.
+We find many of these speeches partially reported, and from one
+delivered in the West end, in Cincinnati, September 28, we take this
+extract:
+
+"The Democratic plan of reorganization is this: The rebels, having laid
+down their arms and abandoned their attempt to break up the Union, are
+now entitled, as a matter of right, to be restored to all the rights,
+political and civil, which they enjoyed before the rebellion, precisely
+as if they had remained loyal. They are to vote, to hold office, to bear
+arms, immediately and unconditionally. There is to be no confiscation
+and no punishment, either for leaders or followers--no amendment or
+change of the constitution by way of guaranty against future
+rebellion--no indemnity for the past, and no security for the future.
+The Union party objects to this plan, because it wants, before rebels
+shall again be restored to power, an amendment to the constitution which
+shall remove all vestiges of slavery, and an amendment which shall
+equalize representation between the States having a large negro
+population and the States whose negro population is small."
+
+In August, 1866, General Hayes received the endorsement of a
+re-nomination to Congress by acclamation. There was no opposing
+candidate. He entered at once into the canvass. He delivered a speech
+almost every afternoon or evening until the day of the election. He
+frequently spoke outside of his own district, to aid his friends. The
+questions at issue were the reconstruction measures of Congress and of
+President Johnson, and the merits of the new constitutional amendments.
+In a public speech delivered in the Seventeenth Ward, in Cincinnati,
+September 7, 1866, he discussed at great length the questions of the
+day. In conclusion he said:
+
+     "The Union party is prepared to make great sacrifices in the
+     future, as in the past, for the sake of peace and for the sake of
+     union, but submission to what is wrong can never be the foundation
+     of a real peace or a lasting union. They can have no other sure
+     foundation but the principles of eternal justice. The Union men
+     therefore say to the South: 'We ask nothing but what is right; we
+     will submit to nothing that is wrong.' With undoubting confidence
+     we submit the issue to the candid judgment of the patriotic people
+     of the country, under the guidance of that Providence which has
+     hitherto blessed and preserved the Nation."
+
+The canvass was an active and exciting one; but General Hayes was
+re-elected over a competitor of so high standing as Theodore Cook, by a
+majority of two thousand five hundred and fifty-six. It is noticeable
+that while there was a Republican loss of seven hundred in the first
+district, compared with the vote for Congressmen in 1864, in the second
+district there was a gain of one hundred over the vote of two years
+before.
+
+General Hayes took his seat in the Fortieth Congress, which convened
+March 11, 1867. He was re-appointed chairman of the library committee,
+with John D. Baldwin, of Massachusetts, and J. V. L. Pruyn, of New
+York, as associate members. General Hayes' three years in Congress were
+almost continuously employed in exacting labors in looking after the
+pensions and pay of soldiers, and in making provision for their
+families. Cincinnati had sent a great many soldiers into the war, and
+all who had wants sent their petitions to the only representative of
+Hamilton county who had served in the army. The soldiers of his old
+division, scattered over the country, sent their applications to him as
+a sympathizing friend. He had as many as seven hundred cases of this
+kind on hand at one time. His time was therefore necessarily consumed in
+running to the departments and in answering soldiers' correspondence.
+This service of love was of course gratuitously and most cheerfully
+rendered; but it withdrew him more or less from his duties on the floor
+of Congress.
+
+He was not consequently a speech-maker in Congress, but a business-doer.
+His innate good sense taught him that the public business was pushed
+forward, not by talking much, but by talking little. Like Schurz, who
+became the intellectual leader of the Senate, like Senator Edmunds and
+most strong men, he kept silent while new to the business of
+legislation. He was constantly consulted by the chief men in his party
+because he possessed that most essential quality in a public man--good
+judgment. He did no talking for himself, but an immense deal of working
+for others. Every soldier was his constituent, whether he lived in Maine
+or Nebraska. He placed self not first, but last.
+
+He had no thought of fame or higher place, but silently served those
+that loved him, and to the maimed or needy tried to make the burdens and
+loads of life lighter. He doubtless thought that "he who lives a great
+truth is incomparably greater than he who but speaks it."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+ELECTED GOVERNOR OF OHIO.
+
+     _Party of State Rights--Their Convention--Platform--Nomination of
+     Thurman--Republican Convention and Platform--Nomination of
+     Hayes--Platform--Opening Speech at Lebanon--Thurman at
+     Waverly--National Interest aroused--Hayes Victorious--
+     Inaugural--First Annual Message--Second Annual Message._
+
+
+The questions at issue in the great political canvass of 1867, in Ohio,
+were closely allied to the one whether the National Government had a
+constitutional right to maintain its existence. It was many years after
+the war of the Rebellion before the Democratic party could be induced to
+admit that the war had settled anything. The question of State or
+National supremacy or sovereignty, settled a hundred times by argument
+and twice by arms, was still persistently argued by them as an open
+question. The State Supremacy or State Rights party fought the
+constitution at the time of its adoption, on the ground that it
+established a supreme central government, and were defeated. They
+opposed putting down the Whisky Rebellion, in Pennsylvania, under the
+leadership of Jefferson and Randolph, and were outvoted in the Cabinet
+by Washington, Hamilton, and Knox. They forced their disintegration
+doctrines into the Supreme Court, and were there vanquished by the
+resistless logic of Chief Justice Marshall. The same old doctrine
+assumed the form of nullification under the teachings of Calhoun in
+South Carolina, and was stamped out by Jackson. It appeared again in the
+great debate between Hayne and Webster, and was annihilated, so far as
+argument can put an end to any heresy. But it reappeared in 1861, with
+Davis, Stephens, Lee, and Breckenridge as its most powerful advocates
+and exponents.
+
+The identical questions discussed in Washington's Cabinet, when there
+was a Whisky Insurrection to be put down, were discussed by Lincoln and
+Davis, by Meade and Lee, at Gettysburg, and by Grant and Pemberton, at
+Vicksburg. Is a State or is the Republic supreme, has been the central
+question dividing parties for a hundred years. The Democracy are still
+talking about "sovereign and independent states," as if there were more
+than one sovereign State on the continent--the Republic itself.
+
+The Democratic State Convention, which met at Columbus, January 8, 1867,
+forgetting that "war legislates," continued harping on the old State
+Rights theme. The temporary chairman of the convention, Dr. J. M.
+Christian, varied the monotony a little when he elegantly said: "We have
+come here not only to celebrate an honored day, but to nominate men of
+noble hearts, determined to release the State from the thralldom of
+niggerism, and place it under the control of the Democratic party."
+
+Mr. George H. Pendleton, the permanent chairman, delivered a rhetorical
+State rights speech, in which he said: "The Democratic party has always
+maintained the rights of the States as essential to the maintenance of
+the Union."
+
+The platform or resolutions of the convention, reported by Mr. C. L.
+Vallandigham, contained a great deal of the same sort of thing,
+supplemented with this resolution: "That the Radical majority in the
+so-called Congress have proved themselves to be in favor of negro
+suffrage by forcing it upon the people of the District of Columbia,
+against their almost unanimous wish, solemnly expressed at the polls; by
+forcing it upon the people of all the territories, and by their various
+devices to coerce the people of the South to adopt it; that we are
+opposed to negro suffrage, believing it would be productive of evil to
+both whites and blacks, and tend to produce a disastrous conflict of
+races."
+
+The convention nominated, by acclamation, Hon. Allen G. Thurman for
+Governor. Judge Thurman had served one term in Congress and five years
+upon the Supreme Bench of the State, and was a gentleman of high
+personal character, and a lawyer of extended reputation and commanding
+abilities.
+
+The Republican State Convention assembled at Columbus, June 19, 1867, to
+nominate candidates for governor, lieutenant-governor, and other State
+officers. The three candidates most talked of for governor were Hon.
+Samuel Galloway, Adjutant-General B. R. Cowen, and General Hayes, then
+representing the Second District in Congress. Mr. Galloway had served in
+Congress, had long been one of the most active members of the Republican
+party, and was popular because of his abilities as a stump speaker.
+General Cowen had devoted much time to the organization of the State in
+his own interest as a candidate, and was possessed of considerable
+managing ability. Public opinion, however, in Northern, Southern, and
+Western Ohio had concentrated upon General R. B. Hayes before the
+convention met. The times seemed to demand a military man for leader,
+and, in the language of the Cincinnati _Commercial_, there were "no
+better military records than his, if they are to be rated by brave,
+faithful, steadfast service." General J. D. Cox was not a candidate for
+re-nomination. General Hayes was the idol of the soldiers. As early as
+1865, his old division, while he himself was absent on a distant field
+of duty, held a meeting between skirmishes with the enemy, and passed
+resolutions nominating him for Governor of Ohio for the canvass of that
+year. The soldiers went so far as to send circulars to the different
+counties of the State, embodying their resolutions. When General Hayes
+first heard of these proceedings he gave immediate and peremptory
+instructions to have them stopped. He forbade the use of his name in
+such connection, on pain of his permanent displeasure.
+
+The Convention of June, 1867, was almost imprudently courageous in the
+enunciation of sound, but then unpopular, principles. It placed the
+Republican party "on the broad platform of impartial manhood suffrage as
+embodied in the proposed amendment to the State Constitution," and
+appealed to the "intelligence, justice, and patriotism of the people of
+Ohio to approve it at the ballot-box." The platform emphasized the
+point--always well taken--that the United States is a Nation.
+
+On this platform General Hayes was nominated for Governor on the first
+ballot, receiving two hundred and eighty-six votes to two hundred and
+eight cast for Mr. Galloway. The nomination was accepted for him by a
+friend in his absence. The honor which came to him unsought was borne
+with the modesty of a soldier.
+
+On the evening of the nominations, Mr. Fred. Hassaurek delivered in
+Columbus a very able speech in favor of manhood equality, in the course
+of which he said: "The men who now lead and officer the Democratic party
+are the most dangerous enemies of the country, of its peace, prosperity,
+and welfare. Let both sections of the country unite to give a final,
+crushing blow to the influence of Democratic leaders. Let the serpent be
+fully expelled from Paradise, and our country will soon be a Garden of
+Eden again."
+
+General Hayes, having resigned his seat in Congress, opened the campaign
+of '67 in a comprehensive speech, delivered at Lebanon, August 5,
+aggressive in tone and full of bristling points. It was equivalent to a
+charge along the whole of the enemies' line--a species of tactics which
+he had learned the advantage of in the valley of the Shenandoah. We
+refer the reader to this clear, resolute, vigorous speech, reprinted in
+full in the Appendix, for the grounds upon which the Republican leader
+demanded a popular verdict against his political adversaries. The speech
+showed that he deserved the eulogies of the press which followed his
+nomination, among which were those of Colonel Donn Piatt--a judge of
+ability, to say the least--who had written: "The people will find his
+utterances full of sound thought, and his deportment modest, dignified,
+and unpretending.... Possessed of a high order of talent, enriched by
+stores of information, General Hayes is one of the few men capable of
+accomplishing much without any egotistical assertion of self." General
+James M. Comly had said: "More than four years' service in the same
+command gave the writer ample opportunity to know that no braver or more
+dashing and enterprising commander gave his services to the Republic
+than General Hayes. He was the idol of his command. No man of his
+soldiery ever doubted when he led. In principle he is as radical as we
+could desire. His vote has been given in Congress on every square issue
+for the right. He is no wabbler or time-server. He no more dodges votes
+than he did bullets."
+
+Judge Thurman--now Senator A. G. Thurman--opened the campaign on the
+Democratic side in an elaborate speech, delivered at Waverly, August
+5th, and reported in the Cincinnati _Commercial_ of August 6th. He
+vigorously defended the course and action of the Peace Democracy in
+Ohio, and assailed Mr. Lincoln and his administration with an
+extravagance of language that weakened the force of many of his
+arguments during the campaign. He intemperately asserted that there was
+"scarcely a provision of the Constitution" that had not been
+"shamelessly and needlessly trampled under foot" by "these enemies of
+our Government," including as "enemies" the Congress and Cabinet that
+supported and maintained the war for the Union. These and other
+unfortunate allusions, such as that to the "poison of Abolitionism,"
+enabled General Hayes to effectively retort at Sidney, and at other
+points. So much of the Sidney speech as refers to Judge Thurman's
+Waverly speech is reproduced in our Appendix.
+
+The contest waxed warm between these able antagonists, and the number of
+speeches that each delivered was only limited by his powers of physical
+endurance. Meetings were held night and day, from the beginning until
+the close of the canvass. Much more than the governorship was involved.
+A United States Senator, for six years, was to be chosen by the incoming
+Legislature. But, above all, the vital principle of manhood suffrage,
+and the righteousness or unrighteousness of the war to preserve the
+Union, were issues to be decided.
+
+As the contest grew in magnitude it aroused a national interest. Morton,
+Julian, Orth, and Governor Baker came from Indiana to aid Hayes in the
+struggle; Shelby M. Cullom, and John A. Logan from Illinois; Schurz from
+Missouri; Governor Harriman from New Hampshire; Chandler from Michigan;
+and Gleni W. Schofield from Pennsylvania. The home talent--and no State
+ever had more--was in the field in force. There were men of conceded
+abilities, such as Aaron F. Perry, Shellabarger, Hassaurek, W. H. West,
+Judge Storer, and John A. Bingham, and men of reputation like Governors
+Cox and Dennison, Galloway, John C. Lee, and Senators Wade and Sherman,
+who manifested the most earnest interest in the canvass.
+
+Judge Thurman was not so ably seconded, although Vallandigham,
+Pendleton, Ranney, H. J. Jewett, Durbin Ward, George W. McCook, Frank H.
+Hurd, and other well-known leaders contributed aid to the extent of
+their ability.
+
+In this canvass General Hayes gave proofs of that boldness and moral
+audacity for which he is remarkable. In every community in which he went
+he was besought by committee-men, soldiers, and others, to say nothing
+about the suffrage amendment. Negro suffrage, at that time, was
+exceedingly unpopular. He rejected, with some feeling, these timid
+counsels. He maintained, everywhere, the inherent justice of equality at
+the polls and before the law, and insisted that the man who was willing
+to give up his life for the Union should have a voice in its government.
+By this bold course he made votes for the amendment, but lost votes for
+himself. The result of the campaign had this peculiar feature, that
+while General Hayes and the Republican State ticket were elected, the
+main issue of the contest was defeated by fifty thousand majority. The
+prejudices of a hundred years could not be removed in a hundred days.
+Had Judge Thurman and his aids concentrated the fire of their batteries
+upon the suffrage redoubt--the weak point in their adversaries'
+lines--they would probably have gained a sweeping victory. As it was,
+Thurman carried the Legislature, and secured a seat in the United States
+Senate. General Hayes was elected by the small majority of two thousand
+nine hundred and eighty-three votes, running somewhat ahead of his
+ticket.
+
+He was inaugurated as Governor of Ohio, in the rotunda of the Capitol,
+January 13, 1868. On that occasion, in the presence of the Legislature
+and judicial departments of the State Government, and a large concourse
+of citizens, he delivered the following inaugural address:
+
+     _Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, and
+     Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     The duty devolved on the governor by the constitution of
+     communicating by message to the General Assembly the condition of
+     the State, and of recommending such measures as he deems
+     expedient, has been performed at the present session by my
+     predecessor, Governor Cox, in a manner so thorough and
+     comprehensive that I do not feel called upon to enter upon a
+     discussion of questions touching the administration of the State
+     government.
+
+     I can think of no better reward for the faithful performance of the
+     duties of the office which I am about to assume than that which, I
+     believe, my immediate predecessor is entitled to enjoy,--the
+     knowledge that in the opinion of his fellow-citizens of all parties
+     he has, by his culture, his ability, and his integrity, honored the
+     office of Governor of Ohio, and that he now leaves it with a
+     conscience satisfied with the discharge of duty.
+
+     I congratulate the members of the General Assembly that many of the
+     questions which have hitherto largely engaged the attention of the
+     law-making power, and divided the people of the State, have, in the
+     progress of events, either been settled, or, in the general
+     judgment of the people, been transferred for investigation and
+     decision to the National government. The State debt, taxation, the
+     currency, and internal improvements, for many years furnished the
+     prominent topics of discussion and controversy in Ohio. In the year
+     1845 the State debt reached its highest point. It amounted to
+     $20,018,515.67, and in the same year the total taxable property of
+     the State was $136,142,666. With a disordered currency, with
+     business prostrated, with labor often insufficiently rewarded, the
+     burden of this debt was severely felt, and questions in regard to
+     it naturally entered into the partisan struggles of the time. Now
+     the State debt is $11,031,941.56; the taxable property of the State
+     amounts to $1,138,754,779; and there is no substantial difference
+     of opinion among the people as to the proper mode of dealing with
+     this subject.
+
+     State taxation was formerly the occasion of violent party contests.
+     Now men of all parties concur in the opinion that, as a general
+     rule, every citizen ought to be taxed in proportion to the actual
+     value of his property, without regard to the form in which he
+     prefers to invest it; and differences as to the measures by which
+     the principle is practically applied rarely enter into political
+     struggles in Ohio.
+
+     Party conflicts and debates as to State laws in relation to banking
+     and the currency constitute a large part of the political history
+     of the State. But the events of the last few years have convinced
+     those who are in favor of a paper currency that in the present
+     condition of the country it can best be furnished by the National
+     Government, either by means of National banks or in the form of
+     legal tender treasury notes. State legislatures are therefore
+     relieved from the consideration of this difficult and perplexing
+     subject.
+
+     Internal improvements made by State authority, so essential to
+     growth and prosperity in the early history of the State, no longer
+     require much consideration by the General Assembly. Works of a
+     magnitude too great to be undertaken by individual enterprise will
+     hereafter be, for the most part, accomplished by the government of
+     the Nation.
+
+     The part which patriotism required Ohio to take in the war to
+     suppress rebellion demanded important and frequent acts of
+     legislation. Fortunately the transactions of the State growing out
+     of the war have been, or probably can be, closed under existing
+     laws, with very little, if any, additional legislation.
+
+     If not mistaken as to the result of this brief reference to a few
+     of the principal subjects of the legislation of the past, the
+     present General Assembly has probably a better opportunity than any
+     of its predecessors to avoid the evil of too much legislation.
+     Excessive legislation has become a great evil, and I submit to the
+     judgment of the General Assembly the wisdom of avoiding it.
+
+     One important question of principle as old as our State government
+     still remains unsettled. All are familiar with the conflicts to
+     which the policy of making distinctions between citizens in civil
+     and political rights has given rise in Ohio. The first effort of
+     those who opposed this policy was to secure to all citizens
+     equality of civil rights. The result of the struggle that ensued is
+     thus given by an eminent and honored citizen of our State: "The
+     laws which created disabilities on the part of negroes in respect
+     of civil rights were repealed in the year 1849, after an obstinate
+     contest, quite memorable in the history of the State. Their repeal
+     was looked upon with great disfavor by a large portion of the
+     people as a dangerous innovation upon a just and well-settled
+     policy, and a vote in that direction consigned many members of the
+     legislature to the repose of private life. But I am not aware that
+     any evil results justified these apprehensions, or that any effort
+     was ever made to impose the disabilities. On the contrary, the new
+     policy, if I may call it so, has been found so consistent with
+     justice to the negroes and the interests of the whites that no
+     one--certainly no party--in Ohio, would be willing to abandon it."
+
+     An effort to secure to all citizens equal political rights was made
+     in the State constitutional convention of 1851. Only thirteen out
+     of one hundred and eight members in that body voted in its favor;
+     and it is probable that less than one-tenth of the voters of the
+     State would then have voted to strike the word "white" out of the
+     constitution.
+
+     The last General Assembly submitted to the people a proposition to
+     amend the State constitution so as to abolish distinctions in
+     political rights based upon color. The proposition contained
+     several clauses not pertinent to its main purpose, under which, if
+     adopted, it was believed by many that the number of white citizens
+     who would be disfranchised would be much greater than the number of
+     colored citizens who would be allowed the right of suffrage.
+     Notwithstanding the proposition was thus hampered, it received
+     216,987 votes, or nearly forty-five per cent of all the votes cast
+     in the State. This result shows great progress in public sentiment
+     since the adoption of the constitution of 1851, and inspires the
+     friends of equal political rights with a confident hope that in
+     1871, when the opportunity is given to the people, by the
+     provisions of the constitution, to call a constitutional
+     convention, the organic law of the State will be so amended as to
+     secure in Ohio to all the governed an equal voice in the
+     government.
+
+     But whatever reasonable doubts may be entertained as to the
+     probable action of the people of Ohio on the question of an
+     extension of the right of suffrage when a new State constitution
+     shall be formed, I submit with confidence that nothing has occurred
+     which warrants the opinion that the ratification by the last
+     General Assembly of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of
+     the United States was not in accordance with the deliberate and
+     settled convictions of the people. That amendment was, after the
+     amplest discussion upon an issue distinctly presented, sanctioned
+     by a large majority of the people. If any fact exists which
+     justifies the belief that they now wish that the resolution should
+     be repealed, by which the assent of Ohio was given to that
+     important amendment, it has not been brought to the attention of
+     the public. Omitting all reference to other valuable provisions, it
+     may be safely said that the section which secures among all the
+     States of the Union equal representation in the House of
+     Representatives and in the electoral colleges in proportion to the
+     voting population, is deemed of vital importance by the people of
+     Ohio. Without now raising the grave question as to the right of a
+     State to withdraw its assent, which has been constitutionally given
+     to a proposed amendment of the Federal constitution, I respectfully
+     suggest that the attempt which is now making to withdraw the assent
+     of Ohio to the fourteenth amendment to the Federal constitution be
+     postponed until the people shall again have an opportunity to give
+     expression to their will. In my judgment, Ohio will never consent
+     that the whites of the South, a large majority of whom were lately
+     in rebellion, shall exercise in the government of the Nation as
+     much political power, man for man, as the same number of white
+     citizens of Ohio, and be allowed in addition thereto thirty members
+     of Congress and of the electoral colleges, for colored people
+     deprived of every political privilege.
+
+     In conclusion, I am happy to be able to adopt as my own the
+     sentiments so fitly expressed by the speaker of the House of
+     Representatives of the present General Assembly. I sincerely hope
+     that the legislation of the General Assembly and the administration
+     of the State government in all its branches may be characterized by
+     economy, wisdom, and prudence; that statesmanship, patriotism, and
+     philanthropy may be manifest in every act, and that all may be done
+     under the guidance of that Providence which has hitherto so
+     signally preserved and blessed our State and Nation.
+
+Certain principles are laid down in this address. One is that every
+citizen ought to be taxed in proportion to the actual value of his
+property. Another is that too much legislation is an evil to be avoided.
+A third is that equality of civil rights justly belongs to all citizens,
+notwithstanding the vote at the recent election to the contrary; and a
+fourth, that representation according to voting population is a sound
+principle, and the people of Ohio must stand by the Fourteenth Amendment
+to the National Constitution. The Democratic legislature were
+endeavoring to withdraw Ohio's previous ratification. This admirable
+address needs no further comment.
+
+Governor Hayes took an active part in the State canvass of 1868, being
+assisted by Hon. James G. Blaine, who spoke with marked effect in
+Columbus, October 9th.
+
+At the session of the legislature in November, 1868, the governor
+delivered his first annual message.
+
+     _Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     Upon your assembling to enter again upon the duty of legislating
+     for the welfare of the people of Ohio, the Governor is required by
+     the constitution to communicate to you the condition of the State,
+     and to recommend such measures as he shall deem expedient. The
+     reports of the executive officers of the State, and of the heads of
+     the State institutions, are required by law to be made to the
+     Governor on or before the 20th day of November of each year. Since
+     that date, sufficient time has not elapsed for the publication of
+     the reports, and I shall therefore not be able, at the opening of
+     your present session, to lay before you a detailed exposition of
+     the affairs of the various departments of the State government. It
+     will be my purpose in this communication to invite your attention
+     to a few brief suggestions in relation to some measures which are
+     deemed important, and which may be considered and acted upon, if
+     you think it advisable, in advance of the publication of the
+     official reports.
+
+     The financial affairs of the State government are in a satisfactory
+     condition. The balance in the treasury on the 15th of November,
+     1867, was $677,990.79; the receipts during the last fiscal year
+     were $4,347,484.82; making the total amount of funds in the
+     treasury, during the year, $5,025,475.61.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $4,455,354.86; which
+     sum has been paid out of the treasury from the several funds, as
+     follows, viz:
+
+     General revenue fund                            $1,518,210.35
+     Canal fund                                          14,939.39
+     National road fund                                  18,829.36
+     Sinking fund                                     1,472,226.33
+     Common school fund                               1,426,868.80
+     Bank redemption fund                                    16.95
+     Soldiers' claims fund                                3,781.68
+     Soldiers' allotment fund                               482.00
+         Balance in treasury, November 15, 1868         570,120.75
+                                                      ------------
+     Total                                            5,025,475.61
+
+
+     The amount of the public funded debt, November
+         15, 1867, was                              $11,031,941.56
+
+     During the year, the redemptions were--
+     On the loan of 1860              $14,650.67
+     Of foreign union loan of 1868    191,166.00
+     Of domestic loan of 1868         136,088.13
+     Of loan of 1870                  157,361.33
+                                      ----------    499,266.13
+                                                    ----------
+     Debt outstanding, November 15, 1868        $10,532,675.43
+
+     Small temporary appropriations are required as promptly as
+     practicable for each of the following objects, the existing
+     appropriations having been exhausted, viz: Expenses of the
+     Presidential election; expenses of the General Assembly, trustees
+     of benevolent institutions, care of state-house, gas for
+     state-house, expenses of legislative committees, binding for the
+     State, and the new idiotic asylum.
+
+     In pursuance of an act passed March 18, 1867, a board of
+     commissioners, consisting of Aaron F. Perry, of Hamilton county,
+     Charles E. Glidden, of Mahoning county, and James H. Godman,
+     auditor of State, was appointed by my predecessor, Governor Cox,
+     whose duty it was "to revise all the laws of this State relating to
+     the assessment and taxation of property, the collection,
+     safe-keeping, and disbursement of the revenues, and all the laws
+     constituting the financial system of the State," and to report
+     their proceedings to the next session of the General Assembly. The
+     report of the commission was laid before you at your last session.
+     It disclosed many imperfections and inconsistencies in the existing
+     legislation touching the finances and the urgent necessity for an
+     elaborate revision of that legislation. Their report was
+     accompanied by eight separate bills, consolidating the present
+     laws, removing contradictions, and supplying defects, but
+     introducing no radical change in the general principles of our
+     financial system. These bills have already been somewhat considered
+     by both branches of the General Assembly, but no definite action
+     upon them has yet been had. I respectfully recommend an early
+     consideration of the bills, and their adoption, with such
+     amendments as, in your judgment, the public interests may require.
+
+     The destruction of the central lunatic asylum by fire, during the
+     night of the 18th inst., causing the death, by suffocation, of six
+     of the patients, and incalculable distress and suffering to the
+     remainder, will require investigation and prompt action on your
+     part. In rebuilding the asylum, the erection of a fire-proof
+     building will occur to you as alike the suggestion of prudence and
+     humanity.
+
+     This calamity also suggests the propriety of examining the
+     condition of the other institutions of the State, with a view to
+     providing them with every proper means of security against a
+     similar disaster.
+
+     The interests of common school education, in my opinion, will be
+     promoted by the early adoption of county superintendency, as
+     provided in a bill on that subject now pending in one branch of the
+     General Assembly. I therefore earnestly recommend the consideration
+     and passage of the bill.
+
+     The commissioner of common schools is required, in the discharge of
+     his duties, to pay out each year, for traveling expenses, about
+     $700. The propriety of refunding to him, out of the State treasury,
+     his traveling expenses, will probably not be called in question.
+
+     During the last summer, a cattle disease, commonly known as the
+     Spanish or Texas cattle fever, occasioned much alarm in the grazing
+     counties of the State, and in a few localities caused serious loss.
+     On the recommendation of the State board of agriculture, in the
+     absence of effective legislation, it was deemed proper to appoint
+     commissioners to take such measures as the law authorized to
+     prevent the spread of the disease. A proclamation was issued to
+     prevent, as far as practicable, the introduction, movement, or
+     transportation of diseased cattle within the limits of the State.
+     The railroad companies and the owners of stock promptly complied
+     with the requirements referred to, and the injury sustained by the
+     cattle interest was happily not extensive. It is believed that,
+     upon investigation, it will be found necessary to confer, by law,
+     upon a board of commissioners appointed for that purpose, or upon
+     the executive committee of the State board of agriculture, power to
+     "stamp out" the disease wherever it appears, by destroying all
+     infected cattle, and to prohibit or regulate the transportation or
+     movement of stock within the State during the prevalence of the
+     disease. To the end that proper investigation may be had, I
+     respectfully recommend that authority be given to appoint five
+     commissioners to attend a meeting of commissioners of other States,
+     to be held for the consideration of this subject, at Springfield,
+     Illinois, on the 1st of December next--said commissioners to report
+     the results of their investigation in time for action by the
+     present General Assembly.
+
+     I submit to your consideration the importance of providing for a
+     thorough and comprehensive geological survey of the State. Many
+     years ago a partial survey was prosecuted under many difficulties
+     and embarrassments, which was fruitful of valuable results. It is,
+     beyond doubt, that such a work as it is now practicable to carry
+     out will, by making known the mining, manufacturing, and
+     agricultural resources of the State, lead to their development to
+     an extent which will, within a few years, amply reimburse the State
+     for its cost.
+
+     The annual report of pardons granted and the commutations of the
+     sentences of convicts required by law; a statement in detail of the
+     expenditure of the governor's contingent fund; the semi-annual
+     report of the commissioners of the sinking fund, for May; copies of
+     proclamations issued during the last year; and an acknowledgment of
+     the presentation to the State of several of the portraits of former
+     governors of Ohio, are transmitted herewith.
+
+     The most important subject of legislation which, in my judgment,
+     requires the attention of the General Assembly at its present
+     session, relates to the prevention of frauds upon the elective
+     franchise. Intelligent men of all parties are persuaded that at the
+     recent important State and National elections great abuses of the
+     right of suffrage were practiced. I am not prepared to admit that
+     the reports commonly circulated and believed in regard to such
+     abuses, would, so far as the elections in Ohio are concerned, be
+     fully sustained by a thorough investigation of the facts. But it is
+     not doubted that even at the elections in our own State frauds were
+     perpetrated to such an extent that all good citizens earnestly
+     desire that effective measures may be adopted by you to prevent
+     their repetition. No elaborate attempt to portray the consequences
+     of this evil is required. If it is allowed to increase, the
+     confidence of the people in the purity of elections will be lost,
+     and the exercise of the right of suffrage will be neglected. To
+     corrupt the ballot box is to destroy our free institutions. Let all
+     good citizens, therefore, unite in enacting and enforcing laws
+     which will secure honest elections.
+
+     I submit to your judgment the propriety of such amendments to the
+     election laws as will provide, first, for the representation of
+     minorities in the boards of the judges and clerks of the elections;
+     and second, for the registration of all the lawful voters in each
+     township, ward, and election precinct, prior to the election.
+
+     That the boards of elections ought to be so constituted that
+     minorities as well as majorities will have a fair representation in
+     them, is so plainly just that in some parts of the State, even in
+     times of the highest political excitement, such representation has
+     been obtained, in the absence of law, by arrangement between the
+     committees of the rival political parties. It is not probable that
+     any mode of selecting judges and clerks of elections can be adopted
+     which will, in every case, accomplish this object. But in all cases
+     where the strength of the minority is half, or nearly half as great
+     as that of the majority, the desired representation of the minority
+     may be insured with sufficient certainty by several different
+     plans. For example, it may be provided that at the election of the
+     three judges who are to decide all questions at the polls, each
+     elector may be allowed to vote for two candidates only, and that
+     the three candidates having the highest number of votes shall be
+     declared elected, and in like manner that, at the election of the
+     two clerks of elections, each elector may vote for one candidate
+     only, and that the two candidates receiving the highest number of
+     votes shall be declared elected.
+
+     I do not lay much stress on the particular plan here suggested, but
+     your attention is invited to the importance of a fair
+     representation of the minority in all boards of elections, not
+     doubting that your wisdom will be able to devise a suitable measure
+     to accomplish it.
+
+     All parts of the State of Ohio are now so closely connected with
+     each other, and with other States, by lines of railway, that great
+     and constantly increasing facilities are afforded for the
+     perpetration of the class of frauds on the elective franchise,
+     commonly known as "colonizing." In the cities, men called
+     "repeaters," it is said, are paid wages according to the number of
+     unlawful votes they succeed in casting at the same election.
+
+     The increase of population adds to the difficulty of detecting and
+     preventing fraudulent voting, in whatever mode it may be practiced.
+     It is manifestly impossible, amid the hurry and excitement of an
+     election, that the legal right to vote, of every person who may
+     offer his ballot, should be fully and fairly investigated and
+     decided. The experience of many of the older States has proved that
+     this can best be done at some period prior to the election, so as
+     to give to every legal voter, in an election precinct, an
+     opportunity to challenge the claim of any person whose right is
+     deemed questionable. Laws to accomplish this have been in force in
+     several other States for many years, and have been carried out
+     successfully and with the general approval of the people. Believing
+     that an act providing for the registration of all legal voters is
+     the most effective remedy yet devised for the prevention of frauds
+     on the sacred right of suffrage, and that a registry law can be so
+     framed that it will deprive no citizen, either native born or
+     naturalized, of his just rights, I respectfully recommend to your
+     earnest consideration the propriety of enacting such a law.
+
+The comprehensive geological survey of the State recommended in this
+message was promptly brought about through the able co-operation of the
+Hon. Alfred E. Lee, representing Delaware county in the House of
+Representatives, who drew up and reported a bill on February 9, 1869,
+making provision for the important object in view. Through the
+intelligent activity of Governor Hayes and Representative Lee, the bill
+became a law, April 2, 1869. The thorough scientific survey of the
+State, since completed under the supervision of Professors Newbury,
+Andrews, and Orton, has been of immeasurable value in the way of
+developing the mineral resources of Ohio.
+
+Governor Hayes in this message demands laws to secure honest elections,
+because "to corrupt the ballot-box is to destroy our free institutions."
+He recommends laws securing the representation of minorities on election
+boards, and advocates stringent registry laws.
+
+In the second annual message, delivered at the close of his first term,
+which we give below, he recommends increased powers to the State board
+of charities; better provision for the chronic insane; the establishment
+of a State agricultural college; the founding of a home for soldiers'
+orphans, and restoring the right of suffrage to soldiers in the national
+asylum, to college students, and others who had been disfranchised under
+Democratic legislation. He urged also the ratification by Ohio of the
+Fifteenth Amendment. We shall speak of the gratifying result of these
+recommendations in our next chapter.
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     In obedience to the constitution, I proceed to lay before you the
+     condition of the affairs of the State government, and to recommend
+     such measures as seem to me expedient.
+
+     The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November, 1868 was
+     $570,120.75; the receipts during the last fiscal year were
+     $4,781,614.49; making the total amount of available funds in the
+     treasury during the year ending November 15, 1869, $5,351,735.24.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $4,913,675.10, which
+     sum has been paid out of the treasury from the several funds as
+     follows, viz:
+
+     General revenue fund      $1,577,221.18
+     Canal fund                    41,783.74
+     National road fund            22,069.69
+     Sinking fund               1,775,938.52
+     Common school fund         1,496,633.80
+     Bank redemption fund              28.17
+                                ------------
+     Total                     $4,913,675.10
+
+     Leaving a balance in the treasury, November 15, 1869, of
+     $438,060.14.
+
+     The estimates of the auditor of State of receipts and expenditures
+     for the current year are as follows:
+
+     Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances  $4,791,144.50
+     Estimated disbursements for all purposes                  4,477,899.60
+                                                               ------------
+     Leaving an estimated balance in the treasury
+     November 15, 1870, of                                      $313,244.90
+
+     The amount of the public funded debt of the State, November 15,
+     1868, was $10,532,675.43. During the last year the fund
+     commissioners have redeemed of the various loans $516,093.57, and
+     have invested in loans not yet due $160,643.59, leaving the total
+     debt yet to be provided for $9,855,938.27.
+
+     The whole amount of taxes, including delinquencies, collectible
+     under State laws during the year 1869 was $21,006,332.44. The
+     auditor of State reports the total amount of taxes, including
+     delinquencies, collectible during the current year at
+     $22,810,675.84, an increase of the taxes of 1870 over 1869 of
+     $1,804,353.40.
+
+     In 1869 there was collected for the sinking fund, to be applied to
+     the payment of the principal and interest of the State debt, the
+     sum of $1,370,101.12. In the present year there will be collected
+     for the same purpose the sum of $808,826.61, or $561,275.51 less
+     than was collected last year.
+
+     A large proportion of the taxes collected from the people are for
+     county, city, and other local purposes, and do not pass through the
+     State treasury, but are disbursed within the counties where they
+     are collected. During the current year the taxes, exclusive of
+     delinquencies, to be collected for all State purposes except for
+     the common school fund, amount to $2,542,025.27, while
+     $18,187,400.92 are to be collected for local purposes.
+
+     The foregoing statements from the report of the auditor of State
+     show that the taxation of this year for State purposes other than
+     for payments on the principal and interest of the State debt
+     exceeds the taxation of last year for the same purposes by the sum
+     of $609,601.50, and that taxation for local purposes this year
+     exceeds that of last year for the same purposes by the sum of
+     $1,695,725.38. The local taxes this year are about 44 per cent.
+     greater than they were three years ago, and are 10 per cent.
+     greater than they were last year.
+
+     The increase of taxation for State purposes is in part due to the
+     amount collected for the asylum building fund, which exceeds the
+     amount required last year for building purposes by almost $300,000.
+     Making due allowance for this, the important fact remains that both
+     State and local taxes have largely increased.
+
+     A remedy for this evil can only be had through the General
+     Assembly. The most important measures to prevent this rapid
+     increase of taxation, which have heretofore been recommended, are a
+     revision of the financial system of the State in accordance with
+     bills prepared by a board of commissioners appointed for that
+     purpose, in pursuance of an act passed March 18, 1867; short
+     sessions of the General Assembly; adequate fixed salaries for all
+     State, county, and municipal officers, without perquisites; and
+     definite and effectual limitations upon the power of county
+     commissioners, city councils, and other local authorities to levy
+     taxes and contract debts.
+
+     The constitution makes it the duty of the legislature to restrict
+     the powers of taxation, borrowing money, and the like, so as to
+     prevent their abuse. I respectfully suggest that the present laws
+     conferring these powers on local authorities require extensive
+     modification, in order to comply with this constitutional
+     provision. Two modes of limiting these powers have the sanction of
+     experience. All large expenditures should meet the approval of
+     those who are to bear their burden. Let all extraordinary
+     expenditures therefore be submitted to a vote of the people, and no
+     tax be levied unless approved by a majority of all the voters of
+     the locality to be affected by the tax, at a special election, the
+     number of voters to be ascertained by reference to the votes cast
+     at the State election next preceding such special election. Another
+     mode is to limit the rate of taxation which may be levied and the
+     amount of debt which may be incurred. It has been said that with
+     such restrictions upon the powers of local authorities the
+     legislature will be importuned and its time wasted in hearing
+     applications for special legislation. The ready answer to all such
+     applications by local authorities will be to refer them to their
+     own citizens for a decision of the question. The facility with
+     which affirmative votes can be obtained under the pressure of
+     temporary excitement upon propositions authorizing indebtedness may
+     require further restrictions upon the power to borrow money. It is
+     therefore suggested, for your consideration, to limit the amount of
+     debt for a single purpose, and the total amount for all purposes
+     which any local authority may contract to a certain percentage of
+     the taxable property of such locality.
+
+     The evils here considered are not new. Fourteen years ago Governor
+     Medill, in his annual message, used the following language, which
+     is as applicable to county and municipal affairs now as it was when
+     it was written: "The irresponsible and extravagant system of
+     administration which prevails in some of our counties and cities
+     furnishes the principal cause for the exactions which are so
+     generally complained of. There public contracts are given to
+     favorites, which occasion the most lavish expenditures. There also
+     we find officers with incomes which shock all correct ideas of
+     public compensation. These things have their effect upon the
+     general tone of public morals. County reform is a duty enjoined by
+     every consideration of public virtue."
+
+     The whole of this important subject is commended to your candid
+     consideration.
+
+     The management of the affairs of the penitentiary, during the past
+     year, has been good; discipline has been maintained; under kind and
+     judicious treatment the prisoners have been industrious and
+     orderly, and the pecuniary results are satisfactory. The number of
+     prisoners, on the 31st of October, 1869, was 974, and the number of
+     convicts admitted during the year ending on that day was 347. This
+     is a decrease compared with the preceding year, of 27 in the
+     number of convicts admitted, and of 67 in the number confined in
+     the penitentiary.
+
+     The earnings during the year ending October 31,
+     were                                                   $175,663.06
+     The expenses were                                       143,635.83
+                                                             ----------
+     Excess of earnings over expenditures                    $32,027.23
+
+     Last year the earnings were                            $171,037.45
+     The expenses were                                       141,794.95
+                                                             ----------
+     And the excess of earnings over expenses
+     were                                                    $29,242.50
+
+     A large proportion of the convicts, when admitted, are quite young.
+     The age of about one-third does not exceed twenty-one years. More
+     than two-thirds of the inmates of the prison are now under thirty
+     years of age. It will occur to any one who considers these facts
+     that, under our system of prison discipline, too little effort has
+     heretofore been made to reform these young men. A high authority
+     has said, "No human being is so debased and wicked that he can not
+     be reclaimed." It is believed that, under a wise system, the young,
+     at least, can be reformed and prepared for useful and worthy
+     citizenship. The present system has two capital defects--the
+     mingling in intimate association of the young with the hardened
+     criminals, and the failure to educate the convicts in habits of
+     thrift and self-control. The defects are in the system. The
+     convict, when he leaves the penitentiary, is exposed to greater
+     temptations than ever before, and the result of his prison life is
+     that he has less power to resist evil influences, and, too often,
+     less disposition to resist them. I do not enlarge upon the
+     objections to the present system; it is not claimed to be
+     reformatory. In a recent report, the directors said: "The great
+     mass of convicts still leave the penitentiary apparently as
+     hardened and as dangerous to the State as they were when they were
+     sentenced." The vital question is, how to remove this reproach on
+     our penal legislation. In considering it, I commend to you the
+     remarks of the board of State charities on the Irish convict
+     system. The distinguishing merit of that system is, that "it
+     enlists the co-operation of the prisoner in his own amendment,
+     without withholding from him the punishment due to his crime." If
+     the adoption of that system, with such modifications as our
+     condition requires, is deemed an experiment which it is inexpedient
+     for the State to try until its advantages are better understood, I
+     submit that the least that ought now to be attempted is to provide
+     for a classification of convicts, so as to separate beginners in
+     crime from hardened offenders. Whether this can best be done by
+     alterations and an extension of the present penitentiary or by the
+     erection of a new one, is for your wisdom to determine.
+
+     In several other States voluntary associations have been formed to
+     provide for, encourage, and furnish employment to discharged
+     convicts, and their efforts have been of incalculable benefit to
+     this unfortunate class. If a similar association should be formed
+     by the benevolent citizens of Ohio, they will reasonably expect to
+     receive proper assistance from the General Assembly, and in that
+     expectation I trust they will not be disappointed.
+
+     The total number of persons of school age in the State, in 1869,
+     was officially reported at 1,028,675--an increase of 11,108 over
+     the previous year. The total number enrolled in the public schools
+     in 1869 was 740,382--an increase of 8,610 over the year 1868. The
+     average daily attendance in the public schools in 1869 was
+     434,865--an increase over 1868 of 24,144.
+
+     The total taxes for schools, school buildings, and all other
+     purposes, the present fiscal year, is $6,578,196.83--an increase
+     over the taxation of the previous fiscal year of $616,795.68. Of
+     this increase of taxation, the sum of $17,833.86 is in the State
+     taxation for school purposes, and the sum of $598,991.82 is the
+     increase of local school taxation.
+
+     The State commissioner of common schools, in his report, will
+     recommend the adoption of county superintendency, the substitution
+     of township boards of education to provide for the present system
+     of township and sub-district boards, a codification of school laws
+     and other important measures, to which your attention is
+     respectfully called.
+
+     Prior to the organization of the board of state charities in 1867,
+     there was no provision for a systematic examination of the
+     benevolent and correctional institutions under the control of the
+     State and local authorities. The members of the board serve without
+     pecuniary compensation. It is simple justice to them to say that
+     they have faithfully performed the thankless task of investigating
+     and reporting the defects in the system and in the administration
+     of our charitable and penal laws, and have furnished in their
+     reports information and suggestions of great value. If it is true
+     that an abuse exposed is half corrected, it would be difficult to
+     overestimate their work. They have, their reports show, discovered
+     abuses and cruelties practiced, under color of law, in the midst of
+     communities noted for intelligence and virtue, which would disgrace
+     any age. Let the board be granted increased powers and facilities
+     for the discharge of their duties, and it will afford
+     security--perhaps the best attainable--to the people of the State,
+     that the munificent provision which the laws make for the poor and
+     unfortunate, will not be wasted or misapplied by the officials who
+     are charged with its distribution.
+
+     During the last year more than nine hundred persons, classed as
+     incurably insane, have been lodged in the county infirmaries, and
+     almost one hundred have been confined in the county jails. Besides
+     these a large number of the same class of unfortunates have been
+     taken care of by relatives or friends. The State should no longer
+     postpone making suitable provision for these unfortunate people.
+     The treatment they receive in the infirmaries and jails is always
+     of necessity unsuited to their condition, and is often atrocious.
+     To provide for them, I would not recommend an increase of the
+     number of asylums for the insane. It is believed by those best
+     acquainted with the subject, that both economy and the welfare of
+     the patients require that the chronic insane should be provided for
+     by additions to the asylums already built, or to those which are
+     now building. It is probable that in this way such patients can be
+     supported at less expense to the people of the State than in
+     infirmaries and jails. However this may be, their present condition
+     imperatively demands, and, I trust, will receive, the serious
+     consideration of the General Assembly. Although commonly classed as
+     incurable, it is quite certain that, by proper treatment, in
+     suitable institutions, the condition of all of them will be vastly
+     improved, and, it may well be hoped, that many of them can be
+     entirely cured.
+
+     The expediency of establishing an asylum for the cure of inebriates
+     has not been much considered in Ohio. The encouraging results
+     which are reported by the officers in charge of the State inebriate
+     asylum of New York, induce me to recommend that the General
+     Assembly provide for a full investigation of the subject.
+
+     The agricultural and mechanical college fund, created by the sale
+     of land-script issued to Ohio by the National government, amounted,
+     on the first instant, to $404,911.37-1/2. The State accepted the
+     grant out of which this fund has been created, February 10, 1864,
+     and is bound by the terms of acceptance, as modified by Congress,
+     to provide "not less than one college on or before July 2, 1872,
+     where the leading object shall be, without excluding other
+     scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics,
+     to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture
+     and the mechanic arts." The manner in which this fund shall be
+     disposed of has been amply considered by preceding General
+     Assemblies, and in the messages of my predecessors in the executive
+     office. I respectfully urge that such action be had as will render
+     this fund available for the important purposes for which it was
+     granted. It is not probable that further delay will furnish
+     additional information on any of the important questions involved
+     in its disposition. Much time and attention has been given to the
+     subject of the location of the college. No doubt it will be of
+     great benefit to the county in which it shall be established, but
+     the main object of desire with the people of the State can be
+     substantially accomplished at any one of the places which have been
+     prominently named as the site of the college. I therefore trust
+     that the friends of education will not allow differences upon a
+     question of comparatively small importance to the people at large
+     longer to postpone the establishment of the institution, in
+     compliance with the obligation of the State.
+
+     A large part of the work required to complete the "Soldiers'
+     Record," in pursuance of an act passed March 17, 1864, has already
+     been done, at an expense of about $8,000, and the propriety of
+     making an appropriation sufficient to enable the adjutant-general
+     to complete it is respectfully suggested for your consideration.
+
+     During the war for the Union, the people of this State acknowledged
+     their obligation to support the families of their absent soldiers,
+     and undertook to meet it, not as charity, but as a partial
+     compensation justly due for services rendered. The Nation is saved,
+     and the obligation to care for the orphans of the men who died to
+     save it still remains to be fulfilled. It is officially estimated
+     that three hundred soldiers' orphans, during the past year, have
+     been inmates of the county infirmaries of the State. It is the
+     uniform testimony of the directors of county infirmaries that those
+     institutions are wholly unfit for children; that in a majority of
+     cases they are sadly neglected; and that even in the best
+     infirmaries the children are subject to the worst moral influences.
+     Left by the death of their patriotic fathers in this deplorable
+     condition, it is the duty of the State to assume their
+     guardianship, and to provide support, education, and homes to all
+     who need them. The people of Ohio regret that this duty has been so
+     long neglected. I do not doubt that it will afford you great
+     gratification to give to this subject early and favorable
+     attention.
+
+     All agree that a republican government will fail, unless the purity
+     of elections is preserved. Convinced that great abuses of the
+     elective franchise can not be prevented under existing legislation,
+     I have heretofore recommended the enactment of a registry law, and
+     also of some appropriate measure to secure to the minority, as far
+     as practicable, a representation upon all boards of elections.
+     There is much opposition to the enactment of a registry law.
+     Without yielding my own settled convictions in favor of such a law,
+     I content myself, in this communication, with urging upon your
+     attention a measure of reform in the manner of conducting
+     elections, the importance and justice of which no one ventures to
+     deny. The conduct of the officers whose duty at elections it is to
+     receive and count the ballots, and to make returns of the result,
+     ought to be above suspicion. This can rarely be the case where they
+     all belong to the same political party. A fair representation of
+     the minority will go far, not only to prevent fraud, but, what is
+     almost of equal importance, remove the suspicion of fraud. I do not
+     express any preference for any particular plan of securing minority
+     representation in the boards of judges and clerks of elections.
+     Various modes have been suggested, and it will not be difficult to
+     adopt a means of attaining the desired result which will harmonize
+     with our system of election law.
+
+     The re-enactment of the law securing to the disabled volunteer
+     soldiers who are inmates of the National asylum, near Dayton, the
+     right of suffrage in the county and township in which said asylum
+     is located, which was repealed April 17, 1868, and the repeal of
+     the legislation of the last General Assembly, imposing special
+     restrictions upon the exercise of the right of suffrage by students
+     and by citizens having a visible admixture of African blood, are
+     measures so clearly demanded by impartial justice and public
+     sentiment that no argument in their support is deemed necessary.
+
+     I transmit herewith the report required by law of the pardons
+     granted during the year ending November 15, 1869, a report of the
+     expenditures of the Governor's contingent fund, copies of
+     proclamations issued during the year, and several communications
+     accompanying gifts to the State of portraits of former Governors.
+
+     The most important measure which it will be your duty to consider
+     at your present session is the proposed amendment to the
+     constitution of the United States. I do not feel called upon to
+     discuss its merits. The great body of that part of the people of
+     Ohio who sustain the laws for the reconstruction of the States
+     lately in rebellion believe that the fifteenth amendment is just
+     and wise. Many other citizens who would not support the amendment
+     if it was presented as the inauguration of a new policy, in view of
+     the fact that impartial suffrage is already established in the
+     States most largely interested in the question, now regard the
+     amendment as the best mode of getting rid of a controversy which
+     ought no longer to remain unsettled. Believing that the measure is
+     right, and that the people of Ohio approve it, I earnestly
+     recommend the ratification of the fifteenth amendment to the
+     constitution of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+SECOND ELECTION AS GOVERNOR.
+
+     _Re-nomination--Democratic Platform--Nomination of
+     Rosecrans--Declines--Pendleton Nominated--Hayes at
+     Wilmington--Election--Second Inaugural--Civil Service Reform--Short
+     Addresses--Letters--Annual Message--Democratic Estimate of
+     it--Davidson Fountain Address--Message of_ 1872--_Work
+     Accomplished._
+
+
+The State Convention of the Republican party of Ohio, which met at
+Columbus, June 23, 1869, nominated Governor Hayes for a second term by
+acclamation.
+
+So acceptable was his two years' administration of the chief executive
+office of the State, that no competitor entered the lists against him or
+contended with him for the nomination. On the question of his
+re-nomination the unanimity in his party was absolute. He appeared
+before the convention, in response to its invitation, and delivered the
+speech printed in the Appendix to this volume, which sounded the
+key-note of the campaign. We ask the reader to turn, at this point, to
+this speech, as it is impossible to epitomize it without filling as much
+space as is filled by the speech itself. The well-founded and
+well-supported charges he made against the Democratic Legislature of the
+State brought upon him the savage strictures of the Democratic partisan
+press, showing that he had penetrated the weak point in his adversaries'
+somewhat defenseless defenses.
+
+The Republican platform condemned the reckless expenditures of the
+Legislature, its efforts to disfranchise soldiers, students, and all
+having African blood in their veins, and squarely declared for the
+ratification of the fifteenth amendment.
+
+The Democratic Convention, which assembled July 7, 1869, denounced the
+fifteenth amendment, and had much to say about the reserved rights of
+the States. The platform contained these resolutions, which sound, at
+this day, like an inscription from the tombs of the Ptolemys:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the exemption from tax of over $2,500,000,000 in
+     government bonds and securities is unjust to the people and ought
+     not to be tolerated; and that we are opposed to any appropriation
+     for the payment of interest on the bonds until they are made
+     subject to taxation.
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the claims of the bondholders, that the bonds
+     which were bought with greenbacks, and the principal of which is by
+     law payable in currency, should nevertheless be paid in gold, is
+     unjust and extortionate; and, if persisted in, will inevitably
+     force upon the people the question of repudiation."
+
+Here we have the bald proposition to repudiate the interest on the
+public debt unless it is taxed contrary to law, as made known by
+repeated decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States; and
+secondly, the direct threat to repudiate the principal of the National
+debt unless it is paid off in broken promises to pay. As the greenback
+is simply a debt or a due bill, this paying debts with debts was a
+patentable discovery in the science of finance. Taken in connection with
+the declaration of Vallandigham in the canvass before, that the whole
+bonded debt should be immediately "paid" in greenbacks, the resolution
+simply meant that the war debt should not be paid at all. This robbing
+the men whose money saved the Republic was not acceptable then to the
+farmers and laborers of Ohio, and will probably not now be more
+acceptable to the capitalists of New York. It is well, however, to
+recall the antecedents of a party that first tried to get into power
+through discreditable expedients, before resorting to a declaration of
+honest principles in finance.
+
+The convention took a "new departure," and, putting aside Ranney and
+Pendleton, nominated General W. S. Rosecrans for governor, who was then
+absent from the country. This nomination was mainly brought about
+through the zealous efforts of Messrs. Vallandigham, Callen, and Baber.
+
+The opinions General Rosecrans entertained of his new-found friends were
+not favorable. In a letter dated February 3, 1863, from Murfreesboro,
+Tennessee, General Rosecrans, in speaking of the slave-holding
+insurgents, had used this language:
+
+     "Wherever they have the power they drive before them into their
+     ranks the Southern people, and they would also drive us. Trust them
+     not. Were they able they would invade and destroy us without mercy.
+     Absolutely assured of these things, I am amazed that any one could
+     think of 'peace on any terms.'
+
+     "He who entertains the sentiment is fit only to be a slave; he who
+     utters it at this time is, moreover, a traitor to his country, who
+     deserves the scorn and contempt of all honorable men."
+
+Rosecrans declined the nomination, and George H. Pendleton, after just
+enough hesitation to impart a proper value to his consent, consented to
+fill the vacant place at the head of the ticket.
+
+Governor Hayes, aided by Senator Morton, opened the active campaign in a
+speech delivered at Wilmington, August 12, devoted mainly to the
+discussion of National and State finances. In the course of this speech
+Governor Hayes said:
+
+     "When the rebellion broke out, what was its chance for success? It
+     had just one--a divided North. A divided North was its only chance.
+     A united North was bound to crush the rebellion within two years
+     after the firing on Sumter. A divided North encouraged the
+     aristocratic enemies of free government in every land to build
+     Alabamas and Shenandoahs that scourged the seas and swept away our
+     commerce from the ocean. A divided North encouraged the Emperor of
+     France to proclaim to everybody that sooner or later he proposed to
+     intervene. A divided North encouraged rebel leaders to believe that
+     sooner or later our armies must disband and come home.
+
+     "Now, I say to you that Pendleton was the selected and chosen
+     leader of the Peace Party of the Northwest--the leader of the party
+     that _made_ a divided North. They talk of the debt and the great
+     burden of taxation. We talked sadly of the loss of valuable lives
+     that went down in the storm of battle. I say to you that the fact
+     of a divided North doubled the debt and doubled the loss of
+     valuable lives."
+
+The campaign was an important one to Mr. Pendleton. Had he been
+successful he would undoubtedly have been the Democratic candidate for
+the presidency. A leading journal of the State said: "The gubernatorial
+contest is but a side-show. We are already entering upon the next
+presidential canvass, and Ohio is the key to the position."
+Nevertheless, Republican success was too certain to make the contest so
+warm a one as that of two years before. The State had been organized by
+townships and school districts and polled. So accurate was this poll
+that predictions as to the result, sealed and filed a week prior to the
+election by each of the members of the Republican State Executive
+Committee, the writer being one, varied only from two hundred to three
+thousand votes of the final result. Hayes' majority in '69 was 7,506--a
+little above the average majority. The canvass was fought largely upon
+the issue of the greenback payment of the debt. The Pendleton plan of
+indirect repudiation failed, and the rag infant was decently interred,
+to await an inglorious resurrection.
+
+Governor Hayes was re-inaugurated January 10, 1870, on which occasion he
+delivered the following address:
+
+     _Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:_
+
+     In the annual message transmitted to the General Assembly a few
+     days ago, a brief exposition of the condition of the State
+     government was given, and such measures were recommended as the
+     public good seemed to me to require. It will therefore not be
+     expected that on this occasion I should again discuss subjects
+     pertaining to the usual routine of legislation.
+
+     The most important questions concerning State affairs which in the
+     ordinary course of events will engage the attention of the people
+     of Ohio, during the term of office upon which I now enter, are
+     those which relate to the action of a Constitutional Convention
+     authorized to be called by a vote of the people at the October
+     election in 1871. The present organic law provides for submitting
+     to the electors of the State, once in twenty years, the question of
+     holding "a convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution."
+     It is no disparagement of the work of the last Constitutional
+     Convention to say that experience has already demonstrated the
+     wisdom of this provision. It would be strange, indeed, if the last
+     eighteen years had developed no defects in the constitution of
+     1851.
+
+     It is, perhaps, not improper at this time to call attention to some
+     of the amendments of the existing fundamental law which the next
+     Constitutional Convention will probably be required to consider.
+
+     The provision of the present constitution which prohibits the
+     General Assembly from authorizing "any county, city, town, or
+     township, by vote of its citizens or otherwise," from giving aid to
+     any "company, corporation, or association," was designed to remedy
+     an evil of the gravest magnitude. Unlimited power to authorize
+     counties, cities, and towns to subscribe to the stock of railroad
+     companies had burdened the people of the State with indebtedness
+     and taxation to an extent which threatened bankruptcy. Experience
+     has shown, however, that the clauses of the constitution on this
+     subject are so sweeping that they are almost equivalent to a
+     prohibition of the construction of railroads, except where those
+     who control the existing railroad lines furnish the means. In many
+     localities, the people are thus deprived of the only artificial
+     instrumentality for intercourse with other parts of the State and
+     country which is now regarded as valuable. By reason of it,
+     important sources of wealth in large sections of the State remain
+     undeveloped. It is believed that amendments can be framed, under
+     which effective local aid can be furnished for the building of
+     railroads, and which, at the same time, shall be so guarded and
+     limited as to prevent a dangerous abuse of the power.
+
+     For many years political influence and political services have been
+     essential qualifications for employment in the civil service,
+     whether State or National. As a general rule, such employments are
+     regarded as terminating with the defeat of the political party
+     under which they began. All political parties have adopted this
+     rule. In many offices the highest qualifications are only obtained
+     by experience. Such are the positions of the warden of the
+     penitentiary and his subordinates, and the superintendents of
+     asylums and reformatories and their assistants. But the rule is
+     applied to these as well as to other offices and employments. A
+     change in the political character of the executive and legislative
+     branches of the government is followed by a change of the officers
+     and employs in all of the departments and institutions of the
+     State. Efficiency and fidelity to duty do not prolong the
+     employment; unfitness and neglect of duty do not always shorten it.
+     The evils of this system in State affairs are, perhaps, of small
+     moment compared with those which prevail under the same system in
+     the transaction of the business of the National government. But at
+     no distant day they are likely to become serious, even in the
+     administration of State affairs. The number of persons employed in
+     the various offices and institutions of the State must increase,
+     under the most economical management, in equal ratio with the
+     growth of our population and business.
+
+     A radical reform in the civil service of the general government has
+     been proposed. The plan is to make qualifications, and not
+     political services and influence, the chief test in determining
+     appointments, and to give subordinates in the civil service the
+     same permanency of place which is enjoyed by officers of the army
+     and navy. The introduction of this reform will be attended with
+     some difficulties. But in revising our State constitution, if this
+     object is kept constantly in view, there is little reason to doubt
+     that it can be successfully accomplished.
+
+     Our judicial system is plainly inadequate to the wants of the
+     people of the State. Extensive alterations of existing provisions
+     must be made. The suggestions I desire to present in this
+     connection are as to the manner of selecting judges, their terms of
+     office, and their salaries. It is fortunately true that the judges
+     of our courts have heretofore been, for the most part, lawyers of
+     learning, ability, and integrity. But it must be remembered that
+     the tremendous events and the wonderful progress of the last few
+     years are working great changes in the condition of our society.
+     Hitherto population has been sparse, property not unequally
+     distributed, and the bad elements which so frequently control large
+     cities have been almost unknown in our State. But with a dense
+     population crowding into towns and cities, with vast wealth
+     accumulating in the hands of a few persons or corporations, it is
+     to be apprehended that the time is coming when judges elected by
+     popular vote, for short official terms, and poorly paid, will not
+     possess the independence required to protect individual rights.
+     Under the National constitution, judges are nominated by the
+     executive and confirmed by the Senate, and hold office during good
+     behavior. It is worthy of consideration whether a return to the
+     system established by the fathers is not the dictate of the highest
+     prudence. I believe that a system under which judges are so
+     appointed, for long terms and with adequate salaries, will afford
+     to the citizen the amplest possible security that impartial justice
+     will be administered by an independent judiciary.
+
+     I forbear to consider further at this time the interesting
+     questions which will arise in the revision and amendment of the
+     constitution. Convinced of the soundness of the maxim that "that
+     government is best which governs least," I would resist the
+     tendency common to all systems to enlarge the functions of
+     government. The law should touch the rights, the business, and the
+     feelings of the citizen at as few points as is consistent with the
+     preservation of order and the maintenance of justice. If every
+     department of government is kept within its own sphere, and every
+     officer performs faithfully his own duty without magnifying his
+     office, harmony, efficiency, and economy will prevail.
+
+     Under the providence of God, the people of this State have greatly
+     prospered. But in their prosperity they can not forget "him who
+     hath borne the battle, nor his widow, nor his orphan," nor the
+     thousands of other sufferers in our midst, who are entitled to
+     sympathy and relief. They are to be found in our hospitals, our
+     infirmaries, our asylums, our prisons, and in the abodes of the
+     unfortunate and the erring. The Founder of our religion, whose
+     spirit should pervade our laws, and animate those who enact and
+     those who enforce them, by His teaching and His example, has
+     admonished us to deal with all the victims of adversity as the
+     children of our common Father. With this duty performed, we may
+     confidently hope that for long ages to come our country will
+     continue to be the home of freedom and the refuge of the oppressed.
+
+     Grateful to the people of Ohio for the honors they have conferred,
+     I approach a second term in the executive office, deeply solicitous
+     to discharge, as far as in me lies, the obligations and duties
+     which their partial judgment has imposed.
+
+The most striking part of the address is that which relates to reform in
+the civil service of the State and the Nation. Governor Hayes proposes
+to reform the civil service of the State _by means of a constitutional
+provision in a new State constitution_. This method of reformation is
+radical, and, we believe, original. It suggests the pertinent query,
+whether reform in the civil service of the Nation can not be best
+accomplished through a new provision in the National constitution. Can
+permanency and stability be secured in the civil service of the Republic
+in any other certain way than by a constitutional amendment? Civil
+service reformers need hardly waste their time discussing methods and
+systems less radical and fundamental. It must be recorded to the honor
+of Governor Hayes that he, more than six years ago, suggested the only
+true solution to the civil service problem, by proposing to place that
+service beyond disturbance from the fluctuating fortunes of political
+parties. He has, therefore, been an advanced civil service reformer more
+than the sixteenth of a century; not, like Mr. Tilden, for six months
+prior to a presidential election.
+
+In December, 1869, he wrote to a friend in Congress: "We must have a
+genuine retrenchment and economy. The monthly reduction of the debt is
+of far more consequence than the reduction of taxation in any form. I
+hope, too, you will abolish the franking privilege and adopt the general
+principles of Trumbull's bill and Jencke's bill. It would please the
+people and be right and wise."
+
+It is hardly needful to add that the bills referred to were the best
+civil service bills then before Congress.
+
+In this same address, the governor boldly declares against the heresy of
+an elective judiciary, and favors the system established by Madison,
+Hamilton, and Washington, which has given us a Jay, a Story, and a
+Marshall.
+
+During the occupancy of his office as executive of the State, Governor
+Hayes, on a vast variety of occasions, was called upon to deliver
+speeches and addresses on all classes of subjects. These efforts are
+all admirable in their way, and give evidences of fine literary taste,
+great good judgment, and what Dickens called "a sense of the
+proprieties."
+
+We can find space for portions only of a few of these addresses. In an
+address of welcome on the occasion of the great exposition of textile
+fabrics, held in Cincinnati, in August, 1869, the governor of Ohio said:
+
+     "We meet at a most auspicious period in our country's history. Our
+     greeting and welcome to citizens of other States are 'without any
+     mental reservation whatever.' It is plain that we are entering upon
+     an era of good feeling, not known before in the life-time of the
+     present generation. For almost half a century the great sectional
+     bitterness which is now so rapidly and so happily disappearing, and
+     which we know can never be revived, carried discord, division, and
+     weakness into every enterprise requiring the united efforts of
+     citizens of different States. Now the causes of strife have been
+     swept away, and their last vestiges will soon be buried out of
+     sight. Good men will no longer waste their strength in mutual
+     crimination or recrimination about the past. The people of
+     different sections of our country will hereafter be able to act,
+     not merely with intelligence and energy, but with entire harmony
+     and unity; in any enterprise which promises an increase of human
+     welfare and human happiness.
+
+     "This association, then, is working in perfect accord with the
+     spirit of the times. The development of new resources, the opening
+     of new paths to skill and labor, the discovery of new methods, the
+     invention of new machinery and implements, and the employment of
+     capital in new and useful pursuits--these are the objects which
+     associations like this aim to accomplish. All who encourage these
+     things, and who desire to aid in such achievements, deserve a
+     hearty welcome wherever they may go, and will, I assure you, always
+     find it, as you do now, in the State of Ohio."
+
+Soon after the death of Secretary Stanton, and near the beginning of the
+governor's second term, a meeting of members of the Ohio bar was held
+in the room of the Supreme Court of Ohio, to take action with reference
+to the loss of their former associate and friend. On this occasion
+Governor Hayes said:
+
+     "I shall not undertake to describe the life and character and
+     services of Mr. Stanton. Few men--very few men--ever possessed such
+     learning, such intellect, such energy, such courage, such will,
+     such honesty, such patriotism, in one word, such manhood, as
+     belonged to him. All of his great powers and qualities he gave to
+     the performance of duty, and with them he gave also life itself.
+
+     "Our profession rejoices that Mr. Stanton was an eminent lawyer.
+     Our State rejoices that he was her great son. Our country and our
+     age may well rejoice that he lived in this age and in this country.
+     The members of our profession, the people of our State and of the
+     Nation, and all mankind do honor to themselves in striving to do
+     honor to the memory of such a man as Edwin M. Stanton."
+
+It can be readily understood why a robust, positive, hard-fighting
+soldier like Hayes, should so ardently give his admiration to a
+firm-sinewed, iron-nerved, masculine man like the great minister of war.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1870, the colored people of Central Ohio
+celebrated the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment at an immense meeting
+held in the opera house in Columbus. Governor Hayes, as their chosen
+orator, delivered the following brief address, which seems the
+inspiration of one who has the logic of history in his head and humanity
+in his heart:
+
+     FELLOW-CITIZENS:--We celebrate to-night the final triumph of a
+     righteous cause after a long, eventful, memorable struggle. The
+     conflict which Mr. Seward pronounced "irrepressible" at last is
+     ended. The house which was divided against itself, and which,
+     therefore, according to Mr. Lincoln, could not stand as it was, is
+     divided no longer; and we may now rationally hope that under
+     Providence it is destined to stand--long to stand the home of
+     freedom, and the refuge of the oppressed of every race and of every
+     clime.
+
+     The great leading facts of the contest are so familiar that I need
+     not attempt to recount them. They belong to the history of two
+     famous wars--the war of the Revolution and the war of the
+     Rebellion--and are part of the story of almost a hundred years of
+     civil strife. They began with Bunker Hill and Yorktown, with the
+     Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Federal
+     Constitution. They end with Fort Sumter and the fall of Richmond,
+     with the Emancipation Proclamation and the Anti-Slavery and Equal
+     Rights Amendments to the Constitution of the Nation. These long and
+     anxious years were not years of unbroken ceaseless warfare. There
+     were periods of lull, of truce, of compromise. But every lull was
+     short-lived, every truce was hollow, and every compromise, however
+     pure the motives of its authors, proved deceitful and vain. There
+     could be no lasting peace until the great wrong was destroyed, and
+     impartial justice established.
+
+     The history of this period is adorned with a long list of
+     illustrious names--with the names of men who were indeed "Solomons
+     in council and Sampsons in the field." At its beginning there were
+     Washington, Franklin, and Hamilton, and their compeers; and in the
+     last great crisis Providence was equally gracious, and gave us such
+     men as Lincoln, and Stanton, and George H. Thomas.
+
+     All who faithfully bore their part in the great conflict may now
+     with grateful hearts rejoice that it is forever ended.
+
+     The newly-made citizens who seem to carry off the lion's share of
+     the fruits of the victory--it is especially fitting and proper that
+     they should assemble to congratulate each other, and to be
+     congratulated by all of us that they now enjoy for the first time
+     in full measure the blessings of freedom and manhood.
+
+     Those, also, who have opposed many of the late steps in the great
+     progress--it is a satisfaction to know that so large a number of
+     them gracefully acquiesce in the decision of the Nation.
+
+     The war of races, which it was so confidently predicted would
+     follow the enfranchisement of the colored people--where was it in
+     the elections in Ohio last week? In a few localities the old
+     prejudice and fanaticism made, we hope, their last appearance.
+     There was barely enough angry dissent to remind us of the barbarism
+     of slavery which has passed away forever. Generally throughout the
+     State, and especially in the cities of Cincinnati, Cleveland,
+     Columbus, Dayton, and Toledo, where the new element is large, those
+     who strove to avert the result over which we rejoice, leaders as
+     well as followers, were conspicuous in setting an example of
+     obedience to the law.
+
+     Not the least among the causes for congratulation to-night is the
+     confidence we have that the enfranchised people will prove worthy
+     of American citizenship. No true patriot wishes to see them exhibit
+     a blind and unthinking attachment to mere party; but all good men
+     wish to see them cultivate habits of industry and thrift, and to
+     exhibit intelligence and virtue, and at every election to be
+     earnestly solicitous to array themselves on the side of law and
+     order, liberty and progress, education and religion.
+
+The following letters, written during 1870, have come under our
+observation. We reproduce them because they exhibit to some extent
+opinions and character.
+
+In one dated March 1, 1870, these passages occur:
+
+     "I also agree with you perfectly on the spoils doctrine. This you
+     would know if you had read my last inaugural. I am glad you do not
+     bore yourself with such reading generally, but you are in for it
+     now, as I shall send you a copy. I, too, mean to be out of
+     politics. The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment gives me the
+     boon of equality before the law, terminates my enlistment, and
+     discharges me cured."
+
+Another letter, dated June 2d, in reply to a stranger in Baltimore,
+shows his tender regard for the private soldier, whether he be living or
+dead:
+
+     "I acknowledge with great gratification the receipt of your letter
+     of the 30th, informing me of your patriotic attention to the grave
+     of an Ohio soldier in your city on Decoration Day."
+
+     "Be pleased to accept my thanks for your generous action, and for
+     courtesy of your letter."
+
+To a friend in Congress he writes, on June 13th:
+
+     "You will as astonished as I was by this decision as to the right
+     of the soldiers to vote at the Dayton National Asylum. But there it
+     is. How can we get rid of it? Can you pass an act of Congress that
+     will avoid it? I feel like saying that the soldiers must vote as
+     usual, and test the case again. I merely call your attention to it
+     with a view to Congressional action. You recollect the act ceding
+     jurisdiction expressly provided that residents of Ohio retained the
+     right to vote."
+
+To the president of the Commercial Union of New York he wrote, June
+20th:
+
+     "I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the
+     10th instant, inviting me to attend a meeting of the Commercial
+     Union of the State of New York, to be held in the city of Rochester
+     on the 15th of July next, and to express my regret that prior
+     engagements will prevent me from being present on that occasion.
+     The subject to be considered--cheap transportation between the East
+     and West--is of importance to the whole country, and especially to
+     the State of Ohio. Earnestly hoping that the deliberations of the
+     meeting will greatly promote this object, I remain, etc."
+
+January 3, 1871, Governor Hayes delivered the following important annual
+message:
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     The official reports, which the law requires to be annually made to
+     the governor, show that the affairs of the various departments of
+     the State government and of the State institutions have been
+     conducted during the past year in a satisfactory manner. I shall
+     not attempt to give a synopsis of the facts and figures which the
+     reports contain. The most important parts of them have been spread
+     before the people of the State by the newspaper press, and the
+     details which may be desired with a view to legislation can be best
+     obtained from the reports themselves.
+
+     I also refrain from making many recommendations. Believing that too
+     frequent changes of the laws and too much legislation are serious
+     evils, I respectfully suggest that upon many subjects it may be
+     well to defer legislation until the people have acted upon the
+     question of calling a constitutional convention. If such a
+     convention shall be called, it is not improbable that the General
+     Assembly will be clothed with powers essentially different from
+     those conferred by the present fundamental law in respect to the
+     judiciary, railroads, intemperance, and many other important
+     subjects, and that the legislature itself will be so constituted as
+     to secure to minorities a fairer representation than they now
+     enjoy.
+
+     The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of November, 1869,
+     was $438,060.14; the receipts during the year were $4,399,932.53;
+     making the total amount of available funds in the treasury during
+     the year $4,837,992.67.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $4,071,954.57; leaving
+     a balance in the treasury, November 15, 1870, of $766,038.10.
+
+     The estimates of the auditor of State for the current year are as
+     follows:
+
+     Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances,
+     $5,670,205.10; estimated disbursements for all purposes,
+     $5,163,976.01; leaving an estimated balance in the treasury,
+     November, 15, 1871, of $506,229.09.
+
+     The public funded debt of the State on the 15th of November, 1869,
+     after deducting the amount invested in loans not yet due, was
+     $9,855,938.27. During the last year there has been redeemed of the
+     various loans, and invested in loans not yet due, the sum of
+     $123,860.36, leaving the total debt due November 15, 1870,
+     $9,732,077.91.
+
+     The fund commissioners were prepared to pay off a larger amount of
+     the debt than has been actually discharged during the year, but
+     none of the bonds of the State were due, and some of the holders
+     demanded ten or twelve per cent premium, and others refused to
+     surrender their bonds at any price.
+
+     The constant and rapid increase of taxation demands consideration.
+     The following table, showing the taxation for different purposes
+     in 1860 and in 1870, and the increase of taxation in ten years,
+     sufficiently exhibits the nature and extent of the evil.
+
+     +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+     |                       AMOUNT OF TAXES LEVIED.                      |
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |For what purpose.      |     1860.    |     1870.    |   Increase.  |
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |County taxes           | $1,309,137.46| $1,975,088.71|   $665,951.25|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Bridge taxes           |    487,538.40|  1,474,148.18|  1,036,609.78|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Poor taxes             |    260,607.20|    657,116.42|    396,509.22|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Building taxes         |    228,444.13|    783,960.73|    505,516.60|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Road taxes             |    394,424.77|  1,199,767.26|    805,342.49|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Railroad taxes         |    538,869.50|    461,848.72|    ..........|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Township taxes         |    349,360.86|    734,585.65|    385,224.79|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |T'p and sub-district   |              |              |              |
+     |and district school    |  1,487,247.44|  4,960,771.87|  3,473,524.43|
+     |taxes                  |              |              |              |
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Other special taxes    |    349,236.33|  1,152,335.09|    803,098.76|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |City and town taxes    |  1,506,083.86|  5,447,766.96|  3,941,683.10|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Delinquent taxes       |    453,013.46|    667,188.69|    214,175.23|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Other than State taxes |  7,313,963.41| 19,464,578.28| 12,227,685.65|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |State taxes            |  3,503,712.93|  4,666,242.23|  1,162,529.30|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+     |Totals                 |$10,817,676.34|$24,130,820.51|$13,390,164.95|
+     +-----------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
+
+     This table shows that in ten years the State taxes have increased
+     thirty-three per cent, and that local taxes have increased almost
+     one hundred and seventy per cent; in other words, that less than
+     one-tenth of the increase has been in State taxes, and more than
+     nine-tenths in local taxes.
+
+     The increase of local taxation has been far greater than the growth
+     of the State in business, population or wealth. It is not to be
+     doubted that this burden has grown to dimensions which seriously
+     threaten the prosperity of the State.
+
+     No full and exact statement can be made from the official reports
+     as to the amount annually collected from the property-holders of
+     the State in the form of special assessments for what are termed
+     local improvements, but it is certain that this burden is also
+     great and rapidly growing.
+
+     The auditor of State reports cases in which such assessments have
+     been made, amounting to half of the cash value of the property on
+     which they were levied, and, in one case which he refers to, the
+     assessment was double the value of the property.
+
+     In respect to these evils it is undoubtedly easier to find fault
+     than to provide a remedy. No single measure will remove them.
+     Probably no system of measures which the General Assembly can adopt
+     will of themselves accomplish what is desired. A complete reform is
+     impossible, unless the city, county, and other officers are
+     disposed and thoroughly competent to do the work of cutting off
+     every unnecessary expenditure.
+
+     Much, however, can be accomplished by wise legislation. Let the
+     General Assembly firmly adhere to the policy of the constitution,
+     and refuse to enact special laws granting powers to tax or make
+     assessments. Let such powers be exercised only in pursuance of
+     general laws. Local authorities should be empowered to levy no
+     higher rate of taxation than is absolutely required for practical
+     efficiency under ordinary circumstances. In extraordinary cases
+     general laws should provide for the submission of the proposed tax
+     or assessment to the people to be affected by it, under such
+     regulations that it can not be levied unless at least two-thirds of
+     the tax-payers approve the measure.
+
+     One of the most valuable articles of the present State constitution
+     is that which prohibits the State, save in a few exceptional cases,
+     from creating any debt, and which provides for the payment at an
+     early day of the debt already contracted. I am convinced that it
+     would be wise to extend the same policy to the creation of public
+     debts by county, city, and other local authorities. The rule "pay
+     as you go" leads to economy in public as well as in private
+     affairs; while the power to contract debts opens the door to
+     wastefulness, extravagance, and corruption.
+
+     In the early history of the State, when capital was scarce and
+     expensive public works were required for transporting the products
+     of the State to market, public debts were probably unavoidable; but
+     the time, I believe, has come when not only the State, but all of
+     its subordinate divisions, ought to be forbidden to incur debt. The
+     same rule on this subject ought to be applied to local authorities
+     which the constitution applies to the State legislature. Experience
+     has proved that the power to contract debt is as liable to abuse by
+     local boards as it is by the General Assembly. If it is important
+     to the people that the State should be free from debt, it is also
+     important that its municipal divisions should not have power to
+     oppress them with the burden of local indebtedness.
+
+     It would promote an economical administration of the laws if all
+     officers, State, county, and municipal, including the members of
+     the legislature, were paid fixed salaries.
+
+     Under existing laws a part of the public officers are paid by fees
+     and a part by fixed annual salaries or by a per diem allowance. The
+     result is great inequality and injustice. Many of those who are
+     paid by fees receive a compensation out of all proportion to the
+     services rendered. Others are paid salaries wholly inadequate. For
+     example, many county officers and some city officers receive
+     greater compensation than the judges of the Supreme Court of the
+     State. The salaries paid to the judges ought to be increased; the
+     amount paid to many other public officers ought to be reduced. To
+     do justice, a system of fixed salaries, without fees or
+     perquisites, should be adopted. The people of Ohio will, without
+     question, sustain an increase of the salaries of judges and of
+     other officers who are now inadequately paid; but it can probably
+     best be done as a part of a system which would prevent the payment
+     to public officers of enormous sums by means of fees and
+     perquisites. To remove all ground of complaint, on account of
+     injustice to present incumbents, the new system should apply only
+     to those elected after its adoption.
+
+     In addition to considerations already presented in favor of a
+     revision of the rates of taxation which local officers and boards
+     are authorized to levy, another controlling reason is not to be
+     omitted. By the recent revaluation of real estate the total basis
+     of taxation for the State at large will probably be increased
+     almost forty per cent, and in many of the cities the increase will
+     be nearly one hundred per cent This renders it imperatively
+     necessary to revise the present rates, so as to prevent the
+     collection and expenditure of sums much greater than the public
+     good demands.
+
+     Under prudent and efficient management the earnings of the
+     penitentiary continue to exceed its expenses, and at the same time
+     gratifying progress has been made in improving the condition and
+     treatment of the prisoners. The hateful and degrading uniform of
+     past years is disappearing; increased means of education, secular
+     and religious, are afforded, and the officers of the institution
+     exhibit an earnest desire to employ every instrumentality
+     authorized by existing laws to restore its inmates to society
+     improved in habits, capacity, and character.
+
+     While much has been done in our State during the last twenty-five
+     years for the improvement of prison discipline, it is not to be
+     denied that much more yet remains unaccomplished.
+
+     Assuming that the time has not arrived to attempt a radical change
+     of our prison discipline, the following practical suggestions,
+     consistent with the present system, are offered for your
+     consideration: A convict is now allowed a deduction from the period
+     of his sentence as a reward for good behavior. The power to extend
+     the period of the sentence as a punishment for bad conduct would
+     also, under proper regulations, exercise a wholesome influence in
+     the discipline of the prison.
+
+     The importance of classification among convicts is now universally
+     admitted. For economical or other reasons the establishment of an
+     intermediate prison will perhaps be deemed inexpedient at this
+     time. It is believed, however, that by employing convict labor the
+     additional buildings and improvements required for a satisfactory
+     classification can be erected on the ground adjoining the old
+     prison, recently purchased and now enclosed, at a small expense
+     compared with the cost of a new prison. This plan, it is hoped,
+     will receive your careful consideration.
+
+     It is also recommended that the Board of State Charities be
+     empowered to aid discharged convicts to obtain honest employment.
+     An annual appropriation of a small sum for this purpose, in the
+     course of a few years, would probably save a large number, who,
+     without such help, would again return to a criminal course of life.
+
+     The most defective part of our present prison system is probably
+     our county jails. It is supposed about 8,000 persons pass through
+     our county jails each year. They are generally persons charged with
+     crimes and awaiting trial. But lunatics and petty offenders in
+     considerable numbers are also confined in these places. The young
+     and the old, the innocent and the guilty, hardened offenders and
+     beginners in crime, are commonly mingled together in the jails,
+     under few restraints, without useful occupation and with abundant
+     leisure and temptation to learn wickedness. The jails have been
+     fitly termed nurseries of crime. Plans of jails, not too expensive,
+     have been furnished by the Board of State Charities, which provide
+     for the absolute separation of the prisoners. It is recommended
+     that the law shall require all jails to be so constructed as to
+     entirely prevent this promiscuous and dangerous intercourse.
+
+     Your attention is particularly called to the recommendation of the
+     Board of State Charities that the proper authorities of all of the
+     cities of the State should be required to make full reports
+     annually to the legislature, through the governor, of the
+     statistics of vice and crime and of the work of the police
+     department in such cities; and also to the suggestion that
+     prosecuting attorneys should not be allowed to enter a _nolle
+     prosequi_ in any case of an indictment for a crime punishable by
+     imprisonment in the penitentiary or by death, without the written
+     approval of the attorney-general first given upon a written report
+     to him of the facts.
+
+     The importance of this is sufficiently shown by the fact that in
+     1869 the number of cases in which a _nolle prosequi_ was entered
+     exceeded fifteen hundred.
+
+     The Girls' Reformatory at White Sulphur Springs contains forty-nine
+     inmates, and it is now demonstrated that the number is likely to
+     increase as rapidly as the welfare of the institution will allow.
+     Whatever doubts may have been reasonably entertained as to the
+     necessity for such an institution prior to its establishment, the
+     report of the directors and superintendent and a thorough
+     investigation of the facts will, it is believed, satisfy you that
+     the institution is a very important one, and ought to be liberally
+     supported.
+
+     The report of the superintendent and trustees of the Soldiers'
+     Orphans' Home will engage your earnest attention. The duty of
+     providing for the education and support of the children of the
+     soldiers of Ohio who fell in the war for the Union was fully
+     recognized by the resolutions and acts of your last session. It is
+     not doubted that your action was in accordance with the will of the
+     people of the State, and they earnestly desire that the duty of
+     caring for the soldiers' orphans shall be performed in a manner
+     that will worthily express the affection and gratitude with which
+     these wards of the State must ever be regarded by a just and
+     patriotic community. I therefore respectfully recommend that the
+     legislation deemed necessary by the board and officers in charge of
+     the institution be enacted as promptly as practicable.
+
+     The report of the geological survey, to be laid before you,
+     exhibits the encouraging progress of that work. The future growth
+     of Ohio in wealth and population will depend largely on the
+     development of the mining and manufacturing resources of the State.
+     Heretofore, our increase in capital and numbers has been chiefly
+     due to agriculture. Important as that great interest will always be
+     in Ohio, the recent census shows that we may not reasonably
+     anticipate, in future, rapid growth in population or wealth from
+     agriculture alone. Without calling in question the great and
+     immediate benefit to accrue to agriculture from the geological
+     survey, it is yet true that the tendency of its exhibition of our
+     vast mineral wealth is to encourage the employment of labor and
+     capital in mining and manufacturing enterprises. Let the work be
+     continued and sustained by ample appropriations.
+
+     It is necessary that the General Assembly, at its present session,
+     should adopt the requisite legislation to carry into effect the
+     following requirement of the constitution: Sec. 3, article 16, of
+     the constitution, provides that "at the general election to be held
+     in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and in each
+     twentieth year thereafter, the question, 'Shall there be a
+     convention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution?' shall be
+     submitted to the electors of the State, and in case a majority of
+     all the electors voting at such election shall decide in favor of
+     such a convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall
+     provide by law for the election of delegates and the assembling of
+     such convention."
+
+     In conclusion, I feel warranted in congratulating you on the
+     favorable judgment of your constituents upon your action on the
+     important subjects which were considered at your last session, and
+     in expressing a confident hope that what remains to be done will,
+     under Providence, be so wisely ordered that the true interests of
+     all the people of the State will be greatly and permanently
+     advanced.
+
+Without comments of our own, we will simply give the opinions of
+Democratic journals concerning this message.
+
+The Cincinnati _Enquirer_, of January 4, 1871, said:
+
+     "The message of Governor Hayes is a plain, straightforward, and
+     sensible document, and in every respect is creditable to him."
+
+The Columbus _Crisis_ said:
+
+     "The annual message of Governor R. B. Hayes, printed in this issue,
+     is a very fair and plain statement of the condition of the affairs
+     of the State, and is especially commendable for its brevity and
+     practical purport."
+
+The Steubenville _Gazette_ characterized this message as--
+
+     "An excellent and appropriate document--short and
+     comprehensive--and, as it should be, devoted wholly to State
+     affairs."
+
+The Cincinnati _Commoner, ultra_ Democratic, declared:
+
+     "The message is brief, but full of wisdom, and deserves the study
+     of every citizen."
+
+The correspondence of 1871 from the executive office reveals letters
+like these:
+
+     "I long since, in conversation, announced my wish and purpose to
+     withdraw from the race for important positions in public affairs. I
+     meant this announcement to apply both to the office I now hold and
+     the senatorship. That purpose remains unchanged."
+
+A letter of May 5th, to a distinguished New York journalist, says:
+
+     "Your article on the Ohio governorship is of course satisfactory to
+     me, but you will not object to two corrections. I have not been and
+     shall not be a candidate for re-nomination. I probably could
+     without effort have been renominated, but usage and personal
+     inclination were against it. The more serious error is: You omit to
+     name the Republican candidate who is nearly certain of the
+     nomination and election. General Edward F. Noyes, of Cincinnati, a
+     brave and popular soldier, who lost a leg in the Atlanta campaign;
+     an eloquent and attractive speaker, and a gentleman of integrity
+     and purity of character, will, I think, without question, be
+     nominated. He is the sort of man you would support heartily if you
+     lived in Ohio."
+
+On the 6th of October, 1871, Governor Hayes delivered the striking
+address we give below, on the occasion of the inauguration of the
+celebrated Davidson fountain, in Cincinnati. This fountain, in design
+and execution, is a work of art of extraordinary merit.
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     It is altogether fitting that the citizens of Cincinnati should
+     feel a deep interest in the occasion which has called together this
+     large assemblage. It is well to do honor to this noble gift, and to
+     do honor to the generous giver. This work lends a new charm to the
+     whole city.
+
+     Longfellow's lines in praise of the Catawba that grows on the banks
+     of the Beautiful River gives to the Catawba a finer flavor, and
+     renders the Beautiful River still more beautiful. When art and
+     genius give to us in marble or on canvas the features of those we
+     admire or love, ever afterward we discover in their faces and in
+     their characters more to admire and more to love.
+
+     This work makes Cincinnati a pleasanter city, her homes more happy,
+     her aims worthier, and her future brighter.
+
+     But this fountain does not pour out its blessings for Cincinnati or
+     for her visitors and guests alone. Cincinnati is one of the central
+     cities of the Nation--of the great continent. It is becoming the
+     convention city. Witness the National assemblies in the interest of
+     commerce, of industry, of education, of benevolence, of progress,
+     of religion, which annually gather here from the most distant parts
+     of America. This monument is an instructor of all who come. Whoever
+     beholds it will carry away some part of the lesson it teaches. The
+     duty which the citizen owes to the community in which, and by
+     which, he has prospered, that duty this work will forever teach. No
+     rich man who is wise will, in the presence of this example,
+     willingly go to his grave with his debt to the public unpaid and
+     unprovided for. Many a last will and testament will have a
+     beneficent codicil, suggested by the work we inaugurate to-day.
+     Parks, fountains, schools, galleries of art, libraries, hospitals,
+     churches--whatever benefits and elevates mankind--will here receive
+     much needed encouragement and support.
+
+     This work says to him who, with anxious toil and care, has
+     successfully gathered and hoarded--Do not neglect your great
+     opportunity. Divide wisely and equitably between the few who are
+     most nearly of your own blood, and the many who in kinship are only
+     a little farther removed. If you regard only those reared under
+     your own roof, your cherished estate will soon be scattered,
+     perhaps wasted by profligate heirs in riotous living, to their own
+     ruin, and you and your fortune will quickly be forgotten. Give a
+     share--pay a tithe to your more distant and more numerous
+     kindred--to the general public, and you will be gratefully
+     remembered, and mankind will be blessed by your having lived!
+
+     Many, reflecting on the uncertainty of the future, will prefer to
+     see their benefactions distributed and applied while they are still
+     living. Regarding their obligations to the public as sacred debts,
+     they will wish to pay as they go. This is commendable; perhaps it
+     is safest.
+
+     But at some time and somehow the example here presented will and
+     must be followed. All such deeds are the parents of other similar
+     good deeds. And so the circle within which the blessings flowing
+     from this fountain are enjoyed will forever grow wider and wider,
+     and the people of distant times and places will rejoice to drink,
+     as we now do, healthful and copious draughts in honor of its
+     founder.
+
+     Here, this matchless structure will link together, in perpetual,
+     grateful remembrance, the names of Tyler Davidson and Henry
+     Probasco! Ever honored be those names in the city they have so
+     greatly honored!
+
+The message of Governor Hayes, on retiring from office at the close of
+his fourth year, calls attention to the encroachments upon the rights
+and interests of the people by railway corporations, and discusses at
+length the important subject of securing economy, efficiency, and purity
+in the administration of the local governments of cities and towns. For
+its able discussion of these and other subjects, this message of 1872
+commends itself.
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     The finances of the State government are in a satisfactory
+     condition. The balance in the State treasury on the 15th of
+     November, 1870, was $766,038.10; the receipts during the last
+     fiscal year were $5,241,184.91; making the total amount of
+     available funds in the treasury during the year ending November 15,
+     1871, $6,007,223.01.
+
+     The disbursements during the year have been $5,259,046.74, leaving
+     a balance in the treasury, Nov, 15, 1871, of $748,176.27.
+
+     The estimates of the auditor of State of receipts and expenditures
+     for the current year, are as follows:
+
+     Estimated receipts from all sources, including balances,
+     $5,206,366.27.
+
+     Estimated disbursements for all purposes, $4,776,035.73.
+
+     Leaving an estimated balance in the treasury, November 15, 1872, of
+     $430,330.54.
+
+     The public funded debt of the State November 15, 1870, after
+     deducting the amount invested in Ohio stocks, was $9,730,144.36.
+
+     During the past year the debt has been reduced $729,415.
+
+     Leaving the total debt yet to be provided for, $9,000,729.36. Of
+     this amount, the sum of $44,518.31 has ceased to bear interest, the
+     holders thereof having been notified of the readiness of the State
+     to pay the same. This leaves the total interest-bearing debt of the
+     State, $8,956,211.05.
+
+     The taxes levied in 1870, collectible in 1871, were as follows:
+
+     State taxes                                        $4,666,242.23
+     County and local levies                            18,797,389.59
+     Delinquencies and forfeitures in former years         667,188.69
+                                                       --------------
+     Total taxes, including delinquencies collectible
+     in 1871                                           $24,130,820.51
+
+     The taxes levied in 1871, collectible in 1872, were as follows:
+
+
+     State taxes                                       $ 4,350,728.28
+     County and local levies                            18,604,660.12
+     Delinquencies and forfeitures                         632,275.84
+                                                       --------------
+     Total taxes and delinquencies collectible
+     in 1872                                           $23,587,664 24
+
+     It will be noticed, with gratification, that the annual increase of
+     taxation, to which the people have been long accustomed, has been
+     checked, and that the taxes, both State and local, have been
+     somewhat reduced.
+
+     The increase of local indebtedness still continues. The returns
+     made to the auditor of State are imperfect, but enough is shown to
+     warrant the opinion that during the past year the indebtedness of
+     the towns and cities of the State has increased not less than one
+     million of dollars, and that their aggregate indebtedness now
+     equals the indebtedness of the State. I respectfully repeat, as the
+     remedy for this evil, the recommendation heretofore made, that all
+     public debts be prohibited, except in cases of emergency, analogous
+     to those specified in sections 1 and 2, article 8, of the
+     constitution.
+
+     The report of the adjutant-general shows that there has been
+     collected by him from the United States during the year, on account
+     of the State war claims, the sum of $145,304.60, making the total
+     amount of war claims collected $2,826,247.94. It is probable that
+     about $100,000 more can be collected on these claims without
+     additional legislation by Congress. This will leave about $400,000
+     of claims unpaid, which, it is believed, when presented to
+     Congress, with proper vouchers and explanations, will be provided
+     for by special act. As long, however, as the board of military
+     claims exists, these claims will continue to increase, and it would
+     not be advisable to seek Congressional action until the State, by
+     closing its accounts with individuals, shall be able to ask for a
+     final settlement.
+
+     It is therefore recommended that the statutes providing for the
+     allowance of claims against the State by the commissioners of
+     military claims be repealed; the repeal to take effect at such date
+     in the future as will afford opportunity for the presentation and
+     allowance of all just claims.
+
+     The report of the commissioner of common schools shows that, upon
+     the whole, the educational interests of the State continue to be
+     very prosperous. He presents, however, for your consideration, a
+     number of changes in the school laws, which he deems essential to
+     further progress. The proposed reforms are treated of in his report
+     under the following heads: normal instruction, supervision, a
+     codification of the laws, and the township system.
+
+     The commanding position which Ohio has held in the great
+     transactions of our recent civil and military history is largely
+     due to the educational advantages enjoyed by her people. Every
+     measure which tends to continue and increase those advantages
+     merits your earnest and favorable consideration.
+
+     For many years the most eminent teachers and friends of education
+     have urged the necessity of establishing institutions for the
+     instruction of teachers in the principles and duties of their high
+     and honorable calling. A few thousand dollars of the school fund
+     applied every year to this purpose will, it is believed, make the
+     expenditures for school purposes vastly more beneficial to the
+     State.
+
+     There are serious objections to the present mixed system of school
+     management by means of township boards and sub-district directors.
+     It is believed that this system ought to give place to the purely
+     township system, in which all of the schools of the township are
+     under the exclusive control of a board of education chosen by the
+     electors of the township. This plan is in conformity with that
+     which has been adopted with satisfactory results in most of our
+     towns, and is sustained by the experience of other States in which
+     the purely township system has been tried.
+
+     In several counties of the State colored children are practically
+     deprived of the privilege of attending public schools. The denial
+     of education to any citizen of Ohio is so manifestly unjust that it
+     is confidently believed that the legislature needs only to be
+     informed that such a wrong exists to promptly provide a remedy.
+
+     The official reports of the penitentiary, the Reform School for
+     Boys, the Reform School for Girls, and the benevolent institutions
+     of the State, which will be laid before you, show that the work of
+     these institutions has during the past year been well done. They
+     will, without question, receive from you all needed encouragement
+     and support. It seems proper, however, to direct your attention to
+     the urgent necessity of such legislation as will empower the boards
+     of trustees and directors charged with the erection of buildings
+     for the insane and for the orphans of deceased soldiers, to
+     complete them as soon as practicable.
+
+     By the census of 1870 the number of insane persons in the State was
+     3,414. The number of patients under treatment in the insane asylums
+     of the State was, last year, only 1,346. The trustees of the
+     Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home report that the number of
+     orphans in Ohio needing care is about eight hundred, and that the
+     number cared for is only about two hundred and fifty. These facts
+     sufficiently demonstrate the importance of the suggestion here
+     made.
+
+     I renew the recommendation heretofore made that the legislature
+     provide for the erection of suitable monuments at the graves of
+     General Harrison and General Hamer.
+
+     General Harrison has many titles to the grateful remembrance of the
+     people of Ohio. He was one of the pioneers of the West, a soldier
+     of honorable fame in two wars against the savages and in the war of
+     1812, a secretary and acting governor of the Northwest Territory
+     before Ohio was organized, a law-maker of conspicuous usefulness at
+     the State capital and at Washington, and was chief magistrate of
+     the Nation at the time of his death. To honor him is to honor all
+     who were eminent and useful in the early settlement of Ohio.
+
+     General Hamer served with distinction four times in the General
+     Assembly; was the speaker of the house of representatives; was six
+     years a member of Congress from the Brown county district, and died
+     in Mexico in 1846, a volunteer from Ohio, in the service of his
+     country, with the rank of brigadier-general. At the time of his
+     death the General Assembly, with entire unanimity, "resolved that
+     the body of the deceased be brought from Mexico and interred in the
+     soil of Ohio, at the expense of the State." Having undertaken, as
+     the duty of the State, to give the remains of General Hamer a
+     fitting burial, the legislature can not regard that duty as
+     completely performed until an appropriate monument has been built
+     at his grave.
+
+     Since the adoption of the present constitution the governor's
+     duties have compelled him to reside at the capital. If any change
+     is made in respect to the powers and duties of the executive in the
+     revision about to be made of the constitution, the change, it is
+     probable, will increase rather than diminish his duties. The
+     evident impropriety of subjecting each new incumbent of the office
+     to the inconvenience and expense of procuring and furnishing a
+     suitable residence for the short period of a governor's term of
+     office has led, in many States, to the purchase of a governor's
+     mansion. Three of the States adjoining Ohio have adopted this
+     course. It can not be doubted that Ohio will, at no distant day,
+     follow their example. The rapid increase in the value of real
+     estate in Columbus in consequence of its present growth and its
+     promise of continued prosperity in the future gives force to the
+     suggestion that if the State is to purchase a governor's residence
+     at all it would be well to do it promptly.
+
+     The importance of wise legislation on the subject of railroads, in
+     a State having the geographical position which belongs to Ohio, can
+     not be over-estimated. The greater part of the trade and travel
+     between the commercial and manufacturing States of the East and the
+     agricultural States of the West, and of the business of the
+     continental railways which connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,
+     passes over the railroads of this State. Fourteen years ago,
+     Governor Chase, speaking of the railroads of Ohio, said: "This vast
+     interest, affecting vitally so many other interests, has grown
+     suddenly to its present dimensions without system, without general
+     organization, and, in some important respects, without
+     responsibility." Then the railroads of the State carried annually
+     about a million of passengers, and their gross receipts were about
+     six millions of dollars a year. Last year they carried twelve
+     millions of passengers, and their gross receipts exceeded thirty
+     million of dollars.
+
+     All of the just powers of the corporations which conduct this
+     immense business are derived from the laws of the State. If these
+     laws fail to guard adequately the rights and the interests of our
+     citizens, it is the duty of the General Assembly to supply their
+     defects. Serious and well-grounded apprehensions are felt that in
+     the management of these companies, which are largely controlled by
+     non-residents of Ohio, practices, not sanctioned by the law, nor by
+     sound morality, have become common, which are prejudicial to the
+     interests of the great body of the people, and which, if continued,
+     will ultimately destroy the prosperity of the State.
+
+     Regarding railroads as the most useful instrumentality by which
+     intercourse is carried on between different sections of the
+     country, the people do not desire the adoption of a narrow or
+     unfriendly policy toward them. But it should be remembered that
+     these corporations were created, and their valuable franchises
+     granted by the legislature to promote the interests of the people
+     of the State. No railroad company can sacrifice those interests
+     without violating the law of its origin. It is not to be doubted
+     that the authority of the General Assembly is competent to correct
+     whatever abuses have grown up in the management of the railroads of
+     the State.
+
+     The late commissioner of railroads and telegraphs, in his last able
+     and valuable report, directs attention to a large number of what he
+     terms "clear and palpable violations of law" by railroad companies,
+     which are of frequent occurrence.
+
+     In relation to the rates prescribed by law for the transportation
+     of persons and property, he says: "There is not a railroad operated
+     in the State, either under special charter or the general law, upon
+     which the law regulating rates is not in some way violated nearly
+     every time a regular passenger, or freight, or mixed train passes
+     over it."
+
+     As to the laws regulating the occupation of streets and alleys by
+     railroad tracks, the speed of locomotives in towns and cities, and
+     railroad crossings, he says that statutes which he regards as
+     wholesome are, "it is notorious, wholly ignored by some companies,
+     and only partially obeyed by others."
+
+     He quotes the laws forbidding railroad officials from being
+     interested in fast freight, express, or transportation companies,
+     and from dealing in railroad securities, and adds, that "the
+     violation of these laws is believed to be very common among
+     railroad officials."
+
+     The commissioner also gives examples of the "increase or watering
+     of stock" by railroad companies, and remarks, "the foregoing
+     statements are the more striking in view of the fact that the
+     stockholders in the company have been in receipt of regular
+     semi-annual dividends for seven years of from six to ten per cent
+     per annum."
+
+     The significance of this remark of the commissioner lies in the
+     fact that the rates which railroad companies may charge for the
+     transportation of passengers and freight may be prescribed by the
+     General Assembly, whenever the net profits amount to ten per cent
+     on the capital actually invested.
+
+     The interests involved are of such magnitude that all legislation
+     ought to be based on the fullest and most accurate information
+     which a careful investigation can furnish. I, therefore, recommend
+     that a commission of five citizens, of whom the railroad
+     commissioner shall be one, be organized, with ample powers to
+     investigate the management of the railroad companies of the State,
+     their legal rights, and the rights of the State and its citizens,
+     and to report the information acquired, with a recommendation of
+     such measures as the commission shall deem expedient.
+
+     During the past year, the traveling public has enjoyed, in Ohio,
+     remarkable immunity from railroad accidents. According to the
+     reports of the railroad companies to the commissioner, not a single
+     passenger has lost his life by the fault of the railroads in the
+     State during the year. But the number of persons, "other than
+     passengers," and of "employees" who have lost their lives, is quite
+     large. One hundred and fifty-seven persons are reported to have
+     been killed, and it is without doubt that many deaths have occurred
+     which have not been reported. Many of these fatal accidents
+     happened in the streets of towns and cities, and at street and road
+     crossings. It is perfectly practicable to protect citizens from
+     these dangers, by enforcing proper regulations as to the speed of
+     trains, and as to the occupancy and crossing of streets and roads.
+     Your special attention is called to this subject.
+
+     One of the most difficult and interesting practical problems which
+     now engages the thoughts of the American people is how to maintain
+     economy, efficiency, and purity in the administration of local
+     affairs, and especially in the government of towns and cities,
+     without a departure from principles and methods which are deemed
+     essential to free popular government. Many of the most important
+     functions of government are in the hands of the local authorities.
+     They are directly charged with the expenditure of large sums of
+     money, with the protection of life and property, and with the
+     administration of civil and criminal justice. These duties, in one
+     way or another, touch nearly and constantly the interests and
+     feelings of every citizen. Upon their faithful performance depends
+     the prosperity, happiness, and safety of the community. It is true
+     that as yet Ohio is happily, in a great measure, free from the
+     operation of causes which in the commercial metropolis of the
+     country recently led to such extraordinary corruption in the
+     government of that city. But those causes do not belong alone to
+     the great cities of the East. They are already at work in our
+     midst, and they are steadily and rapidly increasing in power. No
+     political party is altogether free from their influence, and no
+     political party is solely responsible for them. We have laws
+     prohibiting almost every conceivable official neglect and abuse,
+     and penalties are affixed to the violation of those laws which can
+     not be regarded as inadequate. The difficulty is to secure their
+     enforcement. Those whose duty it is to detect and prosecute are
+     often interested in maintaining good relations with the
+     wrong-doers. The contractors for public work and supplies not
+     infrequently have a community of interest with those who are the
+     agents of the public to let and superintend the performance of
+     contracts. Where these abuses exist there is apt to be a large
+     circle of apparently disinterested citizens, who labor to conceal
+     the facts and to suppress investigation. What the public welfare
+     demands is a practical measure which will provide for a thorough
+     and impartial investigation in every case of suspected neglect,
+     abuse, or fraud. Such an investigation, to be effective, must be
+     made by an authority independent, if possible, of all local
+     influences. When abuses are discovered, the prosecution and
+     punishment of offenders ought to follow. But even if prosecutions
+     fail in cases of full exposure, public opinion almost always
+     accomplishes the object desired. A thorough investigation of
+     official corruption and criminality leads with great certainty to
+     the needed reform. Publicity is a great corrector of official
+     abuses. Let it therefore be made the duty of the governor, on
+     satisfactory information that the public good requires an
+     investigation of the affairs of any public office or the conduct of
+     any public officer, whether State or local, to appoint one or more
+     citizens who shall have ample powers to make such investigation.
+
+     If by the investigation violations of law are discovered, the
+     governor should be authorized, in his discretion, to notify the
+     attorney-general, whose duty it should be, on such notice, to
+     prosecute the offenders. The constitution makes it the duty of the
+     governor to "see that the laws are faithfully executed." Some such
+     measure as the one here recommended is necessary to give force and
+     effect to this constitutional provision.
+
+     In compliance with the constitution, the last General Assembly
+     submitted to the people the question of holding a convention "to
+     revise, alter, or amend" the constitution, and at the October
+     election a large majority of the voters of the State decided in
+     favor of a convention. It is the duty of the General Assembly, at
+     its present session, to provide by law for the election of
+     delegates and the assembling of the convention.
+
+     The vote on the question of calling the convention which formed the
+     present constitution was taken at the October election, 1849. At
+     the next session of the General Assembly an act was passed which
+     provided for the election of delegates to the convention the first
+     Monday of April, 1850, and the convention was convened on the first
+     Monday of May following.
+
+     In conclusion, I wish to make my grateful acknowledgments to the
+     people of Ohio for the honorable trusts they have confided to me,
+     and to express the hope that the harmony, prosperity, and happiness
+     which they now enjoy in such full measure may, under Providence, be
+     perpetual.
+
+Hayes, during his two terms as Governor, proposed and carried through
+the following measures of the first importance to the welfare of the
+State:
+
+He recommended and had completed a comprehensive Geological Survey of
+Ohio.
+
+He secured the establishment of a Soldiers' Orphans' Home.
+
+He had the powers of the Board of State Charities restored and enlarged.
+
+He had provision made for the care, by the State, of the chronic
+insane.
+
+Under his direction the graded system was adopted in the State Prison
+and prison reforms introduced.
+
+Minority representation on Election Boards was secured.
+
+The Agricultural and Mechanical College was founded, trustees appointed,
+and the institution organized.
+
+Portraits of the Governors of Ohio were placed in the State collection.
+
+The suffrage amendment to the Constitution of the State was adopted.
+
+The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
+ratified.
+
+The Lincoln Memorial, an admirable work of art, was placed in the
+capitol.
+
+The right of soldiers in the National Asylum to vote was restored.
+
+The students' privilege of voting while attending college was given
+back.
+
+The odious "visible admixture" law was repealed.
+
+The St. Clair papers were purchased, and letters and manuscripts
+relating to pioneer history collected.
+
+A Reform School for Girls was established and made successful.
+
+The State debt was reduced, and all increase of debt opposed.
+
+Can any Governor of any State say that he has done a better business?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THIRD TIME ELECTED GOVERNOR.
+
+     _The Senatorship declined--Army Banquet Speech--Third Time
+     nominated for Congress--Glendale Speech--Declines a Federal
+     Office--Making a Home--Nomination for Governor--Platform--Serenade
+     Speech--Democratic Convention and Platform--Marion Speech of
+     Hayes--Woodford--Grosvenor--Schurz--Inflation Drivel--Interest in
+     the Contest--Honest Money Triumphant--Third Inaugural._
+
+
+Just as Governor Hayes was vacating the office of chief executive of
+Ohio, to which he had positively refused to be re-elected, he was
+offered and declined the Senatorship from that State. The proofs of this
+fact are before us. The circumstances were these: A Senator in Congress
+was to be elected by the State Legislature, in January, 1872, to succeed
+John Sherman. Mr. Sherman had secured the nomination and election of a
+majority of Republicans who were favorable to his own re-election; but
+the Republican majority on joint ballot was small. Before the meeting of
+the Republican caucus, a sufficient number of members to control the
+result, with the aid of the Democrats, proposed to Governor Hayes to
+stay out of the caucus, and, uniting the entire opposition to Sherman,
+secure his defeat.
+
+Hayes had authoritative assurances that the Democratic members would
+support him, with a view of defeating Sherman; while the Independent or
+anti-Sherman Republicans, who held the balance of power, were
+importunate that he should allow himself to be their compromise
+candidate. But he firmly rejected all these overtures, and forbid the
+use of his name in connection with the matter in any manner whatever. A
+leading State Senator declared it "was most extraordinary to see the
+Senatorship refused, with the Presidency in prospect."
+
+On the 7th of April, General Hayes delivered a speech in Cincinnati in
+response to the toast "Our Country," which contains thoughts worthy of
+reproduction. It was upon the occasion of the fifth annual banquet of
+the Army of the Tennessee. After some general introductory remarks, the
+orator said:
+
+     "Consider the history of our country. It is the youngest of the
+     nations. We are just beginning to look forward to the celebrations,
+     five years hence, of the completion of the first century of its
+     existence. This brief period, so crowded with interesting events,
+     with great achievements in peace and war, and adorned with
+     illustrious names in every honorable walk of life, has witnessed a
+     progress in our country without a parallel in the annals of the
+     race.
+
+     "Add to these considerations the visions of greatness and
+     prosperity which the future opens to America, and we shall begin to
+     see by what titles our country claims from all of her children
+     admiration, gratitude, and loyal love.
+
+     "Those who are accustomed to take gloomy views of every event and
+     every prospect, will perhaps remind us that all the parts of this
+     picture have their dark side; that this extended and magnificent
+     territory of ours must needs have rival interests hostile and
+     dangerous to unity; that people differing in race, nationality,
+     religion, language, and traditions will, with difficulty, be fused
+     into one harmonious Nation; that written constitutions do not make
+     a government unless their provisions are obeyed or enforced. As to
+     our boasted history, they will point to pages darkened with grave
+     crimes against the weaker races; and as to our future, they will
+     tell us of the colossal fortunes which, under the sanction of law,
+     are already consolidating in the hands of a few men--not always the
+     best men--powers which threaten alike good government and our
+     liberties.
+
+     "In reply to these views, it can not be denied that in a wide
+     domain like ours, inhabited by people not always harmonious,
+     something more than written constitutions are required. A mere
+     paper government is not enough. The law, if not voluntarily obeyed,
+     must be firmly enforced. To accomplish this there must be wisdom,
+     moderation, firmness, not only in those who administer the
+     government, but in the people, who, at last, are the government.
+
+     "The great task is to educate a whole people in these high virtues,
+     to the end that they may be equal to their opportunities and to the
+     dangers that surround them. The chief instrumentalities in this
+     education are the home, the school, the platform, the pulpit, and
+     the press, and all good men and women are the educators.
+
+     "Doubt and difficulty and danger lend to every human enterprise its
+     chief interest and charm. Every man who fought in the Army of the
+     Tennessee at Shiloh knows that the gloom and despondency in which
+     the first day's battle closed, gave an added glory to the victory
+     of the second day; that the victory is always most highly prized
+     which, after a long and desperate struggle, is snatched at last
+     from the very jaws of disaster and defeat.
+
+     "If, in the future of our country, trials and conflicts and
+     calamities await her, it is but the common allotment of Providence
+     to men. The brave and the good will (here always) find noble work
+     and a worthy career, and will rejoice that they are permitted to
+     live and to act in such a country as the American republic."
+
+In July, 1872, Ex-Governor Hayes received a petition, signed by the most
+influential men in the second Congressional district in Cincinnati,
+asking him to accept a nomination for Congress. Scores of letters and
+telegrams were sent to him at Fremont, where he was detained by illness
+in his family, urging upon him the duty of sacrificing personal to
+public interests and consent to become a candidate. He refused
+absolutely. The nominating convention met August 6th, and the following
+telegram tells the story:
+
+     "In spite of your protests, you were nominated on first ballot.
+     Great enthusiasm, and whole party lifted up. We assured Republicans
+     that Governor Hayes never retreated when ordered to advance. Things
+     are looking bright.
+
+     "RICHARD SMITH."
+
+Two days after, a petition was forwarded, signed by two hundred
+influential Republican and non-partisan voters of the second district,
+containing the words, we "most urgently solicit you to accept the
+nomination given you."
+
+His acceptance being demanded on the ground of duty, he returned to
+Cincinnati and made the canvass. At Glendale, on September 4, he
+delivered a lengthy speech, from which we take these extracts:
+
+     _Fellow-citizens:_
+
+     My purpose in addressing you this evening is to spread before the
+     people of the second district my views on the questions of National
+     policy which now engage the public attention.
+
+     In the present condition of the country, two things are of vital
+     importance--peace and a sound financial policy. We want
+     peace--honorable peace--with all nations; peace with the Indians,
+     and peace between all of the citizens of all of the States. We want
+     a financial policy so honest that there can be no stain on the
+     National honor and no taint on the National credit; so stable that
+     labor and capital and legitimate business of every sort can
+     confidently count upon what it will be the next week, the next
+     month, and the next year. We want the burdens of taxation so justly
+     distributed that they will bear equally upon all classes of
+     citizens in proportion to their ability to sustain them.
+
+     We want our currency gradually to appreciate, until, without
+     financial shock or any sudden shrinkage of values, but in the
+     natural course of trade, it shall reach the uniform and permanent
+     value of gold. With lasting peace assured, and a sound financial
+     condition established, the United States and all of her citizens
+     may reasonably expect to enjoy a measure of prosperity without a
+     parallel in the world's history.
+
+     When the debates of the last presidential election were in
+     progress, four years ago, there were troubles with other nations
+     threatening the public peace, and, in particular, there was a most
+     difficult, irritating, and dangerous controversy with Great
+     Britain, which it seemed almost impossible peaceably to settle. Now
+     we are at peace with all nations; the American government is
+     everywhere abroad held in the highest honor; and an example of
+     submitting National disputes to the decision of a court of
+     arbitration has been set, which is of incalculable value to the
+     world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     Four years ago, and for a considerable period since, the public
+     peace has been broken or threatened in a majority of the late slave
+     States, by bands of lawless men, oath bound, disguised, and armed,
+     who, by terror, by scourging, and by assassination, undertook to
+     deprive unoffending citizens, both white and colored, of their most
+     cherished rights, for no reason except a difference of political
+     sentiment. Now these organizations have, it is claimed by their
+     political associates, disbanded. Large numbers of citizens in those
+     States, heretofore hostile to the recent amendments to the
+     constitution, and to the equal rights of colored people, declare
+     themselves satisfied with those amendments, and ready to maintain
+     the constitutional rights of colored citizens. Notwithstanding the
+     predictions of our adversaries, that to confer political rights
+     upon colored people would lead to a war of races, white people and
+     colored people are now voting side by side in all of the old slave
+     States, and their elections are quite as free from violence and
+     disorder as they were when whites alone were the voters. In a word,
+     peace prevails in the South to an extent which, under the
+     circumstances, the ablest statesmen among our adversaries three
+     years ago pronounced impossible. The watchword of the Republican
+     party four years ago was "Let us have peace." A survey of every
+     field where the public peace was then imperiled, of our affairs
+     with foreign nations, with the Indians, and in the South, shows
+     that the pledge implied in that famous watchword has been
+     substantially made good, and that, if the people continue to stand
+     by the government, the peace we now enjoy will be continued and
+     enduring.
+
+
+     CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.
+
+     There are several questions relating to the present and the future
+     which merit the attention of the people. Among the most interesting
+     of these is the question of civil service reform.
+
+     About forty years ago a system of making appointments to office
+     grew up, based on the maxim, "to the victors belong the spoils."
+     The old rule--the true rule--that honesty, capacity, and fidelity
+     constitute the highest claim to office, gave place to the idea that
+     partisan services were to be chiefly considered. All parties in
+     practice have adopted this system. Since its first introduction it
+     has been materially modified. At first, the president, either
+     directly or through the heads of departments, made all
+     appointments. Gradually, by usage, the appointing power in many
+     cases was transferred to members of Congress--to senators and
+     representatives. The offices in these cases have become not so much
+     rewards for party services as rewards for personal services in
+     nominating and electing senators and representatives. What
+     patronage the president and his cabinet retain, and what offices
+     congressmen are by usage entitled to fill is not definitely
+     settled. A congressman who maintains good relations with the
+     executive usually receives a larger share of patronage than one who
+     is independent. The system is a bad one. It destroys the
+     independence of the separate departments of the government, and it
+     degrades the civil service. It ought to be abolished. General Grant
+     has again and again explicitly recommended reform. A majority of
+     Congress has been unable to agree upon any important measure.
+     Doubtless the bills which have been introduced contain
+     objectionable features. But the work should be begun. Let the best
+     obtainable bill be passed, and experience will show what amendments
+     are required. I would support either Senator Trumbull's bill or Mr.
+     Jenckes' bill, if nothing better were proposed. The admirable
+     speeches on this subject by the representative of the first
+     district, the Hon. Aaron F. Perry, contain the best exposition I
+     have seen of sound doctrine on this question, and I trust the day
+     is not distant when the principles which he advocates will be
+     embodied in practical measures of legislation. We ought to have a
+     reform of the system of appointments to the civil service,
+     thorough, radical, and complete.
+
+The people of the United States will be agreeably surprised to learn
+that, four years ago, not only the sentiments, but almost the identical
+language of the recent letter of acceptance upon the subject of this
+great reform was publicly proclaimed by the Republican candidate for the
+presidency.
+
+In 1872, when the Presidency was not in his thoughts, he advocated with
+great force the doctrines which Independent Republicans especially
+commend him for maintaining to-day. These opinions it would then be
+foolishly needless to say are honest; they are deep-rooted convictions
+of long growth.
+
+The elections went heavily against the Republicans in Hamilton county,
+in 1872. Mr. Eggleston, the sitting member of Congress from the First
+District, was beaten three thousand five hundred and sixty-nine votes;
+and General Hayes was defeated by General H. B. Banning, whose majority
+was one thousand five hundred and two. Compared with the result in the
+First District, Hayes ran a thousand votes ahead of his ticket. He had
+performed his duty and was satisfied.
+
+A few months later he was offered, by the President, the office of
+Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Cincinnati, which
+appointment he respectfully declined.
+
+The years 1873 and 1874 were employed by General Hayes in making and
+adorning a future home for himself and his family, near Fremont. He
+planted over a thousand trees, and filled his grounds with vines,
+shrubs, and flowers.
+
+In January, 1874, his patron uncle and life-long friend Sardis Birchard
+died, leaving his favorite nephew heir to a considerable estate. It
+elevates our estimate of human nature to find that this heir-apparent,
+or rather heir inevitable to a handsome fortune, diminished the amount
+he would naturally inherit by persuading his uncle to make bequests,
+amounting to seventy-five thousand dollars, to the citizens of Fremont
+for a Public Park and a Free Public Library. It is not necessary to add,
+that this unselfish course of action makes known character, nor to say
+what kind of a character it makes known.
+
+The Republican State Convention, which assembled at Columbus, June 2,
+1875, nominated General Hayes a third time for the office of Governor.
+He received the news of the nomination while playing base ball with his
+children at their home in Fremont. The circumstances of this nomination
+were extraordinary, and the honor it implied exceptional. The facts, in
+brief, were these: The Hon. William Allen having been put in nomination
+by the Democrats, for the office of Governor, in 1873, mainly through
+the influence of his nephew, Senator Thurman, was elected by a small
+majority in October of that year. Mr. Allen, as Governor, made himself
+active in the direction of economy and the reduction of taxation, and
+seemed to increase his popularity because of the high reputation he
+enjoyed for personal integrity. Early in 1875 it became apparent that he
+would secure, without opposition, a re-nomination. It became equally
+apparent, also, that the Republicans would encounter no slight
+difficulty in defeating him. He was in possession, he had the _prestige_
+of victory, and was immensely popular with his party. It was the
+plainest dictate of policy and duty for the Republicans to proceed with
+extremest caution and put in nomination their very strongest man.
+Personal ambitions and interests must be put aside in every great
+emergency, when the success of a cause is at stake. What every great
+emergency needs is a MAN. The eyes of the Republicans of Ohio were at
+the same period of time turned toward Hayes as that leader--that man. He
+was written to, from every portion of the State, to consent to become
+again a candidate. His uniform reply was, that he had retired finally
+and absolutely from public life, and that his tastes and interests would
+keep him at home. Some, receiving these responses in the spirit in which
+they were given, looked around for other candidates. In Cincinnati there
+was a strong local influence favoring Judge Taft, the able and most
+estimable gentleman who is now Attorney-General of the United States.
+Governor Hayes repeatedly announced that he would, under no
+circumstances, be a candidate against his friend, Judge Taft, and urged
+the delegates from his county to support Taft, which they did.
+Notwithstanding these facts, when the Convention met, the delegates,
+according to the public statement of General Grosvenor, were four to one
+in favor of Hayes' nomination. On the first ballot, two hundred and
+seventy-four being necessary to a choice, Hayes received four votes less
+than four hundred, and Taft one hundred fifty-one. The nomination was
+made unanimous on motion of Judge Taft's son.
+
+Finding himself once more an involuntary candidate for office, Governor
+Hayes lost no time in getting ready for the supreme struggle, thus far,
+of his life. Visiting, three weeks later, the home of his relative,
+General Mitchell, in Columbus, he was serenaded by the Hayes Club of the
+capital city, and, in response to their calls, foreshadowed the great
+issues of the approaching campaign. Without circumlocution, he said:
+
+     "If it shall turn out that the party in power are opposed to a
+     sound, safe, stable currency, I have no doubt that in October the
+     people will make a change. If it shall turn out that the party in
+     power were guilty of gross corruption in the legislative
+     department, and that when that corruption was exposed the majority
+     shielded those who were implicated, I have no doubt the people will
+     make a change. If it shall turn out that the party in power yielded
+     to the dictation of an ecclesiastical sect, and through fear of a
+     threatened loss of votes and power has suffered itself to be
+     domineered over in its exercise of the law-making power, there
+     ought to be, as I doubt not there will be, a great change. If it
+     shall turn out that the party in power is dangerously allied to any
+     body of men who are opposed to our free schools, and have
+     proclaimed undying hostility to our educational system, then I
+     doubt not the people will make a change in the administration."
+
+The convention which nominated Hayes had adopted some sensible
+resolutions. It declared, first, that:
+
+     "The United States are one as a Nation, and all citizens are equal
+     under the laws, and entitled to their fullest protection.
+
+     "_Third._ We are in favor of a tariff for revenue with incidental
+     protection to American industry.
+
+     "_Fourth._ We stand by free education, our public school system,
+     the taxation of all for its support, and no division of the school
+     fund.
+
+     "_Eleventh._ The observance of Washington's example in retiring at
+     the close of a second presidential term will be in the future, as
+     it has been in the past, regarded as a fundamental rule in the
+     unwritten law of the Republic."
+
+The Democratic State Convention met on the 17th of June, and was
+presided over by Judge Rufus P. Ranney. It renominated Governor Allen by
+acclamation and a rising vote amidst great cheering.
+
+The governor delivered an intemperate speech upon the occasion, in which
+his denunciation was about equally divided between the old alien and
+sedition laws and Grant's administration. Samuel F. Cary, nominated for
+lieutenant-governor, made a loud speech. Pendleton, Ewing, Thurman,
+Allen, and Cary spoke at the ratification meeting in the evening.
+
+The platform contained the sound proposition that the president's
+services should be limited to one term, thereby endorsing a material
+part of Governor Hayes' letter of acceptance in advance. It also
+contained what some have called the rascally, others the asinine
+propositions that the volume of currency should be made and kept equal
+to the wants of trade; that all National Bank circulation should be
+promptly and permanently retired, and legal tenders be issued in their
+stead, and that the payment of at least one-half of the customs should
+be in legal tenders.
+
+Senator Thurman, much to the surprise of his eastern friends, acquiesced
+in, or at least failed to denounce this inflation platform. He forgot
+the proverb that it is the bold man who wins. Had he made a ringing,
+thirty-minutes, hard-money speech on the occasion, no power on the
+continent could probably have kept him out of the White House. This was
+the day of his destiny, but the day of his destiny is over.
+
+The public and non-partisan estimate of this Democratic platform is
+fairly reflected in the editorial utterances of the Cincinnati
+_Commercial_ of June 18th, to the effect that:
+
+     "This platform is a declaration of war upon the National credit.
+     The programme of repudiation is made particularly clear.... The
+     contest in Ohio this summer in an extraordinary degree concerns the
+     Nation."
+
+The Chicago _Times_ said:
+
+     "If Allen be elected, the immediate effect is very sure to be a
+     prodigious rise in the threatening and dangerous tidal wave of
+     inflation and repudiation. The political tradition which goes by
+     the name of the Democratic party, will be forthwith pervaded in
+     every part by an active and aggressive repudiation sentiment."
+
+The inflation Democracy were not only hopeful but boastful. Governor
+Allen made and repeated the prediction that he would be re-elected by
+from 60,000 to 70,000 majority. He said that he would not compromise
+with Hayes on 20,000. It was represented that the hard times were caused
+by the Republicans, and that the people wanted "more money," which
+interpreted meant more debts or due bills. Much was said on the stump
+about what "the people think," forgetting that the material question is
+not what they think, but what they ought to think.
+
+Governor Hayes was not unmindful of the national and international
+importance of the contest. Knowing that the Democrats had carried the
+State the year before by a majority of 17,000 on their State ticket and
+24,000 on their Congressional ticket, he did not underrate the
+difficulties to be contended with in the struggle. Several Republican
+members of Congress had taken the inflation shute, and were continually
+writing him not to be too decided; that a little more currency would be
+a good thing. But he buckled on his hard-money armor, and going into the
+contest early, delivered at Marion, Lawrence county, the sound and solid
+speech which closes this volume. Thus, in the midst of the miners and
+furnace men who were suffering most from hard times and clamoring most
+loudly for more money, Hayes boldly proclaimed his sound currency creed,
+and opposed inflation to the extent of a dollar.
+
+Strong men came from other States to aid him in this battle against
+odds. The strongest in this kind of battle were Stewart L. Woodford, of
+New York, and Schurz and Grosvenor, of Missouri. General Woodford, in
+the dozen debates he conducted with General Ewing, the ablest of the
+inflationists, developed debating abilities of the first order, and
+exhibited a complete mastery of the science of finance.
+
+Colonel Wm. M. Grosvenor showed the same powers on the stump he had
+shown as a writer, and presented arguments which will probably remain
+unanswered for some centuries to come.
+
+Carl Schurz appeared late in the field, upon the call of two hundred
+merchants of Cincinnati, who assured him that the cause of "National
+honor and common honesty" was involved, and delivered a half dozen
+superb speeches. Senator Morton, Senator Oglesby, Senator Windom, and
+Senators Sherman, Dawes, and Boutwell took part in the canvass.
+
+Attorney-General Taft, Ex-Governor Noyes, Garfield, Monroe, Foster,
+Danford, and Lawrence strengthened the State forces.
+
+We can not waste time upon the dreary drivel on the inflation side of
+this campaign. Men who have not learned the elementary principles of the
+science of political economy, who have not mastered the definitions, as
+we say, in geometry, could say nothing intelligible to the finite
+understanding. The speeches were as "incoherent" as the New York _World_
+proved the platform to be. They all contained doctrines, however, in
+perpendicular antagonism to the financial doctrines of the St. Louis
+convention. When the inflationists learn what money is--what its office,
+its function is--they may be able to resume the discussion of finance
+with their opponents in the Democratic party.
+
+After a campaign which called forth almost daily leaders from the press
+of New York and London, and aroused the interest of Europe, General
+Hayes was a third time elected governor of Ohio by a majority of 5,544.
+
+The character of the contest lifted him from a State leader to a
+national, an international man, and made the presidency a possibility.
+We now leave the reader to engage in the profitable pleasure of reading
+the only Ohio governor's third inaugural:
+
+     _Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly:_
+
+     Questions of National concern, in the existing condition of public
+     affairs, may well be left to those officers to whom the people, in
+     conformity with the constitution of the United States, have
+     confided the important duties and responsibilities of the various
+     departments of the general government.
+
+     During the term for which you have been elected, the constitution
+     of the State devolves on you the task of dealing with many subjects
+     very interesting to the people of Ohio. The duty of communicating
+     to you the condition of the State, and of recommending measures
+     deemed expedient, was performed at the opening of your present
+     session by the distinguished citizen who has preceded me in the
+     executive office. In complying with the usage which requires me to
+     appear before you on this occasion, I am, therefore, relieved from
+     the necessity of entering upon any extensive examination of the
+     subjects which will claim your attention. There are, however, a few
+     topics on which brief suggestions may, perhaps, be profitably
+     submitted.
+
+     The attention of the legislature has often been earnestly invoked
+     to the rapid increase of municipal and other local expenditures,
+     and the consequent augmentation of local taxation and local
+     indebtedness. This increase is found mainly in the cities and large
+     towns. It is certainly a great evil. How to govern cities well,
+     consistently with the principles and methods of popular government,
+     is one of the most important and difficult problems of our time.
+     Profligate expenditure is the fruitful cause of municipal
+     misgovernment. If a means can be found which will keep municipal
+     expenses from largely exceeding the public necessities, its
+     adoption will go far toward securing honesty and efficiency in city
+     affairs. In cities large debts and bad government go together.
+     Cities which have the lightest taxes and smallest debts are apt,
+     also, to have the purest and most satisfactory governments.
+
+     The following statement, showing the increase of municipal taxation
+     and indebtedness in the cities and large towns of Ohio, ought to
+     arrest attention:
+
+     In 1871, in thirty-one of the principal cities and towns of the
+     State, the average rate of taxation was twenty-three and one-tenth
+     mills on the dollar. The total amount of taxes levied for all
+     purposes was $8,988,064. The total indebtedness was $7,187,082.
+
+     In 1875, in the same cities and towns, the average rate of taxation
+     was twenty-eight and three-tenths mills on the dollar. The total
+     amount of taxes levied for all purposes was $12,361,934. The total
+     indebtedness was $20,800,491.
+
+     The salient points in this statement are, that in four years the
+     rate of municipal taxation has increased almost 25 per cent; the
+     total amount of municipal taxes has increased over thirty-seven per
+     cent, and municipal indebtedness has increased about one hundred
+     and ninety per cent, or more than thirteen and a half millions of
+     dollars. If this great increase of burdens affected directly the
+     whole people of the State, they would give their agents in the
+     legislative and executive departments of the State government no
+     peace until effective measures to prevent its continuance were
+     adopted. But, in fact, the whole people of the State are deeply
+     interested in this subject. The burdens borne by the cities and
+     towns must be shared, in part at least, by all who transact
+     business with them. The town and the neighboring country have a
+     common interest, and, in many respects must be regarded as one
+     community.
+
+     It has been said that the discretion committed to the local
+     authorities, however limited and guarded, must be necessarily
+     large; that in respect to the imposition of the largest proportion
+     of the burden imposed upon the citizen, they constitute the real
+     legislature; and that for the prevention of the evils we are
+     considering, the people must exercise the greatest care in the
+     choice of citizens to fill the important local offices. Experience
+     does not seem to justify the expectation that an adequate remedy
+     can be obtained in this way.
+
+     I submit that to the subject of local indebtedness the General
+     Assembly should apply the principles of the State constitution on
+     the subject of State indebtedness.
+
+     It is not enough to require in every grant of special authority to
+     incur debt as a condition precedent that the people interested
+     shall approve it by their votes. It is well known how easily such
+     elections are carried under the influence of local excitement and
+     local rivalries. If the rule of the State constitution which
+     forbids all debts except in certain specified emergencies is deemed
+     too stringent to be applied to local affairs, the legislature
+     should at least accompany every authority to contract debt with an
+     imperative requirement that a tax sufficient to pay off the
+     indebtedness within a brief period shall be immediately levied, and
+     thus compel every citizen who votes to increase debts to vote at
+     the same time for an immediate increase of taxes sufficient to
+     discharge them.
+
+     The wisdom of the policy long since adopted of placing a judicious
+     limitation on the power of municipal authorities to levy taxes has
+     been vindicated by experience. It must, however, ultimately fail to
+     accomplish its object if the increase of municipal indebtedness is
+     allowed to go on. To authorize a town to contract a debt, whose
+     expenditures already require taxation up to the limit allowed by
+     law, is, in its necessary effect, tantamount to a repeal of the
+     limitation.
+
+     Under the provisions of the eighth article of the constitution,
+     already referred to, the State debt, notwithstanding the
+     extraordinary expenditures of the war, has been reduced from over
+     twenty millions, the amount due in 1851, until it is now only about
+     seven millions. An important part of the constitutional provisions
+     which have been so successful in State finances is the section
+     which requires the creation of a sinking fund and the annual
+     payment of a constantly increasing sum on the principal of the
+     State debt. Let a requirement analogous to this be enacted in
+     regard to existing local indebtedness; let a judicious limitation
+     of the rate of taxation which local authorities may levy be
+     strictly adhered to, and allow no further indebtedness to be
+     authorized except in conformity with these principles; and we may,
+     I believe, confidently expect that within a few years the burdens
+     of debt now resting upon the cities and towns of the State will
+     disappear, and that other wholesome and much needed reforms in the
+     whole administration of our municipal government will of necessity
+     follow the adoption of what may be called the cash system in local
+     affairs.
+
+     Among the most interesting duties you will have to perform are
+     those which relate to the guardianship and care of the unfortunate
+     classes of society and to the punishment and reformation of
+     criminals. According to the latest official reports the State is
+     responsible for the support and care of about fifteen thousand of
+     her dependent citizens. The State is also bound to see that many
+     thousands more, who are imprisoned for longer or shorter periods on
+     account of crime, have just and wise treatment. There is annually
+     expended in the performance of these duties a sum exceeding two and
+     a half millions of dollars. The people of Ohio feel a profound
+     interest in what are known as the benevolent, reformatory, and
+     penal institutions of the State.
+
+     In order that the General Assembly might from time to time receive
+     full and accurate information as to the efficiency of the
+     management of these institutions, and of the county and city jails,
+     infirmaries, and work-houses, it was enacted in 1867 that a Board
+     of State Charities be established. It was intended that this board
+     should be composed of citizens of intelligence and benevolence, who
+     would serve without compensation. They were "to investigate the
+     system of the public charitable and correctional institutions of
+     the State, and to make such recommendations as they might deem
+     necessary." They were also required to make annually a full and
+     complete report of their doings to the legislature. In pursuance of
+     this law a board was organized, which, at a trifling expense to the
+     State, did much valuable work. By reason of their investigations
+     and reports, important improvements were introduced into the
+     infirmaries and jails of the State, and the general efficiency of
+     our penal and reformatory system was increased. In 1872 the General
+     Assembly, without due consideration, it is believed, repealed the
+     act creating the board. I respectfully recommend that the Board of
+     State Charities be re-established.
+
+     It is believed that an investigation in the interest of economy
+     will discover that several offices, somewhat expensive to the
+     State, may, without detriment to the public service, be either
+     abolished, or so consolidated as to accomplish a material saving to
+     the treasury.
+
+     Agreeing generally with the sentiments of Governor Allen's recent
+     message, I desire especially to concur in what is said on the
+     subject of the National Centennial Celebration.
+
+     No community in the world has been permitted by Providence to enjoy
+     more largely the blessings conferred on mankind by the great event
+     of 1776 than the people of Ohio. Ohio and her interests had no
+     existence one hundred years ago. They are the growth of less than a
+     century. The people naturally wish that their State, and her
+     history, and her advantages should be widely known. No other such
+     opportunity for their exhibition will probably occur for several
+     generations.
+
+     Let your session be short--avoid all schemes requiring excessive
+     expenditure, whether State or local, and your constituents will
+     cheerfully approve the appropriation required to secure to Ohio a
+     fitting representation in the approaching celebration of the
+     Nation's birth.
+
+     Before taking the oath of office, I desire to make my
+     acknowledgments to my predecessor, Governor Allen, for the friendly
+     and considerate way in which he has treated me, both during and
+     since the recent political contest in Ohio; and to express the
+     wish, in which I am sure you and all the people whom he has served
+     will unite with me, that, returning to his beautiful home
+     overlooking the ancient capital of our State, he may enjoy for many
+     years to come the best blessings which belong to this stage of
+     existence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+NOMINATION TO THE PRESIDENCY.
+
+     _Early Suggestions--Letters on Subject--Garfield Letter--Action of
+     State Convention--Cincinnati Convention--Course of his
+     Friends--First and Second Day's Events--Speech of
+     Noyes--Balloting--Nominated on Seventh Ballot--Officially
+     Notified--Habits--Personal Appearance--Family--Letter of
+     Acceptance--Character as a Soldier, Magistrate, and Man--Domestic
+     Surroundings._
+
+
+No able man can for a long time fill the office of chief magistrate of
+one of the three great States of the Union without having his name more
+or less mentioned by his friends in connection with the presidency. As
+early as October, 1871, the president of the Chamber of Commerce of
+Cincinnati, at a large public meeting held in that city just prior to
+the fall election, introduced Governor Hayes as the next Republican
+candidate for President of the United States.
+
+In 1872 a modest poet was inspired by the surrounding sentiment to sing:
+
+         "We bow not down to yonder rising sun,
+           As did the Parsee worshiper of old,
+         But bend in homage when its race is run,
+           And watch it sink in purple-fretted gold.
+         And thus to thee, oh Hayes! the tried, the true,
+           On battle-field and in the civic chair,
+         Our heart's deep gratitude, thy meed and due,
+           (As closes far too soon thy proud career),
+         Goes out with benedictions pure and high:
+           Oh may thy set be brief, and, like the sun,
+         Rise thou again--thy light to fill the sky,
+           A brighter course of glory still to run,
+         Till millions now unborn shall hail thy name
+         In ages yet to come, with grand acclaim!"
+
+Early in 1875 he was overwhelmed with letters urging upon him the
+acceptance of the third nomination for governor. Many of these letters
+presented as an inducement in favor of acceptance that if he ran for
+governor and succeeded in beating Allen, the prize of the presidency
+would be within his reach. To one of these letters from a leading editor
+he replied on April 10:
+
+     "The personal advantages you suggest rather tend to repel me. The
+     melancholy thing in our public life is the insane desire to get
+     higher.... But now I can't take that direction, and I will be ever
+     so much obliged if you will help drop me out of it as smoothly as
+     may be."
+
+To a member of the State legislature he wrote:
+
+     "Content with the past, I am not in a state of mind about the
+     future. It is for us to act well in the present. George E. Pugh
+     used to say there is no political hereafter."
+
+In the canvass of 1875, so much were the hearts of the people set upon
+having their great State leader the National leader, that the masses
+were invited in announcements for political meetings to come out and
+hear "the next President of the United States."
+
+As illustrating the firmness of Governor Hayes in adhering to
+convictions, we give below a letter addressed to Hon. James A. Garfield.
+It must be remembered that at the time this letter was written the
+paper money madness prevailed through Ohio and in Congress to an
+alarming extent.
+
+     EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, STATE OF OHIO, }
+     COLUMBUS, _March 4,           1876._ }
+
+     _My Dear General:_
+
+     I have your note of 2d. I am kept busy with callers,
+     correspondence, and the routine details of the office, and have not
+     therefore tried to keep abreast of the currents of opinion on any
+     of the issues. My notion is that the true contest is to be between
+     inflation and a sound currency. The Democrats are again drifting
+     all to the wrong side. We need not divide on details, on methods,
+     or time when.
+
+     The previous question will again be irredeemable paper as a
+     permanent policy, or a policy which seeks a return to coin. My
+     opinion is decidedly against yielding a hair's breadth.
+
+     We can't be on the inflation side of the question. We must keep our
+     face, our front, firmly in the other direction. "No steps
+     backward," must be something more than unmeaning platform words.
+     "The drift of sentiment among our friends in Ohio," which you
+     inquire about, will depend on the conduct of our leading men. It is
+     for them to see that the right sentiment is steadily upheld. We are
+     in a condition such that firmness and adherence to principle are of
+     peculiar value just now. I would "consent" to no backward steps. To
+     yield or compromise is weakness, and will destroy us. If a better
+     resumption measure can be substituted for the present one, that may
+     do. But keep cool. We can better afford to be beaten in Congress
+     than to back out.
+
+     Sincerely,
+     R. B. HAYES.
+
+Here is high courage and lofty political morality. The letter proclaims
+the grand truth that the only inquiry worthy of a statesman is, not what
+the tendency of public opinion is, but what ought it to be?
+
+To a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention he wrote, under date of April
+6:
+
+     "Having done absolutely nothing to make myself the candidate of
+     Ohio, I feel very little responsibility for future results. When
+     the State Convention was called it seemed probable that if I
+     encouraged my friends to organize for the purpose, every district
+     would elect my decided supporters. But to make such an effort in my
+     own behalf, to use Payne's phrase on repudiation, 'I abhorred.'"
+
+The Republican State Convention, which met March 29, had passed, by a
+unanimous vote, and with boundless enthusiasm, the following resolution:
+
+     "The Republican party of Ohio, having full confidence in the
+     honesty, ability, and patriotism of Rutherford B. Hayes, cordially
+     presents him to the National Republican Convention, for the
+     nomination for president of the United States, and our State
+     delegates to that Convention are instructed and the district
+     delegates are requested to use their earnest efforts to secure his
+     nomination."
+
+We shall not stop to trace the growth of the Hayes sentiment in other
+States. When the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled in
+Cincinnati, on June 14, 1876, the situation was this: Hayes was the
+first choice of every one for the second place on the ticket, and every
+one's second choice for the first. He and his friends had in no way
+antagonized other candidates, and had been guilty of no uncharitableness
+of judgment toward them. In the convention, he was modestly presented as
+the one candidate who could harmonize all interests, and unite all party
+elements. His friends argued that he combined merit and availability to
+a higher degree than any one whose name was before the convention.
+
+The spirit of the convention was good, and there seemed a willing
+response to this portion of the opening prayer:
+
+     "By Thy grace, give to them a spirit of concord, that harmony may
+     prevail in their counsels; a spirit of wisdom that may discern and
+     use the right means to promote the end for which they are convened;
+     a spirit of patriotism, that the prosperity of the Nation may
+     overshadow all personal or sectional desires; a spirit of courage,
+     that they may be faithful to the deepest convictions of duty."
+
+Ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, Chairman of the National Executive
+Committee, in his opening address, pertinently said:
+
+     "Resumption accomplished, then, in all human probability, will
+     follow ten or fifteen years of prosperity, equal to that of any
+     former period, perhaps greater than the country has yet seen. If
+     you will, in addition, put a plank in your platform, declaring for
+     such an amendment of the constitution as will extend the
+     presidential office to six years, and make the incumbent ineligible
+     for re-election, you will deserve the gratitude of the American
+     people."
+
+The Hon. Theodore M. Pomeroy, Temporary Chairman, forcibly declared:
+
+     "No, gentlemen, the late war was not a mere prize-fight for
+     National supremacy. It was the outgrowth of the conflict of
+     irreconcilable moral, social, and political forces. Democracy had
+     its lot with the moral, social, and political forces of the cause
+     which was lost; the Republican party with those which triumphed and
+     survived. The preservation of the results of that victory devolves
+     upon us here and now. Democracy has no traditions of the past, no
+     impulses of the present, no aspirations for the future, fitting it
+     for this task. The reaction of 1874 has already spent itself in a
+     vain effort to realize the situation. It has simply demonstrated
+     that no change in the machinery of the government can be had
+     outside of the Republican party, without drawing with it a
+     practical nullification of the great work of reconstruction,
+     financial chaos, and administrative revolution. The present House
+     of Representatives has succeeded in nothing except the development
+     of its own incapacity."
+
+The additional speeches delivered on the first day (which was devoted to
+organization) were by Senator Logan, General Joseph R. Hawley,
+Ex-Governor Noyes, Rev. Henry Highland Garnett, Ex-Governor Wm. A.
+Howard, of Michigan, and Fred. Douglass.
+
+Mr. Douglass was vociferously applauded, when he said:
+
+     "The thing, however, in which I feel the deepest interest, and the
+     thing in which I believe this country feels the deepest interest,
+     is that the principles involved in the contest which carried your
+     sons and brothers to the battle-field, which draped our Northern
+     churches with the weeds of mourning, and filled our towns and our
+     cities with mere stumps of men--armless, legless, maimed, and
+     mutilated--the thing for which you poured out your blood and piled
+     a debt for after-coming generations higher than a mountain of gold,
+     to weigh down the necks of your children and your children's
+     children--I say those principles, those principles involved in that
+     tremendous contest, are to be dearer to the American people in the
+     great political struggle now upon them than any other principles we
+     have."
+
+The most significant event of the first day's proceedings was the
+reading from the platform, by George William Curtis, of the outspoken
+address of the Republican Reform Club of the city of New York.
+
+The Hon. Edward McPherson, of Pennsylvania, was chosen permanent
+chairman. The important events of the second day's proceedings were the
+adoption of the platform and the putting presidential candidates in
+nomination. The candidate the convention subsequently selected was
+placed in nomination by Ex-Governor Noyes, of Ohio, through the
+following eminently appropriate speech:
+
+     GENTLEMEN:--On behalf of the forty-four delegates from Ohio,
+     representing the entire Republican party of Ohio, I have the honor
+     to present to this convention the name of a gentleman well known
+     and favorably known throughout the country; one held in high
+     respect, and much beloved, by the people of Ohio; a man who, during
+     the dark and stormy days of the rebellion, when those who are
+     invincible in peace and invisible in battle were uttering brave
+     words to cheer their neighbors on, himself, in the fore-front of
+     battle, followed his leaders and his flag until the authority of
+     our government was established from the lakes to the Gulf, and from
+     the river round to the sea. A man who has had the rare good fortune
+     since the war was over to be twice elected to Congress from the
+     district where he resided, and subsequently the rarer fortune of
+     beating successively for the highest office in the gift of the
+     people of Ohio, Allen G. Thurman, George H. Pendleton, and William
+     Allen. He is a gentleman who has somehow fallen into the habit of
+     defeating Democratic aspirants for the Presidency, and we in Ohio
+     all have a notion that from long experience he will be able to do
+     it again. In presenting the name of Governor Hayes, permit me to
+     say we wage no war upon the distinguished gentlemen whose names
+     have been mentioned here to-day. They have rendered great service
+     to their country, which entitles them to our respect and to our
+     gratitude. I have no word to utter against them. I only wish to say
+     that General Hayes is the peer of these gentlemen in integrity, in
+     character, in ability. They appear as equals in all the great
+     qualities which fit men for the highest positions which the
+     American people can give them. Governor Hayes is honest; he is
+     brave; he is unpretending; he is wise, sagacious, a scholar, and a
+     gentleman. Enjoying an independent fortune, the simplicity of his
+     private life, his modesty of bearing, is a standing rebuke to the
+     extravagance--the reckless extravagance--which leads to corruption
+     in public and in private places.
+
+     Remember now, delegates to the convention, that a responsible duty
+     rests upon you. You can be governed by no wild impulse. You can run
+     no fearful risks in this campaign. You must, if you would succeed,
+     nominate a candidate here who will not only carry the old, strong
+     Republican States, but who will carry Indiana, Ohio, and New York,
+     as well as other doubtful States. We care not who the man shall be,
+     other than our own candidate. Whoever you nominate, men of the
+     convention, shall receive our heartiest and most earnest efforts
+     for their success. But we beg to submit that in Governor Hayes you
+     have those qualities which are calculated best to compromise all
+     difficulties, and to soften all antagonisms. He has no personal
+     enemies: His private life is so pure that no man has ever dared to
+     assail it. His public acts throughout all these years have been
+     above suspicion even. I ask you, then, if, in the lack of these
+     antagonisms, and with all of these good qualities, living in a
+     State which holds its election in October, the result of which will
+     be decisive, it may be, of the presidential campaign--it is not
+     worth while to see to it that a candidate is nominated against whom
+     nothing can be said, and who is sure to succeed in the campaign?
+
+     In conclusion, permit me to say that, if the wisdom of this
+     convention shall decide at last that Governor Hayes' nomination is
+     safest, and is best, that decision will meet with such responsive
+     enthusiasm here in Ohio as will insure Republican success at home,
+     and which will be so far-reaching and wide-spreading as to make
+     success almost certain from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
+
+The nomination was seconded by Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, Colonel J. W.
+Davis, of West Virginia, Hon. A. St. Gem, and Hon. J. P. Jones, of
+Missouri.
+
+The third and last day of the sitting of the Convention was employed in
+balloting and in making the nominations.
+
+At twenty minutes to 11 the balloting for president began:
+
+FIRST
+BALLOT.
+
+Bl: Blaine
+Mo: Morton
+Co: Conkling
+Br: Bristow
+Hy: Hayes
+Hr: Hartranft
+Wh: Wheeler
+Je: Jewell
+
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+     STATES.           |  Bl |  Mo |  Co |  Br |  Hy |  Hr |  Wh |  Je
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+Alabama                | 10  |     |     |   7 |  2  |     |     |  1
+Arkansas               |     | 12  |     |     |     |     |     |
+California             |  9  |     |  1  |  2  |     |     |     |
+Connecticut            |     |     |     |  2  |     |     |     | 10
+Delaware               |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Florida                |  1  |  4  |  8  |     |     |     |     |
+Georgia                |  5  |  6  |  8  |  3  |     |     |     |
+Illinois               | 38  |     |     |  3  |  1  |     |     |
+Indiana                |     | 30  |     |     |     |     |     |
+Iowa                   | 22  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Kansas                 | 10  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Kentucky               |     |     |     | 24  |     |     |     |
+Louisiana              |  2  | 14  |     |     |     |     |     |
+Maine                  | 14  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Maryland               | 16  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Massachusetts          |  6  |     |     | 17  |     |     |  3  |
+Michigan               |  8  |     |  1  |  9  |  4  |     |     |
+Minnesota              | 10  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Mississippi            |     | 12  |     |  3  |     |     |     |
+Missouri               | 14  | 12  |  1  |  2  |  1  |     |     |
+Nebraska               |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Nevada                 |     |     |  2  |  3  |  1  |     |     |
+New Hampshire          |  7  |     |     |  3  |     |     |     |
+New Jersey             | 13  |     |     |     |  5  |     |     |
+New York               |     |     | 69  |  1  |     |     |     |
+North Carolina         |  9  |  2  |  7  |  1  |     |     |     |
+Ohio                   |     |     |     |     | 44  |     |     |
+Oregon                 |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Pennsylvania           |     |     |     |     |     | 58  |     |
+Rhode Island           |  2  |     |     |  6  |     |     |     |
+South Carolina         |     | 13  |     |  1  |     |     |     |
+Texas                  |  2  |  5  |  3  |  6  |     |     |     |
+Tennessee              |  4  | 10  |     | 10  |     |     |     |
+Vermont                |  1  |     |     |  8  |  1  |     |     |
+Virginia               | 16  |  3  |  3  |     |     |     |     |
+West Virginia          |  8  |     |     |     |  2  |     |     |
+Wisconsin              | 20  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Arizona                |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Colorado               |  6  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Dakota                 |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Idaho                  |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Montana                |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+New Mexico             |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Utah                   |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+District of Columbia   |     |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |
+Washington             |  2  |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+Wyoming                |  1  |     |     |  1  |     |     |     |
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+     Totals            |285  |125  | 99  |113  | 61  | 58  |  3  | 11
+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
+
+The second ballot resulted as follows: Blaine, 296; Morton, 120;
+Bristow, 114; Conkling, 93; Hayes, 64; Hartranft, 63: Wheeler, 3;
+Washburne, 1.
+
+Third ballot: Blaine, 293; Bristow, 121; Morton, 113; Conkling, 90;
+Hartranft, 08; Hayes, 67; Wheeler, 2; Washburne, 1.
+
+Fourth ballot: Blaine, 292; Bristow, 126; Morton, 108; Conkling, 84;
+Hartranft, 71; Hayes, 68; Washburne, 3; Wheeler, 2.
+
+Fifth ballot: Whole number of votes cast, 755. Necessary to a choice,
+378. Not voting, 1. Blaine, 286; Morton, 95; Bristow, 114; Conkling, 82;
+Hayes, 104; Hartranft, 69; Wheeler (Mass.), 2; Washburne, (Ga. 1, 111.
+1, Minn. 1), 3.
+
+On this ballot Hayes passed from the fifth to the third place, through
+the aid of 22 votes cast for him by Michigan, and 12 by North Carolina.
+This was the first distinct foreshadowing of the result.
+
+On the sixth ballot Hayes was second, the vote standing: Blaine, 308;
+Hayes, 113; Bristow, 111; Morton, 85; Conkling, 81; Hartranft, 50;
+Washburne, 5; Wheeler, 2.
+
+The decisive ballot stood:
+
+SEVENTH BALLOT.
+
+STATES.               Hayes  Blaine  Bristow
+
+Alabama                        17      3
+Arkansas                1      11
+California              3      16
+Connecticut             3       2      7
+Delaware                        6
+Florida                         8
+Georgia                 7      14      1
+Illinois                3      35      5
+Indiana                25              5
+Iowa                           22
+Kansas                         10
+Kentucky               24
+Louisiana               2      14
+Maine                          14
+Maryland                       16
+Massachusetts          21       5
+Michigan               22
+Minnesota               1       9
+Mississippi            16
+Missouri               10      20
+Nebraska                        6
+Nevada                  6
+New Hampshire           3       7
+New Jersey              6      12
+New York               61       9
+North Carolina         20
+Ohio                   44
+Oregon                          6
+Pennsylvania           28      30
+Rhode Island            6       2
+South Carolina          7       7
+Texas                  15       1
+Tennessee              18       6
+Vermont                10
+Virginia                8      14
+West Virginia           4       6
+Wisconsin               4      16
+Arizona                         2
+Colorado                        6
+Dakota                          2
+Idaho                           2
+Montana                 2
+New Mexico                      2
+Utah                            2
+District of Columbia            2
+Washington                      2
+Wyoming                 2
+
+Totals                381     351     21
+
+The nomination of Governor Hayes was received with indescribable
+enthusiasm, with long-continued cheering, and every other demonstration
+of joy and delight.
+
+Outside of Ohio the State that contributed most to this far-reaching
+result was Michigan. From the fact that Mr. Bristow telegraphed to the
+Kentucky delegation several hours before the crisis was reached to cast
+their votes for Hayes, that State should share, after Michigan, the
+honor of achieving the grand result. Indiana, North Carolina, and New
+York followed close upon Kentucky, if it is possible to compare the
+value of the aid each State brought.
+
+On motion of the Hon. Wm. P. Frye, of Maine, Rutherford B. Hayes was
+declared the unanimous choice of the Republican National Convention for
+President of the United States.
+
+This great convention concluded its labors by nominating the able and
+incorruptible Wm. A. Wheeler, of New York, for vice-president by
+acclamation.
+
+On the 17th of June, the day following the nomination, the committee
+appointed by the convention to notify Governor Hayes of the fact
+presented themselves in the executive office at Columbus.
+
+Mr. McPherson, the chairman, approaching him, said:
+
+     "GOVERNOR HAYES: We have been deputed by the National convention of
+     the Republican party, holden at Cincinnati on the 14th of the
+     present month, to inform you officially that you have been
+     unanimously nominated by that convention for the office of
+     President of the United States. The manner in which that action was
+     taken, and the response to it from every portion of the country,
+     attest the strength of the popular confidence in you and the belief
+     that your administration will be wise, courageous, and just. We
+     say, sir, your administration, for we believe that the people will
+     confirm the action of the convention, and thus save the country
+     from the control of the men and the operations of the principles
+     and policy of the Democratic party. We have also been directed to
+     ask your attention to the summary of the Republican doctrine
+     contained in the platform adopted by the convention. In discharging
+     this agreeable duty we find cause of congratulation in the
+     harmonious action of the convention, and in the hearty response
+     given by the people we see the promise of assured success. Ohio, we
+     know, trusts and honors you. Henceforth you belong to the whole
+     country. Under circumstances so auspicious, we trust you will
+     indicate your acceptance of the nomination."
+
+The governor, who had had no intimation as to what the length or
+character of the address would be, was left in doubt with respect to the
+response expected from him by the committee. He, however, without
+embarrassment, but in an intentionally subdued tone of voice, gave this
+appropriately brief reply:
+
+     "SIR: I have only to say in response to your information that I
+     accept the nomination. Perhaps at the present time it would be
+     improper for me to say more than this, although even now I should
+     be glad to give some expression to the profound sense of gratitude
+     I feel for the confidence reposed in me by yourselves and those for
+     whom you act. At a future time I shall take occasion to present my
+     acceptance in writing, with my views upon the platform."
+
+Since his nomination for the presidency, Governor Hayes has changed in
+no perceptible respect the habits, recreations, or labors of his daily
+life. He rises early and accomplishes much work before breakfast. He
+labors in the executive office in the capitol from nine until five,
+discharging his varied duties as governor, answering or dictating the
+answers to be given his official, political, and private correspondence,
+and remaining at all times accessible to visitors of every age, sex,
+color, and condition, who seek to see him. His evenings are passed with
+his family, or at the social parties of his many friends. He makes his
+customary trips to his home and farms near Fremont, and, while
+profitably managing large property interests, finds time to devote to
+pioneer history, to domestic architecture, to gardening, to general
+literature, to languages, and other liberal studies and pursuits. He is
+sobered, but not overpowered or oppressed by the new responsibilities
+cast upon him. He suffers himself to be--as he ever has been--natural.
+Moderate, discreet, and wise in all things as he has been in the past
+and is in the present, he is conspicuously one who grows wiser each day
+that he lives.
+
+Governor Hayes has reached the age of fifty-four, is five feet nine
+inches in height, and weighs one hundred and eighty pounds. Perfect
+health and habits leave him just in the ripe maturity of physical
+manhood and mind. His shoulders and breast are broad, his frame solid
+and compact, his limbs muscular and strong. He has a fresh, ruddy
+complexion, is full of activity and elasticity, and is very fond of the
+amusements of young people. He has an exceptionally high and full
+forehead, a prominent nose, and bluish-gray eyes. A heavy sandy mustache
+and beard, which are silvered a little, conceal his mouth and chin. His
+light-brown hair is thin and slightly sprinkled with gray.
+
+The Governor is the father of eight children, five of whom are now
+living. Those still living were born as follows: Birchard Austin,
+November 4, 1853; Webb Cook, March 20, 1856; Rutherford Platt, June 24,
+1858; Fanny Hayes, September 2, 1867; Scott Russell, February 8, 1871.
+
+The youngest of these children was born in Columbus, the others in
+Cincinnati. The oldest son graduated at Cornell University, in the class
+of 1874, and is now at the Harvard Law School. The second son passed
+three years at Cornell, and is now at home. The third son is at Cornell.
+
+Three weeks from the day that Governor Hayes was nominated for the
+Presidency, his private secretary, Captain A. E. Lee, put upon the
+telegraphic wires, at Columbus, the following accurate copy of:
+
+     THE LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE.
+
+     COLUMBUS, OHIO, _July 8, 1876._
+
+     Hon. Edward McPherson, Hon. Wm. A. Howard, Hon. Joseph H. Rainey,
+     and others, Committee of the Republican National Convention.
+
+     GENTLEMEN: In reply to your official communication of June 17, by
+     which I am informed of my nomination for the office of President of
+     the United States by the Republican National Convention at
+     Cincinnati, I accept the nomination with gratitude, hoping that,
+     under Providence, I shall be able, if elected, to execute the
+     duties of the high office as a trust for the benefit of all the
+     people.
+
+     I do not deem it necessary to enter upon any extended examination
+     of the declaration of principles made by the convention. The
+     resolutions are in accord with my views, and I heartily concur in
+     the principles they announce. In several of the resolutions,
+     however, questions are considered which are of such importance that
+     I deem it proper to briefly express my convictions in regard to
+     them.
+
+     The fifth resolution adopted by the convention is of paramount
+     interest. More than forty years ago, a system of making
+     appointments to office grew up, based upon the maxim "To the
+     victors belong the spoils." The old rule, the true rule, that
+     honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only real
+     qualifications for office, and that there is no other claim, gave
+     place to the idea that party services were to be chiefly
+     considered. All parties, in practice, have adopted this system. It
+     has been essentially modified since its first introduction. It has
+     not, however, been improved.
+
+     At first the president, either directly or through the heads of
+     departments, made all the appointments. But gradually the
+     appointing power, in many cases, passed into the control of members
+     of Congress. The offices, in these cases, have become not merely
+     rewards for party services, but rewards for services to party
+     leaders. This system destroys the independence of the separate
+     departments of the government; it tends directly to extravagance
+     and official incapacity; it is a temptation to dishonesty; it
+     hinders and impairs that careful supervision and strict
+     accountability by which alone faithful and efficient public service
+     can be secured; it obstructs the prompt removal and sure punishment
+     of the unworthy. In every way it degrades the civil service and the
+     character of the government. It is felt, I am confident, by a large
+     majority of the members of Congress, to be an intolerable burden,
+     and an unwarrantable hindrance to the proper discharge of their
+     legitimate duties. It ought to be abolished. The reform should be
+     thorough, radical, and complete.
+
+     We should return to the principles and practice of the founders of
+     the government, supplying by legislation, when needed, that which
+     was formerly established custom. They neither expected nor desired
+     from the public officer any partisan service. They meant that
+     public officers should owe their whole service to the government
+     and to the people. They meant that the officer should be secure in
+     his tenure as long as his personal character remained untarnished,
+     and the performance of his duties satisfactory. If elected, I shall
+     conduct the administration of the government upon these principles;
+     and all constitutional powers vested in the executive will be
+     employed to establish this reform.
+
+     The declaration of principles by the Cincinnati Convention makes no
+     announcement in favor of a single presidential term. I do not
+     assume to add to that declaration; but, believing that the
+     restoration of the civil service to the system established by
+     Washington and followed by the early presidents can be best
+     accomplished by an executive who is under no temptation to use the
+     patronage of his office to promote his own re-election, I desire to
+     perform what I regard as a duty, in stating now my inflexible
+     purpose, if elected, not to be a candidate for election to a second
+     term.
+
+     On the currency question, I have frequently expressed my views in
+     public, and I stand by my record on this subject. I regard all the
+     laws of the United States relating to the payment of the public
+     indebtedness, the legal tender notes included, as constituting a
+     pledge and moral obligation of the Government, which must in good
+     faith be kept. It is my conviction that the feeling of uncertainty
+     inseparable from an irredeemable paper currency, with its
+     fluctuations of values, is one of the great obstacles to a revival
+     of confidence and business, and to a return of prosperity. That
+     uncertainty can be ended in but one way--the resumption of specie
+     payments; but the longer the instability connected with our present
+     money system is permitted to continue, the greater will be the
+     injury inflicted upon our economical interests, and all classes of
+     society.
+
+     If elected, I shall approve every appropriate measure to accomplish
+     the desired end, and shall oppose any step backward.
+
+     The resolution with respect to the public school system is one
+     which should receive the hearty support of the American people.
+     Agitation upon this subject is to be apprehended, until, by
+     constitutional amendment, the schools are placed beyond all danger
+     of sectarian control or interference. The Republican party is
+     pledged to secure such an amendment.
+
+     The resolution of the convention on the subject of the permanent
+     pacification of the country, and the complete protection of all its
+     citizens in the free enjoyment of all their constitutional rights,
+     is timely and of great importance. The condition of the Southern
+     States attracts the attention and commands the sympathy of the
+     people of the whole Union. In their progressive recovery from the
+     effects of the war, their first necessity is an intelligent and
+     honest administration of government, which will protect all classes
+     of citizens in all their political and private rights. What the
+     South most needs is peace, and peace depends upon the supremacy of
+     law. There can be no enduring peace if the constitutional rights of
+     any portion of the people are habitually disregarded. A division of
+     political parties, resting merely upon distinctions of race, or
+     upon sectional lines, is always unfortunate, and may be
+     disastrous. The welfare of the South, alike with that of every
+     other part of the country, depends upon the attractions it can
+     offer to labor, to immigration, and to capital. But laborers will
+     not go, and capital will not be ventured, where the constitution
+     and the laws are set at defiance, and distraction, apprehension,
+     and alarm, take the place of peace-loving and law-abiding social
+     life. All parts of the constitution are sacred, and must be
+     sacredly observed--the parts that are new no less than the parts
+     that are old. The moral and material prosperity of the Southern
+     States can be most effectively advanced by a hearty and generous
+     recognition of the rights of all by all--a recognition without
+     reserve or exception.
+
+     With such a recognition fully accorded, it will be practicable to
+     promote, by the influence of all legitimate agencies of the general
+     government, the efforts of the people of those States to obtain for
+     themselves the blessings of honest and capable local government.
+
+     If elected, I shall consider it not only my duty, but it will be my
+     ardent desire, to labor for the attainment of this end.
+
+     Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States that if I shall
+     be charged with the duty of organizing an Administration, it will
+     be one which will regard and cherish their truest interests--the
+     interests of the white and of the colored people both, and equally;
+     and which will put forth its best efforts in behalf of a civil
+     policy which will wipe out forever the distinction between North
+     and South in our common country.
+
+     With a civil service organized upon a system which will secure
+     purity, experience, efficiency, and economy; with a strict regard
+     for the public welfare, solely, in appointments; with the speedy,
+     thorough, and unsparing prosecution and punishment of all public
+     officers who betray official trusts; with a sound currency; with
+     education unsectarian and free to all; with simplicity and
+     frugality in public and private affairs, and with a fraternal
+     spirit of harmony pervading the people of all sections and classes,
+     we may reasonably hope that the second century of our existence as
+     a Nation will, by the blessing of God, be pre-eminent as an era of
+     good feeling, and a period of progress, prosperity, and happiness.
+
+     Very respectfully,
+     Your fellow-citizen,
+     R. B. HAYES.
+
+The non-partisan verdict upon this letter is that it is faultless in
+style, sound in principle, courageous, broad and elevated in tone,
+liberal, wise, statesmanlike, and strong. It is, in short, the
+declaration of faith of an honest man who has a heart in his breast and
+a head on his shoulders, with purity in that heart and brains in that
+head.
+
+The conclusions which follow our study of the public career of
+Rutherford Birchard Hayes, and the study of that interior life, the
+beauty of which the world will not know until he has passed from it, are
+briefly these.
+
+In boyhood, in battle, in the civic chair, in the esteem of his State,
+in every duty and relation of life, he has been first, and now, it would
+seem, is first in the hearts of his countrymen. As a student, he was
+foremost; as a lawyer, he was in the front rank; as a soldier, he was
+the bravest; as a legislator, the most judicious; as a governor, second
+to none of Ohio's great magistrates.
+
+The most striking characteristic of Hayes as a soldier was his personal
+intrepidity. Anthony Wayne, Francis Marion, and Ethan Allen were called
+brave men in the Revolution, and so they were; but we look in vain in
+their histories for as numerous proofs of unsurpassable daring as the
+hero of Cloyd Mountain, Cedar Creek, and South Mountain, has given us.
+Four horses shot under him; four wounds in action; fighting after he
+fell; a hundred days exposed to death under fire--these are the
+evidences of as lofty a courage as is yet known among men.
+
+As a regimental, brigade, and division commander, his most striking
+quality as a leader was his impetuosity. General Crook used to say that
+Hayes fought infantry as other men fought cavalry. He was always wanting
+to move forward, to charge, to get at the enemy with cold steel. His
+favorite step was the double-quick; his choice of distance two paces;
+and his preferred mode of fighting, the hand-to-hand grapple. This meant
+business, was decisive, and was soon over.
+
+Another characteristic was his constant care for the comfort of his
+soldiers. He was much in the hospitals, cheering up the wounded, writing
+letters for them, and sending last messages from the lips of the dying
+to wives, mothers, and friends. He shared his blanket, his last crust,
+his last penny, with the neediest of his men, and abstained from food
+when they had none.
+
+His house is to-day, and has been since the war, a soldiers' home, where
+all who served with him are invited to come at all times and partake at
+his own table with his wife and children. Seldom is this generous
+hospitality imposed on by the members of his large military family.
+Once, only, a pseudo-soldier, whom the children called the "Veteran,"
+having served two days and a half in the army, remained just double the
+term of his military service under the governor's roof. He doubtless
+found that the rations at this camp were good.
+
+As a civil magistrate, Governor Hayes has developed executive and
+administrative abilities of the highest order. He has a practical,
+common-sense, direct way of doing things. He first finds what things
+ought to be done, and then how. When his own party has been in a
+minority, he has made friends with a few of the most reasonable men in
+the opposition, and through them, as instruments, has accomplished his
+purposes.
+
+He is a discriminating judge of human nature, and is magnetic enough to
+make legislators follow his lead, as his soldiers followed him.
+
+He has fixed rules of official conduct to which he adheres in all cases.
+For example, if he has a judge to appoint--and he has appointed many to
+fill vacancies--his simple inquiry is, Whom do the members of the legal
+profession want, who live in the judicial district to be provided for?
+When that fact is accurately ascertained, the appointment follows as a
+matter of course, even though the lawyer preferred may be his personal
+enemy. In the interests of learning, higher education, human
+benevolence, and equal rights, Hayes has accomplished more than any
+governor Ohio has yet had. We make this statement with the honorable
+records of old Jeremiah Morrow, Corwin, Chase, Tod, Brough, and Cox
+spread before us.
+
+In a word, Governor Hayes is square-built, solid and sound, mentally,
+morally, and physically. His integrity is a proverb; his fidelity to his
+convictions is recognized by political enemies; his record is of
+unassailable soundness; and there is absolutely nothing vulnerable in
+his character. He has a Lincoln-like soundness of judgment, and is as
+inexorably just as old John Marshall. He is a man absolutely free from
+eccentricities and affectations; he neither walks nor talks on stilts.
+His manners have the warmth and grace that sincerity and simplicity
+give. In bearing, he is animated and thoughtful, manly and refined. His
+firmness, while it does not amount to obstinacy, marks the clear-cut
+individuality and decision of his character. He has the guiding faculty
+and the power of containing himself. He takes a just measure both of
+himself and of other men. If the country will do this, his future is as
+secure as his past. If president, he would do the right thing at the
+right time, in the right way. His election will give us, not a "solid
+South" or a solid North, but a solid Union!
+
+Since experience has taught us how essential it is that the
+representative of the women of America in the executive mansion should
+worthily represent all that is best and most elevated in our social
+life, a word in regard to the companion of Governor Hayes may not be out
+of taste. If any public man in our history has been more fortunate and
+happy in his home surroundings and family relations, we are not aware
+who he may be. If the voice of the people should decree the
+transplanting of the ideal home of this family from the capital of Ohio
+to the capital of the Republic, the pure and elevating influences
+radiating from such a home would pervade and purify the social life of
+the National city, if not of the land. A severer simplicity would mark
+the inner and the outer life of the president's household. Extravagance
+in dress and living, wastefulness in vain displays and in ambitious
+entertainments, would find no encouragement from the mistress of the
+Nation's mansion. The lessons of truth and piety, of purity and virtue,
+of charity and benevolence, of sincerity and self-forgetfulness, would
+be taught by example. A whole people could here find in illustration the
+sacredness of the family and the holiness of home.
+
+A union of rare accomplishments, social and domestic, with beauty of
+features, manners, and character, may yet be found in a successor of
+Mrs. Madison.
+
+A doctor of divinity and a doctor of laws, the president of the Ohio
+Wesleyan University, bears this weighty testimony, in a public address,
+to the correctness of what we have hereinbefore recorded:
+
+     "It is in no spirit of partisanship, nor with the slightest
+     reference to merely political ends, but simply in illustration of
+     our subject that we add, already there are hopeful signs of
+     reformation in our National life. It is a sign of progress that the
+     suspicion of sullied purity is beginning to be fatal to a public
+     man. It is an omen of good when in a large and representative
+     convention, with the names of many distinguished men before it, one
+     is borne above them all on the tide of popular enthusiasm and with
+     ringing peals of applause is presented to the American people,
+     without effort of his own, as a candidate for the highest office in
+     the Nation, not only because of his eminent ability, but largely
+     because of the transparent purity of his character and his high,
+     manly, moral worth.
+
+     "It is doubtless a cause of honest pride to the citizens of this
+     town, irrespective of political creeds and preferences, that the
+     man thus highly distinguished is a native of your classic city. By
+     reason of its youth this university can not claim him as a son, but
+     it regards with maternal pride his not less worthy companion, who,
+     after graduation at one of the best female colleges in the State,
+     indicated her rare good sense by passing through much of the
+     college curriculum of our university here.
+
+     "If, by the decree of the people and the providence of God, this
+     worthy pair, honored graduates of Ohio's higher schools of
+     learning, shall be lifted to the highest position and power and
+     influence in the Nation, we have reason to believe that they will
+     illustrate the salutary influence of that cultured goodness of
+     which we have spoken, and that the National capital and the entire
+     National domain will enjoy a purer atmosphere."
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Lebanon, Ohio, August 5,
+1867._
+
+     _Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     President Lincoln began his memorable address at the dedication of
+     the Gettysburg National Cemetery with these words:
+
+     "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+     continent a new Nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the
+     proposition that all men are created equal."
+
+     This was Abraham Lincoln's opinion of what was accomplished and
+     what was meant by the Declaration of Independence. His idea was
+     that it gave birth to a Nation, and that it dedicated that Nation
+     to equal rights.
+
+     Now, so far as the performance of duty in the present condition of
+     our country is concerned, "this is the whole law and the prophets."
+     The United States are not a confederacy of independent and
+     sovereign States, bound together by a mere treaty or a compact, but
+     the people of the United States constitute a Nation, having one
+     flag, one history, "one country, one constitution, one destiny."
+     Whoever seeks to divide this Nation into two sections--into a North
+     and a South, or into four sections, according to the cardinal
+     points of the compass, or into thirty or forty independent
+     sovereignties--is opposed to the Nation, and the Nation's friends
+     should be opposed to him.
+
+     Washington, in his Farewell Address, says:
+
+     "The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also
+     now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the
+     edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquillity
+     at home, your peace abroad; of your safety, of your prosperity, of
+     that very liberty which you so highly prize.... The name of
+     American, which belongs to you in your National capacity, must
+     always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation
+     derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of
+     difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and
+     political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought and
+     triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are
+     the work of joint counsels and joint efforts--of common dangers,
+     sufferings, and successes."
+
+     The sentiment of Nationality is the sentiment of the Declaration of
+     Independence; it is the sentiment of the fathers; it is the
+     sentiment which carried us through the war of the Revolution, and
+     through the war of the late Rebellion; and it is a sentiment which
+     the people of the United States ought forever to cultivate and
+     cherish.
+
+     The great idea to which the Nation, according to Mr. Lincoln, was
+     dedicated by the fathers is expressed in the Declaration in these
+     familiar phrases: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
+     all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
+     with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life,
+     liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights
+     governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
+     from the consent of the governed."
+
+     An intelligent audience will not wish to hear discussion as to the
+     import of these sentences. Their language is simple, their meaning
+     plain, and their truth undoubted. The equality declared by the
+     fathers was not an equality of beauty, of physical strength, or of
+     intellect, but an equality of rights. Foolish attempts have been
+     made by those who hate the principles of the fathers to destroy the
+     great fundamental truth of the Declaration, by limiting the
+     application of the phrase "all men" to the men of a single race.
+
+     But Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration leaves no room to
+     doubt what he meant by these words. The gravest charge he made
+     against the King of Great Britain in the original draft of the
+     Declaration of Independence was the following:
+
+     "He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its
+     most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant
+     people, who never offended him, capturing and carrying them into
+     slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their
+     transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of
+     infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great
+     Britain, determined to keep open market where MEN should be bought
+     and sold."
+
+     In this sentence the word "men" is written by Jefferson in capital
+     letters, showing with what emphasis he wished to declare that the
+     King of Great Britain was making slaves of a people to whom
+     belonged the rights of men.
+
+     Unfortunately for our country, that King, and others who "waged
+     cruel war against human nature itself," had already succeeded in
+     planting in the bosom of American society an element implacably
+     hostile to human rights, and destined to become the enemy of the
+     Union, whenever the American people, in their National capacity,
+     should refuse assent to any measures which the holders of slaves
+     should deem necessary or even important for the security or
+     prosperity of their "peculiar institution."
+
+     I need not, upon this occasion, repeat what is now familiar
+     history--how, by the invention of the cotton-gin, and the
+     consequent enormous increase of the cotton crop, slave labor in the
+     cotton States, and slave breeding in the Northern slave States,
+     became so profitable that the slaveholders were able, for many
+     years, largely to influence, if not control, every department of
+     the National Government. The slave power became something more than
+     a phrase--it was a definite, established, appalling fact. The
+     Missouri controversy, South Carolina nullification, the Texas
+     controversy, the adoption of the compromise measures of 1850, and
+     the repeal of the Missouri compromise in 1854, were all occasions
+     when the country was compelled to see the magnitude, the energy,
+     the recklessness, and the arrogance of the slave power.
+
+     Precisely when the men who wielded that power determined to destroy
+     the Union it is not now necessary to inquire. Threats of disunion
+     were made in the first Congress that assembled under the
+     constitution. Upon various pretexts they were repeated from time to
+     time, and no one doubts that slavery was at the bottom of them. In
+     1833 General Jackson wrote to Rev. A. J. Crawford: "Take care of
+     your nullifiers; you have them among you; let them meet with the
+     indignant frown of every man who loves his country. The tariff, it
+     is now known, was a mere pretext ... and disunion and a Southern
+     Confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro or
+     slavery question." General Jackson was no doubt right as to the
+     existence of a settled purpose to break up the Union, and to
+     establish a Southern Confederacy, as long ago as 1832. But why was
+     there such a purpose? On what ground did it stand?
+
+     Great political parties, whether sectional or otherwise, do not
+     come by accident, nor are they the invention of political intrigue.
+     A faction born of a clique may have some strength at one or two
+     elections, but the wisest political wire-workers can not, by merely
+     "taking thought," create a strong and permanent party. The result
+     of the Philadelphia Convention last summer probably taught this
+     truth to the authors of that movement. Great political movements
+     always have some adequate cause.
+
+     Now, on what did the conspirators who plotted the destruction of
+     the Union and the establishment of a Southern Confederacy rely? In
+     the first place, they taught a false construction of the National
+     constitution, which was miscalled State rights, the essential part
+     of which was that "any State of the Union might secede from the
+     Union whenever it liked." This doctrine was the instrument employed
+     to destroy the unity of the Nation. The fact which gave strength
+     and energy to those who employed this instrument was that in the
+     southern half of the Union, society, business, property, religion,
+     and law were all based on the proposition that over four millions
+     of our countrymen, capable of civilization and religion, were,
+     because of their race and color, "so far inferior that they had no
+     rights which the white man was bound to respect." The practice,
+     founded upon this denial of the Declaration of Independence,
+     protected by law and sanctioned by usage, was our great National
+     transgression, and was the cause of our great National calamity.
+
+     In a country where discussion was free, sooner or later, parties
+     were sure to be formed on the issues presented by the slaveholders.
+     The supporters of the Union and of human rights would band together
+     against the supporters of disunion and slavery. For many years
+     after the struggle really began, the issues were not clearly
+     defined, and neither party was able to occupy its true and final
+     position, or to rally to its standard all who were in fact its
+     friends. Old parties encumbered the ground. Men were slow to give
+     up old associations and leave the discussion of obsolete,
+     immaterial, or ephemeral issues.
+
+     At last the crisis came. In 1860, Mr. Lincoln, who was unfriendly
+     to slavery and faithful to the Union, was elected president. The
+     party of disunion and slavery were prepared for this event. Their
+     action was prompt, decisive, and defiant. They proceeded to
+     organize southern conventions, and formally to withdraw from the
+     Union, and undertook to establish a new government and a new Nation
+     on the soil of the United States.
+
+     Prior to 1860 the party calling itself Democratic had gathered
+     under one name and one organization almost the whole of the
+     secessionists of the South and a large body of the people of the
+     North, many of whom had no sympathy either with secession or
+     slavery. In 1860 the secessionists were so arrogant in their
+     demands that the great body of the Democratic party in the North
+     refused to yield to them, and supported Mr. Douglass in opposition
+     both to Mr. Lincoln, and to the disunion and slavery candidate, Mr.
+     Breckenridge. But it was well known that many leading Democrats who
+     supported Mr. Douglass leaned strongly toward the southern Calhoun
+     democracy, and that their sympathies were with slave-holding or at
+     least with slaveholders.
+
+     The evidence of this is abundantly furnished in their recorded
+     opinions. The most distinguished and perhaps the most influential
+     Democrat now actively engaged in politics in Ohio, who presided
+     over and addressed the last Democratic State Convention held at
+     Columbus, Mr. Pendleton, delivered a speech in the House of
+     Representatives on the 18th of January, 1861.
+
+     You will recollect how far the slaveholders had progressed in their
+     great rebellion at that date. Mr. Pendleton himself says:
+
+     "To-day, sir, four States of this Union have, so far as their power
+     extends, seceded from it. Four States, as far as they are able,
+     have annulled the grants of power made to the Federal Government;
+     they have resumed the powers delegated by the Constitution; they
+     have canceled, so far as they could, every limitation upon the full
+     exercise of all their sovereign rights. They do not claim our
+     protection; they ask no benefit from our laws; they seek none of
+     the advantages of the confederation. On the other hand, they
+     renounce their allegiance; they repudiate our authority over them,
+     and they assert that they have assumed--some of them that they have
+     resumed--their position among the family of sovereignties, among
+     the nations of the earth.... To-day, even while I am speaking,
+     Georgia is voting upon this very question. And unless the signs of
+     the times very much deceive us, within three weeks other States
+     will be added to the number."
+
+     Mr. Pendleton might also have said that prior to that date, forts,
+     arsenals, dock-yards, mints, and other places and property
+     belonging to the United States, had been seized by organized and
+     armed bodies of rebels; the collection of debts due in the South to
+     Northern creditors had been stopped; South Carolina had declared
+     that any attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter by the United States
+     would be regarded by that State as an act of hostility against her
+     and equivalent to a declaration of war; the Star of the West, an
+     unarmed vessel, with the American flag floating at her mast-head,
+     carrying provisions to the famishing garrison of Fort Sumter, had
+     been fired on and driven from Charleston harbor; in short, at that
+     date the rebels were engaged in actual war against the Nation, and
+     the only reason why blood had not been shed was that the National
+     government had failed in its duty to defend the Nation's property,
+     and to maintain the sacredness of the National flag.
+
+     At that crisis Mr. Pendleton delivered and sent forth a speech
+     bearing this significant motto: "But, sir, armies, money, blood,
+     can not maintain this Union--justice, reason, peace, may." The
+     speech was according to its motto. Accustomed as he is to speak
+     cautiously, and in a scholarly and moderate way, we can not be
+     mistaken as to his drift. On the authority of the National
+     government he says:
+
+     "Now, sir, what force of arms can compel a State to do that which
+     she has agreed to do? What force of arms can compel a State to
+     refrain from doing that which her State government, supported by
+     the sentiment of her people, is determined to persist in doing....
+     Sir, the whole scheme of coercion is impracticable. It is contrary
+     to the genius and spirit of the Constitution."
+
+     These extracts sufficiently and fairly show Mr. Pendleton's notion
+     of the duty and authority of the Nation in that great crisis. He
+     held the States rights doctrines of Calhoun and Breckenridge, and
+     not the National principles of Washington and Jackson.
+
+     As to the treatment of rebels already in arms, and as to the
+     "demands" of the slave power, consider this advice which he gave to
+     Congress and the people:
+
+     "If these Southern States can not be conciliated; if you,
+     gentlemen, can not find it in your hearts to grant their demands;
+     if they must leave the family mansion, I would signalize their
+     departure by tokens of love; I would bid them farewell so tenderly
+     that they would be forever touched by the recollection of it; and
+     if in the vicissitudes of their separate existence they should
+     desire to come together with us again in one common government,
+     there should be no pride to be humiliated, there should be no wound
+     inflicted by my hand to be healed. They should come and be welcome
+     to the places they now occupy."
+
+     Thus we see there were those who, with honeyed phrases and soft
+     words, would have looked smilingly on, while the great
+     Republic--the pride of her children, the hope of the ages--built by
+     the fathers at such an expense of suffering, of treasure, and of
+     blood, was stricken by traitors' hands from the roll of living
+     Nations, and while an armed oligarchy should establish in its stead
+     a nation founded on a denial of human rights, and under whose sway
+     south of the Potomac more than half of the territory of the old
+     Thirteen Colonies--soil once fertilized by the best blood of the
+     Revolution--should, for generations to come, continue to be tilled
+     by the unrequited toil of slaves.
+
+     The best known, the boldest, and perhaps the ablest leader of the
+     peace Democracy in the North is Mr. Vallandigham. He was chairman
+     of the committee on resolutions in the last Democratic State
+     Convention in Ohio, and reported the present State platform of his
+     party. He, probably, still enjoys in a greater degree than any
+     other public man the affection and confidence of the positive men
+     of the Ohio Democracy, who, from beginning to end, opposed the war.
+     On the 20th of February, 1861, he delivered a speech in the House
+     of Representatives in support of certain amendments which he
+     proposed to the Constitution of the United States. In an appendix
+     to that speech, he published an extract from a card in the
+     Cincinnati _Enquirer_ of November 10, 1860, from which I quote:
+
+     "And now let me add that I did say, ... in a public speech at the
+     Cooper Institute, on the 2d of November, 1860, that if any one or
+     more of the States of this Union should at any time secede, for
+     reasons of the sufficiency and justice of which, before God and the
+     great tribunal of history, they alone may judge, much as I should
+     deplore it, I never would, as a representative in Congress of the
+     United States, vote one dollar of money whereby one drop of
+     American blood should be shed in a civil war.... And I now
+     deliberately repeat and reaffirm it, resolved, though I stand
+     alone, though all others yield and fall away, to make it good to
+     the last moment of my public life." Here was another strong man of
+     large influence solemnly pledged to allow the Union to be broken up
+     and destroyed, in case the rebel conspirators chose that
+     alternative, rather than forgo their demands in favor of oppression
+     and against human rights.
+
+     On the 23d of January, 1861, the Democratic party held a State
+     Convention at Columbus. Remember, at that date the air was thick
+     with threats of war from the South. The rebels were organizing and
+     drilling; arms robbed from the National arsenals were in their
+     hands; and the question upon all minds was whether the Republic
+     should perish without having a single blow struck in her defense,
+     or whether the people of the loyal North should rise as one man,
+     prepared to wage war until treason and, if need be, slavery went
+     down together. On this question, that convention was bound to
+     speak. Silence was impossible. There were present war Democrats and
+     peace Democrats, followers of Jackson, and followers of Calhoun.
+     There was a determined and gallant struggle on the part of the war
+     Democrats, but the superior numbers, or more probably the superior
+     tactics and strategy, of the peace men triumphed.
+
+     The present candidate of the Democratic party for Governor of Ohio,
+     Judge Thurman, a gentleman of character and ability, a
+     distinguished lawyer and judge and a politician of long experience,
+     succeeded in passing through the convention this resolution:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That the two hundred thousand Democrats of Ohio send
+     to the people of the United States, both North and South, greeting;
+     and when the people of the North shall have fulfilled their duties
+     to the constitution and to the South, then, and not until then,
+     will it be proper for them to take into consideration the question
+     of the right and propriety of coercion."
+
+     In support of this famous resolution, Judge Thurman addressed the
+     convention, and, among other things, is reported to have said:
+
+     "A man is deficient in understanding who thinks the cause of
+     disunion is that the South apprehended any overt act of oppression
+     in Lincoln's administration. It is the spirit of the late
+     presidential contest that alarms the South.... It would try the
+     ethics of any man to deny that some of the Southern States have no
+     cause for revolution.... Then you must be sure you are able to
+     coerce before you begin the work. The South are a brave people. The
+     Southern States can not be held by force. The blacks won't fight
+     for the invaders.... The Hungarians had less cause of complaint
+     against Austria than the South had against the North."
+
+     When we reflect on what the rebels had done and what they were
+     doing when this resolution was passed, it seems incredible that
+     sane men, having a spark of patriotism, could for one moment have
+     tolerated its sentiments. The rebels had already deprived the
+     United States of its jurisdiction and property in about one-fourth
+     of its inhabited territory, and were rapidly extending their
+     insurrection so as to include within the rebel lines all of the
+     slave States. The lives and property of Union citizens in the
+     insurgent States were at the mercy of traitors, and the National
+     flag was everywhere torn down, and shameful indignities and
+     outrages heaped upon all who honored it.
+
+     This resolution speaks of fulfilling the duties of the people of
+     the North to the South. The first and highest duty of the people of
+     the North to themselves, to the South, to their country, and to
+     God, was to crush the rebellion. All speeches and resolutions
+     against either the right or the propriety of coercion merely gave
+     encouragement, "moral aid and comfort," more important than powder
+     and ball, to the enemies of the Nation.
+
+     Do I state too strongly the mischievous, the fatal tendency of
+     these proceedings? The resolution adopted by the peace Democracy of
+     Ohio is addressed in terms "to the people of all the States, North
+     and South," and in fact was sent, I am informed, to the governors
+     of all the States.
+
+     In the South, Union men were laboring by every means in their power
+     to prevent secession. Their most cogent argument was that the
+     National government would defend itself by war against rebellion.
+     To this, the rebel reply was, "There will be no war. Secession will
+     be peaceable. The peace party of the North will prevent coercion.
+     If there is fighting, it will be as Ex-President Pierce writes to
+     Jefferson Davis, 'The fighting will not be along Mason and Dixon's
+     line merely. It will be within our own borders, in our own
+     streets.'"
+
+     For the evidence of the correctness of this opinion, the rebels
+     could point confidently to such speeches and resolutions as those
+     we are now considering. Governor Orr, of South Carolina, in a
+     recent speech at the Charleston Board of Trade banquet, is reported
+     to have said:
+
+     "I know there is an apprehension widespread in the North and West
+     that, after the reconstruction of the Southern States, we shall
+     fall into the arms of our old allies and associates, the old
+     Democratic party. I say to you, gentlemen, however, that I would
+     give no such pledges. We have accounts to settle with that party,
+     gentlemen, before I, at least, will consent to affiliate with it.
+     Many of you will remember that, when the war first commenced, great
+     hopes and expectations were held out by our friends in the North
+     and West that there would be no war, and that if it commenced, it
+     would be North of Mason and Dixon's line, and not in the South."
+
+     Without pausing to inquire how much strength accrued to the
+     rebellion in its earlier stages by the encouragement it received
+     from sympathizers in the North, let us pass on to the spring and
+     summer of 1861, after the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter,
+     and when the armies of the Union and of the rebellion were facing
+     each other upon a line of operations extending from the Potomac to
+     the Rio Grande. The most superficial observer could not fail to
+     discover these facts.
+
+     In the South, where slavery was strongest, the rebellion was
+     strongest. Where there were few slaveholders, there were few
+     rebels. South Carolina and Mississippi, having the largest number
+     of slaves in proportion to population, were almost unanimous for
+     rebellion. Western Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, East Tennessee, had
+     few slaves, and love of the Union and hatred of secession in those
+     mountain regions was nearly universal.
+
+     The counterpart of this was found everywhere in the North. In
+     counties and districts where the majority of the people had been
+     accustomed to defend or excuse the practice of slave-holding and
+     the aggressions of the slaveholders, there was much sympathy with
+     the rebellion and strong opposition to the war. Men who abused and
+     hated negroes did not usually hate rebels. On the other hand,
+     anti-slavery counties and districts were quite sure to be Union to
+     the core.
+
+     In Ohio, as in other free States, the Democratic party could not be
+     led off in a body after the peace Democracy. Brough, Tod, Matthews,
+     Dorsey, Steedman, and a host of Democrats of the Jackson school,
+     nobly kept the faith. Lytle, McCook, Webster, and gallant spirits
+     like them, from every county and neighborhood of our State, sealed
+     their devotion to the Union and to true Democracy with their life's
+     blood.
+
+     They believed, with Douglass, in the last letter he ever wrote,
+     that "it was not a party question, nor a question involving
+     partisan policy; it was a question of government or no government,
+     country or no country, and hence it became the imperative duty of
+     every Union man, every friend of constitutional liberty, to rally
+     to the support of our common country, its government and flag, as
+     the only means of checking the progress of revolution, and of
+     preserving the Union of the States."
+
+     They believed the words of Douglass' last speech: "This is no time
+     for a detail of causes. The conspiracy is now known. Armies have
+     been raised, war is levied to accomplish it. There are only two
+     sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or
+     against it. There can be no neutrals in this war--only patriots and
+     traitors."
+
+     As the war progressed, the great political parties of the country
+     underwent important changes, both of organization and policy. In
+     the North, the Republican party, the great body of the American or
+     Union party of 1860, and the war Democracy formed the Union party.
+     The Democracy of the South, for the most part, became rebels, and
+     in the North those who did not unite with the Union party generally
+     passed under the control and leadership of the peace Democracy.
+
+     At the beginning of the war, the creed of the Union party consisted
+     of one idea--it labored for one object--the restoration of the
+     Union. Slavery, the rights of man, the principles of the
+     Declaration of Independence, were for the time lost sight of in the
+     struggle for the Nation's life. As late as August, 1862, President
+     Lincoln wrote to Mr. Greeley: "My paramount object is to save the
+     Union, and not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could
+     save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I
+     could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
+     could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also
+     do that."
+
+     Slowly, gradually, after repeated disasters and disappointments,
+     the eyes of the Union leaders were opened to the fact that slavery
+     and rebellion were convertible terms; that the Confederacy,
+     according to its Vice-President, Alexander H. Stephens, was founded
+     upon "exactly the opposite idea" from that of Jefferson and the
+     fathers. "Its foundations," said he, "are laid, its corner-stone
+     rests upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white
+     man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his
+     natural and normal condition." Mr. Lincoln and the Union party,
+     struggling faithfully onward, finally reached the solid ground that
+     the American government was founded on the broad principles of
+     right, justice, and humanity, and that, for this Nation, "Union and
+     liberty" were indeed "one and inseparable."
+
+     The leaders of the peace Democracy were for a time overwhelmed by
+     the popular uprising which followed the attack on Fort Sumter, and
+     were not able during the year 1861 or the early part of 1862 to
+     mark out definitely the course to be pursued. But, like the Union
+     party, they gradually approached the position they were ultimately
+     to occupy.
+
+     Their success in the autumn elections of 1862 encouraged them to
+     enter upon the pathway in which they have plodded along
+     consistently if not prosperously ever since. Opposition to the war
+     measures of Mr. Lincoln's administration, and in particular to
+     every measure tending to the enfranchisement and elevation of the
+     African race, became their settled policy. By this policy they were
+     placed in harmony with their former associates, the rebels of the
+     South. The rebels were fighting to destroy the Union. The peace
+     party were opposing the only measures which could save it. The
+     rebels were fighting for slavery. The peace party were laboring in
+     their way to keep alive and inflame the prejudice against race and
+     color, on which slavery was based.
+
+     The abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, the repeal of
+     the fugitive slave law, Mr. Lincoln's proclamation of emancipation,
+     in a word, every step of the Union party toward enfranchisement of
+     the colored people, the peace Democracy opposed. Every war measure,
+     every means adopted to strengthen the cause of the Union and weaken
+     the rebellion, met with the the same opposition. Whatever Mr.
+     Lincoln or Congress did to get money, to get men, or to obtain the
+     moral support of the country and the world--tax laws, tariff laws,
+     greenbacks, government bonds, army bills, drafts, blockades,
+     proclamations--met the indiscriminate and bitter assaults of these
+     men. The enlistment of colored soldiers, a measure by which between
+     one and two hundred thousand able-bodied men were transferred from
+     the service of the rebels in corn-fields to the Union service in
+     battle-fields--how Mr. Lincoln and the Union party were vilified
+     for that wise and necessary measure! But worse, infinitely worse,
+     than mere opposition to war measures, were their efforts to impair
+     the confidence of the people, to diminish the moral power of the
+     government, to give hope and earnestness to the enemies of the
+     Union, by showing that the administration was to blame for the war,
+     that it was unnecessary, unjust, and that it had been perverted
+     from its original object, and that it could not but fail.
+
+     I need not go beyond the record of leaders of the Ohio Democracy of
+     to-day for proof what I am saying. Mr. Pendleton, usually so
+     gentlemanly and prudent in speech, lost his balance after the
+     victories of the peace Democracy in 1862. At the Democratic jubilee
+     in Butler county over the elections, Mr. Pendleton is reported as
+     saying:
+
+     "I came up to see if there were any Butternuts in Butler county. I
+     came to see if there were any Copperheads in Butler county, as my
+     friends of the Cincinnati _Gazette_ and _Commercial_ are fond of
+     terming the Democracy of the country. I came up to tell you that
+     there are a good many of that stripe of animals in old Hamilton. I
+     have traveled about the country lately, and I assure you there is a
+     large crop of Butternuts everywhere: not only that, but the quality
+     and character of the nut is quite as good as the quantity."
+
+     Of course, Mr. Pendleton was applauded by his audience; and he
+     returned to his place in the House of Representatives at Washington
+     prepared to give expression to his views with the same plainness
+     and boldness which marked the utterances of his colleague, Mr.
+     Vallandigham.
+
+     On the 31st of January, 1863, he made an elaborate speech against
+     the enlistment of negroes into the service of the United States, in
+     which he said:
+
+     "I should be false to you, my fellow-representatives, if I did not
+     tell you that there is an impression, growing with great rapidity,
+     upon the minds of the people of the Northwest that they have been
+     deliberately deceived into this war--that their patriotism and
+     their love of country have been engaged to call them into the army,
+     under the pretense that the war was to be for the Union and the
+     Constitution, when, in fact, it was to be an armed crusade for the
+     abolition of slavery. I tell you, sir, that unless this impression
+     is speedily arrested it will become universal; it will ripen into
+     conviction, and then it will be beyond your power to get from their
+     broad plains another man, or from their almost exhausted coffers
+     another dollar."
+
+     In the same speech he says:
+
+     "I said two years ago, on this floor, that armies, money, war can
+     not restore this Union; justice, reason, peace, may. I believed it
+     then; I have believed it at every moment since; I believe it now.
+     No event of the past two years has for a moment shaken my faith.
+     Peace is the first step to Union. Peace is Union. Peace unbroken
+     would have preserved it; peace restored will, I hope, in some time
+     reconstruct it. The only bonds which can hold these States in
+     confederation, the only ties which can make us one people, are the
+     soft and silken cords of affection and interest. These are woven in
+     peace, not war; in conciliation, not coercion; in deeds of kindness
+     and acts of friendly sympathy, not in deeds of violence and blood.
+     The people of the Northwest were carried away by the excitement of
+     April and May. They believed war would restore the Union. They
+     trusted to the assurances of the president and his cabinet, and of
+     Congress, that it should be carried on for that purpose alone. They
+     trusted that it would be carried on under the Constitution. They
+     were patriotic and confiding. They sent their sons, and brothers,
+     and husbands to the army, and poured out their treasures at the
+     feet of the administration. They feel that the war has been
+     perverted from this end; that the Constitution has been
+     disregarded; that abolition and arbitrary power, not Union and
+     constitutional liberty, are the governing ideas of the
+     administration. They are in no temper to be trifled with. They
+     think they have been deceived. There is danger of revolution. They
+     are longing for peace."
+
+     Need I pause to inquire who would receive encouragement, or whose
+     spirits would be depressed, on reading these remarkable sentences?
+     Imagine them read by the rebel camp-fires, or at the fire-sides of
+     the rebel people. What hope, what exultation we should behold in
+     the faces of those who heard them! On the other hand, at Union
+     camp-fires, or by the loyal fire-sides of the North, what sorrow,
+     what mortification, what depression such statements would surely
+     carry wherever they were heard and believed!
+
+     The course of the peace Democracy of Ohio during the memorable
+     contest of 1863, between Brough and Vallandigham, is too well known
+     to require attention now. Judge Thurman was one of the committee
+     who constructed the platform of the convention which nominated Mr.
+     Vallandigham, and was the ablest member of the State Central
+     Committee which had charge of the canvass in his behalf during his
+     exile.
+
+     The key-note to that canvass was given by Mr. Vallandigham himself
+     in a letter written from Canada, July 15, 1863. That letter
+     contained the following:
+
+     "If this civil war is to terminate only by the subjugation or
+     submission of the South to force and arms, the infant of to-day
+     will not live to see the end of it. No, in another way only can it
+     be brought to a close. Traveling a thousand miles and more, through
+     nearly half of the Confederate States, and sojourning for a time at
+     widely different points, I met not one man, woman, or child, who
+     was not resolved to perish rather than yield to the pressure of
+     arms, even in the most desperate extremity. And whatever may and
+     must be the varying fortune of the war, in all which I recognize
+     the hand of Providence pointing visibly to the ultimate issue of
+     this great trial of the States and people of America, they are
+     better prepared now every way to make good their inexorable purpose
+     than at any period since the beginning of the struggle. These may
+     be unwelcome truths; but they are addressed only to candid and
+     honest men."
+
+     The assumption of the certain success of the rebellion, and that
+     the war for the Union would assuredly fail, was the strong point of
+     these gentlemen in favor of the election of Vallandigham and the
+     defeat of Brough. Fortunately, the patriotic people saw the
+     situation from another standpoint, and under the influence of
+     different feelings and different sympathies.
+
+     In the elections of 1863, the peace Democracy of Ohio and other
+     States sustained defeats which have no parallel in our political
+     history. But, notwithstanding their reverses, the year 1864, the
+     year of the presidential election, found the Ohio leaders possibly
+     sadder, but certainly not wiser nor more patriotic than before.
+
+     At the National Convention at Chicago, in August, Mr. Pendleton was
+     nominated for vice-president, Judge Thurman was a delegate of the
+     State of Ohio at large, and Mr. Vallandigham as a district
+     delegate, and as a member of the committee on platform, was the
+     author of the following resolution adopted by the convention:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That this convention does explicitly declare, as the
+     sense of the American people, that, after four years of failure to
+     restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under
+     pretense of military necessity, or war power higher than the
+     constitution, the constitution has been disregarded in every part,
+     and public liberty and private rights have been alike trodden down,
+     and the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired,
+     justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that
+     immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a
+     view to an ultimate convention of all the States, or other
+     peaceable means, to the end that at the earliest practicable moment
+     peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal Union of the
+     States."
+
+     This resolution does not seem to require explanation or comment.
+     But as General McClellan's letter accepting the nomination for
+     president did not square well with this part of the party platform,
+     Mr. Vallandigham, in a speech at Sidney, Ohio, September 24, 1864,
+     explained it at some length. In that speech, he said:
+
+     "I am speaking now of the fact that this convention pronounced this
+     war a failure, and giving you the reasons why it is a failure....
+     What has been gained by this campaign? More lives have been lost,
+     more hard fighting has been done, more courage has been exhibited
+     by the Federal as well as the Southern soldiers than in any former
+     campaign, and what has been accomplished? General Grant is nearer
+     to Richmond, occupying a territory of perhaps eleven miles, which
+     was not in the possession of the United States when the campaign
+     began, from City Point to the suburbs of Petersburg. To secure that
+     he gave up all the country from Manassas down to Richmond and a
+     large part of the valley.... How about the Southern campaign?
+     General Sherman, through the courage of the best disciplined, best
+     organized, and most powerful army that has been seen since the
+     campaigns of the first Napoleon, has taken Atlanta--a town somewhat
+     larger than Sidney. It has cost him sixty thousand men and four or
+     five months of the most terrible campaign ever waged on this
+     continent or any other, or any other part of the globe. He occupies
+     from two to five miles on each side of a railroad of one hundred
+     and thirty-eight miles in length. He has penetrated that far into
+     Georgia. What has been surrendered to obtain that? All of Texas,
+     nearly all of Louisiana, nearly all of Arkansas, Mississippi,
+     Alabama, and a part of Tennessee, which were in possession of the
+     Federals on the first of May. Kentucky has been opened to continual
+     incursions of the Confederate armies. All this has been surrendered
+     in order to gain this barren strip of country on the line of the
+     railroad. The war, then, has been properly pronounced a failure in
+     a military point of view. The convention meant that it has failed
+     to restore the Union, and there is not a Republican in the land who
+     does not know it."
+
+     In the Sidney speech, Mr. Vallandigham says, also:
+
+     "What will you have now? Four years more of war? What guaranties of
+     success have you? Do you want two million more of men to go forth
+     to this war as the Crusaders went to the sepulcher at Jerusalem?
+     The beginning of this administration found us with very little
+     debt, comparatively no taxation, and peace and happiness among the
+     States; and now look at the scene! Four more years of war, do you
+     tell me, when the first four, with every advantage, has failed?
+     Now, too, that the hearts of one-half of the people are turned away
+     from war, and intent upon the arts of peace? What will be the
+     consequence? Four thousand millions more of debt, five hundred
+     millions more of taxation, more conscriptions, more calls for five
+     hundred thousand men, more sacrifices for the next four years. All
+     this is what Abraham Lincoln demands of you in order that the South
+     may be compelled not to return to the Union, but to abandon
+     slavery."
+
+     All this logic, this eloquence, this taxing the imagination to
+     portray the horrors of war, failed to deceive the people; Lincoln
+     was re-elected; the war went on, and a few short months witnessed
+     the end of the armed rebellion, and the triumph of liberty and of
+     Union.
+
+     Now came the work of reconstruction. The leaders of the Peace
+     Democracy, who had failed in every measure, in every plan, in every
+     opinion, and in every prediction relating to the war, were promptly
+     on hand, and with unblushing cheek were prepared to take exclusive
+     charge of the whole business of reorganization and reconstruction.
+     They had a plan all prepared--a plan easily understood, easily
+     executed, and which they averred would be satisfactory to all
+     parties. Their plan was in perfect harmony with the conduct and
+     history of its authors and friends during the war. They had been in
+     very close sympathy with the men engaged in the rebellion, while
+     their sympathy for loyal white people at the South was not strong,
+     and they were bitterly hostile to loyal colored people both North
+     and South. Their plan was consistent with all this.
+
+     According to it, the rebels were to be treated in the same manner
+     as if they had remained loyal. All laws, State and National, all
+     orders and regulations of the military, naval, and other
+     departments of the government, creating disabilities on account of
+     participation in the rebellion, were to be repealed, revoked, or
+     abolished. The rebellious States were to be represented in Congress
+     by the rebels without hindrance from any test oath. All
+     appointments in the army, in the navy, and in the civil service,
+     were to be made from men who were rebels, on the same terms as from
+     men who were loyal. The people and governments in the rebellious
+     States were to be subjected to no other interference or control
+     from the military or other departments of the general government
+     than exists in the States which remained loyal. Loyal white men and
+     loyal colored men were to be protected alone in those States by
+     State laws, executed by State authorities, as if they were in the
+     loyal States.
+
+     There were to be no amendments to the constitution, not even an
+     amendment abolishing slavery. In short, the great rebellion was to
+     be ignored or forgotten, or, in the words of one of their orators,
+     "to be generously forgiven." The war, whose burdens, cost, and
+     carnage they had been so fond of exaggerating, suddenly sank into
+     what the Rev. Petroleum V. Nasby calls "the late unpleasantness,"
+     for which nobody but the abolitionists were to blame. Under this
+     plan the States could soon re-establish slavery where it had been
+     disturbed by the war. Jefferson Davis, Toombs, Slidell, and Mason
+     could be re-elected to their old places in the Senate of the United
+     States; Lee could be re-appointed in the army, and Semmes and Maury
+     could be restored to the navy. Of course this plan of the Peace
+     Democracy was acceptable to the rebels of the South.
+
+     But the loyal people, who under the name of the Union party fought
+     successfully through the war of the rebellion, objected to this
+     plan as wrong in principle, wrong in its details, and fatally wrong
+     as an example for the future. It treats treason as no crime and
+     loyalty as no virtue; it contains no guarantees, irreversible or
+     otherwise, against another rebellion by the same parties and on the
+     same grounds. It restores to political honor and power in the
+     government of the Nation men who have spent the best part of their
+     lives in plotting the overthrow of that government, and who for
+     more than four years levied public war against the United States;
+     it allows Union men in the South, who have risked all--and many of
+     whom have lost all but life in upholding the Union cause--to be
+     excluded from every office, State and National, and in many
+     instances to be banished from the States they so faithfully
+     laboured to save; it abandons the four millions of colored people
+     to such treatment as the ruffian class of the South, educated in
+     the barbarism of slavery and the atrocities of the rebellion, may
+     choose to give them; it leaves the obligations of the Nation to her
+     creditors and to the maimed soldiers and to the widows and orphans
+     of the war, to be fulfilled by men who hate the cause in which
+     those obligations were incurred; it claims to be a plan which
+     restores the Union without requiring conditions; but, in conceding
+     to the conquered rebels the repeal of laws important to the
+     Nation's welfare, it grants conditions which they demand, while it
+     denies to the loyal victors conditions which they deem of priceless
+     value.
+
+     In the meantime, President Johnson having declared that "the
+     rebellion, in its revolutionary progress, had deprived the people
+     of the rebel States of all civil government," proceeded by military
+     power to set up provisional State governments in those States, and
+     to require them to declare void all ordinances of secession, to
+     repudiate the rebel debt, and to adopt the thirteenth amendment of
+     the constitution, proposed by the Union party, abolishing slavery
+     throughout the United States. The Peace Democracy opposed all
+     conditions, and, instinctively unsound upon human rights, opposed
+     the amendment abolishing slavery. The elections of 1865 settled
+     that question against them, and deprived them of New Jersey, the
+     last free State which adhered to their fallen fortunes.
+
+     At the session of Congress of 1865-66, the president, finding that
+     his co-called State governments in the rebel States--created by
+     military power alone and without the sanction of the legislative
+     power of the government--had accepted his conditions; insisted that
+     those States were fully restored to their former proper relations
+     with the general government, and that they were again entitled to
+     representation in the same manner with the loyal States. This plan
+     accorded with the wishes of all unrepentant rebels, and as a matter
+     of course received the support of their allies of the Peace
+     Democracy.
+
+     The Union party, at the sacrifice of all of the power and patronage
+     of the administration they had elected, firmly opposed and finally
+     defeated this project. They required, before the complete
+     restoration of the rebel States, that the fourteenth amendment of
+     the constitution should be adopted, which was framed to secure
+     civil rights to the colored people, equal representation between
+     the free States and the former slave States, the disqualification
+     for office of leading rebels, the payment of the loyal obligations
+     to creditors, to maimed soldiers, and to widows and orphans, and
+     the repudiation of the rebel debt, and of claims to payment for
+     slaves. On the adoption of this amendment turned the elections of
+     1866. After the amplest debates before the people the Union party
+     carried the country in favor of the amendment, electing more than
+     three-fourths of the members of the House of Representatives. They
+     also secured the adoption of the amendment in twenty-one out of the
+     twenty-four States now represented, which have acted upon it by an
+     average vote in the State legislature of more than four to one.
+
+     In striking contrast with this was the action of the rebel States.
+     Tennessee alone ratified the amendment. The other ten promptly and
+     defiantly rejected it by an average majority in their State
+     legislatures of more than fifty to one. When, therefore, the
+     Thirty-ninth Congress met in the session of 1866-67 they found the
+     work of reconstruction in those ten States still unaccomplished.
+
+     Now, in what condition were those ten rebel States? In the first
+     place all political power in those States was in the hands of
+     rebels, and for the most part of leading and unrepentant rebels.
+     Their governors, their members of legislature, their judges, their
+     county and city officers, and their members of Congress, with rare
+     exceptions, were rebels. Such was their political condition.
+
+     What was their condition with respect to the preservation of order,
+     the suppression of crime, and the redress of private grievances?
+     After the suppression of the rebellion the next plain duty of the
+     National government was to see that the lives, liberty, and
+     property of all classes of citizens were secure, and especially to
+     see that the loyal white and colored citizens who resided or might
+     sojourn in those States did not suffer injustice, oppression, or
+     outrage because of their loyalty. Loyal men, without distinction of
+     race or color, were clearly entitled to the full measure of
+     protection usually found in civilized countries, if in the nature
+     of things it was possible for the Nation to furnish it.
+
+     Inquiring as to the condition of things in the South, I waive the
+     uniform current of information derived from the press and other
+     unofficial sources from all parts of the South, and rely
+     exclusively on the official reports of army officers like Grant,
+     Thomas, Sheridan, and Howard--officers of clear heads, of strong
+     sense, and of spotless integrity, whose business it is to know the
+     facts, and who all united in warning the Nation that Union men,
+     either white or colored, were not safe in the South.
+
+     General Grant says that the class at the South who "will
+     acknowledge no law but force" is sufficiently formidable to justify
+     the military occupation of that territory.
+
+     General Sheridan, in an official report, says the "trial of a white
+     man for the murder of a freedman in Texas would be a farce; and, in
+     making this statement, I make it because truth compels me, and for
+     no other reason.... Over the killing of many freedmen nothing is
+     done." General Sheridan cites cases in which our National soldiers
+     wearing the uniform of the Republic have been deliberately shot
+     "without provocation" by citizens, and the grand jury refused to
+     find a bill against the murderers. Even in Virginia, General
+     Schofield was compelled to resort to a military tribunal because "a
+     gentleman" who shot a negro dead in cold blood "was instantly
+     acquitted by one of the civil courts."
+
+     General Ord reports in Arkansas fifty-two murders of freed persons
+     by white men in the past three or four months, _and no reports have
+     been received that the murderers have been imprisoned or
+     punished_.... "The number of murders reported is not half the
+     number committed."
+
+     General Sickles says that in South Carolina, "in certain counties,
+     such as Newberry, Edgecombe, and Laurens, so much countenance was
+     given to outrages on freedmen by the indifference of the civil
+     authorities and by the population, who made themselves accomplices
+     in the crimes, that other measures became necessary."
+
+     In Mississippi, General Thomas calls attention to the legislation
+     in regard to colored people. "It is oppressive, unjust, and
+     unconstitutional." The laws as to buying real estate, bearing arms,
+     making contracts, and the like, are of such a character "that the
+     constitutional gift of freedom is not much more than a name."
+
+     General Sheridan, speaking of Louisiana, says: "Homicides are
+     frequent in some localities. Sometimes they are investigated by a
+     coroner's jury, which justifies the act and releases the
+     perpetrator; in other cases, ... the parties are held to bail in a
+     nominal sum; but the trial of a white man for the killing of a
+     freedman can, in the existing state of society in this State, be
+     nothing more or less than a farce."
+
+     General Thomas, in February last, in relation to the display of the
+     rebel flag in Rome, Georgia, said: "The sole cause of this and
+     similar offenses lies in the fact that certain citizens of Rome,
+     and a portion of the people of the States lately in rebellion, do
+     not and have not accepted the situation, and that is that the late
+     civil war was a rebellion, and history will so record it....
+     Everywhere in the States lately in rebellion treason is respectable
+     and loyalty odious. This the people of the United States who ended
+     the rebellion and saved the country will not permit; and all
+     attempts to maintain this unnatural order of things will be met by
+     decided disapproval."
+
+     Upon these official reports, showing not merely that atrocious
+     crimes were everywhere committed against loyal people, but that
+     the civil authorities did not even attempt to prevent them by the
+     punishment of the perpetrators, it became the plain duty of
+     Congress to adopt measures "to enforce peace and good order in the
+     rebel States, until loyal and Republican State governments could be
+     legally established." How well this duty was performed will appear
+     from a brief examination of the reconstruction acts which were
+     passed by Congress in March last, and by the auspicious results
+     which followed their adoption and execution.
+
+     By these acts, the ten rebel States were divided into five military
+     districts, subject to the military authority of the United States;
+     and it was made the duty of the president to assign military
+     officers, not below the rank of brigadier-general, to command each
+     of said districts, and to detail a sufficient military force to
+     enable such officers to perform their duties. The duties of
+     military commanders were defined as follows, in the 3d section of
+     the act:
+
+     "Sec. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That it shall be the duty of
+     each officer assigned as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their
+     rights of person and property, to suppress insurrection, disorder,
+     and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all
+     disturbers of the public peace and criminals; and to this end he
+     may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try
+     offenders; or when, in his judgment, it may be necessary for the
+     trial of offenders, he shall have power to organize military
+     commissions or tribunals for that purpose; and all interference,
+     under color of State authority, with the exercise of military
+     authority under this act shall be null and void."
+
+     The act also sets forth the manner in which the people of any one
+     of the rebel States could form a State constitution, and the terms
+     on which the State would be fully restored to proper relations with
+     the Union. The most important provisions are those relating to the
+     qualifications of voters, and the one requiring the adoption of the
+     amendment to the constitution proposed by the Thirty-ninth
+     Congress, known as article fourteen. The right of suffrage is given
+     to all men of suitable age and residence, without distinction of
+     race or color, except a limited number who are excluded for
+     participation in the rebellion.
+
+     In pursuance of these acts, the district of Louisiana and Texas
+     was placed under the command of General Sheridan; Arkansas and
+     Mississippi under General Ord; Alabama, Georgia, and Florida under
+     General Pope; North Carolina and South Carolina under General
+     Sickles; and Virginia under General Schofield. The merits of this
+     plan are obvious.
+
+     1. It places the rebels again under the control of the power which
+     conquered them, and of the very officers to whom they surrendered.
+
+     2. It is well calculated to afford protection to all loyal people,
+     white or colored, against those who would oppress or injure them on
+     account of their loyalty.
+
+     3. It places the new State governments of the South upon the solid
+     basis of justice and equal rights.
+
+     This plan received in Congress the support of many members of
+     Congress who did not uniformly vote with the Union party, and was
+     acceptable to some of its most distinguished adversaries. In the
+     Senate, Reverdy Johnson, a Maryland Democrat, voted for it, and
+     made effective speeches in its support. The loyal press of the
+     North, without exception, upheld it.
+
+     In the South, its success was everywhere gratifying and unexampled.
+     Its enemies had said that it would organize anarchy in the rebel
+     States--that it would immediately inaugurate a war of races between
+     whites and blacks--and compared the condition of the South under it
+     to the condition of India under English oppression, and to Hungary
+     under the despotism of Austria.
+
+     But the course of the public press, and the conduct, the letters,
+     and speeches of public men in the rebel States, vindicated the
+     wisdom and justice of the measure. I will quote only from rebel
+     sources.
+
+     In Virginia, the Charlottesville _Chronicle_ addressed its readers
+     as follows:
+
+     "FOR WHITE FOLKS AND COLORED FOLKS.--Every colored person may now
+     go where and when he pleases. He is a free man and a full citizen.
+     This is not all; by another bound they have become voters. They
+     will take part in the government of the country. No people was ever
+     so suddenly, so rapidly lifted up.
+
+     "Shall we all live happily together, or shall we hate each other,
+     and quarrel and bear malice?
+
+     "Let us all try and get on together. The land is big enough. Let
+     the whites accommodate themselves to the new state of things. Let
+     them be polite and kind to all, and be always ready to accord to
+     every man, whether white or colored, his full rights. We make bold
+     to say that the behavior of the colored people of this State, since
+     they were set free, has surprised all fair-minded white people. We
+     do not believe the white people, under the same circumstances,
+     would have behaved so well by twenty per cent. They have shown the
+     greatest moderation. They have passed from plantation hands to
+     freedom and the ballot without outward excitement."
+
+     The Richmond _Examiner_, the organ of the fire-eaters, says of the
+     colored people:
+
+     "This class of our population, as a general thing, manifest a
+     disposition to prepare themselves for the altered political
+     condition in which the events of the past two years have placed
+     them. The sudden abolition of slavery did not, as most persons
+     expected, turn their heads. They have been, in the main, orderly
+     and well behaved. They have not presumed upon their newly-acquired
+     freedom to commit breaches of the peace or to be guilty of any acts
+     calculated to sow dissension between the two races. The utmost good
+     feeling is felt by the white people of this city toward the
+     negroes. There is not one particle of bitterness felt for them."
+
+     In South Carolina, Wade Hampton addressed a mixed assembly of
+     whites and colored people at Columbia, in which he quoted from a
+     former speech to his old soldiers:
+
+     "There is one other point on which there should be no
+     misunderstanding as to our position--no loop on which to hang a
+     possible misconstruction as to our views--and that is the abolition
+     of slavery. The deed has been done, and I, for one, do honestly
+     declare that I never wish to see it revoked. Nor do I believe that
+     the people of the South would now remand the negro to slavery, if
+     they had the power to do so unquestioned.
+
+     "Under our paternal care, from a mere handful, he grew to be a
+     mighty host. He came to us a heathen; we made him a Christian.
+     Idle, vicious, savage in his own country, in ours he became
+     industrious, gentle, civilized. As a slave, he was faithful to us;
+     as a freeman, let us treat him as a friend. Deal with him frankly,
+     justly, kindly, and, my word for it, he will reciprocate your
+     kindness. If you wish so see him contented, industrious, useful,
+     aid him in his efforts to elevate himself in the scale of
+     civilization, and thus fit him not only to enjoy the blessings of
+     freedom, but to appreciate his duties."
+
+     After stating the provisions of the "military bill," as he calls
+     the reconstruction law, he said to the colored people:
+
+     "But suppose the bill is pronounced unconstitutional; how then? I
+     tell you what I am willing to see done. I am willing to give the
+     right of suffrage to all who can read and who pay a certain amount
+     of taxes; and I agree that this qualification shall bear on white
+     and black alike. You would have no right to complain of a law which
+     would put you on a perfect political equality with the whites, and
+     which would put within your reach and that of your children the
+     privilege enjoyed by any class of citizens."
+
+     In Georgia, the prevailing sentiment is indicated by the following.
+     The Atlanta _New Era_ says:
+
+     "We freely accept the Sherman platform as the only means whereby to
+     rescue the country from total destruction, and if we mistake not,
+     our backbone will prove sufficiently strong to enable us to look
+     the issue full in the face, without a shudder. It is our bounden
+     duty, and that of every other patriot and well-wisher of the South,
+     to at once signify an unconditional acceptance of the measures
+     perfected by Congress for our restoration to the Union, and
+     heartily co-operate with the United States authorities in securing
+     that most desirable end."
+
+     The Augusta _Press_, alluding to the recent meeting of negroes at
+     Columbia, S. C., and the fact that speeches were made by General
+     Wade Hampton and others, states that--
+
+     "All good citizens all over the South entertain precisely the same
+     kind feelings for the colored people that were exhibited by these
+     eminent Carolinians, and it is unfortunate that these sentiments
+     are not more widely manifested in meetings for public counsel with
+     them. 'Representative men' in every community should be prompt and
+     earnest in signifying their wish to co-operate with the colored
+     people in the administration of the laws and the preservation of
+     harmony and good will. To this end, we deem it our duty to urge
+     that in every community public meetings be held, in which the two
+     races may take friendly counsel together."
+
+     In Florida, Hon. R. S. Mallory, a former Democratic United States
+     Senator, is reported to have said, at a large meeting composed of
+     whites and blacks, in Pensacola, that--
+
+     "The recent legislation of Congress ought to be submitted to in
+     good faith; that, as the negro was now entitled to vote, it was the
+     interest of the State that he should be educated and enlightened,
+     and made to comprehend the priceless value of the ballot, and the
+     importance to himself and to the State of its judicious use.
+
+     "Let us fully and frankly acknowledge, as well by deeds as by
+     words, their equality with us, before law, and regard it as no less
+     just to ourselves and them than to our State and her best interests
+     to aid in their education, elevation, and enjoyment of all the
+     rights which follow their new condition."
+
+     Governor Patton, of Alabama, says:
+
+     "It seems to me that it is the true feeling of the Southern people
+     to contribute their best influence in favor of an early
+     organization of their respective States, in accordance with the
+     requirements of the recent reconstruction act. Congress claims the
+     right to control this whole question. In my humble judgment, it is
+     unwise to contend longer against its power, or to struggle further
+     against its repeatedly expressed will."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The freedmen are now to vote the first time. We should cherish
+     against them no ill-feeling. The elective franchise is conferred
+     upon them; let them exercise it freely, and in their own way. No
+     effort should be made to control their votes, except such as may
+     tend to enable them to vote intelligently, and such as may be
+     necessary to protect them against mischievous influences to which,
+     from their want of intelligence, they may possibly be subjected.
+     Above all things, we should discourage everything which may tend to
+     generate antagonism between white and colored voters."
+
+     In Mississippi, Albert G. Brown, a former Democratic United States
+     Senator, and a rebel, says:
+
+     "To those who think it most becoming men in my situation to keep
+     quiet, I am free to say 'that is very much my own opinion.'"
+
+     "As I speak reluctantly, you will not be surprised if I say as
+     little as possible."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The negro is a fixture in this country. He is not going out of
+     it; he is not going to die out, and he is not going to be driven
+     out. Nor is his exodus from the country desirable. I am frank in
+     saying if they, every one of them, could be packed in a balloon,
+     carried over the water, and emptied into Africa, I would not have
+     it done, unless, indeed, it were already arranged that the balloon
+     should return by the way of Germany, Ireland, Scotland, etc., and
+     bring us a return cargo of white laborers. If the negro is to stay
+     here, and it is desirable to have him do so, what is the duty of
+     the intelligent white man toward him? Why, to educate him, admit
+     him, when sufficiently instructed, to the right of voting, and as
+     rapidly as possible prepare him for a safe and rational enjoyment
+     of that 'equality before the law' which, as a free man, he has a
+     right to claim, and which we can not long refuse to give."
+
+     The Mississippi _Index_ says:
+
+     "There are some laws on our statute-book respecting negroes that
+     are of no practical use, and will have to be done away with some
+     day. The sooner we dispense with them the better. But in the matter
+     of educating the negro we can accomplish more toward convincing the
+     people of the North that we have been misrepresented and slandered
+     than by legislative action. Let us take the work of education out
+     of the hands of the Yankees among us. We can do this by encouraging
+     the establishment of negro schools and placing them in the charge
+     of men and women whom we know to be competent and trustworthy."
+
+     In Louisiana, General Longstreet, one of the most distinguished of
+     the rebel Generals, says:
+
+     "The striking feature, and the one that our people should keep in
+     view, is, that we are a conquered people. Recognizing this fact
+     fairly and squarely, there is but one course left for wise men to
+     pursue--accept the terms that are offered us by the conquerors.
+     There can be no discredit to a conquered people for accepting the
+     conditions offered by their conquerors. Nor is that any occasion
+     for a feeling of humiliation. We have made an honest, and I hope
+     that I may say, a creditable fight, but we have lost. Let us come
+     forward, then, and accept the ends involved in the struggle.
+
+     "Our people earnestly desire that the constitutional government
+     shall be re-established, and the only means to accomplish this is
+     to comply with the requirements of the recent Congressional
+     legislation."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The military bill and amendments are peace offerings. We should
+     accept them as such, and place ourselves upon them as the
+     starting-point from which to meet future political issues as they
+     arise."
+
+     "Like other Southern men, I naturally sought alliance with the
+     Democratic party, merely because it was opposed to the Republican
+     party. But, as far as I can judge, there is nothing tangible about
+     it, except the issues that were staked upon the war and lost.
+     Finding nothing to take hold of except prejudice, which can not be
+     worked into good for any one, it is proper and right that I should
+     seek some standpoint from which good may be done."
+
+     Quotations like these from prominent Democratic politicians, from
+     rebel soldiers, and from influential rebel newspapers, might be
+     multiplied indefinitely. Enough have been given to show how
+     completely and how exactly the Reconstruction Acts have met the
+     evil to be remedied in the South. My friend, Mr. Hassaurek, in his
+     admirable speech at Columbus, did not estimate too highly the
+     fruits of these measures. Said he:
+
+     "And, sir, this remedy at once effected the desired cure. The poor
+     contraband is no longer the persecuted outlaw whom incurable rebels
+     might kick and kill with impunity; but he at once became 'our
+     colored fellow-citizen,' in whose well-being his former master
+     takes the liveliest interest. Thus, by bringing the negro under the
+     American system, we have completed his emancipation. He has ceased
+     to be a pariah. From an outcast he has been transformed into a
+     human being, invested with the great National attribute of
+     self-protection, and the re-establishment of peace, and order, and
+     security, the revival of business and trade, and the restoration of
+     the Southern States on the basis of loyalty and equal justice to
+     all, will be the happy results of this astonishing metamorphosis,
+     provided the party which has inaugurated this policy remains in
+     power to carry it out."
+
+     The Peace Democracy generally throughout the North oppose this
+     measure. In Ohio they oppose it especially because it commits the
+     people of the Nation in favor of manhood suffrage. They tell us
+     that if it is wise and just to entrust the ballot to colored men
+     in the District of Columbia, in the Territories, and in the rebel
+     States, it is also just and wise that they should have it in Ohio
+     and in the other States of the North.
+
+     Union men do not question this reasoning, but if it is urged as an
+     objection to the plan of Congress, we reply: There are now within
+     the limits of the United States about five millions of colored
+     people. They are not aliens or strangers. They are here not by the
+     choice of themselves or of their ancestors. They are here by the
+     misfortune of their fathers and the crime of ours. Their labor,
+     privations, and sufferings, unpaid and unrequited, have cleared and
+     redeemed one-third of the inhabited territory of the Union. Their
+     toil has added to the resources and wealth of the nation untold
+     millions. Whether we prefer it or not, they are our countrymen, and
+     will remain so forever.
+
+     They are more than countrymen--they are citizens. Free colored
+     people were citizens of the colonies. The Constitution of the
+     United States, formed by our fathers, created no disabilities on
+     account of color. By the acts of our fathers and of ourselves, they
+     bear equally the burdens and are required to discharge the highest
+     duties of citizens. They are compelled to pay taxes and to bear
+     arms. They fought side by side with their white countrymen in the
+     great struggle for independence, and in the recent war for the
+     Union. In the revolutionary contest, colored men bore an honorable
+     part, from the Boston massacre, in 1770, to the surrender of
+     Cornwallis, in 1781. Bancroft says: "Their names may be read on the
+     pension rolls of the country side by side with those of other
+     soldiers of the revolution." In the war of 1812 General Jackson
+     issued an order complimenting the colored men of his army engaged
+     in the defense of New Orleans. I need not speak of their number or
+     of their services in the war of the rebellion. The Nation enrolled
+     and accepted them among her defendants to the number of about two
+     hundred thousand, and in the new regular army act, passed at the
+     close of the rebellion, by the votes of Democrats and Union men
+     alike, in the Senate and in the House, and by the assent of the
+     president, regiments of colored men, cavalry and infantry, form
+     part of the standing army of the Republic.
+
+     In the navy, colored American sailors have fought side by side with
+     white men from the days of Paul Jones to the victory of the
+     Kearsarge over the rebel pirate Alabama. Colored men will, in the
+     future as in the past, in all times of National peril, be our
+     fellow-soldiers. Tax-payers, countrymen, fellow-citizens, and
+     fellow-soldiers, the colored men of America have been and will be.
+     It is now too late for the adversaries of nationality and human
+     rights to undertake to deprive these tax-payers, freemen, citizens,
+     and soldiers of the right to vote.
+
+     Slaves were never voters. It was bad enough that our fathers, for
+     the sake of Union, were compelled to allow masters to reckon
+     three-fifths of their slaves for representation, without adding
+     slave suffrage to the other privileges of the slaveholder. But free
+     colored men were always voters in many of the Colonies, and in
+     several of the States, North and South, after independence was
+     achieved. They voted for members of the Congress which declared
+     independence, and for members of every Congress prior to the
+     adoption of the Federal Constitution; for the members of the
+     convention which framed the Constitution; for the members of many
+     of the State conventions which ratified it, and for every president
+     from Washington to Lincoln.
+
+     Our government has been called the white man's government. Not so.
+     It is not the government of any class, or sect, or nationality, or
+     race. It is a government founded on the consent of the governed,
+     and Mr. Broomall, of Pennsylvania, therefore properly calls it "the
+     government of the governed." It is not the government of the native
+     born, or of the foreign born, of the rich man, or of the poor man,
+     of the white man, or of the colored man--it is the government of
+     the freeman. And when colored men were made citizens, soldiers, and
+     freemen, by our consent and votes, we were estopped from denying to
+     them the right of suffrage.
+
+     General Sherman was right when he said, in his Atlanta letter, of
+     1864: "If you admit the negro to this struggle for any purpose, he
+     has a right to stay in for all; and, when the fight is over, the
+     hand that drops the musket can not be denied the ballot."
+
+     Even our adversaries are compelled to admit the Jeffersonian rule,
+     that "the man who pays taxes and who fights for the country is
+     entitled to vote."
+
+     Mr. Pendleton, in his speech against the enlistment of colored
+     soldiers, gave up the whole controversy. He said: "Gentlemen tell
+     us that these colored men are ready, with their strong arms and
+     their brave hearts, to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution,
+     and to defend the integrity of the Union, which in our hands to-day
+     is in peril. What is that Constitution? It provides that every
+     child of the Republic, every citizen of the land is before the law
+     the equal of every other. It provides for all of them trial by
+     jury, free speech, free press, entire protection for life and
+     liberty and property. It goes further. It secures to every citizen
+     the right of suffrage, the right to hold office, the right to
+     aspire to every office or agency by which the government is carried
+     on. Every man called upon to do military duty, every man required
+     to take up arms in its defense, is by its provisions entitled to
+     vote, and a competent aspirant for every office in the government."
+
+     The truth is, impartial manhood suffrage is already practically
+     decided. It is now merely a question of time. In the eleven rebel
+     States, in five of the New England States, and in a number of the
+     Northwestern States, there is no organized party able to
+     successfully oppose impartial suffrage. The Democratic party of
+     more than half of the States are ready to concede its justice and
+     expediency. The Boston _Post_, the able organ of the New England
+     Democracy, says:
+
+     "Color ought to have no more to do with the matter (voting) than
+     size. Only establish a right standard, and then apply it
+     impartially. A rule of that sort is too firmly fixed in justice and
+     equality to be shaken. It commends itself too clearly to the good
+     sentiment of the entire body of our countrymen to be successfully
+     traversed by objections. Once let this principle be fairly
+     presented to the people of the several States, with the knowledge
+     on their part that they alone are to have the disposal and
+     settlement of it, and we sincerely believe it would not be long
+     before it would be adopted by every State in the Union."
+
+     The New York _World_, the ablest Democratic newspaper in the Union,
+     says:
+
+     "Democrats in the North, as well as the South, should be fully
+     alive to the importance of the new element thrust into the politics
+     of the country. We suppose it to be morally certain that the new
+     constitution of the State of New York, to be framed this year, will
+     confer the elective franchise upon all adult male negroes. We have
+     no faith in the success of any efforts to shut the negro element
+     out of politics. It is the part of wisdom frankly to accept the
+     situation, and get beforehand with the Radicals in gaining an
+     ascendancy over the negro mind."
+
+     The Chicago _Times_, the influential organ of the Northwestern
+     Democracy, says:
+
+     "The word 'white' is not found in any of the original
+     constitutions, save only that of South Carolina. In every other
+     State negroes, who possessed the qualifications that were required
+     impartially of all men, were admitted to vote, and many of that
+     race did vote, in the Southern as well as in the Northern States.
+     And, moreover, they voted the Democratic ticket, for it was the
+     Democratic party of that day which affirmed their right in that
+     respect upon an impartial basis with white men. All Democrats can
+     not, even at this day, have forgotten the statement of General
+     Jackson, that he was supported for the presidency by negro voters
+     in the State of Tennessee.
+
+     "The doctrine of impartial suffrage is one of the earliest and most
+     essential doctrines of Democracy. It is the affirmation of the
+     right of every man who is made a partaker of the burdens of the
+     State to be represented by his own consent or vote in its
+     government. It is the first principle upon which all true
+     republican government rests. It is the basis upon which the
+     liberties of America will be preserved, if they are preserved at
+     all. The Democratic party must return from its driftings, and stand
+     again upon the immutable rock of principles."
+
+     In Ohio the leaders of the Peace Democracy intend to carry on one
+     more campaign on the old and rotten platform of prejudice against
+     colored people. They seek in this way to divert attention from the
+     record they made during the war of the rebellion. But the great
+     facts of our recent history are against them. The principles of the
+     fathers, reason, religion, and the spirit of the age are against
+     them.
+
+     The plain and monstrous inconsistency and injustice of excluding
+     one-seventh of our population from all participation in a
+     government founded on the consent of the governed in this land of
+     free discussion is simply impossible. No such absurdity and wrong
+     can be permanent. Impartial suffrage will carry the day. No low
+     prejudice will long be able to induce American citizens to deny to
+     a weak people their best means of self-protection for the unmanly
+     reason that they are weak. Chief Justice Chase expressed the true
+     sentiment when he said "the American Nation can not afford to do
+     the smallest injustice to the humblest and feeblest of her
+     children."
+
+     Much has been said of the antagonism which exists between the
+     different races of men. But difference of religion, difference of
+     nationality, difference of language, and difference of rank and
+     privileges are quite as fruitful causes of antagonism and war as
+     difference of race. The bitter strifes between Christians and Jews,
+     between Catholics and Protestants, between Englishmen and Irishmen,
+     between aristocracy and the masses are only too familiar. What
+     causes increase and aggravate these antagonisms, and what are the
+     measures which diminish and prevent them, ought to be equally
+     familiar. Under the partial and unjust laws of the Nations of the
+     Old World men of one nationality were allowed to oppress those of
+     another; men of one faith had rights which were denied to men of a
+     different faith; men of one rank or caste enjoyed special
+     privileges which were not granted to men of another. Under these
+     systems peace was impossible and strife perpetual. But under just
+     and equal laws in the United States, Jews, Protestants, and
+     Catholics, Englishmen and Irishmen, the former aristocrat and the
+     masses of the people, dwell and mingle harmoniously together. The
+     uniform lesson of history is that unjust and partial laws increase
+     and create antagonism, while justice and equality are the sure
+     foundation of prosperity and peace.
+
+     Impartial suffrage secures also popular education. Nothing has
+     given the careful observer of events in the South more
+     gratification than the progress which is there going on in the
+     establishment of schools. The colored people, who as slaves were
+     debarred from education, regard the right to learn as one of the
+     highest privileges of freemen. The ballot gives them the power to
+     secure that privilege. All parties and all public men in the South
+     agree that, if colored men vote, ample provision must be made in
+     the reorganization of every State for free schools. The ignorance
+     of the masses, whites as well as blacks, is one of the most
+     discouraging features of Southern society. If Congressional
+     reconstruction succeeds, there will be free schools for all. The
+     colored people will see that their children attend them. We need
+     indulge in no fears that the white people will be left behind.
+     Impartial suffrage, then, means popular intelligence; it means
+     progress; it means loyalty; it means harmony between the North and
+     the South, and between the whites and the colored people.
+
+     The Union party believes that the general welfare requires that
+     measures should be adopted which will work great changes in the
+     South. Our adversaries are accustomed to talk of the rebellion as
+     an affair which began when the rebels attacked Fort Sumter in 1861,
+     and which ended when Lee surrendered to Grant in 1865. It is true
+     that the attempt by force of arms to destroy the United States
+     began and ended during the administration of Mr. Lincoln. But the
+     causes, the principles, and the motives which produced the
+     rebellion are of an older date than the generation which suffered
+     from the fruit they bore, and their influence and power are likely
+     to last long after that generation passes away. Ever since armed
+     rebellion failed, a large party in the South have struggled to make
+     participation in the rebellion honorable and loyalty to the Union
+     dishonorable. The lost cause with them is the honored cause. In
+     society, in business, and in politics, devotion to treason is the
+     test of merit, the passport to preferment. They wish to return to
+     the old state of things--_an oligarchy of race and the sovereignty
+     of States._
+
+     To defeat this purpose, to secure the rights of man, and to
+     perpetuate the National Union, are the objects of the Congressional
+     plan of reconstruction. That plan has the hearty support of the
+     great generals (so far as their opinions are known)--of Grant, of
+     Thomas, of Sheridan, of Howard--who led the armies of the Union
+     which conquered the rebellion. The statesmen most trusted by Mr.
+     Lincoln and by the loyal people of the country during the war also
+     support it. The Supreme Court of the United States, upon formal
+     application and after solemn argument, refuse to interfere with its
+     execution. The loyal press of the country, which did so much in the
+     time of need to uphold the patriot cause, without exception, are in
+     favor of the plan.
+
+     In the South, as we have seen, the lessons of the war and the
+     events occurring since the war have made converts of thousands of
+     the bravest and of the ablest of those who opposed the National
+     cause. General Longstreet, a soldier second to no living corps
+     commander of the rebel army, calls it "a peace offering," and
+     advises the South in good faith to organize under it. Unrepentant
+     rebels and unconverted Peace Democrats oppose it, just as they
+     opposed the measures which destroyed slavery and saved the nation.
+
+     Opposition to whatever the Nation approves seems to be the policy
+     of the representative men of the Peace Democracy. Defeat and
+     failure comprise their whole political history. In laboring to
+     overthrow reconstruction they are probably destined to further
+     defeat and further failure. I know not how it may be in other
+     States, but if I am not greatly mistaken as to the mind of the
+     loyal people of Ohio, they mean to trust power in the hands of no
+     man who, during the awful struggle for the Nation's life, proved
+     unfaithful to the cause of liberty and of Union. They will continue
+     to exclude from the administration of the government those who
+     prominently opposed the war, until every question arising out of
+     the rebellion relating to the integrity of the Nation and to human
+     rights shall have been firmly settled on the basis of impartial
+     justice.
+
+     They mean that the State of Ohio, in this great progress, "whose
+     leading object is to elevate the condition of men, to lift
+     artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the paths of
+     laudable pursuits for all, to afford all an unfettered start and a
+     fair chance in the race of life," shall tread no step backward.
+
+     Penetrated and sustained by a conviction that in this contest the
+     Union party of Ohio is doing battle for the right, I enter upon my
+     part of the labors of the canvass with undoubting confidence that
+     the goodness of the cause will supply the weakness of its
+     advocates, and command in the result that triumphant success which
+     I believe it deserves.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Sidney, Ohio, Wednesday,
+September 4, 1867._
+
+     _Mr. President and Fellow-Citizens:_
+
+     It was very plain at the beginning of the pending canvass in Ohio
+     that the leading speakers of the peace party of the State were
+     desirous to persuade the people that at this election they were to
+     pass upon different issues from those which have been considered
+     in former elections. They undertook at the beginning, generally, to
+     discuss questions which have not heretofore been much considered.
+     They told the people that the old issues were settled, and that in
+     this canvass in particular, there would be no propriety in
+     discussing the record made by men during the war; that the war was
+     over; that bygones ought to be permitted to be bygones; and they
+     started a considerable number of subjects for discussion, which I
+     claim are either unimportant matters, or are matters which are in
+     no sense party questions. For example, Judge Ranney, in a very
+     elaborate speech at Mansfield, of great length, discussed perhaps a
+     dozen or fifteen topics, almost all of which are in no sense party
+     questions. For example, he talked about the land grants that had
+     been made to the railroads, particularly to the Pacific Railroad,
+     during the last few years, and of the subsidies of money that by
+     law have been given to the railroad companies. Now, this is but a
+     specimen of the topics discussed by Judge Ranney. It is enough to
+     say, in regard to the railroads, that they were voted for
+     indiscriminately by Union men and by Democrats--peace Democrats and
+     war Democrats--and that they were finally made laws by the
+     signature of Andrew Johnson. They are in no sense, therefore, party
+     issues; and the only purpose of discussing them is, so far as I can
+     see, to mislead the people, and to withdraw their attention from
+     the main issues before them.
+
+     Judge Thurman has discussed the subject of a standing army. He has
+     spoken of the great expense of keeping up a standing army, and, as
+     I think, has greatly exaggerated the sum requisite--naming two
+     hundred and fifty millions as the annual expense of it. I suppose
+     that is three or four, or perhaps five times as great as the actual
+     amount: but I do not stop to argue that matter with him. I say to
+     him, in regard to it, that Democrats voted for it in both houses,
+     and it became a law by the signature of the president whom he
+     supports. It is not, therefore, a party issue.
+
+     I can not, in any reasonable length of time, even name the various
+     topics that have been discussed in this way. Perhaps none has
+     attracted more attention than the subject of finances, and the main
+     issue presented by our Democratic friends on that subject has been
+     this--namely, that it is for the interest of the people to pay off
+     the whole of the present bonded debt by an issue of greenbacks. At
+     the beginning of the canvass, the Cincinnati _Enquirer_, and, I
+     think, the leading peace party paper at Columbus, and Mr.
+     Vallandigham, presented this as the leading question before the
+     people. The _Enquirer_ told us that Democratic conventions in forty
+     counties had resolved in favor of it; and certainly if any one of
+     the topics which have been presented in this way may be regarded as
+     a party topic, that is one. If they have succeeded in making a new
+     issue, that is one. On the 20th of last month, I spoke at Batavia,
+     and I referred to that subject. I said that Judge Thurman was
+     plainly committed against the issue of more greenbacks; that when
+     we were in the midst of the war, and the necessities of the country
+     were such that it was necessary to get money by every means in our
+     power, he had told the people there was no constitutional authority
+     to issue greenbacks. I said further, that in his speech at Waverly
+     he had spoken of this currency as a currency of rags; and that,
+     therefore, I was authorized to say he was opposed to this new
+     scheme of the Cincinnati _Enquirer_. That speech of mine was
+     reported in the Cincinnati _Commercial_ of the next morning. On the
+     following day, the 22d of August, the _Enquirer_ noticed my speech.
+     I will read you the whole of the _Enquirer's_ article on that
+     subject. I do this because I think, in this county as well as
+     elsewhere, Democrats are claiming the votes of Union men on the
+     ground that it is wise to pay off the bonded debt by an issue of
+     greenbacks, and I wish to show that Judge Thurman is opposed to the
+     scheme. Therefore, it is no party issue, because no party State
+     convention has resolved in favor of it, and the peace party
+     candidate for governor is against it. The _Enquirer_ says, under
+     the caption of "Judge Thurman and the bondholders:"
+
+     "In his speech at Batavia, Clermont county, on Tuesday, General
+     Hayes, while discussing the payment of the public debt question,
+     said:
+
+     "Judge Thurman has not yet spoken distinctly on this question. But
+     his well-known opinion, that even the necessities of the war did
+     not authorize, under our constitution, the issue of the
+     legal-tender currency, coupled with the fact that he speaks of it
+     in his Waverly speech as a currency of 'rags--only rags'--warrants
+     me in saying that he is probably opposed, on grounds both of
+     constitutional law and of expediency, to the financial scheme of
+     Mr. Vallandigham and of the Cincinnati _Enquirer_. Judge Ranney and
+     Judge Jewett are also evidently unwilling to accept the inflation
+     theories of the _Enquirer_. They are both opposed to taking up the
+     greenbacks now in circulation by an issue of bonds bearing
+     interest, and repeat the same arguments against this policy of
+     Johnson's administration which were urged by the Cincinnati
+     _Gazette_ and by Thaddeus Stevens and Judge Kelley, with much more
+     cogency, a year or two ago."
+
+     Commenting on the above, the _Enquirer_ says, editorially:
+
+     "This will render it necessary for Judge Thurman to do what he
+     ought to have done in his first (Waverly) speech, define his
+     position distinctly on this question. As one of his friends and
+     supporters, we call upon him to put a stop to these representations
+     of General Hayes by giving the people his views.
+
+     "Is he for the bondholders or the people? Does he believe that the
+     debts due the bondholders should be paid in any other than the
+     government money, which pays all other debts and liabilities, even
+     those which were contracted in gold?
+
+     "Is he for one currency for the bondholders and another and
+     different currency for the people?
+
+     "The Democracy of more than forty counties in Ohio have spoken out
+     on this question, and we have no doubt the example will be followed
+     by every county in the State. In some counties no other resolutions
+     have been passed.
+
+     "The time has passed when the people kept step to the music of
+     candidates. The latter must now march with and not against the
+     people. Will Judge Thurman define his position, for thousands of
+     votes may depend upon it?"
+
+     On the 27th of August, at Wapakoneta, Judge Thurman made a speech,
+     which I hold in my hand--as you see, a very long speech, covering
+     all of one side of the _Commercial_, and parts of two others. One
+     would suppose that, a week having elapsed since the speech to which
+     his attention was called had been made, that in this speech, at
+     least, if this was an important issue of the canvass, we should
+     have his position plainly and clearly defined. Of that long speech
+     he devotes to that important question, which the _Enquirer_ says is
+     the real question, and which many of your speakers doubtless here
+     say is the real question, precisely eleven lines--one short
+     paragraph. And the pith of that paragraph is contained in these two
+     lines: "I am sorry that what I have to say on that subject for
+     publication I must reserve for some future time."
+
+     I think that this satisfactorily shows where my friend Judge
+     Thurman stands on that issue, and that we therefore need no longer
+     discuss it--in short, that, as a party question, it is abandoned by
+     the candidate of the Democratic party. There is another phase of
+     the financial question. Judge Ranney and Judge Jewett are telling
+     the people that it is the policy of Secretary McCulloch to take up
+     the greenback currency and issue in its stead interest-bearing
+     bonds, not taxable, principal and interest, both payable in coin at
+     the option of the secretary. That is true. That was the policy, and
+     is the policy of Secretary McCulloch. But they go further, and say
+     they are authorized to say that this is the policy of the Union
+     party. I take issue with them on that statement. They offer no
+     proof that it is true, except the fact that it is the policy of the
+     Johnson administration; and I submit to an intelligent audience
+     that the fact that Johnson and his administration are in favor of a
+     measure is no evidence whatever that the Union party supports it.
+     It is not for me to prove a negative, but I am prepared,
+     nevertheless, to prove it. The very measure which was intended to
+     carry out this policy of Secretary McCulloch to enable him to take
+     up the greenback currency with interest-bearing bonds was
+     introduced in Congress in March, 1866. I have here the votes upon
+     that question, and I say to you that the Democratic party in both
+     houses--all the members of the Democratic party in both
+     houses--voted for Senator McCulloch's plan, and that Mr. Julian,
+     Judge Schofield, Mr. Lawrence, all of whom I see here, and myself,
+     a majority of the Republican members of Congress, voted against the
+     scheme, and it became a law because a minority of the Union party,
+     with the unanimous vote of the Democratic party, supported it; and
+     because, when it was submitted to Andrew Johnson, instead of
+     vetoing it, as he did all Union party measures, he wrote his name,
+     on the 12th of April, at the bottom of it, "Approved, Andrew
+     Johnson." Now, it is under that measure, and by virtue of that law,
+     voted for by Mr. Finck and and Mr. LeBlond, of the Democratic party
+     of Ohio, in the House of Representatives; it is by virtue of that
+     law that to-day Secretary McCulloch is issuing interest-bearing
+     bonds, not taxable, to take up the greenback currency of the
+     country. I think, then, I am authorized in saying that these
+     gentlemen are mistaken when they accuse the Union party of being in
+     favor of taking up the greenback currency and putting in the place
+     of it interest-bearing, non-taxable bonds.
+
+     This investigation of two or three of the leading questions
+     presented to the people at the beginning of this canvass by the
+     advocates of the peace party of Ohio is, I think, sufficient to
+     warrant me in saying that all of the side issues presented are
+     merely urged on the people to withdraw their minds from the great
+     main issue which ought to engage the attention of the American
+     Nation. What is that great issue? It is reconstruction. That is the
+     main question before us, and until it is settled, and settled
+     rightly, all other issues sink into insignificance in comparison
+     with it. Fortunately for the Union party of Ohio, events are
+     occurring every day at Washington which tend more and more clearly
+     to define the exact question before the people, showing that the
+     main question is whether the Union shall be reconstructed in the
+     interests of the rebellion or in the interests of loyalty and
+     Union; whether that reconstruction shall be carried on by men who,
+     during the war, were in favor of the war and against the rebellion,
+     or by men who in the North were against the war, and who in the
+     South carried on the rebellion. On one side of this question we see
+     Andrew Johnson, Judge Black, and the other leaders of the peace
+     party of the North and the unrepentant rebels of the South; and on
+     the other side is the great war secretary, Stanton, with General
+     Grant, General Sheridan, General Thomas, General Howard, and the
+     other Union commanders engaged in carrying out the reconstruction
+     acts of Congress. This presents clearly enough the question before
+     the people. General Grant, in one paragraph of his letter to the
+     president, said to him:
+
+     "General Sheridan has performed his civil duties faithfully and
+     intelligently. His removal will only be regarded as an effort to
+     defeat the laws of Congress. It will be interpreted by the
+     unreconstructed element in the South--those who did all they could
+     to break up this government by arms, and now wish to be the only
+     element consulted as to the method of restoring order--as a
+     triumph. It will embolden them to renewed opposition to the will of
+     the loyal masses, believing that they have the executive with
+     them."
+
+     This presents exactly the question before the people. We want the
+     loyal people of the country, the victors in the great struggle we
+     have passed through, to do the work; we want reconstruction upon
+     such principles, and by means of such measures that the causes
+     which made reconstruction necessary shall not exist in the
+     reconstructed Union; we want that foolish notion of State rights,
+     which teaches that the State is superior to the Nation--that there
+     is a State sovereignty which commands the allegiance of every
+     citizen higher than the sovereignty of the nation--we want that
+     notion left out of the reconstructed Union; we want it understood
+     that whatever doubts may have existed prior to the war as to the
+     relation of the State to the National government, that now the
+     National government is supreme, anything in the constitution or
+     laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Again, as one of
+     the causes of the rebellion, we want slavery left out, not merely
+     in name, but in fact, and forever; we want the last vestige, the
+     last relic of that institution, rooted out of the laws and
+     institutions of every State; we want that in the South there shall
+     be no more suppression of free discussion. I notice that in the
+     long speech of my friend, Judge Thurman, he says that for nearly
+     fifty years, throughout the length and breadth of the land, freedom
+     of speech and of the press was never interfered with, either by the
+     government or the people. For more than thirty years,
+     fellow-citizens, there has been no such thing as free discussion in
+     the South. Those moderate speeches of Abraham Lincoln on the
+     subject of slavery--not one of them--could have been delivered
+     without endangering his life, south of Mason and Dixon's line. We
+     want in the reconstructed Union that there shall be the same
+     freedom of the press and freedom of speech in the States of the
+     South that there always has been in the States of the North. Again,
+     we want the reconstructed Union upon such principles that the men
+     of the South who, during the war, were loyal and true to the
+     government, shall be protected in life, liberty, and property, and
+     in the exercise of their political rights. It becomes the solemn
+     duty of the loyal victors in the great struggle to see that the men
+     who, in the midst of difficulties, discouragements, and dangers in
+     the South were true, are protected in these rights. And, in order
+     that our reconstruction shall be carried out faithfully and
+     accomplish these objects, we further want that the work shall be in
+     the hands of the right men. Andrew Johnson, in the days when he was
+     loyal, said the work of reconstruction ought to be placed
+     absolutely in the hands of the loyal men of the State; that rebels,
+     and particularly leading rebels, ought not to participate in that
+     work; that while that work is going on they must take back seats.
+     We want that understood in our work of reconstruction. How
+     important it is to have the right men in charge of this work
+     appears upon the most cursory examination of what has already been
+     done. President Lincoln administered the same laws
+     substantially--was sworn to support the same constitution with
+     Andrew Johnson--yet how different the reconstruction as carried out
+     by these two men. Lincoln's reconstruction in all the States which
+     he undertook to reorganize gave to those States loyal governments,
+     loyal governors, loyal legislatures, judges, and officers of the
+     law. Andrew Johnson, administering the same constitution and the
+     same laws, reconstructs a number of States, and in all of them
+     leading rebels are elected governors, leading rebels are members of
+     the legislature, and leading rebels are sent to Congress. It makes,
+     then, the greatest difference to the people of this country who it
+     is that does the work.
+
+     This, my friends, brings me to a proposition to which I call the
+     attention of every audience that I have occasion to address, and
+     that is this, that until the work of reconstruction is complete,
+     until every question arising out of the rebellion relating to the
+     integrity of the Nation and to human rights has been settled, and
+     settled rightly, no man ought to be trusted with power in this
+     country, who, during the struggle for the Nation's life, was
+     unfaithful to Union and liberty. That is the proposition upon which
+     I go before the people of Ohio. At the beginning of the canvass, as
+     I have said, the gentlemen who are engaged in advocating the claims
+     of the peace party of Ohio did not desire to have this record
+     discussed. I am happy to know by this long Wapakoneta speech of
+     Judge Thurman that at last they have found it necessary to come to
+     the discussion of the true question. Judge Thurman, in that speech,
+     invites us to the discussion of it. He says:
+
+     "I give all of them this bold and unequivocal defiance, that there
+     is no one act of my life, or one sentence ever uttered by me that I
+     am not prepared to have investigated by the American people; and I
+     wish them to stand up to the same rule, that I may see what is in
+     their past record, and see how it tallies with what they say to the
+     American people at the present time."
+
+     He proceeds to do this. He proceeds to examine the record of
+     various gentlemen connected with the Union party. Now, I am not in
+     the habit of giving challenges or accepting challenges, but I
+     desire, for a few minutes, to ask the attention of this audience to
+     the record of my friend, Judge Thurman. He under-takes to justify
+     the course he took as a leader of the peace party of Ohio, by
+     telling us what Mr. Lincoln said in 1848. Now, what is it that Mr.
+     Lincoln said? He made a speech during the Mexican war as to the
+     title which Texas had to certain lands in dispute between the State
+     of Texas and Mexico, or rather between the United States and
+     Mexico. He laid down the doctrine that a revolutionary government
+     is entitled to own just as much of the property of the former
+     government as it has succeeded in conquering; and he says, in the
+     course of that speech, that it is the right of every people to
+     revolutionize; that the right of revolution, in short, belongs to
+     every people; that it was the right exercised by our forefathers in
+     1776. Now, that is all true--that is all correct; but how does my
+     friend Judge Thurman find any justification for the rebellion in
+     that? What is the right of revolution? It is the right to resist a
+     government under which you live, if that government is guilty of
+     intolerable oppression or injustice, but not otherwise. And that is
+     the doctrine of Abraham Lincoln. Now, in order to make that a
+     precedent for the rebellion, Judge Thurman is bound to take the
+     position that, in the case of the rebel States, there had been acts
+     of intolerable oppression and injustice done to that part of the
+     country which went into rebellion. I know that the rebels, for the
+     most part, did not put the rebellion upon that ground; but Judge
+     Thurman now does it for them. He makes it out--or must make it out
+     to sustain himself--that it was a case of revolution, growing out
+     of the exercise of that right which our fathers exercised in 1776.
+     Now, if Judge Thurman can show that there was justification for the
+     rebellion, he has made out his case. If that rebellion was not
+     justified by such circumstances--if there was no such intolerable
+     injustice and oppression--he has failed in his precedent. He goes
+     further, and says that Mr. Wade, Chief Justice Chase, Secretary
+     Stanton, and General Butler all held sentiments before the war the
+     same as the sentiments which he held then, and holds now, on the
+     subject of the rights of the States. Suppose they did--suppose they
+     belonged to the same party before the war--is that any defense of
+     his conduct during the war? They saw fit, after the war had broken
+     out, to rally to the side of their country, notwithstanding any
+     notions or theories they might have held with regard to the rights
+     of the States.
+
+     I do not stop now to discuss the correctness of Judge Thurman's
+     opinions as to the course of these men prior to the war. It is
+     enough for me to say that the question I make--the question which
+     the people of Ohio make--is, What was your conduct after it was
+     found that there was a conspiracy to break up the Union, after war
+     was upon us, and armies were raised--what was your conduct then?
+     That is the question before the people. And I ask of an intelligent
+     audience, what was the duty of a good citizen after that war for
+     the destruction of the government and the Union had begun? Need I
+     ask any old Jackson Democrat what is his duty when the Union is at
+     stake? In 1806, Aaron Burr proposed this matter to Andrew Jackson,
+     of making a new confederacy in the Southwest. Jackson said:
+
+     "I hate the Dons, and I would like to see Mexico dismembered; but
+     before I would see one State of this Union severed from the rest, I
+     would die in the last ditch."
+
+     That was Jackson's Democracy. Douglass said:
+
+     "This is no time for delay. The existence of a conspiracy is now
+     known; armies are raised to accomplish it. There can be but two
+     sides to the question. A man must be either for the United States
+     or against the United States. There can be no neutrals in this
+     war--only patriots and traitors."
+
+     There is the Douglass doctrine. But I need not go back to Jackson
+     and Douglass. I have the opinions of the very gentlemen who now
+     lead the peace party on this subject. Let me read you a resolution,
+     introduced and passed through a Democratic convention, in 1848, by
+     Clement L. Vallandigham:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That whatever opinions might have been entertained of
+     the origin, necessity or justice, by the Tories of the
+     revolutionary war, by the Federalists of the late war with England,
+     or by the Whigs and Abolitionists of the present war with Mexico,
+     the fact of their country being engaged in such a war ought to have
+     been sufficient for them and to have precluded debate on that
+     subject till a successful termination of the war, and that in the
+     meantime the patriot could have experienced no difficulty in
+     recognizing his place on the side of his country, and could never
+     have been induced to yield either physical or moral aid to the
+     enemy."
+
+     I will quote also from Judge Thurman himself. In a speech lecturing
+     one of his colleagues, who thought the Mexican war was unnecessary,
+     he says:
+
+     "It is a strange way to support one's country, right or wrong, to
+     declare after war has begun, when it exists both in law and in
+     fact, that the war is aggressive, unholy, unrighteous, and damnable
+     on the part of the government of that country, and on that
+     government rests its responsibility and its wrongfulness. It is a
+     strange way to support one's country right or wrong in a war, to
+     tax one's imagination to the utmost to depict the disastrous
+     consequences of the contest; to dwell on what it has already cost
+     and what it will cost in future; to depict her troops prostrated by
+     disease and dying with pestilence; in a word, to destroy, as far as
+     possible, the moral force of the government in the struggle, and
+     hold it up to its own people and the world as the aggressor that
+     merits their condemnation. It was for this that I arraigned my
+     colleague, and that I intend to arraign him. It was because his
+     remarks, as far as they could have any influence, were evidently
+     calculated to depress the spirits of his own countrymen, to lessen
+     the moral force of his own government, and to inspire with
+     confidence and hope the enemies of his country."
+
+     He goes on further to say:
+
+     "What a singular mode it was of supporting her in a war to bring
+     against the war nearly all the charges that were brought by the
+     peace party Federalists against the last war, to denounce it as an
+     unrighteous, unholy, and damnable war; to hold up our government to
+     the eyes of the world as the aggressors in the conflict; to charge
+     it with motives of conquest and aggrandizement; to parade and
+     portray in the darkest colors all the horrors of war; to dwell upon
+     its cost and depict its calamities."
+
+     Now, that was the doctrine of Judge Thurman as to the duties of
+     citizens in time of war--in time of such a war as the Mexican war
+     even, in which no vital interest of the country could by
+     possibility suffer. Judge Thurman says that General Hayes, in his
+     speech, has a great many slips cut from the newspapers, and that
+     he must have had some sewing society of old ladies to cut out the
+     slips for him. I don't know how he found that out. I never told it,
+     and you know the ladies never tell secrets that are confided to
+     them. I hold in my hand a speech of Judge Thurman, from which I
+     have read extracts, and I find that he has in it slips cut from
+     more than twenty different prints, sermons, newspapers, old
+     speeches, and pamphlets, to show how, in the war of 1812, certain
+     Federalists uttered unpatriotic sentiments. I presume he must have
+     acquired his slips on that day in the way he says I acquired mine
+     now.
+
+     Now, my friends, I propose to hold Judge Thurman to no severe rule
+     of accountability for his conduct during the war. I merely ask that
+     it shall be judged by his own rule: "Your country is engaged in
+     war, and it is the duty of every citizen to say nothing and do
+     nothing which shall depress the spirits of his own countrymen,
+     nothing that shall encourage the enemies of his country, or give
+     them moral aid or comfort." That is the rule. Now, Judge Thurman,
+     how does your conduct square with it? I do not propose to begin at
+     the beginning of the war, or even just before the war, to cite the
+     record of Judge Thurman. I am willing to say that perhaps men might
+     have been mistaken at that time. They might have supposed in the
+     beginning a conciliatory policy, a non-coercive policy, would in
+     some way avoid the threatened struggle. But I ask you to approach
+     the period when the war was going on, when armies to the number of
+     hundreds of thousands of men were ready on one side and the other,
+     and when the whole world knew what was the nature of the great
+     struggle going on in America. Taking the beginning of 1863, how
+     stands the conflict? We have pressed the rebellion out of Kentucky
+     and through Tennessee. Grant stands before Vicksburg, held at bay
+     by the army of Pemberton; Rosecranz, after the capture of
+     Nashville, has pressed forward to Murfreesboro, but is still held
+     out of East Tennessee by the army of Bragg. The army of the Potomac
+     and the army of Lee, in Virginia, are balanced, the one against the
+     other. The whole world knows that that exhausting struggle can not
+     last long without deciding in favor of one side or the other. That
+     the year 1863 is big with the fate of Union and of liberty, every
+     intelligent man in the world knows--that on one side it is a
+     struggle for nationality and human rights. There is not in all
+     Europe a petty despot who lives by grinding the masses of the
+     people, who does not know that Lincoln and the Union are his
+     enemies. There is not a friend of freedom in all Europe who does
+     not know that Lincoln and the loyal army are fighting in the cause
+     of free government for all the world. Now, in that contest, where
+     are you, Judge Thurman? It is a time when we need men and money,
+     when we need to have our people inspired with hope and confidence.
+     Your sons and brothers are in the field. Their success depends upon
+     your conduct at home.
+
+     The men who are to advise you what to do have upon them a dreadful
+     responsibility to give you wise and patriotic advice. Judge
+     Thurman, in the speech I am quoting from, says:
+
+     "But now, my friends, I shall not deal with obscure newspapers or
+     obscure men. What a private citizen like Allen G. Thurman may have
+     said in 1861 is a matter of indifference."
+
+     Ah, no, Judge Thurman, the Union party does not propose to allow
+     your record to go without investigation because you are a private
+     citizen. I know you held no official position under the government
+     at the time I speak of; but, sir, you had for years been a leading,
+     able, and influential man in the great party which had often
+     carried your State. You were acting under grave responsibilities.
+     More than that, during that year 1863, you were more than a private
+     citizen. You were one of the delegates to the State convention of
+     that year; you were one of the committee that forms your party
+     platform in that convention; you were one of the central committee
+     that carries on the canvass in the absence of your
+     standard-bearers; and you were one of the orators of the party. No,
+     sir, you were not a private citizen in 1863. You were one of the
+     leading and one of the ablest men in your party in that year,
+     speaking through the months of July, August, September, and
+     October, in behalf of the candidate of the peace party. You can not
+     escape as a private citizen.
+
+     Well, sir, in the beginning of that eventful year, there rises in
+     Congress the ablest member of the peace party, to advise Congress
+     and to advise the people, and what does he say?
+
+     "You have not conquered the South. You never will. It is not in the
+     nature of things possible, especially under your auspices. Money
+     you have expended without limit; blood you have poured out like
+     water."
+
+     Now, mark the taunt--the words of discouragement that were sent to
+     the people and to the army of the Union:
+
+     "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers--these are your trophies. Can
+     you get men to enlist now at any price?"
+
+     Listen again to the words that were sent to the army and to the
+     loyal people:
+
+     "Ah, sir, it is easier to die at home."
+
+     We knew that, Judge Thurman, better than Mr. Vallandigham knew it.
+     We had seen our comrades falling and dying alone on the mountain
+     side and in the swamps--dying in the prison-pens of the Confederacy
+     and in the crowded hospitals, North and South. Yet he had the face
+     to stand up in Congress, and say to the people and the world, "Ah,
+     sir, it is easier to die at home." Judge Thurman, where are you at
+     this time? He goes to Columbus to the State convention, on the 11th
+     of June of that year, in all the capacities in which I have named
+     him--as a delegate, as committeeman, and as an orator--and he
+     spends that whole summer in advocating the election of the man who
+     taunted us with the words, "Defeat, debt, taxation,
+     sepulchers--these are your trophies."
+
+     In every canvass you know there is a key-note. What was the
+     key-note of that canvass? Who sounded it? It came over to us from
+     Canada. On the 15th of July, 1863, Mr. Vallandigham wrote,
+     accepting the nomination of that convention of Judge Thurman's. He
+     said, in his letter:
+
+     "If this civil war is to terminate only by the subjugation or
+     submission of the South to force and arms, the infant of to-day
+     will not live to see the end of it. No; in another way only can it
+     be brought to a close. Traveling a thousand miles and more, through
+     nearly half of the Confederate States, and sojourning for a time at
+     widely different points, I met not one man, woman, or child who was
+     not resolved to perish, rather than yield to the pressure of arms,
+     even in the most desperate extremity. And whatever may and must be
+     the varying fortune of the war, in all of which I recognize the
+     hand of Providence pointing visibly to the ultimate issue of this
+     great trial of the States and people of America, they are better
+     prepared now, every way, to make good their inexorable purpose than
+     at any period since the beginning of the struggle."
+
+     That was the key-note of the campaign. It was the platform of the
+     candidate in behalf of whom Judge Thurman went through the State of
+     Ohio--all over the State--in July, August, and September, up to the
+     night of the 12th of October--making his last speech just
+     twenty-four hours before the glad news went out to all the world,
+     over the wires, that the people of Ohio had elected John Brough by
+     over one hundred thousand majority, in preference to the author of
+     the sentiment, "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers."
+
+     And how true was that sentiment which had been endorsed by the
+     peace party. I do not question the motives of men in any of my
+     speeches. I merely ask as to the facts. "Better prepared," said he,
+     "than ever before," on the 15th of July. On that theory, they went
+     through the canvass to the end. What was the fact? On the 15th of
+     July, 1863, Grant had captured Vicksburg. That gallant, glorious
+     son of Ohio, who perished afterward in the Atlanta campaign, and
+     whose honored remains now sleep near his old home on the lake
+     shore, General James B. McPherson, on the 4th of July, had ridden
+     at the head of a triumphant host into Vicksburg. On the 7th of
+     July, Banks had captured Port Hudson. A few days afterward, a party
+     of serenaders, calling upon Mr. Lincoln, saw that good man, who had
+     been bowed down with the weight and cares of office; they saw his
+     haggard face lit up with joy and cheer, and he said to them: "At
+     last, Grant is in Vicksburg. The Father of Waters, the Mississippi,
+     again flows unvexed to the sea."
+
+     On the 15th of July, what else had happened? The army of Lee,
+     defiantly crowding up into Pennsylvania, and claiming to go where
+     it pleased, and take what it pleased, only doubting whether they
+     would first capture Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, or New
+     York, and concluding finally that it was a matter of military
+     strategy first to capture the Army of the Potomac--that army, which
+     had invaded Pennsylvania under such flattering auspices, was, on
+     the 15th of July, when Mr. Vallandigham's letter was written,
+     straggling back over the swollen waters of the Potomac, glad to
+     escape from the pursuing armies of the Union, with the loss of
+     thirty thousand of its bravest and best, killed, wounded, and
+     captured, and utterly unable ever after during the war to set foot
+     upon free soil except in such fragments as were captured by our
+     armies in subsequent battles. That was the condition of the two
+     great armies when Mr. Vallandigham uttered that sentiment; and on
+     that sentiment my friend, Judge Thurman, argued his case through
+     all that summer.
+
+     But wisdom was not learned even at the close of 1863 by this peace
+     party. Things were greatly changed in the estimation of every loyal
+     man. We had now not merely got possession of the Mississippi
+     river--we had not merely driven the army of Lee out of
+     Pennsylvania, never again to return, but the battle of Mission
+     Ridge and the battle of Knoxville had been fought. That important
+     strategic region, East Tennessee, was now within our lines. From
+     that abode of loyalty, the mountain region of East Tennessee, we
+     could pierce to the very heart of the Southern Confederacy. We were
+     now in possession of the interior lines, giving us an immense
+     advantage, and we were in a condition to march southeast to Atlanta
+     and northeast to Richmond; yet with this changed state of affairs,
+     where is my friend Judge Thurman? Advising the people? What is he
+     advising them to do? He says Allen G. Thurman was a private
+     citizen. Not so. He held no official position, I know, under the
+     government. Fortunately for the people of this country, they were
+     not giving official positions in Ohio to men of his opinions and
+     sentiments at that time. [A voice, "They won't now, either."] But
+     he was made delegate at large from the State of Ohio to the
+     convention to meet at Chicago to nominate a president and form a
+     platform on which that nominee should stand. Mr. Vallandigham was a
+     district delegate and one of the committee to form a platform, and
+     he drew the most important resolution. The principal plank of that
+     platform is of his construction. You are perfectly familiar with
+     it. It merely told the people that the war had been for four years
+     a failure, and advised them to prepare to negotiate with this
+     Confederate nation on our Southern borders. Well, when this advice
+     was given to the Nation, we were still in the midst of the war, and
+     were prosecuting it with every prospect of success. What had been
+     accomplished in 1863 enabled us, with great advantages, to press
+     upon the rebellion. I remember well when I first read that
+     resolution declaring the war a four years' failure. It came to the
+     army in which I was serving on the same day that the news came to
+     us that Sherman had captured Atlanta. We heard of both together.
+     The war a four years' failure, said the Chicago convention. I well
+     remember how that evening our pickets shouted the good news to the
+     pickets of the enemy. What good news? News that a convention
+     representing nearly one-half of the people of the North had
+     concluded that the war was a failure? No such news was shouted from
+     our-picket line. The good news that they shouted was that Sherman
+     had captured Atlanta.
+
+     This, my friends, is a part of that record which we are invited to
+     examine by my friend Judge Thurman. I ask you to apply to it the
+     principle that whoever, during the great struggle, was unfaithful
+     to the cause of the country is not to be trusted to be one of the
+     men to harvest and secure the legitimate fruits of the victory,
+     which the Union people and the Union army won during the rebellion.
+     In the great struggle in 1863 in Ohio, I had not an opportunity to
+     hear the eloquent voice of John Brough, which I knew stirred the
+     hearts of the people like the sound of a trumpet, but I read, as
+     occasion offered, his speeches, and I saw not one in which he did
+     not warn the young men--warn the Democrats of Ohio--that if they
+     remained through that struggle opposed to this country, the conduct
+     particularly of leading men would never be forgotten, and never
+     forgiven. Now, in this canvass, I merely have to ask the people to
+     remember the prediction of honest John Brough, and see that that
+     prediction is made good.
+
+     It is not worth while now to consider, or undertake to predict,
+     when we shall cease to talk of the records of those men. It does
+     seem to me that it will, for many years to come, be the voice of
+     the Union people of the State that for a man who as a leader--as a
+     man having control in political affairs--that for such a man who
+     has opposed the interests of his country during the war, "the post
+     of honor is the private station." When shall we stop talking about
+     it? When ought we to stop talking about that record, when leading
+     men come before the people? Certainly not until every question
+     arising out of the rebellion, and every question which is akin to
+     the questions which made the rebellion, is settled. Perhaps these
+     men will be remembered long after these questions are settled;
+     perhaps their conduct will long be remembered. What was the result
+     of this advice to the people? It prolonged the war; it made it
+     impossible to get recruits; it made it necessary that we should
+     have drafts. They opposed the drafts, and that made rioting, which
+     required that troops should be called from all the armies in the
+     field, to preserve the peace at home. From forty to a hundred
+     thousand men in the different States of this Union were kept within
+     the loyal States to preserve the peace at home. And now, when they
+     talk to you about the debt and about the burden of taxation,
+     remember how it happened that the war was so prolonged, that it was
+     so expensive, and that the debt grew to such large proportions.
+
+     There are other things, too, to be remembered. I recollect that at
+     the close of the last session of Congress, I went over to
+     Arlington, the estate formerly of Robert E. Lee, and I saw there
+     the great National cemetery into which that beautiful place has
+     been converted. I saw the graves of 18,000 Union soldiers, marked
+     with white head-boards, denoting the name of each occupant, and his
+     regiment and company. Passing over those broad acres, covered with
+     the graves of the loyal men who had died in defense of their
+     country, I came upon that which was even more touching than these
+     18,000 head-boards. I found a large granite, with this inscription
+     upon it:
+
+     "Beneath this stone repose the remains of two thousand one hundred
+     and eleven unknown soldiers, gathered, after the war, from the
+     field of Bull Run and the route to the Rappahannock. Their remains
+     could not be identified, but their names and deaths are recorded in
+     the archives of their country, and its grateful citizens honor them
+     as of their noble army of martyrs. May they rest in peace.
+     September, 1866."
+
+     I say to those men who were instrumental and prominent in
+     prolonging the war, by opposing it, that when honeyed words and
+     soft phrases can erase from the enduring granite inscriptions like
+     these, the American people may forget their conduct; but I believe
+     they will not do so until some such miracle is accomplished.
+
+     That is all I desire to say this afternoon upon the record of the
+     peace party of Ohio. A few words upon another topic that is much
+     discussed in this canvass, and that is the proposed amendment to
+     the constitution of the State of Ohio. At the beginning, I desire
+     to say, that there may be no misunderstanding--and I suppose there
+     is no misunderstanding upon that subject--that I am in favor of the
+     adoption of that amendment, and I trust that every Union man, and
+     every Democrat too, will vote for it next October. And why do I say
+     this? Let us discuss it a moment. It consists of four parts.
+     First, it disfranchises any man who becomes a resident of the State
+     of Ohio, or who was a citizen of Ohio, who fought in the rebellion
+     against the country. Isn't that right? If you want that to go into
+     your constitution, vote for the amendment. It disfranchises every
+     man who, being liable to the draft, when the country needed them at
+     the front--when the soldiers doing their duty at the front were
+     anxiously looking for their aid--it disfranchises every man who, at
+     such time, ran away to escape the draft. Isn't that right? In the
+     next place, it disfranchises every man who deserted his comrades at
+     the front, and ran away to vote the peace party ticket at the rear.
+     Isn't that right? It disfranchises him whether he voted that ticket
+     or not, I may observe. If you want these provisions in your State
+     constitution, vote for the amendment. In the next place, it gives
+     the right of suffrage to all the negroes of Ohio. Mark the phrase:
+     I have not said impartial suffrage or manhood suffrage. I wish to
+     be understood. It gives the suffrage to the negroes of Ohio upon
+     the same terms that it is given to white men. The reason I am in
+     favor of that is because it is right.
+
+     Let me have the ears of my Democratic friends on that question a
+     moment. If Democracy has any meaning now that is good--any
+     favorable meaning--it is that Democracy is a government of the
+     people, by the people, and for the people. It is a government in
+     which every man who has to obey the laws has a part in making the
+     laws, unless disqualified by crime. Then the proposition I am for
+     is a Democratic proposition. Again, it is according to the
+     principles upon which good men have always desired to see our
+     institutions placed, namely, that all men are entitled to equal
+     rights before the law. They are not equal in any other respect.
+     Nobody claims that they are. But we propose to give to each man the
+     same rights which you want for yourself. It is, in short, obeying
+     the rule of the Great Teacher: "Do unto others as ye would that
+     others should do unto you." Abraham Lincoln said: "No man is good
+     enough to govern another without that other man's consent." Is not
+     that true? Good as you think you are, are you good enough
+     absolutely to govern another man without that other man's consent?
+     If you really think so, just change shoes with that other man, and
+     see if you are willing to be governed yourself, without your
+     consent, by somebody else. The declaration of independence says
+     governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
+     governed. Now, don't you see there is no way by which one man can
+     give consent to be governed by another man in a republican
+     government except by the ballot? There is no way provided by which
+     you can consent to give powers to a government except by the
+     ballot. Therefore every man governed under our system is entitled
+     to the ballot.
+
+     So much for principle. One word now as to why our Democratic
+     friends oppose it. I remember their opposing the extension of
+     suffrage once under circumstances that made many of us think they
+     were doing wrong. During the years 1861, 1862, 1863, and 1864, I
+     was a citizen of the Fifteenth ward, in Cincinnati; I had lived
+     there ever since it was a ward. All the property I had in the world
+     was taxed there, real or personal; and there was a party in Ohio of
+     loyal Union men, who said I and others who were with me ought to
+     have a right to vote, although I was not in the Fifteenth ward, but
+     was serving the country in the field against the rebels. The
+     Democratic party in Ohio--these very peace men--said no. Why did
+     they say I should not vote? I never heard but one good reason, and
+     that was the apprehension they had that if the soldiers did vote,
+     they wouldn't vote the Democratic ticket. That's what's the matter.
+     Now, I suspect we have the same difficulty on this proposition; I
+     suspect that the real trouble is that they fear if the colored man
+     has a vote, they have dealt so hardly with him these last few years
+     that when he comes to vote he will vote against the Democratic
+     party. That's what's the matter. Why, for the sake of political
+     power, these Democrats of Ohio have not been unwilling to look
+     kindly toward the colored man. Do you remember we once had black
+     laws in Ohio which kept the colored men out of the State? Who
+     repealed those laws? Why did they do it? The Democratic party did
+     it, because they could get political power by it. I suspect that if
+     it were quite certain that the colored vote would elect Allen G.
+     Thurman Governor of Ohio, our Democratic friends would not object
+     to it at all. What, then, do I say to the Union men? This objection
+     may be very good for the Democrats, but it is not a wise one for
+     you.
+
+     I commend to you Union men who are a little weak on this question,
+     or perhaps I should say a little strong, the example of the Union
+     men of the country during the war. Abraham Lincoln thought, in
+     1862, it was wise to proclaim freedom to the slaves. Many good
+     Union men thought it was unwise--thought Mr. Lincoln was going too
+     far or too fast--but the sequel justified the wisdom of Abraham
+     Lincoln. Again, he thought it was wise that colored men should be
+     placed in our armies. There were good soldiers and good Union men
+     who thought it was unwise. They feared that Mr. Lincoln was going
+     too fast or too far, but events justified it. Now, everybody agrees
+     that in both cases Abraham Lincoln was right. Now, the example I
+     commend to our Union friends who are doubting on this great
+     question is the example of those Union men during the war who
+     doubted the wisdom of these other measures. Greatly as they were
+     opposed to the proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, strongly as they
+     were opposed to the enlistment of colored soldiers, I say to you I
+     never heard of one good Union man, in the army or out of it, who
+     left his party because of that difference with Mr. Lincoln. I
+     commend that example to the Union men who now doubt about colored
+     suffrage. The truth is, that every step made in advance toward the
+     standard of the right has in the event always proved a safe and
+     wise step. Every step toward the right has proved a step toward the
+     expedient; in short, that in politics, in morals, in public and
+     private life, the right is always expedient.
+
+     I thank you, fellow-citizens, for your kind attention.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GOVERNOR HAYES, _on his re-nomination, delivered June 23,
+1869._
+
+     Twice since the organization of existing political parties the
+     people of Ohio have trusted the law-making power of the State in
+     the hands of the Democratic party. They first tried the experiment
+     twelve years ago, and such were the results that ten years elapsed
+     before they ventured upon a repetition of it. Two years ago, in a
+     time of reaction, which was general throughout the country, the
+     Democratic party, by a minority of the popular vote, having large
+     advantages in the apportionment, obtained complete control of the
+     legislature in both of its branches. They came into power,
+     proclaiming that the past ought to be forgotten; that old issues
+     and divisions should be laid aside; that new ideas and new measures
+     required attention; and they were particularly emphatic and earnest
+     in declaring that the enormous burdens of debt and taxation under
+     which the people were struggling made retrenchment and economy the
+     supreme duty of the hour.
+
+     These were their promises, and the manner in which they were kept
+     is now before the people for their judgment. Disregarding the
+     well-known and solemnly-expressed will of Ohio, they began the
+     business of their first session by passing fruitless resolutions to
+     rescind the ratification of the 14th amendment to the constitution
+     of the United States.
+
+     They placed on the statute book visible admixture bills, to deprive
+     citizens of the right of suffrage--a constitutional right long
+     enjoyed and perfectly well settled by repeated decisions of the
+     highest court having jurisdiction of the question.
+
+     They repealed the law allowing, after the usual residence, the
+     disabled veterans of the Union army to vote in the township in
+     which the National Soldiers' Home is situated; and enacted a law
+     designed to deprive of the right of suffrage a large number of
+     young men engaged in acquiring an education at "any school,
+     seminary, academy, college, university, or other institution of
+     learning." To prevent citizens who were deprived of their
+     constitutional rights by these acts from obtaining prompt relief in
+     the Supreme Court, they passed a law prohibiting that court from
+     taking up causes on its docket according to its own judgment of
+     what was demanded by public justice, in any case "except where the
+     person seeking relief had been convicted of murder in the first
+     degree, or of a crime the punishment of which was confinement in
+     the penitentiary."
+
+     I believe it is the general judgment of the people of Ohio that the
+     passage of these measures, unconstitutional as some of them are,
+     and unjust as they all are, was mainly due to the fact that the
+     classes of citizens disfranchised by them do not commonly vote with
+     the Democratic party. The Republican party condemns all such
+     legislation, and demands its repeal.
+
+     On the important subject of suffrage, General Grant, in his
+     inaugural message, expresses the convictions of the Republican
+     party. He says: "The question of suffrage is one which is likely
+     to agitate the public so long as a portion of the citizens of the
+     Nation are excluded from its privileges in any State. It seems to
+     me very desirable that this question should be settled now, and I
+     entertain the hope and express the desire that it may be by the
+     ratification of the fifteenth amendment to the constitution."
+
+     During the canvass which resulted in the election of the late
+     Democratic legislature the Republicans were charged with having
+     used $800,000, raised for the relief of soldiers' families, to pay
+     the State debt, and this charge was insisted upon, notwithstanding
+     a majority of the Democratic members had supported the measure. The
+     idea was everywhere held out that if the Democratic party were
+     successful this money would be restored to the relief fund and
+     expended for the benefit of the soldiers. The failure to redeem
+     this pledge is aggravated by the fact that the legislature, by a
+     strictly party vote in the Senate, refused to provide for the
+     support of soldiers' destitute orphans at homes to be established
+     without expense to the State by the voluntary contributions of
+     patriotic and charitable people.
+
+     But of all the pledges upon which the Democratic party obtained
+     power in the last legislature, the most important, and those in
+     regard to which the just expectations of the people have been most
+     signally disappointed, are their pledges in relation to financial
+     affairs--to expenditure, to debt, and to taxation. Upon this
+     subject the people are compelled to feel a very deep interest. The
+     flush times of the war have been followed by a financial reaction,
+     and for the last three or four years the country has been on the
+     verge of a financial crisis. The burdens of taxation bear heavily
+     upon labor and upon capital. The Democratic party, profuse alike of
+     accusations against their adversaries, and of promises of
+     retrenchment and reform, were clothed with power to deal with the
+     heaviest part of these burdens, viz: with the expenditures, debts,
+     assessments, and taxes which are authorized by State legislation.
+     The results of their two years of power are now before the people.
+     They are contained in the 65th and 66th volumes of the Laws of
+     Ohio. Let any Republican diligently study these volumes, and he
+     will fully comprehend the meaning of Job when he said, "Oh, that
+     mine adversary had written a book." No intelligent man can read
+     carefully these volumes, and note the number and character of the
+     laws increasing the expenses and liabilities of the State and
+     authorizing additional debts and additional taxation for city and
+     village, for county and township purposes, without having the
+     conviction forced upon him that the gentlemen who enacted these
+     laws hold to the opinion that the way to increase wealth is to
+     increase taxation, and that public debts are public blessings.
+
+     When the late Democratic Legislature assembled they found the
+     revenue raised yearly in Ohio by taxation to pay the interest on
+     the State and local debts and for State and local expenditures was
+     $20,253,615.34. This is at the rate of almost forty dollars for
+     every vote cast in the State at the last election, and exceeds
+     seven dollars for each inhabitant of the State. Of this large sum
+     collected annually by direct taxation less than one-fifth or
+     $3,981,099.79 was for State purposes, and more than four-fifths or
+     $16,272,515.34 was for local purposes. The increase of taxation for
+     State purposes during the last few years has been small, but many
+     items of taxation for local purposes are increasing rapidly. The
+     taxation, for example, in the thirty-three cities of the State has
+     increased until, according to the report of the auditor of State,
+     "in several the rates of levy exceed three per cent, and the
+     average rate in all is but little short of three per cent." In this
+     condition of the financial affairs of the State, and in the
+     embarrassed and depressed condition of the business of the country,
+     the duty of the legislature was plain. They were to see that no
+     unnecessary additional burdens were imposed upon the people--that
+     all wholesome restraints and limitations upon the power of local
+     authorities to incur debts and levy taxes should be preserved and
+     enforced, and especially that no increase of liabilities should be
+     authorized except in cases of pressing necessity.
+
+     Now consider the facts. These gentlemen professed to be
+     scrupulously strict in their observance of the requirements of the
+     constitution. Yet under provisions which contemplate one
+     legislative session in two years they held two sessions in the same
+     year, and three sessions in their term of two years. They were in
+     session two hundred and sixty days--longer than was ever before
+     known in Ohio, and at an expense of $250,624.10--more than double
+     that of their Republican predecessors.
+
+     They created between thirty and forty new offices at a cost to the
+     people for salaries, fees, and expenses of at least $75,000 per
+     annum. They added to the State liabilities for various purposes
+     about $1,500,000. In order to avoid an increase of taxes levied for
+     State purposes they diminished the sum levied to pay the State
+     debt, and increased the levy for other State purposes almost
+     $600,000.
+
+     The acts of the last legislature in relation to local debts and
+     local taxes are of the most extraordinary character. These acts
+     relate to raising money for county purposes, for township purposes,
+     for city and village purposes, and for special purposes. These
+     taxes or debts are levied or incurred under the direction of county
+     commissioners, township trustees, or of city or village councils,
+     who derive their authority exclusively from State legislation. The
+     State legislature has therefore the control of the whole matter.
+     Now, the general statement which I wish to make, and which I
+     believe is sustained by the facts, is, that the late Democratic
+     legislature authorized greater local pecuniary burdens to be
+     imposed upon the people of Ohio, without their consent, than were
+     ever before authorized by any General Assembly, either in peace or
+     war, since the organization of our State government.
+
+     Sixty or seventy different acts were passed authorizing debts to be
+     contracted, amounting in the aggregate to more than $25,000,000. A
+     large part of them bear eight per cent interest, and a very small
+     part bear less than seven and three-tenths per cent interest. And
+     they passed seventy or eighty acts by which additional taxes were
+     authorized to the amount of over $10,000,000.
+
+     Now it is to be hoped, as to a considerable part of the local debts
+     and local taxes authorized by the late Democratic legislature, that
+     the people will not be burdened with them. It is to be hoped that
+     county commissioners, city councils, and other local boards, will
+     show greater moderation and economy in the exercise of their
+     dangerous and oppressive powers under the laws than was exhibited
+     in their enactment. But in any event, nothing is more certain than
+     that the people of Ohio have great reason to apprehend that the
+     evil consequences of these laws will be felt in their swollen tax
+     bills for many years.
+
+     It is probable that many of the acts to which I have alluded,
+     creating additional offices, incurring State liabilities, and
+     authorizing local debts and taxes were required by sound policy.
+     But a candid investigation will show that the larger part of these
+     enormous burdens of expenditure, debt, and taxation could and ought
+     to have been avoided.
+
+     The last legislature afforded examples of many of the worst evils
+     to which legislative bodies are liable--long sessions, excessive
+     legislation, unnecessary expenditures, and recklessness in
+     authorizing local debts and local taxes. These evils "have
+     increased, are increasing, and ought to be diminished." Let there
+     be reform as to all of them. Especially let the people of all
+     parties insist that the parent evil--long legislative
+     sessions--shall be reformed altogether. Let the bad precedent of
+     long sessions, set by the last legislature, be condemned, and the
+     practice of short sessions established. With the average rate of
+     taxation in the cities and large towns of the State--nearly three
+     per cent.--legitimate business and industry can not continue to
+     thrive, if the rate of taxation continues to increase. With the
+     rates of interest for public debts ranging from seven and
+     three-tenths per cent to eight per cent, the reckless increase of
+     such debts must stop, or will seriously affect the prosperity of
+     the State. These are subjects which deserve, and which, I trust,
+     will receive, the profound attention of the people in the pending
+     canvass.
+
+     It is said that one of the ablest Democratic members of the last
+     legislature declared at its close that "enough had been done to
+     keep the Democratic party out of power in Ohio for twenty years."
+     Let the Republican press and the Republican speakers see to it that
+     the history of the acts of that body be spread fully before the
+     people, and I entertain no doubt that the declaration will be
+     substantially made good.
+
+     It is probable that the discussions of the present canvass will
+     turn more upon State legislation and less upon National affairs
+     than those of any year since 1861. Neither senators nor
+     representatives in Congress are to be chosen. But it is an
+     important State election, and will be regarded as having a bearing
+     on National politics. The Republicans of Ohio heartily approve of
+     the principles of General Grant's inaugural message, and are
+     gratified by the manner in which he is dealing with the leading
+     questions of the first three months of his administration.
+
+     Under President Johnson, Secretary McCulloch hoarded millions of
+     gold, to enable him to maintain a wretched rivalry with the gold
+     gamblers of New York city. The Nation was defrauded of its just
+     dues, and the National debt increased from November 1, 1867, to
+     November 1, 1868, $35,625,102.82. General Grant began his financial
+     policy by revoking his predecessor's pardons of revenue robbers,
+     and by cutting down expenses in all directions; and Secretary
+     Boutwell disposes of surplus gold in the purchase of
+     interest-bearing bonds to the amount of two millions a week, and in
+     his first quarter reduces the National debt more than twenty
+     millions of dollars.
+
+     The two Democratic Johnsons, Andrew and Reverdy, furnished their
+     ideas of a foreign policy in the Johnson-Clarendon treaty. They
+     undertook to settle the American claims against England on account
+     of the Alabama outrage by the award of a Commission, one-half of
+     whose members were to be chosen by England and the other half by
+     the United States; and, in case of a disagreement, an umpire was to
+     be chosen by lot. That is to say, a great National controversy,
+     involving grave questions of international law, and claims of
+     undoubted validity, amounting to millions of money, was to be
+     decided by the toss of a copper! The administration of General
+     Grant crushed the disgraceful treaty, and proposes to deal with
+     England on the principle laid down in General Grant's inaugural.
+     The United States will treat all other Nations "as equitable law
+     requires individuals to deal with each other;" but, "if others
+     depart from this rule in their dealings with us, we may be
+     compelled to follow their precedent."
+
+     On the great question of reconstruction, in what a masterly way and
+     with what marked success has General Grant's administration begun.
+     Congress had fixed its day of adjournment, and all plans for
+     reconstructing the three unrepresented States had been postponed
+     until next December. At this junction General Grant, on the 7th of
+     April last, sent to Congress a special message recommending that
+     before its adjournment it take the necessary steps for the
+     restoration of the State of Virginia to its proper relations to the
+     Union. As the ground of his recommendation he said: "I am led to
+     make this recommendation from the confident hope and belief that
+     the people of that State are now ready to co-operate with the
+     National government in bringing it again into such relations to the
+     Union as it ought as soon as possible to establish and maintain,
+     and to give to all its people those equal rights under the law
+     which were asserted in the declaration of independence, in the
+     words of one of the most illustrious of its sons."
+
+     The message of the president was referred, in the House of
+     Representatives, to the Committee on Reconstruction. That committee
+     the next day reported a bill for the reconstruction of Virginia,
+     and also of Mississippi and Texas. The character of the bill
+     sufficiently appears by the first two sections relating to
+     Virginia:
+
+     "_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+     United States of America in Congress assembled_, That the President
+     of the United States, at such time as he may deem best for the
+     public interest, may submit the constitution which was framed by
+     the convention which met in Richmond, Virginia, on Tuesday, the 3d
+     day of December, 1867, to the registered voters of said State, for
+     ratification or rejection; and may also submit to a separate vote
+     such provisions of said constitution as he may deem best.
+
+     "SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That at the same election the
+     voters of said State may vote for and elect members of the General
+     Assembly of said State and all the officers of said State provided
+     for by the said constitution, and for members of Congress; and the
+     officer commanding the district of Virginia shall cause the lists
+     of registered voters of said State to be revised and corrected
+     prior to such election, and for that purpose may appoint such
+     registrars as he may deem necessary. And said election shall be
+     held and returns thereof made in the manner provided by the
+     election ordinance adopted by the convention which framed said
+     constitution."
+
+     It will be seen that by this bill the people of Virginia were to
+     proceed in the work of reconstruction at such time as the president
+     might deem best, and that such reconstruction in all its parts was
+     to be on the basis of equal political rights. The constitution to
+     be submitted was framed by a convention, in the election of which
+     colored citizens participated, and of which colored men were
+     members. The "registered voters" who are to vote on its
+     ratification or rejection, and also for members of the General
+     Assembly, for State officers and for members of Congress, include
+     the colored men of Virginia; and if the constitution is adopted, it
+     secures to them equal political rights in that State. The
+     remaining sections of the bill provide for the reconstruction of
+     Mississippi and Texas on the same principles, and left the time and
+     manner to the discretion of the president.
+
+     This bill was reported to the House of Representatives and
+     unanimously agreed upon by a committee, of which four members were
+     Democrats. The most distinguished Democratic representatives of the
+     States of New York and Pennsylvania advocated its passage. Out of
+     about seventy Democratic members of the House, only twenty-five
+     voted against it, and the only Democratic members from Ohio who
+     voted on the passage of the bill, voted for it.
+
+     It thus appears that upon the recommendation of General Grant even
+     the Democratic party of Ohio, by their representatives in Congress,
+     voted for equal political rights in Virginia, Mississippi, and
+     Texas! And to-day the great body of the people of those States,
+     Democrats and Conservatives as well as Republicans, have yielded
+     assent to that great principle. In view of these facts I submit
+     that I am fully warranted in saying that General Grant has begun
+     the work of reconstruction in a masterly way and with marked
+     success.
+
+     Again thanking you for the honor you have done me, I repeat, in
+     conclusion, what I said two years ago. The people represented in
+     this convention mean that the State of Ohio in the great progress,
+     "whose leading object is to elevate the condition of men, to lift
+     artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the paths of
+     laudable pursuits for all, and to afford all an unfettered start
+     and a fair chance in the race of life," shall tread no more steps
+     backward. I shall enter upon my part of the labors of the canvass
+     believing that the Union Republican party is battling for the
+     right, and with undoubting confidence that the goodness of the
+     cause will supply the weakness of its advocates, and command in the
+     result that triumphant success which it deserves.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Zanesville, Ohio,
+Thursday, August 24, 1871._
+
+     The change of principles which a majority of the late Democratic
+     State Convention at Columbus decided to make, commonly called the
+     new departure, lends to the pending political contest in Ohio its
+     chief interest. Indeed, there is no other salient feature in the
+     Democratic platform. Resolutions in the usual form were adopted on
+     several other political topics; but the main discussion, and the
+     absorbing interest of the convention, was on the question of
+     accepting as a finality the series of Republican measures which is
+     generally regarded as the natural and legitimate result of the
+     overthrow of the rebellion, and which is embodied in the last three
+     amendments to the constitution.
+
+     Certain influential Democratic leaders in Ohio had become satisfied
+     by the repeated defeats of their party that no considerable number
+     of Republicans would ever aid the Democratic party to obtain power
+     until it fully and explicitly accepted in good faith, as a final
+     settlement of the questions involved, the leading Republican
+     measures resulting from the war. They were convinced that
+     Republicans generally regarded these measures of such vital
+     importance that, until they were irrevocably established, other and
+     minor questions would not be allowed to divide that great body of
+     patriotic people who rallied together in support of the government
+     during its struggle for existence. The important principles which
+     Republicans claim should be accepted as settled are:
+
+     1. That the National power is the Supreme power of the land, and
+     that the doctrine that the States are in any proper sense
+     sovereign, including as it does the right of nullification and
+     secession, is no longer to be maintained.
+
+     2. That all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
+     subject to their jurisdiction, are citizens thereof, and entitled
+     to equal rights, civil and political, without regard to race,
+     color, or condition.
+
+     3. That the public debt resulting from the war is of binding
+     obligation, and must be fully and honestly paid.
+
+     Mr. Vallandigham, with that boldness and energy for which he was
+     distinguished, undertook the task of forcing his party to take the
+     position required to make success possible in Ohio. In this work,
+     he was encouraged, and probably aided, by the counsel and advice of
+     that other eminent Democratic leader, Chief Justice Chase. The
+     first authentic announcement of the new movement in Ohio was made
+     by the Montgomery County Democratic Convention, held at Dayton, on
+     the 18th day of May last. The speech and resolutions of Mr.
+     Vallandigham in that body contained much sound Republicanism. He
+     still clung to a general assertion of the State rights heresy, but
+     accepted the last three constitutional amendments "as a settlement,
+     in fact, of all the issues of the war," and "pledged" the
+     Democratic party to the faithful and absolute enforcement of the
+     constitution as it now is, "so as to secure equal rights to all
+     persons, without distinction of race, color, or condition." On the
+     subject of the National debt, and of currency, he was equally
+     explicit. He declared "in favor of the payment of the public debt
+     at the earliest practicable moment consistent with moderate
+     taxation; that specie is the basis of all sound currency; and that
+     true policy requires a speedy return to that basis as soon as
+     practicable without distress to the debtor class of people."
+
+     Surely, here was a long stride away from the Democracy of the last
+     ten years, and toward wholesome Republican ideas. If a Democratic
+     victory could be gained by adopting Republican principles, the
+     framer of the Dayton platform was not lacking in political
+     sagacity. Unfortunately for the success of the scheme, no Ohio
+     Democrat of conspicuous position, except Mr. Chase, is known to
+     have approved Mr. Vallandigham's resolutions as a whole. The chief
+     justice wrote to Mr. Vallandigham the well-known letter of May 20,
+     in which he warmly congratulated him on the movement which was to
+     return "the Democratic party to its ancient platform of progress
+     and reform."
+
+     This was perfectly consistent with the previous opinions and public
+     conduct of Mr. Chase. He had supported the three amendments to the
+     constitution, and notwithstanding the censure of his Democratic
+     associates, he had been signally active and influential in
+     procuring the ratification by Ohio of the fifteenth amendment. In
+     addition to this, he was probably the only prominent Western
+     Democrat who was for the payment of the public debt in coin, and
+     in favor of a speedy return to specie payments.
+
+     When the convention assembled, on the first of June, neither the
+     talents and energy of Mr. Vallandigham nor the great name and
+     authority of the chief justice were sufficient to carry through, in
+     all its parts, the Dayton programme. The financial resolutions were
+     stricken out and the oft-defeated greenback theory, slightly
+     modified, was inserted in its place. Other important paragraphs of
+     Mr. Vallandigham were also omitted, in which "secession, slavery,
+     inequality before the law, and political inequality" were described
+     as "belonging to the dead past" and "buried out of sight." This
+     left as the new departure two resolutions, which were adopted only
+     after strong opposition.
+
+     "1. _Resolved, by the Democracy of Ohio_, That denouncing the
+     extraordinary means by which they were brought about, we recognize
+     as accomplished facts the three several amendments to the
+     constitution, recently adopted, and regard the same as no longer
+     political issues before the country.
+
+     "2.... The Democratic party pledges itself to the full, faithful,
+     and absolute enforcement of the constitution as it now is, so as to
+     secure equal rights to all persons under it, without distinction of
+     race, color, or condition."
+
+     The Democratic managers claim that by this movement they have taken
+     such a position that, at least equally with the Republicans, they
+     are entitled to the confidence and support of the early and earnest
+     friends of the principles of the three recent constitutional
+     amendments. They claim at the same time, in the same breath, that
+     they are entitled also to the confidence of the Democratic people
+     whom they have hitherto taught that the amendments were ratified by
+     force and fraud; that they are revolutionary and void, and that
+     they are a dangerous departure from the principles of the fathers
+     of the republic, and destructive of all good government.
+
+     Now, the important question presented is, whether it is safe and
+     wise to trust these amendments for interpretation, construction,
+     and execution to the party which, from first to last, has fiercely
+     opposed them. The safe rule is, if you want a law fairly and
+     faithfully administered, entrust power only to its friends. It will
+     rarely have a fair trial at the hands of its enemies. These
+     amendments are no exception to this rule.
+
+     What the country most needs, and what good citizens most desire in
+     regard to these great measures is peace--repose. They wish to be
+     able to rest confidently in the belief that they are to be enforced
+     and obeyed. They do not want them overthrown by revolutionary
+     violence or defeated by fraud. They do not wish them repealed by
+     constitutional amendments, abrogated by judicial construction,
+     nullified by unfriendly legislation, State or National, or left a
+     dead letter by non-action on the part of law-makers or executive
+     officers. Has the time come when the country can afford to trust
+     the Democratic party on these questions? Consider the facts.
+
+     The new departure is by no means generally accepted by the
+     Democratic party, and where accepted the conversion is sudden and
+     recent, and against the protest of a large element of sincere and
+     inflexible Democrats.
+
+     The only State touching the borders of Ohio which has been reliably
+     Democratic for the last five years is Kentucky. She sends to
+     Congress an undivided Democratic delegation of two senators and
+     nine representatives. At the late election, notwithstanding the
+     heroic efforts of her Republicans under the splendid leadership of
+     General Harlan, the Democratic organs are able to rejoice that they
+     still hold the State by from thirty to forty thousand majority.
+     Where did the Democrats of Kentucky, in their canvass, stand on the
+     new departure? They marched in the old Democratic path. They turned
+     no back somersault to catch Republican votes. On the very day that
+     the Ohio Democracy were wrangling in convention over the bitter
+     dose, Governor Leslie, addressing the Democracy of Lewis county,
+     said: "As to the new amendments, I am out and out opposed to them.
+     I care not who in Indiana, Ohio, or elsewhere may be for them.
+     Those amendments were engrafted upon the constitution of the
+     country, and proclaimed to the country as part and parcel of the
+     constitution by force and by fraud, and not in the legitimate way
+     laid down in the constitution. Ten States of this Union were tied
+     hand and foot, and bayonets were presented to their breasts to make
+     them consent against their will to the passage of these amendments.
+     The procuring of these amendments was a fraud upon this people, and
+     upon the people of the whole United States, and having been thus
+     obtained, I hold that they ought to be repealed. There may be some
+     Democrats who are not for their repeal, but the great body of our
+     party is for it."
+
+     The Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor, Mr. Carlisle, was
+     equally decided. Said he: "In the first place, I do not think that
+     the resolution passed by the Ohio Democracy, declaring that these
+     constitutional amendments are no longer political issues before the
+     country, will have the effect which they appear to have supposed it
+     would.
+
+     "Instead of withdrawing them as subjects of political discussion,
+     it will give them far more prominence than they ever had
+     heretofore, and they will be confronted with them throughout the
+     entire canvass. The only way in which any question can be withdrawn
+     from the arena of political discussion is for both parties to
+     ignore it altogether.
+
+     "This can not be done as to these amendments, because they present
+     real living issues, in which the people feel a very deep interest.
+     They are not dead issues, and politicians can not kill them by
+     resolutions. The Ohio Democrats seem to recognize this to some
+     extent at least, for they have simply attempted to turn the
+     discussion away from the validity and merits of the amendments
+     themselves to the question of their construction. In this I think
+     they have made a grievous mistake."
+
+     In Indiana, the last authoritative Democratic utterance on this
+     subject, was the passage, in January last, by the Senate of that
+     State, of the following resolution, offered by Mr. Hughes, every
+     Democrat supporting it:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That Congress has no lawful power derived from the
+     constitution of the United States, nor from any other source
+     whatever, to require any State of the Union to ratify an amendment
+     proposed to the constitution of the United States as a condition
+     precedent to representation in Congress; that all such acts of
+     ratification are null and void, and the votes so obtained ought not
+     to be counted to affect the rights of the people and the States of
+     the whole Union, and that the State of Indiana protests and
+     solemnly declares that the so-called fifteenth amendment is not
+     this day, nor never has been in law, a part of the constitution of
+     the United States."
+
+     It is not necessary to go to neighboring States for Democratic
+     authorities, to show how far the new departure is from modern
+     Democracy.
+
+     When this question was last debated before the people of Ohio, the
+     Democratic position on the principle of the fifteenth amendment,
+     and on its constitutional validity, if _declared_ adopted, was thus
+     stated:
+
+     Speaking of the principle of the amendment, Judge Thurman said: "I
+     tell you it is only the entering wedge that will destroy all
+     intelligent suffrage in this country, and turn our country from an
+     intelligent white man's government into one of the most corrupt
+     mongrel governments in the world."
+
+     On its validity, if declared adopted, General Ward said:
+     "Fellow-citizens of Ohio, I boldly assert that the States of this
+     Union have always had, both before and since the adoption of the
+     constitution of the United States, entire sovereignty over the
+     whole subject of suffrage in all its relations and bearings. Ohio
+     has that sovereignty now, and it can not be taken from her without
+     her consent, even by all the other States combined, except by
+     revolutionary usurpation. The right to regulate suffrage as to the
+     organization of its own government, and the election of officers
+     under it, is an inalienable attribute of sovereignty, which the
+     State could not surrender without surrendering its sovereign
+     existence as a State. To take from Ohio the power of determining
+     who shall exercise the right of suffrage is not an amendment of the
+     constitution, but a revolutionary usurpation by the other States,
+     in no wise constitutionally binding upon her sovereignty as a
+     State."
+
+     These opinions are still largely prevalent in the Democratic party.
+     When a new departure was announced at Dayton, the leading organ of
+     the party in this State said:
+
+     "There are matters in the Montgomery county resolutions which, it
+     is very safe to say, will not receive the approval of the State
+     convention, and which should not receive its endorsement. They have
+     faults of omission and commission. They evince a desire to sail
+     with the wind, and as near the water as possible without getting
+     wet. The Democracy everywhere believe that the constitution was
+     altered by fraud and force, and do not intend to be mealy-mouthed
+     in their expression of the outrage, whatever they may agree upon as
+     to how the amendments should be treated in the future, for the sake
+     of saving, if possible, what is left of constitutional liberty."
+
+     After the scheme was adopted in convention, the common sentiment
+     was well expressed by the editor who said that "the platform was
+     made for present use, and is marked with the taint of insincerity."
+
+     The speeches of Colonel McCook and other Democratic gentlemen
+     exhibit, when carefully read, clearly enough the character of the
+     new departure.
+
+     In accepting his nomination, Colonel McCook said: "Let me speak now
+     upon the fifteenth amendment, which confers the right of suffrage
+     upon the blacks. It was no legitimate consequence of the war; it
+     was no legitimate consequence of secession; but it was passed in
+     the exigency of a political party, that they might have control as
+     much in Ohio as in those States in the South. I opposed it, as I
+     did the fourteenth, from the beginning, and I have no regrets over
+     that opposition. But now a word more upon it. If it contained
+     nothing but this provision for suffrage there would be but little
+     objection in it; but it contains a provision intended to confer
+     power upon Congress which is dangerous to the liberties of the
+     country, and the dangers can only be avoided by having Democratic
+     Congresses in the future, who will trust no power to the executive
+     which bears the purse and sword to interfere with our elections."
+
+     When interrogated on this subject at Chardon, he said: "When he
+     received the nomination he had said that no black man who had
+     received the right to vote under the 15th amendment ever could have
+     it taken away. Repealing the 15th amendment would not take it away;
+     that amendment is no more sacred, but just as sacred as any other
+     part of the constitution; but repealing it could not take away a
+     right." He was asked as to the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments: "Do
+     you regard them as in the same sense and to the same extent parts
+     of the constitution as other portions?" He answered: "Yes,
+     certainly. Can not men see the difference between opposing the
+     adoption of a measure and yielding when it has been adopted, and
+     opposition has become useless?" He was asked: "Are these amendments
+     never again to become political questions?" "I have no authority or
+     power to answer such a question. How can I answer as to all the
+     future? How can I tell what the Democracy of New York or any other
+     State may do? But how can they become political questions, now that
+     they are acquiesced in by almost the entire people of the country?"
+
+     Mr. Hubbard, the chairman of Colonel McCook's first meeting, said:
+     "The Democrats did not dispute that this amendment, which was
+     adopted by constitutional forms, was valid; but, while accepting
+     it, call it a 'new departure.' If you please, we don't surrender
+     the right to make such returns to the old constitution as we may
+     deem expedient. It is a future question that we are not bound to
+     discuss."
+
+     The gentleman who has the second place on the Democratic ticket,
+     Mr. Hunt, says: "There is no reasoning, and certainly no
+     circumstance, which can give the 13th amendment more binding force
+     than either of the other two amendments. If the 13th amendment
+     abolished slavery, then the title to vote under the 15th amendment
+     is as perfect as the title to liberty. The fact that they have been
+     declared a part of the constitution does not preclude any
+     legitimate discussion as to their expediency. Proper action will
+     never be barred, for the statute of limitation will run with the
+     constitution itself. Experience may teach the necessity of a change
+     in any provision of the organic law, and any legislation to be
+     permanent must conform to the living sentiment of the people."
+
+     These paragraphs furnish no adequate reply to the questions which
+     an intelligent and earnest Republican, who believes in the wisdom
+     and value of the amendments, would put to these distinguished
+     gentlemen, when they ask him for his vote. He would ask: "If the
+     Democratic party shall obtain the controlling power in the general
+     government, in its several departments, executive, legislative, and
+     judicial, and in the State governments, what would it do? Would it
+     faithfully execute these amendments, or would it not rather use its
+     power to get rid of them--either by constitutional amendment, by
+     judicial decision, by unfriendly legislation, or by a failure or
+     refusal to legislate?" Before the "new departure" can gain
+     Republican votes, its friends must answer satisfactorily these
+     questions. The speeches I have quoted fail to furnish such answers.
+     Colonel McCook objects to the 15th amendment, because "it contains
+     a provision intended to confer power upon Congress which is
+     dangerous to the liberties of the country." Now, what is this
+     dangerous provision? It reads: "Section 2. The Congress shall have
+     power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Each of
+     the three recent amendments contains a similar provision. Without
+     this provision, they would be inoperative in more than half of the
+     late rebel States. The complaints made of these provisions warn us
+     that in Democratic hands the legislation required to give force and
+     effect to these provisions would be denied.
+
+     But the most significant part of these speeches are the passages
+     which refer to the repeal of the amendments. Mr. Hubbard said: "We
+     don't surrender the right to make such returns to the old
+     constitution as we may deem expedient. It is a future question that
+     we are not bound to discuss." Colonel McCook says: "How can I
+     answer for all the future? How can I tell what the Democracy of New
+     York or any other State may do?" Mr. Hunt says: "The fact that they
+     have been declared a part of the constitution does not preclude any
+     legitimate discussion as to their expediency. Proper action will
+     never be barred." The meaning of all this is that the Democratic
+     party will acquiesce in the amendments while it is out of power.
+     Whether or not it will try to repeal them when it gets power is a
+     question of the future which they are not bound to discuss. Or as
+     another distinguished gentleman has it, this question is "beyond
+     the range of profitable discussion." In reply to these gentlemen,
+     the well-informed Republican citizen when asked to vote for the new
+     departure, is very likely to adopt their own phraseology, and to
+     say, Whether I shall vote your ticket or not is a question of the
+     future which it is not now proper to discuss--"it is beyond the
+     range of profitable discussion;" and if he has the Democratic
+     veneration for Tammany hall, he will say with Colonel McCook, "How
+     can I tell what the Democracy of New York may do?"
+
+     Notwithstanding the decision of the late convention, it is probable
+     that the real sentiment of the Democracy of Ohio is truly stated by
+     the Butler county Democrat:
+
+     "Our position then, is, that while we regard the so-called
+     amendments as gross usurpation and base frauds--not a part of the
+     Federal constitution _de facto_ nor _de jure_--and, therefore, acts
+     which are void, we will abide by them until a majority of the
+     people of the States united shall, at the polls, put men in power
+     who shall hold them to be null and of no effect. We adhere
+     strictly, on this point, to the second resolution of Hon. L. D.
+     Campbell, adopted at the Democratic convention held in this county
+     last May; and to refresh the minds of our readers we reproduce it
+     here:
+
+     "2. That now, as heretofore, we are opposed to all lawlessness and
+     disorder, and for maintaining the supremacy of the constitution and
+     laws as the only certain means of public safety, and will abide by
+     all their provisions until the same shall be amended, abrogated, or
+     repealed by the lawfully constituted authorities."
+
+     The new departure has certainly very little claim to the support of
+     Republican citizens. What are its claims on honest Democrats?
+
+     Colonel McCook, to make the new departure palatable to his
+     Democratic supporters, tells them that a repeal of the fifteenth
+     Amendment would fail of its object. That the right to vote, once
+     exercised by the black man, can not be taken away. Is this sound
+     either in law or logic? By the fifteenth amendment no State can
+     deny the right to vote to any citizens on account of race or color.
+     Suppose that amendment was repealed; what would prevent Kentucky
+     from denying suffrage to colored citizens? Plainly nothing. And in
+     case of such repeal it is probable that in less than ninety days
+     thereafter every Democratic State would deny suffrage to colored
+     citizens, and the great body of Democratic voters would heartily
+     applaud that result. The truth is, no sound argument can be made,
+     showing or tending to show that the new departure is consistent
+     with the Democratic record. Hitherto Democracy has taught that, as
+     a question of law, the amendments were made by force and fraud, and
+     are therefore void; that, as a question of principles, this is a
+     white man's government, and that to confer suffrage on the colored
+     races--on the African or Chinaman--would change the nature of the
+     government and speedily destroy it. Now the new departure demands
+     that Democrats shall accept the amendments as valid, and shall take
+     a pledge "to secure equal rights to all persons, without
+     distinction of race, color, or condition." Sincere Democrats will
+     find it very difficult to take that pledge, unless they are now
+     convinced that their whole political life has been a great mistake.
+
+     When an individual changes his political principles--turns his coat
+     merely to catch votes--he is generally thought to be unworthy of
+     support, I entertain no doubt that the people of Ohio, at the
+     approaching election, will, upon that principle, by a large
+     majority, condemn the Democratic party for its bold attempt to
+     catch Republican votes by the new departure.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GENERAL R. B. HAYES, _delivered at Marion, Lawrence County,
+Ohio, July 31, 1875._
+
+     _Fellow-citizens of Lawrence County:_
+
+     It is a gratification for which I wish to make my acknowledgments
+     to the Republican committee of this county, to have the privilege
+     of beginning, in behalf of the Republicans of Ohio, the oral
+     discussions of this important political canvass before the people
+     of Lawrence county. Although my residence is separated from yours
+     by the whole breadth of the State, we are not strangers. We have
+     met before on similar occasions, and some of you were my comrades
+     in the Union army during a considerable part of the great civil
+     conflict which ended ten years ago. Those who had the honor and the
+     happiness to serve together during that memorable struggle are not
+     likely to forget each other. We shall forever regard those four
+     years as the most interesting period of our lives.
+
+     The great majority of the people of Lawrence county, citizens as
+     well as soldiers, have also good reason to recall the events and
+     scenes of that contest with satisfaction and pride.
+
+     The official records of the State show how well Lawrence county
+     performed her part in the war for the Union. From the beginning to
+     the end, with the ballot at home and with the musket in the field,
+     this county stood among the foremost of all the communities in the
+     United States in devotion to the good cause. And since the Nation's
+     triumph, Lawrence county, sooner or later, but never too late to
+     rejoice in the final and decisive victory, has supported every
+     measure required to secure the legitimate results of that triumph.
+     You have done your part forever to set at rest the great questions
+     of the past. It is settled that the United States constitute a
+     Nation, and that their government possesses ample power to maintain
+     its authority over every part of its territory against all
+     opposers. It is settled that no man under the American flag shall
+     be a slave. It is settled that all men born or naturalized in the
+     United States and within its jurisdiction shall be citizens
+     thereof, and have equal civil and political rights. It is settled
+     that the debt contracted to save the Nation is sacred, and shall be
+     honestly paid. You may well be congratulated that on all of these
+     questions you fought and voted on the right side.
+
+     Fortunately, there is still further cause for congratulation. Our
+     adversaries, who were on the wrong side of all of these questions,
+     and who opposed us on all of them to the very last, are now
+     compelled to be silent in their platform on every one of them. Not
+     a single one of their fourteen resolutions raises any question on
+     any of these long-contested subjects. It is not strange that they
+     are silent. I do not choose on this occasion to recall the
+     predictions of evil which they so confidently made when discussing
+     the measures to which I have referred. It is enough for my present
+     purpose to point to the grand results. When the Republican party,
+     with Abraham Lincoln as president, received the government from the
+     hands of the Democratic party, fifteen years ago, the Union of the
+     fathers was destroyed. A hostile Nation, dedicated to perpetual
+     slavery, had been established south of the Potomac, and claimed
+     jurisdiction over one-third of the people and territory of the
+     Republic. These States were "dissevered, discordant,
+     belligerent"--our land was rent with civil feud, and ready to be
+     drenched in fraternal blood. Now, behold the change! The Union is
+     re-established on firmer foundations than ever before. Brave men in
+     the South, who were then in battle array against us, now stand side
+     by side with Union soldiers, with no shadow of discord between
+     them. Slavery, which was then an impassable gulf between the
+     hostile sections, is now gone; and good men of the South unite with
+     good men of the North in thanking God that it is forever a thing of
+     the past. Then there was no freedom of speech or of the press--no
+     friendly mingling together of the people of the two sections of the
+     country. Now the people of the South receive and greet as a
+     fellow-citizen and a friend the vice-president--a citizen of
+     Massachusetts, and an anti-slavery man from his youth; and
+     Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina send their distinguished
+     sons to celebrate with New England the centennial anniversaries of
+     the early battles of the Revolution. The men of the North and the
+     men of the South are now everywhere coming together in a spirit of
+     harmony and friendship which this generation has not witnessed
+     before, and which has not existed, until now, since Jefferson was
+     startled by that "fire-ball in the night"--the Missouri
+     question--more than fifty years ago.
+
+     In this era of good feeling and reconciliation a few men of morbid
+     temperament, blind to what is passing before them, still talk of
+     "bayonets" and "tyranny and cruelty to the South" and seek in vain
+     to revive the prejudices and passions of the past. But there is
+     barely enough of this angry dissent to remind us of the terrible
+     scenes through which we have passed, and to fill us with gratitude
+     that the house which was divided against itself is divided no
+     longer, and that all of its inhabitants now have a fair start and
+     an equal chance in the race of life.
+
+     Let us now proceed to the consideration of some of the questions
+     which engage the attention of the people of Ohio. The war which the
+     Democratic party and its doctrines brought upon the country left a
+     large debt, heavy taxation, a depreciated currency, and an
+     unhealthy condition of business, which resulted two years ago in a
+     financial panic and depression, from which the country is now
+     slowly recovering. With this condition of things the Democratic
+     party in its recent State convention at Columbus undertook to deal.
+
+     The most important part--in fact the only part of their platform in
+     Ohio this year which receives or deserves much attention, is that
+     in which is proclaimed a radical departure on the subject of money
+     from the teachings of all of the Democratic fathers. This Ohio
+     Democratic doctrine inculcates the abandonment of gold and silver
+     as a standard of value. Hereafter gold and silver are to be used as
+     money only "where respect for the obligation of contracts requires
+     payment in coin." The only currency for the people is to be paper
+     money, issued directly by the general government, "its volume to be
+     made and kept equal to the wants of trade," and with no provision
+     whatever for its redemption in coin. The Democratic candidate for
+     lieutenant-governor, who opened the canvass for his party, states
+     the money issue substantially as I have. General Carey, in his
+     Barnesville speech, says:
+
+     "Gold and silver, when used as money, are redeemable in any
+     property there is for sale in the Nation; will pay taxes for any
+     debt, public or private. This alone gives them their money value.
+     If you had a hundred gold eagles, and you could not exchange them
+     for the necessaries of life, they would be trash, and you would be
+     glad to exchange them for greenbacks or anything else that you
+     could use to purchase what you require. With an absolute paper
+     money, stamped by the government and made a legal tender for all
+     purposes, and its functions as money are as perfect as gold or
+     silver can be!"
+
+     This is the financial scheme which the Democratic party asks the
+     people of Ohio to approve at the election in October. The
+     Republicans accept the issue. Whether considered as a permanent
+     policy or as an expedient to mitigate present evils we are opposed
+     to it. It is without warrant in the constitution, and it violates
+     all sound financial principles.
+
+     The objections to an inflated and irredeemable paper currency are
+     so many that I do not attempt to state them all. They are so
+     obvious and so familiar that I need not elaborately present or
+     argue them. All of the mischief which commonly follows inflated and
+     inconvertible paper money may be expected from this plan, and in
+     addition it has very dangerous tendencies, which are peculiarly its
+     own. An irredeemable and inflated paper currency promotes
+     speculation and extravagance, and at the same time discourages
+     legitimate business, honest labor, and economy. It dries up the
+     true sources of individual and public prosperity. Over-trading and
+     fast living always go with it. It stimulates the desire to incur
+     debt; it causes high rates of interest; it increases importations
+     from abroad; it has no fixed value; it is liable to frequent and
+     great fluctuations, thereby rendering every pecuniary engagement
+     precarious and disturbing all existing contracts and expectations;
+     it is the parent of panics. Every period of inflation is followed
+     by a loss of confidence, a shrinkage of values, depression of
+     business, panics, lack of employment, and widespread disaster and
+     distress. The heaviest part of the calamity falls on those least
+     able to bear it. The wholesale dealer, the middle-man, and the
+     retailer always endeavor to cover the risks of the fickle standard
+     of value by raising their prices. But the men of small means and
+     the laborer are thrown out of employment, and want and suffering
+     are liable soon to follow.
+
+     When government enters upon the experiment of issuing irredeemable
+     paper money there can be no fixed limit to its volume. The amount
+     will depend on the interest of leading politicians, on their whims,
+     and on the excitement of the hour. It affords such facility for
+     contracting debt that extravagant and corrupt government
+     expenditure are the sure result. Under the name of public
+     improvements, the wildest enterprises, contrived for private gain,
+     are undertaken. Indefinite expansion becomes the rule, and in the
+     end bankruptcy, ruin, and repudiation.
+
+     During the last few years a great deal has been said about the
+     centralizing tendency of recent events in our history. The
+     increasing power of the government at Washington has been a
+     favorite theme for Democratic declamation. But where, since the
+     foundation of the government, has a proposition been seriously
+     entertained which would confer such monstrous and dangerous powers
+     on the general government as this inflation scheme of the Ohio
+     Democracy? During the war for the Union, solely on the ground of
+     necessity, the government issued the legal tender, or greenback
+     currency. But they accompanied it with a solemn pledge in the
+     following words of the act of June 30, 1864:
+
+     "Nor shall the total amount of United States notes issued or to be
+     issued ever exceed four hundred millions, and such additional sum,
+     not exceeding fifty millions, as may be temporarily required for
+     redemption of temporary loans."
+
+     But the Ohio inflationists, in a time of peace, on grounds of mere
+     expediency, propose an inconvertible paper currency, with its
+     volume limited only by the discretion or caprice of its issuers, or
+     their judgment as to the wants of trade. The most distinguished
+     gentleman whose name is associated with the subject once said "the
+     process must be conducted with skill and caution, ... by men whose
+     position will enable them to guard against any evil," and using a
+     favorite illustration he said, "The secretary of the treasury ought
+     to be able to judge. His hand is upon the pulse of the country. He
+     can feel all the throbbings of the blood in the arteries. He can
+     tell when the blood flows too fast and strong, and when the
+     expansion should cease." This brings us face to face with the
+     fundamental error of this dangerous policy. The trouble is the
+     pulse of the patient will not so often decide the question as the
+     interest of the doctor. No man, no government, no Congress is wise
+     enough and pure enough to be trusted with this tremendous power
+     over the business, and property, and labor of the country. That
+     which concerns so intimately all business should be decided, if
+     possible, on business principles, and not be left to depend on the
+     exigencies of politics, the interests of party, or the ambition of
+     public men. It will not do for property, for business, or for labor
+     to be at the mercy of a few political leaders at Washington, either
+     in or out of Congress. The best way to prevent it is to apply to
+     paper money the old test sanctioned by the experience of all
+     Nations--let it be convertible into coin. If it can respond to this
+     test, it will, as nearly as possible, be sound, safe, and stable.
+
+     The Republicans of Ohio are in favor of no sudden or harsh
+     measures. They do not propose to force resumption by a contraction
+     of the currency. They see that the ship is headed in the right
+     direction, and they do not wish to lose what has already been
+     gained. They are satisfied to leave to the influences of time and
+     the inherent energy and resources of the country the work that yet
+     remains to be done to place our currency at par. We believe that
+     what our country now needs to revive business and to give
+     employment to labor, is a restoration of confidence. We need
+     confidence in the stability and soundness of the financial policy
+     of the government. That confidence has for many months past been
+     slowly but steadily increasing. The Columbus Democratic platform
+     comes in as a disturbing element, and gives a severe shock to
+     reviving confidence. The country believed, and rejoiced to believe,
+     that Senator Thurman expressed the sober judgment of Ohio, when he
+     spoke last year in the Senate on this subject. The senator said,
+     March 24, 1874:
+
+     "Never have I spoken in favor of that inflation of the currency,
+     which, I think I see full well, means that there shall never be any
+     resumption at all. That is the difference. It is one thing to
+     contract the currency, with a view to the resumption of specie
+     payment; it is another thing neither to contract nor enlarge it,
+     but let resumption, come naturally and as soon as the business and
+     production of the country will bring it about. But it is a very
+     different thing indeed to inflate the currency with a view never in
+     all time to redeem it at all. And that is precisely what this
+     inflation means. It means demonetizing gold and silver in
+     perpetuity, and substituting a currency of irredeemable paper,
+     based wholly and entirely upon government credit, and depending
+     upon the opinion and the interests of the members of Congress and
+     their hopes of popularity, whether the volume of it shall be large
+     or small. That is what this inflation means. Sir, I have never said
+     anything in favor of that. I am too old-fashioned a Democrat for
+     that. I can not give up the convictions of a life-time, whether
+     they be popular or unpopular."
+
+     April 6th, when the Senate inflation bill was debated, he said:
+
+     "It simply means that no man of my age shall ever again see in this
+     country that kind of currency which the framers of the constitution
+     intended should be the currency of the Union; which every sound
+     writer on political economy the world over says is the only
+     currency that defrauds no man. It means that so long as I live, and
+     possibly long after I shall be laid in the grave, this people shall
+     have nothing but an irredeemable currency with which to transact
+     their business--that currency which has been well described as the
+     most effective invention that ever the wit of man devised to
+     fertilize the rich man's field by the sweat of the poor man's brow.
+     I will have nothing to do with it."
+
+     How great the shock which was given to returning confidence by the
+     Democratic action at Columbus abundantly appears by the manner in
+     which the platform is received by the Liberal and the English and
+     the German Democratic press throughout the United States. The
+     Liberal press and the German press, so far as I have observed, in
+     the strongest terms condemn the platform. They speak of it as
+     disturbing confidence, shaking credit, and threatening repudiation.
+     A large part of the Democratic press of other States is hardly less
+     emphatic. It would be strange, indeed, if this were otherwise. In
+     Ohio, less than two years ago, the convention which nominated
+     Governor Allen resolved, speaking of the Democratic party, that "it
+     recognizes the evils of an irredeemable paper currency, but
+     insists that in the return to specie payment care should be taken
+     not to seriously disturb the business of the country or unjustly
+     injure the debtor class." There was no inflation then. Now come the
+     soft-money leaders of the Democratic party, and try to persuade the
+     people that the promises of the United States should only be
+     redeemed by other promises, and that it is sound policy to increase
+     them.
+
+     The credit of the Nation depends on its ability and disposition to
+     keep its promises. If it fails to keep them, and suffers them to
+     depreciate, its credit is tainted, and it must pay high rates of
+     interest on all of its loans. For many years we must be a borrower
+     in the markets of the world. The interest-bearing debt is over
+     seventeen hundred millions of dollars. If we could borrow money at
+     the same rate with some of the great Nations of Europe, we could
+     save perhaps two per cent per annum on this sum. Thirty or forty
+     millions a year we are paying on account of tainted credit. The
+     more promises to pay an individual issues, without redeeming them,
+     the worse becomes his credit. It is the same with Nations. The
+     legal tender note for five dollars is the promise of the United
+     States to pay that sum in the money of the world, in coin. No time
+     is fixed for its payment. It is therefore payable on
+     presentation--on demand. It is not paid; it is past due; and it is
+     depreciated to the extent of twelve per cent. The country
+     recognizes the necessities of the situation, and waits, and is
+     willing to wait, until the productive business of the country
+     enables the government to redeem. But the Columbus financiers are
+     not satisfied. They demand the issue of more promises. This is
+     inflation. No man can doubt the result. The credit of the Nation
+     will inevitably suffer. There will be further depreciation. A
+     depreciation of ten per cent diminishes the value of the present
+     paper currency from fifty to one hundred millions of dollars. Its
+     effect on business would be disastrous in the extreme. The present
+     legal tenders have a certain steadiness, because there is a limit
+     fixed to their amount. Public opinion confides in that limit. But
+     let that limit be broken down, and all is uncertainty. The authors
+     of this scheme believe inflation is a good thing. When this subject
+     was under discussion, a few years ago, the Cincinnati _Enquirer_
+     said "the issue of two millions dollars of currency would only put
+     it in the power of each voter to secure $400 for himself and
+     family to spend in the course of a life-time. Is there any voter
+     thinks that is too much--more than he will want?" This shows what
+     the platform means. It means inflation without limit; and inflation
+     is the downward path to repudiation. It means ruin to the Nation's
+     credit, and to all individual credit. All the rest of the world
+     have the same standard of value. Our promises are worthless as
+     currency the moment you pass our boundary line. Even in this
+     country, very extensive sections still use the money of the world.
+     Texas, the most promising and flourishing State of the South, uses
+     coin. California and the other Pacific States and Territories do
+     the same. Look at their condition. Texas and California are not the
+     least prosperous part of the United States. This scheme can not be
+     adopted. The opinion of the civilized world is against it. The vast
+     majority of the ablest newspapers of the country is against it. The
+     best minds of the Democratic party are against it. The last three
+     Democratic candidates for the presidency were against it. The
+     German citizens of the United States, so distinguished for
+     industry, for thrift, and for soundness of judgment in all
+     practical money affairs, are a unit against it. The Republican
+     party is against it. The people of Ohio will, I am confident,
+     decide in October to have nothing to do with it.
+
+     Since the adoption of the inflation platform at Columbus, a great
+     change has taken place in the feelings and views of its friends.
+     Then they were confident--perhaps it is not too much to say that
+     they were dictatorial and overbearing toward their hard money party
+     associates. There was no doubt as to the intent and meaning of the
+     platform. Its friends asserted that the country needed more money,
+     and more money now. That the way to get it was to issue government
+     legal tender notes liberally. But the storm of criticism and
+     condemnation which burst upon the platform from the soundest
+     Democrats in all quarters has alarmed its supporters. Many of them
+     have been seized with a panic, and are now utterly stampeded and in
+     full retreat. They say that they are not for inflation, not for
+     inconvertible paper money, and that they never have been. That they
+     are hard money men, and always have been. That they look forward to
+     a return of specie payment, and that it must always be kept in
+     view. Why what did they mean by their platform? Did they expect to
+     make money plenty by an issue of more coin? Certainly not. By an
+     issue of more paper redeemable in coin? Certainly not. They
+     expected to issue more legal tender notes--notes irredeemable and
+     depreciated. But public opinion as shown by the press is so
+     decidedly against them, that Ohio inflationists now begin to desert
+     their own platform. Even Mr. Pendleton is solicitous not to be held
+     responsible for the Columbus scheme. He says, "I speak for myself
+     alone. I do not assume to speak for the Democratic party. Its
+     convention has spoken for it," and proceeds to interpret the
+     platform as if it was for hard money. Senator Thurman did not so
+     understand it. He thought the hard money men were beaten and felt
+     disappointed. It now looks as if General Carey might be left almost
+     alone before the canvass ends. If Judge Thurman could get that
+     convention together again, it is evident that he could now in the
+     same body rout the inflationists, horse, foot, and artillery.
+     Nothing but a victory in Ohio can put inflation again on its legs.
+     Let it be defeated in October, and the friends of a sound and
+     honest currency will have a clear field for at least the life of
+     the present generation.
+
+     Two years ago, the Democratic party came fully into power in Ohio,
+     in the State legislature, and for the first time in twenty years,
+     elected the executive of the State. They were also entrusted with
+     the affairs of the leading cities, and a majority of the wealthiest
+     and most populous counties in the State. It would be profitable in
+     us to inquire how this came about, and what are the results. In the
+     course of the canvass it is my purpose to show in detail how
+     unfortunate their management of State affairs has been. It will
+     appear, on investigation, that the interests of the State in the
+     benevolent, penal, and reformatory institutions have been
+     sacrificed to the spoils doctrine: how the cities, and especially
+     the chief city of the State, has suffered by the corruption of its
+     rulers; how public expenditures have been increased, until the
+     aggregate of taxation in Ohio, in this time of money depression, is
+     vastly larger than ever before; how the number of salaried officers
+     was increased; how the members of the legislature were corrupted by
+     bribery, notorious, and shameless; and how the dominant party
+     utterly failed to deal with this corruption as duty and the good
+     name of the State demanded. Fallacious and deceptive statements
+     have been made as to the reduction of the levy for State taxes, and
+     as to the appropriations. It is enough now to say that the
+     aggregate taxation in Ohio in 1874, was over $27,000,000, a larger
+     sum than was ever before collected by tax-gatherers in Ohio.
+
+     Altogether the most interesting questions in our State affairs are
+     those which relate to the passage, by the last legislature, of the
+     Geghan bill and the war which the sectarian wing of the Democratic
+     party is now waging against the public schools. In the admirable
+     speech made by Judge Taft at the Republican State Convention, he
+     sounded the key-note to the canvass on this subject. He said "our
+     motto must be universal liberty and universal suffrage, secured by
+     universal education." Before we discuss these questions, it may be
+     well, in order that there may be no excuse for further
+     misrepresentation, to show by whom this subject was introduced into
+     politics, and to state explicitly that we attack no sect and no
+     man, either Protestant or Jew, Catholic or Unbeliever, on account
+     of his conscientious convictions in regard to religion. Who began
+     the agitation of this subject? Why is it agitated? All parties have
+     taken hold of it. The Democratic party in their State convention
+     make it the topic of their longest resolution. In their platform
+     they gave it more space than to any other subject except the
+     currency. Many of the Democratic county conventions also took
+     action upon it.
+
+     The Republican State Convention passed resolutions on the question.
+     It is stated that it was considered in about forty Republican
+     county conventions. The State Teachers' Association, at their last
+     meeting, passed unanimously the following resolution. Mr. Tappan,
+     from the Committee on Resolutions, reported the following:
+
+     "_Resolved_, That we are in favor of a free, impartial, and
+     unsectarian education to every child in the State, and that any
+     division of the school fund or appropriation of any part thereof to
+     any religious or private school would be injurious to education and
+     the best interests of the church."
+
+     An able address by the Rev. Dr. Jeffers, of Cleveland, showing the
+     "perils which threaten our public schools," was emphatically
+     applauded by that intelligent body of citizens.
+
+     The assemblies of the different religious denominations in the
+     State, which have recently been held, have generally, and I think
+     without exception, passed similar resolutions. If blame is to
+     attach to all who consider and discuss this question before the
+     public, we have had a very large body of offenders. But I have not
+     named all who are engaged in it. I have not named those who began
+     it; those who for years have kept it up; those who in the press, on
+     the platform, in the pulpit, in legislative bodies, in city
+     councils, and in school boards, now unceasingly agitate the
+     question. Everybody knows who they are; everybody knows that the
+     sectarian wing of the Democratic party began this agitation, and
+     that it is bent on the destruction of our free schools. If
+     Republicans acting on the defensive discuss the subject, and
+     express the opinion that the Democratic party can't safely be
+     trusted, they are denounced in unmeasured terms. General Carey
+     calls them "political knaves" and "fools" and "bigots." But it is
+     very significant that no Democratic speaker denounces those who
+     began the agitation. All their epithets are leveled at the men who
+     are on the right side of the question. Agitation on the wrong
+     side--agitation against the schools may go on. It meets no
+     condemnation from leading Democratic candidates and speakers. The
+     reason is plain. Those who mean to destroy the school system
+     constitute a formidable part of the Democratic party, without whose
+     support that party, as the legislature was told last Spring, can
+     not carry the county, the city, nor the State.
+
+     The sectarian agitation against the public schools was begun many
+     years ago. During the last few years, it has steadily and rapidly
+     increased, and has been encouraged by various indications of
+     possible success. It extends to all of the States where schools at
+     the common expense have been long established. Its triumphs are
+     mainly in the large towns and cities. It has already divided the
+     schools, and in a considerable degree impaired and limited their
+     usefulness. The glory of the American system of education has been
+     that it was so cheap that the humblest citizen could afford to give
+     his children its advantages, and so good that the man of wealth
+     could nowhere provide for his children anything better. This gave
+     the system its most conspicuous merit. It made it a Republican
+     system. The young of all conditions of life are brought together
+     and educated on terms of perfect equality. The tendency of this is
+     to assimilate and to fuse together the various elements of our
+     population, to promote unity, harmony, and general good will in our
+     American society. But the enemies of the American system have begun
+     the work of destroying it. They have forced away from the public
+     schools, in many towns and cities, one-third or one-fourth of their
+     pupils and sent them to schools which it is safe to say are no whit
+     superior to those they have left. These youth are thus deprived of
+     the associations and the education in practical Republicanism and
+     American sentiments which they peculiarly need. Nobody questions
+     their constitutional and legal right to do this, and to do it by
+     denouncing the public schools. Sectarians have a lawful right to
+     say that these schools are "a relict of paganism--that they are
+     Godless," and that "the secular school system is a social cancer."
+     But when having thus succeeded in dividing the schools, they make
+     that a ground for abolishing school taxation, dividing the school
+     fund, or otherwise destroying the system, it is time that its
+     friends should rise up in its defense.
+
+     We all agree that neither the government nor political parties
+     ought to interfere with religious sects. It is equally true that
+     religious sects ought not to interfere with the government or with
+     political parties. We believe that the cause of good government and
+     the cause of religion both suffer by all such interference. But if
+     Sectarians make demands for legislation of political parties, and
+     threaten that party with opposition at the elections in case the
+     required enactments are not passed, and if the political party
+     yields to such threats, then those threats, those demands, and that
+     action of the political party become a legitimate subject of
+     political discussion, and the sectarians who thus interfere with
+     the legislation of the State are alone responsible for the
+     agitation which follows.
+
+     And now a few words as to the action of the last legislature on
+     this subject. After an examination of the Geghan bill, we shall
+     perhaps come to the conclusion that in itself it is not of great
+     importance. I would not undervalue the conscientious scruples on
+     the subject of religion of a convict in the penitentiary, or of any
+     unfortunate person in any State institution. But the provision of
+     the constitution of the State covers the whole ground. It needs no
+     awkwardly framed statute of doubtful meaning, like the Geghan bill,
+     to accomplish the object of the organic law. The old constitution
+     of 1802, and the constitution now in force, of 1851, are
+     substantially alike. Both declare (I quote section 7, article 1,
+     constitution of 1851):
+
+     "All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty
+     God according to the dictates of their own conscience. No person
+     shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of
+     worship, or maintain any form of worship against his consent; and
+     no preference shall be given by law to any religious society; nor
+     shall any interference with the right of conscience be permitted."
+
+     If the Geghan bill is merely a reenactment of this part of the bill
+     of rights, it is a work of supererogation, and it is not strange
+     that the legislature did not, when it was introduced, favor its
+     passage. The author of the bill wrote, "the members claim that such
+     a bill is not needed." The same opinion prevails in New Jersey,
+     where a similar bill is said to have been defeated by a vote of
+     three to one. But the sectarians of Ohio were resolved on the
+     passage of this bill. Mr. Geghan, its author, wrote to Mr. Murphy,
+     of Cincinnati:
+
+     "We have a prior claim upon the Democratic party. The elements
+     composing the Democratic party in Ohio to-day are made up of Irish
+     and German catholics, and they have always been loyal and faithful
+     to the interests of the party. Hence the party is under obligations
+     to us, and we have a perfect right to demand of them, as a party,
+     inasmuch as they are in control of the State legislature and State
+     government, and were by both our means and votes placed where they
+     are to-day, that they should, as a party, redress our grievances."
+
+     The organ of the friends of the bill published this letter, and
+     among other things said:
+
+     "The political party with which nine-tenths of the Catholic voters
+     affiliate on account of past services that they will never forget,
+     now controls the State. Withdraw the support which Catholics have
+     given to it and it will fall in this city, county, and State, as
+     speedily as it has risen to its long lost position and power. That
+     party is now on trial. Mr. Geghan's bill will test the sincerity of
+     its professions."
+
+     That threat was effectual. The bill was passed, and the sectarian
+     organ therefore said:
+
+     "The unbroken solid vote of the Catholic citizens of the State will
+     be given to the Democracy at the fall election."
+
+     In regard to those who voted against the bill, it said: "They have
+     dug their political grave; it will not be our fault if they do not
+     fill it. When any of them appear again in the political arena, we
+     will put upon them a brand that every Catholic citizen will
+     understand." No defense of this conduct of the last legislature has
+     yet been attempted. The facts are beyond dispute. This is the first
+     example of open and successful sectarian interference with
+     legislation in Ohio. If the people are wise, they will give it such
+     a rebuke in October that for many years, at least, it will be the
+     last.
+
+     But it is claimed that the schools are in no danger. Now that
+     public attention is aroused to the importance of the subject, it is
+     probable that in Ohio they are safe. But their safety depends on
+     the rebuke which the people shall give to the party which yielded
+     last spring at Columbus to the threats of their enemies. It is said
+     that no political party "desires the destruction of the schools." I
+     reply, no political party "desired" the passage of the Geghan bill;
+     but the power which hates the schools passed the bill. The
+     sectarian wing of the Democratic party rules that party to-day in
+     the great commercial metropolis of the Nation. It holds the balance
+     of power in many of the large cities of the country. Without its
+     votes, the Democratic party would lose every large city and county
+     in Ohio and every Northern State. In the presidential canvass of
+     1864, it was claimed that General McClellan was as good a Union man
+     as Abraham Lincoln, and that he was as much opposed to the
+     rebellion. An eminent citizen of this State replied: "I learn from
+     my adversaries. Who do the enemies of the Union want elected? The
+     man they are for, I am against." So I would say to the friends of
+     the public schools: "How do the enemies of universal education
+     vote?" If the enemies of the free schools give their "unbroken,
+     solid vote" to the Democratic ticket, the friends of the schools
+     will make no mistake if they vote the Republican ticket.
+
+     The Republicans enter upon this important canvass with many
+     advantages. Their adversaries are loaded down with the record of
+     the last legislature. Democratic legislatures have not been
+     fortunate in Ohio. Since the present division of parties, twenty
+     years ago, no Democratic legislature has ever failed to bring
+     defeat to its party. The people of Ohio have never been willing to
+     venture on the experiment of two Democratic legislatures in
+     succession. The Democratic inflation platform offends German
+     Democrats, has driven off the Liberal Republicans, and is accepted
+     by very few old-fashioned Democrats in its true intent and meaning.
+     The Republicans are out of power in the cities and in the State,
+     and are everywhere taking the offensive. If Democrats assail them
+     on account of some affair of years ago, or in a distant Southern
+     State, or at Washington, Republicans reply by pointing to what
+     Democrats are now doing in their own cities, or have just done in
+     the last legislature. The materials for such retort are abundant
+     and ready at hand. The Republicans are embarrassed by no entangling
+     alliance with the sectarian enemies of the public schools, and they
+     have yielded to no sectarian demands or dictation in public
+     affairs. We rejoice to see indications of an active canvass and a
+     large vote at the election. Such a canvass and such a vote in Ohio
+     never yet resulted in a Democratic victory. Our motto is honest
+     money for all and free schools for all. There should be no
+     inflation which will destroy the one, and no sectarian interference
+     which will destroy the other.
+
+
+_Speech of_ GOVERNOR HAYES _to his neighbors at Fremont, delivered June
+25, 1876._
+
+     _Mr. Mayor, Fellow-Citizens, Friends, and Neighbors:_
+
+     I need not attempt to express the emotions I feel at the reception
+     which the people of Fremont and this county have given me to-night.
+     Under any circumstances, an assemblage of this sort at my home to
+     welcome me would touch me, would excite the warmest emotions of
+     gratitude; but what gives to this its distinctive character is the
+     fact that those who are prominent in welcoming me home, I know, in
+     the past, have not voted with me or for me, and they do not intend
+     in the future to vote with me or for me. It is simply that, coming
+     to my home, they rejoice that Ohio, that Sandusky county, that the
+     town of Fremont has received at that National Convention high
+     honor, and I thank you, Democrats, fellow-citizens, Independents,
+     and Republicans, for this spontaneous and enthusiastic reception.
+
+     I trust that in the course of events the time will never come that
+     you will have cause to regret what you do to-night. It is a very
+     great responsibility that has been placed upon me--to be a
+     representative of a party embracing twenty millions of people--a
+     responsibility which I know I am not equal to. I understand very
+     well that it was not by reason of ability or talents that I was
+     chosen. But that which does rejoice me is that here, where I have
+     been known from my childhood, there are those that come and rejoice
+     at the result.
+
+     I trust, my friends, that as I run along in this desultory way--for
+     you well know that since I learned that I was to be here to-night,
+     the multitude of letters, and visits, and telegrams requiring
+     attention have given me no time to prepare for a reception like
+     this--you must, therefore, put up with hastily-formed sentences,
+     very unfitly representing the sentiments appropriate to the
+     occasion. Let me, if I may do it without too much egotism, recur to
+     the history of my connection with Fremont. Forty-two years ago my
+     uncle, Sardis Birchard, brought me to this place, and I rejoice, my
+     friends, in the good taste and good feeling which have placed his
+     portrait here to-night. He, having adopted me as his child, brought
+     me to Fremont. I recollect well the appearance of the then Lower
+     Sandusky, consisting of a few wooden buildings scattered along the
+     river, with little paint on them, and these trees none of them
+     grown, the old fort still having some of its earthworks remaining,
+     so that it could be easily traced. A pleasant village this was for
+     a boy to enjoy himself in. There was the fishing on the river,
+     shooting water-fowls above the dam, at the islands and the lake.
+     Perhaps no boy ever enjoyed his departure from home better than I
+     did when I first came to Fremont.
+
+     But now see what this town is,--how it has grown. It has not
+     increased to a first-class city, but it has become a pleasant home,
+     so pleasant, so thriving that I rejoice to think that whatever may
+     be the result next fall it will be pleasant to return to it when
+     the contest is over. If defeated, I shall return to you oftener
+     than if I go to the White House. If I go there I shall look forward
+     with pleasure to the time when I shall be permitted to return to
+     you, to be a neighbor with you again. And really we have cause to
+     be satisfied with our home and the interests which the future has
+     in store for us here. Larger cities always have strife and rivalry,
+     from which we are free, and yet we are well situated between two
+     commercial centers, the Eastern and Western, between which is the
+     great highway of the world, and we can not but partake of their
+     prosperity. Over the railroad passing through this place, or near
+     it, will pass for all time to come the travel and trade of New York
+     and San Francisco, of London and Pekin. Every town along this route
+     partakes of the prosperity of this highway. Upper Sandusky, on the
+     Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and Tiffin, that
+     thriving and beautiful city through which passes the Baltimore and
+     Ohio Railroad, south of us, while along the lake shore passes the
+     great northern division of the Lake Shore Road, making this route,
+     as it were, the great artery of the world's travel, and we can
+     abide with the prosperity that is to come in the future. Those of
+     our friends who travel in Europe return sometimes dissatisfied,
+     because there is a rawness in this country not seen in England and
+     the older countries of Europe. But then the greatest happiness, as
+     all of us know, in preparing a garden or a home is to see the
+     improvements growing up under our hands. This is what we enjoy; and
+     the change in Fremont from the time I first knew it till to-day
+     gives me very great pleasure.
+
+     There is another change which gives rise to mournful reflections.
+     When I came here in the year 1834, I became acquainted with honored
+     citizens who are no longer living. There was, Mr. Mayor, your
+     father, Rudolphus Dickinson, Thomas I. Hawkins, Judge Olmsted,
+     Judge Howland, and, among others, that marvel of business energy,
+     George Grant; and I might go on giving name after name. But it is
+     true that of all those I remember seeing on that first visit, not
+     one is with us to-night. All who came with me, my uncle, my mother,
+     and my sister, are gone. But this is the order of Providence.
+     Events follow upon one another as wave follows wave upon the ocean.
+     It is for each man to do what he can to make others happy. This is
+     the prayer and this is the duty of life. Let us, my friends, in
+     every position, undertake to perform this duty. For one, I have no
+     reliance except that which Abraham Lincoln had when, on leaving
+     Springfield, he said to his friends: "I go to Washington to assume
+     a responsibility greater than that which has been devolved upon any
+     one since the first president, and I beg you, my friends and
+     neighbors, to pray that I may have that Divine assistance, without
+     which I can not succeed, and with which I can not fail." In that
+     spirit I ask you to deal with me. If it shall be the will of the
+     people that this nomination shall be ratified, I know I shall have
+     your good wishes and your prayers. If, on the other hand, it shall
+     be the will of the people that another shall assume these great
+     responsibilities, let us see to it that we who shall oppose him
+     give him a fair trial.
+
+     My friends, I thank you for the interest you have taken in this
+     reception, and that you have laid aside partisan feeling. There has
+     been too much bitterness on such occasions in our land. Let us see
+     to it that abuse and vituperation of the candidate that shall be
+     named at St. Louis do not proceed from our lips. Let us, in this
+     centennial year, as we enter upon this second century of our
+     existence, set an example of what a free and intelligent people can
+     do. There is gathered at Philadelphia an assemblage representing
+     nearly all the Nations of the world, with their arts and
+     manufactures. We have invited competition, and they have come to
+     compete with us, and with each other. We find that America stands
+     well with the works of the world, as there exhibited. Let us show,
+     in electing a chief magistrate of the Nation--the officer that is
+     to be the first of forty or forty-five millions--let us show all
+     those who visit us how the American people can conduct themselves
+     through a canvass of this kind. If it shall be in the spirit in
+     which we have met to-night, if it shall be that justness and
+     fairness shall be in all the discussions, it will commend free
+     institutions to the world in a way which they have never been
+     commended before.
+
+     Well, friends, I am detaining you too long. Therefore I close what
+     I have to say by expressing the feelings of gratitude entertained
+     by myself and family for the kindness and regard shown us by the
+     people of Fremont.
+
+     About the middle of the war, General Sherman lost a boy, named
+     after himself, aged about thirteen years. He supposed that he
+     belonged to the Thirteenth Infantry, and when they went out to
+     drill and dress parade, he dressed in the dress of a sergeant and
+     marched with them. But he sickened and died. The regiment gathered
+     about him, for he was to them a comrade--dear as the child is loved
+     by men who are torn away from the associations of home. General
+     Sherman, the great soldier, was touched by it. He said it would be
+     idle for him to try to express the gratitude which he felt; but he
+     said they held the key to the affections of himself and family, and
+     if any of them should ever be in need, if they would mention that
+     they belonged to the Thirteenth Infantry at the time his boy died,
+     they would divide with him the last blanket, and last morsel of
+     food. It is in this spirit that I wish to express my thanks to the
+     people of Fremont for the welcome they have given me. I bid you, my
+     friends, good night.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Public Services and Select
+Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James Quay Howard
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