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+Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Myths and Legends of the Great Plains
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Editor: Katharine Berry Judson
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22083]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                         MYTHS AND LEGENDS
+                        OF THE GREAT PLAINS
+
+                       SELECTED AND EDITED BY
+
+                       KATHARINE BERRY JUDSON
+
+ AUTHOR OF "MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST,"
+"MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST," "MONTANA," "MYTHS AND
+     LEGENDS OF ALASKA," AND "WHEN THE FORESTS ARE ABLAZE."
+
+                            ILLUSTRATED
+
+                           [Illustration]
+
+
+                              CHICAGO
+                        A. C. McCLURG & CO.
+                               1913
+
+
+
+
+_Copyright_
+A. C. McCLURG & CO.
+1913
+
+
+Published November, 1913
+
+
+W. F. Hall Printing Company
+Chicago
+
+
+
+
+_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
+
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST. _Over fifty
+full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50 net._
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ALASKA. _Beautifully illustrated. Small quarto.
+$1.50 net._
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Especially of Washington
+and Oregon. _With fifty full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50
+net._
+
+MONTANA: "The Land of Shining Mountains." _Illustrated. Indexed.
+Square 8vo. 75 cents net._
+
+WHEN THE FORESTS ARE ABLAZE. _Illustrated. Crown 8vo. $1.35 net._
+
+A. C. McClurg & Co., Publishers
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: BIANKI'S VISION
+
+(Kiowa Drawing)
+
+_The ghost-dance among the Sioux was based on the belief that the dead
+Indians would all come to life and drive out the white intruders. Then
+the buffaloes, which were disappearing, would come back in the immense
+herds of the olden time._
+
+_The vision of one of the dreamer priests is represented. After
+reaching the spirit world, Bianki found himself on a vast prairie
+covered with innumerable buffaloes and ponies. He went through the
+herds (dotted lines) until he came to a large Kiowa camp, with its
+ornament tepees. He met four young women who had died years before,
+and asked about two of his brothers, also dead. He soon met them
+coming into camp, with buffalo meat hanging from their saddles._]
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+From the edge of the Darkening Land, where stand the mountains which
+encircle the earth-plain, eastward toward the Sunland, lie the great
+plains of America. Smooth and flat and green they stretch away,
+hundreds of miles, rising from a dead level into a soft rolling of the
+land, then into the long green waves of the prairies where rivers
+flow, where the water ripples as it flows, and trees shade the banks
+of the gleaming water.
+
+Here, amidst the vast sweep of the plains which stretch away to the
+horizon on every side, boundless, limitless, endless, lived the plains
+Indians. Standing in the midst of this vast green plain on a soft May
+morning, after the Thunder Gods have passed, when the sun is shining
+in the soft blue above, and the sweet, rain-swept air is blown about
+by the Four Winds which are always near to man, day and
+night,--standing far out on the plains with no hint of the white man
+or his work--one sees the earth somewhat as the Indian saw it and
+wonders not at his reverence for the Mysterious One who dwelt
+overhead, beyond the blue stone arch, and for the lesser powers which
+came to him over the four paths guarded by the Four Winds. It was
+Wakoda, the Mysterious One, who gave to man the sunshine, the clear
+rippling water, the clear sky from which all storms, all clouds are
+absent, the sky which is the symbol of peace. Through this sky sweeps
+the eagle, the "Mother" of Indian songs, bearing upon her strong wings
+the message of peace and calling to her nestlings as she flies. Little
+wonder that to some tribes song was an integral part of their lives,
+and that emotions too deep for words were expressed in song.
+
+Other songs there were, with words, songs of the birds which fly
+through that soft, tender blue:
+
+    All around the birds in flocks are flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.
+    See, many birds are flocking here,
+    All about us now together coming.
+
+    [_Pawnee_]
+
+The power to fly has always inspired Indians of all tribes and of all
+degrees of civilization with wonder and reverence. The bird chiefs
+have their own places in Indian myths. Owl is chief of the night;
+Woodpecker, with his ceaseless tattoo on the trees, is chief of the
+trees; Duck is chief of the water; but Eagle is chief of the day. It
+is always Eagle who is chief of the birds, even though Wren may outwit
+him in a tale told by the fire glimmering in the tepee, when the story
+tellers of the tribe tell of the happenings in the days "way beyond."
+It is Eagle who inspires admiration, and becomes the most sacred bird.
+
+    Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert,
+        watching o'er his nest;
+    Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o'er the country wide
+        it echoes, there defying foes.
+
+    [_Pawnee_]
+
+In the breeze that rippled the long grass of the prairie and fluttered
+the flaps of the graceful tepee, waved also the corn, sent by
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies, the ever returning life of the green thing
+growing. In the ravines and on the lower slopes of the grassy waves of
+the prairie bellowed the buffalo, or grazed in silence, having long
+since come up from the underground world and become the source of the
+Indian's food, clothing, home, utensils, and comfort. Endless were the
+charms and enchantments to bring the buffalo herds near his camping
+ground. Severe was the punishment meted out to the thoughtless warrior
+whose unguarded eagerness frightened the herds and sent them away.
+
+Over the plains and prairies, at other times, swept the Thunder Gods,
+with their huge jointed wings, darkening all the land, and flashing
+fire from angry eyes which struck down man and beast. Terrified were
+the Indians when the Thunder Gods rolled. Vows made to them must be
+kept, for relentless were they.
+
+"Oh, grandfather," prayed the Indian when the sky was black and the
+lightning flashed, as he filled a pipe with tobacco and offered it
+skyward, "Oh, grandfather! I am very poor. Somewhere make those who
+would injure me leave a clear space for me." Then he put the sacred
+green cedar upon the fire--the cedar which stayed awake those seven
+nights and therefore does not lose its hair every winter--and the
+smoke from the sacred, burning wood, rolling upward, appeased the
+rolling Thunders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The authorities used in this compilation are those found in the annual
+reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Publications of
+the United States Geographical and Geological Survey: contributions to
+North American Ethnology. Of the various ethnologists whose work has
+been used, those of especial importance are Alice C. Fletcher, whose
+wonderful work among the Omaha and Pawnee Indians is deserving of the
+most careful study, J. Owen Dorsey, James Mooney, and S. R. Riggs.
+
+No claim whatever is made for original work. Indeed, original work of
+any kind in a compilation such as this would impair the authenticity
+of the myths, and therefore destroy the value of this work. Nor has
+any effort been made towards "style." The only style worth having in
+telling an Indian legend is that of the Indian himself.
+
+    K. B. J.
+
+_Seattle, Washington._
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+  The Creation                             _Osage_                    19
+  How the World was Made                   _Cherokee_                 22
+  The Flood and the Rainbow                _Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)_  26
+  The First Fire                           _Cherokee_                 28
+  The Ancestors of People                  _Osage_                    31
+  Origin of Strawberries                   _Cherokee_                 32
+  Sacred Legend                            _Omaha_                    34
+  The Legend of the Peace Pipes            _Omaha_                    38
+  A Tradition of the Calumet               _Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)_  41
+  The Sacred Pole                          _Omaha_                    43
+  Ikto and the Thunders                    _Teton_                    46
+  The Thunder Bird                         _Comanche_                 47
+  The Thunder Bird                         _Assiniboin_               48
+  Song to the Thunder Gods                 _Omaha_                    49
+  Songs of the Buffalo Hunt                _Sioux_                    50
+  Origin of the Buffalo                    _Teton_                    53
+  The Buffalo Being                        _Teton_                    55
+  The Youth and the Underground People     _Omaha_                    57
+  The Buffalo and the Grizzly Bear         _Omaha_                    68
+  My First Buffalo Hunt                    _Omaha_                    71
+  Bird Omens                               _Sioux_                    73
+  The Bird Chief                           _Omaha_                    74
+  Song of the Birds                        _Pawnee_                   75
+  Song of Kawas, the Eagle                 _Pawnee_                   77
+  The Eagle's Revenge                      _Cherokee_                 78
+  The Race between Humming Bird and Crane  _Cherokee_                 80
+  Rabbit and the Turkeys                   _Omaha_                    82
+  Unktomi and the Bad Songs                _Dakota_                   84
+  How the Pheasant Beat Corn               _Cherokee_                 88
+  Why Turkey Gobbles                       _Cherokee_                 89
+  Omaha Beliefs                            _Omaha_                    90
+  Pawnee Beliefs                           _Pawnee_                   92
+  A Song of Hospitality                    _Sioux_                    95
+  A Song of the March                      _Sioux_                    96
+  Song of the Prairie Breeze               _Kiowa_                    97
+  Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies                 _Mandan_                   98
+  Legend of the Corn                       _Arikara_                 101
+  Tradition of the Finding of Horses       _Ponca_                   105
+  Dakota Beliefs and Customs               _Dakota_                  108
+  Why the Tetons Bury on Scaffolds         _Teton_                   110
+  The Ghost's Resentment                   _Dakota_                  111
+  The Forked Roads                         _Omaha_                   116
+  Tattooed Ghosts                          _Dakota_                  117
+  A Ghost Story                            _Ponca_                   118
+  The Ghost and the Traveler               _Teton_                   119
+  The Man who Shot a Ghost                 _Teton_                   120
+  The Indian Who Wrestled with a Ghost     _Teton_                   122
+  The Wakanda, or Water God                _Yankton_                 126
+  The Spirit Land                          _Arapahoe_                129
+  Waziya, the Weather Spirit               _Teton_                   131
+  Kansas Blizzards                         _Kansa_                   132
+  Ikto and the Snowstorm                   _Teton_                   133
+  The Southern Bride                       _Cherokee_                135
+  The Fallen Star                          _Dakota_                  136
+  Quarrel of Sun and Moon                  _Omaha_                   147
+  Why the Possum Plays Dead                _Cherokee_                148
+  Bog Myth                                 _Dakota_                  150
+  Coyote and Snake                         _Omaha_                   151
+  Why the Wolves Help in War               _Dakota_                  153
+  How Rabbit Escaped from the Wolves       _Cherokee_                155
+  How Rabbit Lost His Fat                  _Omaha_                   157
+  How Flint Visited Rabbit                 _Cherokee_                158
+  How Rabbit Caught the Sun in a Trap      _Omaha_                   161
+  How Rabbit Killed the Giant              _Omaha_                   163
+  How Deer Got His Horns                   _Cherokee_                167
+  Why the Deer has Blunt Teeth             _Cherokee_                169
+  Legend of the Head of Gold               _Dakota_                  171
+  The Milky Way                            _Cherokee_                175
+  Coyote and Gray Fox                      _Ponca_                   176
+  Ictinike and Turtle                      _Omaha_                   178
+  Ictinike and the Creators                _Omaha_                   181
+  How Big Turtle Went on the War Path      _Omaha_                   186
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+  Bianki's Vision                                         _Frontispiece_
+  Woman's Costume                                                     32
+  An Elderly Omaha Beau                                               33
+  Tattooing, Showing Conventional Design of the Peace Pipe            42
+  Bull Boat                                                           43
+  German Knights and Indian Warriors                                  56
+  Rivalry over the Buffalo                                            70
+  Capture of a Wandering Buffalo                                      71
+  Five Chiefs of the Ogalla Sioux                                     84
+  Old Horse                                                           85
+  Siouan Tents                                                        96
+  An Arapahoe Bed                                                     97
+  Indian Scaffold Cemetery on the Missouri River                     110
+  An Omaha Village, Showing Earth Lodge and Conical Tepees           111
+  Black Coyote                                                       122
+  Ornamentation on the Reverse of an Arapahoe "ghost-dance" Shirt    123
+  "Killed two Arikara chiefs"                                        132
+  Many Tongues, or Loud Talker                                       133
+  Petroglyph in Nebraska                                             144
+  Plains Indians Dragging Brush for a Medicine Lodge                 156
+  An Earth Lodge                                                     157
+  Kansa Chief                                                        168
+  Big Goose                                                          169
+  Omaha Assault on a Dakota Village                                  186
+  "Killed ten men and three women"                                   187
+
+
+
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE GREAT PLAINS
+
+
+
+
+THE CREATION
+
+_Osage (Wazhá zhe group)_
+
+
+Way beyond, once upon a time, some of the Osages lived in the sky.
+They did not know where they came from, so they went to Sun. They
+said, "From where did we come?"
+
+He said, "You are my children."
+
+Then they wandered still further and came to Moon.
+
+Moon said, "I am your mother; Sun is your father. You must go away
+from here. You must go down to the earth and live there."
+
+So they came to the earth but found it covered with water. They could
+not return up above. They wept, but no answer came to them. They
+floated about in the air, seeking help from some god; but they found
+none.
+
+Now all the animals were with them. Elk was the finest and most
+stately. They all trusted Elk. So they called to Elk, "Help us."
+
+Then Elk dropped into the water and began to sink. Then he called to
+the winds. The winds came from all sides and they blew until the
+waters went upwards, as in a mist. Now before that the winds had
+traveled in only two directions; they went from north to south and
+from south to north. But when Elk called to them, they came from the
+east, from the north, from the west, and from the south. They met at a
+central place; then they carried the waters upwards.
+
+Now at first the people could see only the rocks. So they traveled on
+the rocky places. But nothing grew there and there was nothing to eat.
+Then the waters continued to vanish. At last the people could see the
+soft earth. When Elk saw the earth, he was so joyous, he rolled over
+and over on the earth. Then all the loose hairs clung to the soil. So
+the hairs grew, and from them sprang beans, corn, potatoes, and wild
+turnips, and at last all the grasses and trees.
+
+Now the people wandered over the land. They found human footsteps.
+They followed them. They joined with them, and traveled with them in
+search of food.
+
+
+_(Hoga group)_
+
+The Hoga came down from above, and found the earth covered with water.
+They flew in every direction. They sought for gods who would help
+them and drive the water away. They found not one. Then Elk came. He
+had a loud voice and he shouted to the four corners of the sky. The
+four winds came in answer. They blew upon the water and it vanished
+upwards, in a mist. Then the people could see the rocks. Now there was
+only a little space on the rocks. They knew they must have more room.
+The people were crowded. So they sent Muskrat down into the water. He
+did not come back. He was drowned. Then they sent Loon down. He did
+not come back. He was drowned. Then they sent Beaver down into the
+water. The water was too deep. Beaver was drowned. Then Crawfish dived
+into the water. He was gone a long time. When he came up there was a
+little mud in his claws. Crawfish was so tired he died. But the people
+took the mud out of his claws and made the land.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+The earth is a great floating island in a sea of water. At each of the
+four corners there is a cord hanging down from the sky. The sky is of
+solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out, the cords will
+break, and then the earth will sink down into the ocean. Everything
+will be water again. All the people will be dead. The Indians are much
+afraid of this.
+
+In the long time ago, when everything was all water, all the animals
+lived up above in Galun'lati, beyond the stone arch that made the sky.
+But it was very much crowded. All the animals wanted more room. The
+animals began to wonder what was below the water and at last Beaver's
+grandchild, little Water Beetle, offered to go and find out. Water
+Beetle darted in every direction over the surface of the water, but it
+could find no place to rest. There was no land at all. Then Water
+Beetle dived to the bottom of the water and brought up some soft mud.
+This began to grow and to spread out on every side until it became
+the island which we call the earth. Afterwards this earth was
+fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one remembers who did
+this.
+
+At first the earth was flat and soft and wet. The animals were anxious
+to get down, and they sent out different birds to see if it was yet
+dry, but there was no place to alight; so the birds came back to
+Galun'lati. Then at last it seemed to be time again, so they sent out
+Buzzard; they told him to go and make ready for them. This was the
+Great Buzzard, the father of all the buzzards we see now. He flew all
+over the earth, low down near the ground, and it was still soft. When
+he reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired; his wings began to
+flap and strike the ground. Wherever they struck the earth there was a
+valley; whenever the wings turned upwards again, there was a mountain.
+When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world
+would be mountains, so they called him back, but the Cherokee country
+remains full of mountains to this day. [This was the original home, in
+North Carolina.]
+
+When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was still dark.
+Therefore they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day
+across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot
+this way. Red Crawfish had his shell scorched a bright red, so that
+his meat was spoiled. Therefore the Cherokees do not eat it.
+
+Then the medicine men raised the sun a handsbreadth in the air, but it
+was still too hot. They raised it another time; and then another time;
+at last they had raised it seven handsbreadths so that it was just
+under the sky arch. Then it was right and they left it so. That is why
+the medicine men called the high place "the seventh height." Every day
+the sun goes along under this arch on the under side; it returns at
+night on the upper side of the arch to its starting place.
+
+There is another world under this earth. It is like this one in every
+way. The animals, the plants, and the people are the same, but the
+seasons are different. The streams that come down from the mountains
+are the trails by which we reach this underworld. The springs at their
+head are the doorways by which we enter it. But in order to enter the
+other world, one must fast and then go to the water, and have one of
+the underground people for a guide. We know that the seasons in the
+underground world are different, because the water in the spring is
+always warmer in winter than the air in this world; and in summer the
+water is cooler.
+
+We do not know who made the first plants and animals. But when they
+were first made, they were told to watch and keep awake for seven
+nights. This is the way young men do now when they fast and pray to
+their medicine. They tried to do this. The first night, nearly all the
+animals stayed awake. The next night several of them dropped asleep.
+The third night still more went to sleep. At last, on the seventh
+night, only the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still
+awake. Therefore, to these were given the power to see in the dark, to
+go about as if it were day, and to kill and eat the birds and animals
+which must sleep during the night.
+
+Even some of the trees went to sleep. Only the cedar, the pine, the
+spruce, the holly, and the laurel were awake all seven nights.
+Therefore they are always green. They are also sacred trees. But to
+the other trees it was said, "Because you did not stay awake,
+therefore you shall lose your hair every winter."
+
+After the plants and the animals, men began to come to the earth. At
+first there was only one man and one woman. He hit her with a fish. In
+seven days a little child came down to the earth. So people came to
+the earth. They came so rapidly that for a time it seemed as though
+the earth could not hold them all.
+
+
+
+
+THE FLOOD AND THE RAINBOW
+
+_Delaware (Lenni-Lenapi)_
+
+
+The Lenni-Lenapi are the First People, so that they know this story is
+true.
+
+After the Creation of the earth, the Mysterious One covered it with a
+blue roof. Sometimes the roof was very black. Then the Manitou of
+Waters became uneasy. He feared the rain would no longer be able to
+pour down upon the earth through this dark roof. Therefore the Manitou
+of Waters prayed to the Mysterious One that the waters from above be
+not cut off.
+
+At once the Mysterious One commanded to blow the Spirit of the Wind,
+who dwells in the Darkening Land. At once thick clouds arose. They
+covered all the earth, so that the dark roof could no longer be seen.
+
+Then the voice of the Mysterious One was heard amongst the clouds. The
+voice was deep and heavy, like the sound of falling rivers.
+
+Then the Spirit of Rain, the brother of the Spirit of Waters and the
+Spirit of the Winds, poured down water from above. The waters fell for
+a long time. They fell until all the earth was covered. Then the
+birds took refuge in the branches of the highest trees. The animals
+followed the trails to the mountain peaks.
+
+Then the Manitou of Waters feared no longer. Therefore the Mysterious
+One ordered the rain to cease and the clouds to disappear. Then
+Sin-go-wi-chi-na-xa, the rainbow, was seen in the sky.
+
+Therefore the Lenni-Lenapi watch for the rainbow, because it means
+that the Mysterious One is no longer angry.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST FIRE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+In the beginning there was no fire and the world was cold. Then the
+Thunders, who lived up in Galun'lati, sent their lightning and put
+fire into the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree which grew on an
+island. The animals knew it was there because they could see the smoke
+coming out at the top, but they could not get to it on account of the
+water, so they held a council to decide what to do. This was a long,
+long time ago.
+
+Every animal was anxious to go after the fire. Raven offered. He was
+large and strong, so he was sent first. He flew high and far across
+the water, and lighted on the sycamore tree. There he perched,
+wondering what to do next. Then he looked at himself. The heat had
+scorched his feathers black. Raven was so frightened he flew back
+across the water without any fire.
+
+Then little Wa-hu-hu, the Screech Owl, offered to go. He flew high and
+far across the water and perched upon a hollow tree. As he sat there
+looking into the hollow tree, wondering what to do, a blast of hot air
+came up and hurt his eyes. Screech Owl was frightened. He flew back as
+best he could, because he could hardly see. That is why his eyes are
+red even to this day.
+
+Then Hooting Owl and the Horned Owl went, but by the time they reached
+the hollow tree, the fire was blazing so fiercely that the smoke
+nearly blinded them. The ashes carried up by the breeze made white
+rings around their eyes. So they had to come home without fire.
+Therefore they have white rings around their eyes.
+
+None of the rest of the birds would go to the fire. Then Uk-su-hi, the
+racer snake, said he would go through the water and bring back fire.
+He swam to the island and crawled through the grass to the tree. Then
+he went into the tree by a small hole at the bottom. But the heat and
+smoke were dreadful. The ground at the bottom of the tree was covered
+with hot ashes. The racer darted back and forth trying to get off the
+ashes, and at last managed to escape through the same hole by which he
+had entered. But his body had been burned black. Therefore he is now
+the black racer. And that is why the black racer darts around and
+doubles on his track as if trying to escape.
+
+Then great Blacksnake, "The Climber," offered to go for fire. He was
+much larger than the black racer. Blacksnake swam over to the island
+and climbed up the tree on the outside, as the blacksnake always does,
+but when he put his head down into the hole the smoke choked him so
+that he fell into the burning stump. Before he could climb out, he,
+too, was burned black.
+
+So the birds, and the animals, and the snakes held another council.
+The world was still very cold. There was no fire. But all the birds,
+and the snakes, and all the four-footed animals refused to go for
+fire. They were all afraid of the burning sycamore.
+
+Then Water Spider said she would go. This is not the water spider that
+looks like a mosquito, but the other one--the one with black downy
+hair and red stripes on her body. She could run on top of the water,
+or dive to the bottom.
+
+The animals said, "How can you bring back fire?"
+
+But Water Spider spun a thread from her body and wove it into a
+_tusti_ bowl which she fastened on her back. Then she swam over to the
+island and through the grass to the fire. Water Spider put one little
+coal of fire into her bowl, and then swam back with it.
+
+That is how fire came to the world. And that is why Water Spider has a
+_tusti_ bowl on her back.
+
+
+
+
+THE ANCESTORS OF PEOPLE
+
+_Osage_
+
+
+There are people who come from under the water. They lived in the
+water weeds that hang down, all green, into the water. They have
+leaves upon their stems. Now the water people lived in shells. The
+shells were their houses and kept the water out.
+
+There were other animals who lived under the earth. Cougar lived under
+the earth, and bear, and buffalo. These creatures came up out of the
+ground. Then the shell people came up to the earth also; and the sky
+people came down. So all these three peoples lived together. They are
+the fathers of the people who live on the earth today.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WOMAN'S COSTUME
+
+(Omaha)
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN ELDERLY OMAHA BEAU
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF STRAWBERRIES
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+When the world was new, there was one man and one woman. They were
+happy; then they quarreled. At last the woman left the man and began
+to walk away toward the Sunland, the Eastland. The man followed. He
+felt sorry, but the woman walked straight on. She did not look back.
+
+Then Sun, the great Apportioner, was sorry for the man. He said,
+
+"Are you still angry with your wife?"
+
+The man said, "No."
+
+Sun said, "Would you like to have her come back to you?"
+
+"Yes," said the man.
+
+So Sun made a great patch of huckleberries which he placed in front of
+the woman's trail. She passed them without paying any attention to
+them. Then Sun made a clump of blackberry bushes and put those in
+front of her trail. The woman walked on. Then Sun created beautiful
+service-berry bushes which stood beside the trail. Still the woman
+walked on.
+
+So Sun made other fruits and berries. But the woman did not look at
+them.
+
+Then Sun created a patch of beautiful ripe strawberries. They were the
+first strawberries. When the woman saw those, she stopped to gather a
+few. As she gathered them, she turned her face toward the west. Then
+she remembered the man. She turned to the Sunland but could not go on.
+She could not go any further.
+
+Then the woman picked some of the strawberries and started back on her
+trail, away from the Sunland. So her husband met her, and they went
+back together.
+
+
+
+
+SACRED LEGEND
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+In the beginning the people were in water. They opened their eyes, but
+they could see nothing. As the people came out of the water, they
+first saw the daylight. They had no clothing. Then they took weeds and
+grasses and from them wove clothing.
+
+The people lived near a large body of water; it was in a wooded
+country where there was game. The men hunted the deer with clubs; they
+did not know the use of the bow. The people wandered about the shores
+of the great water. They were poor and cold. The people thought, "What
+shall we do to help ourselves?" So they began chipping stones. They
+found a bluish stone that was easily flaked and chipped; so they made
+knives and arrowheads out of it. But they were still poor and cold.
+They thought, "What shall we do?"
+
+Then a man found an elm root that was very dry. He dug a hole in it
+and put a stick in and rubbed it. Then smoke came. He smelled it. Then
+the people smelled it and came near. Others helped him to rub. At last
+a spark came. They blew this into a flame. Thus fire came to warm the
+people and to cook their food.
+
+After this the people built grass houses; they cut the grass with the
+shoulder blade of a deer. Now the people had fire and ate their meat
+roasted. Then they grew tired of roast meat. They thought, "How shall
+we cook our meat differently?"
+
+A man found a piece of clay that stuck well together. Then he brought
+sand to mix with it. Then he molded it as a pot. Then he gathered
+grass until he had a large heap of it; he put the clay pot into the
+midst of the grass and set it on fire. This made the clay hard. After
+a time he put water into the pot; the water did not leak out. This was
+good. So he put water into it and then meat into it, and put the pot
+over the fire. Thus the people had boiled meat to eat.
+
+Now their grass coverings would grow fuzzy and drop off. It was hard
+to gather and keep these coverings. The people were not satisfied.
+Again they thought, "What can we do to have something different to
+wear?"
+
+Before this, they had been throwing away the hides from the game which
+they killed. But now they took their stone knives to scrape down the
+hides and make them thin. They rubbed the hides with grass and with
+their hands to make them soft. Then they used the hides for clothing.
+Now they had clothing and were warm.
+
+Now the women had to break the dry wood to keep up the fires. They had
+no tools. So the men made a stone ax with a groove. Then they put a
+handle on the grooved stone and fastened it with rawhide. This was
+used. Then they wanted something better to break the wood. So they
+made wedges of stone.
+
+Now the grass shelter came to pieces easily. Then the people thought,
+"What shall we do? How can we get something that will not come to
+pieces?" Then they tried putting skins on poles.
+
+First they tried deerskins. But they were too small. They tried elk
+skins. But they became hard and stiff in the rain and sun. Then they
+did not try skins longer. They used bark to cover the poles of their
+tepees.
+
+But the bark houses were not warm. Then the people took the leg bone
+of the deer and splintered it So they made sharp pieces for awls. Then
+they took buffalo skins and sinews, and with the awl they fastened the
+skins together. So they made comfortable covers for their tepees.
+
+Then a man wandered around a long time. One day he found some small
+pieces of something which were white, and red, and blue. He thought
+they must be something of great value, so he hid them in a mound of
+earth. Now one day he went to see if they were safe. Behold! When he
+came to the mound, green stalks were growing out of it. And on the
+stalks were small kernels of white, and red, and blue. Behold! It was
+corn. Then the man took the corn, and gave it to the people. They
+tried it for food. They found it good, and have ever since called it
+their life.
+
+Now when the people found the corn good, they thought to hide it in
+mounds as the first man had done. So they took the shoulder blade of
+an elk and made mounds. Then they hid the corn in it. So the corn grew
+and the people had food.
+
+Now as the people wandered around, they came to a forest where the
+birch trees grew. There was a great lake there. Then they made canoes
+of birch bark. They traveled in them on the water. Then a man found
+two young animals. He carried them home. He fed them so they grew
+bigger. Then he made a harness which he placed upon them and fastened
+it to poles. So these animals became burden bearers. Before that,
+every burden had to be carried on the back. Now the dogs helped the
+people.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF THE PEACE PIPES
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+The people came across a great water on logs tied together. They
+pitched their tents on the shore. Then they thought to make for
+themselves certain bounds within which they were to live and rules
+which should govern them. They cleared a space of grass and weeds so
+they could see each other's faces. They sat down and there was no
+obstruction between them.
+
+While they were holding a council, an owl hooted in the trees near by.
+The leader said, "That bird is to take part in our council. He calls
+to us. He offers us his aid."
+
+Immediately afterward they heard a woodpecker. He knocked against the
+trees. The leader said, "That bird calls to us. He offers us his aid.
+He will take part in our council."
+
+Then the chief appointed a man as servant. He said, "Go into the woods
+and get an ash sapling." The servant came back with a sapling having a
+rough bark.
+
+"We do not want that," said the leader. "Go again and get a sapling
+with a smooth bark, bluish in color at the joint where a branch
+comes." So the servant went out, and came back with a sapling of the
+kind described.
+
+When the leader took up the sapling, an eagle came and soared about
+the council which was sitting in the grass. He dropped a downy
+feather; it fell. It fell in the center of the cleared space. Now this
+was the white eagle. The chief said, "This is not what we want," so
+the white eagle passed on.
+
+Then the bald eagle came swooping down, as though attacking its prey.
+It balanced itself on its wings directly over the cleared space. It
+uttered fierce cries, and dropped one of its downy feathers, which
+stood on the ground as the other eagle's feather had done. The chief
+said, "This is not what we want." So the bald eagle passed on.
+
+Then came the spotted eagle, and soared over the council, and dropped
+its feather as the others had done. The chief said, "This is not what
+we want," and the spotted eagle passed on.
+
+Then the imperial eagle, the eagle with the fantail, came, and soared
+over the people. It dropped a downy feather which stood upright in the
+center of the cleared space. The chief said, "This is what we want."
+
+So the feathers of this eagle were used in making the peace pipes,
+together with the feathers of the owl and woodpecker, and with other
+things. These peace pipes were to be used in forming friendly
+relations with other tribes.
+
+When the peace pipes were made, seven other pipes were made for
+keeping peace within the tribe. One pipe was to prevent revenge. If
+one man should kill another, the chief took this pipe to the relatives
+and offered it to them. If the relatives of the dead man refused to
+accept it, it was offered again. It was offered four times. If it was
+refused four times, the chief said, "Well, you must take the
+consequences. We will do nothing, and you cannot now ask to see the
+pipes." He meant if they took revenge and any trouble came to them,
+they could not ask for help or for mercy.
+
+Each band had its own pipe.
+
+
+
+
+A TRADITION OF THE CALUMET
+
+_Lenni-Lenapi_
+
+
+In the days of the old men, far to the north there lived a nation with
+many villages. Their warriors were as many as the buffalo herds on the
+plains toward the Darkening Land. Their tepees were many on the shores
+of a beautiful lake and along wide rivers.
+
+Then the Mysterious One, whose voice is in the clouds, told the chiefs
+of a great nation, also of many villages, which hunted through all the
+country from the Big Water in the sunrise to the mountains in the
+Darkening Land.
+
+Then the chiefs and the old men held a council. Runners came from many
+villages to the great council. And the council voice was to go to the
+great nation to the south, the nation with many villages, and bring
+back scalps and horses.
+
+So the chiefs and warriors went out, one by one. Then runners were
+sent to all the villages, ordering the chiefs to dance the scalp
+dance.
+
+Suddenly there came through the sky a great white bird. It came from
+the forest, and flew into the village of the great chief. It rested
+above the head of the chief's daughter.
+
+Then the chief's daughter heard a voice in her heart. The voice said,
+"Call all the chiefs and warriors together. Tell them the Mysterious
+One is sad because they seek the scalps of the Lenni-Lenapi, the First
+People. Tell the warriors they must wash their hands in the blood of a
+young fawn. They must go with many presents to the First People. They
+must carry to the First People Hobowakan, the calumet."
+
+Thus the First People and the mighty people with many villages on the
+shore of the lake smoked together the pipe of council. So there was
+peace.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: TATTOOING, SHOWING CONVENTIONAL DESIGN OF THE PEACE
+PIPE
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: BULL BOAT
+
+Made of the hide of the buffalo bulls. The only boat used by the
+plains Indians.
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SACRED POLE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+A young man who had been wandering came back to his village. When he
+reached his home he said, "Father, I have seen a wonderful tree." Then
+he told his father about it. The old man was silent because all was
+not yet settled between the tribes. The Cheyenne, the Arikara, the
+Omaha, Ponca, and Iowa were having a great council, so as to adopt
+rules concerning the hunting of game, and of peace, and war.
+
+After a while, the young man went to visit the tree. When he reached
+home, he told his father again of it. The old man was silent, for the
+chiefs were still holding their council. At last, when the council was
+over and the rules decided upon, the old man sent for the chiefs. He
+said, "My son has seen a wonderful tree. The Thunder Birds come and go
+upon this tree. They make a trail of fire which leaves four paths on
+the burnt grass that stretch towards the Four Winds. When the Thunder
+Birds alight upon the tree, it bursts into flame. The fire mounts to
+the top. The tree stands burning, but no one can see the fire except
+at night."
+
+When the chiefs heard this tale, they sent runners to see what this
+tree might be. The runners came back and told the same story. In the
+night they had seen the tree burning as it stood. Then all the people
+held a council as to what this might mean. The chiefs said, "We shall
+run for it. Put on your ornaments and prepare as if for battle."
+
+The warriors painted themselves as if for war. They put on their
+ornaments. They set out for the tree, which stood near a lake. They
+ran as if it were a race to attack the enemy. All the men ran. A Ponca
+was the first to reach the tree and he struck it as if it were an
+enemy.
+
+Then they cut the tree down. Four men, walking in a straight line,
+carried it on their shoulders to the village. The chiefs for four
+nights sang the songs made in honor of the tree. They held a council
+about the tree. A tent was made for it, and it was set up in the
+circle of lodges. The chiefs worked upon it; they trimmed it and
+called it a human being. They made a basket of twigs and feathers and
+tied it half way up the tree. Then they said, "It has no hair!" So
+they sent out to get a large scalp lock and they put it on top of Pole
+for hair. Afterwards the chiefs told the criers to tell the people
+that when Pole was completed they should see it.
+
+Then they painted Pole and set it up before the tent. They leaned it
+on a crotched stick. Then they called all the people and all the
+people came. Men, women, and children came.
+
+When they were all together, the chiefs said, "This is a mystery.
+Whenever we meet with trouble, we shall bring all our prayers to Pole.
+We shall make offerings to him. We shall ask him for what we need.
+When we ask anything, we must make gifts. If anyone desires to become
+a chief, he shall make presents to the Keepers of the Pole, and they
+shall give him authority to be a chief."
+
+When all was finished the people said, "Let us appoint a time when we
+shall again paint Pole; when we shall act before him the battles we
+have fought." So they fixed the time in the moon when the buffaloes
+bellow.
+
+
+
+
+IKTO AND THE THUNDERS
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Ikto once stood on the bank of a stream across which he could not
+swim. He stood on the bank and thought. Then he sang:
+
+    I stand,
+    Thinking often,
+    Oh, that I might reach the other side.
+
+Just then a long Something passed, swimming against the current. When
+it reached Ikto, it said,
+
+"I will take you across, but you must not lift your head above the
+water. Should you notice even a small cloud, warn me at once, as I
+must go under the water. If you see a small cloud, you must say,
+'Younger brother, your grandfather is coming.'"
+
+Before the other bank was reached, Ikto looked up. He saw a small
+cloud and said, "Younger brother, your grandfather is coming."
+
+There was a sudden commotion. When Ikto became conscious again, the
+Thunder Beings were roaring, and the water was dashing high, but the
+monster had vanished.
+
+
+
+
+THE THUNDER BIRD
+
+_Comanche_
+
+
+In the olden times, a hunter once shot at a large bird which was
+flying above him. It fell to the ground. It was so large he was afraid
+to go to it alone, so he went back to the camp for others.
+
+When they came back to the place where the bird had been shot, thunder
+was rolling through the ravine. Flashes of lightning showed the place
+where the bird lay. They came nearer. Then the lightning flashed so
+that they could not see the bird. One flash killed a hunter.
+
+The other Indians fled back to the camp. They knew it was the Thunder
+Bird.
+
+Once the Thunder Bird, in the days of the grandfathers, came down to
+the ground and alighted there. You may know that is so, because the
+grass remains burned off a large space, and the outlines are those of
+a large bird with outspread wings.
+
+
+
+
+THE THUNDER BIRD
+
+_Assiniboin_
+
+
+The Sioux, or Dakotas, of whom the Assiniboins are a branch, pretend
+that thunder is an enormous bird, and that the muffled sound of the
+distant thunder is caused by a countless number of young birds! The
+great bird, they say, gives the first sound, and the young ones repeat
+it; this is the cause of the reverberations. The Sioux declare that
+the young Thunders do all the mischief, like boys who will not listen
+to good advice; but the old Thunder, or big bird, is wise and
+excellent; he never kills or injures any one!
+
+
+
+
+SONG TO THE THUNDER GODS[A]
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+    Ye four, come hither and stand, near shall ye stand,[B]
+    In four groups shall ye stand,
+    Here shall ye stand, in this place stand.
+
+    [The thunder rolls]
+
+    Turned by the wind goes the one I send yonder;
+    Yonder he goes who is whirled by the winds;
+    Goes, where the four hills of life and the four winds are standing;
+    There in the midst of the winds do I send him,
+    Into the midst of the winds standing there.
+
+    [The thunder rolls]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] By Alice C. Fletcher.
+
+[B] The "four" are the four winds.
+
+
+
+
+SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    The whole world is coming,
+    A nation is coming, a nation is coming,
+    The Eagle has brought the message to the tribe.
+    The father says so, the father says so,
+    Over the whole earth they are coming.
+    The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming,
+    The Crow has brought the message to the tribe,
+    The father says so, the father says so.[C]
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[C] "This fine song summarizes the whole hope of the Ghost-dance--the
+return of the buffalo and the departed dead, the message being brought
+to the people by the sacred birds, the Eagle and the Crow."
+
+
+
+
+SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT[D]
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    _He!_ They have come back racing,[E]
+    _He!_ They have come back racing,
+    Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here,
+    Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here.
+    Make arrows! Make arrows!
+    Says the father, says the father.
+          Give me my knife,
+          Give me my knife,
+          I shall hang up the meat to dry--_Ye´ ye!_
+          I shall hang up the meat to dry--_Ye´ ye!_
+          Says grandmother--_Yo´ yo!_
+          Says grandmother--_Yo´ yo!_
+          When it is dry I shall make pemmican,
+          When it is dry I shall make pemmican,
+          Says grandmother--_Yo´ yo!_
+          Says grandmother--_Yo´ yo!_[F]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[D] Songs and comments as given by James Mooney.
+
+[E] "When going on a buffalo hunt, it was customary among the Sioux to
+send out a small advance party to locate the herd. On finding it,
+these men returned at once at full gallop to the main body of hunters,
+but instead of stopping on reaching them, they dashed past and then
+turned and fell in behind. It is to this custom the first line
+refers."
+
+[F] "In the old days an Indian camp during the cutting up of the meat
+after a buffalo hunt was a scene of the most joyous activity....
+Preparations were made for days and weeks ahead. Couriers were sent
+out to collect the neighboring bands at a common rendezvous, medicine
+men began their prayers and ceremonies to attract the herd, the
+buffalo songs were sung, and finally when all was ready the
+confederated bands or sometimes the whole tribe--men, women, children,
+horses, dogs, and travois--moved out into the buffalo grounds. Here
+the immense camp of hundreds of tipis was set up, more ceremonies were
+performed, and the mounted warriors rode out in a body to surround and
+slaughter the herd. The women followed close after them to strip the
+hides from the fresh carcasses, and cut out the choice portion of the
+meat and tallow and bring it into camp."
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE BUFFALO
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+In the days of the grandfathers, buffaloes lived under the earth. In
+the olden times, they say, a man who was journeying came to a hill
+where there were many holes in the ground. He entered one of them.
+When he had gone inside he found buffalo chips and buffalo tracks on
+all sides. He found also buffalo hairs where the buffaloes had rubbed
+against the walls. These were the real buffaloes and they lived under
+the ground. Afterwards some of them came to the surface of the earth
+and lived there. Then the herds on the earth increased.
+
+These buffaloes had many lodges and there they raised their children.
+They did many strange things. Therefore when a man escapes being
+wounded by an enemy, people say he has seen the buffaloes in his
+dreams, and they have helped him.
+
+Men who dream of the buffaloes act like them and dance the
+buffalo-bull dance. Then the man who acts the buffalo has a real
+buffalo inside of him, people say, a little hard ball near the
+shoulder blade; and therefore he is very hard to kill. No matter how
+often he is wounded, he does not die.
+
+People know that the buffaloes live in earth lodges; so they never
+dance the buffalo dance vainly.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUFFALO BEING
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Once upon a time, a Buffalo Being attacked a party of Indians. He
+killed one of them, but the others ran away and climbed a tree. The
+Buffalo Being followed them and rushed at the tree. He rushed many
+times, knocking off piece after piece of the tree, until very little
+was left.
+
+Then the frightened Indians lighted some tinder, and threw it far off
+into the tall grass. The fire scorched the Buffalo Being's eyes, and
+injured his horns. The hard part of the horn slipped off, leaving only
+the softer part, so that he could no longer injure any one.
+
+But the Buffalo Being was still dangerous. At last one of the Indians
+slipped down the tree, with his bow and arrow. He killed the Buffalo
+Being. Then all the men came down the tree and skinned the animal and
+cut up the flesh. Into the buffalo-skin robe they placed the body of
+the dead Indian. But suddenly another Buffalo Being appeared. The
+Indians again climbed the tree. But this Being only walked four times
+around the dead Indian. Then he said, "Arise to your feet."
+
+At once the dead man came to life. The Buffalo Being said to him,
+"Hereafter you shall be mysterious. The sun, the moons, the four
+winds, day and night shall be your slaves."
+
+Then it was so. The Indian could take the form of a fine plume, which
+was blown against a tree. It would stick to the tree and wave many
+times in the breeze.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: GERMAN KNIGHTS AND INDIAN WARRIORS
+
+_The German knights are from a sketch in a Ms., dated 1220, in the
+University of Leipzig. The sketch was copied from Rudolph Cronau's
+"Geschichte der Solinger Klingenindustrie." They are Knights of the
+13th century._
+
+_The Indian warriors were drawn by an Apache Indian at Anadarko, in
+1884, though the insignia is really that of the Cheyenne Indians._
+
+_The comparison and contrast are made by the Bureau of Ethnology._]
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE YOUTH AND THE UNDERGROUND PEOPLE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+There were some villages which were very populous. The chief's son and
+his daughter were unmarried. There were two sons. They surrounded the
+herds of buffaloes. They used to kill buffaloes.
+
+One of the sons of this chief attacked a buffalo when far apart from
+the rest. He shot it; but the buffalo had gone out of sight into the
+ground. The man and his horse, too, went headlong; but the buffalo
+went down first.
+
+Now the father sent out criers. "He says that his son reached the
+buffaloes, but he has not come home. He says that ye who have seen his
+son will please tell it," shouted the criers.
+
+One said he had seen him. "I saw him very distinctly. He went in
+pursuit. Perhaps he went headlong into a sunken place, for when on
+very level ground he vanished altogether. I did not see him again," he
+said.
+
+The father commanded the people to join him in seeking his son. When
+the man who had seen him said, "It was just here," the people
+scattered far and wide, seeking the chief's son. All the people sought
+him. Behold, he had gone down the pit some time before. The buffalo
+had gone down, having kicked off a piece of the soil. The horse, too,
+had gone down, having kicked off a piece of the soil.
+
+There was no trail beyond the pit. All the people went directly to it,
+without hesitation.
+
+The pit was very large and extended far downward. The chief spoke of
+removing the village there, at once. So there they camped. They camped
+around the pit.
+
+Then the chief implored the young men and those who had been his
+friends. If there was one man who was stout-hearted, one who had a
+firm heart, the father wished him to enter the pit and go after the
+young man. So he implored them.
+
+At length one rode round and round the village. Then he promised to
+enter the pit and go after the missing son.
+
+"Tell his father. He must also collect cords," he said.
+
+Having cut buffalo hides in strips, he collected the cords.
+
+"Make a round piece of skin for me, and tie the long line of cord to
+it," he said. So they finished it.
+
+"Now it matters not to what place I go, I will put the body in the
+skin bucket. I go to take hold of him. When I reach the ground at the
+bottom, I will pull suddenly on the cord. When I pull on it many
+times, you will draw it up." Thus he said.
+
+At last he reached the ground inside the pit. It was very dark. When
+he felt around in the dark, the buffalo was lying alone, being killed
+by the fall. The horse, too, was lying by itself, having been killed
+by the fall. And the man lay apart from them, having been killed by
+the fall.
+
+Picking up the body of the chief's son, he put it in the hollow skin.
+Then he pulled many times on the cord.
+
+But when the young man went down, strange to say, he did not ask
+favors for himself. And they rejoiced because he had put the chief's
+son in the hollow skin. Having brought up the dead man they forgot the
+living one.
+
+Though he sat waiting for the hollow skin to come down again, he was
+not drawn up. So he sat wailing.
+
+Now the chief had promised him his daughter to go down into the pit.
+"If you bring my son back, you shall marry her," he had said.
+
+The young man wandered about in the darkness. At length when walking
+along the trail, he came suddenly upon an old woman.
+
+"Venerable woman, though this land is very difficult to reach, I have
+come hither. I came to the hole in the ground above. One person came
+hither, having fallen into this pit. I came to take him back. They
+have not drawn me up; and I have no way of going back. Venerable
+woman, help me." So he spoke.
+
+"There is nothing that I can do to help you," she said. "A person is
+in that place, out of sight. Go there. He is the one who will do it
+for you."
+
+He went there. When he arrived, he knocked repeatedly on the door.
+Though he stood hearing them speaking, they did not open the door for
+him.
+
+The woman said, "Fie! A person has come. Open the door for him."
+
+Behold! The man's child was dead, and therefore he sat without
+speaking. He sat still, being sad. Then the young man arrived within
+the lodge, the woman having opened the door for him. Yet her husband
+sat without speaking. The young man was impatient from hunger. The
+husband questioned him:
+
+"From what place have you walked?" he asked.
+
+The young man told his story. "I walked up above, but a man headed off
+the herd, and having fallen, he came here. I came here to take him
+back. They did not take me back; I have no way of going back. Help
+me," he said.
+
+The man said, "We had a child, but it died. We will treat you just
+like the child who died." He meant he would adopt him. "All things
+which I have are yours," said the father.
+
+The young man did not speak. He wished to go homeward.
+
+"Whatever you say I will do it for you," said the father. "Even if you
+desire to go homeward, it shall be so," he said.
+
+At last the young man spoke of going homeward.
+
+"If you say, 'I will go homeward riding a horse of such a color, O
+father!' it shall be so," said the father.
+
+"Fie!" said the woman. "Heretofore we were deprived of our child. The
+young man who has just come home is like him. Give him one thing which
+you have."
+
+"I make you my child. I will give you something. Whatever I desire I
+always make with it, when I wish to have anything," said the father.
+He had a piece of iron and when he wished anything he used to point at
+the iron.
+
+"O father, I wish to go homeward riding a horse with very white hair.
+I also desire a mule with very white hair, and a good saddle," said
+the young man.
+
+"Come, go there. Open the door of that stable. When you wish to see
+us again, you shall see us. When you will go homeward, you will say,
+'Come, O father, I desire to go homeward,'" said the father.
+
+The young man went homeward. He made the rocks open suddenly by
+pointing at them with the iron. He went up, making the ground echo
+under the horse's feet. When he pushed aside a very large rock which
+was in his way, he found himself again on the surface of the earth.
+The horse and mule were very sudden in their movements. They shied at
+every step. They sniffed the odor of a bad land.
+
+The young man found his nation that he had left. Behold! they had
+recently removed and departed. After they waited some time for him to
+appear, they had removed their camp and departed. The horse and mule
+went along, fearing the sight of the old camping ground. They followed
+the trail of the departing village.
+
+Then the young man saw two people on a large hill, walking in the
+trail. They were the head chief and his wife who were walking along,
+mourning for the dead.
+
+They looked behind and said, "Yonder comes one on horseback, following
+the trail made by the departing village."
+
+He drew near. They sat waiting for him to appear. The horse and mule
+feared the sight of them; they sniffed a bad odor.
+
+"Why! Of what nation are you?" asked the chief.
+
+"It is I," said the young man.
+
+"But which one are you?" said the chief.
+
+"Your son went headlong into a pit when they surrounded the herd,"
+said the young man. "And I went down to get him. You did not bring me
+back. It is I."
+
+As he was very much changed, the old man doubted.
+
+"Fie! Tell the truth about yourself."
+
+"When they surrounded the herd, your son went headlong as well as the
+buffalo, and he was killed by falling into a pit. When you commanded
+them to get him, they drew back through fear. I am he who went to get
+him when you offered your daughter as a reward," said the young man.
+"I have hardly been able to come again to the surface."
+
+Then they recognized him. The two men stood talking together on the
+large hill. The chief's son looked back from the camp.
+
+"Why! The chief and his wife have come as far as the large hill and a
+man on horseback has come, too. He stands talking to them. I will go
+thither. Let me see! I will go to see them."
+
+He went back on horseback and came to his father.
+
+"With what person do you talk?" said the son.
+
+"Why! He who went to get your elder brother has come back!" said the
+head chief.
+
+They shook hands. And the head chief gave his daughter to the young
+man.
+
+"Let all the men and chiefs assemble. Let all the stout-hearted young
+men assemble. They can look at my daughter's husband," he said.
+
+They assembled. They came to see the young man and brought the things
+they intended giving him.
+
+"He says that he who went to get the man who was killed by falling has
+come back. The chief says that as he has made the young man his
+daughter's husband you shall go to see the young man. He says that you
+will take to him what things you wish to give him. The chief says he
+will give thanks for them." So shouted the crier.
+
+All the young men and those who were brave and generous went thither.
+They all gave him clothing and good horses. His wife's father made him
+the head chief.
+
+"Make ye a tent for him in the center," said the old chief.
+
+They set up a tent for him in the center. They finished it.
+
+"The people did not eat. As they sat waiting for you to appear, the
+nation did not eat. You came back when they were just removing camp,"
+said the old chief.
+
+"Ho!" said the one who had just reached home. "Let two old men go as
+criers."
+
+So the criers shouted: "The chiefs daughter's husband says that you
+will rest tomorrow. He says you will not go in any direction
+whatever."
+
+The next day he commanded those who had come back on horseback to act
+as scouts. And the scouts came back very soon; because by means of the
+iron rod which he had asked of his father, he made a great many
+buffaloes very quickly. He spoke of surrounding them. They shot down
+many of the buffaloes. He went to take part in surrounding them.
+
+His wife said, "I desire to go to see them surround the herd. I must
+go to see the buffaloes. When they are killed, I will be quite likely
+to come back."
+
+When they killed the buffaloes she was coming back; the wife stood on
+the hill. Her husband came to that place.
+
+"Though I killed the buffaloes, they will cut them up," he said. They
+who surrounded them reached home.
+
+Again they spoke of a buffalo hunt. "The chief's daughter's husband
+speaks indeed of sending them to act as scouts," said the criers.
+
+Again the herd of buffaloes had come to that country. They surrounded
+them. Again they shot down many of them.
+
+At last the son of the old head chief was in a bad humor. He was in a
+bad humor because his sister's husband had been made chief.
+
+Now at night, the horse used to say to the young man, "O father, a man
+desires very much to kill us. It is so every night." And after that at
+night the young man used to take care of his horse and mule.
+
+On the next day they surrounded the herd in the land where the deed
+was done. It was just so again; a great many buffaloes had been
+coming. At length the son wished the buffaloes to trample his sister's
+husband to death. When they attacked the buffaloes, he waved his robe.
+Turning around in his course, he waved his robe again. When the
+sister's husband went right in among the buffaloes, they closed in on
+him and he was not seen at all.
+
+The people said, "The buffaloes have trampled to death the chief's
+daughter's husband."
+
+When the buffaloes trampled him to death, they scattered and went
+homeward in every direction, moving in long lines. And the people did
+not find any trace whatever of what was done. They did not find the
+horse. Even the man they did not find. When the buffaloes killed him
+by trampling, the horse had gone back to Him Who Made Things.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUFFALO AND THE GRIZZLY BEAR
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Grizzly Bear was going somewhere, following the course of a stream,
+and at last he went straight towards the headland. When he got in
+sight, Buffalo Bull was standing beneath it. Grizzly Bear retraced his
+steps, going again to the stream, following its course until he got
+beyond the headland. Then he drew near and peeped. He saw that Buffalo
+Bull was very lean, and standing with his head bowed, as if sluggish.
+So Grizzly Bear crawled up close to him, made a rush, seized him by
+the hair of his head, and pulled down his head. He turned Buffalo Bull
+round and round, shaking him now and then, saying, "Speak! Speak! I
+have been coming to this place a long time, and they say you have
+threatened to fight me. Speak!" Then he hit Buffalo Bull on the nose
+with his open paw.
+
+"Why!" said Buffalo Bull, "I have never threatened to fight you, who
+have been coming to this country so long."
+
+"Not so! You have threatened to fight me." Letting go the buffalo's
+head, Grizzly Bear went around and seized him by the tail, turning him
+round and round. Then he left, but as he did so, he gave him a hard
+blow with his open paw.
+
+"Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! you have caused me great pain," said Buffalo
+Bull. Bobtailed Grizzly Bear departed.
+
+Buffalo Bull thought thus: "Attack him! You too have been just that
+sort of a person."
+
+Grizzly Bear knew what he was thinking, so he said, "Why! what are you
+saying?"
+
+"I said nothing," said Buffalo Bull.
+
+Then Grizzly Bear came back. He seized Buffalo Bull by the tail,
+pulling him round and round. Then he seized him by the horns, pulling
+his head round and round. Then he seized him again by the tail and hit
+him again with the open paw. Again Grizzly Bear departed. And again
+Buffalo Bull thought as he had done before. Then Grizzly Bear came
+back and treated Buffalo Bull as he had before.
+
+Buffalo Bull stepped backward, throwing his tail into the air.
+
+"Why! Do not flee," said Grizzly Bear.
+
+Buffalo threw himself down, and rolled over and over. Then he
+continued backing, pawing the ground.
+
+"Why! I say, do not flee," said Grizzly Bear. When Buffalo Bull
+backed, making ready to attack him, Grizzly Bear thought he was
+scared.
+
+Then Buffalo Bull ran towards Grizzly, puffing a great deal. When he
+neared him, he rushed on him. He sent Grizzly Bear flying through the
+air.
+
+As Grizzly Bear came down towards the earth, Buffalo Bull caught him
+on his horns and threw him into the air again. When Grizzly Bear fell
+and lay on the ground, Buffalo Bull made at him with his horns to gore
+him, but just missed him. Grizzly Bear crawled away slowly, with
+Buffalo Bull following him step by step, thrusting at him now and
+then, though without striking him. When Grizzly Bear came to a cliff,
+he plunged over headlong, and landed in a thicket at the foot. Buffalo
+Bull had run so fast he could not stop at the edge where Grizzly Bear
+went over, but followed the cliff for some distance. Then he came back
+and stood with his tail partly raised. Grizzly Bear returned to the
+bank and peeped.
+
+"Oh, Buffalo Bull," said Grizzly Bear. "Let us be friends. We are very
+much alike in disposition."
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: RIVALRY OVER THE BUFFALO
+
+(Comanche drawing on a buffalo shoulder blade)
+
+_The Indian chase is by arrow; the white man's by the lasso, gun, and
+spear. The rivalry is indicated by half the buffalo being drawn as
+belonging to one race, half to the other. The white men are supposed
+to be Spaniards. The shoulder blade was found in the Comanche country,
+in Texas._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Notes: CAPTURE OF A WANDERING BUFFALO
+
+(Indian drawing)
+
+_A buffalo has wandered near an Indian village, and is being captured.
+The dotted lines indicate footprints. One Indian, having secured the
+buffalo by his forefeet, tells his companion of his success--indicated
+by the line drawn from his mouth to its feet. Another, having secured
+the buffalo by the horns, gives a companion a chance to kill it with
+an axe. This he intends to do--indicated by the line from his mouth to
+its head, as well as by his attitude. The Indian in the upper corner
+is told by his squaw to take an arrow and join in the capture. He
+turns his head to inform her that he has an arrow--indicated by
+holding it up, and by the line from his mouth to her._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+MY FIRST BUFFALO HUNT[G]
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+I went three times on the buffalo hunt. When I was there the first
+time, I was small; therefore, I did not shoot the buffaloes. But I
+used to take care of the pack horses for those who surrounded the
+herd. When they surrounded the herd at the very first, I spoke of
+shooting at the buffaloes. But my father said, "Perhaps the horse
+might throw you suddenly, and then the buffalo might gore you." And I
+was in a bad humor.
+
+My father went with me to the hill. We sat and looked on them when
+they attacked the buffaloes. And notwithstanding my father talked to
+me, I continued there without talking to him. At length one man was
+coming directly toward the tents in pursuit of a buffalo bull. And the
+buffalo bull was savage. He attacked the man now and then.
+
+"Come! Go thither," said my father. I tied a lariat on a large red
+mare that was very tall. And taking a very light gun which my father
+had, I went over there. When I arrived the buffalo bull was standing
+motionless. The man said he was very glad that I had come. The buffalo
+bull was savage. The man shot suddenly at him with a bow and wounded
+him on the back. And then he attacked us. The horse on which I was
+seated leaped very far four times, and had gone off, throwing me
+suddenly. When the buffalo bull had come very close, he wheeled around
+and departed. So I failed to shoot at him before he went. I reached
+home just as my mother was scolding my father about me. When the horse
+reached home with the bridle sticking to it, she knew that I had been
+thrown. My father said nothing at all, but sat laughing. Addressing
+me, he said, "Did you kill the buffalo bull?" And I did not speak.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[G] The author, Frank La Flèche, an Omaha Indian, was about twelve
+years old when this occurred.
+
+
+
+
+BIRD OMENS
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+When whippoorwills sing together at night, "_Hohin, hohin,_" one says
+in reply, "No." If the birds stop talking at once, then the person
+will die soon. But if the birds continue talking, then the man will
+live a long time.
+
+The gray screech owl foretells cold weather. When the night is to be
+very cold, then the owl cries out; it sounds just as if a person's
+teeth chattered. When the owl cries out, all people wrap themselves in
+their thickest robes; and they put plenty of wood on the fires.
+
+The Ski-bi-bi-la is a small gray bird, with a black head, and spotted
+on the breast. It lives in the woods, and it answers a person who
+calls to it. When this bird says, "Has it returned?" people are glad.
+They know that spring is near. When a boy hears the bird ask this
+question, he runs to his mother; she tells him he must answer, "No; it
+has not yet returned."
+
+When the people first hear the cry of the nighthawk in the spring,
+they begin to talk of hunting buffalo. This is because when the hawk
+returns, the buffaloes have become fat again and the birds bring the
+news.
+
+
+
+
+THE BIRD CHIEF
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+All the birds were called together. To them was said, "Whichever one
+of you can fly farthest into the sky shall be chief."
+
+All the birds flew to a great height. But Wren got under the thick
+feathers of Eagle and sat there as Eagle flew. When all the birds
+became wing-tired, they flew down again; but Eagle flew still higher.
+When Eagle had gone as far as he could, Wren flew still higher.
+
+When all the birds reached the ground, Eagle alone returned, after a
+great while. Behold! Wren only was absent. So they awaited him. At
+last he returned. Eagle had too highly been thinking of himself, being
+sure of being made chief; and behold! Wren was made chief.
+
+
+
+
+SONG OF THE BIRDS[H]
+
+_Pawnee_
+
+
+    All around the birds in flocks are flying.
+    Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.
+    See, many birds are flocking here,
+    All about us now together coming.
+
+    Yonder see the birds in flocks, come flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, see them gather.
+    Loud is the sound their winging makes.
+    Rushing, come they on the trees alighting.
+
+    From the flock an eagle now comes flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, comes she hither.
+    Loud screams the eagle, flying swift,
+    As an eagle flies, her nestlings seeking.
+
+    It is Kawas coming, Kawas flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, she advances.
+    See! Nearer she comes, nearer comes.
+    Now, alighted, she her nest is making.
+
+    Yonder people like the birds are flocking;
+    See them circling, this side, that side coming.
+    Loud is the sound their moving makes,
+    As together come they, onward come they.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[H] Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+SONG OF KAWAS, THE EAGLE[I]
+
+_Pawnee_
+
+
+    O'er the prairie flits in ever widening circles the shadow of a
+        bird about me as I walk;
+    Upward turn my eyes, Kawas looks upon me, she turns with flapping
+        wings and far away she flies.
+
+    Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert
+        watching o'er his nest;
+    Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o'er the country wide
+        it echoes, there defying foes.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[I] Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+THE EAGLE'S REVENGE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Once a hunter in the mountains heard a noise at night like a rushing
+wind. He went outside his tepee, and found an eagle was sitting on the
+drying pole, feasting at the deer he had shot. So he shot the eagle.
+
+The next morning the hunter took the deer back to the village. He told
+how he had shot the deer and then the eagle. Therefore the chief sent
+out men to bring in the eagle, and have an Eagle dance.
+
+That night when they were dancing, there was a _whoop_ outside. A
+strange warrior walked into the circle. He was not of that village.
+They thought he had come from one of the other Cherokee villages.
+
+This warrior told how he had killed a man. At the end of the story, he
+yelled, "_Hi!_" One of the men with rattles, who was leading the
+dance, fell dead. The stranger sang of another deed. At the end he
+yelled, "_Hi!_" Another rattler fell dead. The people were frightened.
+But the stranger sang of another great deed. Then again he yelled,
+"_Hi!_" Again a man with the rattles fell dead. So all seven men who
+had rattles and who were leading the dance fell dead. And the people
+were too frightened to leave the lodge where they were dancing.
+
+Then the stranger vanished into the darkness. Long after they learned
+that the stranger was the brother of the eagle that had been killed.
+
+
+
+
+THE RACE BETWEEN HUMMING BIRD AND CRANE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Humming Bird and Crane were both in love with a pretty woman. She
+liked Humming Bird, who was handsome. Crane was ugly, but he would not
+give up the pretty woman. So at last to get rid of him, she told them
+they must have a race, and that she would marry the winner. Now
+Humming Bird flew like a flash of light; but Crane was heavy and slow.
+
+The birds started from the woman's house to fly around the world to
+the beginning. Humming Bird flew off like an arrow. He flew all day
+and when he stopped to roost he was far ahead.
+
+Crane flew heavily, but he flew all night long. He stopped at daylight
+at a creek to rest. Humming Bird waked up, and flew on again, and soon
+he reached a creek, and behold! there was Crane, spearing tadpoles
+with his long bill. Humming Bird flew on.
+
+Soon Crane started on and flew all night as before. Humming Bird slept
+on his roost.
+
+Next morning Humming Bird flew on and Crane was far, far ahead. The
+fourth day, Crane was spearing tadpoles for dinner when Humming Bird
+caught up with him. By the seventh day Crane was a whole night's
+travel ahead. At last he reached the beginning again. He stopped at
+the creek and preened his feathers, and then in the early morning went
+to the woman's house. Humming Bird was far, far behind.
+
+But the woman declared she would not marry so ugly a man as Crane.
+Therefore she remained single.
+
+
+
+
+RABBIT AND THE TURKEYS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Rabbit was going somewhere. At length he reached a place where there
+were wild Turkeys.
+
+"Come," said Rabbit. "I will sing dancing songs for you."
+
+Turkeys went to him saying, "Oho! Rabbit will sing dancing songs for
+us!"
+
+"When I sing for you, you larger ones must go around the circle next
+to me. Beware lest you open your eyes. Should one of you open his
+eyes, your eyes shall be red," said Rabbit.
+
+Then he began to sing,
+
+    Alas for the gazer!
+    Eyes red! Eyes red!
+    Spread out your tails!
+    Spread out your tails!
+
+Whenever a large Turkey came near, Rabbit seized it and put it in his
+bag. While he was putting in a Turkey, another one opened his eyes a
+little, and exclaimed, "Why! He has captured nearly all of us large
+ones!"
+
+Off they all flew with a whirring sound.
+
+Rabbit took home those he had in his bag, saying to his grandmother,
+"Do not look at what is in that bag! I have brought it home on my back
+and I wish you to guard it!"
+
+Then he went out to cut spits on which to roast the Turkeys. When the
+old woman was alone, she thought, "What could he have brought home on
+his back?" So she untied the bag, and when she looked in out flew all
+the Turkeys, hitting their wings hard against the grass lodge, and
+flying out the smoke hole. The old woman barely killed one by hitting
+it. At length Rabbit came home.
+
+"Oh I have inflicted a severe injury on my grandchild," she said.
+
+"Really," he answered. "Grandmother, I told you not to look at it."
+
+But that is why Turkeys have red eyes.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: FIVE CHIEFS OF THE OGALLA SIOUX
+
+_Rank is shown by pipe and pouch. The first Cankutanka, Big Road;
+often called Good Road--big and broad and well traveled. The bird
+flying through the dusk shows that one may fly rapidly over a good
+road. Next is Low Dog. The dog figure is "low," as shown by the
+shortness of the legs. In the center is Long Dog, as shown by the long
+legs on the dog figure. Below, to the left, is Iron Crow, the crow
+painted blue indicating iron. The last is Little Hawk. Each chief has
+three bands on the cheek, but with variant colors and patterns._]
+
+[Illustration: _From Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Illustration: OLD HORSE
+
+Name of an Indian Chief, as shown in Red Cloud's census. Old age is
+represented by the wrinkles and projecting lips.
+
+_Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+UNKTOMI AND THE BAD SONGS
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Unktomi was going along; his way lay along by the side of a lake. Out
+on the lake there were a great many ducks, geese, and swans swimming.
+When Unktomi saw them he went backward out of sight, and picking some
+grass, bound it up in a bundle. He placed this on his back and so went
+again along by the side of the lake.
+
+"Unktomi, what are you carrying?" asked the ducks and the geese and
+the swans.
+
+"These are bad songs I am carrying," said Unktomi.
+
+The ducks said, "Unktomi, sing for us."
+
+Unktomi replied, "But the songs are very bad."
+
+But the ducks insisted upon it. Then Unktomi said, "Make a grass
+lodge." So they went to work and made a large grass lodge.
+
+"Now, let all the ducks, geese, and swans gather inside the lodge and
+I will sing for you," said Unktomi. So all the ducks and the geese and
+the swans gathered inside and filled the grass lodge. Then Unktomi
+took his place at the door of the lodge and said, "If I sing for
+you, no one must look, for that is the meaning of the song."
+
+Then he began to sing,
+
+    Dance with your eyes shut;
+    If you open your eyes
+    Your eyes shall be red!
+    Your eyes shall be red!
+
+When he said and sang this, the geese, ducks, and swans danced with
+their eyes shut. Then Unktomi rose up and said,
+
+    I even, even I
+    Follow in my own;
+    I even, even I,
+    Follow in my own.
+
+So they all gabbled as they danced, and Unktomi, dancing among them,
+commenced twisting off the necks of the fattest of the geese and ducks
+and swans. But when he tried to twist off the neck of a large swan and
+could not, he only made him squawk. Then a small duck, called Skiska,
+partly opened his eyes. He saw Unktomi try to break the swan's neck,
+and he made an outcry:
+
+    Look ye, look ye!
+    Unktomi will destroy us all.
+    Look ye, look ye!
+
+At once they all opened their eyes and attempted to go out. But
+Unktomi threw himself in the doorway and tried to stop them. They
+rushed upon him with their feet and wings, and smote him and knocked
+him over, walking on his stomach, and leaving him as though dead. Then
+Unktomi came to life, and got up, and looked around.
+
+But they say that the Wood Duck, which looked first, had his eyes made
+red.
+
+Then Unktomi gathered up the ducks and geese and swans he had killed
+and carried them on his back. He came to a river and traveled along by
+the side of it till he came to a long, straight place where he stopped
+to boil his kettle. He put all the ducks and geese and swans whose
+necks he had twisted into the kettle, and set it on the fire to boil,
+and then he lay down to sleep.
+
+As he lay there, curled up on the bank of the river, he said, "Mionze
+[familiar spirit], if anyone comes you wake me up." So he slept.
+
+Now a mink came paddling along on the river, and coming close to
+Unktomi's boiling place, saw him lying fast asleep. Then he went
+there. While Unktomi slept, he took out all the boiling meat and ate
+it up, putting the bones back into the kettle. Then Unktomi waked up.
+He sat up and saw no one.
+
+"Perhaps my boiling is cooked for me," he said.
+
+He took the kettle off the fire. He poked a stick into it and found
+only bones. Then he said, "Indeed, the meat has all fallen off." So he
+took a spoon and dipped it out; nothing was there but bones.
+
+This is the story of Unktomi and the Bad Songs.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE PHEASANT BEAT CORN
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Once Pheasant saw a woman beating corn in a wooden mortar in front of
+her lodge.
+
+"I can do that, too," said Pheasant.
+
+"I don't believe you," said the woman.
+
+"Yes, I can," said Pheasant. So Pheasant went into the woods behind
+the lodge. He flew to a hollow log and drummed with his wings until
+the people thought he really was beating corn.
+
+That is why the Indians have the Pheasant dance, as a part of the
+Green-corn dance.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE TURKEY GOBBLES
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+In the old days, Grouse had a good voice and Turkey had none.
+Therefore Turkey asked Grouse to teach him. But Grouse wanted pay, so
+Turkey promised to give him some feathers for a collar. That is how
+the Grouse got his collar of turkey feathers.
+
+So the Grouse began to teach Turkey. At last Grouse said, "Now you
+must try your voice. You must halloo."
+
+Turkey said, "Yes."
+
+Grouse said, "I'll stand on this hollow log, and when I tap on it, you
+must halloo as loudly as you can."
+
+So Grouse climbed upon a log, ready to tap on it, but when he did so,
+Turkey became so excited that when he opened his mouth, he only said,
+"_Gobble, gobble, gobble!_"
+
+That is why the Turkey gobbles whenever he hears a noise.
+
+
+
+
+OMAHA BELIEFS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Song was an integral part of Omaha life. Through song, the Omaha
+approached the mysterious Wakoda; through song he voiced his emotions,
+both individual and social; through song he embodied feelings and
+aspirations that eluded expression in words. In one of their
+ceremonies, the Wa´ wa, "to sing for somebody," songs are one of the
+chief characteristics.
+
+In this ceremony, the eagle is "Mother." She calls to her nestlings
+and upon her strong wings she bears the message of peace. Peace and
+its symbol, the clear, cloudless sky, are the theme of the principal
+songs. The curlew, in the early morning, stretches its neck and its
+wing as it sits on the roost, and utters a long note. The sound is
+considered an indication that the day will be cloudless.
+
+Green represents the verdure of the earth; blue is the color of the
+sky; red is the color of the sun, typifying life. The eagle is the
+bird of tireless strength. The owl represents night, and the
+woodpecker the day and sun. These two birds also stand for life and
+death.
+
+Wakoda gives to man the sunshine, the clear sky from which all storms,
+all clouds are absent; in the Wa´ wa ceremony, they stand for peace.
+In this connection, black storm clouds with their thunder and
+lightning are emblematic of war.
+
+
+
+
+PAWNEE BELIEFS
+
+_Pawnee_
+
+
+At the creation of the world, lesser powers were made, because
+Tira'wa-tius, the Mighty Power, could not come near to man, or be seen
+or felt by him. These lesser powers dwell in the great circle of the
+sky. One is North Star; another is Brown Eagle. The Winds were the
+first of the lesser powers to come near man. Therefore, when man calls
+for aid, he calls first to the Winds. They stand at the four points,
+and guard the four paths down which the lesser powers come when they
+help mankind. The Winds are always near us, by day and by night.
+
+The Sun is one of these powers. It comes from the mighty power above;
+therefore it has great strength.
+
+Mother Earth is another power. She is very near to man. From her we
+get food; upon her we lie down. We live and walk on her. We could not
+exist without Mother Earth, without Sun, and without the Winds.
+
+Water is another lesser power. Water is necessary to mankind.
+
+Fire made by rubbing two sticks together is sacred. It comes direct
+from the power granted Toharu, vegetation, in answer to man's prayer
+as he rubs the sticks. When the flame leaps from the glowing wood, it
+is the word of the fire. The power has come near.
+
+Blue is the color of the sky, the dwelling place of Tira´ wahut, the
+circle of powers which watch over man. As a man paints the blue stick
+he sings.
+
+Red is the color of the sun. Green is the color of Mother Earth.
+
+Eagle is the chief of day; Owl is chief of the night; Woodpecker is
+chief of the trees; Duck is chief of the water.
+
+The ear of corn represents the supernatural power that dwells in the
+earth, which brings forth the food that sustains life; there corn is
+spoken of as _h'Atira_, "mother breathing forth life." The power which
+dwells in the earth, which enables it to give life to all growing
+things, comes from above. Therefore, in the Hako, the Pawnee ceremony,
+the ear of corn is painted with blue.
+
+The wildcat was made to live in the forest. He has much skill and
+ingenuity. The wildcat shows us we must think, must use tact, must be
+shrewd when we set out to do anything. The wildcat is one of the
+sacred animals.
+
+Trees grow along the banks of the streams; we can see them at a
+distance, like a long line, and we can see the river glistening in the
+sunlight in its length. We sing to the river, and when we come nearer
+and see the water and hear it rippling along, then we sing to the
+water, the water that ripples as it runs.
+
+Hills were made by Tira'wa. We ascend hills when we go away alone to
+pray. From the top of a hill we can look over the country to see if
+there are enemies in sight, or if any danger is near us. We can see if
+we are to meet friends. The hills help man, so we sing to them.
+
+
+
+
+A SONG OF HOSPITALITY[J]
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    I am mashing the berries,
+    I am mashing the berries,
+    They say travelers are coming on the march,
+    They say travelers are coming on the march,
+    I stir [the berries] around, I stir them around,
+    I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,
+    I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,
+    And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers],
+    And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers].
+
+      "Word comes that travelers are approaching ... on the
+      march with their children, dogs, and household
+      property. She stirs them around with a spoon of
+      buffalo horn and goes to offer them to the strangers.
+      The translation is an exact paraphrase of the rhythmic
+      repetition of the original."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[J] James Mooney.
+
+
+
+
+A SONG OF THE MARCH[K]
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    Now set up the tipi,
+    Now set up the tipi,
+    Around the bottom,
+    Around the bottom,
+    Drive in the pegs,
+    Drive in the pegs,
+    In the meantime I shall cook,
+    In the meantime I shall cook.
+
+      "To those who know the Indian life it brings up a
+      vivid picture of a prairie band on the march, halting
+      at noon or in the evening. As soon as the halt is
+      called by some convenient stream, the women jump down
+      and release the horses from ... the travois, in the
+      olden times, and hobble them to prevent them from
+      wandering away. Then, while some of the women set up
+      the tipi poles, draw the canvas over them, and drive
+      in the pegs around the bottom and the wooden pins up
+      the side, other women take axes and buckets and go
+      down to the creek for wood and water. When they
+      return, they find the tipis set up and the blankets
+      spread out on the grass, and in a few minutes fires
+      are built and the meal is in preparation."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[K] James Mooney.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: SIOUAN TENTS
+
+_B. Tent of Little Cedar, belonging to the order of Sun and Moon
+shamans. The circle represents the sun in which stands a man holding
+deer rattles._
+
+_C. Those persons who belong to the Inke-sabe sub-gens known as
+Keepers of the Pipes, paint their tents with the pipe decorations._
+
+_D. Used by a member of the order of Grizzly Bear shamans. "When they
+have had visions of grizzly bears, they decorate their tents
+accordingly." (George Miller.) The bear is represented as emerging
+from his den. The dark band represents the ground._
+
+_E. Sketch furnished by Chief Dried Buffalo. The circle at the top
+represents a bear's cave. Below there are lightnings, then prints of
+bears' paws. E also represents the grizzly bear vision._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from plate in report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN ARAPAHOE BED
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+SONG OF THE PRAIRIE BREEZE[L]
+
+_Kiowa_
+
+
+    That wind, that wind
+    Shakes my tipi, shakes my tipi,
+    And sings a song for me,
+    And sings a song for me.
+
+      "To the familiar, this little song brings up pleasant
+      memories of the prairie camp when the wind is
+      whistling through the tipi poles and blowing the flaps
+      about, while inside the fire burns bright and the song
+      and the game go round."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[L] James Mooney.
+
+
+
+
+OLD-WOMAN-WHO-NEVER-DIES
+
+_Mandan_
+
+
+In the sun lives the Lord of Life. In the moon lives
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies. She has six children, three sons and three
+daughters. These live in the sky. The eldest son is the Day; another
+is the Sun; another is Night. The eldest daughter is the Morning Star,
+called "The Woman who Wears a Plume"; another is a star which circles
+around the polar star, and she is called "The Striped Gourd"; the
+third is Evening Star.
+
+Every spring Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies sends the wild geese, the swans,
+and the ducks. When she sends the wild geese, the Indians plant their
+corn and Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies makes it grow. When eleven wild
+geese are found together, the Indians know the corn crop will be very
+large. The swans mean that the Indians must plant gourds; the ducks,
+that they must plant beans.
+
+Indians always save dried meat for these wild birds, so when they come
+in the spring they may have a corn feast. They build scaffolds of many
+poles, three or four rows, and one above the others. On this they
+hang the meat. Then the old women in the village, each one with a
+stick, meet around the scaffold. In one end of the stick is an ear of
+corn. Sitting in a circle, they plant their sticks in the ground in
+front of them. Then they dance around the scaffolds while the old men
+beat the drums and rattle the gourds.
+
+Afterwards the old women in the village are allowed to eat the dried
+meat.
+
+In the fall they hold another corn feast, after the corn is ripe. This
+is so that Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies may send the buffalo herds to
+them. Each woman carries the entire cornstalk, with the ears attached,
+just as it was pulled up by the roots. Then they call on
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies and say,
+
+"Mother, pity us. Do not send the cold too soon, or we may not have
+enough meat. Mother, do not let the game depart, so that we may have
+enough for winter."
+
+In the fall, when the birds go south to Old-Woman, they take back the
+dried meat hung on the scaffolds, because Old-Woman is very fond of
+it.
+
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies has large patches of corn, kept for her by
+the great stag and by the white-tailed stag. Blackbirds also help her
+guard her corn patches. The corn patches are large, therefore the Old
+Woman has the help also of the mice and the moles. In the spring the
+birds go north, back to Old-Man-Who-Never-Dies.
+
+In the olden time, Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies lived near the Little
+Missouri. Sometimes the Indians visited her. One day twelve came, and
+she offered them only a small kettle of corn. They were very hungry
+and the kettle was very small. But as soon as it was empty, it at once
+became filled again, so all the Indians had enough to eat.
+
+
+
+
+LEGEND OF THE CORN
+
+_Arikara_
+
+
+The Arikara were the first to find the maize. A young man went out
+hunting. He came to a high hill. Looking down a valley, he saw a
+buffalo bull near where two rivers joined. When the young man looked
+to see how he could kill the buffalo, he saw how beautiful the country
+was. The banks of the two rivers were low, with many trees. The
+buffalo faced the north; therefore he could not get within bowshot of
+him. He thought he should wait until the buffalo moved close to the
+banks of one of the rivers, or to a ravine where there were bushes and
+shrubs. So the young man waited. The sun went down before the buffalo
+moved.
+
+Nearly all night the hunter lay awake. He had little food. He felt
+sorry he could not reach the buffalo. Before the sun rose, he hurried
+to the top of the hill. The buffalo stood just where it had, but it
+faced the east. Again he waited for it to move. He waited all day.
+When the sun went down, the buffalo still stood in the same place.
+
+Nearly all night the young man lay awake. He had very little food
+indeed. The next morning he rose early, and came to the top of the
+hill, just as the sun came up. The buffalo was still standing in the
+same place; but now it faced the south. He waited all day. Then the
+sun went down.
+
+Now the next morning, when he arose early, the buffalo stood in the
+same place; this time it faced the west. All day the young man waited,
+but the buffalo did not move.
+
+Now the young man thought, "Why does not the buffalo move?" He saw it
+did not drink, did not eat, did not sleep. He thought some power must
+be influencing it.
+
+Now the next morning, the young man hurried to the top of the hill.
+The sun had risen and everything was light. The buffalo was gone. Then
+he saw where the buffalo had stood there was a strange bush.
+
+He went to the place; then he saw it was a plant. He looked for the
+tracks of the buffalo. He saw where it had turned to the east and to
+the south and to the west. In the center there was one track; out of
+it the small plant had grown. There was no track to show where the
+buffalo had left the place.
+
+Then the hunter hurried to his village. He told the chiefs and the
+people of the strange buffalo and the plant. So all the chiefs and
+the people came to the place. They saw the tracks of the buffalo as he
+had stood, but there were no tracks of his coming or going.
+
+So all the people knew that Wahkoda had given this strange plant to
+the people. They knew of other plants they might eat. They knew there
+was a time when each plant was ripe. So they watched the strange
+plant; they guarded it and protected it.
+
+Then a flower appeared on the plant. Afterwards, at one of the joints,
+a new part of the plant pushed out. It had hair. At first the hair was
+green; then it was brown. Then the people thought, "Perhaps this fruit
+is ripe." But they did not dare touch it. They met together. They
+looked at the plant.
+
+Then a young man said, "My life has not been good. If any evil comes
+to me, it will not matter."
+
+So the people were willing, and the young man put his hand on the
+plant and then on its fruit. He grasped the fruit boldly. He said to
+the people, "It is solid. It is ripe." Then he pulled apart the husks,
+and said, "It is red."
+
+He took a few of the grains and showed them to the people. He ate
+some. He did not die. So the people knew Wahkoda had sent this plant
+to them for food.
+
+Now in the fall, when the prairie grass turned brown, the leaves of
+this plant turned brown also. Then the fruit was plucked, and put
+away. After the winter was over, the kernels were divided. There were
+four to each family.
+
+Then the people moved the lodges to the place where the plant had
+grown. When the hills became green, they planted the seed of the
+strange plant. But first they built little mounds like the one out of
+which it grew. So the fruit grew and ripened. It had many colors; red,
+and yellow, and white, and blue.
+
+Then the next year there were many plants and many ears of corn. So
+they sent to other tribes. They invited them to visit them and gave
+them of the new food. Thus the Omahas came to have corn.
+
+
+
+
+TRADITION OF THE FINDING OF HORSES
+
+_Ponca_
+
+
+Long ago, the people followed the Missouri River northward to a place
+where they could step over the water. Then they turned, and were going
+across the land. Then they met the Padouca [Comanche].
+
+At that time the Ponca had no animals but dogs to help them carry
+burdens. Wherever they went they had to go on foot, but the people
+were strong and fleet. They could run a great distance and not be
+weary. One day when they were hunting buffalo, they met the Padouca.
+Then they had many battles with them. The Padouca were mounted on
+strange animals. At first the Ponca thought it was all one animal. The
+Padouca had bows made from elk horn. They were not very long, nor were
+they very strong. They boiled the horn until it was soft; then they
+scraped it, and bound it together with sinews and glue. Their arrows
+were tipped with bone. They fought also with a stone battle-ax. The
+handle was a sapling; a grooved stone ax head, pointed at both ends,
+was fastened to this with rawhides. So the Padouca were terrible
+fighters. They protected their horses with a covering of thick rawhide
+cut in round pieces, and put together like fish scales. They spread
+glue over the outside and then sand. So when the Comanches fought, the
+arrows of their enemies glanced off the horses' armor. Then the
+Padouca made breastplates for themselves like those of the horses.
+
+When the Ponca met these terrible warriors, they were afraid. They
+thought man and horse were one. They named it "Kawa" because they
+noticed the odor of the horse. Then they knew by this odor when the
+Padouca were coming. When a man smelled the horses, he would run to
+the camp and say, "The wind tells us the Kawa are coming." Then the
+Ponca would make ready to defend themselves. The Ponca had many
+battles with the Comanches. They did not know how to use the animals,
+so they killed the horses as well as the men. Neither could they find
+out where the Padouca lived.
+
+One day the two tribes had a great battle. The people fought all day.
+Sometimes the Ponca were driven back, sometimes the Padouca. Then at
+last a Ponca shot a Padouca so that he fell from his horse. Then the
+battle ceased. After this, one of the Padouca came toward the Ponca
+and said in plain Ponca,
+
+"Who are you? What do you call yourselves?"
+
+The Ponca replied, "We call ourselves Ponca. You speak our language,
+are you of our tribe?"
+
+The other said, "No. I speak your language as a gift from a Ponca
+spirit. One day I lay on a Ponca grave after a battle. Then a man rose
+from the grave and spoke to me. So I know your language."
+
+Then it was agreed to make peace. The tribes visited each other. The
+Ponca traded their bows and arrows for horses. They knew where the
+Padouca lived. Then the Padouca taught the Ponca how to ride, and how
+to put burdens on the horses.
+
+When the Ponca had learned how to ride, and had horses, they went to
+war again. They attacked the Padouca in their own village. They
+attacked them so many times and stole so many of their horses that at
+last the Padouca fled. We do not know where they went. The Ponca
+followed the Platte River toward the rising sun; then they came back
+to the Missouri, and they brought their horses with them.
+
+
+
+
+DAKOTA BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+The Dakotas have names for the natural divisions of time. Their years
+they count by winters. A man is so many winters old, or so many
+winters have passed since such an event. When one goes on a journey,
+he says he will be back in so many sleeps. They have no division of
+time into weeks, and their months are literally by moons.
+
+The Dakotas believe that when the moon is full, a great number of
+small mice begin to nibble on one side. They nibble until they eat up
+the entire moon. So when the new moon begins to grow, it is to them
+really a new moon; the old one has been eaten up.
+
+The Dakota mother loves her baby as well as the white woman does hers.
+When the spirit takes its flight a wild howl goes up from the tent.
+The baby form is wrapped in the best buffalo calfskin, or the best red
+blanket, and laid away on a scaffold or on the branch of some tree.
+There the mother goes with disheveled hair and oldest clothes, the
+best ones having been given away, and wails out her sorrow in the
+twilight, wailing often until far into the cold night. The nice
+kettle of hominy is prepared, and carried to the scaffold where the
+spirit hovers for several days. When the kettle has remained there
+long enough for the _wanagi_, the spirit, to inhale the food, the
+little children of the village are invited to eat up the rest.
+
+When a hunter dies, the last act of the medicine man is to sing a song
+to conduct the spirit over the _wanagi tacanku_, the spirit's road, as
+the Milky Way is called. The friends give away their good clothes.
+They wear ragged clothes, with bare feet, and ashes on their hands.
+Both within and without the lodge there is a great wailing.
+"_Micinski, micinski, my son, my son,_" is the lamentation in Dakota
+land as it was in Israel.
+
+The dead hunter is wrapped in the most beautifully painted buffalo
+robe, or in the newest red and blue blanket. Young men are called and
+feasted, and their duty it is to carry the body away and place it on a
+scaffold, for the dead remain not long in the tepee. In more recent
+times they bury it. The custom of burial immediately after death,
+however, was not a Dakota custom. The spirit did not bid farewell to
+the body for several days after death, and so the body was laid on a
+high scaffold or in some tree crotch where it would have a good view
+of the surrounding country, and also be safe from wolves.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE TETONS BURY ON SCAFFOLDS
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+In the olden days, the people buried some men on a hill. Then they
+removed their camp to another place. Many winters afterwards, a man
+visited the hill; but there were no graves there. So he told the
+people.
+
+Then many men came and dug far down into the hill. By and by a man
+said, "There is a road here."
+
+There they found a road, a tunnel, large enough for men to walk,
+stooping. Other roads there were. They followed the first road and
+they came to a place where a strange animal had dragged the bodies of
+those who were buried in the hill.
+
+Therefore the people refused to bury their dead in the ground. They
+bury them on scaffolds where the animals cannot reach them.[M]
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[M] At the present day, the Teton gives three reasons for not burying
+in the ground: animals or persons might walk over the graves; the dead
+might lie in mud and water after rain or snow; wolves might trouble
+the bodies.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN SCAFFOLD CEMETERY ON THE MISSOURI RIVER
+
+(From Schoolcraft)
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN OMAHA VILLAGE, SHOWING EARTH LODGE AND CONICAL
+TEPEES
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE GHOST'S RESENTMENT
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Long, long ago, a Dakota died and his parents made a death lodge for
+him on the bluff. In the lodge they made a grave scaffold, on which
+they laid the body of their son.
+
+Now in that same village of Dakotas lived a young married man. His
+father lived with him, and there were two old men who used to visit
+the father and smoke with him, and talk with him about many things.
+
+One night the father of the young man said, "My friends, let us go to
+the death scaffold and cut off summer robes for ourselves from the
+tent skins."
+
+The young man said, "No! Do not do so. It was a pity the young man
+died, and as his parents had nothing else to give up for him they made
+the death lodge and left it there."
+
+"What use can he get from the tent?" asked the father. "We have no
+robes, so we wish to use part of the tent skins for ourselves."
+
+"Well, then," said the young man. "Go as you have said and we shall
+see what will happen."
+
+The old men arose without saying a word and went to the lodge on the
+bluff. As soon as they were gone, the young man said, "Oh, wife, get
+my piece of white clay. I must scare one of those old men nearly to
+death."
+
+But the woman was unwilling, saying, "Let them alone. They have no
+robes. Let them cut off robes for themselves."
+
+But as the husband would not stop talking about it, the wife got the
+piece of white clay for him. He whitened his whole body and his face
+and hands. Then he went to the lodge in a course parallel to that
+taken by the old men. He went very quickly and reached there before
+they did.
+
+He climbed the scaffold and lay on it, thrusting his head out through
+the tent skins just above the doorway.
+
+At last the old men approached, ascending the hill, and talking
+together in a low tone. The young man lay still, listening to them.
+When they reached the lodge, they sat down.
+
+The leader said, "Fill your pipe, friends. We must smoke this last
+time with our friend up there."
+
+"Yes, your friend has spoken well. That should be done," answered one
+of them.
+
+So he filled the pipe. He drew a whiff, and when the fire glowed, he
+turned the pipestem toward the seam of the skins above the doorway. He
+looked up towards the sky, saying, "Ho, friend, here is the pipe. We
+must smoke with you this last time. And then we must separate. Here is
+the pipe."
+
+As he said this, he gazed above the doorway and saw a head looking out
+from the tent.
+
+"Oh! My friends!" he cried. "Look at this place behind you."
+
+When the two looked, they said, "Really! Friends, it is he!" And all
+fled.
+
+Then the young man leaped down and pursued them. Two of them fell to
+the ground in terror, but he did not disturb them, going on in pursuit
+of his father. When the old man was overtaken, he fell to the ground.
+He was terrified. The young man sat astride of him. He said, "You have
+been very disobedient! Fill the pipe for me!"
+
+The old man said, "Oh! My grandchild! Oh! My grandchild!" hoping that
+the ghost would pity him. Then he filled the pipe as he lay stretched
+there and gave it to his son.
+
+The young man smoked. When he stopped smoking, the old man said, "Oh!
+My grandchild! Oh! My grandchild! Pity me, and let me go. We thought
+we must smoke with you this last time, so we went to the place where
+you were. Oh! My grandchild, pity me."
+
+"If that be so, arise and extend your hands to me in entreaty," said
+the young man.
+
+The old man arose and did so, saying continually, "Oh! My grandchild!
+Oh! My grandchild!"
+
+It was as much as the young man could do to keep from laughing. At
+length he said, "Well! Begone! Beware lest you come again and go
+around my resting place very often! Do not visit it again!" Then he
+let the old man go.
+
+On returning to the burial lodge, he found the two old men still lying
+where they had fallen. When he approached them, they slipped off, with
+their heads covered, as they were terrified, and he let them go
+undisturbed. When they had gone, the young man hurried home. He
+reached there first and after washing himself, reclined at full
+length.
+
+He said to his wife, "When they return, be sure not to laugh. Make an
+effort to control yourself. I came very near making them die of
+fright."
+
+When the old men returned, the young people seemed to be asleep. The
+old men did not lie down; all sat in silence, smoking together until
+daylight. When the young man arose in the morning, the old men
+appeared very sorrowful.
+
+Then he said, "Give me one of the robes that you and your friends cut
+off and brought back. I, too, have no robe at all."
+
+His father said, "Why! We went there, but we did not get anything at
+all. We were attacked. We came very near being killed."
+
+To this the son replied, "Why! I was unwilling for this to happen, so
+I said, 'Do not go,' but you paid no attention to me, and went. But
+now you think differently and you weep."
+
+When it was night, the young man said, "Go again and make another
+attempt. Bring back a piece for me, as I have no robe at all."
+
+The old men were unwilling to go again, and they lost their patience,
+as he teased them so often.
+
+
+
+
+THE FORKED ROADS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Long ago, in the days of the grandfathers, a man died and was buried
+by his village. For four nights his ghost had to walk a very dark
+trail. Then he reached the Milky Way and there was plenty of light.
+For this reason, people ought to keep the funeral fires lighted for
+four nights, so the spirit will not walk in the dark trail.
+
+The spirit walked along the Milky Way. At last he came to a point
+where the trail forked. There sat an old man. He was dressed in a
+buffalo robe, with the hair on the outside. He pointed to each ghost
+the road he was to take. One was short and led to the land of good
+ghosts. The other was very long; along it the ghosts went wailing.
+
+The spirits of suicides cannot travel either road. They must hover
+over their graves. For them there is no future life.
+
+A murderer is never happy after he dies. Ghosts surround him and keep
+up a constant whistling. He is always hungry, though he eat much food.
+He is never allowed to go where he pleases, lest high winds arise and
+sweep down upon the others.
+
+
+
+
+TATTOOED GHOSTS
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+If a ghost wishes to walk the Ghost Road safely, then during living
+the person must tattoo himself either in the forehead or on the
+wrists. An old woman sits in the Ghost Road and she examines each
+ghost who passes. If she finds the tattoo marks, then the ghost
+travels on at once to Many Lodges. If the tattoo marks are not there,
+the old woman pushes the ghost from a cloud and he falls to this world
+again. Then he wanders all over the world. He is never quiet. He goes
+about whistling, with no lodge, and people are afraid of him.
+
+When these ghosts visit the sick, they are driven away by smoke from
+the sacred cedar, or else cedar is laid outside the lodge. When a
+person hears a ghost whistling he goes outside the lodge and makes a
+loud noise. If a ghost calls to a loved one and he answers, then he is
+sure to die soon.
+
+If a ghost meets a man who is alone, he will catch hold of him and
+pull his mouth and eyes until they are crooked. Indeed, a ghost did
+this to a person who only dreamed about one.
+
+
+
+
+A GHOST STORY
+
+_Ponca_
+
+
+A great many persons went on the warpath. They were Ponca. As they
+approached the foe, they camped for the night. They kindled a fire. It
+was during the night. After kindling a bright fire, they sat down;
+they made the fire burn very brightly. Rejoicing greatly, they sat
+eating. Very suddenly a person sang.
+
+"Keep quiet. Push the ashes over that fire. Seize your bow in
+silence!" said their leader. All took their bows. And they departed to
+surround him. They made the circle smaller and smaller, and commenced
+at once to come together. And still he stood singing; he did not stir
+at all. At length they went very near to the tree. And when they drew
+very near to it, the singer ceased his song. When they had reached the
+tree, bones lay there in a pile. Human bones were piled there at the
+foot of the tree. When persons die, the Dakotas usually suspend the
+bodies in trees.
+
+
+
+
+THE GHOST AND THE TRAVELER
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Once an Indian alone was just at the edge of a forest. Then the
+Thunder Beings raised a great storm. So he remained there for the
+night. After it was dark, he noticed a light in the woods. When he
+reached the spot, behold! there was a sweat lodge, in which were two
+persons talking.
+
+One said, "Friend, someone has come and stands without. Let us invite
+him to share our food."
+
+Then the Indian fled because they were ghosts. But they followed him.
+He looked back now and then, but he could not see them.
+
+All at once he heard the cry of a woman. He was glad to have company.
+But the moment he thought about the woman, she appeared. She said, "I
+have come because you have just wished to have company."
+
+This frightened the man. The woman said, "Do not fear me; else you
+will never see me again."
+
+They journeyed until daybreak. The man looked at her. She seemed to
+have no legs, yet she walked without any effort. Then the man thought,
+"What if she should choke me." Immediately the ghost vanished.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAN WHO SHOT A GHOST
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+In the olden time, a man was traveling alone, and in a forest he
+killed several rabbits. After sunset he was in the midst of the
+forest. He had to spend the night there, so he made a fire.
+
+He thought this: "Should I meet any danger by and by, I will shoot. I
+am a man who ought not to regard anything."
+
+He cooked a rabbit, so he was no longer hungry. Just then he heard
+many voices. They were talking about their own affairs. But the man
+could see no one.
+
+So he thought: "It seems now that at last I have encountered ghosts."
+
+Then he went and lay under a fallen tree, which was a great distance
+from the fire. They came around him and whistled, "_Hyu! hyu! hyu!_"
+
+"He has gone yonder," said one of the ghosts. Then they came and stood
+around the man, just as people do when they hunt rabbits. The man lay
+flat beneath the fallen tree, and one ghost came and climbed on the
+trunk of that tree. Suddenly the ghost gave the cry that a man does
+when he hits an enemy, "_A-he!_" Then the ghost kicked the man in the
+back.
+
+Before the ghost could get away, very suddenly the man shot at him and
+wounded him in the legs. So the ghost cried as men do in pain, "_Au!
+au! au!_" At last he went off, crying as women do, "_Yun! yun! yun!
+yun!_"
+
+The other ghosts said to him, "Where did he shoot?"
+
+The wounded ghost said, "He shot me through the head and I have come
+apart." Then the other ghosts were wailing on the hillside.
+
+The man decided he would go to the place where the ghosts were
+wailing. So when day came, he went there. He found some graves. Into
+one of them a wolf had dug, so that the bones could be seen; and there
+was a wound in the skull.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BLACK COYOTE
+
+Arapahoe chief, and a leader in the ghost-dance.
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: ORNAMENTATION ON THE REVERSE OF AN ARAPAHOE
+"GHOST-DANCE" SHIRT
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIAN WHO WRESTLED WITH A GHOST
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+A young man went alone on the warpath. At length he reached a wood.
+One day, as he was going along, he heard a voice. He said, "I shall
+have company." As he was approaching a forest, he heard some one
+halloo. Behold, it was an owl.
+
+By and by he drew near another wood, and as night was coming on he lay
+down to rest. At the edge of the trees he lay down in the open air. At
+midnight he was aroused by the voice of a woman. She was wailing, "My
+son! my son!" Still he remained where he was, and put more wood on the
+fire. He lay with his back to the fire. He tore a hole in his blanket
+large enough to peep through.
+
+Soon he heard twigs break under the feet of one approaching, so he
+looked through his blanket without rising. Behold, a woman of the
+olden days was coming. She wore a skin dress with long fringe. A
+buffalo robe was fastened around her at the waist. Her necklace was
+of very large beads, and her leggings were covered with beads or
+porcupine work. Her robe was drawn over her head and she was snuffing
+as she came.
+
+The man lay with his legs stretched out, and she stood by him. She
+took him by one foot, which she raised very slowly. When she let it
+go, it fell with a thud as though he were dead. She raised it a second
+time; then a third time. Still the man did not move. Then the woman
+pulled a very rusty knife from the front of her belt, seized his foot
+suddenly and was about to lift it and cut it, when up sprang the man.
+He said, "What are you doing?" Then he shot at her suddenly. She ran
+into the forest screaming, "_Yun! yun! yun! yun! yun! yun!_" She
+plunged into the forest and was seen no more.
+
+Again the man covered his head with his blanket but he did not sleep.
+When day came, he raised his eyes. Behold, there was a burial
+scaffold, with the blankets all ragged and dangling. He thought, "Was
+this the ghost that came to me?"
+
+Again he came to a wood where he had to remain for the night. He
+started a fire. As he sat there, suddenly he heard someone singing. He
+made the woods ring. The man shouted to the singer, but no answer was
+paid. The man had a small quantity of _wasna_, which was grease mixed
+with pounded buffalo meat, and wild cherry; he also had plenty of
+tobacco.
+
+So when the singer came and asked him for food, the man said, "I have
+nothing." The ghost said, "Not so; I know you have some _wasna_."
+
+Then the man gave some of it to the ghost and filled his pipe. After
+the meal, when the stranger took the pipe and held it by the stem, the
+traveler saw that it was nothing but bones. There was no flesh. Then
+the stranger's robe dropped back from his shoulders. Behold, all his
+ribs were visible. There was no flesh on them. The ghost did not open
+his lips when he smoked. The smoke came pouring out through his ribs.
+
+When he had finished smoking, the ghost said, "Ho! we must wrestle
+together. If you can throw me, you shall kill the enemy without
+hindrance and steal some horses."
+
+The young man agreed. But first he threw an armful of brush on the
+fire. He put plenty of brush near the fire.
+
+Then the ghost rushed at the man. He seized him with his bony hands,
+which was very painful; but this mattered not. The man tried to push
+off the ghost, whose legs were very powerful. When the ghost was
+pulled near the fire, he became weak; but when he pulled the young man
+toward the darkness, he became strong. As the fire got low, the
+strength of the ghost increased. Just as the man began to get weary,
+the day broke. Then the struggle began again. As they drew near the
+fire again, the man made a last effort; with his foot he pushed more
+brush into the fire. The fire blazed up again suddenly. Then the ghost
+fell, just as if he was coming to pieces.
+
+So the man won in wrestling. Also he killed his enemy and stole some
+horses. It came out just as the ghost said. That is why people believe
+what ghosts say.
+
+
+
+
+THE WAKANDA, OR WATER GOD
+
+_Yankton_
+
+
+A man and his wife had only one child, they say, whom they loved very
+much. He used to go playing every day, they say; and one day he fell
+into the water. His father and mother and all his relations wailed
+regularly. His father was very sad, they say. He would not sleep
+within the lodge; he lay out of doors, without any pillow at all. When
+he lay on the ground with his cheek on the palm of his hand, he heard
+his child crying. He heard him crying down under the ground, they say.
+Having assembled all his relations, he spoke of digging into the
+ground. The relations collected horses to be given as pay; they
+collected goods and horses. Then came two old men who said they were
+sacred. They spoke of seeking for the child. An old man went to tell
+the father. He brought the two sacred men to the lodge. The father
+filled a pipe with tobacco. He gave it to the sacred men, and said,
+"If you bring my child back, I will give all this to you."
+
+So they painted themselves; one made his body very black, the other
+made his body very yellow. Both went into the deep water. So they
+arrived there, they say. They talked to the wakanda. The child was not
+dead; he was sitting up, alive.
+
+The men said, "The father demands his child. We have him; we will go
+homeward," they said.
+
+"You have him; but if you take him homeward with you, he shall die.
+Had you taken him before he ate anything, he might have lived. Begone
+ye, and tell those words to his father."
+
+The two men went. They arrived at the lodge, they say.
+
+"We have seen your child; the wakanda's wife has him. We saw him
+alive, but he has eaten of the food of the wakandas. Therefore the
+wakanda says that if we bring the child back with us out of the water,
+he shall die."
+
+Still, the father wished to see him.
+
+"If the wakanda's wife gives you back your child, she desires a very
+white dog as pay."
+
+"I promise to give her the white dog," said the father.
+
+Again the two men painted themselves; the one made himself very black,
+the other made himself very yellow. Again they went beneath the water.
+They arrived at the place again.
+
+"The father said we were to take the child back at any cost; he spoke
+of seeing his child."
+
+So the wakanda gave the child back to them; homeward they went with
+him. When they reached the surface of the water with him, the child
+died. They gave him back to his father. Then all the people wailed
+when they saw the child, their relation.
+
+They plunged the white-haired dog into the water. When they had buried
+the child they gave pay to the two men.
+
+After a while, the parents lost another child, a girl, in the same
+way, they say. But she did not eat any of the wakanda's food,
+therefore they took her home alive. But it was another wakanda who
+took her, and he promised to give her back if they would give him four
+white-haired dogs.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRIT LAND
+
+_Arapahoe_
+
+
+The spirit world is toward the Darkening Land, higher up, and
+separated from the world of living by a great lake. Now when the
+spirits came back to this world [in the ghost-dance excitement] Crow
+was their leader. That is because Crow is black; his color is the same
+as that of the Darkening Land. Crow was followed by all the Indians.
+But when they reached the edge of the shadow land, below them was a
+great sea.
+
+Far away, toward the Sunrise Land were their people in the world of
+living. So Crow took a pebble in his beak. He dropped it into the
+water, and it became a mountain, towering up to the shadow land. So
+the Indians came down the mountain side to the edge of the water.
+
+Then Crow took some dust in his bill. He flew out and dropped it into
+the water, and it became solid land. It stretched between the spirit
+land and the world of living.
+
+Then Crow flew out again, with blades of grass in his beak. He
+dropped these upon the new made land. At once the earth was covered
+with green grass.
+
+Again Crow flew out with twigs in his beak, and he dropped these upon
+the new earth. At once it was covered with a forest of trees.
+
+Again he flew back to the base of the mountain. Then he called all the
+spirit Indians together. Now he is coming to help the living Indians.
+He has already passed the sea. He is now on the western edge of the
+world of living.
+
+
+
+
+WAZIYA, THE WEATHER SPIRIT
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+The giant called Waziya knows when there is to be a change of weather.
+He is a giant. When he travels, his footprints are large enough for
+several Indians to stand in abreast. His strides are very far apart;
+at one step he can go over a hill.
+
+When it is cold, people say, "Waziya has returned." They used to pray
+to him, but when they found he paid no attention to him, they ceased
+to do it.
+
+When warm weather is coming, Waziya wraps himself in a thick robe. But
+when cold weather is coming, he wears nothing at all. Waziya, the
+giant god of the north, and Itokaga, the god of the south, are ever
+battling. Each in turn wins the victory.
+
+
+
+
+KANSAS BLIZZARDS
+
+_Kansa_
+
+
+When there is a blizzard, the other Kansa beg the members of the
+Tcihaci gens to interpose, as they are the Wind People.
+
+They say, "Oh, grandfather, I wish good weather. Please have one of
+your children decorated."
+
+Then the youngest son of one of the Wind People, but one half grown,
+is selected. He is painted all over with red paint. Then he goes out
+into the storm and rolls over and over the snow, reddening it for some
+distance. This stops the storm.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: "KILLED TWO ARIKARA CHIEFS"
+
+(Indian drawing)
+
+_The rank of the chiefs is shown by the white weasel skins attacked to
+their costumes. The arrow in the thigh of the horseman indicates that
+he was wounded._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Notes: MANY TONGUES, OR LOUD TALKER
+
+_Oddly enough, the name is given as that of the vanquished, not of the
+victor, although the balloon of sound would seemingly indicate
+otherwise. The pipe between the two indicates that the victor is
+entitled to celebrate his victory._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+IKTO AND THE SNOWSTORM
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Ikto was the first person in this world. He is more cunning than human
+beings. He it was who named all the animals and people. But sometimes
+Ikto was tricked by the beings he had created.
+
+One day Ikto was hungry; just then he caught a rabbit. He was about to
+roast him.
+
+Suddenly Rabbit said, "Oh, Ikto, I will teach you a magic art."
+
+Ikto said, "I have created all things."
+
+"But I will show you something new," said Rabbit. Therefore Ikto
+consented. He let go of Rabbit.
+
+Rabbit stood in front of Ikto and said, "Elder brother, if you wish
+snow to fall at any time, take some hair such as this,"--and he pulled
+out some of his rabbit fur--"and blow it in all directions; there will
+be a blizzard."
+
+Rabbit made a deep snow in this way, though the leaves were green.
+
+At once, Ikto began to pull his own fur and say magic words. Rabbit
+made a long leap and ran away. Ikto pulled his fur and blew it about.
+But there was no snow. Then he pulled more fur, and blew it about.
+Still there was no snow. It was only rabbit fur that made the snow.
+
+
+
+
+THE SOUTHERN BRIDE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+North went traveling, and after a long time, and after visiting many
+tribes, he fell in love with the daughter of South.
+
+South and his wife said, "No. Ever since you came the weather has been
+cold. If you stay we will all freeze."
+
+North said he would go back to his own country. So South let his
+daughter marry him. Then North went back to his own country with
+South's daughter. All the people there lived in ice houses.
+
+The next day, after sunrise, the houses began to leak. The ice began
+to melt. It grew warmer and warmer. Then North's people came to him.
+They said, "It is the daughter of the South. If she lives here all the
+lodges will melt. You must send her back to her father."
+
+North said, "No."
+
+But every day it grew hotter. The lodges began to melt away. The
+people said North must send his wife home. Therefore North had to send
+her back to South.
+
+
+
+
+THE FALLEN STAR
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+A people had this camp. And there were two women sleeping out of doors
+and looking up at the stars.
+
+One of them said, "I wish that that large and bright shining star were
+my husband."
+
+The other said, "I wish the star that shines less brightly were my
+husband."
+
+And immediately both were immediately carried upward, they say. They
+found themselves in a beautiful country which was full of beautiful
+twin flowers. And they found that the star which had shone most
+brightly was a large man; the other star was only a young man. So the
+two stars married the two women and they lived in that beautiful Star
+Country.
+
+Now in that country was a plant, the Teepsinna, with large, attractive
+stalks. The wife of the large star wanted to dig them. Her husband
+said, "No; no one does so here."
+
+Then the camp moved. When the woman had pitched her tepee, and came
+inside to lay the mats, she saw there a beautiful teepsinna. She said
+to herself, "I will dig this; no one will see me." So she took her
+digging stick and dug the teepsinna; but when she pulled it out of the
+earth, the foundation of the Star Country broke and she fell through
+with her baby. So the woman died; but the baby was not injured. It lay
+there stretched out.
+
+An old man came that way. When he saw that the baby was alive, he took
+it in his blanket and took it to his own lodge. He said to his wife,
+"Old woman, I saw something today that made my heart feel badly."
+
+"What was it?" she asked.
+
+"A woman lay dead; and a little baby boy lay beside her kicking."
+
+"Why did you not bring it home, old man?" she asked.
+
+"Here it is," he said. Then he took it out of his blanket.
+
+The wife said, "Old man, let us adopt this child."
+
+The old man said, "We will swing it around the tepee." He whirled it
+up through the smoke hole. It went whirling around and around and fell
+down, and came creeping into the tent.
+
+Again he took up the baby and threw it up through the smoke hole. It
+got up and came into the tent walking. Again the old man whirled him
+out. In came a boy with some green sticks. He said, "Grandfather, I
+wish you would make me arrows."
+
+Again the old man whirled him out. No one knows where he went. This
+time he came back into the tepee a long man, with many green sticks.
+He said, "Grandfather, make me arrows of these."
+
+So the old man made him arrows, and he killed a great many buffaloes,
+and they made a large tepee, and built up a high sleeping place in the
+back part of the tepee, and were very rich in dried meat.
+
+The old man said, "Old woman, I am glad we are well off; I will
+proclaim it abroad." So when morning came, he went to the top of the
+tent, and sat, and said, "I, I have abundance laid up. I eat the fat
+of the animals."
+
+That is how the meadow lark came to be made, they say. It has a yellow
+breast and black in the middle, which is the yellow of that morning,
+and they say the black stripe is made by a smooth buffalo horn worn
+for a necklace.
+
+The young man said, "Grandfather, I want to go visiting."
+
+"Yes," said the old man. "When one is young is the time to go
+visiting."
+
+The young man went and came to a people, and lo! they were engaged in
+shooting arrows through a hoop. And there was a young man who was
+simply looking on. By and by he said, "My friend, let us go to your
+house."
+
+So they came to his lodge. Now this young man also had been raised by
+his grandmother, and lived with her, they say.
+
+"Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with me; get him something
+to eat," said the grandson.
+
+Grandmother said, "What shall I do?"
+
+Then the visiting young man said, "How is it, grandmother?"
+
+She said, "The people are about to die of thirst. All who go for water
+will not come back again."
+
+Fallen Star said, "My friend, take a kettle; we will go for water."
+
+"With difficulty have I raised my grandchild," objected the old woman.
+
+"You are afraid of trifles," said the grandson. So he went with
+Star-born.
+
+They reached the side of the lake. By the water of the lake stood
+troughs half full of water.
+
+Star-born called out, "You who they say have killed every one who has
+come for water, where have you gone? I have come for water."
+
+Then immediately whither they went is not manifest. Behold, there was
+a long house which was extended, and it was full of young men and
+women. Some of them were dead and some were dying.
+
+"How did you come here?" asked Star-born.
+
+They replied, "What do you mean? We came for water and something
+swallowed us."
+
+Something kept striking on the head of Star-born.
+
+"What is this?" he said.
+
+"Get away," they replied, "that is the heart."
+
+Then he drew out his knife and cut it to pieces. Suddenly something
+made a great noise. In the great body, these people were swallowed up.
+When the heart died, death came to the body. Then Star-born cut a
+great hole in the side, and came out, bringing the young men and the
+young women. All came to life again.
+
+So the people were thankful and offered him two wives.
+
+But he said, "I am journeying. My friend here will marry them."
+
+Then Star-born went on, they say. Again he found a young man standing
+where they were shooting through a hoop. He said, "I will look on with
+my friend," and went and stood beside him.
+
+Then the other said, "My friend, let us go home," so he went with him
+to his tepee.
+
+"Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with me," he said. "Get
+him something to eat."
+
+Grandmother replied, "How shall I do as you say?"
+
+"How is it?" said Star-born.
+
+"This people are perishing for wood," she said; "when any one goes for
+wood, he never comes home again."
+
+Star-born said, "My friend, take the packing strap; we will go for
+wood."
+
+The old woman protested. "This one, my grandchild, I have raised with
+difficulty," she said. He answered, "Old woman, what you are afraid of
+are trifles," and went with the young man. "I am going to bring wood,"
+he said. "If any wish to go, come along."
+
+"The young man who came from somewhere says this," they said, so they
+followed him.
+
+They had now reached the wood. They found it tied up in bundles. He
+ordered them to carry it home, but he stood still and said, "You who
+killed every one who came to this wood, where have you gone?"
+
+Then, suddenly, where he went was not made manifest. And lo! a tepee,
+and in it some young men and young women; some were eating, and some
+were waiting.
+
+He said to them, "How came you here?"
+
+They answered, "What do you mean? We came for wood and something
+brought us here. Now you also are lost."
+
+He looked behind him, and lo! there was a hole.
+
+"What is this?" he asked.
+
+"Stop!" they said. "That is the thing itself."
+
+He drew out an arrow and shot it. Then suddenly it opened out and
+behold! it was the ear of an owl in which they had been shut up. When
+it was killed, it opened out. Then he said, "Young men and women, come
+out," so they went home.
+
+Again they offered him two wives. But he said, "My friend will marry
+them. I am traveling."
+
+Again he passed on. And he came to a dwelling place of people and
+found them shooting the hoop. There stood a young man looking on. He
+joined him as his friend. While they stood there together, he said:
+
+"Friend, let us go to your home." So he went with him to his tepee.
+
+The young man said, "Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with
+me; get him something to eat."
+
+She said, "Where shall I get it from, that you say that?"
+
+"Grandmother, how is it that you say so?" asked the stranger.
+
+She replied, "Waziya treats this people very badly. When they go out
+to kill buffalo, he takes it all, and now they are starving to death."
+
+Now Waziya was a giant who caused very cold weather and blizzards.
+
+Then he said, "Grandmother, go to him and say, 'My grandchild has come
+on a journey and has nothing to eat; so he has sent me to you.'"
+
+So the old woman went and standing at a distance, cried, "Waziya, my
+grandchild has come on a journey and has nothing to eat; so he has
+sent me to you."
+
+He replied, "Bad old woman, get you home; what do you mean by coming
+here?"
+
+The old woman came home crying, and saying that Waziya had threatened
+to kill some of her relations.
+
+Star-born said, "My friend, take your strap; we will go there."
+
+The old woman interfered: "I have with difficulty raised my
+grandchild."
+
+Grandchild replied to this by saying, "Grandmother is very much
+afraid." So the two went together.
+
+When they came to the house of Waziya, they found a great deal of
+dried meat outside. He put as much on his friend as he could carry,
+and sent him home with it; then Star-born entered the tepee of Waziya,
+and said to him, "Waziya, why did you answer my grandmother as you did
+when I sent her to you?"
+
+Waziya only looked angry.
+
+Hanging there was a bow of ice. "Waziya, why do you keep this?" he
+said.
+
+The giant replied, "Hands off; whoever touches that gets a broken
+arm."
+
+Star-born said, "I will see if my arm breaks." He took the ice bow and
+snapped it into many pieces, and then started home.
+
+The next morning all the people went on the chase and killed many
+buffaloes. But, as he had done before, the Waziya went all over the
+field, gathered up all the meat, and put it in his blanket.
+
+Star-born was cutting up a fat cow. Waziya came and stood there. He
+said, "Who cuts this up?"
+
+"I am," answered Star-born.
+
+Waziya said, "From where have you come that you act so haughtily?"
+
+"Whence have you come, Waziya, that you act so proudly?" he retorted.
+
+Waziya said, "Fallen Star, whoever points his finger at me dies." The
+young man thought, "I will point my finger at him and see if I die."
+He pointed his finger, but it made no difference.
+
+Then Fallen Star said, "Waziya, whoever points his finger at me, his
+hand loses all use." So Waziya thought, "I will point my finger and
+see." He pointed his finger. His forearm lost all use. Then he
+pointed his finger with the other hand. It was destroyed even to the
+elbow.
+
+Then Fallen Star drew out his knife and cut up Waziya's blanket, and
+all the buffalo meat he had gathered there fell out. Fallen Star
+called to the people, "Henceforth kill and carry home."
+
+So the people took the meat and carried it to their tepees.
+
+The next morning, they say, it was rumored that the blanket of Waziya,
+which had been cut to pieces, had been sewed up by his wife. He was
+about to shake it.
+
+The giant stood with his face toward the north and shook his blanket.
+Then the wind blew from the north. Snow fell all about the camp so
+that the people were all snowed in. They were much troubled. They
+said, "We did live in some fashion before; but now this young man has
+acted so we are in great trouble."
+
+But he said, "Grandmother, find me a fan."
+
+Then she made a road under the snow, and went to people and said, "My
+grandchild says he wants a fan."
+
+"What does he mean by saying that?" they asked and gave him one.
+
+Now the snow reached to the top of the lodges, and so Fallen Star
+pushed up through the snow, and sat on the ridge of the lodge. While
+the wind was blowing to the south, he sat and fanned himself and made
+the wind come from the south. Then the heat became great. The snow
+went as if boiling water had been poured over it. All over the ground
+there was a mist. Waziya and his wife and children all died with the
+great heat. But the youngest child, the littlest child of Waziya, took
+refuge in the hole made by the tent pole, where there was a frost, and
+so he lived. So they say that is all that is left of Waziya now, just
+the littlest child.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PETROGLYPH IN NEBRASKA
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+QUARREL OF THE SUN AND MOON
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+"I am out of patience with you," said Moon to Sun. "Although I bring
+people together, you scatter them. Thus many are lost."
+
+"I have desired many people to grow," said Sun, "and so I have
+scattered them; but you have been putting them in darkness and thus
+have you been killing many with hunger. Ho! ye people!" called the
+Sun. "Many of you shall mature. I will look down on you from above. I
+will direct you, whatever you do."
+
+Then Moon said, "And I, too, will dwell so. I will collect you; when
+it is dark, you shall assemble in full numbers, and sleep. I myself
+will rule you, whatever you do. And we shall walk in the road, one
+after the other. I will walk behind him."
+
+Moon is just like a woman. She always walks with a kettle on her arm.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE POSSUM PLAYS DEAD
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Rabbit and Possum each wanted a wife, but no one would marry either of
+them. They talked over the matter and Rabbit said, "We can't get wives
+here. Let's go to the next village. I'll say I'm messenger for the
+council and that everybody must marry at once, and then we'll be sure
+to get wives."
+
+Off they started for the next town. As Rabbit traveled the faster, he
+got there first. He waited outside the village until people noticed
+him and took him into the council lodge. When the chief asked his
+business, Rabbit said he brought an important message: everyone must
+be married at once. So the chief called a great council of the people
+and told them the message.
+
+Every animal took a mate at once, and thus Rabbit got a wife.
+
+But Possum traveled slowly. Therefore he reached the village so late
+that all the men were married and there was no wife for him. Rabbit
+pretended to be sorry. He said, "Never mind. I'll carry the same
+message to the next village."
+
+So Rabbit traveled ahead to the next village. He waited outside until
+they invited him to the council lodge. There he told the chief he
+brought an important message: there had been peace so long, there must
+be war at once. The war must begin in the council lodge.
+
+The animals all began to fight at once, but Rabbit got away in just
+four leaps. Then Possum reached the lodge. Now Possum had brought no
+weapons. So all the animals began to fight Possum. They hit him so
+hard that after a while he rolled over in a corner and shut his eyes
+and pretended to be dead. That is why Possum pretends to be dead when
+he finds the hunters after him.
+
+
+
+
+BOG MYTH
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Bogs are very mysterious. Strange things, with thick hair, remain at
+the bottom of a bog. These things have no eyes, but they eat
+everything which comes to them, and from their bodies water flows
+always. When one of these Beings wishes, he changes his place of
+abode. He lives at a new place. Then the old place where he lived
+dries up; but a fresh spring of water gushes from his new lodge. The
+water of this spring is warm in winter; but in summer it is as cold as
+ice. Before one dares drink of it, he prays to the water, else he may
+bring illness on himself for irreverence.
+
+In the olden days, one of the Bog Beings was pulled out of a bog and
+carried to the camp. A special tepee was built for him. But so much
+water flowed all around that the people were almost drowned. Then
+those who were not drowned offered him food. He sat motionless, gazing
+at them. But the food vanished before they could see it go; and no one
+saw the Bog Being eat it.
+
+
+
+
+COYOTE AND SNAKE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Coyote was going in a straight line across the prairie. While he was
+seeking something, a person said suddenly, "Stop!" Coyote thought,
+"Who can it be?"
+
+He looked all around but saw no one. Then he walked on a few steps,
+when some one said, "Walk around me!" Then Coyote saw it was Snake.
+
+"Humph!" said Coyote. "When I walk here, I do not wish to walk around
+anyone at all. You go to one side. Get out of my way!"
+
+Snake replied, "I am here. I have never thought for a moment of giving
+place to anyone!"
+
+"Even if you think so," said Coyote, "I will run over you."
+
+"If you do so, you shall die," said Snake.
+
+"Why should I die? There is nothing that can kill me," said Coyote.
+
+"Come! Step over me. Do it in spite of me," said Snake. Then Coyote
+stepped over him. And Snake bit him. But Coyote did not feel it.
+
+"Where is it? You said that if I stepped over you, I should die.
+Where have I received my death blow?" said Coyote.
+
+Snake made no reply and Coyote walked on. After some time he came to a
+creek. As he was about to drink, he saw himself in the water. He
+seemed very fat.
+
+"Whew!" he said. "I was never so before. I am very fat." Saying this,
+he felt himself all over; but that was all he did. Then he walked on
+until he felt sleepy. He said, "I am very sleepy." So he pushed his
+way into the thick grass and fell asleep. Coyote did not wake up.
+Snake had told the truth.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE WOLVES HELP IN WAR
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Once upon a time an Indian found a wolf den, and began digging into it
+to get the cubs.
+
+Wolf Mother appeared, barking. She said, "Pity my children," but he
+paid no attention to her. So she ran for her husband.
+
+Wolf Father soon appeared. He barked. Still the man dug into the den.
+Then Wolf Father sang a beautiful song. He sang, "O man, pity my
+children, and I will teach you one of my arts." He ended with a howl
+which caused a fog. When the Wolf Father howled again, the fog
+disappeared.
+
+The man thought, "These animals have mysterious gifts." So he tore up
+his red blanket into small pieces. He tied a piece around the neck of
+each of the wolf cubs, as a necklace. Then he painted them with red
+paint and put them back into the den.
+
+Wolf Father was very grateful. He said, "When you go to war hereafter,
+I will go with you. I will bring about whatever you wish." Then the
+man went away.
+
+After a while the man went on the warpath. Just as he came in sight
+of the village of the enemy, a large wolf met him.
+
+Wolf said, "By and by I will sing. Then you shall steal their horses
+when they least suspect danger."
+
+So the man stopped on a hill close to the village. And the wolf sang.
+After that he howled, making a high wind arise. The horses fled to the
+forest, but many stopped on the hillside. When the wolf howled again,
+the wind died down and a mist arose. So the man on the warpath took as
+many horses as he pleased.
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT ESCAPED FROM THE WOLVES
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Once upon a time, Wolves caught Rabbit. They were going to eat him,
+but Rabbit said he would show them a new dance. Now the Wolves knew
+that Rabbit was a good dancer, so they made a ring around him.
+
+Rabbit pattered with his feet and began to dance around in a circle,
+singing,
+
+    On the edge of the field I dance about,
+    _Ha' nia lil! lil! Ha' nia lil! lil!_
+
+Then the Rabbit stopped a minute. He said, "Now when I sing 'on the
+edge of the field,' I dance that way"--and he danced over in that
+direction; "and when I sing '_lil! lil!_' you must all stamp your feet
+hard."
+
+The Wolves liked that. They liked new dances.
+
+Rabbit began singing the same song, dancing nearer to the field, while
+all the Wolves stamped their feet. He sang the song again, dancing
+still nearer the edge of the field. The fourth time he sang it, while
+the Wolves were stamping their feet as hard as they could. Rabbit made
+one jump off and leaped through the long grass. The Wolves raced after
+him, but Rabbit ran for a hollow stump and climbed inside. When the
+Wolves got there, one of them put his head inside, but Rabbit hit him
+on the eye and he pulled his head out. The others were afraid to try,
+so they went away and left Rabbit in the stump.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLAINS INDIANS DRAGGING BRUSH FOR A MEDICINE LODGE
+
+_By permission of Sumner W. Matteson, the photographer_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN EARTH LODGE
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT LOST HIS FAT
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+At first all the four-footed animals were fat. The one who made them
+wished to know if they looked well so fat. So he called all the
+four-footed animals together. He seized by the head each one who did
+not look handsome with the fat, and scraped it all off.
+
+At length someone took Rabbit to him.
+
+"Fat makes me handsome," said Rabbit "I will be the one."
+
+"Let me see! Come here!" said the one who made the animals. Then he
+made Rabbit fat. Then he looked at him. "Fat makes you ugly beyond
+measure."
+
+So he seized Rabbit by the head and scraped off the fat from the base
+of his neck. But he pulled suddenly at the flesh in the space between
+the shoulders. Therefore, ever since then Rabbit has had a hollow
+space between his shoulders, and only in that place is there a piece
+of fat.
+
+At length the person who made the animals saw that Raccoon was the
+only person who looked well when fat. So he made the whole body of
+Raccoon fat.
+
+
+
+
+HOW FLINT VISITED RABBIT
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Long ago, in the old days, Flint lived up in the mountains, and all
+the animals hated him because he had helped to kill so many of them.
+All the arrowheads were made of flint. They used to have councils.
+They tried to think of some means of killing him. But everybody was
+afraid to go near to his house, until at last Rabbit, who was the
+boldest, offered to try to kill Flint.
+
+So Rabbit asked the trail to Flint's house. At last he reached the
+house.
+
+Flint was standing at the door of his lodge when Rabbit reached there.
+He said, "_Siyu!_ Hello! Are you the fellow they call Flint?"
+
+"Yes; that's what they call me," said Flint.
+
+"Is this where you live?"
+
+"Yes; this is where I live."
+
+All the time Rabbit was looking at the lodge and all about him. He was
+trying to think how to kill Flint. Rabbit had expected Flint to invite
+him into his lodge. But Flint only stood in the door.
+
+Rabbit said, "My name is Rabbit. I've heard a good deal about you, so
+I came to see you."
+
+Flint said, "Where is your lodge?"
+
+"Down in the broom-grass field near the river," said Rabbit.
+
+Flint said, "I will come and visit you after a while."
+
+Rabbit said, "Come now and have supper with me."
+
+So Rabbit coaxed Flint until he said yes, and the two started down the
+mountain side together.
+
+When they came near Rabbit's hole, Rabbit said, "There is my lodge,
+but in summer I stay outside here, where it is cooler."
+
+So he made a fire and they had their supper on the grass. When supper
+was over, Flint stretched out on the grass to rest. Rabbit picked up
+some heavy sticks and his knife, and cut a mallet and wedge.
+
+Flint looked up and said, "What is that for?"
+
+"Oh," said Rabbit, "I like to be doing something and they may come in
+handy."
+
+Flint lay down again and soon he was sound asleep. Rabbit spoke to him
+once or twice, but he did not answer. Then Rabbit came over to Flint
+and with one blow of the mallet drove the stake through Flint. Then he
+ran with all his might for his own hole. But before he reached it,
+there was a loud explosion, and pieces of flint flew all about. That
+is why we find flint in so many places now. One piece struck Rabbit
+and cut him just as he dived into his hole. He sat listening until
+everything was quiet again. Then he put his head out to look around,
+just as another piece fell. It cut his lip, just as we see it now.
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT CAUGHT THE SUN IN A TRAP
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Once upon a time Rabbit dwelt in a lodge with no one but his
+grandmother. It was his custom to go hunting very early in the
+morning. But no matter how early in the morning he went, a person with
+a very long foot had been along, leaving a trail. Rabbit wished to
+know him.
+
+"Now," he thought, "I will go in advance of that person." Having risen
+very early in the morning, he departed, but again it happened that the
+person had been along, leaving a trail. Then Rabbit went home.
+
+"Grandmother," he said, "though I arrange for myself to go first, a
+person goes ahead of me every time. Grandmother, I will make a snare
+and I will catch him."
+
+"Why should you do it?" she asked.
+
+"I hate the person," he said.
+
+Again Rabbit departed. And again had the footprints gone along. So
+Rabbit lay waiting for night to come. Then he made a noose of a
+bowstring, setting it where the footprints were commonly seen.
+
+Next morning Rabbit reached the place very early, to see what he had
+caught in his trap. And it happened that he had caught the Sun.
+Running very fast, he went homewards to tell about it.
+
+"Grandmother," he said, "I have caught something or other but it
+scares me. Grandmother, I wished to take away my bowstring, but I was
+scared every time."
+
+So he went there again with a knife. This time he got very near it.
+
+"You have done wrong. Why have you done it? Come and untie me," said
+the Sun.
+
+The Rabbit, although he went to untie him, kept going past him a
+little on one side. Then he made a rush with his head bent down and
+his arm stretched out, and cut the bowstring with his knife. And the
+Sun rose into the sky. But Rabbit had the hair between his shoulders
+scorched yellow by the heat of the Sun as he stooped and cut the
+bowstring. Then Rabbit arrived at his lodge.
+
+"I am burnt. Oh, grandmother! the heat has left nothing of me," he
+said.
+
+Grandmother said, "Oh, my grandchild! I think the heat has left to me
+nothing of him!"
+
+From that time Rabbit has always had a singed spot upon his back,
+between his shoulders.
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT KILLED THE GIANT
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+When Rabbit was going on a journey, he came to a certain village. The
+people said, "Halloo! Rabbit has come as a visitor."
+
+On meeting him, they said, "Whom did you come to see?"
+
+"Why, I will go to the lodge of any one," said Rabbit.
+
+"But the people have nothing to eat," they said. "The Giant is the
+only one who has anything to eat. You ought to go to his lodge."
+
+Yet, the Rabbit passed on to the end lodge and entered it.
+
+"Friend, we have nothing to eat," said the host.
+
+"Why, my friend," said Rabbit, "when there is nothing, people eat
+anything they can get."
+
+At length the Giant invited Rabbit to a feast.
+
+"Oh ho!" called the man whose lodge Rabbit had entered. "Friend, you
+are invited. Hasten!"
+
+Now all the people were afraid of the Giant. No matter what animal
+anyone killed, the Giant kept all of the meat.
+
+Rabbit arrived at the lodge of the Giant. As he entered, the host
+said, "Oh! Pass around to that side." But Rabbit leaped over and took
+a seat. At length food was given him. He ate it very rapidly but left
+some which he hid in his robe. Then he pushed the bowl aside.
+
+"Friend," he said to the Giant, "here is the bowl." Then he said,
+"Friend, I must go." He sprang past the fireplace at one leap, at the
+second leap his feet touched the chest of the Giant's servant, and
+with another leap he had gone.
+
+When Rabbit reached the lodge where he was visiting, he gave his host
+the food he had not eaten. The man and his wife were glad to eat it,
+since they had been without food.
+
+Next morning, the crier passed through the village, commanding the
+people to be stirring.
+
+They said, "The Giant is the one for whom they are to kill game." So
+they all went hunting. They scared some animals out of a dense forest
+and shot at them. Rabbit went thither very quickly. He found Giant had
+reached there before him and taken all the game. When Rabbit heard
+shooting in another place, he went thither, but again found the Giant
+was before him.
+
+"This is provoking!" thought Rabbit.
+
+When some persons shot at game in another place Rabbit noticed it,
+and went thither immediately, reaching the spot before the Giant.
+
+"Friend," he said to the man who had killed the deer, "let us cut it
+up."
+
+The man was unwilling. He said, "No, friend, the Giant will come by
+and by."
+
+"Pshaw, friend," said Rabbit. "When one kills animals, he cuts them up
+and then makes an equal distribution of the pieces," said the Rabbit.
+
+Still the man refused, fearing the Giant. So Rabbit rushed forward and
+seized the deer by the feet.
+
+When he had only slit the skin, the Giant arrived.
+
+"You have done wrong. Let it alone," Giant said.
+
+"What have I done wrong?" asked Rabbit. "When one kills game, he cuts
+it up and makes an equal distribution of the pieces."
+
+"Let it alone, I say," said the Giant.
+
+But Rabbit continued to insert the knife in the meat.
+
+"I will blow that _thing_ into the air," said the Giant.
+
+"Blow me into the air! Blow me into the air!" said Rabbit.
+
+So the Giant went closer to him, and when he blew at him the Rabbit
+went up into the air with his fur blown apart. Striding past, the
+Giant seized the deer, put it through his belt, and departed. That was
+his custom. He took all the deer that were killed, hung them on his
+belt, and took them to his lodge. He was a very tall person.
+
+At night Rabbit wandered around, and at last went all around the
+Giant's lodge. He seized an insect and said to it, "Oh, insect! You
+shall go and bite the Giant right in the side."
+
+At length when it was morning, it was said the Giant was ill. Then he
+died.
+
+The people said, "Make a village for Rabbit!"
+
+But Rabbit said, "I do not wish to be chief. I have left my old woman
+by herself, so I will return to her."
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE DEER GOT HIS HORNS
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Long ago, in the beginning, Deer had no horns. His head was smooth
+like a doe's. Now Deer was a very fast runner, but Rabbit was a famous
+jumper. So the animals used to talk about it and wonder which could go
+the farther in the same time. They talked about it a great deal. They
+decided to have a race between the two, and they made a pair of large
+antlers to be given to whoever could run the faster. Deer and Rabbit
+were to start together from one side of a thicket, go through it, and
+then turn and come back. The one who came out of the thicket first was
+to receive the horns.
+
+On a certain day all the animals were there. They put the antlers down
+on the ground to mark the starting point. Everyone admired the horns.
+But Rabbit said, "I don't know this part of the country; I want to
+look through the bushes where I am to run."
+
+So the Rabbit went into the thicket, and stayed a long time. He was
+gone so long the animals suspected he was playing a trick. They sent a
+messenger after him. Right in the middle of the thicket he found
+Rabbit, gnawing down the bushes and pulling them away to make a clear
+road for himself.
+
+The messenger came back quietly and told the animals. When Rabbit came
+back, they accused him of cheating. Rabbit said, "No," but at last
+they all went into the thicket and found the road he had made.
+Therefore the animals gave the antlers to Deer, saying that he was the
+better runner. That is why deer have antlers. And because Rabbit cut
+the bushes down, he is obliged to keep cutting them down, as he does
+to this day.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KANSA CHIEF
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: BIG GOOSE
+
+(Omaha)
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE DEER HAS BLUNT TEETH
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+One day after the race which they did not run, Rabbit stretched a
+large grapevine across the trail, gnawing it nearly in two in the
+middle. Then he went back on the trail, took a run, and jumped up at
+the vine. He did this again and again. At last Deer came along and
+asked him to tell what he was doing.
+
+"Don't you see?" said Rabbit. "I'm so strong I can bite through that
+grapevine at one jump."
+
+Deer said, "Do it." Rabbit ran back, made a long leap, and bit through
+the vine where he had gnawed it before.
+
+Deer said, "Well, I can do it if you can."
+
+So Rabbit stretched a larger grapevine across the trail but without
+gnawing it in the center. Deer ran back as he had seen Rabbit do, made
+a spring, and struck the grapevine right in the center. It only flew
+back and threw him over.
+
+Deer tried again and again, but he was only bruised and hurt.
+
+"Let me see your teeth," said Rabbit. They were long like a wolf's
+teeth but not very sharp.
+
+"No wonder you cannot do it," said Rabbit. "Your teeth are too blunt
+to bite anything. Let me sharpen them for you so they are like mine.
+My teeth are so sharp I can cut through a stick just like a knife."
+
+And Rabbit showed Deer a black locust twig, of which rabbits gnaw the
+young shoots, which he had shaved off as well as a knife could do it.
+
+So Deer let Rabbit sharpen his teeth. But Rabbit got a hard stone with
+rough edges and ground down the Deer's teeth until they were blunt.
+
+"Now try it," said Rabbit to Deer. So Deer tried it again, but he
+could not bite at all.
+
+"Now you've paid for your horns," said Rabbit as he sprang through the
+underbrush. That is why the Deer's teeth are blunt.
+
+
+
+
+LEGEND OF THE HEAD OF GOLD
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+A man had four children. And they were all young men, but they were
+poor and it seemed as if they would die of laziness. The old man said,
+"Behold! old woman. I have the greatest pity for my youngest child,
+and I do not wish him to die of poverty. See here; let us seek the
+Great Mystery, Wakantanka. If we find him, behold! I will give the boy
+to him to train up well for me."
+
+"Yes, old man; you say well. We will do so," said the old woman. So at
+once they went toward the Darkening Land, seeking Wakantanka. They
+came to a very high hill; and as they came to it, behold! another man
+came there also.
+
+The stranger said, "For what are you seeking?"
+
+"Alas, my friend," the old man said, "my child, whom I pity, I wish to
+give to Wakantanka, the Great Mystery, and so I am seeking him."
+
+"Yes, friend. I am Wakantanka," said the man. "My friend, give him to
+me. I will take him to my home."
+
+So when the father gave up the boy, the Great Mystery took him to a
+house that stood up like the clouds. He said, "Look at this house as
+much as you like. Take good care of these horses. But do not look into
+the little house that stands here."
+
+Having said this, he gave him all the keys. He added, "Yes, have a
+watch of this. Lo, I am going on a journey." He said this and went
+away.
+
+It was evening; he came home with a great many men, who sat down,
+filling the house. When they had been there a good while one of them
+said, "The boy is good; that is enough." Saying this, he went out. In
+like manner, all the men went home.
+
+Then again Wakantanka said, "Behold, I go on a journey. Stay here and
+keep watch." So again he went away.
+
+While the boy was watching, one of the horses said, "Friend, go into
+the little house where you are commanded not to look, and inside in
+the middle of the floor stands something yellow. Dip your head in that
+and make haste--we two are together. When he brings home a great many
+men, they will eat you, as they will eat me, but I am unwilling--we
+two shall share the same," he said.
+
+So the boy went into the little house. In the middle of the floor
+stood a round yellow thing into which he dipped his head. Immediately
+his head became golden and the house was shining and full of light.
+
+Then he came out and jumped on the horse that had talked to him and
+they fled.
+
+They went very fast. Now when they had gone a long way, behold! there
+came after them the one who called himself Wakantanka. He shouted,
+"You bad rascals, stop! You shall not live! Where will you go in such
+a small country as this?"
+
+Saying this he came toward them and they were much frightened. Again
+he shouted, "You bad rascals, stop! You shall not live." And indeed it
+seemed as if they could not live.
+
+Then the horse said, "Take the egg you have and throw it behind us."
+The boy did so. At once the whole country became a sea. He who
+followed was obliged to stop. He said, "Alas, my horse, have mercy on
+me and take me to the other side. If you do, I will value you very
+highly."
+
+"Oh, I am not willing to do that," the horse replied. But he continued
+to urge. Then he threw himself down from above the water, so that when
+he came to the middle of it, he went down and both he and the horse
+were drowned. But the boy passed safely on.
+
+So he came to the dwellings of people and remained there. But from
+behind they came to attack and fought with them. But the boy turned
+his head around, and his head was covered with gold; also the horse he
+sat upon was golden, and those who came against him were thrown off
+their horses and only a few remained when the battle was over. Again,
+when they returned to the attack, he destroyed them all. So the boy
+was much thought of by the people.
+
+
+
+
+THE MILKY WAY
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Now the Indians had a corn mill, in which they pounded the corn into
+meal. Several mornings when they came to the stone in which the corn
+was pounded, they saw that some of the meal had been stolen. Therefore
+they looked at the ground. They found the tracks of a dog.
+
+The next night, the people watched, and when the dog came from the
+north, they saw him begin to eat meal out of the stone bowl. Then they
+sprang out and whipped him.
+
+The dog ran howling back to the north, dropping the meal from his
+mouth as he ran. Therefore he left behind a white trail where we now
+see the Milky Way. But the Cherokees called it "Where-the-dog-ran."
+
+
+
+
+COYOTE AND GRAY FOX
+
+_Ponca_
+
+
+Gray fox was very fat. Coyote said, "Younger brother, what has made
+you fat?" "Elder brother," said the Gray Fox, "I lie down on the trail
+in the way of those who carry crackers, and I pretend to be dead. When
+they throw me in the wagon, I lie there, kicking the crackers out.
+Then I leap out and start home eating. It is the crackers which make
+me fat. Elder brother, I wish you would do likewise. Elder brother,
+you have large feet, so I think will knock out a great many crackers."
+
+Coyote went to the place and lay down in the trail. When the white man
+came along, he threw Coyote into the wagon. The white man thought, "It
+is not the first time he has acted in this way," so he tied the feet
+of Coyote. Having put the Coyote in the wagon, the white man went to
+his house. He threw Coyote out near an old outhouse. Then the white
+man brought a knife, and cut the cords which bound Coyote's feet. He
+acted as if Coyote was dead, so he threw him over his back and started
+off for the house.
+
+But Coyote managed to get loose and ran homeward. He went back to get
+even with Gray Fox.
+
+"Oh, younger brother," said Coyote, "you have made me suffer."
+
+"You yourself are to blame," said Gray Fox. "Be silent and listen to
+me. You brought the trouble on yourself as you lay down in the place
+where the white man came with his load of goods."
+
+"Oh, younger brother, you tell the truth," said Coyote. But Gray Fox
+had tempted him.
+
+
+
+
+ICTINIKE AND THE TURTLE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Ictinike was journeying. When he came in sight at a bend of a stream,
+Big Turtle was sitting there in a sheltered place warmed by the sun.
+Ictinike drew himself back out of sight, crouching at intervals as he
+retraced his steps, and ran down the hill to where Big Turtle was.
+
+"Why! How is it that you continue to pay no attention to what is going
+on? It has been said that yonder stream is to dry up so that all the
+four-footed animals that frequent the water have kept close to the
+deep water," said Ictinike.
+
+Big Turtle said, "Why! I have been coming here regularly, but I have
+not heard anything at all. I usually come and sit in this place when
+the sun gets as high as it is at present."
+
+"Hurry!" said Ictinike, "for some of the young men died very soon for
+want of water. The young otters died, so did the young muskrats, the
+young beavers, and the young raccoons."
+
+"Come, let us go," said Big Turtle. So Ictinike departed with him. As
+he accompanied him, Ictinike sought for a dry bone. Having found one
+that would be good as a club, Ictinike said, "Friend, go on.
+_Mingam._"
+
+When he was alone, Ictinike seized the bone, and before long overtook
+Big Turtle, walking along beside him.
+
+"Friend," said he, "when a person walks, he stretches his neck often."
+
+So Big Turtle began to stretch his neck very far, and he was walking
+with his legs bent very much. As he was going thus, Ictinike gave him
+a hard blow on the neck, knocking him senseless, and he did not stop
+beating him until he had killed him.
+
+"Ha, ha!" said Ictinike, as he carried Big Turtle away. "There are
+some days when I act thus for myself."
+
+He kindled a fire and began to roast Big Turtle. Then he became very
+sleepy, and said, "Ho! I will sleep, but you, O, Ijaxe, must keep
+awake. Big Turtle, when you are cooked, you must say, '_Puff!_'"
+
+So he went to sleep. Now Coyote came along, very cautiously. He seized
+Big Turtle, pulled one of the legs out of the fire, and sat there,
+biting off the meat. When he had eaten all the meat on all the legs,
+he pushed the bones back just as they had been before, arranged the
+fire over them, and left after putting everything just as he had found
+it.
+
+At length Ictinike awoke. He pushed into the ashes to find Big Turtle,
+took hold of a leg, and pulled it out. Only that leg came out.
+"Pshaw!" said he. Then he tried another leg, with a like result, and
+still another, but only the bones appeared. When he had pulled out the
+fourth leg, he was astonished. All at once he exclaimed, "Surprising!
+I had already eaten the Turtle, but I had forgotten it."
+
+
+
+
+ICTINIKE AND THE CREATORS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Ictinike married and dwelt in a lodge. One day he said to his wife,
+"Hand me that tobacco pouch. I must go visit your grandfather,
+Beaver." So he departed.
+
+As he was entering Beaver's lodge, Beaver said, "Ho, pass around to
+one side." And they seated Ictinike on a pillow. Beaver's wife said,
+"We have been without food. How can we give your grandfather anything
+to eat?" Now Beaver had four young ones.
+
+The youngest Beaver said, "Father, let me serve for food." So the
+youngest Beaver served for food. Beaver's wife therefore gave some of
+the meat to Ictinike, who ate it. But before letting him eat it,
+Beaver said to him, "Be careful lest you break even a single bone by
+biting! Do not break a bone!" Yet Ictinike broke one of the toe bones.
+
+After the meal, Beaver gathered the bones, put them in a skin, and
+plunged them beneath the water. In a moment the youngest Beaver came
+up from the water, alive again.
+
+When the father said, "Is all right?" the son said, "Father, he broke
+one of my toes by biting." Therefore, from that time, every beaver has
+had one little toe (the next to the little one), which has seemingly
+been split by biting.
+
+When Ictinike was about to go home, he pretended he had forgotten
+about his tobacco pouch, which he left behind. So Beaver said to one
+of the children, "Take that to him. Do not go near him, but throw it
+to him when you are at a great distance from him, as he is always very
+talkative."
+
+Then the child took the tobacco pouch and started after Ictinike.
+After getting in sight of the latter, Little Beaver was about to throw
+the pouch, when standing at a great distance; but Ictinike called to
+him, "Come closer! come closer!" When young Beaver took the pouch
+closer, Ictinike said, "Tell your father that he is to visit me."
+
+When young Beaver reached home, he said, "Oh, father, he said you were
+to visit him."
+
+Beaver replied, "As I feared that very thing, I said to you, 'Throw it
+to him while standing at a great distance from him.'"
+
+Then Beaver went to visit Ictinike. When he arrived there, Ictinike
+wished to kill one of his own children, as Beaver had done, and was
+making him cry by hitting him often. Beaver was unwilling for him to
+act thus, so he said, "Let him alone! You are hurting him!" Then
+Beaver went to the stream where he found a young beaver that he took
+back to the lodge, and they ate it.
+
+On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, "Hand me that tobacco
+pouch. I must go call on your grandfather, Muskrat." So he departed.
+As he was entering Muskrat's lodge, the host said, "Ho, pass around to
+one side." And Ictinike was seated on a pillow.
+
+Muskrat's wife said, "We have been without food. How can we give your
+grandfather anything to eat?"
+
+Muskrat said, "Fetch some water."
+
+The woman brought the water. He told her to put it in the kettle and
+hang the kettle over the fire. When the water was boiling very fast,
+the husband upset the kettle, and instead of water, out came wild
+rice! So Ictinike ate the wild rice.
+
+When Ictinike departed he left his tobacco pouch, as before. Then
+Muskrat called one of his children, and said, "Take that to him. Do
+not go near him! Throw it to him when you are a great distance from
+him, as he is always very talkative."
+
+So the child took the tobacco pouch to return it to Ictinike. When he
+was about to throw it to him, he said, "Come closer! Come closer!"
+When the child took the pouch closer, Ictinike said, "Tell your
+father he is to visit me."
+
+When the young Muskrat reached home, he said, "Oh, father, he said
+that you were to visit him." Muskrat replied, "As I feared that very
+thing, I said to you, 'Throw it to him while standing at a great
+distance from him.'"
+
+Then Muskrat went to see Ictinike. And Ictinike said to his wife,
+"Fetch water." The woman went after water. She filled the kettle and
+hung it over the fire until it boiled. When Ictinike upset the kettle,
+only water came out. Ictinike wished to do just as Muskrat had done,
+but he was unable. Then Muskrat had the kettle refilled, and when the
+water boiled he upset it, and an abundance of wild rice was there,
+which he gave to Ictinike. Thereupon Muskrat departed, leaving plenty
+of wild rice.
+
+On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, "I am going to see your
+grandfather, Kingfisher." When he arrived there, Kingfisher stepped on
+a bough of a large white willow, bending it down so far that it was
+horizontal; and he dived from it into the water. He came up with a
+fish, which he gave to Ictinike to eat. And as Ictinike was starting
+home, he left one of his gloves, pretending he had forgotten it. So
+Kingfisher directed one of his boys to take the glove and restore it
+to the owner. But he charged the boy not to go near him, as Ictinike
+was very talkative and might detain him too long. Just as the boy was
+about to throw the glove, Ictinike called, "Come closer! Come closer!"
+So the boy carried the glove closer. And Ictinike said, "Tell your
+father that he is to visit me."
+
+The boy said to his father, when he reached home, "Oh, father, he said
+you were to visit him." Kingfisher replied, "As I feared that very
+thing, I said 'Throw it to him while you stand at a great distance
+from him.'"
+
+Then Kingfisher went to see Ictinike. When he arrived there, the host
+climbed upon a bough of a large white willow, bending it until it was
+horizontal. Then he leaped from it and plunged into the water. It was
+with great difficulty that Kingfisher seized him and brought him to
+land. Ictinike had swallowed more of the water than he liked. Then
+Kingfisher plunged into the stream, brought up a fish, which he gave
+to Ictinike. But Kingfisher departed without eating any portion of it.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: OMAHA ASSAULT ON A DAKOTA VILLAGE
+
+(Indian drawing)
+
+_The single tepee represents the Dakota village; the single horseman,
+covered by a shield, and hanging behind his horse's neck in a
+characteristic way, represents the attacking Omahas. Bullets are
+flying, the direction indicated by the head._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Illustration: "KILLED TEN MEN AND THREE WOMEN"
+
+An Indian drawing with striking similarity to Egyptian drawing.
+
+_Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+HOW BIG TURTLE WENT ON THE WARPATH
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+The people dwelt in a very populous village. Big Turtle joined them.
+And people dwelling at another village came regularly to war against
+them. Having killed one person they went homeward. Big Turtle cooked
+for the warpath. He caused two persons to go after guests. The
+servants whom he sent after guests were Redbreasted Turtle and Gray
+Squirrel. He made two round bunches of grass and placed them at the
+bottom of the stick to which the kettle was fastened.
+
+Now they were coming. They came in sight.
+
+"Ho, warriors!" said Big Turtle. "Warriors, when men are injured, they
+always take revenge. I cook this for the warpath. I cook sweet corn
+and a buffalo paunch. You will go after Corn Crusher for me," saying
+this to his servants. "Call to Comb, Awl, Pestle, Firebrand, and
+Buffalo Bladder also," said Big Turtle.
+
+The two men went to call them. They called to Corn Crusher. "Corn
+Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! Corn Crusher, be sure to
+bring your bowl! Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! Corn
+Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl!" Four times they called.
+
+They called to Comb. "Comb, be sure to bring your bowl!" So they
+called four times.
+
+They called to Awl. "Awl, be sure to bring your bowl!" So they called
+four times.
+
+Then they called to Pestle. "Pestle, be sure to bring your bowl!" So
+they called four times.
+
+They called to Firebrand, too. "Firebrand, be sure to bring your
+bowl!" So they called four times.
+
+Then they called to Buffalo Bladder. "Buffalo Bladder, be sure to
+bring your bowl!" So they called four times to him.
+
+Then the criers reached home, having invited the guests.
+
+"Oh, war chief," they said, "all heard it."
+
+All those who were called arrived at the lodge of Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! Oh, war chiefs! Corn Crusher, Comb, Awl, Pestle, Firebrand, and
+Buffalo Bladder, though those people have been injured they do not
+seem to stir. Let us go on the warpath for them," said Big Turtle.
+"Let us go in four nights."
+
+He commanded Corn Crusher to cook. "O war chief, Corn Crusher, you
+will cook. And you, O Comb, will cook on the night after that. And
+you, O Awl, will cook, and complete the number."
+
+That many war chiefs, four, cooked. They were war chiefs. The rest
+were servants.
+
+The people of the village said, "Why! Of the persons who have been
+called, who is cooking for the warpath?"
+
+And one said, "Why! Big Turtle cooked. Pshaw! Has he gathered all
+those who cannot move well enough, those who cannot move fast enough?
+Pshaw! If the foe find them out, they will destroy them. When a war
+chief has sense, he will carry on war."
+
+Corn Crusher cooked. He cooked turnips, and he cooked a buffalo paunch
+with them, just as Big Turtle had cooked one with sweet corn. Awl
+cooked wild rice. Comb cooked other things.
+
+Big Turtle said, "Time enough has passed. Let us go at night."
+
+So they departed. Big Turtle made leggings with large flaps. He tied
+short garters around them. He rubbed earth on his face and he reddened
+it. He wore grass around his head. He put white feathers on top of his
+head. He took his gourd rattle thus. He rattled it. He sang the song
+of the war chief:
+
+"Big Turtle is coming back from touching the foe, it is said, you
+say. He is coming back from touching."
+
+He walked, stepping very lively in the dance. He walked around them.
+As they went, it was day.
+
+At length a young Buffalo Bull came. "Warriors, wait for him," said
+Big Turtle.
+
+He said to Buffalo Bull, "While I walk on a journey, I am in a great
+hurry. Speak rapidly. Why are you walking?"
+
+"Yes, war chief, it is so. As they have told of you while you have
+been walking, I thought that I would walk there with you, and I have
+sought you," said Buffalo Bull.
+
+"Do so," said Big Turtle. "I wish to see your movements."
+
+Buffalo Bull rolled himself back and forth. He arose suddenly. He
+thrust repeatedly at the ground with his horns. He pierced the ground
+and threw pieces away suddenly. He stood with his tail in the air and
+its tip bent downward. An ash tree stood there. He rushed on it.
+Pushing against it, he sent it flying through the air to a great
+distance.
+
+"O war chief, I think I will do that, if they speak of vexing me," he
+said.
+
+"Look at the persons with whom I am traveling. There are none who are
+faint-hearted in the least degree. You are not at all like them. You
+have disappointed me. Come, begone," said Big Turtle.
+
+Again Big Turtle sang the song. "Big Turtle is coming back from
+touching the foe, it is said, you say. He is coming back from
+touching," said he.
+
+Again they departed. "Warriors, pass on!" said he.
+
+There before them lay a stream, which was not small. They crossed it.
+Firebrand was ahead, walking with a great effort. At length, because
+he was weary, he plunged into the water and was extinguished.
+
+"O war chief, I am not going beyond here with you," he said.
+
+"Remain here for a while," said Big Turtle.
+
+Having reached the other side, they departed. At length a Puma came.
+
+"Warriors, wait for him. I suspect what he will say. Stand in a row,"
+said he. "Speak quickly," he said, addressing Puma.
+
+"Yes, O war chief," said Puma. "It was told of you regularly, saying
+you walked on a journey. And there I wish to walk, so I have sought
+you."
+
+"Yes?" said Big Turtle. "Let me see your ways."
+
+Puma made his hair bristle up all over his body. He bent his tail
+backward and upward. He went leaping to the bottom of a small hill.
+Having caught by the throat a fawn, about two years old, he came
+back, making it cry out as he held it in his teeth.
+
+"I think I will do that, O war chief, if anything threatens to vex
+me," he said.
+
+"Do something else," said Big Turtle.
+
+"No, O war chief; that is all," said Puma.
+
+"You have disappointed me," said Big Turtle. "Look at these persons
+with whom I am. Where is one who is imperfect? You are very inferior.
+Come, depart. You have disappointed me."
+
+They departed. At length when they reached the foot of a hill, Black
+Bear came.
+
+"O war chief, again one has come," said the warriors.
+
+"I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for him. Stand in a row,"
+said Big Turtle. "Ho," he said, addressing Black Bear. "Come, speak
+quickly. What is your business? When I walk on a journey, I am in a
+great hurry," said Big Turtle.
+
+"Yes, O warrior, it is so. It was told of you regularly that you
+walked on a journey. And as I desired to walk there, I have sought you
+diligently," said Black Bear.
+
+"Ho! Do something," said Big Turtle. "You may have thought how you
+would do it. I wish to see your ways."
+
+Black Bear pierced the ground with his claws, and threw lumps of
+earth to a great distance. And there stood an oak tree which had been
+blackened by fire. He attacked it. Having hugged it, he threw it with
+force to a great distance.
+
+"O war chief, if anything vexes me, I think I will do that," said
+Black Bear.
+
+Big Turtle said, "Ho! warrior, you have disappointed me. These persons
+with whom I am--look at them. There is none who is faint-hearted in
+the least degree. You have disappointed me. Come, depart. Thus do I
+regularly send off the inferior ones."
+
+They went into a dense undergrowth. At length Buffalo Bladder was torn
+open, making the sound, "_Qu´e._" "Alas! I am not going beyond with
+you," said he.
+
+"Ho, warrior. I will come back very soon. Remain here for a while,"
+said Big Turtle.
+
+Again they departed. As they went, they reached a bad path. Very high
+logs were lying across it. Redbreasted Turtle failed to step over
+them.
+
+"Ho, O war chief," he said. "I am not going beyond here with you."
+
+"Ho, warrior. I will come again very soon. Remain here for a while,"
+said Big Turtle.
+
+Again they departed. As they went, behold, a Big Wolf came.
+
+"O war chief, again one has come," said they.
+
+"I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for him. Stand in a row,"
+said Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho," he said, addressing Wolf, "Come, speak quickly, whatever may be
+your business. When I walk on a journey, I am in a very great hurry."
+
+"Yes, O war chief. It is so. It was told of you regularly, saying that
+you walked on a journey; and as I desired to walk there, I have sought
+you," said Wolf.
+
+"Ho! Show me what you can do," said Big Turtle. "You may have been
+thinking about it. I wish to see your ways."
+
+Wolf decorated himself. He reddened his nose; he reddened all his
+feet. He tied eagle feathers to his back.
+
+"Well, do so. Do so. I wish to see your ways," said Big Turtle.
+
+Wolf turned himself round and round. He went to the attack by the wood
+on a small creek. He killed a deer. He brought it back, holding it
+with his teeth.
+
+"O war chief, I think I will do that, if anything vexes me," said
+Wolf.
+
+"You have disappointed me," said Big Turtle. "See these people with
+whom I travel. There is none who is faint-hearted in the least
+degree. Come, depart. Thus do I regularly send off the inferior ones.
+
+"Warrior Gray Squirrel, go as a scout," said Big Turtle. Gray Squirrel
+went as a scout. At length he was coming back, blowing a horn.
+
+"Ho, war chief, he is coming back to you," they said. Big Turtle went
+there. "Ho, warrior. Act very honestly. Tell me just how it is," said
+Big Turtle.
+
+"Yes, O war chief, it is just so. I have been there without their
+finding me out at all," said he.
+
+"Let us sit at the very boundary of their camp," said Big Turtle. He
+spoke of going. "Warriors, I will look around to see how things are,
+and how many persons there may be there," he said.
+
+He came back. "Warriors, let us go in that direction. This far is a
+good place for sitting," he said. So they moved forward. Then he said,
+"O war chief Corn Crusher, go to the end lodge of the village before
+us, and sit on the outside."
+
+Corn Crusher did so. A woman came out of the lodge. When she saw him,
+she said, "Oh! Heretofore have I desired mush. I have found for myself
+an excellent corn crusher." But when she pounded on the corn with it,
+she hurt her hand. Then she threw it out. "Bad Corn Crusher!" she
+said.
+
+He came back to Big Turtle, who was near. "He whom you call 'Corn
+Crusher' has come back," he said, "having killed one right at the
+lodge."
+
+Big Turtle said, "O war chief Comb, make an attempt. Sit in the door
+of the lodge where Corn Crusher sat."
+
+Comb did so. He was very handsome. Then a woman came out of the lodge.
+She found Comb. "Heretofore I have been without a comb. I have found a
+good comb for myself," she said. Very soon she combed her hair with
+it. Comb pulled out all the hair on one side by the roots.
+
+She said, "A very bad comb, but I thought it was good." She threw him
+away at the door. Then he went back. He went back with the hair he had
+pulled out.
+
+"He whom you call 'Comb,'" he said, "has come back, having snatched
+all the hair from one at the lodge."
+
+"Good!" said Turtle. "O war chief, when we reach home, we shall cause
+the women to dance."
+
+Then Big Turtle said, "O war chief Awl, make an attempt. Go sit in the
+door of the lodge where war chief Comb sat."
+
+Awl was very handsome. He was very good to look at. He sat in the door
+of the lodge. A woman passing out, found him. "Oh! I have found a good
+awl for myself," she said. "Heretofore I have had no awl. It makes me
+thankful." She went back to the lodge with him. She spoke of sewing
+her moccasins with him. "I will sew my moccasins with it," she said.
+She sewed them. She pierced her fingers with him. She missed in
+pushing him, sending him with force. There was much blood from her
+fingers. She threw him away at the door. "The awl is indeed bad. I
+have indeed hurt myself. I have wounded myself badly." She threw him
+far out from the door, sending him homeward.
+
+"He whom you have called 'Awl,' O war chief," he reported, returning
+to Big Turtle. "I stabbed one right at the lodge; I killed her." He
+returned with his spear very bloody.
+
+"O war chief," said the others to Big Turtle. "Awl is coming back,
+telling his own name. He has killed one."
+
+Big Turtle said, "Ho! O war chief. You make me thankful. Since it is
+you, I will blacken my face. The village shall be joyful. Ho! O
+Pestle, make an attempt. You will lie in the door of the lodge where
+Awl lay."
+
+Now Pestle was very handsome. Then he arrived there. He lay where he
+was commanded to lie. A woman went out and found Pestle. "Oh! I have
+found a very good pestle for myself. I had no pestle heretofore," she
+said.
+
+She took him back to the lodge. She took some corn. She filled the
+mortar and pounded the corn. She beat it fine. She thrust Pestle
+beyond, right on her knee. She missed the mark in pushing, sending him
+with force, and so she struck him on her knee.
+
+"_Oh!_ A very bad pestle," she said. She threw him outside, sending
+him homeward suddenly.
+
+"You have been used to saying 'Pestle.' He is coming, having stabbed
+one right at the lodge. He has killed one," said Pestle, returning. He
+reached Big Turtle again. "O war chief, I have killed one."
+
+"You make me thankful," said Big Turtle. "Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel,
+make an attempt."
+
+"O war chief, how can I do anything?" said Gray Squirrel. Now the
+lodges were placed among the trees.
+
+"You will pass along the trees above the smoke holes of the lodges. If
+they find you, they will shoot at you. Do your best. Do your best to
+evade the blows or arrows. If one goes aside, rush on him," said Big
+Turtle.
+
+At length a boy found Gray Squirrel. "This moving one is a gray
+squirrel," he said. They went in a great uproar. They shot at him.
+They even hit him with sticks. One boy stood aside. Gray Squirrel
+attacked him and bit him. They said, "Wonderful! Heretofore the gray
+squirrel has been very easy to approach, but we have failed. He has
+bitten us; we have done nothing to him," they said.
+
+"He whom you used to call 'Gray Squirrel' is coming back, having
+killed one right among them," he called. He told it to Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! real warrior, act very honestly," said Big Turtle.
+
+"O war chief, it is just so. I have killed one," said he.
+
+"Ho! warrior, you make me thankful," said Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! warriors," said Big Turtle again. "I, even I, will make a trial.
+I shall not come back for some time. Beware lest you go homeward.
+Beware lest you leave me and go homeward."
+
+He arrived there. Some ashes had been poured out. They were
+extinguished. At length Big Turtle pushed his way through. He went
+within. He sat within, with his eyes sticking out, looking around. A
+woman approached when it was morning. She stood very close to where
+Big Turtle sat.
+
+"You will tread on my shield," he said. The woman looked around. "From
+what place does he speak?" she thought; therefore she looked around.
+Again he said to her, "You will tread on my shield. Stand further
+away." And the woman found him.
+
+"Oh!" she said.
+
+"Stand still. I send you with a message," said Big Turtle. "Go home
+and say, 'Big Turtle says he has come to war. He says he has come
+desiring the chief's daughter, whose body has been placed on the bough
+of a tree.'"
+
+The people came. All the people said, "Break in his skull suddenly."
+He said, "How is it possible for you to break in my skull suddenly? If
+you let your weapons slip off suddenly from me each time, you will
+break your legs with the blows."
+
+They said, "When the water is hot, it will be good to put him in it."
+
+"Fie!" said Big Turtle. "When the water is hot and I scatter it with
+kicking, many of you will be scalded to death."
+
+"He tells what is probably true," they said.
+
+"And if it be so, it is good to burn him," said the people.
+
+"For shame! If I scatter the fire by kicking, I will cause all the
+land to blaze. Beware lest many of your children, too, die from the
+fire," he said.
+
+"He tells what is probably true," they said.
+
+A child begged for water. "O mother, some water," it said. Big Turtle
+said, "_Oh!_" He tempted them with reference to water.
+
+"Cause the child to ask for water," said one.
+
+"What do you mean by that?" said others.
+
+"When the child said, 'O mother, some water,' this one, Big Turtle,
+said '_Oh!_'" answered one.
+
+"Wonderful!" they said. "He is fearing the sight of water." They took
+him to the water, holding him by the tail. Notwithstanding Big Turtle
+clung to the ground with his forelegs, they held his tail, and reached
+the water with him. They threw him forcibly right into the water. He
+walked the water for a while, crying a little, and pretended he did
+not know how to swim. He said, "_Wi! wi! wi!_"
+
+"Wonderful! Throw him out into the middle of the stream," they said.
+Again they sent him headlong. He was wandering around. At length he
+sank. They said, "He is dead," and went homeward. "You should have
+done that to him at first," said the people.
+
+When the people went homeward, some boys stood there. Big Turtle
+approached, floating. He came peeping. Some boys stood looking at the
+place where the deed was done.
+
+Big Turtle said, "When Big Turtle came in the past to war on you, you
+said that you killed him. Look here at me."
+
+The boys went homeward to tell it. "You said that you killed Big
+Turtle, but as this one behind us showed his body, he laughed at us.
+Big Turtle is he who is alive."
+
+"Ho! We attack him," said the people. They attacked him. They arrived
+there.
+
+"In what place?" said they.
+
+"In this place," said the boys.
+
+"Where is Otter? Where is Grass Snake? Let those two seek him," said
+they.
+
+Big Turtle sat under the mud at the bottom of the water. Only the tip
+of his nose and his eyes were sticking out. Snake and Otter sought him
+beneath the water. They passed very near to him, and stepped regularly
+over his head. When Otter was about to pass the second time, Big
+Turtle bit him in the stomach.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, you give me pain," said Otter. Big Turtle said,
+"Why do you seek me?"
+
+"I did not seek you. As I desired food, we have met each other," said
+Otter.
+
+"No, you wished to join those who desire to kill me, so you sought
+me," said Big Turtle.
+
+"O elder brother! O elder brother! O elder brother! I pray to you. I
+have not sought you," he said.
+
+"I will by no means let you go from my mouth," said Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! elder brother! How long before you will open your mouth and let
+me go?" said Otter.
+
+"When the Thunder God has come back, I will let you go."
+
+"Halloo!" shouted Otter to the people. "He will let me go when the
+Thunder God comes back. Halloo! He bites me between the legs. Halloo!"
+said he.
+
+"He says that he is bitten," said the people. "He says that he is
+bitten between the legs. Hit tent skins for him."
+
+They made the tent skins resound by hitting them.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come back," said Otter.
+
+"They hit the tent skins," said the Big Turtle.
+
+The people said, "It is good to fell trees." They began felling trees
+here and there. The trees said, "_Qwi! qwi!_" as they fell.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come back," said Otter.
+
+"They are felling trees," said Big Turtle.
+
+At length the Thunder God roared, very far away.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, he has come back," said he. Big Turtle let him go.
+Otter was very thin. He went homeward. He reached home very lean.
+
+"Let the two birds drink the stream dry," said the people. "Bring the
+Pelicans here."
+
+When they came, the people said, "Drink the stream dry. A person came
+here to war and we killed him, but he is alive. He laughs heartily at
+us."
+
+The birds drank the stream dry. There was only a very small quantity
+left in which Big Turtle sat.
+
+Big Turtle called, "Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, be coming hither,
+wherever you may be moving. They have almost killed me."
+
+Gray Squirrel was coming back, crying loud. He was coming back to
+attack them. He attacked the two birds. He tore open their water
+pouches by biting. He bit holes in them. At length all the water
+returned to its former place. At the creek and the lake it was as
+before; they were filled with water.
+
+"Sew up their pouches for them," said the people. So they sewed up the
+water pouches of the Pelicans. They finished sewing them.
+
+"Come, drink it dry again. Do your best. Beware lest we fail," said
+the people. They drank the stream dry again. Again very little of the
+water was left.
+
+"Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, wherever you may be moving. They have
+nearly killed me. Be coming hither again," said Big Turtle. He came
+back again. He bit and tore the throats in many places. It made their
+throats very bad. He made them bad to be sewed at all. It was
+difficult to sew them.
+
+"Yet we shall fail," said the people. "Gray Squirrel is abominable! I
+think Gray Squirrel is the only one with Big Turtle. I think he is the
+only one siding with them. Therefore we have failed to hurt them,"
+said the people.
+
+They ceased. When it was night, Big Turtle went back. He reached his
+comrades again.
+
+"Ho! Warriors, when men get the better of their enemies in a fight,
+they usually go homeward. I suspect that your sisters are tired of
+waiting to dance!"
+
+They went homeward. He walked around them, rattling his gourd.
+
+"Warriors, I said that I would do thus, and so it is," he said. He
+burnt the grass.
+
+He burnt the grass so that they might think he was coming home after
+killing the foe. At length they arrived at the village. They tied
+scalps to a stick. Then those in the village said, "Yonder come those
+who went to war!" The returning warriors raced around and around as
+victorious warriors do. People said, "There they are coming home,
+having killed the people of the enemy."
+
+An old man shouted: "Corn Crusher says that he killed one. _Halloo!_
+He says he killed her right at the lodge. _Halloo!_ Comb says he
+killed one right at the lodge. _Halloo!_ Awl says he killed one right
+at the lodge. _Halloo!_, Gray Squirrel says that he killed three
+right in the midst of the people. _Halloo!_ It is said they held the
+war chief, Big Turtle, right among them, in a great uproar. _Halloo!_
+It is said they failed to injure him. _Halloo!_"
+
+Big Turtle walked very proudly, carrying his shield. He went homeward
+to enter the lodge. He sat there telling them about himself. As people
+wished to hear it, they continued arriving there.
+
+"Why did they fail, when they were so near you? If you sat very near
+them, how is it that you are alive?" asked the people.
+
+"I pretended to be afraid of water, so I am alive," he said.
+
+"If so, then those over there have no eyes. How is it that they did
+not find you when you were alive?"
+
+"I sat in the ashes, therefore I am alive. I have come home, having
+killed people. Why did you doubt me? As you did not take vengeance on
+the people who used to kill you, I went to war on them myself. I
+killed them. How can you doubt me? I will tell no more about myself,"
+said Big Turtle. "I have ceased."
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Hyphenation
+has been made consistent, where there was a definite majority of one
+form, again without note. The following amendments have also been made:
+
+  Table of contents--Fallen-Star amended to The Fallen Star, with
+  reference to the main story title.
+
+  Page 80--name of nation (Cherokee) added to title, with reference
+  to table of contents.
+
+  Page 148--omitted word 'an' added--"Rabbit said he brought an
+  important message."
+
+  Page 195--omitted word 'said,' added--"... has come back," he said,
+  "having killed one ..."
+
+Some illustrations have been shifted to the beginning or end of tales
+where previously they were in the middle. The short advert and
+frontispiece illustration have been moved to follow the title page.
+Some illustrations had a tissue paper sheet with an italicised note;
+these have been moved to precede the illustration they refer to where
+necessary. They are marked as [Notes: ...].
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Katharine Berry Judson.
+    </title>
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+Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Myths and Legends of the Great Plains
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Editor: Katharine Berry Judson
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22083]
+
+Language: English
+
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 274px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp01.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp01th.jpg" width="274" height="400"
+alt="Book cover, with Native American art and photograph of an earth lodge" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">MYTHS AND LEGENDS<br />
+OF THE GREAT PLAINS</h1>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>SELECTED AND EDITED BY</b></p>
+
+<h2 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">KATHARINE BERRY JUDSON</h2>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Author of
+&ldquo;Myths and Legends of California and the Old Southwest,&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Myths and Legends of the Pacific Northwest,&rdquo; &ldquo;Montana,&rdquo; &ldquo;Myths and
+Legends of Alaska,&rdquo; and &ldquo;When the Forests are Ablaze.&rdquo;</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">ILLUSTRATED</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;">
+<img src="images/mlgp02.png" width="225" height="224"
+alt="Publisher&#39;s device" />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 3em;">CHICAGO<br />
+A. C. McCLURG &amp; CO.<br />
+1913</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"><i>Copyright</i><br />
+A. C. McCLURG &amp; CO.<br />
+1913</p>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 2em;">Published November, 1913</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-bottom: 3em;">W. F. Hall Printing Company<br />
+Chicago</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="center"><i>BY THE SAME AUTHOR</i></p>
+
+<p>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA
+AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST. <i>Over fifty
+full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50 net.</i></p>
+
+<p>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ALASKA. <i>Beautifully
+illustrated. Small quarto. $1.50 net.</i></p>
+
+<p>MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PACIFIC
+NORTHWEST. Especially of Washington and
+Oregon. <i>With fifty full-page illustrations.
+Small quarto. $1.50 net.</i></p>
+
+<p>MONTANA: &ldquo;The Land of Shining Mountains.&rdquo;
+<i>Illustrated. Indexed. Square 8vo. 75 cents net.</i></p>
+
+<p>WHEN THE FORESTS ARE ABLAZE. <i>Illustrated.
+Crown 8vo. $1.35 net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">A. C. McClurg &amp; Co., Publishers</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="BIANKIS_VISION" id="BIANKIS_VISION"></a>BIANKI&rsquo;S VISION</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Kiowa Drawing)</p>
+
+<p><i>The ghost-dance among the Sioux was based on the belief that the dead
+Indians would all come to life and drive out the white intruders. Then
+the buffaloes, which were disappearing, would come back in the immense
+herds of the olden time.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The vision of one of the dreamer priests is represented. After
+reaching the spirit world, Bianki found himself on a vast prairie
+covered with innumerable buffaloes and ponies. He went through the
+herds (dotted lines) until he came to a large Kiowa camp, with its
+ornament tepees. He met four young women who had died years before,
+and asked about two of his brothers, also dead. He soon met them
+coming into camp, with buffalo meat hanging from their saddles.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp03.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp03th.jpg" width="400" height="271" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">F</span>rom the edge of the Darkening Land, where
+stand the mountains which encircle the earth-plain,
+eastward toward the Sunland, lie the great
+plains of America. Smooth and flat and green they
+stretch away, hundreds of miles, rising from a dead
+level into a soft rolling of the land, then into the long
+green waves of the prairies where rivers flow, where the
+water ripples as it flows, and trees shade the banks of
+the gleaming water.</p>
+
+<p>Here, amidst the vast sweep of the plains which
+stretch away to the horizon on every side, boundless,
+limitless, endless, lived the plains Indians. Standing
+in the midst of this vast green plain on a soft May
+morning, after the Thunder Gods have passed, when
+the sun is shining in the soft blue above, and the
+sweet, rain-swept air is blown about by the Four
+Winds which are always near to man, day and night,&mdash;standing
+far out on the plains with no hint of the
+white man or his work&mdash;one sees the earth somewhat
+as the Indian saw it and wonders not at his reverence
+for the Mysterious One who dwelt overhead, beyond
+the blue stone arch, and for the lesser powers which
+came to him over the four paths guarded by the Four
+Winds. It was Wakoda, the Mysterious One, who
+gave to man the sunshine, the clear rippling water,
+the clear sky from which all storms, all clouds are
+absent, the sky which is the symbol of peace. Through
+this sky sweeps the eagle, the &ldquo;Mother&rdquo; of Indian
+songs, bearing upon her strong wings the message of
+peace and calling to her nestlings as she flies. Little
+wonder that to some tribes song was an integral part of
+their lives, and that emotions too deep for words were
+expressed in song.</p>
+
+<p>Other songs there were, with words, songs of the
+birds which fly through that soft, tender blue:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All around the birds in flocks are flying;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">See, many birds are flocking here,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">All about us now together coming.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">[<i>Pawnee</i>]</p>
+
+<p>The power to fly has always inspired Indians of all
+tribes and of all degrees of civilization with wonder and
+reverence. The bird chiefs have their own places in
+Indian myths. Owl is chief of the night; Woodpecker,
+with his ceaseless tattoo on the trees, is chief of the trees;
+Duck is chief of the water; but Eagle is chief of the
+day. It is always Eagle who is chief of the birds, even
+though Wren may outwit him in a tale told by the
+fire glimmering in the tepee, when the story tellers of
+the tribe tell of the happenings in the days &ldquo;way
+beyond.&rdquo; It is Eagle who inspires admiration, and
+becomes the most sacred bird.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert, watching o&rsquo;er his nest;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o&rsquo;er the country wide it echoes, there defying foes.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 15em;">[<i>Pawnee</i>]</p>
+
+<p>In the breeze that rippled the long grass of the prairie
+and fluttered the flaps of the graceful tepee, waved
+also the corn, sent by Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies,
+the ever returning life of the green thing growing. In
+the ravines and on the lower slopes of the grassy waves
+of the prairie bellowed the buffalo, or grazed in silence,
+having long since come up from the underground
+world and become the source of the Indian&rsquo;s food,
+clothing, home, utensils, and comfort. Endless were
+the charms and enchantments to bring the buffalo herds
+near his camping ground. Severe was the punishment
+meted out to the thoughtless warrior whose unguarded
+eagerness frightened the herds and sent them away.</p>
+
+<p>Over the plains and prairies, at other times, swept
+the Thunder Gods, with their huge jointed wings,
+darkening all the land, and flashing fire from angry
+eyes which struck down man and beast. Terrified were
+the Indians when the Thunder Gods rolled. Vows
+made to them must be kept, for relentless were they.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, grandfather,&rdquo; prayed the Indian when the
+sky was black and the lightning flashed, as he filled
+a pipe with tobacco and offered it skyward, &ldquo;Oh,
+grandfather! I am very poor. Somewhere make
+those who would injure me leave a clear space for me.&rdquo;
+Then he put the sacred green cedar upon the fire&mdash;the
+cedar which stayed awake those seven nights and therefore
+does not lose its hair every winter&mdash;and the smoke
+from the sacred, burning wood, rolling upward, appeased
+the rolling Thunders.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The authorities used in this compilation are those
+found in the annual reports of the Bureau of American
+Ethnology and the Publications of the United States
+Geographical and Geological Survey: contributions to
+North American Ethnology. Of the various ethnologists
+whose work has been used, those of especial importance
+are Alice C. Fletcher, whose wonderful work
+among the Omaha and Pawnee Indians is deserving of
+the most careful study, J. Owen Dorsey, James Mooney,
+and S. R. Riggs.</p>
+
+<p>No claim whatever is made for original work. Indeed,
+original work of any kind in a compilation such
+as this would impair the authenticity of the myths, and
+therefore destroy the value of this work. Nor has any
+effort been made towards &ldquo;style.&rdquo; The only style
+worth having in telling an Indian legend is that of the
+Indian himself.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right;">K. B. J.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seattle, Washington.</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdli">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap lowercase">PAGE</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Creation</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Osage</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How the World was Made</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Flood and the Rainbow</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The First Fire</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Ancestors of People</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Osage</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Origin of Strawberries</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Sacred Legend</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Legend of the Peace Pipes</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">A Tradition of the Calumet</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Sacred Pole</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ikto and the Thunders</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Thunder Bird</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Comanche</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Thunder Bird</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Assiniboin</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Song to the Thunder Gods</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Songs of the Buffalo Hunt</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Sioux</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Origin of the Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Buffalo Being</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Youth and the Underground People</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Buffalo and the Grizzly Bear</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">My First Buffalo Hunt</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Bird Omens</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Sioux</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Bird Chief</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Song of the Birds</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Pawnee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Song of Kawas, the Eagle</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Pawnee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Eagle&rsquo;s Revenge</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Race between Humming Bird and Crane</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Rabbit and the Turkeys</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Unktomi and the Bad Songs</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How the Pheasant Beat Corn</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Why Turkey Gobbles</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Omaha Beliefs</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pawnee Beliefs</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Pawnee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">A Song of Hospitality</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Sioux</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">A Song of the March</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Sioux</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Song of the Prairie Breeze</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Kiowa</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Mandan</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Legend of the Corn</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Arikara</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Tradition of the Finding of Horses</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Ponca</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Dakota Beliefs and Customs</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Why the Tetons Bury on Scaffolds</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Ghost&rsquo;s Resentment</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Forked Roads</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Tattooed Ghosts</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">A Ghost Story</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Ponca</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Ghost and the Traveler</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Man who Shot a Ghost</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Indian Who Wrestled with a Ghost</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Wakanda, or Water God</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Yankton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Spirit Land</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Arapahoe</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Waziya, the Weather Spirit</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Kansas Blizzards</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Kansa</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ikto and the Snowstorm</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Teton</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Southern Bride</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Fallen Star</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Quarrel of Sun and Moon</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Why the Possum Plays Dead</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Bog Myth</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Coyote and Snake</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Why the Wolves Help in War</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Escaped from the Wolves</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Lost His Fat</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Flint Visited Rabbit</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Caught the Sun in a Trap</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Rabbit Killed the Giant</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Deer Got His Horns</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Why the Deer has Blunt Teeth</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Legend of the Head of Gold</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Dakota</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">The Milky Way</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Cherokee</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Coyote and Gray Fox</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Ponca</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ictinike and Turtle</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ictinike and the Creators</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">How Big Turtle Went on the War Path</td>
+    <td class="tdli">Omaha</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="List of Illustrations">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap lowercase">PAGE</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Bianki&rsquo;s Vision</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#BIANKIS_VISION"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Woman&rsquo;s Costume</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#WOMANS_COSTUME">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">An Elderly Omaha Beau</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#OMAHA_BEAU">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Tattooing, Showing Conventional Design of the Peace Pipe</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#TATTOOING">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Bull Boat</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#BULL_BOAT">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">German Knights and Indian Warriors</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#KNIGHTS_AND_WARRIORS">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Rivalry over the Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#BUFFALO_RIVALRY">70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Capture of a Wandering Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#BUFFALO_CAPTURE">71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Five Chiefs of the Ogalla Sioux</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#FIVE_CHIEFS">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Old Horse</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#OLD_HORSE">85</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Siouan Tents</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#SIOUAN_TENTS">96</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">An Arapahoe Bed</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARAPAHOE_BED">97</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Indian Scaffold Cemetery on the Missouri River</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#SCAFFOLD_CEMETERY">110</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">An Omaha Village, Showing Earth Lodge and Conical Tepees</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#OMAHA_VILLAGE">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Black Coyote</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#BLACK_COYOTE">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ornamentation on the Reverse of an Arapahoe &ldquo;ghost-dance&rdquo; Shirt</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARAPAHOE_SHIRT">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&ldquo;Killed two Arikara chiefs&rdquo;</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ARIKARA_CHIEFS">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Many Tongues, or Loud Talker</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#MANY_TONGUES">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Petroglyph in Nebraska</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#NEBRASKA_PETROGLYPH">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Plains Indians Dragging Brush for a Medicine Lodge</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRAGGING_BRUSH">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">An Earth Lodge</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#EARTH_LODGE">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Kansa Chief</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#KANSA_CHIEF">168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Big Goose</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#BIG_GOOSE">169</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Omaha Assault on a Dakota Village</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#OMAHA_ASSAULT">186</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">&ldquo;Killed ten men and three women&rdquo;</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><a href="#KILLED_TEN">187</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg&nbsp;19]</a></span></p>
+<h2 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE GREAT PLAINS</h2>
+
+
+
+<h2>THE CREATION</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Osage (Wazh&aacute; zhe group)</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>ay beyond, once upon a time, some of
+the Osages lived in the sky. They did not know
+where they came from, so they went to Sun.
+They said, &ldquo;From where did we come?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He said, &ldquo;You are my children.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then they wandered still further and came to Moon.</p>
+
+<p>Moon said, &ldquo;I am your mother; Sun is your father.
+You must go away from here. You must go down to
+the earth and live there.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So they came to the earth but found it covered with
+water. They could not return up above. They wept,
+but no answer came to them. They floated about in the
+air, seeking help from some god; but they found none.</p>
+
+<p>Now all the animals were with them. Elk was the
+finest and most stately. They all trusted Elk. So they
+called to Elk, &ldquo;Help us.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg&nbsp;20]</a></span>
+Then Elk dropped into the water and began to sink.
+Then he called to the winds. The winds came from all
+sides and they blew until the waters went upwards, as
+in a mist. Now before that the winds had traveled in
+only two directions; they went from north to south and
+from south to north. But when Elk called to them,
+they came from the east, from the north, from the west,
+and from the south. They met at a central place; then
+they carried the waters upwards.</p>
+
+<p>Now at first the people could see only the rocks.
+So they traveled on the rocky places. But nothing
+grew there and there was nothing to eat. Then the
+waters continued to vanish. At last the people could
+see the soft earth. When Elk saw the earth, he was so
+joyous, he rolled over and over on the earth. Then all
+the loose hairs clung to the soil. So the hairs grew, and
+from them sprang beans, corn, potatoes, and wild turnips,
+and at last all the grasses and trees.</p>
+
+<p>Now the people wandered over the land. They
+found human footsteps. They followed them. They
+joined with them, and traveled with them in search of
+food.</p>
+
+
+<p class="subtitle">(Hoga group)</p>
+
+<p>The Hoga came down from above, and found the
+earth covered with water. They flew in every direction.
+They sought for gods who would help them
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg&nbsp;21]</a></span>
+and drive the water away. They found not one. Then
+Elk came. He had a loud voice and he shouted to the
+four corners of the sky. The four winds came in
+answer. They blew upon the water and it vanished
+upwards, in a mist. Then the people could see the
+rocks. Now there was only a little space on the rocks.
+They knew they must have more room. The people
+were crowded. So they sent Muskrat down into the
+water. He did not come back. He was drowned.
+Then they sent Loon down. He did not come back.
+He was drowned. Then they sent Beaver down into
+the water. The water was too deep. Beaver was
+drowned. Then Crawfish dived into the water. He
+was gone a long time. When he came up there was a
+little mud in his claws. Crawfish was so tired he died.
+But the people took the mud out of his claws and made
+the land.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg&nbsp;22]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he earth is a great floating island in a sea of
+water. At each of the four corners there is a
+cord hanging down from the sky. The sky is
+of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn
+out, the cords will break, and then the earth will sink
+down into the ocean. Everything will be water again.
+All the people will be dead. The Indians are much
+afraid of this.</p>
+
+<p>In the long time ago, when everything was all water,
+all the animals lived up above in Galun&rsquo;lati, beyond the
+stone arch that made the sky. But it was very much
+crowded. All the animals wanted more room. The
+animals began to wonder what was below the water
+and at last Beaver&rsquo;s grandchild, little Water Beetle,
+offered to go and find out. Water Beetle darted in
+every direction over the surface of the water, but it
+could find no place to rest. There was no land at all.
+Then Water Beetle dived to the bottom of the water
+and brought up some soft mud. This began to grow
+and to spread out on every side until it became the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg&nbsp;23]</a></span>
+island which we call the earth. Afterwards this earth
+was fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one
+remembers who did this.</p>
+
+<p>At first the earth was flat and soft and wet. The
+animals were anxious to get down, and they sent out
+different birds to see if it was yet dry, but there was
+no place to alight; so the birds came back to Galun&rsquo;lati.
+Then at last it seemed to be time again, so they sent out
+Buzzard; they told him to go and make ready for them.
+This was the Great Buzzard, the father of all the
+buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low
+down near the ground, and it was still soft. When he
+reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired; his
+wings began to flap and strike the ground. Wherever
+they struck the earth there was a valley; whenever the
+wings turned upwards again, there was a mountain.
+When the animals above saw this, they were afraid
+that the whole world would be mountains, so they
+called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full
+of mountains to this day. [This was the original home,
+in North Carolina.]</p>
+
+<p>When the earth was dry and the animals came down,
+it was still dark. Therefore they got the sun and set it
+in a track to go every day across the island from east
+to west, just overhead. It was too hot this way. Red
+Crawfish had his shell scorched a bright red, so that
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg&nbsp;24]</a></span>
+his meat was spoiled. Therefore the Cherokees do not
+eat it.</p>
+
+<p>Then the medicine men raised the sun a handsbreadth
+in the air, but it was still too hot. They raised
+it another time; and then another time; at last they had
+raised it seven handsbreadths so that it was just under
+the sky arch. Then it was right and they left it so.
+That is why the medicine men called the high place
+&ldquo;the seventh height.&rdquo; Every day the sun goes along
+under this arch on the under side; it returns at night
+on the upper side of the arch to its starting place.</p>
+
+<p>There is another world under this earth. It is like
+this one in every way. The animals, the plants, and
+the people are the same, but the seasons are different.
+The streams that come down from the mountains are
+the trails by which we reach this underworld. The
+springs at their head are the doorways by which we
+enter it. But in order to enter the other world, one
+must fast and then go to the water, and have one of the
+underground people for a guide. We know that the
+seasons in the underground world are different, because
+the water in the spring is always warmer in winter
+than the air in this world; and in summer the water is
+cooler.</p>
+
+<p>We do not know who made the first plants and animals.
+But when they were first made, they were told
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg&nbsp;25]</a></span>
+to watch and keep awake for seven nights. This is the
+way young men do now when they fast and pray to
+their medicine. They tried to do this. The first night,
+nearly all the animals stayed awake. The next night
+several of them dropped asleep. The third night still
+more went to sleep. At last, on the seventh night, only
+the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still
+awake. Therefore, to these were given the power to see
+in the dark, to go about as if it were day, and to kill and
+eat the birds and animals which must sleep during the
+night.</p>
+
+<p>Even some of the trees went to sleep. Only the cedar,
+the pine, the spruce, the holly, and the laurel were
+awake all seven nights. Therefore they are always
+green. They are also sacred trees. But to the other
+trees it was said, &ldquo;Because you did not stay awake,
+therefore you shall lose your hair every winter.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>After the plants and the animals, men began to come
+to the earth. At first there was only one man and one
+woman. He hit her with a fish. In seven days a little
+child came down to the earth. So people came to the
+earth. They came so rapidly that for a time it seemed
+as though the earth could not hold them all.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg&nbsp;26]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE FLOOD AND THE RAINBOW</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Delaware (Lenni-Lenapi)</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Lenni-Lenapi are the First People, so that
+they know this story is true.</p>
+
+<p>After the Creation of the earth, the Mysterious
+One covered it with a blue roof. Sometimes the roof
+was very black. Then the Manitou of Waters became
+uneasy. He feared the rain would no longer be able to
+pour down upon the earth through this dark roof.
+Therefore the Manitou of Waters prayed to the
+Mysterious One that the waters from above be not
+cut off.</p>
+
+<p>At once the Mysterious One commanded to blow the
+Spirit of the Wind, who dwells in the Darkening Land.
+At once thick clouds arose. They covered all the earth,
+so that the dark roof could no longer be seen.</p>
+
+<p>Then the voice of the Mysterious One was heard
+amongst the clouds. The voice was deep and heavy,
+like the sound of falling rivers.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Spirit of Rain, the brother of the Spirit
+of Waters and the Spirit of the Winds, poured down
+water from above. The waters fell for a long time.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg&nbsp;27]</a></span>
+They fell until all the earth was covered. Then the
+birds took refuge in the branches of the highest trees.
+The animals followed the trails to the mountain peaks.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Manitou of Waters feared no longer.
+Therefore the Mysterious One ordered the rain to cease
+and the clouds to disappear. Then Sin-go-wi-chi-na-xa,
+the rainbow, was seen in the sky.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the Lenni-Lenapi watch for the rainbow,
+because it means that the Mysterious One is no longer
+angry.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg&nbsp;28]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE FIRST FIRE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the beginning there was no fire and the world
+was cold. Then the Thunders, who lived up in
+Galun&rsquo;lati, sent their lightning and put fire into
+the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree which grew on an
+island. The animals knew it was there because they
+could see the smoke coming out at the top, but they
+could not get to it on account of the water, so they held
+a council to decide what to do. This was a long, long
+time ago.</p>
+
+<p>Every animal was anxious to go after the fire.
+Raven offered. He was large and strong, so he was
+sent first. He flew high and far across the water, and
+lighted on the sycamore tree. There he perched,
+wondering what to do next. Then he looked at himself.
+The heat had scorched his feathers black. Raven
+was so frightened he flew back across the water without
+any fire.</p>
+
+<p>Then little Wa-hu-hu, the Screech Owl, offered to
+go. He flew high and far across the water and perched
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg&nbsp;29]</a></span>
+upon a hollow tree. As he sat there looking into the
+hollow tree, wondering what to do, a blast of hot air
+came up and hurt his eyes. Screech Owl was frightened.
+He flew back as best he could, because he could
+hardly see. That is why his eyes are red even to this
+day.</p>
+
+<p>Then Hooting Owl and the Horned Owl went, but
+by the time they reached the hollow tree, the fire was
+blazing so fiercely that the smoke nearly blinded them.
+The ashes carried up by the breeze made white rings
+around their eyes. So they had to come home without
+fire. Therefore they have white rings around their
+eyes.</p>
+
+<p>None of the rest of the birds would go to the fire.
+Then Uk-su-hi, the racer snake, said he would go
+through the water and bring back fire. He swam to
+the island and crawled through the grass to the tree.
+Then he went into the tree by a small hole at the bottom.
+But the heat and smoke were dreadful. The
+ground at the bottom of the tree was covered with hot
+ashes. The racer darted back and forth trying to get
+off the ashes, and at last managed to escape through the
+same hole by which he had entered. But his body had
+been burned black. Therefore he is now the black
+racer. And that is why the black racer darts around
+and doubles on his track as if trying to escape.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg&nbsp;30]</a></span>
+Then great Blacksnake, &ldquo;The Climber,&rdquo; offered to
+go for fire. He was much larger than the black racer.
+Blacksnake swam over to the island and climbed up the
+tree on the outside, as the blacksnake always does, but
+when he put his head down into the hole the smoke
+choked him so that he fell into the burning stump.
+Before he could climb out, he, too, was burned black.</p>
+
+<p>So the birds, and the animals, and the snakes held
+another council. The world was still very cold. There
+was no fire. But all the birds, and the snakes, and all
+the four-footed animals refused to go for fire. They
+were all afraid of the burning sycamore.</p>
+
+<p>Then Water Spider said she would go. This is not
+the water spider that looks like a mosquito, but the
+other one&mdash;the one with black downy hair and red
+stripes on her body. She could run on top of the water,
+or dive to the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>The animals said, &ldquo;How can you bring back fire?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But Water Spider spun a thread from her body and
+wove it into a <i>tusti</i> bowl which she fastened on her back.
+Then she swam over to the island and through the grass
+to the fire. Water Spider put one little coal of fire into
+her bowl, and then swam back with it.</p>
+
+<p>That is how fire came to the world. And that is
+why Water Spider has a <i>tusti</i> bowl on her back.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg&nbsp;31]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE ANCESTORS OF PEOPLE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Osage</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here are people who come from under the
+water. They lived in the water weeds that
+hang down, all green, into the water. They
+have leaves upon their stems. Now the water people
+lived in shells. The shells were their houses and kept
+the water out.</p>
+
+<p>There were other animals who lived under the earth.
+Cougar lived under the earth, and bear, and buffalo.
+These creatures came up out of the ground. Then the
+shell people came up to the earth also; and the sky
+people came down. So all these three peoples lived
+together. They are the fathers of the people who live
+on the earth today.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="WOMANS_COSTUME" id="WOMANS_COSTUME"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 211px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp04.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp04th.jpg" width="211" height="400"
+alt="A woman in traditional dress." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Woman&rsquo;s Costume</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">(Omaha)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="OMAHA_BEAU" id="OMAHA_BEAU"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 239px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp05.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp05th.jpg" width="239" height="400"
+alt="An older man in traditional dress." /></a>
+<span class="caption">An Elderly Omaha Beau</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg&nbsp;32]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ORIGIN OF STRAWBERRIES</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen the world was new, there was one man
+and one woman. They were happy; then
+they quarreled. At last the woman left the
+man and began to walk away toward the Sunland,
+the Eastland. The man followed. He felt sorry, but
+the woman walked straight on. She did not look back.</p>
+
+<p>Then Sun, the great Apportioner, was sorry for the
+man. He said,</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Are you still angry with your wife?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The man said, &ldquo;No.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Sun said, &ldquo;Would you like to have her come back
+to you?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said the man.</p>
+
+<p>So Sun made a great patch of huckleberries which
+he placed in front of the woman&rsquo;s trail. She passed
+them without paying any attention to them. Then Sun
+made a clump of blackberry bushes and put those in
+front of her trail. The woman walked on. Then Sun
+created beautiful service-berry bushes which stood
+beside the trail. Still the woman walked on.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg&nbsp;33]</a></span>
+So Sun made other fruits and berries. But the
+woman did not look at them.</p>
+
+<p>Then Sun created a patch of beautiful ripe strawberries.
+They were the first strawberries. When the
+woman saw those, she stopped to gather a few. As
+she gathered them, she turned her face toward the west.
+Then she remembered the man. She turned to the
+Sunland but could not go on. She could not go any
+further.</p>
+
+<p>Then the woman picked some of the strawberries and
+started back on her trail, away from the Sunland. So
+her husband met her, and they went back together.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg&nbsp;34]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SACRED LEGEND</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the beginning the people were in water. They
+opened their eyes, but they could see nothing. As
+the people came out of the water, they first saw the
+daylight. They had no clothing. Then they took
+weeds and grasses and from them wove clothing.</p>
+
+<p>The people lived near a large body of water; it was
+in a wooded country where there was game. The men
+hunted the deer with clubs; they did not know the use
+of the bow. The people wandered about the shores of
+the great water. They were poor and cold. The
+people thought, &ldquo;What shall we do to help ourselves?&rdquo;
+So they began chipping stones. They found a bluish
+stone that was easily flaked and chipped; so they made
+knives and arrowheads out of it. But they were still
+poor and cold. They thought, &ldquo;What shall we do?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then a man found an elm root that was very dry.
+He dug a hole in it and put a stick in and rubbed it.
+Then smoke came. He smelled it. Then the people
+smelled it and came near. Others helped him to rub.
+At last a spark came. They blew this into a flame.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg&nbsp;35]</a></span>
+Thus fire came to warm the people and to cook their
+food.</p>
+
+<p>After this the people built grass houses; they cut the
+grass with the shoulder blade of a deer. Now the people
+had fire and ate their meat roasted. Then they
+grew tired of roast meat. They thought, &ldquo;How shall
+we cook our meat differently?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>A man found a piece of clay that stuck well together.
+Then he brought sand to mix with it. Then he molded
+it as a pot. Then he gathered grass until he had a large
+heap of it; he put the clay pot into the midst of the
+grass and set it on fire. This made the clay hard.
+After a time he put water into the pot; the water did
+not leak out. This was good. So he put water into
+it and then meat into it, and put the pot over the fire.
+Thus the people had boiled meat to eat.</p>
+
+<p>Now their grass coverings would grow fuzzy and
+drop off. It was hard to gather and keep these coverings.
+The people were not satisfied. Again they
+thought, &ldquo;What can we do to have something different
+to wear?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Before this, they had been throwing away the hides
+from the game which they killed. But now they took
+their stone knives to scrape down the hides and make
+them thin. They rubbed the hides with grass and with
+their hands to make them soft. Then they used the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg&nbsp;36]</a></span>
+hides for clothing. Now they had clothing and were
+warm.</p>
+
+<p>Now the women had to break the dry wood to keep
+up the fires. They had no tools. So the men made a
+stone ax with a groove. Then they put a handle on the
+grooved stone and fastened it with rawhide. This was
+used. Then they wanted something better to break
+the wood. So they made wedges of stone.</p>
+
+<p>Now the grass shelter came to pieces easily. Then
+the people thought, &ldquo;What shall we do? How can
+we get something that will not come to pieces?&rdquo; Then
+they tried putting skins on poles.</p>
+
+<p>First they tried deerskins. But they were too small.
+They tried elk skins. But they became hard and stiff
+in the rain and sun. Then they did not try skins longer.
+They used bark to cover the poles of their tepees.</p>
+
+<p>But the bark houses were not warm. Then the people
+took the leg bone of the deer and splintered it So they
+made sharp pieces for awls. Then they took buffalo
+skins and sinews, and with the awl they fastened the
+skins together. So they made comfortable covers for
+their tepees.</p>
+
+<p>Then a man wandered around a long time. One day
+he found some small pieces of something which were
+white, and red, and blue. He thought they must be
+something of great value, so he hid them in a mound of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg&nbsp;37]</a></span>
+earth. Now one day he went to see if they were safe.
+Behold! When he came to the mound, green stalks
+were growing out of it. And on the stalks were small
+kernels of white, and red, and blue. Behold! It was
+corn. Then the man took the corn, and gave it to the
+people. They tried it for food. They found it good,
+and have ever since called it their life.</p>
+
+<p>Now when the people found the corn good, they
+thought to hide it in mounds as the first man had done.
+So they took the shoulder blade of an elk and made
+mounds. Then they hid the corn in it. So the corn
+grew and the people had food.</p>
+
+<p>Now as the people wandered around, they came to
+a forest where the birch trees grew. There was a great
+lake there. Then they made canoes of birch bark.
+They traveled in them on the water. Then a man
+found two young animals. He carried them home.
+He fed them so they grew bigger. Then he made a
+harness which he placed upon them and fastened it to
+poles. So these animals became burden bearers. Before
+that, every burden had to be carried on the back.
+Now the dogs helped the people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg&nbsp;38]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE LEGEND OF THE PEACE PIPES</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he people came across a great water on logs
+tied together. They pitched their tents on the
+shore. Then they thought to make for themselves
+certain bounds within which they were to live
+and rules which should govern them. They cleared a
+space of grass and weeds so they could see each other&rsquo;s
+faces. They sat down and there was no obstruction
+between them.</p>
+
+<p>While they were holding a council, an owl hooted
+in the trees near by. The leader said, &ldquo;That bird is
+to take part in our council. He calls to us. He offers
+us his aid.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Immediately afterward they heard a woodpecker.
+He knocked against the trees. The leader said, &ldquo;That
+bird calls to us. He offers us his aid. He will take
+part in our council.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the chief appointed a man as servant. He said,
+&ldquo;Go into the woods and get an ash sapling.&rdquo; The
+servant came back with a sapling having a rough
+bark.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg&nbsp;39]</a></span>
+&ldquo;We do not want that,&rdquo; said the leader. &ldquo;Go again
+and get a sapling with a smooth bark, bluish in color
+at the joint where a branch comes.&rdquo; So the servant
+went out, and came back with a sapling of the kind
+described.</p>
+
+<p>When the leader took up the sapling, an eagle came
+and soared about the council which was sitting in the
+grass. He dropped a downy feather; it fell. It fell
+in the center of the cleared space. Now this was the
+white eagle. The chief said, &ldquo;This is not what we
+want,&rdquo; so the white eagle passed on.</p>
+
+<p>Then the bald eagle came swooping down, as
+though attacking its prey. It balanced itself on its
+wings directly over the cleared space. It uttered fierce
+cries, and dropped one of its downy feathers, which
+stood on the ground as the other eagle&rsquo;s feather had
+done. The chief said, &ldquo;This is not what we want.&rdquo; So
+the bald eagle passed on.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the spotted eagle, and soared over the
+council, and dropped its feather as the others had done.
+The chief said, &ldquo;This is not what we want,&rdquo; and the
+spotted eagle passed on.</p>
+
+<p>Then the imperial eagle, the eagle with the fantail,
+came, and soared over the people. It dropped a downy
+feather which stood upright in the center of the cleared
+space. The chief said, &ldquo;This is what we want.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg&nbsp;40]</a></span>
+So the feathers of this eagle were used in making
+the peace pipes, together with the feathers of the owl
+and woodpecker, and with other things. These peace
+pipes were to be used in forming friendly relations
+with other tribes.</p>
+
+<p>When the peace pipes were made, seven other pipes
+were made for keeping peace within the tribe. One
+pipe was to prevent revenge. If one man should kill
+another, the chief took this pipe to the relatives and
+offered it to them. If the relatives of the dead man
+refused to accept it, it was offered again. It was offered
+four times. If it was refused four times, the chief said,
+&ldquo;Well, you must take the consequences. We will do
+nothing, and you cannot now ask to see the pipes.&rdquo; He
+meant if they took revenge and any trouble came to
+them, they could not ask for help or for mercy.</p>
+
+<p>Each band had its own pipe.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg&nbsp;41]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A TRADITION OF THE CALUMET</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Lenni-Lenapi</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the days of the old men, far to the north there
+lived a nation with many villages. Their warriors
+were as many as the buffalo herds on the plains
+toward the Darkening Land. Their tepees were many
+on the shores of a beautiful lake and along wide rivers.</p>
+
+<p>Then the Mysterious One, whose voice is in the
+clouds, told the chiefs of a great nation, also of many
+villages, which hunted through all the country from
+the Big Water in the sunrise to the mountains in the
+Darkening Land.</p>
+
+<p>Then the chiefs and the old men held a council.
+Runners came from many villages to the great council.
+And the council voice was to go to the great nation
+to the south, the nation with many villages, and bring
+back scalps and horses.</p>
+
+<p>So the chiefs and warriors went out, one by one.
+Then runners were sent to all the villages, ordering
+the chiefs to dance the scalp dance.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly there came through the sky a great white
+bird. It came from the forest, and flew into the village
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg&nbsp;42]</a></span>
+of the great chief. It rested above the head of the
+chief&rsquo;s daughter.</p>
+
+<p>Then the chief&rsquo;s daughter heard a voice in her heart.
+The voice said, &ldquo;Call all the chiefs and warriors together.
+Tell them the Mysterious One is sad because
+they seek the scalps of the Lenni-Lenapi, the First
+People. Tell the warriors they must wash their hands
+in the blood of a young fawn. They must go with
+many presents to the First People. They must carry
+to the First People Hobowakan, the calumet.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Thus the First People and the mighty people with
+many villages on the shore of the lake smoked together
+the pipe of council. So there was peace.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="TATTOOING" id="TATTOOING"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp06.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp06th.jpg" width="400" height="378" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Tattooing, Showing Conventional Design of the Peace Pipe</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="BULL_BOAT" id="BULL_BOAT"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp07.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp07th.jpg" width="400" height="300"
+alt="A small circular boat, pulled on shore, with one oar resting inside." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Bull Boat</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Made of the hide of the buffalo bulls.<br />
+The only boat used by the plains Indians.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg&nbsp;43]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SACRED POLE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> young man who had been wandering came
+back to his village. When he reached his
+home he said, &ldquo;Father, I have seen a wonderful
+tree.&rdquo; Then he told his father about it. The
+old man was silent because all was not yet settled
+between the tribes. The Cheyenne, the Arikara, the
+Omaha, Ponca, and Iowa were having a great council,
+so as to adopt rules concerning the hunting of game,
+and of peace, and war.</p>
+
+<p>After a while, the young man went to visit the tree.
+When he reached home, he told his father again of it.
+The old man was silent, for the chiefs were still holding
+their council. At last, when the council was over and
+the rules decided upon, the old man sent for the chiefs.
+He said, &ldquo;My son has seen a wonderful tree. The
+Thunder Birds come and go upon this tree. They
+make a trail of fire which leaves four paths on the
+burnt grass that stretch towards the Four Winds.
+When the Thunder Birds alight upon the tree, it
+bursts into flame. The fire mounts to the top. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg&nbsp;44]</a></span>
+tree stands burning, but no one can see the fire except
+at night.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the chiefs heard this tale, they sent runners
+to see what this tree might be. The runners came back
+and told the same story. In the night they had seen
+the tree burning as it stood. Then all the people held
+a council as to what this might mean. The chiefs said,
+&ldquo;We shall run for it. Put on your ornaments and prepare
+as if for battle.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The warriors painted themselves as if for war. They
+put on their ornaments. They set out for the tree,
+which stood near a lake. They ran as if it were a race
+to attack the enemy. All the men ran. A Ponca was
+the first to reach the tree and he struck it as if it were
+an enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Then they cut the tree down. Four men, walking in
+a straight line, carried it on their shoulders to the
+village. The chiefs for four nights sang the songs made
+in honor of the tree. They held a council about the
+tree. A tent was made for it, and it was set up in the
+circle of lodges. The chiefs worked upon it; they
+trimmed it and called it a human being. They made
+a basket of twigs and feathers and tied it half way up
+the tree. Then they said, &ldquo;It has no hair!&rdquo; So they
+sent out to get a large scalp lock and they put it on top
+of Pole for hair. Afterwards the chiefs told the criers
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg&nbsp;45]</a></span>
+to tell the people that when Pole was completed they
+should see it.</p>
+
+<p>Then they painted Pole and set it up before the tent.
+They leaned it on a crotched stick. Then they called
+all the people and all the people came. Men, women,
+and children came.</p>
+
+<p>When they were all together, the chiefs said, &ldquo;This
+is a mystery. Whenever we meet with trouble, we shall
+bring all our prayers to Pole. We shall make offerings
+to him. We shall ask him for what we need. When
+we ask anything, we must make gifts. If anyone desires
+to become a chief, he shall make presents to the
+Keepers of the Pole, and they shall give him authority
+to be a chief.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When all was finished the people said, &ldquo;Let us
+appoint a time when we shall again paint Pole; when
+we shall act before him the battles we have fought.&rdquo;
+So they fixed the time in the moon when the buffaloes
+bellow.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg&nbsp;46]</a></span></p>
+<h2>IKTO AND THE THUNDERS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>kto once stood on the bank of a stream across
+which he could not swim. He stood on the bank
+and thought. Then he sang:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I stand,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Thinking often,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Oh, that I might reach the other side.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Just then a long Something passed, swimming against
+the current. When it reached Ikto, it said,</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I will take you across, but you must not lift your
+head above the water. Should you notice even a small
+cloud, warn me at once, as I must go under the water.
+If you see a small cloud, you must say, &lsquo;Younger
+brother, your grandfather is coming.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Before the other bank was reached, Ikto looked up.
+He saw a small cloud and said, &ldquo;Younger brother, your
+grandfather is coming.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>There was a sudden commotion. When Ikto became
+conscious again, the Thunder Beings were roaring, and
+the water was dashing high, but the monster had
+vanished.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg&nbsp;47]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE THUNDER BIRD</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Comanche</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the olden times, a hunter once shot at a large
+bird which was flying above him. It fell to the
+ground. It was so large he was afraid to go to it
+alone, so he went back to the camp for others.</p>
+
+<p>When they came back to the place where the bird
+had been shot, thunder was rolling through the ravine.
+Flashes of lightning showed the place where the bird
+lay. They came nearer. Then the lightning flashed
+so that they could not see the bird. One flash killed
+a hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The other Indians fled back to the camp. They knew
+it was the Thunder Bird.</p>
+
+<p>Once the Thunder Bird, in the days of the grandfathers,
+came down to the ground and alighted there.
+You may know that is so, because the grass remains
+burned off a large space, and the outlines are those of
+a large bird with outspread wings.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg&nbsp;48]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE THUNDER BIRD</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Assiniboin</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Sioux, or Dakotas, of whom the Assiniboins
+are a branch, pretend that thunder is
+an enormous bird, and that the muffled
+sound of the distant thunder is caused by a countless
+number of young birds! The great bird, they say,
+gives the first sound, and the young ones repeat it; this
+is the cause of the reverberations. The Sioux declare
+that the young Thunders do all the mischief, like boys
+who will not listen to good advice; but the old
+Thunder, or big bird, is wise and excellent; he never
+kills or injures any one!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg&nbsp;49]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SONG TO THE THUNDER GODS<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ye four, come hither and stand, near shall ye stand,<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></span><br />
+<span class="i0">In four groups shall ye stand,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Here shall ye stand, in this place stand.</span><br />
+<span class="i11">[The thunder rolls]</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Turned by the wind goes the one I send yonder;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Yonder he goes who is whirled by the winds;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Goes, where the four hills of life and the four winds are standing;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">There in the midst of the winds do I send him,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Into the midst of the winds standing there.</span><br />
+<span class="i11">[The thunder rolls]</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> By Alice C. Fletcher.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> The &ldquo;four&rdquo; are the four winds.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg&nbsp;50]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The whole world is coming,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">A nation is coming, a nation is coming,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">The Eagle has brought the message to the tribe.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">The father says so, the father says so,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Over the whole earth they are coming.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">The Crow has brought the message to the tribe,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">The father says so, the father says so.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> &ldquo;This fine song summarizes the whole hope of the Ghost-dance&mdash;the
+return of the buffalo and the departed dead, the message being
+brought to the people by the sacred birds, the Eagle and the Crow.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg&nbsp;51]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>He!</i> They have come back racing,<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>He!</i> They have come back racing,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Make arrows! Make arrows!</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Says the father, says the father.</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Give me my knife,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Give me my knife,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">I shall hang up the meat to dry&mdash;<i>Ye&acute; ye!</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2">I shall hang up the meat to dry&mdash;<i>Ye&acute; ye!</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2">Says grandmother&mdash;<i>Yo&acute; yo!</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2">Says grandmother&mdash;<i>Yo&acute; yo!</i></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg&nbsp;52]</a></span>
+<span class="i2">When it is dry I shall make pemmican,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">When it is dry I shall make pemmican,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Says grandmother&mdash;<i>Yo&acute; yo!</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2">Says grandmother&mdash;<i>Yo&acute; yo!</i><a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Songs and comments as given by James Mooney.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> &ldquo;When going on a buffalo hunt, it was customary among the
+Sioux to send out a small advance party to locate the herd. On finding
+it, these men returned at once at full gallop to the main body of
+hunters, but instead of stopping on reaching them, they dashed past
+and then turned and fell in behind. It is to this custom the first line
+refers.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> &ldquo;In the old days an Indian camp during the cutting up of the
+meat after a buffalo hunt was a scene of the most joyous activity....
+Preparations were made for days and weeks ahead. Couriers
+were sent out to collect the neighboring bands at a common
+rendezvous, medicine men began their prayers and ceremonies to
+attract the herd, the buffalo songs were sung, and finally when all
+was ready the confederated bands or sometimes the whole tribe&mdash;men,
+women, children, horses, dogs, and travois&mdash;moved out into
+the buffalo grounds. Here the immense camp of hundreds of tipis
+was set up, more ceremonies were performed, and the mounted
+warriors rode out in a body to surround and slaughter the herd. The
+women followed close after them to strip the hides from the fresh
+carcasses, and cut out the choice portion of the meat and tallow and
+bring it into camp.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg&nbsp;53]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ORIGIN OF THE BUFFALO</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the days of the grandfathers, buffaloes lived
+under the earth. In the olden times, they say, a
+man who was journeying came to a hill where
+there were many holes in the ground. He entered one
+of them. When he had gone inside he found buffalo
+chips and buffalo tracks on all sides. He found also
+buffalo hairs where the buffaloes had rubbed against
+the walls. These were the real buffaloes and they lived
+under the ground. Afterwards some of them came to
+the surface of the earth and lived there. Then the
+herds on the earth increased.</p>
+
+<p>These buffaloes had many lodges and there they
+raised their children. They did many strange things.
+Therefore when a man escapes being wounded by an
+enemy, people say he has seen the buffaloes in his
+dreams, and they have helped him.</p>
+
+<p>Men who dream of the buffaloes act like them and
+dance the buffalo-bull dance. Then the man who acts
+the buffalo has a real buffalo inside of him, people say,
+a little hard ball near the shoulder blade; and therefore
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg&nbsp;54]</a></span>
+he is very hard to kill. No matter how often he is
+wounded, he does not die.</p>
+
+<p>People know that the buffaloes live in earth lodges;
+so they never dance the buffalo dance vainly.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg&nbsp;55]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BUFFALO BEING</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time, a Buffalo Being attacked a
+party of Indians. He killed one of them,
+but the others ran away and climbed a tree.
+The Buffalo Being followed them and rushed at the
+tree. He rushed many times, knocking off piece after
+piece of the tree, until very little was left.</p>
+
+<p>Then the frightened Indians lighted some tinder, and
+threw it far off into the tall grass. The fire scorched
+the Buffalo Being&rsquo;s eyes, and injured his horns. The
+hard part of the horn slipped off, leaving only the
+softer part, so that he could no longer injure any one.</p>
+
+<p>But the Buffalo Being was still dangerous. At last
+one of the Indians slipped down the tree, with his bow
+and arrow. He killed the Buffalo Being. Then all the
+men came down the tree and skinned the animal and
+cut up the flesh. Into the buffalo-skin robe they placed
+the body of the dead Indian. But suddenly another
+Buffalo Being appeared. The Indians again climbed
+the tree. But this Being only walked four times around
+the dead Indian. Then he said, &ldquo;Arise to your feet.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg&nbsp;56]</a></span>
+At once the dead man came to life. The Buffalo
+Being said to him, &ldquo;Hereafter you shall be mysterious.
+The sun, the moons, the four winds, day and night shall
+be your slaves.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then it was so. The Indian could take the form of
+a fine plume, which was blown against a tree. It would
+stick to the tree and wave many times in the breeze.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="KNIGHTS_AND_WARRIORS" id="KNIGHTS_AND_WARRIORS"></a>GERMAN KNIGHTS AND INDIAN WARRIORS</h3>
+
+<p><i>The German knights are from a sketch in a Ms., dated 1220, in the
+University of Leipzig. The sketch was copied from Rudolph Cronau&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Geschichte der Solinger Klingenindustrie.&rdquo; They are Knights of the
+13th century.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The Indian warriors were drawn by an Apache Indian at Anadarko, in
+1884, though the insignia is really that of the Cheyenne Indians.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The comparison and contrast are made by the Bureau of Ethnology.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 314px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp08.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp08th.jpg" width="314" height="400" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg&nbsp;57]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE YOUTH AND THE UNDERGROUND PEOPLE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here were some villages which were very
+populous. The chief&rsquo;s son and his daughter
+were unmarried. There were two sons. They
+surrounded the herds of buffaloes. They used to kill
+buffaloes.</p>
+
+<p>One of the sons of this chief attacked a buffalo
+when far apart from the rest. He shot it; but the buffalo
+had gone out of sight into the ground. The man
+and his horse, too, went headlong; but the buffalo went
+down first.</p>
+
+<p>Now the father sent out criers. &ldquo;He says that his
+son reached the buffaloes, but he has not come home.
+He says that ye who have seen his son will please tell
+it,&rdquo; shouted the criers.</p>
+
+<p>One said he had seen him. &ldquo;I saw him very distinctly.
+He went in pursuit. Perhaps he went headlong
+into a sunken place, for when on very level ground
+he vanished altogether. I did not see him again,&rdquo; he
+said.</p>
+
+<p>The father commanded the people to join him in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg&nbsp;58]</a></span>
+seeking his son. When the man who had seen him
+said, &ldquo;It was just here,&rdquo; the people scattered far and
+wide, seeking the chief&rsquo;s son. All the people sought
+him. Behold, he had gone down the pit some time
+before. The buffalo had gone down, having kicked
+off a piece of the soil. The horse, too, had gone down,
+having kicked off a piece of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>There was no trail beyond the pit. All the people
+went directly to it, without hesitation.</p>
+
+<p>The pit was very large and extended far downward.
+The chief spoke of removing the village there, at once.
+So there they camped. They camped around the pit.</p>
+
+<p>Then the chief implored the young men and those
+who had been his friends. If there was one man who
+was stout-hearted, one who had a firm heart, the father
+wished him to enter the pit and go after the young
+man. So he implored them.</p>
+
+<p>At length one rode round and round the village.
+Then he promised to enter the pit and go after the missing
+son.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Tell his father. He must also collect cords,&rdquo; he
+said.</p>
+
+<p>Having cut buffalo hides in strips, he collected the
+cords.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Make a round piece of skin for me, and tie the long
+line of cord to it,&rdquo; he said. So they finished it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg&nbsp;59]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Now it matters not to what place I go, I will put
+the body in the skin bucket. I go to take hold of him.
+When I reach the ground at the bottom, I will pull
+suddenly on the cord. When I pull on it many times,
+you will draw it up.&rdquo; Thus he said.</p>
+
+<p>At last he reached the ground inside the pit. It was
+very dark. When he felt around in the dark, the buffalo
+was lying alone, being killed by the fall. The
+horse, too, was lying by itself, having been killed by
+the fall. And the man lay apart from them, having
+been killed by the fall.</p>
+
+<p>Picking up the body of the chief&rsquo;s son, he put it in
+the hollow skin. Then he pulled many times on the
+cord.</p>
+
+<p>But when the young man went down, strange to say,
+he did not ask favors for himself. And they rejoiced
+because he had put the chief&rsquo;s son in the hollow skin.
+Having brought up the dead man they forgot the living
+one.</p>
+
+<p>Though he sat waiting for the hollow skin to
+come down again, he was not drawn up. So he sat
+wailing.</p>
+
+<p>Now the chief had promised him his daughter to
+go down into the pit. &ldquo;If you bring my son back,
+you shall marry her,&rdquo; he had said.</p>
+
+<p>The young man wandered about in the darkness. At
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg&nbsp;60]</a></span>
+length when walking along the trail, he came suddenly
+upon an old woman.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Venerable woman, though this land is very difficult
+to reach, I have come hither. I came to the hole
+in the ground above. One person came hither, having
+fallen into this pit. I came to take him back. They
+have not drawn me up; and I have no way of going
+back. Venerable woman, help me.&rdquo; So he spoke.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;There is nothing that I can do to help you,&rdquo; she
+said. &ldquo;A person is in that place, out of sight. Go
+there. He is the one who will do it for you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He went there. When he arrived, he knocked repeatedly
+on the door. Though he stood hearing them speaking,
+they did not open the door for him.</p>
+
+<p>The woman said, &ldquo;Fie! A person has come. Open
+the door for him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Behold! The man&rsquo;s child was dead, and therefore
+he sat without speaking. He sat still, being sad. Then
+the young man arrived within the lodge, the woman
+having opened the door for him. Yet her husband sat
+without speaking. The young man was impatient from
+hunger. The husband questioned him:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;From what place have you walked?&rdquo; he asked.</p>
+
+<p>The young man told his story. &ldquo;I walked up above,
+but a man headed off the herd, and having fallen, he
+came here. I came here to take him back. They did
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg&nbsp;61]</a></span>
+not take me back; I have no way of going back. Help
+me,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>The man said, &ldquo;We had a child, but it died. We
+will treat you just like the child who died.&rdquo; He meant
+he would adopt him. &ldquo;All things which I have are
+yours,&rdquo; said the father.</p>
+
+<p>The young man did not speak. He wished to go
+homeward.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Whatever you say I will do it for you,&rdquo; said the
+father. &ldquo;Even if you desire to go homeward, it shall be
+so,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>At last the young man spoke of going homeward.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;If you say, &lsquo;I will go homeward riding a horse of
+such a color, O father!&rsquo; it shall be so,&rdquo; said the father.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Fie!&rdquo; said the woman. &ldquo;Heretofore we were
+deprived of our child. The young man who has just
+come home is like him. Give him one thing which
+you have.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I make you my child. I will give you something.
+Whatever I desire I always make with it, when I wish
+to have anything,&rdquo; said the father. He had a piece of
+iron and when he wished anything he used to point at
+the iron.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O father, I wish to go homeward riding a horse
+with very white hair. I also desire a mule with very
+white hair, and a good saddle,&rdquo; said the young man.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg&nbsp;62]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Come, go there. Open the door of that stable.
+When you wish to see us again, you shall see us. When
+you will go homeward, you will say, &lsquo;Come, O father,
+I desire to go homeward,&rsquo;&rdquo; said the father.</p>
+
+<p>The young man went homeward. He made the rocks
+open suddenly by pointing at them with the iron. He
+went up, making the ground echo under the horse&rsquo;s
+feet. When he pushed aside a very large rock which
+was in his way, he found himself again on the surface
+of the earth. The horse and mule were very sudden
+in their movements. They shied at every step. They
+sniffed the odor of a bad land.</p>
+
+<p>The young man found his nation that he had left.
+Behold! they had recently removed and departed.
+After they waited some time for him to appear, they
+had removed their camp and departed. The horse
+and mule went along, fearing the sight of the old
+camping ground. They followed the trail of the departing
+village.</p>
+
+<p>Then the young man saw two people on a large hill,
+walking in the trail. They were the head chief and his
+wife who were walking along, mourning for the dead.</p>
+
+<p>They looked behind and said, &ldquo;Yonder comes one
+on horseback, following the trail made by the departing
+village.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He drew near. They sat waiting for him to appear.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg&nbsp;63]</a></span>
+The horse and mule feared the sight of them; they
+sniffed a bad odor.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why! Of what nation are you?&rdquo; asked the chief.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;It is I,&rdquo; said the young man.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;But which one are you?&rdquo; said the chief.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Your son went headlong into a pit when they surrounded
+the herd,&rdquo; said the young man. &ldquo;And I went
+down to get him. You did not bring me back. It is
+I.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>As he was very much changed, the old man
+doubted.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Fie! Tell the truth about yourself.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When they surrounded the herd, your son went
+headlong as well as the buffalo, and he was killed by
+falling into a pit. When you commanded them to get
+him, they drew back through fear. I am he who went
+to get him when you offered your daughter as a
+reward,&rdquo; said the young man. &ldquo;I have hardly been
+able to come again to the surface.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then they recognized him. The two men stood talking
+together on the large hill. The chief&rsquo;s son looked
+back from the camp.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why! The chief and his wife have come as far as
+the large hill and a man on horseback has come, too.
+He stands talking to them. I will go thither. Let me
+see! I will go to see them.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg&nbsp;64]</a></span>
+He went back on horseback and came to his father.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;With what person do you talk?&rdquo; said the son.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why! He who went to get your elder brother has
+come back!&rdquo; said the head chief.</p>
+
+<p>They shook hands. And the head chief gave his
+daughter to the young man.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let all the men and chiefs assemble. Let all the
+stout-hearted young men assemble. They can look at
+my daughter&rsquo;s husband,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>They assembled. They came to see the young man
+and brought the things they intended giving him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He says that he who went to get the man who was
+killed by falling has come back. The chief says that
+as he has made the young man his daughter&rsquo;s husband
+you shall go to see the young man. He says that you
+will take to him what things you wish to give him.
+The chief says he will give thanks for them.&rdquo; So
+shouted the crier.</p>
+
+<p>All the young men and those who were brave and
+generous went thither. They all gave him clothing and
+good horses. His wife&rsquo;s father made him the head
+chief.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Make ye a tent for him in the center,&rdquo; said the old
+chief.</p>
+
+<p>They set up a tent for him in the center. They finished
+it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg&nbsp;65]</a></span>
+&ldquo;The people did not eat. As they sat waiting for
+you to appear, the nation did not eat. You came back
+when they were just removing camp,&rdquo; said the old
+chief.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho!&rdquo; said the one who had just reached home.
+&ldquo;Let two old men go as criers.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the criers shouted: &ldquo;The chiefs daughter&rsquo;s husband
+says that you will rest tomorrow. He says you
+will not go in any direction whatever.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The next day he commanded those who had come
+back on horseback to act as scouts. And the scouts came
+back very soon; because by means of the iron rod which
+he had asked of his father, he made a great many buffaloes
+very quickly. He spoke of surrounding them.
+They shot down many of the buffaloes. He went to
+take part in surrounding them.</p>
+
+<p>His wife said, &ldquo;I desire to go to see them surround
+the herd. I must go to see the buffaloes. When they
+are killed, I will be quite likely to come back.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When they killed the buffaloes she was coming back;
+the wife stood on the hill. Her husband came to that
+place.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Though I killed the buffaloes, they will cut them
+up,&rdquo; he said. They who surrounded them reached
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Again they spoke of a buffalo hunt. &ldquo;The chief&rsquo;s
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg&nbsp;66]</a></span>
+daughter&rsquo;s husband speaks indeed of sending them to
+act as scouts,&rdquo; said the criers.</p>
+
+<p>Again the herd of buffaloes had come to that country.
+They surrounded them. Again they shot down many of them.</p>
+
+<p>At last the son of the old head chief was in a bad
+humor. He was in a bad humor because his sister&rsquo;s
+husband had been made chief.</p>
+
+<p>Now at night, the horse used to say to the young man,
+&ldquo;O father, a man desires very much to kill us. It is
+so every night.&rdquo; And after that at night the young man
+used to take care of his horse and mule.</p>
+
+<p>On the next day they surrounded the herd in the
+land where the deed was done. It was just so again; a
+great many buffaloes had been coming. At length the
+son wished the buffaloes to trample his sister&rsquo;s husband
+to death. When they attacked the buffaloes, he waved
+his robe. Turning around in his course, he waved his
+robe again. When the sister&rsquo;s husband went right in
+among the buffaloes, they closed in on him and he was
+not seen at all.</p>
+
+<p>The people said, &ldquo;The buffaloes have trampled to
+death the chief&rsquo;s daughter&rsquo;s husband.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the buffaloes trampled him to death, they scattered
+and went homeward in every direction, moving
+in long lines. And the people did not find any trace
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg&nbsp;67]</a></span>
+whatever of what was done. They did not find the
+horse. Even the man they did not find. When the buffaloes
+killed him by trampling, the horse had gone
+back to Him Who Made Things.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg&nbsp;68]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BUFFALO AND THE GRIZZLY BEAR</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>rizzly Bear was going somewhere, following
+the course of a stream, and at last he went
+straight towards the headland. When he got in
+sight, Buffalo Bull was standing beneath it. Grizzly
+Bear retraced his steps, going again to the stream, following
+its course until he got beyond the headland.
+Then he drew near and peeped. He saw that Buffalo
+Bull was very lean, and standing with his head bowed,
+as if sluggish. So Grizzly Bear crawled up close to
+him, made a rush, seized him by the hair of his head,
+and pulled down his head. He turned Buffalo Bull
+round and round, shaking him now and then, saying,
+&ldquo;Speak! Speak! I have been coming to this place a
+long time, and they say you have threatened to fight me.
+Speak!&rdquo; Then he hit Buffalo Bull on the nose with
+his open paw.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why!&rdquo; said Buffalo Bull, &ldquo;I have never threatened
+to fight you, who have been coming to this country
+so long.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Not so! You have threatened to fight me.&rdquo;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg&nbsp;69]</a></span>
+Letting go the buffalo&rsquo;s head, Grizzly Bear went
+around and seized him by the tail, turning him round
+and round. Then he left, but as he did so, he gave him
+a hard blow with his open paw.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! you have caused me great
+pain,&rdquo; said Buffalo Bull. Bobtailed Grizzly Bear
+departed.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo Bull thought thus: &ldquo;Attack him! You too
+have been just that sort of a person.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Grizzly Bear knew what he was thinking, so he said,
+&ldquo;Why! what are you saying?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I said nothing,&rdquo; said Buffalo Bull.</p>
+
+<p>Then Grizzly Bear came back. He seized Buffalo
+Bull by the tail, pulling him round and round. Then
+he seized him by the horns, pulling his head round and
+round. Then he seized him again by the tail and hit
+him again with the open paw. Again Grizzly Bear
+departed. And again Buffalo Bull thought as he had
+done before. Then Grizzly Bear came back and
+treated Buffalo Bull as he had before.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo Bull stepped backward, throwing his tail
+into the air.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why! Do not flee,&rdquo; said Grizzly Bear.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo threw himself down, and rolled over and
+over. Then he continued backing, pawing the ground.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why! I say, do not flee,&rdquo; said Grizzly Bear.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg&nbsp;70]</a></span>
+When Buffalo Bull backed, making ready to attack
+him, Grizzly Bear thought he was scared.</p>
+
+<p>Then Buffalo Bull ran towards Grizzly, puffing a
+great deal. When he neared him, he rushed on him.
+He sent Grizzly Bear flying through the air.</p>
+
+<p>As Grizzly Bear came down towards the earth, Buffalo
+Bull caught him on his horns and threw him into
+the air again. When Grizzly Bear fell and lay on the
+ground, Buffalo Bull made at him with his horns to
+gore him, but just missed him. Grizzly Bear crawled
+away slowly, with Buffalo Bull following him step by
+step, thrusting at him now and then, though without
+striking him. When Grizzly Bear came to a cliff, he
+plunged over headlong, and landed in a thicket at the
+foot. Buffalo Bull had run so fast he could not stop
+at the edge where Grizzly Bear went over, but followed
+the cliff for some distance. Then he came back and
+stood with his tail partly raised. Grizzly Bear returned
+to the bank and peeped.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, Buffalo Bull,&rdquo; said Grizzly Bear. &ldquo;Let us be
+friends. We are very much alike in disposition.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="BUFFALO_RIVALRY" id="BUFFALO_RIVALRY"></a>RIVALRY OVER THE BUFFALO</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Comanche drawing on a buffalo shoulder blade)</p>
+
+<p><i>The Indian chase is by arrow; the white man&rsquo;s by the lasso, gun, and
+spear. The rivalry is indicated by half the buffalo being drawn as
+belonging to one race, half to the other. The white men are supposed
+to be Spaniards. The shoulder blade was found in the Comanche country,
+in Texas.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 238px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp09.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp09th.jpg" width="238" height="400" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="BUFFALO_CAPTURE" id="BUFFALO_CAPTURE"></a>CAPTURE OF A WANDERING BUFFALO</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Indian drawing)</p>
+
+<p><i>A buffalo has wandered near an Indian village, and is being captured.
+The dotted lines indicate footprints. One Indian, having secured the
+buffalo by his forefeet, tells his companion of his success&mdash;indicated
+by the line drawn from his mouth to its feet. Another, having secured
+the buffalo by the horns, gives a companion a chance to kill it with
+an axe. This he intends to do&mdash;indicated by the line from his mouth to
+its head, as well as by his attitude. The Indian in the upper corner
+is told by his squaw to take an arrow and join in the capture. He
+turns his head to inform her that he has an arrow&mdash;indicated by
+holding it up, and by the line from his mouth to her.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 342px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp10.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp10th.jpg" width="342" height="400" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg&nbsp;71]</a></span></p>
+<h2>MY FIRST BUFFALO HUNT<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> went three times on the buffalo hunt. When
+I was there the first time, I was small; therefore,
+I did not shoot the buffaloes. But I used to take
+care of the pack horses for those who surrounded the
+herd. When they surrounded the herd at the very first,
+I spoke of shooting at the buffaloes. But my father
+said, &ldquo;Perhaps the horse might throw you suddenly,
+and then the buffalo might gore you.&rdquo; And I was in
+a bad humor.</p>
+
+<p>My father went with me to the hill. We sat and
+looked on them when they attacked the buffaloes. And
+notwithstanding my father talked to me, I continued
+there without talking to him. At length one man was
+coming directly toward the tents in pursuit of a buffalo
+bull. And the buffalo bull was savage. He attacked
+the man now and then.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Come! Go thither,&rdquo; said my father. I tied a lariat
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg&nbsp;72]</a></span>
+on a large red mare that was very tall. And taking a
+very light gun which my father had, I went over there.
+When I arrived the buffalo bull was standing motionless.
+The man said he was very glad that I had come.
+The buffalo bull was savage. The man shot suddenly
+at him with a bow and wounded him on the back. And
+then he attacked us. The horse on which I was seated
+leaped very far four times, and had gone off, throwing
+me suddenly. When the buffalo bull had come very
+close, he wheeled around and departed. So I failed
+to shoot at him before he went. I reached home just
+as my mother was scolding my father about me. When
+the horse reached home with the bridle sticking to it,
+she knew that I had been thrown. My father said nothing
+at all, but sat laughing. Addressing me, he said,
+&ldquo;Did you kill the buffalo bull?&rdquo; And I did not speak.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The author, Frank La Fl&egrave;che, an Omaha Indian, was about
+twelve years old when this occurred.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg&nbsp;73]</a></span></p>
+<h2>BIRD OMENS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen whippoorwills sing together at night,
+&ldquo;<i>Hohin, hohin,</i>&rdquo; one says in reply, &ldquo;No.&rdquo;
+If the birds stop talking at once, then the
+person will die soon. But if the birds continue talking,
+then the man will live a long time.</p>
+
+<p>The gray screech owl foretells cold weather. When
+the night is to be very cold, then the owl cries out;
+it sounds just as if a person&rsquo;s teeth chattered. When the
+owl cries out, all people wrap themselves in their thickest
+robes; and they put plenty of wood on the fires.</p>
+
+<p>The Ski-bi-bi-la is a small gray bird, with a black
+head, and spotted on the breast. It lives in the woods,
+and it answers a person who calls to it. When this
+bird says, &ldquo;Has it returned?&rdquo; people are glad. They
+know that spring is near. When a boy hears the bird
+ask this question, he runs to his mother; she tells him
+he must answer, &ldquo;No; it has not yet returned.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the people first hear the cry of the nighthawk
+in the spring, they begin to talk of hunting buffalo.
+This is because when the hawk returns, the buffaloes
+have become fat again and the birds bring the news.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg&nbsp;74]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE BIRD CHIEF</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>ll the birds were called together. To them
+was said, &ldquo;Whichever one of you can fly farthest
+into the sky shall be chief.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>All the birds flew to a great height. But Wren got
+under the thick feathers of Eagle and sat there as Eagle
+flew. When all the birds became wing-tired, they flew
+down again; but Eagle flew still higher. When Eagle
+had gone as far as he could, Wren flew still higher.</p>
+
+<p>When all the birds reached the ground, Eagle alone
+returned, after a great while. Behold! Wren only was
+absent. So they awaited him. At last he returned.
+Eagle had too highly been thinking of himself, being
+sure of being made chief; and behold! Wren was made
+chief.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg&nbsp;75]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SONG OF THE BIRDS<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Pawnee</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All around the birds in flocks are flying.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">See, many birds are flocking here,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">All about us now together coming.</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Yonder see the birds in flocks, come flying;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, see them gather.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Loud is the sound their winging makes.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Rushing, come they on the trees alighting.</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">From the flock an eagle now comes flying;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, comes she hither.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Loud screams the eagle, flying swift,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">As an eagle flies, her nestlings seeking.</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">It is Kawas coming, Kawas flying;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Dipping, rising, circling, she advances.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">See! Nearer she comes, nearer comes.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Now, alighted, she her nest is making.</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg&nbsp;76]</a></span>
+<span class="i0">Yonder people like the birds are flocking;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">See them circling, this side, that side coming.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Loud is the sound their moving makes,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">As together come they, onward come they.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg&nbsp;77]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SONG OF KAWAS, THE EAGLE<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Pawnee</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O&rsquo;er the prairie flits in ever widening circles the shadow of a bird about me as I walk;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Upward turn my eyes, Kawas looks upon me, she turns with flapping wings and far away she flies.</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert watching o&rsquo;er his nest;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o&rsquo;er the country wide it echoes, there defying foes.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg&nbsp;78]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE EAGLE&rsquo;S REVENGE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce a hunter in the mountains heard a noise
+at night like a rushing wind. He went outside
+his tepee, and found an eagle was sitting
+on the drying pole, feasting at the deer he had shot.
+So he shot the eagle.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning the hunter took the deer back to
+the village. He told how he had shot the deer and
+then the eagle. Therefore the chief sent out men to
+bring in the eagle, and have an Eagle dance.</p>
+
+<p>That night when they were dancing, there was a
+<i>whoop</i> outside. A strange warrior walked into the
+circle. He was not of that village. They thought he
+had come from one of the other Cherokee villages.</p>
+
+<p>This warrior told how he had killed a man. At the
+end of the story, he yelled, &ldquo;<i>Hi!</i>&rdquo; One of the men
+with rattles, who was leading the dance, fell dead.
+The stranger sang of another deed. At the end he
+yelled, &ldquo;<i>Hi!</i>&rdquo; Another rattler fell dead. The people
+were frightened. But the stranger sang of another
+great deed. Then again he yelled, &ldquo;<i>Hi!</i>&rdquo; Again a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg&nbsp;79]</a></span>
+man with the rattles fell dead. So all seven men who
+had rattles and who were leading the dance fell dead.
+And the people were too frightened to leave the lodge
+where they were dancing.</p>
+
+<p>Then the stranger vanished into the darkness. Long
+after they learned that the stranger was the brother of
+the eagle that had been killed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg&nbsp;80]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE RACE BETWEEN HUMMING BIRD AND CRANE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">H</span>umming Bird and Crane were both in
+love with a pretty woman. She liked Humming
+Bird, who was handsome. Crane was
+ugly, but he would not give up the pretty woman. So
+at last to get rid of him, she told them they must have
+a race, and that she would marry the winner. Now
+Humming Bird flew like a flash of light; but Crane
+was heavy and slow.</p>
+
+<p>The birds started from the woman&rsquo;s house to fly
+around the world to the beginning. Humming Bird
+flew off like an arrow. He flew all day and when he
+stopped to roost he was far ahead.</p>
+
+<p>Crane flew heavily, but he flew all night long. He
+stopped at daylight at a creek to rest. Humming Bird
+waked up, and flew on again, and soon he reached a
+creek, and behold! there was Crane, spearing tadpoles
+with his long bill. Humming Bird flew on.</p>
+
+<p>Soon Crane started on and flew all night as before.
+Humming Bird slept on his roost.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning Humming Bird flew on and Crane
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg&nbsp;81]</a></span>
+was far, far ahead. The fourth day, Crane was spearing
+tadpoles for dinner when Humming Bird caught
+up with him. By the seventh day Crane was a whole
+night&rsquo;s travel ahead. At last he reached the beginning
+again. He stopped at the creek and preened his
+feathers, and then in the early morning went to the
+woman&rsquo;s house. Humming Bird was far, far behind.</p>
+
+<p>But the woman declared she would not marry so
+ugly a man as Crane. Therefore she remained single.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg&nbsp;82]</a></span></p>
+<h2>RABBIT AND THE TURKEYS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">R</span>abbit was going somewhere. At length he
+reached a place where there were wild
+Turkeys.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Come,&rdquo; said Rabbit. &ldquo;I will sing dancing songs
+for you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Turkeys went to him saying, &ldquo;Oho! Rabbit will
+sing dancing songs for us!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When I sing for you, you larger ones must go
+around the circle next to me. Beware lest you open
+your eyes. Should one of you open his eyes, your eyes
+shall be red,&rdquo; said Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>Then he began to sing,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Alas for the gazer!</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Eyes red! Eyes red!</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Spread out your tails!</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Spread out your tails!</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Whenever a large Turkey came near, Rabbit seized
+it and put it in his bag. While he was putting in a
+Turkey, another one opened his eyes a little, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg&nbsp;83]</a></span>
+exclaimed, &ldquo;Why! He has captured nearly all of us
+large ones!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Off they all flew with a whirring sound.</p>
+
+<p>Rabbit took home those he had in his bag, saying
+to his grandmother, &ldquo;Do not look at what is in that
+bag! I have brought it home on my back and I wish
+you to guard it!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then he went out to cut spits on which to roast the
+Turkeys. When the old woman was alone, she thought,
+&ldquo;What could he have brought home on his back?&rdquo;
+So she untied the bag, and when she looked in out flew
+all the Turkeys, hitting their wings hard against the
+grass lodge, and flying out the smoke hole. The old
+woman barely killed one by hitting it. At length
+Rabbit came home.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh I have inflicted a severe injury on my grandchild,&rdquo;
+she said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Really,&rdquo; he answered. &ldquo;Grandmother, I told you
+not to look at it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But that is why Turkeys have red eyes.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="FIVE_CHIEFS" id="FIVE_CHIEFS"></a>FIVE CHIEFS OF THE OGALLA SIOUX</h3>
+
+<p><i>Rank is shown by pipe and pouch. The first Cankutanka, Big Road;
+often called Good Road&mdash;big and broad and well traveled. The bird
+flying through the dusk shows that one may fly rapidly over a good
+road. Next is Low Dog. The dog figure is &ldquo;low,&rdquo; as shown by the
+shortness of the legs. In the center is Long Dog, as shown by the long
+legs on the dog figure. Below, to the left, is Iron Crow, the crow
+painted blue indicating iron. The last is Little Hawk. Each chief has
+three bands on the cheek, but with variant colors and patterns.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 288px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp11.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp11th.jpg" width="288" height="400" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>From Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="OLD_HORSE" id="OLD_HORSE"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp12.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp12th.jpg" width="400" height="310"
+alt="Line drawing of a horse&rsquo;s head." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Old Horse</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Name of an Indian Chief, as shown in Red Cloud&rsquo;s census.<br />
+Old age is represented by the wrinkles and projecting lips.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg&nbsp;84]</a></span></p>
+<h2>UNKTOMI AND THE BAD SONGS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">U</span>nktomi was going along; his way lay along
+by the side of a lake. Out on the lake there
+were a great many ducks, geese, and swans
+swimming. When Unktomi saw them he went backward
+out of sight, and picking some grass, bound it up
+in a bundle. He placed this on his back and so went
+again along by the side of the lake.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Unktomi, what are you carrying?&rdquo; asked the ducks
+and the geese and the swans.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;These are bad songs I am carrying,&rdquo; said Unktomi.</p>
+
+<p>The ducks said, &ldquo;Unktomi, sing for us.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Unktomi replied, &ldquo;But the songs are very bad.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But the ducks insisted upon it. Then Unktomi said,
+&ldquo;Make a grass lodge.&rdquo; So they went to work and made
+a large grass lodge.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Now, let all the ducks, geese, and swans gather
+inside the lodge and I will sing for you,&rdquo; said Unktomi.
+So all the ducks and the geese and the swans gathered
+inside and filled the grass lodge. Then Unktomi took
+his place at the door of the lodge and said, &ldquo;If I sing
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg&nbsp;85]</a></span>
+for you, no one must look, for that is the meaning of
+the song.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then he began to sing,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dance with your eyes shut;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">If you open your eyes</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Your eyes shall be red!</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Your eyes shall be red!</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When he said and sang this, the geese, ducks, and
+swans danced with their eyes shut. Then Unktomi rose
+up and said,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I even, even I</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Follow in my own;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">I even, even I,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Follow in my own.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>So they all gabbled as they danced, and Unktomi,
+dancing among them, commenced twisting off the necks
+of the fattest of the geese and ducks and swans. But
+when he tried to twist off the neck of a large swan and
+could not, he only made him squawk. Then a small
+duck, called Skiska, partly opened his eyes. He saw
+Unktomi try to break the swan&rsquo;s neck, and he made an
+outcry:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Look ye, look ye!</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Unktomi will destroy us all.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Look ye, look ye!</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg&nbsp;86]</a></span>
+At once they all opened their eyes and attempted to
+go out. But Unktomi threw himself in the doorway
+and tried to stop them. They rushed upon him with
+their feet and wings, and smote him and knocked him
+over, walking on his stomach, and leaving him as
+though dead. Then Unktomi came to life, and got up,
+and looked around.</p>
+
+<p>But they say that the Wood Duck, which looked
+first, had his eyes made red.</p>
+
+<p>Then Unktomi gathered up the ducks and geese and
+swans he had killed and carried them on his back. He
+came to a river and traveled along by the side of it
+till he came to a long, straight place where he stopped
+to boil his kettle. He put all the ducks and geese and
+swans whose necks he had twisted into the kettle, and
+set it on the fire to boil, and then he lay down to sleep.</p>
+
+<p>As he lay there, curled up on the bank of the river,
+he said, &ldquo;Mionze [familiar spirit], if anyone comes
+you wake me up.&rdquo; So he slept.</p>
+
+<p>Now a mink came paddling along on the river, and
+coming close to Unktomi&rsquo;s boiling place, saw him lying
+fast asleep. Then he went there. While Unktomi
+slept, he took out all the boiling meat and ate it up,
+putting the bones back into the kettle. Then Unktomi
+waked up. He sat up and saw no one.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Perhaps my boiling is cooked for me,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg&nbsp;87]</a></span>
+He took the kettle off the fire. He poked a stick into
+it and found only bones. Then he said, &ldquo;Indeed, the
+meat has all fallen off.&rdquo; So he took a spoon and dipped
+it out; nothing was there but bones.</p>
+
+<p>This is the story of Unktomi and the Bad Songs.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg&nbsp;88]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW THE PHEASANT BEAT CORN</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce Pheasant saw a woman beating corn in a
+wooden mortar in front of her lodge.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I can do that, too,&rdquo; said Pheasant.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I don&rsquo;t believe you,&rdquo; said the woman.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, I can,&rdquo; said Pheasant. So Pheasant went into
+the woods behind the lodge. He flew to a hollow log
+and drummed with his wings until the people thought
+he really was beating corn.</p>
+
+<p>That is why the Indians have the Pheasant dance, as
+a part of the Green-corn dance.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg&nbsp;89]</a></span></p>
+<h2>WHY THE TURKEY GOBBLES</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the old days, Grouse had a good voice and
+Turkey had none. Therefore Turkey asked
+Grouse to teach him. But Grouse wanted pay,
+so Turkey promised to give him some feathers for a
+collar. That is how the Grouse got his collar of turkey
+feathers.</p>
+
+<p>So the Grouse began to teach Turkey. At last Grouse
+said, &ldquo;Now you must try your voice. You must
+halloo.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Turkey said, &ldquo;Yes.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Grouse said, &ldquo;I&rsquo;ll stand on this hollow log, and
+when I tap on it, you must halloo as loudly as you can.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So Grouse climbed upon a log, ready to tap on it,
+but when he did so, Turkey became so excited that
+when he opened his mouth, he only said, &ldquo;<i>Gobble, gobble,
+gobble!</i>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>That is why the Turkey gobbles whenever he hears a
+noise.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg&nbsp;90]</a></span></p>
+<h2>OMAHA BELIEFS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">S</span>ong was an integral part of Omaha life.
+Through song, the Omaha approached the mysterious
+Wakoda; through song he voiced his
+emotions, both individual and social; through song he
+embodied feelings and aspirations that eluded expression
+in words. In one of their ceremonies, the Wa&acute; wa,
+&ldquo;to sing for somebody,&rdquo; songs are one of the chief
+characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>In this ceremony, the eagle is &ldquo;Mother.&rdquo; She calls
+to her nestlings and upon her strong wings she bears
+the message of peace. Peace and its symbol, the clear,
+cloudless sky, are the theme of the principal songs.
+The curlew, in the early morning, stretches its neck and
+its wing as it sits on the roost, and utters a long note.
+The sound is considered an indication that the day will
+be cloudless.</p>
+
+<p>Green represents the verdure of the earth; blue is
+the color of the sky; red is the color of the sun, typifying
+life. The eagle is the bird of tireless strength.
+The owl represents night, and the woodpecker the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg&nbsp;91]</a></span>
+day and sun. These two birds also stand for life and
+death.</p>
+
+<p>Wakoda gives to man the sunshine, the clear sky
+from which all storms, all clouds are absent; in the
+Wa&acute; wa ceremony, they stand for peace. In this connection,
+black storm clouds with their thunder and
+lightning are emblematic of war.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg&nbsp;92]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PAWNEE BELIEFS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Pawnee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>t the creation of the world, lesser powers
+were made, because Tira&rsquo;wa-tius, the Mighty Power,
+could not come near to man, or be seen or
+felt by him. These lesser powers dwell in the great
+circle of the sky. One is North Star; another is Brown
+Eagle. The Winds were the first of the lesser powers
+to come near man. Therefore, when man calls for aid,
+he calls first to the Winds. They stand at the four
+points, and guard the four paths down which the lesser
+powers come when they help mankind. The Winds are
+always near us, by day and by night.</p>
+
+<p>The Sun is one of these powers. It comes from the
+mighty power above; therefore it has great strength.</p>
+
+<p>Mother Earth is another power. She is very near
+to man. From her we get food; upon her we lie down.
+We live and walk on her. We could not exist without
+Mother Earth, without Sun, and without the Winds.</p>
+
+<p>Water is another lesser power. Water is necessary
+to mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Fire made by rubbing two sticks together is sacred.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg&nbsp;93]</a></span>
+It comes direct from the power granted Toharu, vegetation,
+in answer to man&rsquo;s prayer as he rubs the sticks.
+When the flame leaps from the glowing wood, it is
+the word of the fire. The power has come near.</p>
+
+<p>Blue is the color of the sky, the dwelling place of
+Tira&acute; wahut, the circle of powers which watch over
+man. As a man paints the blue stick he sings.</p>
+
+<p>Red is the color of the sun. Green is the color of
+Mother Earth.</p>
+
+<p>Eagle is the chief of day; Owl is chief of the night;
+Woodpecker is chief of the trees; Duck is chief of
+the water.</p>
+
+<p>The ear of corn represents the supernatural power
+that dwells in the earth, which brings forth the food
+that sustains life; there corn is spoken of as <i>h&rsquo;Atira</i>,
+&ldquo;mother breathing forth life.&rdquo; The power which
+dwells in the earth, which enables it to give life to all
+growing things, comes from above. Therefore, in the
+Hako, the Pawnee ceremony, the ear of corn is painted
+with blue.</p>
+
+<p>The wildcat was made to live in the forest. He has
+much skill and ingenuity. The wildcat shows us we
+must think, must use tact, must be shrewd when we set
+out to do anything. The wildcat is one of the sacred
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>Trees grow along the banks of the streams; we can
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg&nbsp;94]</a></span>
+see them at a distance, like a long line, and we can see
+the river glistening in the sunlight in its length. We
+sing to the river, and when we come nearer and see
+the water and hear it rippling along, then we sing to
+the water, the water that ripples as it runs.</p>
+
+<p>Hills were made by Tira&rsquo;wa. We ascend hills when
+we go away alone to pray. From the top of a hill we
+can look over the country to see if there are enemies
+in sight, or if any danger is near us. We can see if
+we are to meet friends. The hills help man, so we sing
+to them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg&nbsp;95]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A SONG OF HOSPITALITY<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I am mashing the berries,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">I am mashing the berries,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">They say travelers are coming on the march,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">They say travelers are coming on the march,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">I stir [the berries] around, I stir them around,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers],</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers].</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&ldquo;Word comes that travelers are approaching ... on the
+march with their children, dogs, and household property. She stirs
+them around with a spoon of buffalo horn and goes to offer them to
+the strangers. The translation is an exact paraphrase of the rhythmic
+repetition of the original.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> James Mooney.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg&nbsp;96]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A SONG OF THE MARCH<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Sioux</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Now set up the tipi,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Now set up the tipi,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Around the bottom,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Around the bottom,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Drive in the pegs,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Drive in the pegs,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">In the meantime I shall cook,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">In the meantime I shall cook.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&ldquo;To those who know the Indian life it brings up a vivid picture
+of a prairie band on the march, halting at noon or in the evening.
+As soon as the halt is called by some convenient stream, the women
+jump down and release the horses from ... the travois, in the
+olden times, and hobble them to prevent them from wandering away.
+Then, while some of the women set up the tipi poles, draw the canvas
+over them, and drive in the pegs around the bottom and the wooden
+pins up the side, other women take axes and buckets and go down to
+the creek for wood and water. When they return, they find the tipis
+set up and the blankets spread out on the grass, and in a few minutes
+fires are built and the meal is in preparation.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> James Mooney.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="SIOUAN_TENTS" id="SIOUAN_TENTS"></a>SIOUAN TENTS</h3>
+
+<p><i>B. Tent of Little Cedar, belonging to the order of Sun and Moon
+shamans. The circle represents the sun in which stands a man holding
+deer rattles.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>C. Those persons who belong to the Inke-sabe sub-gens known as
+Keepers of the Pipes, paint their tents with the pipe decorations.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>D. Used by a member of the order of Grizzly Bear shamans. &ldquo;When they
+have had visions of grizzly bears, they decorate their tents
+accordingly.&rdquo; (George Miller.) The bear is represented as emerging
+from his den. The dark band represents the ground.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>E. Sketch furnished by Chief Dried Buffalo. The circle at the top
+represents a bear&rsquo;s cave. Below there are lightnings, then prints of
+bears&rsquo; paws. E also represents the grizzly bear vision.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 302px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp13.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp13th.jpg" width="302" height="400" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from plate in report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="ARAPAHOE_BED" id="ARAPAHOE_BED"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 259px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp14.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp14th.jpg" width="259" height="400"
+alt="An unrolled bed, with decorative edges and loop at the top." /></a>
+<span class="caption">An Arapahoe Bed</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg&nbsp;97]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SONG OF THE PRAIRIE BREEZE<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Kiowa</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">That wind, that wind</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Shakes my tipi, shakes my tipi,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And sings a song for me,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And sings a song for me.</span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&ldquo;To the familiar, this little song brings up pleasant memories of
+the prairie camp when the wind is whistling through the tipi poles
+and blowing the flaps about, while inside the fire burns bright and
+the song and the game go round.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> James Mooney.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg&nbsp;98]</a></span></p>
+<h2>OLD-WOMAN-WHO-NEVER-DIES</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Mandan</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the sun lives the Lord of Life. In the moon
+lives Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies. She has six
+children, three sons and three daughters. These
+live in the sky. The eldest son is the Day; another is
+the Sun; another is Night. The eldest daughter is the
+Morning Star, called &ldquo;The Woman who Wears a
+Plume&rdquo;; another is a star which circles around the
+polar star, and she is called &ldquo;The Striped Gourd&rdquo;; the
+third is Evening Star.</p>
+
+<p>Every spring Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies sends
+the wild geese, the swans, and the ducks. When
+she sends the wild geese, the Indians plant their corn
+and Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies makes it grow.
+When eleven wild geese are found together, the Indians
+know the corn crop will be very large. The swans
+mean that the Indians must plant gourds; the ducks,
+that they must plant beans.</p>
+
+<p>Indians always save dried meat for these wild birds,
+so when they come in the spring they may have a corn
+feast. They build scaffolds of many poles, three or
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg&nbsp;99]</a></span>
+four rows, and one above the others. On this they hang
+the meat. Then the old women in the village, each one
+with a stick, meet around the scaffold. In one end of
+the stick is an ear of corn. Sitting in a circle, they
+plant their sticks in the ground in front of them. Then
+they dance around the scaffolds while the old men beat
+the drums and rattle the gourds.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards the old women in the village are allowed
+to eat the dried meat.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall they hold another corn feast, after the
+corn is ripe. This is so that Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies
+may send the buffalo herds to them. Each
+woman carries the entire cornstalk, with the ears attached,
+just as it was pulled up by the roots. Then
+they call on Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies and say,</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Mother, pity us. Do not send the cold too soon,
+or we may not have enough meat. Mother, do not let
+the game depart, so that we may have enough for
+winter.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the fall, when the birds go south to Old-Woman,
+they take back the dried meat hung on the scaffolds,
+because Old-Woman is very fond of it.</p>
+
+<p>Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies has large patches of
+corn, kept for her by the great stag and by the white-tailed
+stag. Blackbirds also help her guard her corn
+patches. The corn patches are large, therefore the Old
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg&nbsp;100]</a></span>
+Woman has the help also of the mice and the moles.
+In the spring the birds go north, back to Old-Man-Who-Never-Dies.</p>
+
+<p>In the olden time, Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies
+lived near the Little Missouri. Sometimes the Indians
+visited her. One day twelve came, and she offered
+them only a small kettle of corn. They were very
+hungry and the kettle was very small. But as soon as
+it was empty, it at once became filled again, so all the
+Indians had enough to eat.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg&nbsp;101]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LEGEND OF THE CORN</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Arikara</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Arikara were the first to find the maize.
+A young man went out hunting. He came to
+a high hill. Looking down a valley, he saw a
+buffalo bull near where two rivers joined. When the
+young man looked to see how he could kill the buffalo,
+he saw how beautiful the country was. The banks of
+the two rivers were low, with many trees. The buffalo
+faced the north; therefore he could not get within bowshot
+of him. He thought he should wait until the buffalo
+moved close to the banks of one of the rivers, or to
+a ravine where there were bushes and shrubs. So the
+young man waited. The sun went down before the buffalo
+moved.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all night the hunter lay awake. He had little
+food. He felt sorry he could not reach the buffalo.
+Before the sun rose, he hurried to the top of the hill.
+The buffalo stood just where it had, but it faced the
+east. Again he waited for it to move. He waited all
+day. When the sun went down, the buffalo still stood
+in the same place.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg&nbsp;102]</a></span>
+Nearly all night the young man lay awake. He had
+very little food indeed. The next morning he rose
+early, and came to the top of the hill, just as the sun
+came up. The buffalo was still standing in the same
+place; but now it faced the south. He waited all day.
+Then the sun went down.</p>
+
+<p>Now the next morning, when he arose early, the
+buffalo stood in the same place; this time it faced the
+west. All day the young man waited, but the buffalo
+did not move.</p>
+
+<p>Now the young man thought, &ldquo;Why does not the
+buffalo move?&rdquo; He saw it did not drink, did not eat,
+did not sleep. He thought some power must be influencing
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Now the next morning, the young man hurried to
+the top of the hill. The sun had risen and everything
+was light. The buffalo was gone. Then he saw where
+the buffalo had stood there was a strange bush.</p>
+
+<p>He went to the place; then he saw it was a plant. He
+looked for the tracks of the buffalo. He saw where it
+had turned to the east and to the south and to the west.
+In the center there was one track; out of it the small
+plant had grown. There was no track to show where
+the buffalo had left the place.</p>
+
+<p>Then the hunter hurried to his village. He told
+the chiefs and the people of the strange buffalo and the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg&nbsp;103]</a></span>
+plant. So all the chiefs and the people came to the
+place. They saw the tracks of the buffalo as he had
+stood, but there were no tracks of his coming or going.</p>
+
+<p>So all the people knew that Wahkoda had given this
+strange plant to the people. They knew of other plants
+they might eat. They knew there was a time when each
+plant was ripe. So they watched the strange plant;
+they guarded it and protected it.</p>
+
+<p>Then a flower appeared on the plant. Afterwards,
+at one of the joints, a new part of the plant pushed out.
+It had hair. At first the hair was green; then it was
+brown. Then the people thought, &ldquo;Perhaps this fruit
+is ripe.&rdquo; But they did not dare touch it. They met
+together. They looked at the plant.</p>
+
+<p>Then a young man said, &ldquo;My life has not been good.
+If any evil comes to me, it will not matter.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the people were willing, and the young man put
+his hand on the plant and then on its fruit. He grasped
+the fruit boldly. He said to the people, &ldquo;It is solid. It
+is ripe.&rdquo; Then he pulled apart the husks, and said, &ldquo;It
+is red.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He took a few of the grains and showed them to the
+people. He ate some. He did not die. So the people
+knew Wahkoda had sent this plant to them for food.</p>
+
+<p>Now in the fall, when the prairie grass turned brown,
+the leaves of this plant turned brown also. Then the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg&nbsp;104]</a></span>
+fruit was plucked, and put away. After the winter was
+over, the kernels were divided. There were four to
+each family.</p>
+
+<p>Then the people moved the lodges to the place where
+the plant had grown. When the hills became green,
+they planted the seed of the strange plant. But first
+they built little mounds like the one out of which it
+grew. So the fruit grew and ripened. It had many
+colors; red, and yellow, and white, and blue.</p>
+
+<p>Then the next year there were many plants and many
+ears of corn. So they sent to other tribes. They invited
+them to visit them and gave them of the new
+food. Thus the Omahas came to have corn.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg&nbsp;105]</a></span></p>
+<h2>TRADITION OF THE FINDING OF HORSES</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Ponca</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, the people followed the Missouri
+River northward to a place where they could
+step over the water. Then they turned, and
+were going across the land. Then they met the
+Padouca [Comanche].</p>
+
+<p>At that time the Ponca had no animals but dogs to
+help them carry burdens. Wherever they went they
+had to go on foot, but the people were strong and fleet.
+They could run a great distance and not be weary. One
+day when they were hunting buffalo, they met the
+Padouca. Then they had many battles with them.
+The Padouca were mounted on strange animals. At
+first the Ponca thought it was all one animal. The
+Padouca had bows made from elk horn. They were
+not very long, nor were they very strong. They boiled
+the horn until it was soft; then they scraped it, and
+bound it together with sinews and glue. Their arrows
+were tipped with bone. They fought also with a stone
+battle-ax. The handle was a sapling; a grooved stone
+ax head, pointed at both ends, was fastened to this with
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg&nbsp;106]</a></span>
+rawhides. So the Padouca were terrible fighters.
+They protected their horses with a covering of thick
+rawhide cut in round pieces, and put together like
+fish scales. They spread glue over the outside and then
+sand. So when the Comanches fought, the arrows of
+their enemies glanced off the horses&rsquo; armor. Then the
+Padouca made breastplates for themselves like those of
+the horses.</p>
+
+<p>When the Ponca met these terrible warriors, they
+were afraid. They thought man and horse were one.
+They named it &ldquo;Kawa&rdquo; because they noticed the odor
+of the horse. Then they knew by this odor when the
+Padouca were coming. When a man smelled the
+horses, he would run to the camp and say, &ldquo;The wind
+tells us the Kawa are coming.&rdquo; Then the Ponca would
+make ready to defend themselves. The Ponca had
+many battles with the Comanches. They did not know
+how to use the animals, so they killed the horses as well
+as the men. Neither could they find out where the
+Padouca lived.</p>
+
+<p>One day the two tribes had a great battle. The
+people fought all day. Sometimes the Ponca were
+driven back, sometimes the Padouca. Then at last a
+Ponca shot a Padouca so that he fell from his horse.
+Then the battle ceased. After this, one of the Padouca
+came toward the Ponca and said in plain Ponca,</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg&nbsp;107]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Who are you? What do you call yourselves?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Ponca replied, &ldquo;We call ourselves Ponca. You
+speak our language, are you of our tribe?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The other said, &ldquo;No. I speak your language as a
+gift from a Ponca spirit. One day I lay on a Ponca
+grave after a battle. Then a man rose from the grave
+and spoke to me. So I know your language.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then it was agreed to make peace. The tribes
+visited each other. The Ponca traded their bows and
+arrows for horses. They knew where the Padouca
+lived. Then the Padouca taught the Ponca how to
+ride, and how to put burdens on the horses.</p>
+
+<p>When the Ponca had learned how to ride, and had
+horses, they went to war again. They attacked the
+Padouca in their own village. They attacked them so
+many times and stole so many of their horses that at last
+the Padouca fled. We do not know where they went.
+The Ponca followed the Platte River toward the rising
+sun; then they came back to the Missouri, and they
+brought their horses with them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg&nbsp;108]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DAKOTA BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he Dakotas have names for the natural divisions
+of time. Their years they count by winters.
+A man is so many winters old, or so many
+winters have passed since such an event. When one
+goes on a journey, he says he will be back in so many
+sleeps. They have no division of time into weeks, and
+their months are literally by moons.</p>
+
+<p>The Dakotas believe that when the moon is full,
+a great number of small mice begin to nibble on one
+side. They nibble until they eat up the entire moon.
+So when the new moon begins to grow, it is to them
+really a new moon; the old one has been eaten up.</p>
+
+<p>The Dakota mother loves her baby as well as the
+white woman does hers. When the spirit takes its flight
+a wild howl goes up from the tent. The baby form
+is wrapped in the best buffalo calfskin, or the best red
+blanket, and laid away on a scaffold or on the branch
+of some tree. There the mother goes with disheveled
+hair and oldest clothes, the best ones having been given
+away, and wails out her sorrow in the twilight, wailing
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg&nbsp;109]</a></span>
+often until far into the cold night. The nice kettle of
+hominy is prepared, and carried to the scaffold where
+the spirit hovers for several days. When the kettle has
+remained there long enough for the <i>wanagi</i>, the spirit,
+to inhale the food, the little children of the village are
+invited to eat up the rest.</p>
+
+<p>When a hunter dies, the last act of the medicine man
+is to sing a song to conduct the spirit over the <i>wanagi
+tacanku</i>, the spirit&rsquo;s road, as the Milky Way is called.
+The friends give away their good clothes. They wear
+ragged clothes, with bare feet, and ashes on their hands.
+Both within and without the lodge there is a great wailing.
+&ldquo;<i>Micinski, micinski, my son, my son,</i>&rdquo; is the
+lamentation in Dakota land as it was in Israel.</p>
+
+<p>The dead hunter is wrapped in the most beautifully
+painted buffalo robe, or in the newest red and blue
+blanket. Young men are called and feasted, and their
+duty it is to carry the body away and place it on a scaffold,
+for the dead remain not long in the tepee. In
+more recent times they bury it. The custom of burial
+immediately after death, however, was not a Dakota
+custom. The spirit did not bid farewell to the body
+for several days after death, and so the body was laid
+on a high scaffold or in some tree crotch where it would
+have a good view of the surrounding country, and also
+be safe from wolves.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg&nbsp;110]</a></span></p>
+<h2>WHY THE TETONS BURY ON SCAFFOLDS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the olden days, the people buried some men on a
+hill. Then they removed their camp to another
+place. Many winters afterwards, a man visited
+the hill; but there were no graves there. So he told
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>Then many men came and dug far down into the
+hill. By and by a man said, &ldquo;There is a road here.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>There they found a road, a tunnel, large enough for
+men to walk, stooping. Other roads there were. They
+followed the first road and they came to a place where
+a strange animal had dragged the bodies of those who
+were buried in the hill.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the people refused to bury their dead in
+the ground. They bury them on scaffolds where the
+animals cannot reach them.<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> At the present day, the Teton gives three reasons for not burying
+in the ground: animals or persons might walk over the graves; the
+dead might lie in mud and water after rain or snow; wolves might
+trouble the bodies.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="SCAFFOLD_CEMETERY" id="SCAFFOLD_CEMETERY"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp15.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp15th.jpg" width="400" height="299" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Indian Scaffold Cemetery on the Missouri river</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">(From Schoolcraft)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="OMAHA_VILLAGE" id="OMAHA_VILLAGE"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp16.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp16th.jpg" width="400" height="276" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">An Omaha Village, Showing Earth Lodge and Conical Tepees</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg&nbsp;111]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE GHOST&rsquo;S RESENTMENT</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong, long ago, a Dakota died and his parents
+made a death lodge for him on the bluff. In
+the lodge they made a grave scaffold, on which
+they laid the body of their son.</p>
+
+<p>Now in that same village of Dakotas lived a young
+married man. His father lived with him, and there
+were two old men who used to visit the father and
+smoke with him, and talk with him about many things.</p>
+
+<p>One night the father of the young man said, &ldquo;My
+friends, let us go to the death scaffold and cut off summer
+robes for ourselves from the tent skins.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The young man said, &ldquo;No! Do not do so. It was
+a pity the young man died, and as his parents had nothing
+else to give up for him they made the death lodge
+and left it there.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What use can he get from the tent?&rdquo; asked the
+father. &ldquo;We have no robes, so we wish to use part of
+the tent skins for ourselves.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Well, then,&rdquo; said the young man. &ldquo;Go as you
+have said and we shall see what will happen.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg&nbsp;112]</a></span>
+The old men arose without saying a word and went
+to the lodge on the bluff. As soon as they were gone,
+the young man said, &ldquo;Oh, wife, get my piece of white
+clay. I must scare one of those old men nearly to
+death.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But the woman was unwilling, saying, &ldquo;Let them
+alone. They have no robes. Let them cut off robes for
+themselves.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But as the husband would not stop talking about it,
+the wife got the piece of white clay for him. He
+whitened his whole body and his face and hands. Then
+he went to the lodge in a course parallel to that taken
+by the old men. He went very quickly and reached
+there before they did.</p>
+
+<p>He climbed the scaffold and lay on it, thrusting his
+head out through the tent skins just above the doorway.</p>
+
+<p>At last the old men approached, ascending the hill,
+and talking together in a low tone. The young man
+lay still, listening to them. When they reached the
+lodge, they sat down.</p>
+
+<p>The leader said, &ldquo;Fill your pipe, friends. We must
+smoke this last time with our friend up there.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, your friend has spoken well. That should be
+done,&rdquo; answered one of them.</p>
+
+<p>So he filled the pipe. He drew a whiff, and when
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg&nbsp;113]</a></span>
+the fire glowed, he turned the pipestem toward the
+seam of the skins above the doorway. He looked up
+towards the sky, saying, &ldquo;Ho, friend, here is the pipe.
+We must smoke with you this last time. And then we
+must separate. Here is the pipe.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>As he said this, he gazed above the doorway and saw
+a head looking out from the tent.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh! My friends!&rdquo; he cried. &ldquo;Look at this place
+behind you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the two looked, they said, &ldquo;Really! Friends,
+it is he!&rdquo; And all fled.</p>
+
+<p>Then the young man leaped down and pursued them.
+Two of them fell to the ground in terror, but he did
+not disturb them, going on in pursuit of his father.
+When the old man was overtaken, he fell to the ground.
+He was terrified. The young man sat astride of him.
+He said, &ldquo;You have been very disobedient! Fill the
+pipe for me!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old man said, &ldquo;Oh! My grandchild! Oh! My
+grandchild!&rdquo; hoping that the ghost would pity him.
+Then he filled the pipe as he lay stretched there and
+gave it to his son.</p>
+
+<p>The young man smoked. When he stopped smoking,
+the old man said, &ldquo;Oh! My grandchild! Oh!
+My grandchild! Pity me, and let me go. We thought
+we must smoke with you this last time, so we went
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg&nbsp;114]</a></span>
+to the place where you were. Oh! My grandchild,
+pity me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;If that be so, arise and extend your hands to me
+in entreaty,&rdquo; said the young man.</p>
+
+<p>The old man arose and did so, saying continually,
+&ldquo;Oh! My grandchild! Oh! My grandchild!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>It was as much as the young man could do to keep
+from laughing. At length he said, &ldquo;Well! Begone!
+Beware lest you come again and go around my resting
+place very often! Do not visit it again!&rdquo; Then he let
+the old man go.</p>
+
+<p>On returning to the burial lodge, he found the two
+old men still lying where they had fallen. When he
+approached them, they slipped off, with their heads
+covered, as they were terrified, and he let them go
+undisturbed. When they had gone, the young man hurried
+home. He reached there first and after washing
+himself, reclined at full length.</p>
+
+<p>He said to his wife, &ldquo;When they return, be sure not
+to laugh. Make an effort to control yourself. I came
+very near making them die of fright.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the old men returned, the young people seemed
+to be asleep. The old men did not lie down; all sat
+in silence, smoking together until daylight. When the
+young man arose in the morning, the old men appeared
+very sorrowful.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg&nbsp;115]</a></span>
+Then he said, &ldquo;Give me one of the robes that you
+and your friends cut off and brought back. I, too, have
+no robe at all.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>His father said, &ldquo;Why! We went there, but we did
+not get anything at all. We were attacked. We came
+very near being killed.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>To this the son replied, &ldquo;Why! I was unwilling
+for this to happen, so I said, &lsquo;Do not go,&rsquo; but you paid
+no attention to me, and went. But now you think
+differently and you weep.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When it was night, the young man said, &ldquo;Go again
+and make another attempt. Bring back a piece for me,
+as I have no robe at all.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old men were unwilling to go again, and they
+lost their patience, as he teased them so often.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg&nbsp;116]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE FORKED ROADS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, in the days of the grandfathers, a man
+died and was buried by his village. For four
+nights his ghost had to walk a very dark trail.
+Then he reached the Milky Way and there was plenty
+of light. For this reason, people ought to keep the
+funeral fires lighted for four nights, so the spirit will
+not walk in the dark trail.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit walked along the Milky Way. At last
+he came to a point where the trail forked. There sat
+an old man. He was dressed in a buffalo robe, with
+the hair on the outside. He pointed to each ghost the
+road he was to take. One was short and led to the land
+of good ghosts. The other was very long; along it the
+ghosts went wailing.</p>
+
+<p>The spirits of suicides cannot travel either road.
+They must hover over their graves. For them there is
+no future life.</p>
+
+<p>A murderer is never happy after he dies. Ghosts
+surround him and keep up a constant whistling. He is
+always hungry, though he eat much food. He is never
+allowed to go where he pleases, lest high winds arise
+and sweep down upon the others.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg&nbsp;117]</a></span></p>
+<h2>TATTOOED GHOSTS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>f a ghost wishes to walk the Ghost Road safely,
+then during living the person must tattoo himself
+either in the forehead or on the wrists. An old
+woman sits in the Ghost Road and she examines each
+ghost who passes. If she finds the tattoo marks, then
+the ghost travels on at once to Many Lodges. If the
+tattoo marks are not there, the old woman pushes the
+ghost from a cloud and he falls to this world again.
+Then he wanders all over the world. He is never quiet.
+He goes about whistling, with no lodge, and people are
+afraid of him.</p>
+
+<p>When these ghosts visit the sick, they are driven
+away by smoke from the sacred cedar, or else cedar is
+laid outside the lodge. When a person hears a ghost
+whistling he goes outside the lodge and makes a loud
+noise. If a ghost calls to a loved one and he answers,
+then he is sure to die soon.</p>
+
+<p>If a ghost meets a man who is alone, he will catch
+hold of him and pull his mouth and eyes until they are
+crooked. Indeed, a ghost did this to a person who only
+dreamed about one.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg&nbsp;118]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A GHOST STORY</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Ponca</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> great many persons went on the warpath.
+They were Ponca. As they approached the foe,
+they camped for the night. They kindled a
+fire. It was during the night. After kindling a bright
+fire, they sat down; they made the fire burn very
+brightly. Rejoicing greatly, they sat eating. Very suddenly
+a person sang.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Keep quiet. Push the ashes over that fire. Seize
+your bow in silence!&rdquo; said their leader. All took their
+bows. And they departed to surround him. They
+made the circle smaller and smaller, and commenced
+at once to come together. And still he stood singing;
+he did not stir at all. At length they went very near to
+the tree. And when they drew very near to it, the
+singer ceased his song. When they had reached the
+tree, bones lay there in a pile. Human bones were
+piled there at the foot of the tree. When persons die,
+the Dakotas usually suspend the bodies in trees.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg&nbsp;119]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE GHOST AND THE TRAVELER</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce an Indian alone was just at the edge of
+a forest. Then the Thunder Beings raised a
+great storm. So he remained there for the
+night. After it was dark, he noticed a light in the
+woods. When he reached the spot, behold! there was
+a sweat lodge, in which were two persons talking.</p>
+
+<p>One said, &ldquo;Friend, someone has come and stands
+without. Let us invite him to share our food.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the Indian fled because they were ghosts. But
+they followed him. He looked back now and then,
+but he could not see them.</p>
+
+<p>All at once he heard the cry of a woman. He was
+glad to have company. But the moment he thought
+about the woman, she appeared. She said, &ldquo;I have
+come because you have just wished to have company.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This frightened the man. The woman said, &ldquo;Do not
+fear me; else you will never see me again.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They journeyed until daybreak. The man looked at
+her. She seemed to have no legs, yet she walked without
+any effort. Then the man thought, &ldquo;What if she
+should choke me.&rdquo; Immediately the ghost vanished.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg&nbsp;120]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE MAN WHO SHOT A GHOST</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the olden time, a man was traveling alone, and
+in a forest he killed several rabbits. After sunset
+he was in the midst of the forest. He had to spend
+the night there, so he made a fire.</p>
+
+<p>He thought this: &ldquo;Should I meet any danger by
+and by, I will shoot. I am a man who ought not to
+regard anything.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He cooked a rabbit, so he was no longer hungry.
+Just then he heard many voices. They were talking
+about their own affairs. But the man could see no one.</p>
+
+<p>So he thought: &ldquo;It seems now that at last I have
+encountered ghosts.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then he went and lay under a fallen tree, which was
+a great distance from the fire. They came around him
+and whistled, &ldquo;<i>Hyu! hyu! hyu!</i>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He has gone yonder,&rdquo; said one of the ghosts. Then
+they came and stood around the man, just as people do
+when they hunt rabbits. The man lay flat beneath the
+fallen tree, and one ghost came and climbed on the
+trunk of that tree. Suddenly the ghost gave the cry
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg&nbsp;121]</a></span>
+that a man does when he hits an enemy, &ldquo;<i>A-he!</i>&rdquo; Then
+the ghost kicked the man in the back.</p>
+
+<p>Before the ghost could get away, very suddenly the
+man shot at him and wounded him in the legs. So the
+ghost cried as men do in pain, &ldquo;<i>Au! au! au!</i>&rdquo; At last
+he went off, crying as women do, &ldquo;<i>Yun! yun! yun!
+yun!</i>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The other ghosts said to him, &ldquo;Where did he shoot?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The wounded ghost said, &ldquo;He shot me through the
+head and I have come apart.&rdquo; Then the other ghosts
+were wailing on the hillside.</p>
+
+<p>The man decided he would go to the place where
+the ghosts were wailing. So when day came, he went
+there. He found some graves. Into one of them a wolf
+had dug, so that the bones could be seen; and there
+was a wound in the skull.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="BLACK_COYOTE" id="BLACK_COYOTE"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp17.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp17th.jpg" width="296" height="400" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Black Coyote</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Arapahoe chief, and a leader in the ghost-dance.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="ARAPAHOE_SHIRT" id="ARAPAHOE_SHIRT"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp18.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp18th.jpg" width="400" height="287" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Ornamentation on the Reverse of an Arapahoe &ldquo;Ghost-dance&rdquo; Shirt</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg&nbsp;122]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE INDIAN WHO WRESTLED WITH A GHOST</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> young man went alone on the warpath. At
+length he reached a wood. One day, as he was
+going along, he heard a voice. He said, &ldquo;I
+shall have company.&rdquo; As he was approaching a forest,
+he heard some one halloo. Behold, it was an owl.</p>
+
+<p>By and by he drew near another wood, and as night
+was coming on he lay down to rest. At the edge of the
+trees he lay down in the open air. At midnight he
+was aroused by the voice of a woman. She was wailing,
+&ldquo;My son! my son!&rdquo; Still he remained where he was,
+and put more wood on the fire. He lay with his back
+to the fire. He tore a hole in his blanket large enough
+to peep through.</p>
+
+<p>Soon he heard twigs break under the feet of one
+approaching, so he looked through his blanket without
+rising. Behold, a woman of the olden days was
+coming. She wore a skin dress with long fringe. A
+buffalo robe was fastened around her at the waist.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg&nbsp;123]</a></span>
+Her necklace was of very large beads, and her leggings
+were covered with beads or porcupine work. Her
+robe was drawn over her head and she was snuffing as
+she came.</p>
+
+<p>The man lay with his legs stretched out, and she
+stood by him. She took him by one foot, which she
+raised very slowly. When she let it go, it fell with a
+thud as though he were dead. She raised it a second
+time; then a third time. Still the man did not move.
+Then the woman pulled a very rusty knife from the
+front of her belt, seized his foot suddenly and was about
+to lift it and cut it, when up sprang the man. He said,
+&ldquo;What are you doing?&rdquo; Then he shot at her suddenly.
+She ran into the forest screaming, &ldquo;<i>Yun! yun!
+yun! yun! yun! yun!</i>&rdquo; She plunged into the forest and
+was seen no more.</p>
+
+<p>Again the man covered his head with his blanket but
+he did not sleep. When day came, he raised his eyes.
+Behold, there was a burial scaffold, with the blankets
+all ragged and dangling. He thought, &ldquo;Was this the
+ghost that came to me?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Again he came to a wood where he had to remain
+for the night. He started a fire. As he sat there, suddenly
+he heard someone singing. He made the woods
+ring. The man shouted to the singer, but no answer
+was paid. The man had a small quantity of <i>wasna</i>,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg&nbsp;124]</a></span>
+which was grease mixed with pounded buffalo meat,
+and wild cherry; he also had plenty of tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>So when the singer came and asked him for food,
+the man said, &ldquo;I have nothing.&rdquo; The ghost said,
+&ldquo;Not so; I know you have some <i>wasna</i>.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the man gave some of it to the ghost and filled
+his pipe. After the meal, when the stranger took the
+pipe and held it by the stem, the traveler saw that it
+was nothing but bones. There was no flesh. Then
+the stranger&rsquo;s robe dropped back from his shoulders.
+Behold, all his ribs were visible. There was no flesh on
+them. The ghost did not open his lips when he smoked.
+The smoke came pouring out through his ribs.</p>
+
+<p>When he had finished smoking, the ghost said, &ldquo;Ho!
+we must wrestle together. If you can throw me, you
+shall kill the enemy without hindrance and steal some
+horses.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The young man agreed. But first he threw an armful
+of brush on the fire. He put plenty of brush near
+the fire.</p>
+
+<p>Then the ghost rushed at the man. He seized him
+with his bony hands, which was very painful; but this
+mattered not. The man tried to push off the ghost,
+whose legs were very powerful. When the ghost was
+pulled near the fire, he became weak; but when he
+pulled the young man toward the darkness, he became
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg&nbsp;125]</a></span>
+strong. As the fire got low, the strength of the ghost
+increased. Just as the man began to get weary, the
+day broke. Then the struggle began again. As they
+drew near the fire again, the man made a last effort;
+with his foot he pushed more brush into the fire. The
+fire blazed up again suddenly. Then the ghost fell, just
+as if he was coming to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>So the man won in wrestling. Also he killed his
+enemy and stole some horses. It came out just as the
+ghost said. That is why people believe what ghosts
+say.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg&nbsp;126]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE WAKANDA, OR WATER GOD</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Yankton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> man and his wife had only one child, they say,
+whom they loved very much. He used to go
+playing every day, they say; and one day he
+fell into the water. His father and mother and all his
+relations wailed regularly. His father was very sad,
+they say. He would not sleep within the lodge; he lay
+out of doors, without any pillow at all. When he lay
+on the ground with his cheek on the palm of his hand,
+he heard his child crying. He heard him crying down
+under the ground, they say. Having assembled all his
+relations, he spoke of digging into the ground. The
+relations collected horses to be given as pay; they collected
+goods and horses. Then came two old men who
+said they were sacred. They spoke of seeking for the
+child. An old man went to tell the father. He brought
+the two sacred men to the lodge. The father filled a
+pipe with tobacco. He gave it to the sacred men, and
+said, &ldquo;If you bring my child back, I will give all this
+to you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So they painted themselves; one made his body very
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg&nbsp;127]</a></span>
+black, the other made his body very yellow. Both went
+into the deep water. So they arrived there, they say.
+They talked to the wakanda. The child was not dead;
+he was sitting up, alive.</p>
+
+<p>The men said, &ldquo;The father demands his child. We
+have him; we will go homeward,&rdquo; they said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have him; but if you take him homeward
+with you, he shall die. Had you taken him before he
+ate anything, he might have lived. Begone ye, and tell
+those words to his father.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The two men went. They arrived at the lodge, they
+say.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We have seen your child; the wakanda&rsquo;s wife has
+him. We saw him alive, but he has eaten of the food
+of the wakandas. Therefore the wakanda says that if
+we bring the child back with us out of the water, he
+shall die.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Still, the father wished to see him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;If the wakanda&rsquo;s wife gives you back your child,
+she desires a very white dog as pay.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I promise to give her the white dog,&rdquo; said the
+father.</p>
+
+<p>Again the two men painted themselves; the one made
+himself very black, the other made himself very yellow.
+Again they went beneath the water. They
+arrived at the place again.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg&nbsp;128]</a></span>
+&ldquo;The father said we were to take the child back at
+any cost; he spoke of seeing his child.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the wakanda gave the child back to them; homeward
+they went with him. When they reached the
+surface of the water with him, the child died. They
+gave him back to his father. Then all the people
+wailed when they saw the child, their relation.</p>
+
+<p>They plunged the white-haired dog into the water.
+When they had buried the child they gave pay to the
+two men.</p>
+
+<p>After a while, the parents lost another child, a girl,
+in the same way, they say. But she did not eat any of
+the wakanda&rsquo;s food, therefore they took her home alive.
+But it was another wakanda who took her, and he
+promised to give her back if they would give him four
+white-haired dogs.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg&nbsp;129]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SPIRIT LAND</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Arapahoe</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he spirit world is toward the Darkening Land,
+higher up, and separated from the world of
+living by a great lake. Now when the spirits
+came back to this world [in the ghost-dance excitement]
+Crow was their leader. That is because Crow is black;
+his color is the same as that of the Darkening Land.
+Crow was followed by all the Indians. But when they
+reached the edge of the shadow land, below them was
+a great sea.</p>
+
+<p>Far away, toward the Sunrise Land were their
+people in the world of living. So Crow took a pebble
+in his beak. He dropped it into the water, and it
+became a mountain, towering up to the shadow land.
+So the Indians came down the mountain side to the
+edge of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Then Crow took some dust in his bill. He flew out
+and dropped it into the water, and it became solid
+land. It stretched between the spirit land and the
+world of living.</p>
+
+<p>Then Crow flew out again, with blades of grass in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg&nbsp;130]</a></span>
+his beak. He dropped these upon the new made land.
+At once the earth was covered with green grass.</p>
+
+<p>Again Crow flew out with twigs in his beak, and he
+dropped these upon the new earth. At once it was
+covered with a forest of trees.</p>
+
+<p>Again he flew back to the base of the mountain.
+Then he called all the spirit Indians together. Now
+he is coming to help the living Indians. He has already
+passed the sea. He is now on the western edge of the
+world of living.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg&nbsp;131]</a></span></p>
+<h2>WAZIYA, THE WEATHER SPIRIT</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he giant called Waziya knows when there is
+to be a change of weather. He is a giant.
+When he travels, his footprints are large
+enough for several Indians to stand in abreast. His
+strides are very far apart; at one step he can go over a
+hill.</p>
+
+<p>When it is cold, people say, &ldquo;Waziya has returned.&rdquo;
+They used to pray to him, but when they found he paid
+no attention to him, they ceased to do it.</p>
+
+<p>When warm weather is coming, Waziya wraps himself
+in a thick robe. But when cold weather is coming,
+he wears nothing at all. Waziya, the giant god of the
+north, and Itokaga, the god of the south, are ever battling.
+Each in turn wins the victory.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg&nbsp;132]</a></span></p>
+<h2>KANSAS BLIZZARDS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Kansa</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen there is a blizzard, the other Kansa beg
+the members of the Tcihaci gens to interpose,
+as they are the Wind People.</p>
+
+<p>They say, &ldquo;Oh, grandfather, I wish good weather.
+Please have one of your children decorated.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the youngest son of one of the Wind People,
+but one half grown, is selected. He is painted all over
+with red paint. Then he goes out into the storm and
+rolls over and over the snow, reddening it for some distance.
+This stops the storm.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="ARIKARA_CHIEFS" id="ARIKARA_CHIEFS"></a>&ldquo;KILLED TWO ARIKARA CHIEFS&rdquo;</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Indian drawing)</p>
+
+<p><i>The rank of the chiefs is shown by the white weasel skins attacked to
+their costumes. The arrow in the thigh of the horseman indicates that
+he was wounded.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp19.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp19th.jpg" width="400" height="266" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="MANY_TONGUES" id="MANY_TONGUES"></a>MANY TONGUES, OR LOUD TALKER</h3>
+
+<p><i>Oddly enough, the name is given as that of the vanquished, not of the
+victor, although the balloon of sound would seemingly indicate
+otherwise. The pipe between the two indicates that the victor is
+entitled to celebrate his victory.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp20.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp20th.jpg" width="400" height="386" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg&nbsp;133]</a></span></p>
+<h2>IKTO AND THE SNOWSTORM</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Teton</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>kto was the first person in this world. He is more
+cunning than human beings. He it was who
+named all the animals and people. But sometimes
+Ikto was tricked by the beings he had created.</p>
+
+<p>One day Ikto was hungry; just then he caught a rabbit.
+He was about to roast him.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly Rabbit said, &ldquo;Oh, Ikto, I will teach you
+a magic art.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Ikto said, &ldquo;I have created all things.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;But I will show you something new,&rdquo; said Rabbit.
+Therefore Ikto consented. He let go of Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>Rabbit stood in front of Ikto and said, &ldquo;Elder
+brother, if you wish snow to fall at any time, take some
+hair such as this,&rdquo;&mdash;and he pulled out some of his
+rabbit fur&mdash;&ldquo;and blow it in all directions; there will
+be a blizzard.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Rabbit made a deep snow in this way, though the
+leaves were green.</p>
+
+<p>At once, Ikto began to pull his own fur and say
+magic words. Rabbit made a long leap and ran away.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg&nbsp;134]</a></span>
+Ikto pulled his fur and blew it about. But there was
+no snow. Then he pulled more fur, and blew it about.
+Still there was no snow. It was only rabbit fur that
+made the snow.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg&nbsp;135]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE SOUTHERN BRIDE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>orth went traveling, and after a long time,
+and after visiting many tribes, he fell in love
+with the daughter of South.</p>
+
+<p>South and his wife said, &ldquo;No. Ever since you came
+the weather has been cold. If you stay we will all
+freeze.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>North said he would go back to his own country.
+So South let his daughter marry him. Then North
+went back to his own country with South&rsquo;s daughter.
+All the people there lived in ice houses.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, after sunrise, the houses began to
+leak. The ice began to melt. It grew warmer and
+warmer. Then North&rsquo;s people came to him. They
+said, &ldquo;It is the daughter of the South. If she lives
+here all the lodges will melt. You must send her back
+to her father.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>North said, &ldquo;No.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But every day it grew hotter. The lodges began to
+melt away. The people said North must send his wife
+home. Therefore North had to send her back to South.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg&nbsp;136]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE FALLEN STAR</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> people had this camp. And there were two
+women sleeping out of doors and looking up
+at the stars.</p>
+
+<p>One of them said, &ldquo;I wish that that large and bright
+shining star were my husband.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The other said, &ldquo;I wish the star that shines less
+brightly were my husband.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And immediately both were immediately carried
+upward, they say. They found themselves in a beautiful
+country which was full of beautiful twin flowers.
+And they found that the star which had shone most
+brightly was a large man; the other star was only a
+young man. So the two stars married the two women
+and they lived in that beautiful Star Country.</p>
+
+<p>Now in that country was a plant, the Teepsinna, with
+large, attractive stalks. The wife of the large star
+wanted to dig them. Her husband said, &ldquo;No; no one
+does so here.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the camp moved. When the woman had
+pitched her tepee, and came inside to lay the mats, she
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg&nbsp;137]</a></span>
+saw there a beautiful teepsinna. She said to herself,
+&ldquo;I will dig this; no one will see me.&rdquo; So she took
+her digging stick and dug the teepsinna; but when she
+pulled it out of the earth, the foundation of the Star
+Country broke and she fell through with her baby.
+So the woman died; but the baby was not injured. It
+lay there stretched out.</p>
+
+<p>An old man came that way. When he saw that the
+baby was alive, he took it in his blanket and took it to
+his own lodge. He said to his wife, &ldquo;Old woman, I
+saw something today that made my heart feel badly.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What was it?&rdquo; she asked.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;A woman lay dead; and a little baby boy lay beside
+her kicking.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why did you not bring it home, old man?&rdquo; she
+asked.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Here it is,&rdquo; he said. Then he took it out of his
+blanket.</p>
+
+<p>The wife said, &ldquo;Old man, let us adopt this child.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old man said, &ldquo;We will swing it around the
+tepee.&rdquo; He whirled it up through the smoke hole. It
+went whirling around and around and fell down, and
+came creeping into the tent.</p>
+
+<p>Again he took up the baby and threw it up through
+the smoke hole. It got up and came into the tent walking.
+Again the old man whirled him out. In came a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg&nbsp;138]</a></span>
+boy with some green sticks. He said, &ldquo;Grandfather, I
+wish you would make me arrows.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Again the old man whirled him out. No one knows
+where he went. This time he came back into the tepee
+a long man, with many green sticks. He said, &ldquo;Grandfather,
+make me arrows of these.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the old man made him arrows, and he killed a
+great many buffaloes, and they made a large tepee, and
+built up a high sleeping place in the back part of the
+tepee, and were very rich in dried meat.</p>
+
+<p>The old man said, &ldquo;Old woman, I am glad we are
+well off; I will proclaim it abroad.&rdquo; So when morning
+came, he went to the top of the tent, and sat, and said,
+&ldquo;I, I have abundance laid up. I eat the fat of the
+animals.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>That is how the meadow lark came to be made, they
+say. It has a yellow breast and black in the middle,
+which is the yellow of that morning, and they say the
+black stripe is made by a smooth buffalo horn worn for
+a necklace.</p>
+
+<p>The young man said, &ldquo;Grandfather, I want to go
+visiting.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said the old man. &ldquo;When one is young is
+the time to go visiting.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The young man went and came to a people, and lo!
+they were engaged in shooting arrows through a hoop.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg&nbsp;139]</a></span>
+And there was a young man who was simply looking
+on. By and by he said, &ldquo;My friend, let us go to your
+house.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So they came to his lodge. Now this young man also
+had been raised by his grandmother, and lived with her,
+they say.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with
+me; get him something to eat,&rdquo; said the grandson.</p>
+
+<p>Grandmother said, &ldquo;What shall I do?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the visiting young man said, &ldquo;How is it, grandmother?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>She said, &ldquo;The people are about to die of thirst. All
+who go for water will not come back again.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Fallen Star said, &ldquo;My friend, take a kettle; we will
+go for water.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;With difficulty have I raised my grandchild,&rdquo;
+objected the old woman.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You are afraid of trifles,&rdquo; said the grandson. So he
+went with Star-born.</p>
+
+<p>They reached the side of the lake. By the water of
+the lake stood troughs half full of water.</p>
+
+<p>Star-born called out, &ldquo;You who they say have killed
+every one who has come for water, where have you
+gone? I have come for water.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then immediately whither they went is not manifest.
+Behold, there was a long house which was extended,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg&nbsp;140]</a></span>
+and it was full of young men and women. Some of
+them were dead and some were dying.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;How did you come here?&rdquo; asked Star-born.</p>
+
+<p>They replied, &ldquo;What do you mean? We came for
+water and something swallowed us.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Something kept striking on the head of Star-born.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What is this?&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Get away,&rdquo; they replied, &ldquo;that is the heart.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then he drew out his knife and cut it to pieces. Suddenly
+something made a great noise. In the great body,
+these people were swallowed up. When the heart died,
+death came to the body. Then Star-born cut a great
+hole in the side, and came out, bringing the young men
+and the young women. All came to life again.</p>
+
+<p>So the people were thankful and offered him two
+wives.</p>
+
+<p>But he said, &ldquo;I am journeying. My friend here will
+marry them.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then Star-born went on, they say. Again he found
+a young man standing where they were shooting
+through a hoop. He said, &ldquo;I will look on with my
+friend,&rdquo; and went and stood beside him.</p>
+
+<p>Then the other said, &ldquo;My friend, let us go home,&rdquo;
+so he went with him to his tepee.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with
+me,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;Get him something to eat.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg&nbsp;141]</a></span>
+Grandmother replied, &ldquo;How shall I do as you
+say?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;How is it?&rdquo; said Star-born.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;This people are perishing for wood,&rdquo; she said;
+&ldquo;when any one goes for wood, he never comes home
+again.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Star-born said, &ldquo;My friend, take the packing strap;
+we will go for wood.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old woman protested. &ldquo;This one, my grandchild,
+I have raised with difficulty,&rdquo; she said. He
+answered, &ldquo;Old woman, what you are afraid of are
+trifles,&rdquo; and went with the young man. &ldquo;I am going
+to bring wood,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;If any wish to go, come
+along.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;The young man who came from somewhere says
+this,&rdquo; they said, so they followed him.</p>
+
+<p>They had now reached the wood. They found it
+tied up in bundles. He ordered them to carry it home,
+but he stood still and said, &ldquo;You who killed every
+one who came to this wood, where have you gone?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then, suddenly, where he went was not made manifest.
+And lo! a tepee, and in it some young men and
+young women; some were eating, and some were
+waiting.</p>
+
+<p>He said to them, &ldquo;How came you here?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They answered, &ldquo;What do you mean? We came for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg&nbsp;142]</a></span>
+wood and something brought us here. Now you also
+are lost.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He looked behind him, and lo! there was a hole.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What is this?&rdquo; he asked.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Stop!&rdquo; they said. &ldquo;That is the thing itself.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He drew out an arrow and shot it. Then suddenly
+it opened out and behold! it was the ear of an owl in
+which they had been shut up. When it was killed, it
+opened out. Then he said, &ldquo;Young men and women,
+come out,&rdquo; so they went home.</p>
+
+<p>Again they offered him two wives. But he said, &ldquo;My
+friend will marry them. I am traveling.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Again he passed on. And he came to a dwelling
+place of people and found them shooting the hoop.
+There stood a young man looking on. He joined him
+as his friend. While they stood there together, he
+said:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Friend, let us go to your home.&rdquo; So he went with
+him to his tepee.</p>
+
+<p>The young man said, &ldquo;Grandmother, I have brought
+my friend home with me; get him something to eat.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>She said, &ldquo;Where shall I get it from, that you say
+that?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Grandmother, how is it that you say so?&rdquo; asked
+the stranger.</p>
+
+<p>She replied, &ldquo;Waziya treats this people very badly.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg&nbsp;143]</a></span>
+When they go out to kill buffalo, he takes it all, and
+now they are starving to death.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Now Waziya was a giant who caused very cold
+weather and blizzards.</p>
+
+<p>Then he said, &ldquo;Grandmother, go to him and say,
+&lsquo;My grandchild has come on a journey and has nothing
+to eat; so he has sent me to you.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the old woman went and standing at a distance,
+cried, &ldquo;Waziya, my grandchild has come on a journey
+and has nothing to eat; so he has sent me to you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He replied, &ldquo;Bad old woman, get you home; what
+do you mean by coming here?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old woman came home crying, and saying that
+Waziya had threatened to kill some of her relations.</p>
+
+<p>Star-born said, &ldquo;My friend, take your strap; we will
+go there.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old woman interfered: &ldquo;I have with difficulty
+raised my grandchild.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Grandchild replied to this by saying, &ldquo;Grandmother
+is very much afraid.&rdquo; So the two went together.</p>
+
+<p>When they came to the house of Waziya, they found
+a great deal of dried meat outside. He put as much
+on his friend as he could carry, and sent him home with
+it; then Star-born entered the tepee of Waziya, and
+said to him, &ldquo;Waziya, why did you answer my grandmother
+as you did when I sent her to you?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg&nbsp;144]</a></span>
+Waziya only looked angry.</p>
+
+<p>Hanging there was a bow of ice. &ldquo;Waziya, why
+do you keep this?&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>The giant replied, &ldquo;Hands off; whoever touches that
+gets a broken arm.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Star-born said, &ldquo;I will see if my arm breaks.&rdquo; He
+took the ice bow and snapped it into many pieces, and
+then started home.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning all the people went on the chase
+and killed many buffaloes. But, as he had done before,
+the Waziya went all over the field, gathered up all
+the meat, and put it in his blanket.</p>
+
+<p>Star-born was cutting up a fat cow. Waziya came
+and stood there. He said, &ldquo;Who cuts this up?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I am,&rdquo; answered Star-born.</p>
+
+<p>Waziya said, &ldquo;From where have you come that you
+act so haughtily?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Whence have you come, Waziya, that you act so
+proudly?&rdquo; he retorted.</p>
+
+<p>Waziya said, &ldquo;Fallen Star, whoever points his finger
+at me dies.&rdquo; The young man thought, &ldquo;I will point
+my finger at him and see if I die.&rdquo; He pointed his
+finger, but it made no difference.</p>
+
+<p>Then Fallen Star said, &ldquo;Waziya, whoever points
+his finger at me, his hand loses all use.&rdquo; So Waziya
+thought, &ldquo;I will point my finger and see.&rdquo; He pointed
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg&nbsp;145]</a></span>
+his finger. His forearm lost all use. Then he pointed
+his finger with the other hand. It was destroyed even
+to the elbow.</p>
+
+<p>Then Fallen Star drew out his knife and cut up
+Waziya&rsquo;s blanket, and all the buffalo meat he had gathered
+there fell out. Fallen Star called to the people,
+&ldquo;Henceforth kill and carry home.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the people took the meat and carried it to their
+tepees.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, they say, it was rumored that the
+blanket of Waziya, which had been cut to pieces, had
+been sewed up by his wife. He was about to shake it.</p>
+
+<p>The giant stood with his face toward the north and
+shook his blanket. Then the wind blew from the north.
+Snow fell all about the camp so that the people were
+all snowed in. They were much troubled. They said,
+&ldquo;We did live in some fashion before; but now this
+young man has acted so we are in great trouble.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But he said, &ldquo;Grandmother, find me a fan.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then she made a road under the snow, and went to
+people and said, &ldquo;My grandchild says he wants a fan.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What does he mean by saying that?&rdquo; they asked and
+gave him one.</p>
+
+<p>Now the snow reached to the top of the lodges, and
+so Fallen Star pushed up through the snow, and sat
+on the ridge of the lodge. While the wind was blowing
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg&nbsp;146]</a></span>
+to the south, he sat and fanned himself and made the
+wind come from the south. Then the heat became
+great. The snow went as if boiling water had been
+poured over it. All over the ground there was a mist.
+Waziya and his wife and children all died with the
+great heat. But the youngest child, the littlest child of
+Waziya, took refuge in the hole made by the tent pole,
+where there was a frost, and so he lived. So they say
+that is all that is left of Waziya now, just the littlest
+child.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="NEBRASKA_PETROGLYPH" id="NEBRASKA_PETROGLYPH"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp21.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp21th.jpg" width="400" height="289"
+alt="A large stone carved with petroglyphs." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Petroglyph in Nebraska</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg&nbsp;147]</a></span></p>
+<h2>QUARREL OF THE SUN AND MOON</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&ldquo;I</span> am out of patience with you,&rdquo; said Moon to
+Sun. &ldquo;Although I bring people together, you
+scatter them. Thus many are lost.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I have desired many people to grow,&rdquo; said Sun,
+&ldquo;and so I have scattered them; but you have been putting
+them in darkness and thus have you been killing
+many with hunger. Ho! ye people!&rdquo; called the Sun.
+&ldquo;Many of you shall mature. I will look down on you
+from above. I will direct you, whatever you do.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then Moon said, &ldquo;And I, too, will dwell so. I will
+collect you; when it is dark, you shall assemble in full
+numbers, and sleep. I myself will rule you, whatever
+you do. And we shall walk in the road, one after the
+other. I will walk behind him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Moon is just like a woman. She always walks with
+a kettle on her arm.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg&nbsp;148]</a></span></p>
+<h2>WHY THE POSSUM PLAYS DEAD</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p>Rabbit and Possum each wanted a wife, but no
+one would marry either of them. They talked
+over the matter and Rabbit said, &ldquo;We can&rsquo;t get
+wives here. Let&rsquo;s go to the next village. I&rsquo;ll say I&rsquo;m
+messenger for the council and that everybody must
+marry at once, and then we&rsquo;ll be sure to get wives.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Off they started for the next town. As Rabbit traveled
+the faster, he got there first. He waited outside
+the village until people noticed him and took him into
+the council lodge. When the chief asked his business,
+Rabbit said he brought an important message: everyone
+must be married at once. So the chief called a great
+council of the people and told them the message.</p>
+
+<p>Every animal took a mate at once, and thus Rabbit
+got a wife.</p>
+
+<p>But Possum traveled slowly. Therefore he reached
+the village so late that all the men were married and
+there was no wife for him. Rabbit pretended to be
+sorry. He said, &ldquo;Never mind. I&rsquo;ll carry the same
+message to the next village.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg&nbsp;149]</a></span>
+So Rabbit traveled ahead to the next village. He
+waited outside until they invited him to the council
+lodge. There he told the chief he brought an important
+message: there had been peace so long, there must be
+war at once. The war must begin in the council lodge.</p>
+
+<p>The animals all began to fight at once, but Rabbit
+got away in just four leaps. Then Possum reached
+the lodge. Now Possum had brought no weapons. So
+all the animals began to fight Possum. They hit him so
+hard that after a while he rolled over in a corner and
+shut his eyes and pretended to be dead. That is why
+Possum pretends to be dead when he finds the hunters
+after him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg&nbsp;150]</a></span></p>
+<h2>BOG MYTH</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">B</span>ogs are very mysterious. Strange things, with
+thick hair, remain at the bottom of a bog.
+These things have no eyes, but they eat everything
+which comes to them, and from their bodies water
+flows always. When one of these Beings wishes, he
+changes his place of abode. He lives at a new place.
+Then the old place where he lived dries up; but a
+fresh spring of water gushes from his new lodge. The
+water of this spring is warm in winter; but in summer
+it is as cold as ice. Before one dares drink of it, he
+prays to the water, else he may bring illness on himself
+for irreverence.</p>
+
+<p>In the olden days, one of the Bog Beings was pulled
+out of a bog and carried to the camp. A special tepee
+was built for him. But so much water flowed all
+around that the people were almost drowned. Then
+those who were not drowned offered him food. He
+sat motionless, gazing at them. But the food vanished
+before they could see it go; and no one saw the Bog
+Being eat it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg&nbsp;151]</a></span></p>
+<h2>COYOTE AND SNAKE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">C</span>oyote was going in a straight line across the
+prairie. While he was seeking something, a
+person said suddenly, &ldquo;Stop!&rdquo; Coyote thought,
+&ldquo;Who can it be?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He looked all around but saw no one. Then he
+walked on a few steps, when some one said, &ldquo;Walk
+around me!&rdquo; Then Coyote saw it was Snake.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Humph!&rdquo; said Coyote. &ldquo;When I walk here, I
+do not wish to walk around anyone at all. You go to
+one side. Get out of my way!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Snake replied, &ldquo;I am here. I have never thought
+for a moment of giving place to anyone!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Even if you think so,&rdquo; said Coyote, &ldquo;I will run over
+you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;If you do so, you shall die,&rdquo; said Snake.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why should I die? There is nothing that can kill
+me,&rdquo; said Coyote.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Come! Step over me. Do it in spite of me,&rdquo; said
+Snake. Then Coyote stepped over him. And Snake
+bit him. But Coyote did not feel it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg&nbsp;152]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Where is it? You said that if I stepped over you,
+I should die. Where have I received my death blow?&rdquo;
+said Coyote.</p>
+
+<p>Snake made no reply and Coyote walked on. After
+some time he came to a creek. As he was about to
+drink, he saw himself in the water. He seemed very
+fat.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Whew!&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;I was never so before. I am
+very fat.&rdquo; Saying this, he felt himself all over; but
+that was all he did. Then he walked on until he felt
+sleepy. He said, &ldquo;I am very sleepy.&rdquo; So he pushed
+his way into the thick grass and fell asleep. Coyote
+did not wake up. Snake had told the truth.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg&nbsp;153]</a></span></p>
+<h2>WHY THE WOLVES HELP IN WAR</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time an Indian found a wolf den,
+and began digging into it to get the cubs.</p>
+
+<p>Wolf Mother appeared, barking. She said,
+&ldquo;Pity my children,&rdquo; but he paid no attention to her.
+So she ran for her husband.</p>
+
+<p>Wolf Father soon appeared. He barked. Still the
+man dug into the den. Then Wolf Father sang a
+beautiful song. He sang, &ldquo;O man, pity my children,
+and I will teach you one of my arts.&rdquo; He ended with
+a howl which caused a fog. When the Wolf Father
+howled again, the fog disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>The man thought, &ldquo;These animals have mysterious
+gifts.&rdquo; So he tore up his red blanket into small pieces.
+He tied a piece around the neck of each of the wolf
+cubs, as a necklace. Then he painted them with red
+paint and put them back into the den.</p>
+
+<p>Wolf Father was very grateful. He said, &ldquo;When
+you go to war hereafter, I will go with you. I will
+bring about whatever you wish.&rdquo; Then the man went
+away.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg&nbsp;154]</a></span>
+After a while the man went on the warpath. Just
+as he came in sight of the village of the enemy, a large
+wolf met him.</p>
+
+<p>Wolf said, &ldquo;By and by I will sing. Then you shall
+steal their horses when they least suspect danger.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the man stopped on a hill close to the village. And
+the wolf sang. After that he howled, making a high
+wind arise. The horses fled to the forest, but many
+stopped on the hillside. When the wolf howled again,
+the wind died down and a mist arose. So the man on
+the warpath took as many horses as he pleased.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg&nbsp;155]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW RABBIT ESCAPED FROM THE WOLVES</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time, Wolves caught Rabbit. They
+were going to eat him, but Rabbit said he
+would show them a new dance. Now the
+Wolves knew that Rabbit was a good dancer, so they
+made a ring around him.</p>
+
+<p>Rabbit pattered with his feet and began to dance
+around in a circle, singing,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">On the edge of the field I dance about,</span><br />
+<span class="i0"><i>Ha&rsquo; nia lil! lil! Ha&rsquo; nia lil! lil!</i></span><br />
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then the Rabbit stopped a minute. He said, &ldquo;Now
+when I sing &lsquo;on the edge of the field,&rsquo; I dance that
+way&rdquo;&mdash;and he danced over in that direction; &ldquo;and
+when I sing &lsquo;<i>lil! lil!</i>&rsquo; you must all stamp your feet
+hard.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Wolves liked that. They liked new dances.</p>
+
+<p>Rabbit began singing the same song, dancing nearer
+to the field, while all the Wolves stamped their feet.
+He sang the song again, dancing still nearer the edge
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg&nbsp;156]</a></span>
+of the field. The fourth time he sang it, while the
+Wolves were stamping their feet as hard as they could.
+Rabbit made one jump off and leaped through the long
+grass. The Wolves raced after him, but Rabbit ran
+for a hollow stump and climbed inside. When the
+Wolves got there, one of them put his head inside, but
+Rabbit hit him on the eye and he pulled his head out.
+The others were afraid to try, so they went away and
+left Rabbit in the stump.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="DRAGGING_BRUSH" id="DRAGGING_BRUSH"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp22.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp22th.jpg" width="400" height="298" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plains Indians Dragging Brush for a Medicine Lodge</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>By permission of Sumner W. Matteson, the photographer</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="EARTH_LODGE" id="EARTH_LODGE"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp23.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp23th.jpg" width="400" height="298" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">An Earth Lodge</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg&nbsp;157]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW RABBIT LOST HIS FAT</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span>t first all the four-footed animals were fat. The
+one who made them wished to know if they
+looked well so fat. So he called all the four-footed
+animals together. He seized by the head each
+one who did not look handsome with the fat, and
+scraped it all off.</p>
+
+<p>At length someone took Rabbit to him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Fat makes me handsome,&rdquo; said Rabbit &ldquo;I will
+be the one.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let me see! Come here!&rdquo; said the one who made
+the animals. Then he made Rabbit fat. Then he
+looked at him. &ldquo;Fat makes you ugly beyond measure.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So he seized Rabbit by the head and scraped off the
+fat from the base of his neck. But he pulled suddenly
+at the flesh in the space between the shoulders. Therefore,
+ever since then Rabbit has had a hollow space
+between his shoulders, and only in that place is there
+a piece of fat.</p>
+
+<p>At length the person who made the animals saw that
+Raccoon was the only person who looked well when
+fat. So he made the whole body of Raccoon fat.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg&nbsp;158]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW FLINT VISITED RABBIT</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, in the old days, Flint lived up in the
+mountains, and all the animals hated him
+because he had helped to kill so many of
+them. All the arrowheads were made of flint. They
+used to have councils. They tried to think of some
+means of killing him. But everybody was afraid to go
+near to his house, until at last Rabbit, who was the
+boldest, offered to try to kill Flint.</p>
+
+<p>So Rabbit asked the trail to Flint&rsquo;s house. At last
+he reached the house.</p>
+
+<p>Flint was standing at the door of his lodge when
+Rabbit reached there. He said, &ldquo;<i>Siyu!</i> Hello! Are
+you the fellow they call Flint?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes; that&rsquo;s what they call me,&rdquo; said Flint.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Is this where you live?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes; this is where I live.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>All the time Rabbit was looking at the lodge and all
+about him. He was trying to think how to kill Flint.
+Rabbit had expected Flint to invite him into his lodge.
+But Flint only stood in the door.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg&nbsp;159]</a></span>
+Rabbit said, &ldquo;My name is Rabbit. I&rsquo;ve heard a
+good deal about you, so I came to see you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Flint said, &ldquo;Where is your lodge?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Down in the broom-grass field near the river,&rdquo; said
+Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>Flint said, &ldquo;I will come and visit you after a while.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Rabbit said, &ldquo;Come now and have supper with me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So Rabbit coaxed Flint until he said yes, and the
+two started down the mountain side together.</p>
+
+<p>When they came near Rabbit&rsquo;s hole, Rabbit said,
+&ldquo;There is my lodge, but in summer I stay outside here,
+where it is cooler.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So he made a fire and they had their supper on the
+grass. When supper was over, Flint stretched out on
+the grass to rest. Rabbit picked up some heavy sticks
+and his knife, and cut a mallet and wedge.</p>
+
+<p>Flint looked up and said, &ldquo;What is that for?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh,&rdquo; said Rabbit, &ldquo;I like to be doing something
+and they may come in handy.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Flint lay down again and soon he was sound asleep.
+Rabbit spoke to him once or twice, but he did not
+answer. Then Rabbit came over to Flint and with one
+blow of the mallet drove the stake through Flint. Then
+he ran with all his might for his own hole. But before
+he reached it, there was a loud explosion, and pieces
+of flint flew all about. That is why we find flint in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg&nbsp;160]</a></span>
+so many places now. One piece struck Rabbit and
+cut him just as he dived into his hole. He sat listening
+until everything was quiet again. Then he put his
+head out to look around, just as another piece fell. It
+cut his lip, just as we see it now.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg&nbsp;161]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW RABBIT CAUGHT THE SUN IN A TRAP</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>nce upon a time Rabbit dwelt in a lodge with
+no one but his grandmother. It was his custom
+to go hunting very early in the morning. But
+no matter how early in the morning he went, a person
+with a very long foot had been along, leaving a trail.
+Rabbit wished to know him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Now,&rdquo; he thought, &ldquo;I will go in advance of that
+person.&rdquo; Having risen very early in the morning, he
+departed, but again it happened that the person had
+been along, leaving a trail. Then Rabbit went home.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Grandmother,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;though I arrange for
+myself to go first, a person goes ahead of me every time.
+Grandmother, I will make a snare and I will catch
+him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why should you do it?&rdquo; she asked.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I hate the person,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>Again Rabbit departed. And again had the footprints
+gone along. So Rabbit lay waiting for night
+to come. Then he made a noose of a bowstring, setting
+it where the footprints were commonly seen.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg&nbsp;162]</a></span>
+Next morning Rabbit reached the place very early,
+to see what he had caught in his trap. And it happened
+that he had caught the Sun. Running very fast, he
+went homewards to tell about it.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Grandmother,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;I have caught something
+or other but it scares me. Grandmother, I wished to
+take away my bowstring, but I was scared every time.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So he went there again with a knife. This time
+he got very near it.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have done wrong. Why have you done it?
+Come and untie me,&rdquo; said the Sun.</p>
+
+<p>The Rabbit, although he went to untie him, kept
+going past him a little on one side. Then he made
+a rush with his head bent down and his arm stretched
+out, and cut the bowstring with his knife. And the
+Sun rose into the sky. But Rabbit had the hair between
+his shoulders scorched yellow by the heat of the Sun as
+he stooped and cut the bowstring. Then Rabbit arrived
+at his lodge.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I am burnt. Oh, grandmother! the heat has left
+nothing of me,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>Grandmother said, &ldquo;Oh, my grandchild! I think
+the heat has left to me nothing of him!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>From that time Rabbit has always had a singed spot
+upon his back, between his shoulders.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg&nbsp;163]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW RABBIT KILLED THE GIANT</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen Rabbit was going on a journey, he
+came to a certain village. The people said,
+&ldquo;Halloo! Rabbit has come as a visitor.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>On meeting him, they said, &ldquo;Whom did you come
+to see?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why, I will go to the lodge of any one,&rdquo; said
+Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;But the people have nothing to eat,&rdquo; they said.
+&ldquo;The Giant is the only one who has anything to eat.
+You ought to go to his lodge.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Yet, the Rabbit passed on to the end lodge and
+entered it.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Friend, we have nothing to eat,&rdquo; said the host.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why, my friend,&rdquo; said Rabbit, &ldquo;when there is
+nothing, people eat anything they can get.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>At length the Giant invited Rabbit to a feast.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh ho!&rdquo; called the man whose lodge Rabbit had
+entered. &ldquo;Friend, you are invited. Hasten!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Now all the people were afraid of the Giant. No
+matter what animal anyone killed, the Giant kept all
+of the meat.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg&nbsp;164]</a></span>
+Rabbit arrived at the lodge of the Giant. As he
+entered, the host said, &ldquo;Oh! Pass around to that side.&rdquo;
+But Rabbit leaped over and took a seat. At length
+food was given him. He ate it very rapidly but left
+some which he hid in his robe. Then he pushed the
+bowl aside.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Friend,&rdquo; he said to the Giant, &ldquo;here is the bowl.&rdquo;
+Then he said, &ldquo;Friend, I must go.&rdquo; He sprang past
+the fireplace at one leap, at the second leap his feet
+touched the chest of the Giant&rsquo;s servant, and with
+another leap he had gone.</p>
+
+<p>When Rabbit reached the lodge where he was visiting,
+he gave his host the food he had not eaten. The
+man and his wife were glad to eat it, since they had
+been without food.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning, the crier passed through the village,
+commanding the people to be stirring.</p>
+
+<p>They said, &ldquo;The Giant is the one for whom they are
+to kill game.&rdquo; So they all went hunting. They scared
+some animals out of a dense forest and shot at them.
+Rabbit went thither very quickly. He found Giant
+had reached there before him and taken all the game.
+When Rabbit heard shooting in another place, he went
+thither, but again found the Giant was before him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;This is provoking!&rdquo; thought Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>When some persons shot at game in another place
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg&nbsp;165]</a></span>
+Rabbit noticed it, and went thither immediately, reaching
+the spot before the Giant.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Friend,&rdquo; he said to the man who had killed the
+deer, &ldquo;let us cut it up.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The man was unwilling. He said, &ldquo;No, friend, the
+Giant will come by and by.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Pshaw, friend,&rdquo; said Rabbit. &ldquo;When one kills
+animals, he cuts them up and then makes an equal distribution
+of the pieces,&rdquo; said the Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>Still the man refused, fearing the Giant. So Rabbit
+rushed forward and seized the deer by the feet.</p>
+
+<p>When he had only slit the skin, the Giant arrived.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have done wrong. Let it alone,&rdquo; Giant said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What have I done wrong?&rdquo; asked Rabbit. &ldquo;When
+one kills game, he cuts it up and makes an equal distribution
+of the pieces.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let it alone, I say,&rdquo; said the Giant.</p>
+
+<p>But Rabbit continued to insert the knife in the meat.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I will blow that <i>thing</i> into the air,&rdquo; said the Giant.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Blow me into the air! Blow me into the air!&rdquo;
+said Rabbit.</p>
+
+<p>So the Giant went closer to him, and when he blew
+at him the Rabbit went up into the air with his fur
+blown apart. Striding past, the Giant seized the deer,
+put it through his belt, and departed. That was his
+custom. He took all the deer that were killed, hung
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg&nbsp;166]</a></span>
+them on his belt, and took them to his lodge. He was
+a very tall person.</p>
+
+<p>At night Rabbit wandered around, and at last went
+all around the Giant&rsquo;s lodge. He seized an insect and
+said to it, &ldquo;Oh, insect! You shall go and bite the Giant
+right in the side.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>At length when it was morning, it was said the Giant
+was ill. Then he died.</p>
+
+<p>The people said, &ldquo;Make a village for Rabbit!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>But Rabbit said, &ldquo;I do not wish to be chief. I have
+left my old woman by herself, so I will return to her.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg&nbsp;167]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW THE DEER GOT HIS HORNS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>ong ago, in the beginning, Deer had no horns.
+His head was smooth like a doe&rsquo;s. Now Deer
+was a very fast runner, but Rabbit was a famous
+jumper. So the animals used to talk about it and wonder
+which could go the farther in the same time. They
+talked about it a great deal. They decided to have a
+race between the two, and they made a pair of large
+antlers to be given to whoever could run the faster.
+Deer and Rabbit were to start together from one side
+of a thicket, go through it, and then turn and come
+back. The one who came out of the thicket first was
+to receive the horns.</p>
+
+<p>On a certain day all the animals were there. They
+put the antlers down on the ground to mark the starting
+point. Everyone admired the horns. But Rabbit
+said, &ldquo;I don&rsquo;t know this part of the country; I want to
+look through the bushes where I am to run.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the Rabbit went into the thicket, and stayed a
+long time. He was gone so long the animals suspected
+he was playing a trick. They sent a messenger after
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg&nbsp;168]</a></span>
+him. Right in the middle of the thicket he found
+Rabbit, gnawing down the bushes and pulling them
+away to make a clear road for himself.</p>
+
+<p>The messenger came back quietly and told the animals.
+When Rabbit came back, they accused him of
+cheating. Rabbit said, &ldquo;No,&rdquo; but at last they all went
+into the thicket and found the road he had made.
+Therefore the animals gave the antlers to Deer, saying
+that he was the better runner. That is why deer have
+antlers. And because Rabbit cut the bushes down, he
+is obliged to keep cutting them down, as he does to this
+day.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="KANSA_CHIEF" id="KANSA_CHIEF"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp24.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp24th.jpg" width="298" height="400"
+alt="A Kansa chief in traditional dress." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Kansa Chief</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="BIG_GOOSE" id="BIG_GOOSE"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp25.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp25th.jpg" width="296" height="400"
+alt="An older man in traditional dress." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Big Goose</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">(Omaha)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg&nbsp;169]</a></span></p>
+<h2>WHY THE DEER HAS BLUNT TEETH</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span>ne day after the race which they did not run,
+Rabbit stretched a large grapevine across the
+trail, gnawing it nearly in two in the middle.
+Then he went back on the trail, took a run, and jumped
+up at the vine. He did this again and again. At last
+Deer came along and asked him to tell what he was
+doing.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Don&rsquo;t you see?&rdquo; said Rabbit. &ldquo;I&rsquo;m so strong I
+can bite through that grapevine at one jump.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Deer said, &ldquo;Do it.&rdquo; Rabbit ran back, made a long
+leap, and bit through the vine where he had gnawed
+it before.</p>
+
+<p>Deer said, &ldquo;Well, I can do it if you can.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So Rabbit stretched a larger grapevine across the
+trail but without gnawing it in the center. Deer ran
+back as he had seen Rabbit do, made a spring, and
+struck the grapevine right in the center. It only flew
+back and threw him over.</p>
+
+<p>Deer tried again and again, but he was only bruised
+and hurt.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg&nbsp;170]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Let me see your teeth,&rdquo; said Rabbit. They were
+long like a wolf&rsquo;s teeth but not very sharp.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;No wonder you cannot do it,&rdquo; said Rabbit. &ldquo;Your
+teeth are too blunt to bite anything. Let me sharpen
+them for you so they are like mine. My teeth are so
+sharp I can cut through a stick just like a knife.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And Rabbit showed Deer a black locust twig, of
+which rabbits gnaw the young shoots, which he had
+shaved off as well as a knife could do it.</p>
+
+<p>So Deer let Rabbit sharpen his teeth. But Rabbit
+got a hard stone with rough edges and ground down
+the Deer&rsquo;s teeth until they were blunt.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Now try it,&rdquo; said Rabbit to Deer. So Deer tried
+it again, but he could not bite at all.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Now you&rsquo;ve paid for your horns,&rdquo; said Rabbit as
+he sprang through the underbrush. That is why the
+Deer&rsquo;s teeth are blunt.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg&nbsp;171]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LEGEND OF THE HEAD OF GOLD</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Dakota</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> man had four children. And they were all
+young men, but they were poor and it seemed
+as if they would die of laziness. The old man
+said, &ldquo;Behold! old woman. I have the greatest pity
+for my youngest child, and I do not wish him to die of
+poverty. See here; let us seek the Great Mystery,
+Wakantanka. If we find him, behold! I will give the
+boy to him to train up well for me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, old man; you say well. We will do so,&rdquo; said
+the old woman. So at once they went toward the Darkening
+Land, seeking Wakantanka. They came to a
+very high hill; and as they came to it, behold! another
+man came there also.</p>
+
+<p>The stranger said, &ldquo;For what are you seeking?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Alas, my friend,&rdquo; the old man said, &ldquo;my child,
+whom I pity, I wish to give to Wakantanka, the Great
+Mystery, and so I am seeking him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, friend. I am Wakantanka,&rdquo; said the man.
+&ldquo;My friend, give him to me. I will take him to my
+home.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg&nbsp;172]</a></span>
+So when the father gave up the boy, the Great Mystery
+took him to a house that stood up like the clouds.
+He said, &ldquo;Look at this house as much as you like. Take
+good care of these horses. But do not look into the
+little house that stands here.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Having said this, he gave him all the keys. He
+added, &ldquo;Yes, have a watch of this. Lo, I am going on
+a journey.&rdquo; He said this and went away.</p>
+
+<p>It was evening; he came home with a great many
+men, who sat down, filling the house. When they had
+been there a good while one of them said, &ldquo;The boy
+is good; that is enough.&rdquo; Saying this, he went out. In
+like manner, all the men went home.</p>
+
+<p>Then again Wakantanka said, &ldquo;Behold, I go on a
+journey. Stay here and keep watch.&rdquo; So again he went
+away.</p>
+
+<p>While the boy was watching, one of the horses said,
+&ldquo;Friend, go into the little house where you are commanded
+not to look, and inside in the middle of the
+floor stands something yellow. Dip your head in that
+and make haste&mdash;we two are together. When he
+brings home a great many men, they will eat you, as
+they will eat me, but I am unwilling&mdash;we two shall
+share the same,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>So the boy went into the little house. In the middle
+of the floor stood a round yellow thing into which he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg&nbsp;173]</a></span>
+dipped his head. Immediately his head became golden
+and the house was shining and full of light.</p>
+
+<p>Then he came out and jumped on the horse that had
+talked to him and they fled.</p>
+
+<p>They went very fast. Now when they had gone a
+long way, behold! there came after them the one who
+called himself Wakantanka. He shouted, &ldquo;You bad
+rascals, stop! You shall not live! Where will you go
+in such a small country as this?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Saying this he came toward them and they were
+much frightened. Again he shouted, &ldquo;You bad rascals,
+stop! You shall not live.&rdquo; And indeed it seemed
+as if they could not live.</p>
+
+<p>Then the horse said, &ldquo;Take the egg you have and
+throw it behind us.&rdquo; The boy did so. At once the
+whole country became a sea. He who followed was
+obliged to stop. He said, &ldquo;Alas, my horse, have mercy
+on me and take me to the other side. If you do, I will
+value you very highly.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, I am not willing to do that,&rdquo; the horse replied.
+But he continued to urge. Then he threw himself
+down from above the water, so that when he came to the
+middle of it, he went down and both he and the horse
+were drowned. But the boy passed safely on.</p>
+
+<p>So he came to the dwellings of people and remained
+there. But from behind they came to attack and fought
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg&nbsp;174]</a></span>
+with them. But the boy turned his head around, and
+his head was covered with gold; also the horse he sat
+upon was golden, and those who came against him were
+thrown off their horses and only a few remained when
+the battle was over. Again, when they returned to the
+attack, he destroyed them all. So the boy was much
+thought of by the people.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg&nbsp;175]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE MILKY WAY</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Cherokee</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ow the Indians had a corn mill, in which they
+pounded the corn into meal. Several mornings
+when they came to the stone in which the
+corn was pounded, they saw that some of the meal had
+been stolen. Therefore they looked at the ground.
+They found the tracks of a dog.</p>
+
+<p>The next night, the people watched, and when the
+dog came from the north, they saw him begin to eat
+meal out of the stone bowl. Then they sprang out and
+whipped him.</p>
+
+<p>The dog ran howling back to the north, dropping
+the meal from his mouth as he ran. Therefore he left
+behind a white trail where we now see the Milky Way.
+But the Cherokees called it &ldquo;Where-the-dog-ran.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg&nbsp;176]</a></span></p>
+<h2>COYOTE AND GRAY FOX</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Ponca</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>ray fox was very fat. Coyote said,
+&ldquo;Younger brother, what has made you fat?&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Elder brother,&rdquo; said the Gray Fox, &ldquo;I lie
+down on the trail in the way of those who carry crackers,
+and I pretend to be dead. When they throw me in
+the wagon, I lie there, kicking the crackers out. Then
+I leap out and start home eating. It is the crackers
+which make me fat. Elder brother, I wish you would
+do likewise. Elder brother, you have large feet, so
+I think will knock out a great many crackers.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Coyote went to the place and lay down in the trail.
+When the white man came along, he threw Coyote into
+the wagon. The white man thought, &ldquo;It is not the
+first time he has acted in this way,&rdquo; so he tied the feet
+of Coyote. Having put the Coyote in the wagon, the
+white man went to his house. He threw Coyote out
+near an old outhouse. Then the white man brought a
+knife, and cut the cords which bound Coyote&rsquo;s feet. He
+acted as if Coyote was dead, so he threw him over his
+back and started off for the house.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg&nbsp;177]</a></span>
+But Coyote managed to get loose and ran homeward.
+He went back to get even with Gray Fox.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, younger brother,&rdquo; said Coyote, &ldquo;you have
+made me suffer.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You yourself are to blame,&rdquo; said Gray Fox. &ldquo;Be
+silent and listen to me. You brought the trouble
+on yourself as you lay down in the place where the
+white man came with his load of goods.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, younger brother, you tell the truth,&rdquo; said
+Coyote. But Gray Fox had tempted him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg&nbsp;178]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ICTINIKE AND THE TURTLE</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>ctinike was journeying. When he came in
+sight at a bend of a stream, Big Turtle was sitting
+there in a sheltered place warmed by the sun.
+Ictinike drew himself back out of sight, crouching at
+intervals as he retraced his steps, and ran down the
+hill to where Big Turtle was.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why! How is it that you continue to pay no attention
+to what is going on? It has been said that yonder
+stream is to dry up so that all the four-footed animals
+that frequent the water have kept close to the deep
+water,&rdquo; said Ictinike.</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle said, &ldquo;Why! I have been coming here
+regularly, but I have not heard anything at all. I
+usually come and sit in this place when the sun gets
+as high as it is at present.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Hurry!&rdquo; said Ictinike, &ldquo;for some of the young
+men died very soon for want of water. The young
+otters died, so did the young muskrats, the young beavers,
+and the young raccoons.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Come, let us go,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. So Ictinike
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg&nbsp;179]</a></span>
+departed with him. As he accompanied him, Ictinike
+sought for a dry bone. Having found one that would
+be good as a club, Ictinike said, &ldquo;Friend, go on.
+<i>Mingam.</i>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When he was alone, Ictinike seized the bone, and
+before long overtook Big Turtle, walking along beside
+him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Friend,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;when a person walks, he
+stretches his neck often.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So Big Turtle began to stretch his neck very far, and
+he was walking with his legs bent very much. As he
+was going thus, Ictinike gave him a hard blow on the
+neck, knocking him senseless, and he did not stop beating
+him until he had killed him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ha, ha!&rdquo; said Ictinike, as he carried Big Turtle
+away. &ldquo;There are some days when I act thus for
+myself.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He kindled a fire and began to roast Big Turtle.
+Then he became very sleepy, and said, &ldquo;Ho! I will
+sleep, but you, O, Ijaxe, must keep awake. Big Turtle,
+when you are cooked, you must say, &lsquo;<i>Puff!</i>&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So he went to sleep. Now Coyote came along, very
+cautiously. He seized Big Turtle, pulled one of the
+legs out of the fire, and sat there, biting off the meat.
+When he had eaten all the meat on all the legs, he
+pushed the bones back just as they had been before,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg&nbsp;180]</a></span>
+arranged the fire over them, and left after putting
+everything just as he had found it.</p>
+
+<p>At length Ictinike awoke. He pushed into the ashes
+to find Big Turtle, took hold of a leg, and pulled it
+out. Only that leg came out. &ldquo;Pshaw!&rdquo; said he.
+Then he tried another leg, with a like result, and still
+another, but only the bones appeared. When he had
+pulled out the fourth leg, he was astonished. All at
+once he exclaimed, &ldquo;Surprising! I had already eaten
+the Turtle, but I had forgotten it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg&nbsp;181]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ICTINIKE AND THE CREATORS</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>ctinike married and dwelt in a lodge. One
+day he said to his wife, &ldquo;Hand me that tobacco
+pouch. I must go visit your grandfather, Beaver.&rdquo;
+So he departed.</p>
+
+<p>As he was entering Beaver&rsquo;s lodge, Beaver said, &ldquo;Ho,
+pass around to one side.&rdquo; And they seated Ictinike on
+a pillow. Beaver&rsquo;s wife said, &ldquo;We have been without
+food. How can we give your grandfather anything to
+eat?&rdquo; Now Beaver had four young ones.</p>
+
+<p>The youngest Beaver said, &ldquo;Father, let me serve
+for food.&rdquo; So the youngest Beaver served for food.
+Beaver&rsquo;s wife therefore gave some of the meat to
+Ictinike, who ate it. But before letting him eat it,
+Beaver said to him, &ldquo;Be careful lest you break even
+a single bone by biting! Do not break a bone!&rdquo; Yet
+Ictinike broke one of the toe bones.</p>
+
+<p>After the meal, Beaver gathered the bones, put them
+in a skin, and plunged them beneath the water. In a
+moment the youngest Beaver came up from the water,
+alive again.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg&nbsp;182]</a></span>
+When the father said, &ldquo;Is all right?&rdquo; the son said,
+&ldquo;Father, he broke one of my toes by biting.&rdquo; Therefore,
+from that time, every beaver has had one little
+toe (the next to the little one), which has seemingly
+been split by biting.</p>
+
+<p>When Ictinike was about to go home, he pretended
+he had forgotten about his tobacco pouch, which he
+left behind. So Beaver said to one of the children,
+&ldquo;Take that to him. Do not go near him, but throw it
+to him when you are at a great distance from him, as
+he is always very talkative.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then the child took the tobacco pouch and started
+after Ictinike. After getting in sight of the latter,
+Little Beaver was about to throw the pouch, when
+standing at a great distance; but Ictinike called to
+him, &ldquo;Come closer! come closer!&rdquo; When young
+Beaver took the pouch closer, Ictinike said, &ldquo;Tell your
+father that he is to visit me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When young Beaver reached home, he said, &ldquo;Oh,
+father, he said you were to visit him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Beaver replied, &ldquo;As I feared that very thing, I said
+to you, &lsquo;Throw it to him while standing at a great distance
+from him.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then Beaver went to visit Ictinike. When he arrived
+there, Ictinike wished to kill one of his own children,
+as Beaver had done, and was making him cry by hitting
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg&nbsp;183]</a></span>
+him often. Beaver was unwilling for him to act thus,
+so he said, &ldquo;Let him alone! You are hurting him!&rdquo;
+Then Beaver went to the stream where he found a
+young beaver that he took back to the lodge, and they
+ate it.</p>
+
+<p>On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, &ldquo;Hand me
+that tobacco pouch. I must go call on your grandfather,
+Muskrat.&rdquo; So he departed. As he was entering
+Muskrat&rsquo;s lodge, the host said, &ldquo;Ho, pass around to
+one side.&rdquo; And Ictinike was seated on a pillow.</p>
+
+<p>Muskrat&rsquo;s wife said, &ldquo;We have been without food.
+How can we give your grandfather anything to eat?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Muskrat said, &ldquo;Fetch some water.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The woman brought the water. He told her to put
+it in the kettle and hang the kettle over the fire. When
+the water was boiling very fast, the husband upset the
+kettle, and instead of water, out came wild rice! So
+Ictinike ate the wild rice.</p>
+
+<p>When Ictinike departed he left his tobacco pouch,
+as before. Then Muskrat called one of his children,
+and said, &ldquo;Take that to him. Do not go near him!
+Throw it to him when you are a great distance from
+him, as he is always very talkative.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So the child took the tobacco pouch to return it to
+Ictinike. When he was about to throw it to him, he
+said, &ldquo;Come closer! Come closer!&rdquo; When the child
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg&nbsp;184]</a></span>
+took the pouch closer, Ictinike said, &ldquo;Tell your father
+he is to visit me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the young Muskrat reached home, he said,
+&ldquo;Oh, father, he said that you were to visit him.&rdquo; Muskrat
+replied, &ldquo;As I feared that very thing, I said to you,
+&lsquo;Throw it to him while standing at a great distance
+from him.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then Muskrat went to see Ictinike. And Ictinike
+said to his wife, &ldquo;Fetch water.&rdquo; The woman went after
+water. She filled the kettle and hung it over the fire
+until it boiled. When Ictinike upset the kettle, only
+water came out. Ictinike wished to do just as Muskrat
+had done, but he was unable. Then Muskrat had the
+kettle refilled, and when the water boiled he upset it,
+and an abundance of wild rice was there, which he
+gave to Ictinike. Thereupon Muskrat departed, leaving
+plenty of wild rice.</p>
+
+<p>On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, &ldquo;I am
+going to see your grandfather, Kingfisher.&rdquo; When he
+arrived there, Kingfisher stepped on a bough of a large
+white willow, bending it down so far that it was horizontal;
+and he dived from it into the water. He came
+up with a fish, which he gave to Ictinike to eat. And
+as Ictinike was starting home, he left one of his gloves,
+pretending he had forgotten it. So Kingfisher directed
+one of his boys to take the glove and restore it to the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg&nbsp;185]</a></span>
+owner. But he charged the boy not to go near him,
+as Ictinike was very talkative and might detain him
+too long. Just as the boy was about to throw the glove,
+Ictinike called, &ldquo;Come closer! Come closer!&rdquo; So the
+boy carried the glove closer. And Ictinike said, &ldquo;Tell
+your father that he is to visit me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The boy said to his father, when he reached home,
+&ldquo;Oh, father, he said you were to visit him.&rdquo; Kingfisher
+replied, &ldquo;As I feared that very thing, I said
+&lsquo;Throw it to him while you stand at a great distance
+from him.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then Kingfisher went to see Ictinike. When he
+arrived there, the host climbed upon a bough of a large
+white willow, bending it until it was horizontal. Then
+he leaped from it and plunged into the water. It was
+with great difficulty that Kingfisher seized him and
+brought him to land. Ictinike had swallowed more of
+the water than he liked. Then Kingfisher plunged into
+the stream, brought up a fish, which he gave to Ictinike.
+But Kingfisher departed without eating any portion of it.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><a name="OMAHA_ASSAULT" id="OMAHA_ASSAULT"></a>OMAHA ASSAULT ON A DAKOTA VILLAGE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Indian drawing)</p>
+
+<p><i>The single tepee represents the Dakota village; the single horseman,
+covered by a shield, and hanging behind his horse&rsquo;s neck in a
+characteristic way, represents the attacking Omahas. Bullets are
+flying, the direction indicated by the head.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp26.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp26th.jpg" width="400" height="311" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><a name="KILLED_TEN" id="KILLED_TEN"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/mlgp27.jpg">
+<img src="images/mlgp27th.jpg" width="400" height="274"
+alt="Line drawing showing a warrior on horseback bearing down on the 13 people." /></a>
+<span class="caption">&ldquo;Killed ten men and three women&rdquo;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">An Indian drawing with striking similarity to Egyptian drawing.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg&nbsp;186]</a></span></p>
+<h2>HOW BIG TURTLE WENT ON THE WARPATH</h2>
+
+<p class="subtitle">Omaha</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he people dwelt in a very populous village.
+Big Turtle joined them. And people dwelling
+at another village came regularly to war
+against them. Having killed one person they went
+homeward. Big Turtle cooked for the warpath. He
+caused two persons to go after guests. The servants
+whom he sent after guests were Redbreasted Turtle and
+Gray Squirrel. He made two round bunches of grass
+and placed them at the bottom of the stick to which the
+kettle was fastened.</p>
+
+<p>Now they were coming. They came in sight.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho, warriors!&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;Warriors, when
+men are injured, they always take revenge. I cook this
+for the warpath. I cook sweet corn and a buffalo
+paunch. You will go after Corn Crusher for me,&rdquo; saying
+this to his servants. &ldquo;Call to Comb, Awl, Pestle,
+Firebrand, and Buffalo Bladder also,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>The two men went to call them. They called to
+Corn Crusher. &ldquo;Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg&nbsp;187]</a></span>
+bowl! Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl!
+Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! Corn
+Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl!&rdquo; Four times they
+called.</p>
+
+<p>They called to Comb. &ldquo;Comb, be sure to bring your
+bowl!&rdquo; So they called four times.</p>
+
+<p>They called to Awl. &ldquo;Awl, be sure to bring your
+bowl!&rdquo; So they called four times.</p>
+
+<p>Then they called to Pestle. &ldquo;Pestle, be sure to bring
+your bowl!&rdquo; So they called four times.</p>
+
+<p>They called to Firebrand, too. &ldquo;Firebrand, be
+sure to bring your bowl!&rdquo; So they called four times.</p>
+
+<p>Then they called to Buffalo Bladder. &ldquo;Buffalo
+Bladder, be sure to bring your bowl!&rdquo; So they called
+four times to him.</p>
+
+<p>Then the criers reached home, having invited the
+guests.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh, war chief,&rdquo; they said, &ldquo;all heard it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>All those who were called arrived at the lodge of
+Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! Oh, war chiefs! Corn Crusher, Comb, Awl,
+Pestle, Firebrand, and Buffalo Bladder, though those
+people have been injured they do not seem to stir. Let
+us go on the warpath for them,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;Let
+us go in four nights.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He commanded Corn Crusher to cook. &ldquo;O war
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg&nbsp;188]</a></span>
+chief, Corn Crusher, you will cook. And you, O
+Comb, will cook on the night after that. And you, O
+Awl, will cook, and complete the number.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>That many war chiefs, four, cooked. They were
+war chiefs. The rest were servants.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the village said, &ldquo;Why! Of the persons
+who have been called, who is cooking for the warpath?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>And one said, &ldquo;Why! Big Turtle cooked. Pshaw!
+Has he gathered all those who cannot move well
+enough, those who cannot move fast enough?
+Pshaw! If the foe find them out, they will destroy
+them. When a war chief has sense, he will carry on
+war.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Corn Crusher cooked. He cooked turnips, and he
+cooked a buffalo paunch with them, just as Big Turtle
+had cooked one with sweet corn. Awl cooked wild
+rice. Comb cooked other things.</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle said, &ldquo;Time enough has passed. Let us
+go at night.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>So they departed. Big Turtle made leggings with
+large flaps. He tied short garters around them. He
+rubbed earth on his face and he reddened it. He wore
+grass around his head. He put white feathers on top
+of his head. He took his gourd rattle thus. He rattled
+it. He sang the song of the war chief:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg&nbsp;189]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Big Turtle is coming back from touching the foe,
+it is said, you say. He is coming back from touching.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He walked, stepping very lively in the dance. He
+walked around them. As they went, it was day.</p>
+
+<p>At length a young Buffalo Bull came. &ldquo;Warriors,
+wait for him,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>He said to Buffalo Bull, &ldquo;While I walk on a journey,
+I am in a great hurry. Speak rapidly. Why are you
+walking?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, war chief, it is so. As they have told of you
+while you have been walking, I thought that I would
+walk there with you, and I have sought you,&rdquo; said
+Buffalo Bull.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Do so,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;I wish to see your
+movements.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo Bull rolled himself back and forth. He
+arose suddenly. He thrust repeatedly at the ground
+with his horns. He pierced the ground and threw
+pieces away suddenly. He stood with his tail in the
+air and its tip bent downward. An ash tree stood there.
+He rushed on it. Pushing against it, he sent it flying
+through the air to a great distance.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, I think I will do that, if they speak
+of vexing me,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Look at the persons with whom I am traveling.
+There are none who are faint-hearted in the least
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg&nbsp;190]</a></span>
+degree. You are not at all like them. You have disappointed
+me. Come, begone,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>Again Big Turtle sang the song. &ldquo;Big Turtle is
+coming back from touching the foe, it is said, you say.
+He is coming back from touching,&rdquo; said he.</p>
+
+<p>Again they departed. &ldquo;Warriors, pass on!&rdquo; said
+he.</p>
+
+<p>There before them lay a stream, which was not
+small. They crossed it. Firebrand was ahead, walking
+with a great effort. At length, because he was
+weary, he plunged into the water and was extinguished.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, I am not going beyond here with
+you,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Remain here for a while,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>Having reached the other side, they departed. At
+length a Puma came.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Warriors, wait for him. I suspect what he will say.
+Stand in a row,&rdquo; said he. &ldquo;Speak quickly,&rdquo; he said,
+addressing Puma.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, O war chief,&rdquo; said Puma. &ldquo;It was told of you
+regularly, saying you walked on a journey. And there
+I wish to walk, so I have sought you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes?&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;Let me see your ways.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Puma made his hair bristle up all over his body.
+He bent his tail backward and upward. He went leaping
+to the bottom of a small hill. Having caught by the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg&nbsp;191]</a></span>
+throat a fawn, about two years old, he came back, making
+it cry out as he held it in his teeth.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I think I will do that, O war chief, if anything
+threatens to vex me,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Do something else,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;No, O war chief; that is all,&rdquo; said Puma.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have disappointed me,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.
+&ldquo;Look at these persons with whom I am. Where is
+one who is imperfect? You are very inferior. Come,
+depart. You have disappointed me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They departed. At length when they reached the
+foot of a hill, Black Bear came.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, again one has come,&rdquo; said the
+warriors.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for
+him. Stand in a row,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;Ho,&rdquo; he
+said, addressing Black Bear. &ldquo;Come, speak quickly.
+What is your business? When I walk on a journey, I
+am in a great hurry,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, O warrior, it is so. It was told of you regularly
+that you walked on a journey. And as I desired to
+walk there, I have sought you diligently,&rdquo; said Black
+Bear.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! Do something,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;You may
+have thought how you would do it. I wish to see your
+ways.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg&nbsp;192]</a></span>
+Black Bear pierced the ground with his claws, and
+threw lumps of earth to a great distance. And there
+stood an oak tree which had been blackened by fire.
+He attacked it. Having hugged it, he threw it with
+force to a great distance.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, if anything vexes me, I think I will
+do that,&rdquo; said Black Bear.</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle said, &ldquo;Ho! warrior, you have disappointed
+me. These persons with whom I am&mdash;look
+at them. There is none who is faint-hearted in the
+least degree. You have disappointed me. Come,
+depart. Thus do I regularly send off the inferior
+ones.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They went into a dense undergrowth. At length
+Buffalo Bladder was torn open, making the sound,
+&ldquo;<i>Qu&acute;e</i>.&rdquo; &ldquo;Alas! I am not going beyond with you,&rdquo;
+said he.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho, warrior. I will come back very soon. Remain
+here for a while,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>Again they departed. As they went, they reached a
+bad path. Very high logs were lying across it. Redbreasted
+Turtle failed to step over them.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho, O war chief,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;I am not going
+beyond here with you.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho, warrior. I will come again very soon. Remain
+here for a while,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg&nbsp;193]</a></span>
+Again they departed. As they went, behold, a Big
+Wolf came.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, again one has come,&rdquo; said they.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for him.
+Stand in a row,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho,&rdquo; he said, addressing Wolf, &ldquo;Come, speak
+quickly, whatever may be your business. When I walk
+on a journey, I am in a very great hurry.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, O war chief. It is so. It was told of you regularly,
+saying that you walked on a journey; and as I
+desired to walk there, I have sought you,&rdquo; said Wolf.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! Show me what you can do,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.
+&ldquo;You may have been thinking about it. I wish to see
+your ways.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Wolf decorated himself. He reddened his nose; he
+reddened all his feet. He tied eagle feathers to his
+back.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Well, do so. Do so. I wish to see your ways,&rdquo; said
+Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>Wolf turned himself round and round. He went to
+the attack by the wood on a small creek. He killed a
+deer. He brought it back, holding it with his teeth.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, I think I will do that, if anything
+vexes me,&rdquo; said Wolf.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have disappointed me,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;See
+these people with whom I travel. There is none who is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg&nbsp;194]</a></span>
+faint-hearted in the least degree. Come, depart. Thus
+do I regularly send off the inferior ones.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Warrior Gray Squirrel, go as a scout,&rdquo; said Big
+Turtle. Gray Squirrel went as a scout. At length he
+was coming back, blowing a horn.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho, war chief, he is coming back to you,&rdquo; they said.
+Big Turtle went there. &ldquo;Ho, warrior. Act very
+honestly. Tell me just how it is,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, O war chief, it is just so. I have been there
+without their finding me out at all,&rdquo; said he.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let us sit at the very boundary of their camp,&rdquo; said
+Big Turtle. He spoke of going. &ldquo;Warriors, I will
+look around to see how things are, and how many persons
+there may be there,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>He came back. &ldquo;Warriors, let us go in that direction.
+This far is a good place for sitting,&rdquo; he said.
+So they moved forward. Then he said, &ldquo;O war chief
+Corn Crusher, go to the end lodge of the village before
+us, and sit on the outside.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Corn Crusher did so. A woman came out of the
+lodge. When she saw him, she said, &ldquo;Oh! Heretofore
+have I desired mush. I have found for myself an excellent
+corn crusher.&rdquo; But when she pounded on the corn
+with it, she hurt her hand. Then she threw it out.
+&ldquo;Bad Corn Crusher!&rdquo; she said.</p>
+
+<p>He came back to Big Turtle, who was near. &ldquo;He
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg&nbsp;195]</a></span>
+whom you call &lsquo;Corn Crusher&rsquo; has come back,&rdquo; he
+said, &ldquo;having killed one right at the lodge.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle said, &ldquo;O war chief Comb, make an
+attempt. Sit in the door of the lodge where Corn
+Crusher sat.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Comb did so. He was very handsome. Then a
+woman came out of the lodge. She found Comb.
+&ldquo;Heretofore I have been without a comb. I have
+found a good comb for myself,&rdquo; she said. Very soon
+she combed her hair with it. Comb pulled out all the
+hair on one side by the roots.</p>
+
+<p>She said, &ldquo;A very bad comb, but I thought it was
+good.&rdquo; She threw him away at the door. Then he
+went back. He went back with the hair he had pulled
+out.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He whom you call &lsquo;Comb,&rsquo;&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;has come
+back, having snatched all the hair from one at the
+lodge.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Good!&rdquo; said Turtle. &ldquo;O war chief, when we reach
+home, we shall cause the women to dance.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then Big Turtle said, &ldquo;O war chief Awl, make an
+attempt. Go sit in the door of the lodge where war
+chief Comb sat.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Awl was very handsome. He was very good to look
+at. He sat in the door of the lodge. A woman passing
+out, found him. &ldquo;Oh! I have found a good awl for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg&nbsp;196]</a></span>
+myself,&rdquo; she said. &ldquo;Heretofore I have had no awl.
+It makes me thankful.&rdquo; She went back to the lodge
+with him. She spoke of sewing her moccasins with
+him. &ldquo;I will sew my moccasins with it,&rdquo; she said.
+She sewed them. She pierced her fingers with him.
+She missed in pushing him, sending him with force.
+There was much blood from her fingers. She threw
+him away at the door. &ldquo;The awl is indeed bad. I
+have indeed hurt myself. I have wounded myself
+badly.&rdquo; She threw him far out from the door, sending
+him homeward.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He whom you have called &lsquo;Awl,&rsquo; O war chief,&rdquo;
+he reported, returning to Big Turtle. &ldquo;I stabbed one
+right at the lodge; I killed her.&rdquo; He returned with his
+spear very bloody.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief,&rdquo; said the others to Big Turtle. &ldquo;Awl
+is coming back, telling his own name. He has killed
+one.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle said, &ldquo;Ho! O war chief. You make me
+thankful. Since it is you, I will blacken my face. The
+village shall be joyful. Ho! O Pestle, make an
+attempt. You will lie in the door of the lodge where
+Awl lay.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Now Pestle was very handsome. Then he arrived
+there. He lay where he was commanded to lie. A
+woman went out and found Pestle. &ldquo;Oh! I have
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg&nbsp;197]</a></span>
+found a very good pestle for myself. I had no pestle
+heretofore,&rdquo; she said.</p>
+
+<p>She took him back to the lodge. She took some corn.
+She filled the mortar and pounded the corn. She beat
+it fine. She thrust Pestle beyond, right on her knee.
+She missed the mark in pushing, sending him with
+force, and so she struck him on her knee.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;<i>Oh!</i> A very bad pestle,&rdquo; she said. She threw him
+outside, sending him homeward suddenly.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You have been used to saying &lsquo;Pestle.&rsquo; He is coming,
+having stabbed one right at the lodge. He has
+killed one,&rdquo; said Pestle, returning. He reached Big
+Turtle again. &ldquo;O war chief, I have killed one.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You make me thankful,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;Ho!
+warrior Gray Squirrel, make an attempt.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, how can I do anything?&rdquo; said Gray
+Squirrel. Now the lodges were placed among the trees.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You will pass along the trees above the smoke
+holes of the lodges. If they find you, they will shoot at
+you. Do your best. Do your best to evade the blows
+or arrows. If one goes aside, rush on him,&rdquo; said Big
+Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>At length a boy found Gray Squirrel. &ldquo;This moving
+one is a gray squirrel,&rdquo; he said. They went in
+a great uproar. They shot at him. They even hit
+him with sticks. One boy stood aside. Gray Squirrel
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg&nbsp;198]</a></span>
+attacked him and bit him. They said, &ldquo;Wonderful!
+Heretofore the gray squirrel has been very easy to
+approach, but we have failed. He has bitten us; we
+have done nothing to him,&rdquo; they said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He whom you used to call &lsquo;Gray Squirrel&rsquo; is coming
+back, having killed one right among them,&rdquo; he
+called. He told it to Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! real warrior, act very honestly,&rdquo; said Big
+Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O war chief, it is just so. I have killed one,&rdquo; said
+he.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! warrior, you make me thankful,&rdquo; said Big
+Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! warriors,&rdquo; said Big Turtle again. &ldquo;I, even I,
+will make a trial. I shall not come back for some time.
+Beware lest you go homeward. Beware lest you leave
+me and go homeward.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>He arrived there. Some ashes had been poured out.
+They were extinguished. At length Big Turtle pushed
+his way through. He went within. He sat within,
+with his eyes sticking out, looking around. A woman
+approached when it was morning. She stood very close
+to where Big Turtle sat.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;You will tread on my shield,&rdquo; he said. The woman
+looked around. &ldquo;From what place does he speak?&rdquo;
+she thought; therefore she looked around. Again he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg&nbsp;199]</a></span>
+said to her, &ldquo;You will tread on my shield. Stand
+further away.&rdquo; And the woman found him.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Oh!&rdquo; she said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Stand still. I send you with a message,&rdquo; said Big
+Turtle. &ldquo;Go home and say, &lsquo;Big Turtle says he has
+come to war. He says he has come desiring the chief&rsquo;s
+daughter, whose body has been placed on the bough of
+a tree.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The people came. All the people said, &ldquo;Break in his
+skull suddenly.&rdquo; He said, &ldquo;How is it possible for you
+to break in my skull suddenly? If you let your weapons
+slip off suddenly from me each time, you will break
+your legs with the blows.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They said, &ldquo;When the water is hot, it will be good
+to put him in it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Fie!&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;When the water is hot
+and I scatter it with kicking, many of you will be
+scalded to death.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He tells what is probably true,&rdquo; they said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;And if it be so, it is good to burn him,&rdquo; said the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;For shame! If I scatter the fire by kicking, I will
+cause all the land to blaze. Beware lest many of your
+children, too, die from the fire,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He tells what is probably true,&rdquo; they said.</p>
+
+<p>A child begged for water. &ldquo;O mother, some water,&rdquo;
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg&nbsp;200]</a></span>
+it said. Big Turtle said, &ldquo;<i>Oh!</i>&rdquo; He tempted them
+with reference to water.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Cause the child to ask for water,&rdquo; said one.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What do you mean by that?&rdquo; said others.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When the child said, &lsquo;O mother, some water,&rsquo; this
+one, Big Turtle, said &lsquo;<i>Oh!</i>&rsquo;&rdquo; answered one.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Wonderful!&rdquo; they said. &ldquo;He is fearing the sight
+of water.&rdquo; They took him to the water, holding him
+by the tail. Notwithstanding Big Turtle clung to the
+ground with his forelegs, they held his tail, and reached
+the water with him. They threw him forcibly right
+into the water. He walked the water for a while, crying
+a little, and pretended he did not know how to swim.
+He said, &ldquo;<i>Wi! wi! wi!</i>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Wonderful! Throw him out into the middle of
+the stream,&rdquo; they said. Again they sent him headlong.
+He was wandering around. At length he sank. They
+said, &ldquo;He is dead,&rdquo; and went homeward. &ldquo;You
+should have done that to him at first,&rdquo; said the people.</p>
+
+<p>When the people went homeward, some boys stood
+there. Big Turtle approached, floating. He came
+peeping. Some boys stood looking at the place where
+the deed was done.</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle said, &ldquo;When Big Turtle came in the
+past to war on you, you said that you killed him. Look
+here at me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg&nbsp;201]</a></span>
+The boys went homeward to tell it. &ldquo;You said that
+you killed Big Turtle, but as this one behind us showed
+his body, he laughed at us. Big Turtle is he who is
+alive.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! We attack him,&rdquo; said the people. They attacked
+him. They arrived there.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;In what place?&rdquo; said they.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;In this place,&rdquo; said the boys.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Where is Otter? Where is Grass Snake? Let
+those two seek him,&rdquo; said they.</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle sat under the mud at the bottom of the
+water. Only the tip of his nose and his eyes were sticking
+out. Snake and Otter sought him beneath the water.
+They passed very near to him, and stepped regularly
+over his head. When Otter was about to pass the
+second time, Big Turtle bit him in the stomach.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! elder brother, you give me pain,&rdquo; said Otter.
+Big Turtle said, &ldquo;Why do you seek me?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I did not seek you. As I desired food, we have met
+each other,&rdquo; said Otter.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;No, you wished to join those who desire to kill me,
+so you sought me,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;O elder brother! O elder brother! O elder
+brother! I pray to you. I have not sought you,&rdquo; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I will by no means let you go from my mouth,&rdquo;
+said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg&nbsp;202]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Ho! elder brother! How long before you will
+open your mouth and let me go?&rdquo; said Otter.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;When the Thunder God has come back, I will let
+you go.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Halloo!&rdquo; shouted Otter to the people. &ldquo;He will
+let me go when the Thunder God comes back. Halloo!
+He bites me between the legs. Halloo!&rdquo; said he.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;He says that he is bitten,&rdquo; said the people. &ldquo;He
+says that he is bitten between the legs. Hit tent skins
+for him.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They made the tent skins resound by hitting them.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come
+back,&rdquo; said Otter.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;They hit the tent skins,&rdquo; said the Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>The people said, &ldquo;It is good to fell trees.&rdquo; They
+began felling trees here and there. The trees said,
+&ldquo;<i>Qwi! qwi!</i>&rdquo; as they fell.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come
+back,&rdquo; said Otter.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;They are felling trees,&rdquo; said Big Turtle.</p>
+
+<p>At length the Thunder God roared, very far away.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! elder brother, he has come back,&rdquo; said he. Big
+Turtle let him go. Otter was very thin. He went
+homeward. He reached home very lean.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Let the two birds drink the stream dry,&rdquo; said the
+people. &ldquo;Bring the Pelicans here.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg&nbsp;203]</a></span>
+When they came, the people said, &ldquo;Drink the stream
+dry. A person came here to war and we killed him, but
+he is alive. He laughs heartily at us.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The birds drank the stream dry. There was only a
+very small quantity left in which Big Turtle sat.</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle called, &ldquo;Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel,
+be coming hither, wherever you may be moving. They
+have almost killed me.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Gray Squirrel was coming back, crying loud. He
+was coming back to attack them. He attacked the two
+birds. He tore open their water pouches by biting.
+He bit holes in them. At length all the water returned
+to its former place. At the creek and the lake it was
+as before; they were filled with water.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Sew up their pouches for them,&rdquo; said the people.
+So they sewed up the water pouches of the Pelicans.
+They finished sewing them.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Come, drink it dry again. Do your best. Beware
+lest we fail,&rdquo; said the people. They drank the stream
+dry again. Again very little of the water was left.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, wherever you may
+be moving. They have nearly killed me. Be coming
+hither again,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. He came back again.
+He bit and tore the throats in many places. It made
+their throats very bad. He made them bad to be sewed
+at all. It was difficult to sew them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg&nbsp;204]</a></span>
+&ldquo;Yet we shall fail,&rdquo; said the people. &ldquo;Gray Squirrel
+is abominable! I think Gray Squirrel is the only
+one with Big Turtle. I think he is the only one siding
+with them. Therefore we have failed to hurt them,&rdquo;
+said the people.</p>
+
+<p>They ceased. When it was night, Big Turtle went
+back. He reached his comrades again.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ho! Warriors, when men get the better of their
+enemies in a fight, they usually go homeward. I suspect
+that your sisters are tired of waiting to dance!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>They went homeward. He walked around them, rattling
+his gourd.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Warriors, I said that I would do thus, and so it is,&rdquo;
+he said. He burnt the grass.</p>
+
+<p>He burnt the grass so that they might think he was
+coming home after killing the foe. At length they
+arrived at the village. They tied scalps to a stick.
+Then those in the village said, &ldquo;Yonder come those who
+went to war!&rdquo; The returning warriors raced around and around
+as victorious warriors do. People said,
+&ldquo;There they are coming home, having killed the people
+of the enemy.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>An old man shouted: &ldquo;Corn Crusher says that he
+killed one. <i>Halloo!</i> He says he killed her right at
+the lodge. <i>Halloo!</i> Comb says he killed one right
+at the lodge. <i>Halloo!</i> Awl says he killed one right at
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg&nbsp;205]</a></span>
+the lodge. <i>Halloo!</i>, Gray Squirrel says that he killed
+three right in the midst of the people. <i>Halloo!</i> It is
+said they held the war chief, Big Turtle, right among
+them, in a great uproar. <i>Halloo!</i> It is said they failed
+to injure him. <i>Halloo!</i>&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Big Turtle walked very proudly, carrying his
+shield. He went homeward to enter the lodge. He sat
+there telling them about himself. As people wished to
+hear it, they continued arriving there.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Why did they fail, when they were so near you?
+If you sat very near them, how is it that you are alive?&rdquo;
+asked the people.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I pretended to be afraid of water, so I am alive,&rdquo;
+he said.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;If so, then those over there have no eyes. How is it
+that they did not find you when you were alive?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I sat in the ashes, therefore I am alive. I have
+come home, having killed people. Why did you doubt
+me? As you did not take vengeance on the people who
+used to kill you, I went to war on them myself. I killed
+them. How can you doubt me? I will tell no more
+about myself,&rdquo; said Big Turtle. &ldquo;I have ceased.&rdquo;</p>
+
+
+<h3 style="padding-bottom: 3em;">THE END</h3>
+
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p>
+
+<p>Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Hyphenation
+has been made consistent, where there was a definite majority of
+one form, again without note. The following amendments have also been
+made:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><a href="#CONTENTS">Table of contents</a>&mdash;Fallen-Star amended to The Fallen Star, with
+reference to the main story title.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Page <a href="#Page_80">80</a>&mdash;name of nation (Cherokee) added to title, with reference to
+table of contents.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Page <a href="#Page_148">148</a>&mdash;omitted word 'an' added&mdash;"Rabbit said he brought an
+important message."</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Page <a href="#Page_195">195</a>&mdash;omitted word 'said,' added&mdash;"... has come
+back,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;having killed one ..."</p>
+
+<p>Some illustrations have been shifted to the beginning or end of tales
+where previously they were in the middle. The short advert and
+frontispiece illustration have been moved to follow the title page.
+Some illustrations had a tissue paper sheet with an italicised note;
+these have been moved to precede the illustration they refer to where
+necessary.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown
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+Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Myths and Legends of the Great Plains
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Editor: Katharine Berry Judson
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22083]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Edwards, Sam W. and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was
+produced from scanned images of public domain material
+from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                         MYTHS AND LEGENDS
+                        OF THE GREAT PLAINS
+
+                       SELECTED AND EDITED BY
+
+                       KATHARINE BERRY JUDSON
+
+ AUTHOR OF "MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST,"
+"MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST," "MONTANA," "MYTHS AND
+     LEGENDS OF ALASKA," AND "WHEN THE FORESTS ARE ABLAZE."
+
+                            ILLUSTRATED
+
+                           [Illustration]
+
+
+                              CHICAGO
+                        A. C. McCLURG & CO.
+                               1913
+
+
+
+
+_Copyright_
+A. C. McCLURG & CO.
+1913
+
+
+Published November, 1913
+
+
+W. F. Hall Printing Company
+Chicago
+
+
+
+
+_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
+
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE OLD SOUTHWEST. _Over fifty
+full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50 net._
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF ALASKA. _Beautifully illustrated. Small quarto.
+$1.50 net._
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Especially of Washington
+and Oregon. _With fifty full-page illustrations. Small quarto. $1.50
+net._
+
+MONTANA: "The Land of Shining Mountains." _Illustrated. Indexed.
+Square 8vo. 75 cents net._
+
+WHEN THE FORESTS ARE ABLAZE. _Illustrated. Crown 8vo. $1.35 net._
+
+A. C. McClurg & Co., Publishers
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: BIANKI'S VISION
+
+(Kiowa Drawing)
+
+_The ghost-dance among the Sioux was based on the belief that the dead
+Indians would all come to life and drive out the white intruders. Then
+the buffaloes, which were disappearing, would come back in the immense
+herds of the olden time._
+
+_The vision of one of the dreamer priests is represented. After
+reaching the spirit world, Bianki found himself on a vast prairie
+covered with innumerable buffaloes and ponies. He went through the
+herds (dotted lines) until he came to a large Kiowa camp, with its
+ornament tepees. He met four young women who had died years before,
+and asked about two of his brothers, also dead. He soon met them
+coming into camp, with buffalo meat hanging from their saddles._]
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+From the edge of the Darkening Land, where stand the mountains which
+encircle the earth-plain, eastward toward the Sunland, lie the great
+plains of America. Smooth and flat and green they stretch away,
+hundreds of miles, rising from a dead level into a soft rolling of the
+land, then into the long green waves of the prairies where rivers
+flow, where the water ripples as it flows, and trees shade the banks
+of the gleaming water.
+
+Here, amidst the vast sweep of the plains which stretch away to the
+horizon on every side, boundless, limitless, endless, lived the plains
+Indians. Standing in the midst of this vast green plain on a soft May
+morning, after the Thunder Gods have passed, when the sun is shining
+in the soft blue above, and the sweet, rain-swept air is blown about
+by the Four Winds which are always near to man, day and
+night,--standing far out on the plains with no hint of the white man
+or his work--one sees the earth somewhat as the Indian saw it and
+wonders not at his reverence for the Mysterious One who dwelt
+overhead, beyond the blue stone arch, and for the lesser powers which
+came to him over the four paths guarded by the Four Winds. It was
+Wakoda, the Mysterious One, who gave to man the sunshine, the clear
+rippling water, the clear sky from which all storms, all clouds are
+absent, the sky which is the symbol of peace. Through this sky sweeps
+the eagle, the "Mother" of Indian songs, bearing upon her strong wings
+the message of peace and calling to her nestlings as she flies. Little
+wonder that to some tribes song was an integral part of their lives,
+and that emotions too deep for words were expressed in song.
+
+Other songs there were, with words, songs of the birds which fly
+through that soft, tender blue:
+
+    All around the birds in flocks are flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.
+    See, many birds are flocking here,
+    All about us now together coming.
+
+    [_Pawnee_]
+
+The power to fly has always inspired Indians of all tribes and of all
+degrees of civilization with wonder and reverence. The bird chiefs
+have their own places in Indian myths. Owl is chief of the night;
+Woodpecker, with his ceaseless tattoo on the trees, is chief of the
+trees; Duck is chief of the water; but Eagle is chief of the day. It
+is always Eagle who is chief of the birds, even though Wren may outwit
+him in a tale told by the fire glimmering in the tepee, when the story
+tellers of the tribe tell of the happenings in the days "way beyond."
+It is Eagle who inspires admiration, and becomes the most sacred bird.
+
+    Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert,
+        watching o'er his nest;
+    Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o'er the country wide
+        it echoes, there defying foes.
+
+    [_Pawnee_]
+
+In the breeze that rippled the long grass of the prairie and fluttered
+the flaps of the graceful tepee, waved also the corn, sent by
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies, the ever returning life of the green thing
+growing. In the ravines and on the lower slopes of the grassy waves of
+the prairie bellowed the buffalo, or grazed in silence, having long
+since come up from the underground world and become the source of the
+Indian's food, clothing, home, utensils, and comfort. Endless were the
+charms and enchantments to bring the buffalo herds near his camping
+ground. Severe was the punishment meted out to the thoughtless warrior
+whose unguarded eagerness frightened the herds and sent them away.
+
+Over the plains and prairies, at other times, swept the Thunder Gods,
+with their huge jointed wings, darkening all the land, and flashing
+fire from angry eyes which struck down man and beast. Terrified were
+the Indians when the Thunder Gods rolled. Vows made to them must be
+kept, for relentless were they.
+
+"Oh, grandfather," prayed the Indian when the sky was black and the
+lightning flashed, as he filled a pipe with tobacco and offered it
+skyward, "Oh, grandfather! I am very poor. Somewhere make those who
+would injure me leave a clear space for me." Then he put the sacred
+green cedar upon the fire--the cedar which stayed awake those seven
+nights and therefore does not lose its hair every winter--and the
+smoke from the sacred, burning wood, rolling upward, appeased the
+rolling Thunders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The authorities used in this compilation are those found in the annual
+reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Publications of
+the United States Geographical and Geological Survey: contributions to
+North American Ethnology. Of the various ethnologists whose work has
+been used, those of especial importance are Alice C. Fletcher, whose
+wonderful work among the Omaha and Pawnee Indians is deserving of the
+most careful study, J. Owen Dorsey, James Mooney, and S. R. Riggs.
+
+No claim whatever is made for original work. Indeed, original work of
+any kind in a compilation such as this would impair the authenticity
+of the myths, and therefore destroy the value of this work. Nor has
+any effort been made towards "style." The only style worth having in
+telling an Indian legend is that of the Indian himself.
+
+    K. B. J.
+
+_Seattle, Washington._
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+  The Creation                             _Osage_                    19
+  How the World was Made                   _Cherokee_                 22
+  The Flood and the Rainbow                _Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)_  26
+  The First Fire                           _Cherokee_                 28
+  The Ancestors of People                  _Osage_                    31
+  Origin of Strawberries                   _Cherokee_                 32
+  Sacred Legend                            _Omaha_                    34
+  The Legend of the Peace Pipes            _Omaha_                    38
+  A Tradition of the Calumet               _Lenni-Lenapi (Delaware)_  41
+  The Sacred Pole                          _Omaha_                    43
+  Ikto and the Thunders                    _Teton_                    46
+  The Thunder Bird                         _Comanche_                 47
+  The Thunder Bird                         _Assiniboin_               48
+  Song to the Thunder Gods                 _Omaha_                    49
+  Songs of the Buffalo Hunt                _Sioux_                    50
+  Origin of the Buffalo                    _Teton_                    53
+  The Buffalo Being                        _Teton_                    55
+  The Youth and the Underground People     _Omaha_                    57
+  The Buffalo and the Grizzly Bear         _Omaha_                    68
+  My First Buffalo Hunt                    _Omaha_                    71
+  Bird Omens                               _Sioux_                    73
+  The Bird Chief                           _Omaha_                    74
+  Song of the Birds                        _Pawnee_                   75
+  Song of Kawas, the Eagle                 _Pawnee_                   77
+  The Eagle's Revenge                      _Cherokee_                 78
+  The Race between Humming Bird and Crane  _Cherokee_                 80
+  Rabbit and the Turkeys                   _Omaha_                    82
+  Unktomi and the Bad Songs                _Dakota_                   84
+  How the Pheasant Beat Corn               _Cherokee_                 88
+  Why Turkey Gobbles                       _Cherokee_                 89
+  Omaha Beliefs                            _Omaha_                    90
+  Pawnee Beliefs                           _Pawnee_                   92
+  A Song of Hospitality                    _Sioux_                    95
+  A Song of the March                      _Sioux_                    96
+  Song of the Prairie Breeze               _Kiowa_                    97
+  Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies                 _Mandan_                   98
+  Legend of the Corn                       _Arikara_                 101
+  Tradition of the Finding of Horses       _Ponca_                   105
+  Dakota Beliefs and Customs               _Dakota_                  108
+  Why the Tetons Bury on Scaffolds         _Teton_                   110
+  The Ghost's Resentment                   _Dakota_                  111
+  The Forked Roads                         _Omaha_                   116
+  Tattooed Ghosts                          _Dakota_                  117
+  A Ghost Story                            _Ponca_                   118
+  The Ghost and the Traveler               _Teton_                   119
+  The Man who Shot a Ghost                 _Teton_                   120
+  The Indian Who Wrestled with a Ghost     _Teton_                   122
+  The Wakanda, or Water God                _Yankton_                 126
+  The Spirit Land                          _Arapahoe_                129
+  Waziya, the Weather Spirit               _Teton_                   131
+  Kansas Blizzards                         _Kansa_                   132
+  Ikto and the Snowstorm                   _Teton_                   133
+  The Southern Bride                       _Cherokee_                135
+  The Fallen Star                          _Dakota_                  136
+  Quarrel of Sun and Moon                  _Omaha_                   147
+  Why the Possum Plays Dead                _Cherokee_                148
+  Bog Myth                                 _Dakota_                  150
+  Coyote and Snake                         _Omaha_                   151
+  Why the Wolves Help in War               _Dakota_                  153
+  How Rabbit Escaped from the Wolves       _Cherokee_                155
+  How Rabbit Lost His Fat                  _Omaha_                   157
+  How Flint Visited Rabbit                 _Cherokee_                158
+  How Rabbit Caught the Sun in a Trap      _Omaha_                   161
+  How Rabbit Killed the Giant              _Omaha_                   163
+  How Deer Got His Horns                   _Cherokee_                167
+  Why the Deer has Blunt Teeth             _Cherokee_                169
+  Legend of the Head of Gold               _Dakota_                  171
+  The Milky Way                            _Cherokee_                175
+  Coyote and Gray Fox                      _Ponca_                   176
+  Ictinike and Turtle                      _Omaha_                   178
+  Ictinike and the Creators                _Omaha_                   181
+  How Big Turtle Went on the War Path      _Omaha_                   186
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                    Page
+  Bianki's Vision                                         _Frontispiece_
+  Woman's Costume                                                     32
+  An Elderly Omaha Beau                                               33
+  Tattooing, Showing Conventional Design of the Peace Pipe            42
+  Bull Boat                                                           43
+  German Knights and Indian Warriors                                  56
+  Rivalry over the Buffalo                                            70
+  Capture of a Wandering Buffalo                                      71
+  Five Chiefs of the Ogalla Sioux                                     84
+  Old Horse                                                           85
+  Siouan Tents                                                        96
+  An Arapahoe Bed                                                     97
+  Indian Scaffold Cemetery on the Missouri River                     110
+  An Omaha Village, Showing Earth Lodge and Conical Tepees           111
+  Black Coyote                                                       122
+  Ornamentation on the Reverse of an Arapahoe "ghost-dance" Shirt    123
+  "Killed two Arikara chiefs"                                        132
+  Many Tongues, or Loud Talker                                       133
+  Petroglyph in Nebraska                                             144
+  Plains Indians Dragging Brush for a Medicine Lodge                 156
+  An Earth Lodge                                                     157
+  Kansa Chief                                                        168
+  Big Goose                                                          169
+  Omaha Assault on a Dakota Village                                  186
+  "Killed ten men and three women"                                   187
+
+
+
+
+MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE GREAT PLAINS
+
+
+
+
+THE CREATION
+
+_Osage (Wazha zhe group)_
+
+
+Way beyond, once upon a time, some of the Osages lived in the sky.
+They did not know where they came from, so they went to Sun. They
+said, "From where did we come?"
+
+He said, "You are my children."
+
+Then they wandered still further and came to Moon.
+
+Moon said, "I am your mother; Sun is your father. You must go away
+from here. You must go down to the earth and live there."
+
+So they came to the earth but found it covered with water. They could
+not return up above. They wept, but no answer came to them. They
+floated about in the air, seeking help from some god; but they found
+none.
+
+Now all the animals were with them. Elk was the finest and most
+stately. They all trusted Elk. So they called to Elk, "Help us."
+
+Then Elk dropped into the water and began to sink. Then he called to
+the winds. The winds came from all sides and they blew until the
+waters went upwards, as in a mist. Now before that the winds had
+traveled in only two directions; they went from north to south and
+from south to north. But when Elk called to them, they came from the
+east, from the north, from the west, and from the south. They met at a
+central place; then they carried the waters upwards.
+
+Now at first the people could see only the rocks. So they traveled on
+the rocky places. But nothing grew there and there was nothing to eat.
+Then the waters continued to vanish. At last the people could see the
+soft earth. When Elk saw the earth, he was so joyous, he rolled over
+and over on the earth. Then all the loose hairs clung to the soil. So
+the hairs grew, and from them sprang beans, corn, potatoes, and wild
+turnips, and at last all the grasses and trees.
+
+Now the people wandered over the land. They found human footsteps.
+They followed them. They joined with them, and traveled with them in
+search of food.
+
+
+_(Hoga group)_
+
+The Hoga came down from above, and found the earth covered with water.
+They flew in every direction. They sought for gods who would help
+them and drive the water away. They found not one. Then Elk came. He
+had a loud voice and he shouted to the four corners of the sky. The
+four winds came in answer. They blew upon the water and it vanished
+upwards, in a mist. Then the people could see the rocks. Now there was
+only a little space on the rocks. They knew they must have more room.
+The people were crowded. So they sent Muskrat down into the water. He
+did not come back. He was drowned. Then they sent Loon down. He did
+not come back. He was drowned. Then they sent Beaver down into the
+water. The water was too deep. Beaver was drowned. Then Crawfish dived
+into the water. He was gone a long time. When he came up there was a
+little mud in his claws. Crawfish was so tired he died. But the people
+took the mud out of his claws and made the land.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE WORLD WAS MADE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+The earth is a great floating island in a sea of water. At each of the
+four corners there is a cord hanging down from the sky. The sky is of
+solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out, the cords will
+break, and then the earth will sink down into the ocean. Everything
+will be water again. All the people will be dead. The Indians are much
+afraid of this.
+
+In the long time ago, when everything was all water, all the animals
+lived up above in Galun'lati, beyond the stone arch that made the sky.
+But it was very much crowded. All the animals wanted more room. The
+animals began to wonder what was below the water and at last Beaver's
+grandchild, little Water Beetle, offered to go and find out. Water
+Beetle darted in every direction over the surface of the water, but it
+could find no place to rest. There was no land at all. Then Water
+Beetle dived to the bottom of the water and brought up some soft mud.
+This began to grow and to spread out on every side until it became
+the island which we call the earth. Afterwards this earth was
+fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one remembers who did
+this.
+
+At first the earth was flat and soft and wet. The animals were anxious
+to get down, and they sent out different birds to see if it was yet
+dry, but there was no place to alight; so the birds came back to
+Galun'lati. Then at last it seemed to be time again, so they sent out
+Buzzard; they told him to go and make ready for them. This was the
+Great Buzzard, the father of all the buzzards we see now. He flew all
+over the earth, low down near the ground, and it was still soft. When
+he reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired; his wings began to
+flap and strike the ground. Wherever they struck the earth there was a
+valley; whenever the wings turned upwards again, there was a mountain.
+When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world
+would be mountains, so they called him back, but the Cherokee country
+remains full of mountains to this day. [This was the original home, in
+North Carolina.]
+
+When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was still dark.
+Therefore they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day
+across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot
+this way. Red Crawfish had his shell scorched a bright red, so that
+his meat was spoiled. Therefore the Cherokees do not eat it.
+
+Then the medicine men raised the sun a handsbreadth in the air, but it
+was still too hot. They raised it another time; and then another time;
+at last they had raised it seven handsbreadths so that it was just
+under the sky arch. Then it was right and they left it so. That is why
+the medicine men called the high place "the seventh height." Every day
+the sun goes along under this arch on the under side; it returns at
+night on the upper side of the arch to its starting place.
+
+There is another world under this earth. It is like this one in every
+way. The animals, the plants, and the people are the same, but the
+seasons are different. The streams that come down from the mountains
+are the trails by which we reach this underworld. The springs at their
+head are the doorways by which we enter it. But in order to enter the
+other world, one must fast and then go to the water, and have one of
+the underground people for a guide. We know that the seasons in the
+underground world are different, because the water in the spring is
+always warmer in winter than the air in this world; and in summer the
+water is cooler.
+
+We do not know who made the first plants and animals. But when they
+were first made, they were told to watch and keep awake for seven
+nights. This is the way young men do now when they fast and pray to
+their medicine. They tried to do this. The first night, nearly all the
+animals stayed awake. The next night several of them dropped asleep.
+The third night still more went to sleep. At last, on the seventh
+night, only the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still
+awake. Therefore, to these were given the power to see in the dark, to
+go about as if it were day, and to kill and eat the birds and animals
+which must sleep during the night.
+
+Even some of the trees went to sleep. Only the cedar, the pine, the
+spruce, the holly, and the laurel were awake all seven nights.
+Therefore they are always green. They are also sacred trees. But to
+the other trees it was said, "Because you did not stay awake,
+therefore you shall lose your hair every winter."
+
+After the plants and the animals, men began to come to the earth. At
+first there was only one man and one woman. He hit her with a fish. In
+seven days a little child came down to the earth. So people came to
+the earth. They came so rapidly that for a time it seemed as though
+the earth could not hold them all.
+
+
+
+
+THE FLOOD AND THE RAINBOW
+
+_Delaware (Lenni-Lenapi)_
+
+
+The Lenni-Lenapi are the First People, so that they know this story is
+true.
+
+After the Creation of the earth, the Mysterious One covered it with a
+blue roof. Sometimes the roof was very black. Then the Manitou of
+Waters became uneasy. He feared the rain would no longer be able to
+pour down upon the earth through this dark roof. Therefore the Manitou
+of Waters prayed to the Mysterious One that the waters from above be
+not cut off.
+
+At once the Mysterious One commanded to blow the Spirit of the Wind,
+who dwells in the Darkening Land. At once thick clouds arose. They
+covered all the earth, so that the dark roof could no longer be seen.
+
+Then the voice of the Mysterious One was heard amongst the clouds. The
+voice was deep and heavy, like the sound of falling rivers.
+
+Then the Spirit of Rain, the brother of the Spirit of Waters and the
+Spirit of the Winds, poured down water from above. The waters fell for
+a long time. They fell until all the earth was covered. Then the
+birds took refuge in the branches of the highest trees. The animals
+followed the trails to the mountain peaks.
+
+Then the Manitou of Waters feared no longer. Therefore the Mysterious
+One ordered the rain to cease and the clouds to disappear. Then
+Sin-go-wi-chi-na-xa, the rainbow, was seen in the sky.
+
+Therefore the Lenni-Lenapi watch for the rainbow, because it means
+that the Mysterious One is no longer angry.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST FIRE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+In the beginning there was no fire and the world was cold. Then the
+Thunders, who lived up in Galun'lati, sent their lightning and put
+fire into the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree which grew on an
+island. The animals knew it was there because they could see the smoke
+coming out at the top, but they could not get to it on account of the
+water, so they held a council to decide what to do. This was a long,
+long time ago.
+
+Every animal was anxious to go after the fire. Raven offered. He was
+large and strong, so he was sent first. He flew high and far across
+the water, and lighted on the sycamore tree. There he perched,
+wondering what to do next. Then he looked at himself. The heat had
+scorched his feathers black. Raven was so frightened he flew back
+across the water without any fire.
+
+Then little Wa-hu-hu, the Screech Owl, offered to go. He flew high and
+far across the water and perched upon a hollow tree. As he sat there
+looking into the hollow tree, wondering what to do, a blast of hot air
+came up and hurt his eyes. Screech Owl was frightened. He flew back as
+best he could, because he could hardly see. That is why his eyes are
+red even to this day.
+
+Then Hooting Owl and the Horned Owl went, but by the time they reached
+the hollow tree, the fire was blazing so fiercely that the smoke
+nearly blinded them. The ashes carried up by the breeze made white
+rings around their eyes. So they had to come home without fire.
+Therefore they have white rings around their eyes.
+
+None of the rest of the birds would go to the fire. Then Uk-su-hi, the
+racer snake, said he would go through the water and bring back fire.
+He swam to the island and crawled through the grass to the tree. Then
+he went into the tree by a small hole at the bottom. But the heat and
+smoke were dreadful. The ground at the bottom of the tree was covered
+with hot ashes. The racer darted back and forth trying to get off the
+ashes, and at last managed to escape through the same hole by which he
+had entered. But his body had been burned black. Therefore he is now
+the black racer. And that is why the black racer darts around and
+doubles on his track as if trying to escape.
+
+Then great Blacksnake, "The Climber," offered to go for fire. He was
+much larger than the black racer. Blacksnake swam over to the island
+and climbed up the tree on the outside, as the blacksnake always does,
+but when he put his head down into the hole the smoke choked him so
+that he fell into the burning stump. Before he could climb out, he,
+too, was burned black.
+
+So the birds, and the animals, and the snakes held another council.
+The world was still very cold. There was no fire. But all the birds,
+and the snakes, and all the four-footed animals refused to go for
+fire. They were all afraid of the burning sycamore.
+
+Then Water Spider said she would go. This is not the water spider that
+looks like a mosquito, but the other one--the one with black downy
+hair and red stripes on her body. She could run on top of the water,
+or dive to the bottom.
+
+The animals said, "How can you bring back fire?"
+
+But Water Spider spun a thread from her body and wove it into a
+_tusti_ bowl which she fastened on her back. Then she swam over to the
+island and through the grass to the fire. Water Spider put one little
+coal of fire into her bowl, and then swam back with it.
+
+That is how fire came to the world. And that is why Water Spider has a
+_tusti_ bowl on her back.
+
+
+
+
+THE ANCESTORS OF PEOPLE
+
+_Osage_
+
+
+There are people who come from under the water. They lived in the
+water weeds that hang down, all green, into the water. They have
+leaves upon their stems. Now the water people lived in shells. The
+shells were their houses and kept the water out.
+
+There were other animals who lived under the earth. Cougar lived under
+the earth, and bear, and buffalo. These creatures came up out of the
+ground. Then the shell people came up to the earth also; and the sky
+people came down. So all these three peoples lived together. They are
+the fathers of the people who live on the earth today.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WOMAN'S COSTUME
+
+(Omaha)
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN ELDERLY OMAHA BEAU
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF STRAWBERRIES
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+When the world was new, there was one man and one woman. They were
+happy; then they quarreled. At last the woman left the man and began
+to walk away toward the Sunland, the Eastland. The man followed. He
+felt sorry, but the woman walked straight on. She did not look back.
+
+Then Sun, the great Apportioner, was sorry for the man. He said,
+
+"Are you still angry with your wife?"
+
+The man said, "No."
+
+Sun said, "Would you like to have her come back to you?"
+
+"Yes," said the man.
+
+So Sun made a great patch of huckleberries which he placed in front of
+the woman's trail. She passed them without paying any attention to
+them. Then Sun made a clump of blackberry bushes and put those in
+front of her trail. The woman walked on. Then Sun created beautiful
+service-berry bushes which stood beside the trail. Still the woman
+walked on.
+
+So Sun made other fruits and berries. But the woman did not look at
+them.
+
+Then Sun created a patch of beautiful ripe strawberries. They were the
+first strawberries. When the woman saw those, she stopped to gather a
+few. As she gathered them, she turned her face toward the west. Then
+she remembered the man. She turned to the Sunland but could not go on.
+She could not go any further.
+
+Then the woman picked some of the strawberries and started back on her
+trail, away from the Sunland. So her husband met her, and they went
+back together.
+
+
+
+
+SACRED LEGEND
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+In the beginning the people were in water. They opened their eyes, but
+they could see nothing. As the people came out of the water, they
+first saw the daylight. They had no clothing. Then they took weeds and
+grasses and from them wove clothing.
+
+The people lived near a large body of water; it was in a wooded
+country where there was game. The men hunted the deer with clubs; they
+did not know the use of the bow. The people wandered about the shores
+of the great water. They were poor and cold. The people thought, "What
+shall we do to help ourselves?" So they began chipping stones. They
+found a bluish stone that was easily flaked and chipped; so they made
+knives and arrowheads out of it. But they were still poor and cold.
+They thought, "What shall we do?"
+
+Then a man found an elm root that was very dry. He dug a hole in it
+and put a stick in and rubbed it. Then smoke came. He smelled it. Then
+the people smelled it and came near. Others helped him to rub. At last
+a spark came. They blew this into a flame. Thus fire came to warm the
+people and to cook their food.
+
+After this the people built grass houses; they cut the grass with the
+shoulder blade of a deer. Now the people had fire and ate their meat
+roasted. Then they grew tired of roast meat. They thought, "How shall
+we cook our meat differently?"
+
+A man found a piece of clay that stuck well together. Then he brought
+sand to mix with it. Then he molded it as a pot. Then he gathered
+grass until he had a large heap of it; he put the clay pot into the
+midst of the grass and set it on fire. This made the clay hard. After
+a time he put water into the pot; the water did not leak out. This was
+good. So he put water into it and then meat into it, and put the pot
+over the fire. Thus the people had boiled meat to eat.
+
+Now their grass coverings would grow fuzzy and drop off. It was hard
+to gather and keep these coverings. The people were not satisfied.
+Again they thought, "What can we do to have something different to
+wear?"
+
+Before this, they had been throwing away the hides from the game which
+they killed. But now they took their stone knives to scrape down the
+hides and make them thin. They rubbed the hides with grass and with
+their hands to make them soft. Then they used the hides for clothing.
+Now they had clothing and were warm.
+
+Now the women had to break the dry wood to keep up the fires. They had
+no tools. So the men made a stone ax with a groove. Then they put a
+handle on the grooved stone and fastened it with rawhide. This was
+used. Then they wanted something better to break the wood. So they
+made wedges of stone.
+
+Now the grass shelter came to pieces easily. Then the people thought,
+"What shall we do? How can we get something that will not come to
+pieces?" Then they tried putting skins on poles.
+
+First they tried deerskins. But they were too small. They tried elk
+skins. But they became hard and stiff in the rain and sun. Then they
+did not try skins longer. They used bark to cover the poles of their
+tepees.
+
+But the bark houses were not warm. Then the people took the leg bone
+of the deer and splintered it So they made sharp pieces for awls. Then
+they took buffalo skins and sinews, and with the awl they fastened the
+skins together. So they made comfortable covers for their tepees.
+
+Then a man wandered around a long time. One day he found some small
+pieces of something which were white, and red, and blue. He thought
+they must be something of great value, so he hid them in a mound of
+earth. Now one day he went to see if they were safe. Behold! When he
+came to the mound, green stalks were growing out of it. And on the
+stalks were small kernels of white, and red, and blue. Behold! It was
+corn. Then the man took the corn, and gave it to the people. They
+tried it for food. They found it good, and have ever since called it
+their life.
+
+Now when the people found the corn good, they thought to hide it in
+mounds as the first man had done. So they took the shoulder blade of
+an elk and made mounds. Then they hid the corn in it. So the corn grew
+and the people had food.
+
+Now as the people wandered around, they came to a forest where the
+birch trees grew. There was a great lake there. Then they made canoes
+of birch bark. They traveled in them on the water. Then a man found
+two young animals. He carried them home. He fed them so they grew
+bigger. Then he made a harness which he placed upon them and fastened
+it to poles. So these animals became burden bearers. Before that,
+every burden had to be carried on the back. Now the dogs helped the
+people.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF THE PEACE PIPES
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+The people came across a great water on logs tied together. They
+pitched their tents on the shore. Then they thought to make for
+themselves certain bounds within which they were to live and rules
+which should govern them. They cleared a space of grass and weeds so
+they could see each other's faces. They sat down and there was no
+obstruction between them.
+
+While they were holding a council, an owl hooted in the trees near by.
+The leader said, "That bird is to take part in our council. He calls
+to us. He offers us his aid."
+
+Immediately afterward they heard a woodpecker. He knocked against the
+trees. The leader said, "That bird calls to us. He offers us his aid.
+He will take part in our council."
+
+Then the chief appointed a man as servant. He said, "Go into the woods
+and get an ash sapling." The servant came back with a sapling having a
+rough bark.
+
+"We do not want that," said the leader. "Go again and get a sapling
+with a smooth bark, bluish in color at the joint where a branch
+comes." So the servant went out, and came back with a sapling of the
+kind described.
+
+When the leader took up the sapling, an eagle came and soared about
+the council which was sitting in the grass. He dropped a downy
+feather; it fell. It fell in the center of the cleared space. Now this
+was the white eagle. The chief said, "This is not what we want," so
+the white eagle passed on.
+
+Then the bald eagle came swooping down, as though attacking its prey.
+It balanced itself on its wings directly over the cleared space. It
+uttered fierce cries, and dropped one of its downy feathers, which
+stood on the ground as the other eagle's feather had done. The chief
+said, "This is not what we want." So the bald eagle passed on.
+
+Then came the spotted eagle, and soared over the council, and dropped
+its feather as the others had done. The chief said, "This is not what
+we want," and the spotted eagle passed on.
+
+Then the imperial eagle, the eagle with the fantail, came, and soared
+over the people. It dropped a downy feather which stood upright in the
+center of the cleared space. The chief said, "This is what we want."
+
+So the feathers of this eagle were used in making the peace pipes,
+together with the feathers of the owl and woodpecker, and with other
+things. These peace pipes were to be used in forming friendly
+relations with other tribes.
+
+When the peace pipes were made, seven other pipes were made for
+keeping peace within the tribe. One pipe was to prevent revenge. If
+one man should kill another, the chief took this pipe to the relatives
+and offered it to them. If the relatives of the dead man refused to
+accept it, it was offered again. It was offered four times. If it was
+refused four times, the chief said, "Well, you must take the
+consequences. We will do nothing, and you cannot now ask to see the
+pipes." He meant if they took revenge and any trouble came to them,
+they could not ask for help or for mercy.
+
+Each band had its own pipe.
+
+
+
+
+A TRADITION OF THE CALUMET
+
+_Lenni-Lenapi_
+
+
+In the days of the old men, far to the north there lived a nation with
+many villages. Their warriors were as many as the buffalo herds on the
+plains toward the Darkening Land. Their tepees were many on the shores
+of a beautiful lake and along wide rivers.
+
+Then the Mysterious One, whose voice is in the clouds, told the chiefs
+of a great nation, also of many villages, which hunted through all the
+country from the Big Water in the sunrise to the mountains in the
+Darkening Land.
+
+Then the chiefs and the old men held a council. Runners came from many
+villages to the great council. And the council voice was to go to the
+great nation to the south, the nation with many villages, and bring
+back scalps and horses.
+
+So the chiefs and warriors went out, one by one. Then runners were
+sent to all the villages, ordering the chiefs to dance the scalp
+dance.
+
+Suddenly there came through the sky a great white bird. It came from
+the forest, and flew into the village of the great chief. It rested
+above the head of the chief's daughter.
+
+Then the chief's daughter heard a voice in her heart. The voice said,
+"Call all the chiefs and warriors together. Tell them the Mysterious
+One is sad because they seek the scalps of the Lenni-Lenapi, the First
+People. Tell the warriors they must wash their hands in the blood of a
+young fawn. They must go with many presents to the First People. They
+must carry to the First People Hobowakan, the calumet."
+
+Thus the First People and the mighty people with many villages on the
+shore of the lake smoked together the pipe of council. So there was
+peace.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: TATTOOING, SHOWING CONVENTIONAL DESIGN OF THE PEACE
+PIPE
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: BULL BOAT
+
+Made of the hide of the buffalo bulls. The only boat used by the
+plains Indians.
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SACRED POLE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+A young man who had been wandering came back to his village. When he
+reached his home he said, "Father, I have seen a wonderful tree." Then
+he told his father about it. The old man was silent because all was
+not yet settled between the tribes. The Cheyenne, the Arikara, the
+Omaha, Ponca, and Iowa were having a great council, so as to adopt
+rules concerning the hunting of game, and of peace, and war.
+
+After a while, the young man went to visit the tree. When he reached
+home, he told his father again of it. The old man was silent, for the
+chiefs were still holding their council. At last, when the council was
+over and the rules decided upon, the old man sent for the chiefs. He
+said, "My son has seen a wonderful tree. The Thunder Birds come and go
+upon this tree. They make a trail of fire which leaves four paths on
+the burnt grass that stretch towards the Four Winds. When the Thunder
+Birds alight upon the tree, it bursts into flame. The fire mounts to
+the top. The tree stands burning, but no one can see the fire except
+at night."
+
+When the chiefs heard this tale, they sent runners to see what this
+tree might be. The runners came back and told the same story. In the
+night they had seen the tree burning as it stood. Then all the people
+held a council as to what this might mean. The chiefs said, "We shall
+run for it. Put on your ornaments and prepare as if for battle."
+
+The warriors painted themselves as if for war. They put on their
+ornaments. They set out for the tree, which stood near a lake. They
+ran as if it were a race to attack the enemy. All the men ran. A Ponca
+was the first to reach the tree and he struck it as if it were an
+enemy.
+
+Then they cut the tree down. Four men, walking in a straight line,
+carried it on their shoulders to the village. The chiefs for four
+nights sang the songs made in honor of the tree. They held a council
+about the tree. A tent was made for it, and it was set up in the
+circle of lodges. The chiefs worked upon it; they trimmed it and
+called it a human being. They made a basket of twigs and feathers and
+tied it half way up the tree. Then they said, "It has no hair!" So
+they sent out to get a large scalp lock and they put it on top of Pole
+for hair. Afterwards the chiefs told the criers to tell the people
+that when Pole was completed they should see it.
+
+Then they painted Pole and set it up before the tent. They leaned it
+on a crotched stick. Then they called all the people and all the
+people came. Men, women, and children came.
+
+When they were all together, the chiefs said, "This is a mystery.
+Whenever we meet with trouble, we shall bring all our prayers to Pole.
+We shall make offerings to him. We shall ask him for what we need.
+When we ask anything, we must make gifts. If anyone desires to become
+a chief, he shall make presents to the Keepers of the Pole, and they
+shall give him authority to be a chief."
+
+When all was finished the people said, "Let us appoint a time when we
+shall again paint Pole; when we shall act before him the battles we
+have fought." So they fixed the time in the moon when the buffaloes
+bellow.
+
+
+
+
+IKTO AND THE THUNDERS
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Ikto once stood on the bank of a stream across which he could not
+swim. He stood on the bank and thought. Then he sang:
+
+    I stand,
+    Thinking often,
+    Oh, that I might reach the other side.
+
+Just then a long Something passed, swimming against the current. When
+it reached Ikto, it said,
+
+"I will take you across, but you must not lift your head above the
+water. Should you notice even a small cloud, warn me at once, as I
+must go under the water. If you see a small cloud, you must say,
+'Younger brother, your grandfather is coming.'"
+
+Before the other bank was reached, Ikto looked up. He saw a small
+cloud and said, "Younger brother, your grandfather is coming."
+
+There was a sudden commotion. When Ikto became conscious again, the
+Thunder Beings were roaring, and the water was dashing high, but the
+monster had vanished.
+
+
+
+
+THE THUNDER BIRD
+
+_Comanche_
+
+
+In the olden times, a hunter once shot at a large bird which was
+flying above him. It fell to the ground. It was so large he was afraid
+to go to it alone, so he went back to the camp for others.
+
+When they came back to the place where the bird had been shot, thunder
+was rolling through the ravine. Flashes of lightning showed the place
+where the bird lay. They came nearer. Then the lightning flashed so
+that they could not see the bird. One flash killed a hunter.
+
+The other Indians fled back to the camp. They knew it was the Thunder
+Bird.
+
+Once the Thunder Bird, in the days of the grandfathers, came down to
+the ground and alighted there. You may know that is so, because the
+grass remains burned off a large space, and the outlines are those of
+a large bird with outspread wings.
+
+
+
+
+THE THUNDER BIRD
+
+_Assiniboin_
+
+
+The Sioux, or Dakotas, of whom the Assiniboins are a branch, pretend
+that thunder is an enormous bird, and that the muffled sound of the
+distant thunder is caused by a countless number of young birds! The
+great bird, they say, gives the first sound, and the young ones repeat
+it; this is the cause of the reverberations. The Sioux declare that
+the young Thunders do all the mischief, like boys who will not listen
+to good advice; but the old Thunder, or big bird, is wise and
+excellent; he never kills or injures any one!
+
+
+
+
+SONG TO THE THUNDER GODS[A]
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+    Ye four, come hither and stand, near shall ye stand,[B]
+    In four groups shall ye stand,
+    Here shall ye stand, in this place stand.
+
+    [The thunder rolls]
+
+    Turned by the wind goes the one I send yonder;
+    Yonder he goes who is whirled by the winds;
+    Goes, where the four hills of life and the four winds are standing;
+    There in the midst of the winds do I send him,
+    Into the midst of the winds standing there.
+
+    [The thunder rolls]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] By Alice C. Fletcher.
+
+[B] The "four" are the four winds.
+
+
+
+
+SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    The whole world is coming,
+    A nation is coming, a nation is coming,
+    The Eagle has brought the message to the tribe.
+    The father says so, the father says so,
+    Over the whole earth they are coming.
+    The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming,
+    The Crow has brought the message to the tribe,
+    The father says so, the father says so.[C]
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[C] "This fine song summarizes the whole hope of the Ghost-dance--the
+return of the buffalo and the departed dead, the message being brought
+to the people by the sacred birds, the Eagle and the Crow."
+
+
+
+
+SONGS OF THE BUFFALO HUNT[D]
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    _He!_ They have come back racing,[E]
+    _He!_ They have come back racing,
+    Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here,
+    Why, they say there is to be a buffalo hunt over here.
+    Make arrows! Make arrows!
+    Says the father, says the father.
+          Give me my knife,
+          Give me my knife,
+          I shall hang up the meat to dry--_Ye' ye!_
+          I shall hang up the meat to dry--_Ye' ye!_
+          Says grandmother--_Yo' yo!_
+          Says grandmother--_Yo' yo!_
+          When it is dry I shall make pemmican,
+          When it is dry I shall make pemmican,
+          Says grandmother--_Yo' yo!_
+          Says grandmother--_Yo' yo!_[F]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[D] Songs and comments as given by James Mooney.
+
+[E] "When going on a buffalo hunt, it was customary among the Sioux to
+send out a small advance party to locate the herd. On finding it,
+these men returned at once at full gallop to the main body of hunters,
+but instead of stopping on reaching them, they dashed past and then
+turned and fell in behind. It is to this custom the first line
+refers."
+
+[F] "In the old days an Indian camp during the cutting up of the meat
+after a buffalo hunt was a scene of the most joyous activity....
+Preparations were made for days and weeks ahead. Couriers were sent
+out to collect the neighboring bands at a common rendezvous, medicine
+men began their prayers and ceremonies to attract the herd, the
+buffalo songs were sung, and finally when all was ready the
+confederated bands or sometimes the whole tribe--men, women, children,
+horses, dogs, and travois--moved out into the buffalo grounds. Here
+the immense camp of hundreds of tipis was set up, more ceremonies were
+performed, and the mounted warriors rode out in a body to surround and
+slaughter the herd. The women followed close after them to strip the
+hides from the fresh carcasses, and cut out the choice portion of the
+meat and tallow and bring it into camp."
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE BUFFALO
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+In the days of the grandfathers, buffaloes lived under the earth. In
+the olden times, they say, a man who was journeying came to a hill
+where there were many holes in the ground. He entered one of them.
+When he had gone inside he found buffalo chips and buffalo tracks on
+all sides. He found also buffalo hairs where the buffaloes had rubbed
+against the walls. These were the real buffaloes and they lived under
+the ground. Afterwards some of them came to the surface of the earth
+and lived there. Then the herds on the earth increased.
+
+These buffaloes had many lodges and there they raised their children.
+They did many strange things. Therefore when a man escapes being
+wounded by an enemy, people say he has seen the buffaloes in his
+dreams, and they have helped him.
+
+Men who dream of the buffaloes act like them and dance the
+buffalo-bull dance. Then the man who acts the buffalo has a real
+buffalo inside of him, people say, a little hard ball near the
+shoulder blade; and therefore he is very hard to kill. No matter how
+often he is wounded, he does not die.
+
+People know that the buffaloes live in earth lodges; so they never
+dance the buffalo dance vainly.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUFFALO BEING
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Once upon a time, a Buffalo Being attacked a party of Indians. He
+killed one of them, but the others ran away and climbed a tree. The
+Buffalo Being followed them and rushed at the tree. He rushed many
+times, knocking off piece after piece of the tree, until very little
+was left.
+
+Then the frightened Indians lighted some tinder, and threw it far off
+into the tall grass. The fire scorched the Buffalo Being's eyes, and
+injured his horns. The hard part of the horn slipped off, leaving only
+the softer part, so that he could no longer injure any one.
+
+But the Buffalo Being was still dangerous. At last one of the Indians
+slipped down the tree, with his bow and arrow. He killed the Buffalo
+Being. Then all the men came down the tree and skinned the animal and
+cut up the flesh. Into the buffalo-skin robe they placed the body of
+the dead Indian. But suddenly another Buffalo Being appeared. The
+Indians again climbed the tree. But this Being only walked four times
+around the dead Indian. Then he said, "Arise to your feet."
+
+At once the dead man came to life. The Buffalo Being said to him,
+"Hereafter you shall be mysterious. The sun, the moons, the four
+winds, day and night shall be your slaves."
+
+Then it was so. The Indian could take the form of a fine plume, which
+was blown against a tree. It would stick to the tree and wave many
+times in the breeze.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: GERMAN KNIGHTS AND INDIAN WARRIORS
+
+_The German knights are from a sketch in a Ms., dated 1220, in the
+University of Leipzig. The sketch was copied from Rudolph Cronau's
+"Geschichte der Solinger Klingenindustrie." They are Knights of the
+13th century._
+
+_The Indian warriors were drawn by an Apache Indian at Anadarko, in
+1884, though the insignia is really that of the Cheyenne Indians._
+
+_The comparison and contrast are made by the Bureau of Ethnology._]
+
+[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE YOUTH AND THE UNDERGROUND PEOPLE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+There were some villages which were very populous. The chief's son and
+his daughter were unmarried. There were two sons. They surrounded the
+herds of buffaloes. They used to kill buffaloes.
+
+One of the sons of this chief attacked a buffalo when far apart from
+the rest. He shot it; but the buffalo had gone out of sight into the
+ground. The man and his horse, too, went headlong; but the buffalo
+went down first.
+
+Now the father sent out criers. "He says that his son reached the
+buffaloes, but he has not come home. He says that ye who have seen his
+son will please tell it," shouted the criers.
+
+One said he had seen him. "I saw him very distinctly. He went in
+pursuit. Perhaps he went headlong into a sunken place, for when on
+very level ground he vanished altogether. I did not see him again," he
+said.
+
+The father commanded the people to join him in seeking his son. When
+the man who had seen him said, "It was just here," the people
+scattered far and wide, seeking the chief's son. All the people sought
+him. Behold, he had gone down the pit some time before. The buffalo
+had gone down, having kicked off a piece of the soil. The horse, too,
+had gone down, having kicked off a piece of the soil.
+
+There was no trail beyond the pit. All the people went directly to it,
+without hesitation.
+
+The pit was very large and extended far downward. The chief spoke of
+removing the village there, at once. So there they camped. They camped
+around the pit.
+
+Then the chief implored the young men and those who had been his
+friends. If there was one man who was stout-hearted, one who had a
+firm heart, the father wished him to enter the pit and go after the
+young man. So he implored them.
+
+At length one rode round and round the village. Then he promised to
+enter the pit and go after the missing son.
+
+"Tell his father. He must also collect cords," he said.
+
+Having cut buffalo hides in strips, he collected the cords.
+
+"Make a round piece of skin for me, and tie the long line of cord to
+it," he said. So they finished it.
+
+"Now it matters not to what place I go, I will put the body in the
+skin bucket. I go to take hold of him. When I reach the ground at the
+bottom, I will pull suddenly on the cord. When I pull on it many
+times, you will draw it up." Thus he said.
+
+At last he reached the ground inside the pit. It was very dark. When
+he felt around in the dark, the buffalo was lying alone, being killed
+by the fall. The horse, too, was lying by itself, having been killed
+by the fall. And the man lay apart from them, having been killed by
+the fall.
+
+Picking up the body of the chief's son, he put it in the hollow skin.
+Then he pulled many times on the cord.
+
+But when the young man went down, strange to say, he did not ask
+favors for himself. And they rejoiced because he had put the chief's
+son in the hollow skin. Having brought up the dead man they forgot the
+living one.
+
+Though he sat waiting for the hollow skin to come down again, he was
+not drawn up. So he sat wailing.
+
+Now the chief had promised him his daughter to go down into the pit.
+"If you bring my son back, you shall marry her," he had said.
+
+The young man wandered about in the darkness. At length when walking
+along the trail, he came suddenly upon an old woman.
+
+"Venerable woman, though this land is very difficult to reach, I have
+come hither. I came to the hole in the ground above. One person came
+hither, having fallen into this pit. I came to take him back. They
+have not drawn me up; and I have no way of going back. Venerable
+woman, help me." So he spoke.
+
+"There is nothing that I can do to help you," she said. "A person is
+in that place, out of sight. Go there. He is the one who will do it
+for you."
+
+He went there. When he arrived, he knocked repeatedly on the door.
+Though he stood hearing them speaking, they did not open the door for
+him.
+
+The woman said, "Fie! A person has come. Open the door for him."
+
+Behold! The man's child was dead, and therefore he sat without
+speaking. He sat still, being sad. Then the young man arrived within
+the lodge, the woman having opened the door for him. Yet her husband
+sat without speaking. The young man was impatient from hunger. The
+husband questioned him:
+
+"From what place have you walked?" he asked.
+
+The young man told his story. "I walked up above, but a man headed off
+the herd, and having fallen, he came here. I came here to take him
+back. They did not take me back; I have no way of going back. Help
+me," he said.
+
+The man said, "We had a child, but it died. We will treat you just
+like the child who died." He meant he would adopt him. "All things
+which I have are yours," said the father.
+
+The young man did not speak. He wished to go homeward.
+
+"Whatever you say I will do it for you," said the father. "Even if you
+desire to go homeward, it shall be so," he said.
+
+At last the young man spoke of going homeward.
+
+"If you say, 'I will go homeward riding a horse of such a color, O
+father!' it shall be so," said the father.
+
+"Fie!" said the woman. "Heretofore we were deprived of our child. The
+young man who has just come home is like him. Give him one thing which
+you have."
+
+"I make you my child. I will give you something. Whatever I desire I
+always make with it, when I wish to have anything," said the father.
+He had a piece of iron and when he wished anything he used to point at
+the iron.
+
+"O father, I wish to go homeward riding a horse with very white hair.
+I also desire a mule with very white hair, and a good saddle," said
+the young man.
+
+"Come, go there. Open the door of that stable. When you wish to see
+us again, you shall see us. When you will go homeward, you will say,
+'Come, O father, I desire to go homeward,'" said the father.
+
+The young man went homeward. He made the rocks open suddenly by
+pointing at them with the iron. He went up, making the ground echo
+under the horse's feet. When he pushed aside a very large rock which
+was in his way, he found himself again on the surface of the earth.
+The horse and mule were very sudden in their movements. They shied at
+every step. They sniffed the odor of a bad land.
+
+The young man found his nation that he had left. Behold! they had
+recently removed and departed. After they waited some time for him to
+appear, they had removed their camp and departed. The horse and mule
+went along, fearing the sight of the old camping ground. They followed
+the trail of the departing village.
+
+Then the young man saw two people on a large hill, walking in the
+trail. They were the head chief and his wife who were walking along,
+mourning for the dead.
+
+They looked behind and said, "Yonder comes one on horseback, following
+the trail made by the departing village."
+
+He drew near. They sat waiting for him to appear. The horse and mule
+feared the sight of them; they sniffed a bad odor.
+
+"Why! Of what nation are you?" asked the chief.
+
+"It is I," said the young man.
+
+"But which one are you?" said the chief.
+
+"Your son went headlong into a pit when they surrounded the herd,"
+said the young man. "And I went down to get him. You did not bring me
+back. It is I."
+
+As he was very much changed, the old man doubted.
+
+"Fie! Tell the truth about yourself."
+
+"When they surrounded the herd, your son went headlong as well as the
+buffalo, and he was killed by falling into a pit. When you commanded
+them to get him, they drew back through fear. I am he who went to get
+him when you offered your daughter as a reward," said the young man.
+"I have hardly been able to come again to the surface."
+
+Then they recognized him. The two men stood talking together on the
+large hill. The chief's son looked back from the camp.
+
+"Why! The chief and his wife have come as far as the large hill and a
+man on horseback has come, too. He stands talking to them. I will go
+thither. Let me see! I will go to see them."
+
+He went back on horseback and came to his father.
+
+"With what person do you talk?" said the son.
+
+"Why! He who went to get your elder brother has come back!" said the
+head chief.
+
+They shook hands. And the head chief gave his daughter to the young
+man.
+
+"Let all the men and chiefs assemble. Let all the stout-hearted young
+men assemble. They can look at my daughter's husband," he said.
+
+They assembled. They came to see the young man and brought the things
+they intended giving him.
+
+"He says that he who went to get the man who was killed by falling has
+come back. The chief says that as he has made the young man his
+daughter's husband you shall go to see the young man. He says that you
+will take to him what things you wish to give him. The chief says he
+will give thanks for them." So shouted the crier.
+
+All the young men and those who were brave and generous went thither.
+They all gave him clothing and good horses. His wife's father made him
+the head chief.
+
+"Make ye a tent for him in the center," said the old chief.
+
+They set up a tent for him in the center. They finished it.
+
+"The people did not eat. As they sat waiting for you to appear, the
+nation did not eat. You came back when they were just removing camp,"
+said the old chief.
+
+"Ho!" said the one who had just reached home. "Let two old men go as
+criers."
+
+So the criers shouted: "The chiefs daughter's husband says that you
+will rest tomorrow. He says you will not go in any direction
+whatever."
+
+The next day he commanded those who had come back on horseback to act
+as scouts. And the scouts came back very soon; because by means of the
+iron rod which he had asked of his father, he made a great many
+buffaloes very quickly. He spoke of surrounding them. They shot down
+many of the buffaloes. He went to take part in surrounding them.
+
+His wife said, "I desire to go to see them surround the herd. I must
+go to see the buffaloes. When they are killed, I will be quite likely
+to come back."
+
+When they killed the buffaloes she was coming back; the wife stood on
+the hill. Her husband came to that place.
+
+"Though I killed the buffaloes, they will cut them up," he said. They
+who surrounded them reached home.
+
+Again they spoke of a buffalo hunt. "The chief's daughter's husband
+speaks indeed of sending them to act as scouts," said the criers.
+
+Again the herd of buffaloes had come to that country. They surrounded
+them. Again they shot down many of them.
+
+At last the son of the old head chief was in a bad humor. He was in a
+bad humor because his sister's husband had been made chief.
+
+Now at night, the horse used to say to the young man, "O father, a man
+desires very much to kill us. It is so every night." And after that at
+night the young man used to take care of his horse and mule.
+
+On the next day they surrounded the herd in the land where the deed
+was done. It was just so again; a great many buffaloes had been
+coming. At length the son wished the buffaloes to trample his sister's
+husband to death. When they attacked the buffaloes, he waved his robe.
+Turning around in his course, he waved his robe again. When the
+sister's husband went right in among the buffaloes, they closed in on
+him and he was not seen at all.
+
+The people said, "The buffaloes have trampled to death the chief's
+daughter's husband."
+
+When the buffaloes trampled him to death, they scattered and went
+homeward in every direction, moving in long lines. And the people did
+not find any trace whatever of what was done. They did not find the
+horse. Even the man they did not find. When the buffaloes killed him
+by trampling, the horse had gone back to Him Who Made Things.
+
+
+
+
+THE BUFFALO AND THE GRIZZLY BEAR
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Grizzly Bear was going somewhere, following the course of a stream,
+and at last he went straight towards the headland. When he got in
+sight, Buffalo Bull was standing beneath it. Grizzly Bear retraced his
+steps, going again to the stream, following its course until he got
+beyond the headland. Then he drew near and peeped. He saw that Buffalo
+Bull was very lean, and standing with his head bowed, as if sluggish.
+So Grizzly Bear crawled up close to him, made a rush, seized him by
+the hair of his head, and pulled down his head. He turned Buffalo Bull
+round and round, shaking him now and then, saying, "Speak! Speak! I
+have been coming to this place a long time, and they say you have
+threatened to fight me. Speak!" Then he hit Buffalo Bull on the nose
+with his open paw.
+
+"Why!" said Buffalo Bull, "I have never threatened to fight you, who
+have been coming to this country so long."
+
+"Not so! You have threatened to fight me." Letting go the buffalo's
+head, Grizzly Bear went around and seized him by the tail, turning him
+round and round. Then he left, but as he did so, he gave him a hard
+blow with his open paw.
+
+"Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! you have caused me great pain," said Buffalo
+Bull. Bobtailed Grizzly Bear departed.
+
+Buffalo Bull thought thus: "Attack him! You too have been just that
+sort of a person."
+
+Grizzly Bear knew what he was thinking, so he said, "Why! what are you
+saying?"
+
+"I said nothing," said Buffalo Bull.
+
+Then Grizzly Bear came back. He seized Buffalo Bull by the tail,
+pulling him round and round. Then he seized him by the horns, pulling
+his head round and round. Then he seized him again by the tail and hit
+him again with the open paw. Again Grizzly Bear departed. And again
+Buffalo Bull thought as he had done before. Then Grizzly Bear came
+back and treated Buffalo Bull as he had before.
+
+Buffalo Bull stepped backward, throwing his tail into the air.
+
+"Why! Do not flee," said Grizzly Bear.
+
+Buffalo threw himself down, and rolled over and over. Then he
+continued backing, pawing the ground.
+
+"Why! I say, do not flee," said Grizzly Bear. When Buffalo Bull
+backed, making ready to attack him, Grizzly Bear thought he was
+scared.
+
+Then Buffalo Bull ran towards Grizzly, puffing a great deal. When he
+neared him, he rushed on him. He sent Grizzly Bear flying through the
+air.
+
+As Grizzly Bear came down towards the earth, Buffalo Bull caught him
+on his horns and threw him into the air again. When Grizzly Bear fell
+and lay on the ground, Buffalo Bull made at him with his horns to gore
+him, but just missed him. Grizzly Bear crawled away slowly, with
+Buffalo Bull following him step by step, thrusting at him now and
+then, though without striking him. When Grizzly Bear came to a cliff,
+he plunged over headlong, and landed in a thicket at the foot. Buffalo
+Bull had run so fast he could not stop at the edge where Grizzly Bear
+went over, but followed the cliff for some distance. Then he came back
+and stood with his tail partly raised. Grizzly Bear returned to the
+bank and peeped.
+
+"Oh, Buffalo Bull," said Grizzly Bear. "Let us be friends. We are very
+much alike in disposition."
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: RIVALRY OVER THE BUFFALO
+
+(Comanche drawing on a buffalo shoulder blade)
+
+_The Indian chase is by arrow; the white man's by the lasso, gun, and
+spear. The rivalry is indicated by half the buffalo being drawn as
+belonging to one race, half to the other. The white men are supposed
+to be Spaniards. The shoulder blade was found in the Comanche country,
+in Texas._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Notes: CAPTURE OF A WANDERING BUFFALO
+
+(Indian drawing)
+
+_A buffalo has wandered near an Indian village, and is being captured.
+The dotted lines indicate footprints. One Indian, having secured the
+buffalo by his forefeet, tells his companion of his success--indicated
+by the line drawn from his mouth to its feet. Another, having secured
+the buffalo by the horns, gives a companion a chance to kill it with
+an axe. This he intends to do--indicated by the line from his mouth to
+its head, as well as by his attitude. The Indian in the upper corner
+is told by his squaw to take an arrow and join in the capture. He
+turns his head to inform her that he has an arrow--indicated by
+holding it up, and by the line from his mouth to her._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+MY FIRST BUFFALO HUNT[G]
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+I went three times on the buffalo hunt. When I was there the first
+time, I was small; therefore, I did not shoot the buffaloes. But I
+used to take care of the pack horses for those who surrounded the
+herd. When they surrounded the herd at the very first, I spoke of
+shooting at the buffaloes. But my father said, "Perhaps the horse
+might throw you suddenly, and then the buffalo might gore you." And I
+was in a bad humor.
+
+My father went with me to the hill. We sat and looked on them when
+they attacked the buffaloes. And notwithstanding my father talked to
+me, I continued there without talking to him. At length one man was
+coming directly toward the tents in pursuit of a buffalo bull. And the
+buffalo bull was savage. He attacked the man now and then.
+
+"Come! Go thither," said my father. I tied a lariat on a large red
+mare that was very tall. And taking a very light gun which my father
+had, I went over there. When I arrived the buffalo bull was standing
+motionless. The man said he was very glad that I had come. The buffalo
+bull was savage. The man shot suddenly at him with a bow and wounded
+him on the back. And then he attacked us. The horse on which I was
+seated leaped very far four times, and had gone off, throwing me
+suddenly. When the buffalo bull had come very close, he wheeled around
+and departed. So I failed to shoot at him before he went. I reached
+home just as my mother was scolding my father about me. When the horse
+reached home with the bridle sticking to it, she knew that I had been
+thrown. My father said nothing at all, but sat laughing. Addressing
+me, he said, "Did you kill the buffalo bull?" And I did not speak.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[G] The author, Frank La Fleche, an Omaha Indian, was about twelve
+years old when this occurred.
+
+
+
+
+BIRD OMENS
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+When whippoorwills sing together at night, "_Hohin, hohin,_" one says
+in reply, "No." If the birds stop talking at once, then the person
+will die soon. But if the birds continue talking, then the man will
+live a long time.
+
+The gray screech owl foretells cold weather. When the night is to be
+very cold, then the owl cries out; it sounds just as if a person's
+teeth chattered. When the owl cries out, all people wrap themselves in
+their thickest robes; and they put plenty of wood on the fires.
+
+The Ski-bi-bi-la is a small gray bird, with a black head, and spotted
+on the breast. It lives in the woods, and it answers a person who
+calls to it. When this bird says, "Has it returned?" people are glad.
+They know that spring is near. When a boy hears the bird ask this
+question, he runs to his mother; she tells him he must answer, "No; it
+has not yet returned."
+
+When the people first hear the cry of the nighthawk in the spring,
+they begin to talk of hunting buffalo. This is because when the hawk
+returns, the buffaloes have become fat again and the birds bring the
+news.
+
+
+
+
+THE BIRD CHIEF
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+All the birds were called together. To them was said, "Whichever one
+of you can fly farthest into the sky shall be chief."
+
+All the birds flew to a great height. But Wren got under the thick
+feathers of Eagle and sat there as Eagle flew. When all the birds
+became wing-tired, they flew down again; but Eagle flew still higher.
+When Eagle had gone as far as he could, Wren flew still higher.
+
+When all the birds reached the ground, Eagle alone returned, after a
+great while. Behold! Wren only was absent. So they awaited him. At
+last he returned. Eagle had too highly been thinking of himself, being
+sure of being made chief; and behold! Wren was made chief.
+
+
+
+
+SONG OF THE BIRDS[H]
+
+_Pawnee_
+
+
+    All around the birds in flocks are flying.
+    Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.
+    See, many birds are flocking here,
+    All about us now together coming.
+
+    Yonder see the birds in flocks, come flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, see them gather.
+    Loud is the sound their winging makes.
+    Rushing, come they on the trees alighting.
+
+    From the flock an eagle now comes flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, comes she hither.
+    Loud screams the eagle, flying swift,
+    As an eagle flies, her nestlings seeking.
+
+    It is Kawas coming, Kawas flying;
+    Dipping, rising, circling, she advances.
+    See! Nearer she comes, nearer comes.
+    Now, alighted, she her nest is making.
+
+    Yonder people like the birds are flocking;
+    See them circling, this side, that side coming.
+    Loud is the sound their moving makes,
+    As together come they, onward come they.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[H] Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+SONG OF KAWAS, THE EAGLE[I]
+
+_Pawnee_
+
+
+    O'er the prairie flits in ever widening circles the shadow of a
+        bird about me as I walk;
+    Upward turn my eyes, Kawas looks upon me, she turns with flapping
+        wings and far away she flies.
+
+    Round about a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alert
+        watching o'er his nest;
+    Loudly whistles he, a challenge sending far, o'er the country wide
+        it echoes, there defying foes.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[I] Rendition by Alice C. Fletcher.
+
+
+
+
+THE EAGLE'S REVENGE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Once a hunter in the mountains heard a noise at night like a rushing
+wind. He went outside his tepee, and found an eagle was sitting on the
+drying pole, feasting at the deer he had shot. So he shot the eagle.
+
+The next morning the hunter took the deer back to the village. He told
+how he had shot the deer and then the eagle. Therefore the chief sent
+out men to bring in the eagle, and have an Eagle dance.
+
+That night when they were dancing, there was a _whoop_ outside. A
+strange warrior walked into the circle. He was not of that village.
+They thought he had come from one of the other Cherokee villages.
+
+This warrior told how he had killed a man. At the end of the story, he
+yelled, "_Hi!_" One of the men with rattles, who was leading the
+dance, fell dead. The stranger sang of another deed. At the end he
+yelled, "_Hi!_" Another rattler fell dead. The people were frightened.
+But the stranger sang of another great deed. Then again he yelled,
+"_Hi!_" Again a man with the rattles fell dead. So all seven men who
+had rattles and who were leading the dance fell dead. And the people
+were too frightened to leave the lodge where they were dancing.
+
+Then the stranger vanished into the darkness. Long after they learned
+that the stranger was the brother of the eagle that had been killed.
+
+
+
+
+THE RACE BETWEEN HUMMING BIRD AND CRANE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Humming Bird and Crane were both in love with a pretty woman. She
+liked Humming Bird, who was handsome. Crane was ugly, but he would not
+give up the pretty woman. So at last to get rid of him, she told them
+they must have a race, and that she would marry the winner. Now
+Humming Bird flew like a flash of light; but Crane was heavy and slow.
+
+The birds started from the woman's house to fly around the world to
+the beginning. Humming Bird flew off like an arrow. He flew all day
+and when he stopped to roost he was far ahead.
+
+Crane flew heavily, but he flew all night long. He stopped at daylight
+at a creek to rest. Humming Bird waked up, and flew on again, and soon
+he reached a creek, and behold! there was Crane, spearing tadpoles
+with his long bill. Humming Bird flew on.
+
+Soon Crane started on and flew all night as before. Humming Bird slept
+on his roost.
+
+Next morning Humming Bird flew on and Crane was far, far ahead. The
+fourth day, Crane was spearing tadpoles for dinner when Humming Bird
+caught up with him. By the seventh day Crane was a whole night's
+travel ahead. At last he reached the beginning again. He stopped at
+the creek and preened his feathers, and then in the early morning went
+to the woman's house. Humming Bird was far, far behind.
+
+But the woman declared she would not marry so ugly a man as Crane.
+Therefore she remained single.
+
+
+
+
+RABBIT AND THE TURKEYS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Rabbit was going somewhere. At length he reached a place where there
+were wild Turkeys.
+
+"Come," said Rabbit. "I will sing dancing songs for you."
+
+Turkeys went to him saying, "Oho! Rabbit will sing dancing songs for
+us!"
+
+"When I sing for you, you larger ones must go around the circle next
+to me. Beware lest you open your eyes. Should one of you open his
+eyes, your eyes shall be red," said Rabbit.
+
+Then he began to sing,
+
+    Alas for the gazer!
+    Eyes red! Eyes red!
+    Spread out your tails!
+    Spread out your tails!
+
+Whenever a large Turkey came near, Rabbit seized it and put it in his
+bag. While he was putting in a Turkey, another one opened his eyes a
+little, and exclaimed, "Why! He has captured nearly all of us large
+ones!"
+
+Off they all flew with a whirring sound.
+
+Rabbit took home those he had in his bag, saying to his grandmother,
+"Do not look at what is in that bag! I have brought it home on my back
+and I wish you to guard it!"
+
+Then he went out to cut spits on which to roast the Turkeys. When the
+old woman was alone, she thought, "What could he have brought home on
+his back?" So she untied the bag, and when she looked in out flew all
+the Turkeys, hitting their wings hard against the grass lodge, and
+flying out the smoke hole. The old woman barely killed one by hitting
+it. At length Rabbit came home.
+
+"Oh I have inflicted a severe injury on my grandchild," she said.
+
+"Really," he answered. "Grandmother, I told you not to look at it."
+
+But that is why Turkeys have red eyes.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: FIVE CHIEFS OF THE OGALLA SIOUX
+
+_Rank is shown by pipe and pouch. The first Cankutanka, Big Road;
+often called Good Road--big and broad and well traveled. The bird
+flying through the dusk shows that one may fly rapidly over a good
+road. Next is Low Dog. The dog figure is "low," as shown by the
+shortness of the legs. In the center is Long Dog, as shown by the long
+legs on the dog figure. Below, to the left, is Iron Crow, the crow
+painted blue indicating iron. The last is Little Hawk. Each chief has
+three bands on the cheek, but with variant colors and patterns._]
+
+[Illustration: _From Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Illustration: OLD HORSE
+
+Name of an Indian Chief, as shown in Red Cloud's census. Old age is
+represented by the wrinkles and projecting lips.
+
+_Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+UNKTOMI AND THE BAD SONGS
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Unktomi was going along; his way lay along by the side of a lake. Out
+on the lake there were a great many ducks, geese, and swans swimming.
+When Unktomi saw them he went backward out of sight, and picking some
+grass, bound it up in a bundle. He placed this on his back and so went
+again along by the side of the lake.
+
+"Unktomi, what are you carrying?" asked the ducks and the geese and
+the swans.
+
+"These are bad songs I am carrying," said Unktomi.
+
+The ducks said, "Unktomi, sing for us."
+
+Unktomi replied, "But the songs are very bad."
+
+But the ducks insisted upon it. Then Unktomi said, "Make a grass
+lodge." So they went to work and made a large grass lodge.
+
+"Now, let all the ducks, geese, and swans gather inside the lodge and
+I will sing for you," said Unktomi. So all the ducks and the geese and
+the swans gathered inside and filled the grass lodge. Then Unktomi
+took his place at the door of the lodge and said, "If I sing for
+you, no one must look, for that is the meaning of the song."
+
+Then he began to sing,
+
+    Dance with your eyes shut;
+    If you open your eyes
+    Your eyes shall be red!
+    Your eyes shall be red!
+
+When he said and sang this, the geese, ducks, and swans danced with
+their eyes shut. Then Unktomi rose up and said,
+
+    I even, even I
+    Follow in my own;
+    I even, even I,
+    Follow in my own.
+
+So they all gabbled as they danced, and Unktomi, dancing among them,
+commenced twisting off the necks of the fattest of the geese and ducks
+and swans. But when he tried to twist off the neck of a large swan and
+could not, he only made him squawk. Then a small duck, called Skiska,
+partly opened his eyes. He saw Unktomi try to break the swan's neck,
+and he made an outcry:
+
+    Look ye, look ye!
+    Unktomi will destroy us all.
+    Look ye, look ye!
+
+At once they all opened their eyes and attempted to go out. But
+Unktomi threw himself in the doorway and tried to stop them. They
+rushed upon him with their feet and wings, and smote him and knocked
+him over, walking on his stomach, and leaving him as though dead. Then
+Unktomi came to life, and got up, and looked around.
+
+But they say that the Wood Duck, which looked first, had his eyes made
+red.
+
+Then Unktomi gathered up the ducks and geese and swans he had killed
+and carried them on his back. He came to a river and traveled along by
+the side of it till he came to a long, straight place where he stopped
+to boil his kettle. He put all the ducks and geese and swans whose
+necks he had twisted into the kettle, and set it on the fire to boil,
+and then he lay down to sleep.
+
+As he lay there, curled up on the bank of the river, he said, "Mionze
+[familiar spirit], if anyone comes you wake me up." So he slept.
+
+Now a mink came paddling along on the river, and coming close to
+Unktomi's boiling place, saw him lying fast asleep. Then he went
+there. While Unktomi slept, he took out all the boiling meat and ate
+it up, putting the bones back into the kettle. Then Unktomi waked up.
+He sat up and saw no one.
+
+"Perhaps my boiling is cooked for me," he said.
+
+He took the kettle off the fire. He poked a stick into it and found
+only bones. Then he said, "Indeed, the meat has all fallen off." So he
+took a spoon and dipped it out; nothing was there but bones.
+
+This is the story of Unktomi and the Bad Songs.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE PHEASANT BEAT CORN
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Once Pheasant saw a woman beating corn in a wooden mortar in front of
+her lodge.
+
+"I can do that, too," said Pheasant.
+
+"I don't believe you," said the woman.
+
+"Yes, I can," said Pheasant. So Pheasant went into the woods behind
+the lodge. He flew to a hollow log and drummed with his wings until
+the people thought he really was beating corn.
+
+That is why the Indians have the Pheasant dance, as a part of the
+Green-corn dance.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE TURKEY GOBBLES
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+In the old days, Grouse had a good voice and Turkey had none.
+Therefore Turkey asked Grouse to teach him. But Grouse wanted pay, so
+Turkey promised to give him some feathers for a collar. That is how
+the Grouse got his collar of turkey feathers.
+
+So the Grouse began to teach Turkey. At last Grouse said, "Now you
+must try your voice. You must halloo."
+
+Turkey said, "Yes."
+
+Grouse said, "I'll stand on this hollow log, and when I tap on it, you
+must halloo as loudly as you can."
+
+So Grouse climbed upon a log, ready to tap on it, but when he did so,
+Turkey became so excited that when he opened his mouth, he only said,
+"_Gobble, gobble, gobble!_"
+
+That is why the Turkey gobbles whenever he hears a noise.
+
+
+
+
+OMAHA BELIEFS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Song was an integral part of Omaha life. Through song, the Omaha
+approached the mysterious Wakoda; through song he voiced his emotions,
+both individual and social; through song he embodied feelings and
+aspirations that eluded expression in words. In one of their
+ceremonies, the Wa' wa, "to sing for somebody," songs are one of the
+chief characteristics.
+
+In this ceremony, the eagle is "Mother." She calls to her nestlings
+and upon her strong wings she bears the message of peace. Peace and
+its symbol, the clear, cloudless sky, are the theme of the principal
+songs. The curlew, in the early morning, stretches its neck and its
+wing as it sits on the roost, and utters a long note. The sound is
+considered an indication that the day will be cloudless.
+
+Green represents the verdure of the earth; blue is the color of the
+sky; red is the color of the sun, typifying life. The eagle is the
+bird of tireless strength. The owl represents night, and the
+woodpecker the day and sun. These two birds also stand for life and
+death.
+
+Wakoda gives to man the sunshine, the clear sky from which all storms,
+all clouds are absent; in the Wa' wa ceremony, they stand for peace.
+In this connection, black storm clouds with their thunder and
+lightning are emblematic of war.
+
+
+
+
+PAWNEE BELIEFS
+
+_Pawnee_
+
+
+At the creation of the world, lesser powers were made, because
+Tira'wa-tius, the Mighty Power, could not come near to man, or be seen
+or felt by him. These lesser powers dwell in the great circle of the
+sky. One is North Star; another is Brown Eagle. The Winds were the
+first of the lesser powers to come near man. Therefore, when man calls
+for aid, he calls first to the Winds. They stand at the four points,
+and guard the four paths down which the lesser powers come when they
+help mankind. The Winds are always near us, by day and by night.
+
+The Sun is one of these powers. It comes from the mighty power above;
+therefore it has great strength.
+
+Mother Earth is another power. She is very near to man. From her we
+get food; upon her we lie down. We live and walk on her. We could not
+exist without Mother Earth, without Sun, and without the Winds.
+
+Water is another lesser power. Water is necessary to mankind.
+
+Fire made by rubbing two sticks together is sacred. It comes direct
+from the power granted Toharu, vegetation, in answer to man's prayer
+as he rubs the sticks. When the flame leaps from the glowing wood, it
+is the word of the fire. The power has come near.
+
+Blue is the color of the sky, the dwelling place of Tira' wahut, the
+circle of powers which watch over man. As a man paints the blue stick
+he sings.
+
+Red is the color of the sun. Green is the color of Mother Earth.
+
+Eagle is the chief of day; Owl is chief of the night; Woodpecker is
+chief of the trees; Duck is chief of the water.
+
+The ear of corn represents the supernatural power that dwells in the
+earth, which brings forth the food that sustains life; there corn is
+spoken of as _h'Atira_, "mother breathing forth life." The power which
+dwells in the earth, which enables it to give life to all growing
+things, comes from above. Therefore, in the Hako, the Pawnee ceremony,
+the ear of corn is painted with blue.
+
+The wildcat was made to live in the forest. He has much skill and
+ingenuity. The wildcat shows us we must think, must use tact, must be
+shrewd when we set out to do anything. The wildcat is one of the
+sacred animals.
+
+Trees grow along the banks of the streams; we can see them at a
+distance, like a long line, and we can see the river glistening in the
+sunlight in its length. We sing to the river, and when we come nearer
+and see the water and hear it rippling along, then we sing to the
+water, the water that ripples as it runs.
+
+Hills were made by Tira'wa. We ascend hills when we go away alone to
+pray. From the top of a hill we can look over the country to see if
+there are enemies in sight, or if any danger is near us. We can see if
+we are to meet friends. The hills help man, so we sing to them.
+
+
+
+
+A SONG OF HOSPITALITY[J]
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    I am mashing the berries,
+    I am mashing the berries,
+    They say travelers are coming on the march,
+    They say travelers are coming on the march,
+    I stir [the berries] around, I stir them around,
+    I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,
+    I take them up with a spoon of buffalo horn,
+    And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers],
+    And I carry them, I carry them [to the strangers].
+
+      "Word comes that travelers are approaching ... on the
+      march with their children, dogs, and household
+      property. She stirs them around with a spoon of
+      buffalo horn and goes to offer them to the strangers.
+      The translation is an exact paraphrase of the rhythmic
+      repetition of the original."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[J] James Mooney.
+
+
+
+
+A SONG OF THE MARCH[K]
+
+_Sioux_
+
+
+    Now set up the tipi,
+    Now set up the tipi,
+    Around the bottom,
+    Around the bottom,
+    Drive in the pegs,
+    Drive in the pegs,
+    In the meantime I shall cook,
+    In the meantime I shall cook.
+
+      "To those who know the Indian life it brings up a
+      vivid picture of a prairie band on the march, halting
+      at noon or in the evening. As soon as the halt is
+      called by some convenient stream, the women jump down
+      and release the horses from ... the travois, in the
+      olden times, and hobble them to prevent them from
+      wandering away. Then, while some of the women set up
+      the tipi poles, draw the canvas over them, and drive
+      in the pegs around the bottom and the wooden pins up
+      the side, other women take axes and buckets and go
+      down to the creek for wood and water. When they
+      return, they find the tipis set up and the blankets
+      spread out on the grass, and in a few minutes fires
+      are built and the meal is in preparation."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[K] James Mooney.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: SIOUAN TENTS
+
+_B. Tent of Little Cedar, belonging to the order of Sun and Moon
+shamans. The circle represents the sun in which stands a man holding
+deer rattles._
+
+_C. Those persons who belong to the Inke-sabe sub-gens known as
+Keepers of the Pipes, paint their tents with the pipe decorations._
+
+_D. Used by a member of the order of Grizzly Bear shamans. "When they
+have had visions of grizzly bears, they decorate their tents
+accordingly." (George Miller.) The bear is represented as emerging
+from his den. The dark band represents the ground._
+
+_E. Sketch furnished by Chief Dried Buffalo. The circle at the top
+represents a bear's cave. Below there are lightnings, then prints of
+bears' paws. E also represents the grizzly bear vision._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from plate in report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN ARAPAHOE BED
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+SONG OF THE PRAIRIE BREEZE[L]
+
+_Kiowa_
+
+
+    That wind, that wind
+    Shakes my tipi, shakes my tipi,
+    And sings a song for me,
+    And sings a song for me.
+
+      "To the familiar, this little song brings up pleasant
+      memories of the prairie camp when the wind is
+      whistling through the tipi poles and blowing the flaps
+      about, while inside the fire burns bright and the song
+      and the game go round."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[L] James Mooney.
+
+
+
+
+OLD-WOMAN-WHO-NEVER-DIES
+
+_Mandan_
+
+
+In the sun lives the Lord of Life. In the moon lives
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies. She has six children, three sons and three
+daughters. These live in the sky. The eldest son is the Day; another
+is the Sun; another is Night. The eldest daughter is the Morning Star,
+called "The Woman who Wears a Plume"; another is a star which circles
+around the polar star, and she is called "The Striped Gourd"; the
+third is Evening Star.
+
+Every spring Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies sends the wild geese, the swans,
+and the ducks. When she sends the wild geese, the Indians plant their
+corn and Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies makes it grow. When eleven wild
+geese are found together, the Indians know the corn crop will be very
+large. The swans mean that the Indians must plant gourds; the ducks,
+that they must plant beans.
+
+Indians always save dried meat for these wild birds, so when they come
+in the spring they may have a corn feast. They build scaffolds of many
+poles, three or four rows, and one above the others. On this they
+hang the meat. Then the old women in the village, each one with a
+stick, meet around the scaffold. In one end of the stick is an ear of
+corn. Sitting in a circle, they plant their sticks in the ground in
+front of them. Then they dance around the scaffolds while the old men
+beat the drums and rattle the gourds.
+
+Afterwards the old women in the village are allowed to eat the dried
+meat.
+
+In the fall they hold another corn feast, after the corn is ripe. This
+is so that Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies may send the buffalo herds to
+them. Each woman carries the entire cornstalk, with the ears attached,
+just as it was pulled up by the roots. Then they call on
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies and say,
+
+"Mother, pity us. Do not send the cold too soon, or we may not have
+enough meat. Mother, do not let the game depart, so that we may have
+enough for winter."
+
+In the fall, when the birds go south to Old-Woman, they take back the
+dried meat hung on the scaffolds, because Old-Woman is very fond of
+it.
+
+Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies has large patches of corn, kept for her by
+the great stag and by the white-tailed stag. Blackbirds also help her
+guard her corn patches. The corn patches are large, therefore the Old
+Woman has the help also of the mice and the moles. In the spring the
+birds go north, back to Old-Man-Who-Never-Dies.
+
+In the olden time, Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies lived near the Little
+Missouri. Sometimes the Indians visited her. One day twelve came, and
+she offered them only a small kettle of corn. They were very hungry
+and the kettle was very small. But as soon as it was empty, it at once
+became filled again, so all the Indians had enough to eat.
+
+
+
+
+LEGEND OF THE CORN
+
+_Arikara_
+
+
+The Arikara were the first to find the maize. A young man went out
+hunting. He came to a high hill. Looking down a valley, he saw a
+buffalo bull near where two rivers joined. When the young man looked
+to see how he could kill the buffalo, he saw how beautiful the country
+was. The banks of the two rivers were low, with many trees. The
+buffalo faced the north; therefore he could not get within bowshot of
+him. He thought he should wait until the buffalo moved close to the
+banks of one of the rivers, or to a ravine where there were bushes and
+shrubs. So the young man waited. The sun went down before the buffalo
+moved.
+
+Nearly all night the hunter lay awake. He had little food. He felt
+sorry he could not reach the buffalo. Before the sun rose, he hurried
+to the top of the hill. The buffalo stood just where it had, but it
+faced the east. Again he waited for it to move. He waited all day.
+When the sun went down, the buffalo still stood in the same place.
+
+Nearly all night the young man lay awake. He had very little food
+indeed. The next morning he rose early, and came to the top of the
+hill, just as the sun came up. The buffalo was still standing in the
+same place; but now it faced the south. He waited all day. Then the
+sun went down.
+
+Now the next morning, when he arose early, the buffalo stood in the
+same place; this time it faced the west. All day the young man waited,
+but the buffalo did not move.
+
+Now the young man thought, "Why does not the buffalo move?" He saw it
+did not drink, did not eat, did not sleep. He thought some power must
+be influencing it.
+
+Now the next morning, the young man hurried to the top of the hill.
+The sun had risen and everything was light. The buffalo was gone. Then
+he saw where the buffalo had stood there was a strange bush.
+
+He went to the place; then he saw it was a plant. He looked for the
+tracks of the buffalo. He saw where it had turned to the east and to
+the south and to the west. In the center there was one track; out of
+it the small plant had grown. There was no track to show where the
+buffalo had left the place.
+
+Then the hunter hurried to his village. He told the chiefs and the
+people of the strange buffalo and the plant. So all the chiefs and
+the people came to the place. They saw the tracks of the buffalo as he
+had stood, but there were no tracks of his coming or going.
+
+So all the people knew that Wahkoda had given this strange plant to
+the people. They knew of other plants they might eat. They knew there
+was a time when each plant was ripe. So they watched the strange
+plant; they guarded it and protected it.
+
+Then a flower appeared on the plant. Afterwards, at one of the joints,
+a new part of the plant pushed out. It had hair. At first the hair was
+green; then it was brown. Then the people thought, "Perhaps this fruit
+is ripe." But they did not dare touch it. They met together. They
+looked at the plant.
+
+Then a young man said, "My life has not been good. If any evil comes
+to me, it will not matter."
+
+So the people were willing, and the young man put his hand on the
+plant and then on its fruit. He grasped the fruit boldly. He said to
+the people, "It is solid. It is ripe." Then he pulled apart the husks,
+and said, "It is red."
+
+He took a few of the grains and showed them to the people. He ate
+some. He did not die. So the people knew Wahkoda had sent this plant
+to them for food.
+
+Now in the fall, when the prairie grass turned brown, the leaves of
+this plant turned brown also. Then the fruit was plucked, and put
+away. After the winter was over, the kernels were divided. There were
+four to each family.
+
+Then the people moved the lodges to the place where the plant had
+grown. When the hills became green, they planted the seed of the
+strange plant. But first they built little mounds like the one out of
+which it grew. So the fruit grew and ripened. It had many colors; red,
+and yellow, and white, and blue.
+
+Then the next year there were many plants and many ears of corn. So
+they sent to other tribes. They invited them to visit them and gave
+them of the new food. Thus the Omahas came to have corn.
+
+
+
+
+TRADITION OF THE FINDING OF HORSES
+
+_Ponca_
+
+
+Long ago, the people followed the Missouri River northward to a place
+where they could step over the water. Then they turned, and were going
+across the land. Then they met the Padouca [Comanche].
+
+At that time the Ponca had no animals but dogs to help them carry
+burdens. Wherever they went they had to go on foot, but the people
+were strong and fleet. They could run a great distance and not be
+weary. One day when they were hunting buffalo, they met the Padouca.
+Then they had many battles with them. The Padouca were mounted on
+strange animals. At first the Ponca thought it was all one animal. The
+Padouca had bows made from elk horn. They were not very long, nor were
+they very strong. They boiled the horn until it was soft; then they
+scraped it, and bound it together with sinews and glue. Their arrows
+were tipped with bone. They fought also with a stone battle-ax. The
+handle was a sapling; a grooved stone ax head, pointed at both ends,
+was fastened to this with rawhides. So the Padouca were terrible
+fighters. They protected their horses with a covering of thick rawhide
+cut in round pieces, and put together like fish scales. They spread
+glue over the outside and then sand. So when the Comanches fought, the
+arrows of their enemies glanced off the horses' armor. Then the
+Padouca made breastplates for themselves like those of the horses.
+
+When the Ponca met these terrible warriors, they were afraid. They
+thought man and horse were one. They named it "Kawa" because they
+noticed the odor of the horse. Then they knew by this odor when the
+Padouca were coming. When a man smelled the horses, he would run to
+the camp and say, "The wind tells us the Kawa are coming." Then the
+Ponca would make ready to defend themselves. The Ponca had many
+battles with the Comanches. They did not know how to use the animals,
+so they killed the horses as well as the men. Neither could they find
+out where the Padouca lived.
+
+One day the two tribes had a great battle. The people fought all day.
+Sometimes the Ponca were driven back, sometimes the Padouca. Then at
+last a Ponca shot a Padouca so that he fell from his horse. Then the
+battle ceased. After this, one of the Padouca came toward the Ponca
+and said in plain Ponca,
+
+"Who are you? What do you call yourselves?"
+
+The Ponca replied, "We call ourselves Ponca. You speak our language,
+are you of our tribe?"
+
+The other said, "No. I speak your language as a gift from a Ponca
+spirit. One day I lay on a Ponca grave after a battle. Then a man rose
+from the grave and spoke to me. So I know your language."
+
+Then it was agreed to make peace. The tribes visited each other. The
+Ponca traded their bows and arrows for horses. They knew where the
+Padouca lived. Then the Padouca taught the Ponca how to ride, and how
+to put burdens on the horses.
+
+When the Ponca had learned how to ride, and had horses, they went to
+war again. They attacked the Padouca in their own village. They
+attacked them so many times and stole so many of their horses that at
+last the Padouca fled. We do not know where they went. The Ponca
+followed the Platte River toward the rising sun; then they came back
+to the Missouri, and they brought their horses with them.
+
+
+
+
+DAKOTA BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+The Dakotas have names for the natural divisions of time. Their years
+they count by winters. A man is so many winters old, or so many
+winters have passed since such an event. When one goes on a journey,
+he says he will be back in so many sleeps. They have no division of
+time into weeks, and their months are literally by moons.
+
+The Dakotas believe that when the moon is full, a great number of
+small mice begin to nibble on one side. They nibble until they eat up
+the entire moon. So when the new moon begins to grow, it is to them
+really a new moon; the old one has been eaten up.
+
+The Dakota mother loves her baby as well as the white woman does hers.
+When the spirit takes its flight a wild howl goes up from the tent.
+The baby form is wrapped in the best buffalo calfskin, or the best red
+blanket, and laid away on a scaffold or on the branch of some tree.
+There the mother goes with disheveled hair and oldest clothes, the
+best ones having been given away, and wails out her sorrow in the
+twilight, wailing often until far into the cold night. The nice
+kettle of hominy is prepared, and carried to the scaffold where the
+spirit hovers for several days. When the kettle has remained there
+long enough for the _wanagi_, the spirit, to inhale the food, the
+little children of the village are invited to eat up the rest.
+
+When a hunter dies, the last act of the medicine man is to sing a song
+to conduct the spirit over the _wanagi tacanku_, the spirit's road, as
+the Milky Way is called. The friends give away their good clothes.
+They wear ragged clothes, with bare feet, and ashes on their hands.
+Both within and without the lodge there is a great wailing.
+"_Micinski, micinski, my son, my son,_" is the lamentation in Dakota
+land as it was in Israel.
+
+The dead hunter is wrapped in the most beautifully painted buffalo
+robe, or in the newest red and blue blanket. Young men are called and
+feasted, and their duty it is to carry the body away and place it on a
+scaffold, for the dead remain not long in the tepee. In more recent
+times they bury it. The custom of burial immediately after death,
+however, was not a Dakota custom. The spirit did not bid farewell to
+the body for several days after death, and so the body was laid on a
+high scaffold or in some tree crotch where it would have a good view
+of the surrounding country, and also be safe from wolves.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE TETONS BURY ON SCAFFOLDS
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+In the olden days, the people buried some men on a hill. Then they
+removed their camp to another place. Many winters afterwards, a man
+visited the hill; but there were no graves there. So he told the
+people.
+
+Then many men came and dug far down into the hill. By and by a man
+said, "There is a road here."
+
+There they found a road, a tunnel, large enough for men to walk,
+stooping. Other roads there were. They followed the first road and
+they came to a place where a strange animal had dragged the bodies of
+those who were buried in the hill.
+
+Therefore the people refused to bury their dead in the ground. They
+bury them on scaffolds where the animals cannot reach them.[M]
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[M] At the present day, the Teton gives three reasons for not burying
+in the ground: animals or persons might walk over the graves; the dead
+might lie in mud and water after rain or snow; wolves might trouble
+the bodies.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN SCAFFOLD CEMETERY ON THE MISSOURI RIVER
+
+(From Schoolcraft)
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN OMAHA VILLAGE, SHOWING EARTH LODGE AND CONICAL
+TEPEES
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE GHOST'S RESENTMENT
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Long, long ago, a Dakota died and his parents made a death lodge for
+him on the bluff. In the lodge they made a grave scaffold, on which
+they laid the body of their son.
+
+Now in that same village of Dakotas lived a young married man. His
+father lived with him, and there were two old men who used to visit
+the father and smoke with him, and talk with him about many things.
+
+One night the father of the young man said, "My friends, let us go to
+the death scaffold and cut off summer robes for ourselves from the
+tent skins."
+
+The young man said, "No! Do not do so. It was a pity the young man
+died, and as his parents had nothing else to give up for him they made
+the death lodge and left it there."
+
+"What use can he get from the tent?" asked the father. "We have no
+robes, so we wish to use part of the tent skins for ourselves."
+
+"Well, then," said the young man. "Go as you have said and we shall
+see what will happen."
+
+The old men arose without saying a word and went to the lodge on the
+bluff. As soon as they were gone, the young man said, "Oh, wife, get
+my piece of white clay. I must scare one of those old men nearly to
+death."
+
+But the woman was unwilling, saying, "Let them alone. They have no
+robes. Let them cut off robes for themselves."
+
+But as the husband would not stop talking about it, the wife got the
+piece of white clay for him. He whitened his whole body and his face
+and hands. Then he went to the lodge in a course parallel to that
+taken by the old men. He went very quickly and reached there before
+they did.
+
+He climbed the scaffold and lay on it, thrusting his head out through
+the tent skins just above the doorway.
+
+At last the old men approached, ascending the hill, and talking
+together in a low tone. The young man lay still, listening to them.
+When they reached the lodge, they sat down.
+
+The leader said, "Fill your pipe, friends. We must smoke this last
+time with our friend up there."
+
+"Yes, your friend has spoken well. That should be done," answered one
+of them.
+
+So he filled the pipe. He drew a whiff, and when the fire glowed, he
+turned the pipestem toward the seam of the skins above the doorway. He
+looked up towards the sky, saying, "Ho, friend, here is the pipe. We
+must smoke with you this last time. And then we must separate. Here is
+the pipe."
+
+As he said this, he gazed above the doorway and saw a head looking out
+from the tent.
+
+"Oh! My friends!" he cried. "Look at this place behind you."
+
+When the two looked, they said, "Really! Friends, it is he!" And all
+fled.
+
+Then the young man leaped down and pursued them. Two of them fell to
+the ground in terror, but he did not disturb them, going on in pursuit
+of his father. When the old man was overtaken, he fell to the ground.
+He was terrified. The young man sat astride of him. He said, "You have
+been very disobedient! Fill the pipe for me!"
+
+The old man said, "Oh! My grandchild! Oh! My grandchild!" hoping that
+the ghost would pity him. Then he filled the pipe as he lay stretched
+there and gave it to his son.
+
+The young man smoked. When he stopped smoking, the old man said, "Oh!
+My grandchild! Oh! My grandchild! Pity me, and let me go. We thought
+we must smoke with you this last time, so we went to the place where
+you were. Oh! My grandchild, pity me."
+
+"If that be so, arise and extend your hands to me in entreaty," said
+the young man.
+
+The old man arose and did so, saying continually, "Oh! My grandchild!
+Oh! My grandchild!"
+
+It was as much as the young man could do to keep from laughing. At
+length he said, "Well! Begone! Beware lest you come again and go
+around my resting place very often! Do not visit it again!" Then he
+let the old man go.
+
+On returning to the burial lodge, he found the two old men still lying
+where they had fallen. When he approached them, they slipped off, with
+their heads covered, as they were terrified, and he let them go
+undisturbed. When they had gone, the young man hurried home. He
+reached there first and after washing himself, reclined at full
+length.
+
+He said to his wife, "When they return, be sure not to laugh. Make an
+effort to control yourself. I came very near making them die of
+fright."
+
+When the old men returned, the young people seemed to be asleep. The
+old men did not lie down; all sat in silence, smoking together until
+daylight. When the young man arose in the morning, the old men
+appeared very sorrowful.
+
+Then he said, "Give me one of the robes that you and your friends cut
+off and brought back. I, too, have no robe at all."
+
+His father said, "Why! We went there, but we did not get anything at
+all. We were attacked. We came very near being killed."
+
+To this the son replied, "Why! I was unwilling for this to happen, so
+I said, 'Do not go,' but you paid no attention to me, and went. But
+now you think differently and you weep."
+
+When it was night, the young man said, "Go again and make another
+attempt. Bring back a piece for me, as I have no robe at all."
+
+The old men were unwilling to go again, and they lost their patience,
+as he teased them so often.
+
+
+
+
+THE FORKED ROADS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Long ago, in the days of the grandfathers, a man died and was buried
+by his village. For four nights his ghost had to walk a very dark
+trail. Then he reached the Milky Way and there was plenty of light.
+For this reason, people ought to keep the funeral fires lighted for
+four nights, so the spirit will not walk in the dark trail.
+
+The spirit walked along the Milky Way. At last he came to a point
+where the trail forked. There sat an old man. He was dressed in a
+buffalo robe, with the hair on the outside. He pointed to each ghost
+the road he was to take. One was short and led to the land of good
+ghosts. The other was very long; along it the ghosts went wailing.
+
+The spirits of suicides cannot travel either road. They must hover
+over their graves. For them there is no future life.
+
+A murderer is never happy after he dies. Ghosts surround him and keep
+up a constant whistling. He is always hungry, though he eat much food.
+He is never allowed to go where he pleases, lest high winds arise and
+sweep down upon the others.
+
+
+
+
+TATTOOED GHOSTS
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+If a ghost wishes to walk the Ghost Road safely, then during living
+the person must tattoo himself either in the forehead or on the
+wrists. An old woman sits in the Ghost Road and she examines each
+ghost who passes. If she finds the tattoo marks, then the ghost
+travels on at once to Many Lodges. If the tattoo marks are not there,
+the old woman pushes the ghost from a cloud and he falls to this world
+again. Then he wanders all over the world. He is never quiet. He goes
+about whistling, with no lodge, and people are afraid of him.
+
+When these ghosts visit the sick, they are driven away by smoke from
+the sacred cedar, or else cedar is laid outside the lodge. When a
+person hears a ghost whistling he goes outside the lodge and makes a
+loud noise. If a ghost calls to a loved one and he answers, then he is
+sure to die soon.
+
+If a ghost meets a man who is alone, he will catch hold of him and
+pull his mouth and eyes until they are crooked. Indeed, a ghost did
+this to a person who only dreamed about one.
+
+
+
+
+A GHOST STORY
+
+_Ponca_
+
+
+A great many persons went on the warpath. They were Ponca. As they
+approached the foe, they camped for the night. They kindled a fire. It
+was during the night. After kindling a bright fire, they sat down;
+they made the fire burn very brightly. Rejoicing greatly, they sat
+eating. Very suddenly a person sang.
+
+"Keep quiet. Push the ashes over that fire. Seize your bow in
+silence!" said their leader. All took their bows. And they departed to
+surround him. They made the circle smaller and smaller, and commenced
+at once to come together. And still he stood singing; he did not stir
+at all. At length they went very near to the tree. And when they drew
+very near to it, the singer ceased his song. When they had reached the
+tree, bones lay there in a pile. Human bones were piled there at the
+foot of the tree. When persons die, the Dakotas usually suspend the
+bodies in trees.
+
+
+
+
+THE GHOST AND THE TRAVELER
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Once an Indian alone was just at the edge of a forest. Then the
+Thunder Beings raised a great storm. So he remained there for the
+night. After it was dark, he noticed a light in the woods. When he
+reached the spot, behold! there was a sweat lodge, in which were two
+persons talking.
+
+One said, "Friend, someone has come and stands without. Let us invite
+him to share our food."
+
+Then the Indian fled because they were ghosts. But they followed him.
+He looked back now and then, but he could not see them.
+
+All at once he heard the cry of a woman. He was glad to have company.
+But the moment he thought about the woman, she appeared. She said, "I
+have come because you have just wished to have company."
+
+This frightened the man. The woman said, "Do not fear me; else you
+will never see me again."
+
+They journeyed until daybreak. The man looked at her. She seemed to
+have no legs, yet she walked without any effort. Then the man thought,
+"What if she should choke me." Immediately the ghost vanished.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAN WHO SHOT A GHOST
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+In the olden time, a man was traveling alone, and in a forest he
+killed several rabbits. After sunset he was in the midst of the
+forest. He had to spend the night there, so he made a fire.
+
+He thought this: "Should I meet any danger by and by, I will shoot. I
+am a man who ought not to regard anything."
+
+He cooked a rabbit, so he was no longer hungry. Just then he heard
+many voices. They were talking about their own affairs. But the man
+could see no one.
+
+So he thought: "It seems now that at last I have encountered ghosts."
+
+Then he went and lay under a fallen tree, which was a great distance
+from the fire. They came around him and whistled, "_Hyu! hyu! hyu!_"
+
+"He has gone yonder," said one of the ghosts. Then they came and stood
+around the man, just as people do when they hunt rabbits. The man lay
+flat beneath the fallen tree, and one ghost came and climbed on the
+trunk of that tree. Suddenly the ghost gave the cry that a man does
+when he hits an enemy, "_A-he!_" Then the ghost kicked the man in the
+back.
+
+Before the ghost could get away, very suddenly the man shot at him and
+wounded him in the legs. So the ghost cried as men do in pain, "_Au!
+au! au!_" At last he went off, crying as women do, "_Yun! yun! yun!
+yun!_"
+
+The other ghosts said to him, "Where did he shoot?"
+
+The wounded ghost said, "He shot me through the head and I have come
+apart." Then the other ghosts were wailing on the hillside.
+
+The man decided he would go to the place where the ghosts were
+wailing. So when day came, he went there. He found some graves. Into
+one of them a wolf had dug, so that the bones could be seen; and there
+was a wound in the skull.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BLACK COYOTE
+
+Arapahoe chief, and a leader in the ghost-dance.
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: ORNAMENTATION ON THE REVERSE OF AN ARAPAHOE
+"GHOST-DANCE" SHIRT
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIAN WHO WRESTLED WITH A GHOST
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+A young man went alone on the warpath. At length he reached a wood.
+One day, as he was going along, he heard a voice. He said, "I shall
+have company." As he was approaching a forest, he heard some one
+halloo. Behold, it was an owl.
+
+By and by he drew near another wood, and as night was coming on he lay
+down to rest. At the edge of the trees he lay down in the open air. At
+midnight he was aroused by the voice of a woman. She was wailing, "My
+son! my son!" Still he remained where he was, and put more wood on the
+fire. He lay with his back to the fire. He tore a hole in his blanket
+large enough to peep through.
+
+Soon he heard twigs break under the feet of one approaching, so he
+looked through his blanket without rising. Behold, a woman of the
+olden days was coming. She wore a skin dress with long fringe. A
+buffalo robe was fastened around her at the waist. Her necklace was
+of very large beads, and her leggings were covered with beads or
+porcupine work. Her robe was drawn over her head and she was snuffing
+as she came.
+
+The man lay with his legs stretched out, and she stood by him. She
+took him by one foot, which she raised very slowly. When she let it
+go, it fell with a thud as though he were dead. She raised it a second
+time; then a third time. Still the man did not move. Then the woman
+pulled a very rusty knife from the front of her belt, seized his foot
+suddenly and was about to lift it and cut it, when up sprang the man.
+He said, "What are you doing?" Then he shot at her suddenly. She ran
+into the forest screaming, "_Yun! yun! yun! yun! yun! yun!_" She
+plunged into the forest and was seen no more.
+
+Again the man covered his head with his blanket but he did not sleep.
+When day came, he raised his eyes. Behold, there was a burial
+scaffold, with the blankets all ragged and dangling. He thought, "Was
+this the ghost that came to me?"
+
+Again he came to a wood where he had to remain for the night. He
+started a fire. As he sat there, suddenly he heard someone singing. He
+made the woods ring. The man shouted to the singer, but no answer was
+paid. The man had a small quantity of _wasna_, which was grease mixed
+with pounded buffalo meat, and wild cherry; he also had plenty of
+tobacco.
+
+So when the singer came and asked him for food, the man said, "I have
+nothing." The ghost said, "Not so; I know you have some _wasna_."
+
+Then the man gave some of it to the ghost and filled his pipe. After
+the meal, when the stranger took the pipe and held it by the stem, the
+traveler saw that it was nothing but bones. There was no flesh. Then
+the stranger's robe dropped back from his shoulders. Behold, all his
+ribs were visible. There was no flesh on them. The ghost did not open
+his lips when he smoked. The smoke came pouring out through his ribs.
+
+When he had finished smoking, the ghost said, "Ho! we must wrestle
+together. If you can throw me, you shall kill the enemy without
+hindrance and steal some horses."
+
+The young man agreed. But first he threw an armful of brush on the
+fire. He put plenty of brush near the fire.
+
+Then the ghost rushed at the man. He seized him with his bony hands,
+which was very painful; but this mattered not. The man tried to push
+off the ghost, whose legs were very powerful. When the ghost was
+pulled near the fire, he became weak; but when he pulled the young man
+toward the darkness, he became strong. As the fire got low, the
+strength of the ghost increased. Just as the man began to get weary,
+the day broke. Then the struggle began again. As they drew near the
+fire again, the man made a last effort; with his foot he pushed more
+brush into the fire. The fire blazed up again suddenly. Then the ghost
+fell, just as if he was coming to pieces.
+
+So the man won in wrestling. Also he killed his enemy and stole some
+horses. It came out just as the ghost said. That is why people believe
+what ghosts say.
+
+
+
+
+THE WAKANDA, OR WATER GOD
+
+_Yankton_
+
+
+A man and his wife had only one child, they say, whom they loved very
+much. He used to go playing every day, they say; and one day he fell
+into the water. His father and mother and all his relations wailed
+regularly. His father was very sad, they say. He would not sleep
+within the lodge; he lay out of doors, without any pillow at all. When
+he lay on the ground with his cheek on the palm of his hand, he heard
+his child crying. He heard him crying down under the ground, they say.
+Having assembled all his relations, he spoke of digging into the
+ground. The relations collected horses to be given as pay; they
+collected goods and horses. Then came two old men who said they were
+sacred. They spoke of seeking for the child. An old man went to tell
+the father. He brought the two sacred men to the lodge. The father
+filled a pipe with tobacco. He gave it to the sacred men, and said,
+"If you bring my child back, I will give all this to you."
+
+So they painted themselves; one made his body very black, the other
+made his body very yellow. Both went into the deep water. So they
+arrived there, they say. They talked to the wakanda. The child was not
+dead; he was sitting up, alive.
+
+The men said, "The father demands his child. We have him; we will go
+homeward," they said.
+
+"You have him; but if you take him homeward with you, he shall die.
+Had you taken him before he ate anything, he might have lived. Begone
+ye, and tell those words to his father."
+
+The two men went. They arrived at the lodge, they say.
+
+"We have seen your child; the wakanda's wife has him. We saw him
+alive, but he has eaten of the food of the wakandas. Therefore the
+wakanda says that if we bring the child back with us out of the water,
+he shall die."
+
+Still, the father wished to see him.
+
+"If the wakanda's wife gives you back your child, she desires a very
+white dog as pay."
+
+"I promise to give her the white dog," said the father.
+
+Again the two men painted themselves; the one made himself very black,
+the other made himself very yellow. Again they went beneath the water.
+They arrived at the place again.
+
+"The father said we were to take the child back at any cost; he spoke
+of seeing his child."
+
+So the wakanda gave the child back to them; homeward they went with
+him. When they reached the surface of the water with him, the child
+died. They gave him back to his father. Then all the people wailed
+when they saw the child, their relation.
+
+They plunged the white-haired dog into the water. When they had buried
+the child they gave pay to the two men.
+
+After a while, the parents lost another child, a girl, in the same
+way, they say. But she did not eat any of the wakanda's food,
+therefore they took her home alive. But it was another wakanda who
+took her, and he promised to give her back if they would give him four
+white-haired dogs.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPIRIT LAND
+
+_Arapahoe_
+
+
+The spirit world is toward the Darkening Land, higher up, and
+separated from the world of living by a great lake. Now when the
+spirits came back to this world [in the ghost-dance excitement] Crow
+was their leader. That is because Crow is black; his color is the same
+as that of the Darkening Land. Crow was followed by all the Indians.
+But when they reached the edge of the shadow land, below them was a
+great sea.
+
+Far away, toward the Sunrise Land were their people in the world of
+living. So Crow took a pebble in his beak. He dropped it into the
+water, and it became a mountain, towering up to the shadow land. So
+the Indians came down the mountain side to the edge of the water.
+
+Then Crow took some dust in his bill. He flew out and dropped it into
+the water, and it became solid land. It stretched between the spirit
+land and the world of living.
+
+Then Crow flew out again, with blades of grass in his beak. He
+dropped these upon the new made land. At once the earth was covered
+with green grass.
+
+Again Crow flew out with twigs in his beak, and he dropped these upon
+the new earth. At once it was covered with a forest of trees.
+
+Again he flew back to the base of the mountain. Then he called all the
+spirit Indians together. Now he is coming to help the living Indians.
+He has already passed the sea. He is now on the western edge of the
+world of living.
+
+
+
+
+WAZIYA, THE WEATHER SPIRIT
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+The giant called Waziya knows when there is to be a change of weather.
+He is a giant. When he travels, his footprints are large enough for
+several Indians to stand in abreast. His strides are very far apart;
+at one step he can go over a hill.
+
+When it is cold, people say, "Waziya has returned." They used to pray
+to him, but when they found he paid no attention to him, they ceased
+to do it.
+
+When warm weather is coming, Waziya wraps himself in a thick robe. But
+when cold weather is coming, he wears nothing at all. Waziya, the
+giant god of the north, and Itokaga, the god of the south, are ever
+battling. Each in turn wins the victory.
+
+
+
+
+KANSAS BLIZZARDS
+
+_Kansa_
+
+
+When there is a blizzard, the other Kansa beg the members of the
+Tcihaci gens to interpose, as they are the Wind People.
+
+They say, "Oh, grandfather, I wish good weather. Please have one of
+your children decorated."
+
+Then the youngest son of one of the Wind People, but one half grown,
+is selected. He is painted all over with red paint. Then he goes out
+into the storm and rolls over and over the snow, reddening it for some
+distance. This stops the storm.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: "KILLED TWO ARIKARA CHIEFS"
+
+(Indian drawing)
+
+_The rank of the chiefs is shown by the white weasel skins attacked to
+their costumes. The arrow in the thigh of the horseman indicates that
+he was wounded._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Notes: MANY TONGUES, OR LOUD TALKER
+
+_Oddly enough, the name is given as that of the vanquished, not of the
+victor, although the balloon of sound would seemingly indicate
+otherwise. The pipe between the two indicates that the victor is
+entitled to celebrate his victory._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+IKTO AND THE SNOWSTORM
+
+_Teton_
+
+
+Ikto was the first person in this world. He is more cunning than human
+beings. He it was who named all the animals and people. But sometimes
+Ikto was tricked by the beings he had created.
+
+One day Ikto was hungry; just then he caught a rabbit. He was about to
+roast him.
+
+Suddenly Rabbit said, "Oh, Ikto, I will teach you a magic art."
+
+Ikto said, "I have created all things."
+
+"But I will show you something new," said Rabbit. Therefore Ikto
+consented. He let go of Rabbit.
+
+Rabbit stood in front of Ikto and said, "Elder brother, if you wish
+snow to fall at any time, take some hair such as this,"--and he pulled
+out some of his rabbit fur--"and blow it in all directions; there will
+be a blizzard."
+
+Rabbit made a deep snow in this way, though the leaves were green.
+
+At once, Ikto began to pull his own fur and say magic words. Rabbit
+made a long leap and ran away. Ikto pulled his fur and blew it about.
+But there was no snow. Then he pulled more fur, and blew it about.
+Still there was no snow. It was only rabbit fur that made the snow.
+
+
+
+
+THE SOUTHERN BRIDE
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+North went traveling, and after a long time, and after visiting many
+tribes, he fell in love with the daughter of South.
+
+South and his wife said, "No. Ever since you came the weather has been
+cold. If you stay we will all freeze."
+
+North said he would go back to his own country. So South let his
+daughter marry him. Then North went back to his own country with
+South's daughter. All the people there lived in ice houses.
+
+The next day, after sunrise, the houses began to leak. The ice began
+to melt. It grew warmer and warmer. Then North's people came to him.
+They said, "It is the daughter of the South. If she lives here all the
+lodges will melt. You must send her back to her father."
+
+North said, "No."
+
+But every day it grew hotter. The lodges began to melt away. The
+people said North must send his wife home. Therefore North had to send
+her back to South.
+
+
+
+
+THE FALLEN STAR
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+A people had this camp. And there were two women sleeping out of doors
+and looking up at the stars.
+
+One of them said, "I wish that that large and bright shining star were
+my husband."
+
+The other said, "I wish the star that shines less brightly were my
+husband."
+
+And immediately both were immediately carried upward, they say. They
+found themselves in a beautiful country which was full of beautiful
+twin flowers. And they found that the star which had shone most
+brightly was a large man; the other star was only a young man. So the
+two stars married the two women and they lived in that beautiful Star
+Country.
+
+Now in that country was a plant, the Teepsinna, with large, attractive
+stalks. The wife of the large star wanted to dig them. Her husband
+said, "No; no one does so here."
+
+Then the camp moved. When the woman had pitched her tepee, and came
+inside to lay the mats, she saw there a beautiful teepsinna. She said
+to herself, "I will dig this; no one will see me." So she took her
+digging stick and dug the teepsinna; but when she pulled it out of the
+earth, the foundation of the Star Country broke and she fell through
+with her baby. So the woman died; but the baby was not injured. It lay
+there stretched out.
+
+An old man came that way. When he saw that the baby was alive, he took
+it in his blanket and took it to his own lodge. He said to his wife,
+"Old woman, I saw something today that made my heart feel badly."
+
+"What was it?" she asked.
+
+"A woman lay dead; and a little baby boy lay beside her kicking."
+
+"Why did you not bring it home, old man?" she asked.
+
+"Here it is," he said. Then he took it out of his blanket.
+
+The wife said, "Old man, let us adopt this child."
+
+The old man said, "We will swing it around the tepee." He whirled it
+up through the smoke hole. It went whirling around and around and fell
+down, and came creeping into the tent.
+
+Again he took up the baby and threw it up through the smoke hole. It
+got up and came into the tent walking. Again the old man whirled him
+out. In came a boy with some green sticks. He said, "Grandfather, I
+wish you would make me arrows."
+
+Again the old man whirled him out. No one knows where he went. This
+time he came back into the tepee a long man, with many green sticks.
+He said, "Grandfather, make me arrows of these."
+
+So the old man made him arrows, and he killed a great many buffaloes,
+and they made a large tepee, and built up a high sleeping place in the
+back part of the tepee, and were very rich in dried meat.
+
+The old man said, "Old woman, I am glad we are well off; I will
+proclaim it abroad." So when morning came, he went to the top of the
+tent, and sat, and said, "I, I have abundance laid up. I eat the fat
+of the animals."
+
+That is how the meadow lark came to be made, they say. It has a yellow
+breast and black in the middle, which is the yellow of that morning,
+and they say the black stripe is made by a smooth buffalo horn worn
+for a necklace.
+
+The young man said, "Grandfather, I want to go visiting."
+
+"Yes," said the old man. "When one is young is the time to go
+visiting."
+
+The young man went and came to a people, and lo! they were engaged in
+shooting arrows through a hoop. And there was a young man who was
+simply looking on. By and by he said, "My friend, let us go to your
+house."
+
+So they came to his lodge. Now this young man also had been raised by
+his grandmother, and lived with her, they say.
+
+"Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with me; get him something
+to eat," said the grandson.
+
+Grandmother said, "What shall I do?"
+
+Then the visiting young man said, "How is it, grandmother?"
+
+She said, "The people are about to die of thirst. All who go for water
+will not come back again."
+
+Fallen Star said, "My friend, take a kettle; we will go for water."
+
+"With difficulty have I raised my grandchild," objected the old woman.
+
+"You are afraid of trifles," said the grandson. So he went with
+Star-born.
+
+They reached the side of the lake. By the water of the lake stood
+troughs half full of water.
+
+Star-born called out, "You who they say have killed every one who has
+come for water, where have you gone? I have come for water."
+
+Then immediately whither they went is not manifest. Behold, there was
+a long house which was extended, and it was full of young men and
+women. Some of them were dead and some were dying.
+
+"How did you come here?" asked Star-born.
+
+They replied, "What do you mean? We came for water and something
+swallowed us."
+
+Something kept striking on the head of Star-born.
+
+"What is this?" he said.
+
+"Get away," they replied, "that is the heart."
+
+Then he drew out his knife and cut it to pieces. Suddenly something
+made a great noise. In the great body, these people were swallowed up.
+When the heart died, death came to the body. Then Star-born cut a
+great hole in the side, and came out, bringing the young men and the
+young women. All came to life again.
+
+So the people were thankful and offered him two wives.
+
+But he said, "I am journeying. My friend here will marry them."
+
+Then Star-born went on, they say. Again he found a young man standing
+where they were shooting through a hoop. He said, "I will look on with
+my friend," and went and stood beside him.
+
+Then the other said, "My friend, let us go home," so he went with him
+to his tepee.
+
+"Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with me," he said. "Get
+him something to eat."
+
+Grandmother replied, "How shall I do as you say?"
+
+"How is it?" said Star-born.
+
+"This people are perishing for wood," she said; "when any one goes for
+wood, he never comes home again."
+
+Star-born said, "My friend, take the packing strap; we will go for
+wood."
+
+The old woman protested. "This one, my grandchild, I have raised with
+difficulty," she said. He answered, "Old woman, what you are afraid of
+are trifles," and went with the young man. "I am going to bring wood,"
+he said. "If any wish to go, come along."
+
+"The young man who came from somewhere says this," they said, so they
+followed him.
+
+They had now reached the wood. They found it tied up in bundles. He
+ordered them to carry it home, but he stood still and said, "You who
+killed every one who came to this wood, where have you gone?"
+
+Then, suddenly, where he went was not made manifest. And lo! a tepee,
+and in it some young men and young women; some were eating, and some
+were waiting.
+
+He said to them, "How came you here?"
+
+They answered, "What do you mean? We came for wood and something
+brought us here. Now you also are lost."
+
+He looked behind him, and lo! there was a hole.
+
+"What is this?" he asked.
+
+"Stop!" they said. "That is the thing itself."
+
+He drew out an arrow and shot it. Then suddenly it opened out and
+behold! it was the ear of an owl in which they had been shut up. When
+it was killed, it opened out. Then he said, "Young men and women, come
+out," so they went home.
+
+Again they offered him two wives. But he said, "My friend will marry
+them. I am traveling."
+
+Again he passed on. And he came to a dwelling place of people and
+found them shooting the hoop. There stood a young man looking on. He
+joined him as his friend. While they stood there together, he said:
+
+"Friend, let us go to your home." So he went with him to his tepee.
+
+The young man said, "Grandmother, I have brought my friend home with
+me; get him something to eat."
+
+She said, "Where shall I get it from, that you say that?"
+
+"Grandmother, how is it that you say so?" asked the stranger.
+
+She replied, "Waziya treats this people very badly. When they go out
+to kill buffalo, he takes it all, and now they are starving to death."
+
+Now Waziya was a giant who caused very cold weather and blizzards.
+
+Then he said, "Grandmother, go to him and say, 'My grandchild has come
+on a journey and has nothing to eat; so he has sent me to you.'"
+
+So the old woman went and standing at a distance, cried, "Waziya, my
+grandchild has come on a journey and has nothing to eat; so he has
+sent me to you."
+
+He replied, "Bad old woman, get you home; what do you mean by coming
+here?"
+
+The old woman came home crying, and saying that Waziya had threatened
+to kill some of her relations.
+
+Star-born said, "My friend, take your strap; we will go there."
+
+The old woman interfered: "I have with difficulty raised my
+grandchild."
+
+Grandchild replied to this by saying, "Grandmother is very much
+afraid." So the two went together.
+
+When they came to the house of Waziya, they found a great deal of
+dried meat outside. He put as much on his friend as he could carry,
+and sent him home with it; then Star-born entered the tepee of Waziya,
+and said to him, "Waziya, why did you answer my grandmother as you did
+when I sent her to you?"
+
+Waziya only looked angry.
+
+Hanging there was a bow of ice. "Waziya, why do you keep this?" he
+said.
+
+The giant replied, "Hands off; whoever touches that gets a broken
+arm."
+
+Star-born said, "I will see if my arm breaks." He took the ice bow and
+snapped it into many pieces, and then started home.
+
+The next morning all the people went on the chase and killed many
+buffaloes. But, as he had done before, the Waziya went all over the
+field, gathered up all the meat, and put it in his blanket.
+
+Star-born was cutting up a fat cow. Waziya came and stood there. He
+said, "Who cuts this up?"
+
+"I am," answered Star-born.
+
+Waziya said, "From where have you come that you act so haughtily?"
+
+"Whence have you come, Waziya, that you act so proudly?" he retorted.
+
+Waziya said, "Fallen Star, whoever points his finger at me dies." The
+young man thought, "I will point my finger at him and see if I die."
+He pointed his finger, but it made no difference.
+
+Then Fallen Star said, "Waziya, whoever points his finger at me, his
+hand loses all use." So Waziya thought, "I will point my finger and
+see." He pointed his finger. His forearm lost all use. Then he
+pointed his finger with the other hand. It was destroyed even to the
+elbow.
+
+Then Fallen Star drew out his knife and cut up Waziya's blanket, and
+all the buffalo meat he had gathered there fell out. Fallen Star
+called to the people, "Henceforth kill and carry home."
+
+So the people took the meat and carried it to their tepees.
+
+The next morning, they say, it was rumored that the blanket of Waziya,
+which had been cut to pieces, had been sewed up by his wife. He was
+about to shake it.
+
+The giant stood with his face toward the north and shook his blanket.
+Then the wind blew from the north. Snow fell all about the camp so
+that the people were all snowed in. They were much troubled. They
+said, "We did live in some fashion before; but now this young man has
+acted so we are in great trouble."
+
+But he said, "Grandmother, find me a fan."
+
+Then she made a road under the snow, and went to people and said, "My
+grandchild says he wants a fan."
+
+"What does he mean by saying that?" they asked and gave him one.
+
+Now the snow reached to the top of the lodges, and so Fallen Star
+pushed up through the snow, and sat on the ridge of the lodge. While
+the wind was blowing to the south, he sat and fanned himself and made
+the wind come from the south. Then the heat became great. The snow
+went as if boiling water had been poured over it. All over the ground
+there was a mist. Waziya and his wife and children all died with the
+great heat. But the youngest child, the littlest child of Waziya, took
+refuge in the hole made by the tent pole, where there was a frost, and
+so he lived. So they say that is all that is left of Waziya now, just
+the littlest child.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PETROGLYPH IN NEBRASKA
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+QUARREL OF THE SUN AND MOON
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+"I am out of patience with you," said Moon to Sun. "Although I bring
+people together, you scatter them. Thus many are lost."
+
+"I have desired many people to grow," said Sun, "and so I have
+scattered them; but you have been putting them in darkness and thus
+have you been killing many with hunger. Ho! ye people!" called the
+Sun. "Many of you shall mature. I will look down on you from above. I
+will direct you, whatever you do."
+
+Then Moon said, "And I, too, will dwell so. I will collect you; when
+it is dark, you shall assemble in full numbers, and sleep. I myself
+will rule you, whatever you do. And we shall walk in the road, one
+after the other. I will walk behind him."
+
+Moon is just like a woman. She always walks with a kettle on her arm.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE POSSUM PLAYS DEAD
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Rabbit and Possum each wanted a wife, but no one would marry either of
+them. They talked over the matter and Rabbit said, "We can't get wives
+here. Let's go to the next village. I'll say I'm messenger for the
+council and that everybody must marry at once, and then we'll be sure
+to get wives."
+
+Off they started for the next town. As Rabbit traveled the faster, he
+got there first. He waited outside the village until people noticed
+him and took him into the council lodge. When the chief asked his
+business, Rabbit said he brought an important message: everyone must
+be married at once. So the chief called a great council of the people
+and told them the message.
+
+Every animal took a mate at once, and thus Rabbit got a wife.
+
+But Possum traveled slowly. Therefore he reached the village so late
+that all the men were married and there was no wife for him. Rabbit
+pretended to be sorry. He said, "Never mind. I'll carry the same
+message to the next village."
+
+So Rabbit traveled ahead to the next village. He waited outside until
+they invited him to the council lodge. There he told the chief he
+brought an important message: there had been peace so long, there must
+be war at once. The war must begin in the council lodge.
+
+The animals all began to fight at once, but Rabbit got away in just
+four leaps. Then Possum reached the lodge. Now Possum had brought no
+weapons. So all the animals began to fight Possum. They hit him so
+hard that after a while he rolled over in a corner and shut his eyes
+and pretended to be dead. That is why Possum pretends to be dead when
+he finds the hunters after him.
+
+
+
+
+BOG MYTH
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Bogs are very mysterious. Strange things, with thick hair, remain at
+the bottom of a bog. These things have no eyes, but they eat
+everything which comes to them, and from their bodies water flows
+always. When one of these Beings wishes, he changes his place of
+abode. He lives at a new place. Then the old place where he lived
+dries up; but a fresh spring of water gushes from his new lodge. The
+water of this spring is warm in winter; but in summer it is as cold as
+ice. Before one dares drink of it, he prays to the water, else he may
+bring illness on himself for irreverence.
+
+In the olden days, one of the Bog Beings was pulled out of a bog and
+carried to the camp. A special tepee was built for him. But so much
+water flowed all around that the people were almost drowned. Then
+those who were not drowned offered him food. He sat motionless, gazing
+at them. But the food vanished before they could see it go; and no one
+saw the Bog Being eat it.
+
+
+
+
+COYOTE AND SNAKE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Coyote was going in a straight line across the prairie. While he was
+seeking something, a person said suddenly, "Stop!" Coyote thought,
+"Who can it be?"
+
+He looked all around but saw no one. Then he walked on a few steps,
+when some one said, "Walk around me!" Then Coyote saw it was Snake.
+
+"Humph!" said Coyote. "When I walk here, I do not wish to walk around
+anyone at all. You go to one side. Get out of my way!"
+
+Snake replied, "I am here. I have never thought for a moment of giving
+place to anyone!"
+
+"Even if you think so," said Coyote, "I will run over you."
+
+"If you do so, you shall die," said Snake.
+
+"Why should I die? There is nothing that can kill me," said Coyote.
+
+"Come! Step over me. Do it in spite of me," said Snake. Then Coyote
+stepped over him. And Snake bit him. But Coyote did not feel it.
+
+"Where is it? You said that if I stepped over you, I should die.
+Where have I received my death blow?" said Coyote.
+
+Snake made no reply and Coyote walked on. After some time he came to a
+creek. As he was about to drink, he saw himself in the water. He
+seemed very fat.
+
+"Whew!" he said. "I was never so before. I am very fat." Saying this,
+he felt himself all over; but that was all he did. Then he walked on
+until he felt sleepy. He said, "I am very sleepy." So he pushed his
+way into the thick grass and fell asleep. Coyote did not wake up.
+Snake had told the truth.
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE WOLVES HELP IN WAR
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+Once upon a time an Indian found a wolf den, and began digging into it
+to get the cubs.
+
+Wolf Mother appeared, barking. She said, "Pity my children," but he
+paid no attention to her. So she ran for her husband.
+
+Wolf Father soon appeared. He barked. Still the man dug into the den.
+Then Wolf Father sang a beautiful song. He sang, "O man, pity my
+children, and I will teach you one of my arts." He ended with a howl
+which caused a fog. When the Wolf Father howled again, the fog
+disappeared.
+
+The man thought, "These animals have mysterious gifts." So he tore up
+his red blanket into small pieces. He tied a piece around the neck of
+each of the wolf cubs, as a necklace. Then he painted them with red
+paint and put them back into the den.
+
+Wolf Father was very grateful. He said, "When you go to war hereafter,
+I will go with you. I will bring about whatever you wish." Then the
+man went away.
+
+After a while the man went on the warpath. Just as he came in sight
+of the village of the enemy, a large wolf met him.
+
+Wolf said, "By and by I will sing. Then you shall steal their horses
+when they least suspect danger."
+
+So the man stopped on a hill close to the village. And the wolf sang.
+After that he howled, making a high wind arise. The horses fled to the
+forest, but many stopped on the hillside. When the wolf howled again,
+the wind died down and a mist arose. So the man on the warpath took as
+many horses as he pleased.
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT ESCAPED FROM THE WOLVES
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Once upon a time, Wolves caught Rabbit. They were going to eat him,
+but Rabbit said he would show them a new dance. Now the Wolves knew
+that Rabbit was a good dancer, so they made a ring around him.
+
+Rabbit pattered with his feet and began to dance around in a circle,
+singing,
+
+    On the edge of the field I dance about,
+    _Ha' nia lil! lil! Ha' nia lil! lil!_
+
+Then the Rabbit stopped a minute. He said, "Now when I sing 'on the
+edge of the field,' I dance that way"--and he danced over in that
+direction; "and when I sing '_lil! lil!_' you must all stamp your feet
+hard."
+
+The Wolves liked that. They liked new dances.
+
+Rabbit began singing the same song, dancing nearer to the field, while
+all the Wolves stamped their feet. He sang the song again, dancing
+still nearer the edge of the field. The fourth time he sang it, while
+the Wolves were stamping their feet as hard as they could. Rabbit made
+one jump off and leaped through the long grass. The Wolves raced after
+him, but Rabbit ran for a hollow stump and climbed inside. When the
+Wolves got there, one of them put his head inside, but Rabbit hit him
+on the eye and he pulled his head out. The others were afraid to try,
+so they went away and left Rabbit in the stump.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLAINS INDIANS DRAGGING BRUSH FOR A MEDICINE LODGE
+
+_By permission of Sumner W. Matteson, the photographer_]
+
+
+[Illustration: AN EARTH LODGE
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT LOST HIS FAT
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+At first all the four-footed animals were fat. The one who made them
+wished to know if they looked well so fat. So he called all the
+four-footed animals together. He seized by the head each one who did
+not look handsome with the fat, and scraped it all off.
+
+At length someone took Rabbit to him.
+
+"Fat makes me handsome," said Rabbit "I will be the one."
+
+"Let me see! Come here!" said the one who made the animals. Then he
+made Rabbit fat. Then he looked at him. "Fat makes you ugly beyond
+measure."
+
+So he seized Rabbit by the head and scraped off the fat from the base
+of his neck. But he pulled suddenly at the flesh in the space between
+the shoulders. Therefore, ever since then Rabbit has had a hollow
+space between his shoulders, and only in that place is there a piece
+of fat.
+
+At length the person who made the animals saw that Raccoon was the
+only person who looked well when fat. So he made the whole body of
+Raccoon fat.
+
+
+
+
+HOW FLINT VISITED RABBIT
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Long ago, in the old days, Flint lived up in the mountains, and all
+the animals hated him because he had helped to kill so many of them.
+All the arrowheads were made of flint. They used to have councils.
+They tried to think of some means of killing him. But everybody was
+afraid to go near to his house, until at last Rabbit, who was the
+boldest, offered to try to kill Flint.
+
+So Rabbit asked the trail to Flint's house. At last he reached the
+house.
+
+Flint was standing at the door of his lodge when Rabbit reached there.
+He said, "_Siyu!_ Hello! Are you the fellow they call Flint?"
+
+"Yes; that's what they call me," said Flint.
+
+"Is this where you live?"
+
+"Yes; this is where I live."
+
+All the time Rabbit was looking at the lodge and all about him. He was
+trying to think how to kill Flint. Rabbit had expected Flint to invite
+him into his lodge. But Flint only stood in the door.
+
+Rabbit said, "My name is Rabbit. I've heard a good deal about you, so
+I came to see you."
+
+Flint said, "Where is your lodge?"
+
+"Down in the broom-grass field near the river," said Rabbit.
+
+Flint said, "I will come and visit you after a while."
+
+Rabbit said, "Come now and have supper with me."
+
+So Rabbit coaxed Flint until he said yes, and the two started down the
+mountain side together.
+
+When they came near Rabbit's hole, Rabbit said, "There is my lodge,
+but in summer I stay outside here, where it is cooler."
+
+So he made a fire and they had their supper on the grass. When supper
+was over, Flint stretched out on the grass to rest. Rabbit picked up
+some heavy sticks and his knife, and cut a mallet and wedge.
+
+Flint looked up and said, "What is that for?"
+
+"Oh," said Rabbit, "I like to be doing something and they may come in
+handy."
+
+Flint lay down again and soon he was sound asleep. Rabbit spoke to him
+once or twice, but he did not answer. Then Rabbit came over to Flint
+and with one blow of the mallet drove the stake through Flint. Then he
+ran with all his might for his own hole. But before he reached it,
+there was a loud explosion, and pieces of flint flew all about. That
+is why we find flint in so many places now. One piece struck Rabbit
+and cut him just as he dived into his hole. He sat listening until
+everything was quiet again. Then he put his head out to look around,
+just as another piece fell. It cut his lip, just as we see it now.
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT CAUGHT THE SUN IN A TRAP
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Once upon a time Rabbit dwelt in a lodge with no one but his
+grandmother. It was his custom to go hunting very early in the
+morning. But no matter how early in the morning he went, a person with
+a very long foot had been along, leaving a trail. Rabbit wished to
+know him.
+
+"Now," he thought, "I will go in advance of that person." Having risen
+very early in the morning, he departed, but again it happened that the
+person had been along, leaving a trail. Then Rabbit went home.
+
+"Grandmother," he said, "though I arrange for myself to go first, a
+person goes ahead of me every time. Grandmother, I will make a snare
+and I will catch him."
+
+"Why should you do it?" she asked.
+
+"I hate the person," he said.
+
+Again Rabbit departed. And again had the footprints gone along. So
+Rabbit lay waiting for night to come. Then he made a noose of a
+bowstring, setting it where the footprints were commonly seen.
+
+Next morning Rabbit reached the place very early, to see what he had
+caught in his trap. And it happened that he had caught the Sun.
+Running very fast, he went homewards to tell about it.
+
+"Grandmother," he said, "I have caught something or other but it
+scares me. Grandmother, I wished to take away my bowstring, but I was
+scared every time."
+
+So he went there again with a knife. This time he got very near it.
+
+"You have done wrong. Why have you done it? Come and untie me," said
+the Sun.
+
+The Rabbit, although he went to untie him, kept going past him a
+little on one side. Then he made a rush with his head bent down and
+his arm stretched out, and cut the bowstring with his knife. And the
+Sun rose into the sky. But Rabbit had the hair between his shoulders
+scorched yellow by the heat of the Sun as he stooped and cut the
+bowstring. Then Rabbit arrived at his lodge.
+
+"I am burnt. Oh, grandmother! the heat has left nothing of me," he
+said.
+
+Grandmother said, "Oh, my grandchild! I think the heat has left to me
+nothing of him!"
+
+From that time Rabbit has always had a singed spot upon his back,
+between his shoulders.
+
+
+
+
+HOW RABBIT KILLED THE GIANT
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+When Rabbit was going on a journey, he came to a certain village. The
+people said, "Halloo! Rabbit has come as a visitor."
+
+On meeting him, they said, "Whom did you come to see?"
+
+"Why, I will go to the lodge of any one," said Rabbit.
+
+"But the people have nothing to eat," they said. "The Giant is the
+only one who has anything to eat. You ought to go to his lodge."
+
+Yet, the Rabbit passed on to the end lodge and entered it.
+
+"Friend, we have nothing to eat," said the host.
+
+"Why, my friend," said Rabbit, "when there is nothing, people eat
+anything they can get."
+
+At length the Giant invited Rabbit to a feast.
+
+"Oh ho!" called the man whose lodge Rabbit had entered. "Friend, you
+are invited. Hasten!"
+
+Now all the people were afraid of the Giant. No matter what animal
+anyone killed, the Giant kept all of the meat.
+
+Rabbit arrived at the lodge of the Giant. As he entered, the host
+said, "Oh! Pass around to that side." But Rabbit leaped over and took
+a seat. At length food was given him. He ate it very rapidly but left
+some which he hid in his robe. Then he pushed the bowl aside.
+
+"Friend," he said to the Giant, "here is the bowl." Then he said,
+"Friend, I must go." He sprang past the fireplace at one leap, at the
+second leap his feet touched the chest of the Giant's servant, and
+with another leap he had gone.
+
+When Rabbit reached the lodge where he was visiting, he gave his host
+the food he had not eaten. The man and his wife were glad to eat it,
+since they had been without food.
+
+Next morning, the crier passed through the village, commanding the
+people to be stirring.
+
+They said, "The Giant is the one for whom they are to kill game." So
+they all went hunting. They scared some animals out of a dense forest
+and shot at them. Rabbit went thither very quickly. He found Giant had
+reached there before him and taken all the game. When Rabbit heard
+shooting in another place, he went thither, but again found the Giant
+was before him.
+
+"This is provoking!" thought Rabbit.
+
+When some persons shot at game in another place Rabbit noticed it,
+and went thither immediately, reaching the spot before the Giant.
+
+"Friend," he said to the man who had killed the deer, "let us cut it
+up."
+
+The man was unwilling. He said, "No, friend, the Giant will come by
+and by."
+
+"Pshaw, friend," said Rabbit. "When one kills animals, he cuts them up
+and then makes an equal distribution of the pieces," said the Rabbit.
+
+Still the man refused, fearing the Giant. So Rabbit rushed forward and
+seized the deer by the feet.
+
+When he had only slit the skin, the Giant arrived.
+
+"You have done wrong. Let it alone," Giant said.
+
+"What have I done wrong?" asked Rabbit. "When one kills game, he cuts
+it up and makes an equal distribution of the pieces."
+
+"Let it alone, I say," said the Giant.
+
+But Rabbit continued to insert the knife in the meat.
+
+"I will blow that _thing_ into the air," said the Giant.
+
+"Blow me into the air! Blow me into the air!" said Rabbit.
+
+So the Giant went closer to him, and when he blew at him the Rabbit
+went up into the air with his fur blown apart. Striding past, the
+Giant seized the deer, put it through his belt, and departed. That was
+his custom. He took all the deer that were killed, hung them on his
+belt, and took them to his lodge. He was a very tall person.
+
+At night Rabbit wandered around, and at last went all around the
+Giant's lodge. He seized an insect and said to it, "Oh, insect! You
+shall go and bite the Giant right in the side."
+
+At length when it was morning, it was said the Giant was ill. Then he
+died.
+
+The people said, "Make a village for Rabbit!"
+
+But Rabbit said, "I do not wish to be chief. I have left my old woman
+by herself, so I will return to her."
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE DEER GOT HIS HORNS
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Long ago, in the beginning, Deer had no horns. His head was smooth
+like a doe's. Now Deer was a very fast runner, but Rabbit was a famous
+jumper. So the animals used to talk about it and wonder which could go
+the farther in the same time. They talked about it a great deal. They
+decided to have a race between the two, and they made a pair of large
+antlers to be given to whoever could run the faster. Deer and Rabbit
+were to start together from one side of a thicket, go through it, and
+then turn and come back. The one who came out of the thicket first was
+to receive the horns.
+
+On a certain day all the animals were there. They put the antlers down
+on the ground to mark the starting point. Everyone admired the horns.
+But Rabbit said, "I don't know this part of the country; I want to
+look through the bushes where I am to run."
+
+So the Rabbit went into the thicket, and stayed a long time. He was
+gone so long the animals suspected he was playing a trick. They sent a
+messenger after him. Right in the middle of the thicket he found
+Rabbit, gnawing down the bushes and pulling them away to make a clear
+road for himself.
+
+The messenger came back quietly and told the animals. When Rabbit came
+back, they accused him of cheating. Rabbit said, "No," but at last
+they all went into the thicket and found the road he had made.
+Therefore the animals gave the antlers to Deer, saying that he was the
+better runner. That is why deer have antlers. And because Rabbit cut
+the bushes down, he is obliged to keep cutting them down, as he does
+to this day.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KANSA CHIEF
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+[Illustration: BIG GOOSE
+
+(Omaha)
+
+_Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution_]
+
+
+
+
+WHY THE DEER HAS BLUNT TEETH
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+One day after the race which they did not run, Rabbit stretched a
+large grapevine across the trail, gnawing it nearly in two in the
+middle. Then he went back on the trail, took a run, and jumped up at
+the vine. He did this again and again. At last Deer came along and
+asked him to tell what he was doing.
+
+"Don't you see?" said Rabbit. "I'm so strong I can bite through that
+grapevine at one jump."
+
+Deer said, "Do it." Rabbit ran back, made a long leap, and bit through
+the vine where he had gnawed it before.
+
+Deer said, "Well, I can do it if you can."
+
+So Rabbit stretched a larger grapevine across the trail but without
+gnawing it in the center. Deer ran back as he had seen Rabbit do, made
+a spring, and struck the grapevine right in the center. It only flew
+back and threw him over.
+
+Deer tried again and again, but he was only bruised and hurt.
+
+"Let me see your teeth," said Rabbit. They were long like a wolf's
+teeth but not very sharp.
+
+"No wonder you cannot do it," said Rabbit. "Your teeth are too blunt
+to bite anything. Let me sharpen them for you so they are like mine.
+My teeth are so sharp I can cut through a stick just like a knife."
+
+And Rabbit showed Deer a black locust twig, of which rabbits gnaw the
+young shoots, which he had shaved off as well as a knife could do it.
+
+So Deer let Rabbit sharpen his teeth. But Rabbit got a hard stone with
+rough edges and ground down the Deer's teeth until they were blunt.
+
+"Now try it," said Rabbit to Deer. So Deer tried it again, but he
+could not bite at all.
+
+"Now you've paid for your horns," said Rabbit as he sprang through the
+underbrush. That is why the Deer's teeth are blunt.
+
+
+
+
+LEGEND OF THE HEAD OF GOLD
+
+_Dakota_
+
+
+A man had four children. And they were all young men, but they were
+poor and it seemed as if they would die of laziness. The old man said,
+"Behold! old woman. I have the greatest pity for my youngest child,
+and I do not wish him to die of poverty. See here; let us seek the
+Great Mystery, Wakantanka. If we find him, behold! I will give the boy
+to him to train up well for me."
+
+"Yes, old man; you say well. We will do so," said the old woman. So at
+once they went toward the Darkening Land, seeking Wakantanka. They
+came to a very high hill; and as they came to it, behold! another man
+came there also.
+
+The stranger said, "For what are you seeking?"
+
+"Alas, my friend," the old man said, "my child, whom I pity, I wish to
+give to Wakantanka, the Great Mystery, and so I am seeking him."
+
+"Yes, friend. I am Wakantanka," said the man. "My friend, give him to
+me. I will take him to my home."
+
+So when the father gave up the boy, the Great Mystery took him to a
+house that stood up like the clouds. He said, "Look at this house as
+much as you like. Take good care of these horses. But do not look into
+the little house that stands here."
+
+Having said this, he gave him all the keys. He added, "Yes, have a
+watch of this. Lo, I am going on a journey." He said this and went
+away.
+
+It was evening; he came home with a great many men, who sat down,
+filling the house. When they had been there a good while one of them
+said, "The boy is good; that is enough." Saying this, he went out. In
+like manner, all the men went home.
+
+Then again Wakantanka said, "Behold, I go on a journey. Stay here and
+keep watch." So again he went away.
+
+While the boy was watching, one of the horses said, "Friend, go into
+the little house where you are commanded not to look, and inside in
+the middle of the floor stands something yellow. Dip your head in that
+and make haste--we two are together. When he brings home a great many
+men, they will eat you, as they will eat me, but I am unwilling--we
+two shall share the same," he said.
+
+So the boy went into the little house. In the middle of the floor
+stood a round yellow thing into which he dipped his head. Immediately
+his head became golden and the house was shining and full of light.
+
+Then he came out and jumped on the horse that had talked to him and
+they fled.
+
+They went very fast. Now when they had gone a long way, behold! there
+came after them the one who called himself Wakantanka. He shouted,
+"You bad rascals, stop! You shall not live! Where will you go in such
+a small country as this?"
+
+Saying this he came toward them and they were much frightened. Again
+he shouted, "You bad rascals, stop! You shall not live." And indeed it
+seemed as if they could not live.
+
+Then the horse said, "Take the egg you have and throw it behind us."
+The boy did so. At once the whole country became a sea. He who
+followed was obliged to stop. He said, "Alas, my horse, have mercy on
+me and take me to the other side. If you do, I will value you very
+highly."
+
+"Oh, I am not willing to do that," the horse replied. But he continued
+to urge. Then he threw himself down from above the water, so that when
+he came to the middle of it, he went down and both he and the horse
+were drowned. But the boy passed safely on.
+
+So he came to the dwellings of people and remained there. But from
+behind they came to attack and fought with them. But the boy turned
+his head around, and his head was covered with gold; also the horse he
+sat upon was golden, and those who came against him were thrown off
+their horses and only a few remained when the battle was over. Again,
+when they returned to the attack, he destroyed them all. So the boy
+was much thought of by the people.
+
+
+
+
+THE MILKY WAY
+
+_Cherokee_
+
+
+Now the Indians had a corn mill, in which they pounded the corn into
+meal. Several mornings when they came to the stone in which the corn
+was pounded, they saw that some of the meal had been stolen. Therefore
+they looked at the ground. They found the tracks of a dog.
+
+The next night, the people watched, and when the dog came from the
+north, they saw him begin to eat meal out of the stone bowl. Then they
+sprang out and whipped him.
+
+The dog ran howling back to the north, dropping the meal from his
+mouth as he ran. Therefore he left behind a white trail where we now
+see the Milky Way. But the Cherokees called it "Where-the-dog-ran."
+
+
+
+
+COYOTE AND GRAY FOX
+
+_Ponca_
+
+
+Gray fox was very fat. Coyote said, "Younger brother, what has made
+you fat?" "Elder brother," said the Gray Fox, "I lie down on the trail
+in the way of those who carry crackers, and I pretend to be dead. When
+they throw me in the wagon, I lie there, kicking the crackers out.
+Then I leap out and start home eating. It is the crackers which make
+me fat. Elder brother, I wish you would do likewise. Elder brother,
+you have large feet, so I think will knock out a great many crackers."
+
+Coyote went to the place and lay down in the trail. When the white man
+came along, he threw Coyote into the wagon. The white man thought, "It
+is not the first time he has acted in this way," so he tied the feet
+of Coyote. Having put the Coyote in the wagon, the white man went to
+his house. He threw Coyote out near an old outhouse. Then the white
+man brought a knife, and cut the cords which bound Coyote's feet. He
+acted as if Coyote was dead, so he threw him over his back and started
+off for the house.
+
+But Coyote managed to get loose and ran homeward. He went back to get
+even with Gray Fox.
+
+"Oh, younger brother," said Coyote, "you have made me suffer."
+
+"You yourself are to blame," said Gray Fox. "Be silent and listen to
+me. You brought the trouble on yourself as you lay down in the place
+where the white man came with his load of goods."
+
+"Oh, younger brother, you tell the truth," said Coyote. But Gray Fox
+had tempted him.
+
+
+
+
+ICTINIKE AND THE TURTLE
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Ictinike was journeying. When he came in sight at a bend of a stream,
+Big Turtle was sitting there in a sheltered place warmed by the sun.
+Ictinike drew himself back out of sight, crouching at intervals as he
+retraced his steps, and ran down the hill to where Big Turtle was.
+
+"Why! How is it that you continue to pay no attention to what is going
+on? It has been said that yonder stream is to dry up so that all the
+four-footed animals that frequent the water have kept close to the
+deep water," said Ictinike.
+
+Big Turtle said, "Why! I have been coming here regularly, but I have
+not heard anything at all. I usually come and sit in this place when
+the sun gets as high as it is at present."
+
+"Hurry!" said Ictinike, "for some of the young men died very soon for
+want of water. The young otters died, so did the young muskrats, the
+young beavers, and the young raccoons."
+
+"Come, let us go," said Big Turtle. So Ictinike departed with him. As
+he accompanied him, Ictinike sought for a dry bone. Having found one
+that would be good as a club, Ictinike said, "Friend, go on.
+_Mingam._"
+
+When he was alone, Ictinike seized the bone, and before long overtook
+Big Turtle, walking along beside him.
+
+"Friend," said he, "when a person walks, he stretches his neck often."
+
+So Big Turtle began to stretch his neck very far, and he was walking
+with his legs bent very much. As he was going thus, Ictinike gave him
+a hard blow on the neck, knocking him senseless, and he did not stop
+beating him until he had killed him.
+
+"Ha, ha!" said Ictinike, as he carried Big Turtle away. "There are
+some days when I act thus for myself."
+
+He kindled a fire and began to roast Big Turtle. Then he became very
+sleepy, and said, "Ho! I will sleep, but you, O, Ijaxe, must keep
+awake. Big Turtle, when you are cooked, you must say, '_Puff!_'"
+
+So he went to sleep. Now Coyote came along, very cautiously. He seized
+Big Turtle, pulled one of the legs out of the fire, and sat there,
+biting off the meat. When he had eaten all the meat on all the legs,
+he pushed the bones back just as they had been before, arranged the
+fire over them, and left after putting everything just as he had found
+it.
+
+At length Ictinike awoke. He pushed into the ashes to find Big Turtle,
+took hold of a leg, and pulled it out. Only that leg came out.
+"Pshaw!" said he. Then he tried another leg, with a like result, and
+still another, but only the bones appeared. When he had pulled out the
+fourth leg, he was astonished. All at once he exclaimed, "Surprising!
+I had already eaten the Turtle, but I had forgotten it."
+
+
+
+
+ICTINIKE AND THE CREATORS
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+Ictinike married and dwelt in a lodge. One day he said to his wife,
+"Hand me that tobacco pouch. I must go visit your grandfather,
+Beaver." So he departed.
+
+As he was entering Beaver's lodge, Beaver said, "Ho, pass around to
+one side." And they seated Ictinike on a pillow. Beaver's wife said,
+"We have been without food. How can we give your grandfather anything
+to eat?" Now Beaver had four young ones.
+
+The youngest Beaver said, "Father, let me serve for food." So the
+youngest Beaver served for food. Beaver's wife therefore gave some of
+the meat to Ictinike, who ate it. But before letting him eat it,
+Beaver said to him, "Be careful lest you break even a single bone by
+biting! Do not break a bone!" Yet Ictinike broke one of the toe bones.
+
+After the meal, Beaver gathered the bones, put them in a skin, and
+plunged them beneath the water. In a moment the youngest Beaver came
+up from the water, alive again.
+
+When the father said, "Is all right?" the son said, "Father, he broke
+one of my toes by biting." Therefore, from that time, every beaver has
+had one little toe (the next to the little one), which has seemingly
+been split by biting.
+
+When Ictinike was about to go home, he pretended he had forgotten
+about his tobacco pouch, which he left behind. So Beaver said to one
+of the children, "Take that to him. Do not go near him, but throw it
+to him when you are at a great distance from him, as he is always very
+talkative."
+
+Then the child took the tobacco pouch and started after Ictinike.
+After getting in sight of the latter, Little Beaver was about to throw
+the pouch, when standing at a great distance; but Ictinike called to
+him, "Come closer! come closer!" When young Beaver took the pouch
+closer, Ictinike said, "Tell your father that he is to visit me."
+
+When young Beaver reached home, he said, "Oh, father, he said you were
+to visit him."
+
+Beaver replied, "As I feared that very thing, I said to you, 'Throw it
+to him while standing at a great distance from him.'"
+
+Then Beaver went to visit Ictinike. When he arrived there, Ictinike
+wished to kill one of his own children, as Beaver had done, and was
+making him cry by hitting him often. Beaver was unwilling for him to
+act thus, so he said, "Let him alone! You are hurting him!" Then
+Beaver went to the stream where he found a young beaver that he took
+back to the lodge, and they ate it.
+
+On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, "Hand me that tobacco
+pouch. I must go call on your grandfather, Muskrat." So he departed.
+As he was entering Muskrat's lodge, the host said, "Ho, pass around to
+one side." And Ictinike was seated on a pillow.
+
+Muskrat's wife said, "We have been without food. How can we give your
+grandfather anything to eat?"
+
+Muskrat said, "Fetch some water."
+
+The woman brought the water. He told her to put it in the kettle and
+hang the kettle over the fire. When the water was boiling very fast,
+the husband upset the kettle, and instead of water, out came wild
+rice! So Ictinike ate the wild rice.
+
+When Ictinike departed he left his tobacco pouch, as before. Then
+Muskrat called one of his children, and said, "Take that to him. Do
+not go near him! Throw it to him when you are a great distance from
+him, as he is always very talkative."
+
+So the child took the tobacco pouch to return it to Ictinike. When he
+was about to throw it to him, he said, "Come closer! Come closer!"
+When the child took the pouch closer, Ictinike said, "Tell your
+father he is to visit me."
+
+When the young Muskrat reached home, he said, "Oh, father, he said
+that you were to visit him." Muskrat replied, "As I feared that very
+thing, I said to you, 'Throw it to him while standing at a great
+distance from him.'"
+
+Then Muskrat went to see Ictinike. And Ictinike said to his wife,
+"Fetch water." The woman went after water. She filled the kettle and
+hung it over the fire until it boiled. When Ictinike upset the kettle,
+only water came out. Ictinike wished to do just as Muskrat had done,
+but he was unable. Then Muskrat had the kettle refilled, and when the
+water boiled he upset it, and an abundance of wild rice was there,
+which he gave to Ictinike. Thereupon Muskrat departed, leaving plenty
+of wild rice.
+
+On another day, Ictinike said to his wife, "I am going to see your
+grandfather, Kingfisher." When he arrived there, Kingfisher stepped on
+a bough of a large white willow, bending it down so far that it was
+horizontal; and he dived from it into the water. He came up with a
+fish, which he gave to Ictinike to eat. And as Ictinike was starting
+home, he left one of his gloves, pretending he had forgotten it. So
+Kingfisher directed one of his boys to take the glove and restore it
+to the owner. But he charged the boy not to go near him, as Ictinike
+was very talkative and might detain him too long. Just as the boy was
+about to throw the glove, Ictinike called, "Come closer! Come closer!"
+So the boy carried the glove closer. And Ictinike said, "Tell your
+father that he is to visit me."
+
+The boy said to his father, when he reached home, "Oh, father, he said
+you were to visit him." Kingfisher replied, "As I feared that very
+thing, I said 'Throw it to him while you stand at a great distance
+from him.'"
+
+Then Kingfisher went to see Ictinike. When he arrived there, the host
+climbed upon a bough of a large white willow, bending it until it was
+horizontal. Then he leaped from it and plunged into the water. It was
+with great difficulty that Kingfisher seized him and brought him to
+land. Ictinike had swallowed more of the water than he liked. Then
+Kingfisher plunged into the stream, brought up a fish, which he gave
+to Ictinike. But Kingfisher departed without eating any portion of it.
+
+
+
+
+[Notes: OMAHA ASSAULT ON A DAKOTA VILLAGE
+
+(Indian drawing)
+
+_The single tepee represents the Dakota village; the single horseman,
+covered by a shield, and hanging behind his horse's neck in a
+characteristic way, represents the attacking Omahas. Bullets are
+flying, the direction indicated by the head._]
+
+[Illustration: _Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_]
+
+
+[Illustration: "KILLED TEN MEN AND THREE WOMEN"
+
+An Indian drawing with striking similarity to Egyptian drawing.
+
+_Enlarged from a sketch in Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_]
+
+
+
+
+HOW BIG TURTLE WENT ON THE WARPATH
+
+_Omaha_
+
+
+The people dwelt in a very populous village. Big Turtle joined them.
+And people dwelling at another village came regularly to war against
+them. Having killed one person they went homeward. Big Turtle cooked
+for the warpath. He caused two persons to go after guests. The
+servants whom he sent after guests were Redbreasted Turtle and Gray
+Squirrel. He made two round bunches of grass and placed them at the
+bottom of the stick to which the kettle was fastened.
+
+Now they were coming. They came in sight.
+
+"Ho, warriors!" said Big Turtle. "Warriors, when men are injured, they
+always take revenge. I cook this for the warpath. I cook sweet corn
+and a buffalo paunch. You will go after Corn Crusher for me," saying
+this to his servants. "Call to Comb, Awl, Pestle, Firebrand, and
+Buffalo Bladder also," said Big Turtle.
+
+The two men went to call them. They called to Corn Crusher. "Corn
+Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! Corn Crusher, be sure to
+bring your bowl! Corn Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl! Corn
+Crusher, be sure to bring your bowl!" Four times they called.
+
+They called to Comb. "Comb, be sure to bring your bowl!" So they
+called four times.
+
+They called to Awl. "Awl, be sure to bring your bowl!" So they called
+four times.
+
+Then they called to Pestle. "Pestle, be sure to bring your bowl!" So
+they called four times.
+
+They called to Firebrand, too. "Firebrand, be sure to bring your
+bowl!" So they called four times.
+
+Then they called to Buffalo Bladder. "Buffalo Bladder, be sure to
+bring your bowl!" So they called four times to him.
+
+Then the criers reached home, having invited the guests.
+
+"Oh, war chief," they said, "all heard it."
+
+All those who were called arrived at the lodge of Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! Oh, war chiefs! Corn Crusher, Comb, Awl, Pestle, Firebrand, and
+Buffalo Bladder, though those people have been injured they do not
+seem to stir. Let us go on the warpath for them," said Big Turtle.
+"Let us go in four nights."
+
+He commanded Corn Crusher to cook. "O war chief, Corn Crusher, you
+will cook. And you, O Comb, will cook on the night after that. And
+you, O Awl, will cook, and complete the number."
+
+That many war chiefs, four, cooked. They were war chiefs. The rest
+were servants.
+
+The people of the village said, "Why! Of the persons who have been
+called, who is cooking for the warpath?"
+
+And one said, "Why! Big Turtle cooked. Pshaw! Has he gathered all
+those who cannot move well enough, those who cannot move fast enough?
+Pshaw! If the foe find them out, they will destroy them. When a war
+chief has sense, he will carry on war."
+
+Corn Crusher cooked. He cooked turnips, and he cooked a buffalo paunch
+with them, just as Big Turtle had cooked one with sweet corn. Awl
+cooked wild rice. Comb cooked other things.
+
+Big Turtle said, "Time enough has passed. Let us go at night."
+
+So they departed. Big Turtle made leggings with large flaps. He tied
+short garters around them. He rubbed earth on his face and he reddened
+it. He wore grass around his head. He put white feathers on top of his
+head. He took his gourd rattle thus. He rattled it. He sang the song
+of the war chief:
+
+"Big Turtle is coming back from touching the foe, it is said, you
+say. He is coming back from touching."
+
+He walked, stepping very lively in the dance. He walked around them.
+As they went, it was day.
+
+At length a young Buffalo Bull came. "Warriors, wait for him," said
+Big Turtle.
+
+He said to Buffalo Bull, "While I walk on a journey, I am in a great
+hurry. Speak rapidly. Why are you walking?"
+
+"Yes, war chief, it is so. As they have told of you while you have
+been walking, I thought that I would walk there with you, and I have
+sought you," said Buffalo Bull.
+
+"Do so," said Big Turtle. "I wish to see your movements."
+
+Buffalo Bull rolled himself back and forth. He arose suddenly. He
+thrust repeatedly at the ground with his horns. He pierced the ground
+and threw pieces away suddenly. He stood with his tail in the air and
+its tip bent downward. An ash tree stood there. He rushed on it.
+Pushing against it, he sent it flying through the air to a great
+distance.
+
+"O war chief, I think I will do that, if they speak of vexing me," he
+said.
+
+"Look at the persons with whom I am traveling. There are none who are
+faint-hearted in the least degree. You are not at all like them. You
+have disappointed me. Come, begone," said Big Turtle.
+
+Again Big Turtle sang the song. "Big Turtle is coming back from
+touching the foe, it is said, you say. He is coming back from
+touching," said he.
+
+Again they departed. "Warriors, pass on!" said he.
+
+There before them lay a stream, which was not small. They crossed it.
+Firebrand was ahead, walking with a great effort. At length, because
+he was weary, he plunged into the water and was extinguished.
+
+"O war chief, I am not going beyond here with you," he said.
+
+"Remain here for a while," said Big Turtle.
+
+Having reached the other side, they departed. At length a Puma came.
+
+"Warriors, wait for him. I suspect what he will say. Stand in a row,"
+said he. "Speak quickly," he said, addressing Puma.
+
+"Yes, O war chief," said Puma. "It was told of you regularly, saying
+you walked on a journey. And there I wish to walk, so I have sought
+you."
+
+"Yes?" said Big Turtle. "Let me see your ways."
+
+Puma made his hair bristle up all over his body. He bent his tail
+backward and upward. He went leaping to the bottom of a small hill.
+Having caught by the throat a fawn, about two years old, he came
+back, making it cry out as he held it in his teeth.
+
+"I think I will do that, O war chief, if anything threatens to vex
+me," he said.
+
+"Do something else," said Big Turtle.
+
+"No, O war chief; that is all," said Puma.
+
+"You have disappointed me," said Big Turtle. "Look at these persons
+with whom I am. Where is one who is imperfect? You are very inferior.
+Come, depart. You have disappointed me."
+
+They departed. At length when they reached the foot of a hill, Black
+Bear came.
+
+"O war chief, again one has come," said the warriors.
+
+"I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for him. Stand in a row,"
+said Big Turtle. "Ho," he said, addressing Black Bear. "Come, speak
+quickly. What is your business? When I walk on a journey, I am in a
+great hurry," said Big Turtle.
+
+"Yes, O warrior, it is so. It was told of you regularly that you
+walked on a journey. And as I desired to walk there, I have sought you
+diligently," said Black Bear.
+
+"Ho! Do something," said Big Turtle. "You may have thought how you
+would do it. I wish to see your ways."
+
+Black Bear pierced the ground with his claws, and threw lumps of
+earth to a great distance. And there stood an oak tree which had been
+blackened by fire. He attacked it. Having hugged it, he threw it with
+force to a great distance.
+
+"O war chief, if anything vexes me, I think I will do that," said
+Black Bear.
+
+Big Turtle said, "Ho! warrior, you have disappointed me. These persons
+with whom I am--look at them. There is none who is faint-hearted in
+the least degree. You have disappointed me. Come, depart. Thus do I
+regularly send off the inferior ones."
+
+They went into a dense undergrowth. At length Buffalo Bladder was torn
+open, making the sound, "_Qu'e._" "Alas! I am not going beyond with
+you," said he.
+
+"Ho, warrior. I will come back very soon. Remain here for a while,"
+said Big Turtle.
+
+Again they departed. As they went, they reached a bad path. Very high
+logs were lying across it. Redbreasted Turtle failed to step over
+them.
+
+"Ho, O war chief," he said. "I am not going beyond here with you."
+
+"Ho, warrior. I will come again very soon. Remain here for a while,"
+said Big Turtle.
+
+Again they departed. As they went, behold, a Big Wolf came.
+
+"O war chief, again one has come," said they.
+
+"I suspect what he will say, warriors. Wait for him. Stand in a row,"
+said Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho," he said, addressing Wolf, "Come, speak quickly, whatever may be
+your business. When I walk on a journey, I am in a very great hurry."
+
+"Yes, O war chief. It is so. It was told of you regularly, saying that
+you walked on a journey; and as I desired to walk there, I have sought
+you," said Wolf.
+
+"Ho! Show me what you can do," said Big Turtle. "You may have been
+thinking about it. I wish to see your ways."
+
+Wolf decorated himself. He reddened his nose; he reddened all his
+feet. He tied eagle feathers to his back.
+
+"Well, do so. Do so. I wish to see your ways," said Big Turtle.
+
+Wolf turned himself round and round. He went to the attack by the wood
+on a small creek. He killed a deer. He brought it back, holding it
+with his teeth.
+
+"O war chief, I think I will do that, if anything vexes me," said
+Wolf.
+
+"You have disappointed me," said Big Turtle. "See these people with
+whom I travel. There is none who is faint-hearted in the least
+degree. Come, depart. Thus do I regularly send off the inferior ones.
+
+"Warrior Gray Squirrel, go as a scout," said Big Turtle. Gray Squirrel
+went as a scout. At length he was coming back, blowing a horn.
+
+"Ho, war chief, he is coming back to you," they said. Big Turtle went
+there. "Ho, warrior. Act very honestly. Tell me just how it is," said
+Big Turtle.
+
+"Yes, O war chief, it is just so. I have been there without their
+finding me out at all," said he.
+
+"Let us sit at the very boundary of their camp," said Big Turtle. He
+spoke of going. "Warriors, I will look around to see how things are,
+and how many persons there may be there," he said.
+
+He came back. "Warriors, let us go in that direction. This far is a
+good place for sitting," he said. So they moved forward. Then he said,
+"O war chief Corn Crusher, go to the end lodge of the village before
+us, and sit on the outside."
+
+Corn Crusher did so. A woman came out of the lodge. When she saw him,
+she said, "Oh! Heretofore have I desired mush. I have found for myself
+an excellent corn crusher." But when she pounded on the corn with it,
+she hurt her hand. Then she threw it out. "Bad Corn Crusher!" she
+said.
+
+He came back to Big Turtle, who was near. "He whom you call 'Corn
+Crusher' has come back," he said, "having killed one right at the
+lodge."
+
+Big Turtle said, "O war chief Comb, make an attempt. Sit in the door
+of the lodge where Corn Crusher sat."
+
+Comb did so. He was very handsome. Then a woman came out of the lodge.
+She found Comb. "Heretofore I have been without a comb. I have found a
+good comb for myself," she said. Very soon she combed her hair with
+it. Comb pulled out all the hair on one side by the roots.
+
+She said, "A very bad comb, but I thought it was good." She threw him
+away at the door. Then he went back. He went back with the hair he had
+pulled out.
+
+"He whom you call 'Comb,'" he said, "has come back, having snatched
+all the hair from one at the lodge."
+
+"Good!" said Turtle. "O war chief, when we reach home, we shall cause
+the women to dance."
+
+Then Big Turtle said, "O war chief Awl, make an attempt. Go sit in the
+door of the lodge where war chief Comb sat."
+
+Awl was very handsome. He was very good to look at. He sat in the door
+of the lodge. A woman passing out, found him. "Oh! I have found a good
+awl for myself," she said. "Heretofore I have had no awl. It makes me
+thankful." She went back to the lodge with him. She spoke of sewing
+her moccasins with him. "I will sew my moccasins with it," she said.
+She sewed them. She pierced her fingers with him. She missed in
+pushing him, sending him with force. There was much blood from her
+fingers. She threw him away at the door. "The awl is indeed bad. I
+have indeed hurt myself. I have wounded myself badly." She threw him
+far out from the door, sending him homeward.
+
+"He whom you have called 'Awl,' O war chief," he reported, returning
+to Big Turtle. "I stabbed one right at the lodge; I killed her." He
+returned with his spear very bloody.
+
+"O war chief," said the others to Big Turtle. "Awl is coming back,
+telling his own name. He has killed one."
+
+Big Turtle said, "Ho! O war chief. You make me thankful. Since it is
+you, I will blacken my face. The village shall be joyful. Ho! O
+Pestle, make an attempt. You will lie in the door of the lodge where
+Awl lay."
+
+Now Pestle was very handsome. Then he arrived there. He lay where he
+was commanded to lie. A woman went out and found Pestle. "Oh! I have
+found a very good pestle for myself. I had no pestle heretofore," she
+said.
+
+She took him back to the lodge. She took some corn. She filled the
+mortar and pounded the corn. She beat it fine. She thrust Pestle
+beyond, right on her knee. She missed the mark in pushing, sending him
+with force, and so she struck him on her knee.
+
+"_Oh!_ A very bad pestle," she said. She threw him outside, sending
+him homeward suddenly.
+
+"You have been used to saying 'Pestle.' He is coming, having stabbed
+one right at the lodge. He has killed one," said Pestle, returning. He
+reached Big Turtle again. "O war chief, I have killed one."
+
+"You make me thankful," said Big Turtle. "Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel,
+make an attempt."
+
+"O war chief, how can I do anything?" said Gray Squirrel. Now the
+lodges were placed among the trees.
+
+"You will pass along the trees above the smoke holes of the lodges. If
+they find you, they will shoot at you. Do your best. Do your best to
+evade the blows or arrows. If one goes aside, rush on him," said Big
+Turtle.
+
+At length a boy found Gray Squirrel. "This moving one is a gray
+squirrel," he said. They went in a great uproar. They shot at him.
+They even hit him with sticks. One boy stood aside. Gray Squirrel
+attacked him and bit him. They said, "Wonderful! Heretofore the gray
+squirrel has been very easy to approach, but we have failed. He has
+bitten us; we have done nothing to him," they said.
+
+"He whom you used to call 'Gray Squirrel' is coming back, having
+killed one right among them," he called. He told it to Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! real warrior, act very honestly," said Big Turtle.
+
+"O war chief, it is just so. I have killed one," said he.
+
+"Ho! warrior, you make me thankful," said Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! warriors," said Big Turtle again. "I, even I, will make a trial.
+I shall not come back for some time. Beware lest you go homeward.
+Beware lest you leave me and go homeward."
+
+He arrived there. Some ashes had been poured out. They were
+extinguished. At length Big Turtle pushed his way through. He went
+within. He sat within, with his eyes sticking out, looking around. A
+woman approached when it was morning. She stood very close to where
+Big Turtle sat.
+
+"You will tread on my shield," he said. The woman looked around. "From
+what place does he speak?" she thought; therefore she looked around.
+Again he said to her, "You will tread on my shield. Stand further
+away." And the woman found him.
+
+"Oh!" she said.
+
+"Stand still. I send you with a message," said Big Turtle. "Go home
+and say, 'Big Turtle says he has come to war. He says he has come
+desiring the chief's daughter, whose body has been placed on the bough
+of a tree.'"
+
+The people came. All the people said, "Break in his skull suddenly."
+He said, "How is it possible for you to break in my skull suddenly? If
+you let your weapons slip off suddenly from me each time, you will
+break your legs with the blows."
+
+They said, "When the water is hot, it will be good to put him in it."
+
+"Fie!" said Big Turtle. "When the water is hot and I scatter it with
+kicking, many of you will be scalded to death."
+
+"He tells what is probably true," they said.
+
+"And if it be so, it is good to burn him," said the people.
+
+"For shame! If I scatter the fire by kicking, I will cause all the
+land to blaze. Beware lest many of your children, too, die from the
+fire," he said.
+
+"He tells what is probably true," they said.
+
+A child begged for water. "O mother, some water," it said. Big Turtle
+said, "_Oh!_" He tempted them with reference to water.
+
+"Cause the child to ask for water," said one.
+
+"What do you mean by that?" said others.
+
+"When the child said, 'O mother, some water,' this one, Big Turtle,
+said '_Oh!_'" answered one.
+
+"Wonderful!" they said. "He is fearing the sight of water." They took
+him to the water, holding him by the tail. Notwithstanding Big Turtle
+clung to the ground with his forelegs, they held his tail, and reached
+the water with him. They threw him forcibly right into the water. He
+walked the water for a while, crying a little, and pretended he did
+not know how to swim. He said, "_Wi! wi! wi!_"
+
+"Wonderful! Throw him out into the middle of the stream," they said.
+Again they sent him headlong. He was wandering around. At length he
+sank. They said, "He is dead," and went homeward. "You should have
+done that to him at first," said the people.
+
+When the people went homeward, some boys stood there. Big Turtle
+approached, floating. He came peeping. Some boys stood looking at the
+place where the deed was done.
+
+Big Turtle said, "When Big Turtle came in the past to war on you, you
+said that you killed him. Look here at me."
+
+The boys went homeward to tell it. "You said that you killed Big
+Turtle, but as this one behind us showed his body, he laughed at us.
+Big Turtle is he who is alive."
+
+"Ho! We attack him," said the people. They attacked him. They arrived
+there.
+
+"In what place?" said they.
+
+"In this place," said the boys.
+
+"Where is Otter? Where is Grass Snake? Let those two seek him," said
+they.
+
+Big Turtle sat under the mud at the bottom of the water. Only the tip
+of his nose and his eyes were sticking out. Snake and Otter sought him
+beneath the water. They passed very near to him, and stepped regularly
+over his head. When Otter was about to pass the second time, Big
+Turtle bit him in the stomach.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, you give me pain," said Otter. Big Turtle said,
+"Why do you seek me?"
+
+"I did not seek you. As I desired food, we have met each other," said
+Otter.
+
+"No, you wished to join those who desire to kill me, so you sought
+me," said Big Turtle.
+
+"O elder brother! O elder brother! O elder brother! I pray to you. I
+have not sought you," he said.
+
+"I will by no means let you go from my mouth," said Big Turtle.
+
+"Ho! elder brother! How long before you will open your mouth and let
+me go?" said Otter.
+
+"When the Thunder God has come back, I will let you go."
+
+"Halloo!" shouted Otter to the people. "He will let me go when the
+Thunder God comes back. Halloo! He bites me between the legs. Halloo!"
+said he.
+
+"He says that he is bitten," said the people. "He says that he is
+bitten between the legs. Hit tent skins for him."
+
+They made the tent skins resound by hitting them.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come back," said Otter.
+
+"They hit the tent skins," said the Big Turtle.
+
+The people said, "It is good to fell trees." They began felling trees
+here and there. The trees said, "_Qwi! qwi!_" as they fell.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, the Thunder God has come back," said Otter.
+
+"They are felling trees," said Big Turtle.
+
+At length the Thunder God roared, very far away.
+
+"Ho! elder brother, he has come back," said he. Big Turtle let him go.
+Otter was very thin. He went homeward. He reached home very lean.
+
+"Let the two birds drink the stream dry," said the people. "Bring the
+Pelicans here."
+
+When they came, the people said, "Drink the stream dry. A person came
+here to war and we killed him, but he is alive. He laughs heartily at
+us."
+
+The birds drank the stream dry. There was only a very small quantity
+left in which Big Turtle sat.
+
+Big Turtle called, "Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, be coming hither,
+wherever you may be moving. They have almost killed me."
+
+Gray Squirrel was coming back, crying loud. He was coming back to
+attack them. He attacked the two birds. He tore open their water
+pouches by biting. He bit holes in them. At length all the water
+returned to its former place. At the creek and the lake it was as
+before; they were filled with water.
+
+"Sew up their pouches for them," said the people. So they sewed up the
+water pouches of the Pelicans. They finished sewing them.
+
+"Come, drink it dry again. Do your best. Beware lest we fail," said
+the people. They drank the stream dry again. Again very little of the
+water was left.
+
+"Ho! warrior Gray Squirrel, wherever you may be moving. They have
+nearly killed me. Be coming hither again," said Big Turtle. He came
+back again. He bit and tore the throats in many places. It made their
+throats very bad. He made them bad to be sewed at all. It was
+difficult to sew them.
+
+"Yet we shall fail," said the people. "Gray Squirrel is abominable! I
+think Gray Squirrel is the only one with Big Turtle. I think he is the
+only one siding with them. Therefore we have failed to hurt them,"
+said the people.
+
+They ceased. When it was night, Big Turtle went back. He reached his
+comrades again.
+
+"Ho! Warriors, when men get the better of their enemies in a fight,
+they usually go homeward. I suspect that your sisters are tired of
+waiting to dance!"
+
+They went homeward. He walked around them, rattling his gourd.
+
+"Warriors, I said that I would do thus, and so it is," he said. He
+burnt the grass.
+
+He burnt the grass so that they might think he was coming home after
+killing the foe. At length they arrived at the village. They tied
+scalps to a stick. Then those in the village said, "Yonder come those
+who went to war!" The returning warriors raced around and around as
+victorious warriors do. People said, "There they are coming home,
+having killed the people of the enemy."
+
+An old man shouted: "Corn Crusher says that he killed one. _Halloo!_
+He says he killed her right at the lodge. _Halloo!_ Comb says he
+killed one right at the lodge. _Halloo!_ Awl says he killed one right
+at the lodge. _Halloo!_, Gray Squirrel says that he killed three
+right in the midst of the people. _Halloo!_ It is said they held the
+war chief, Big Turtle, right among them, in a great uproar. _Halloo!_
+It is said they failed to injure him. _Halloo!_"
+
+Big Turtle walked very proudly, carrying his shield. He went homeward
+to enter the lodge. He sat there telling them about himself. As people
+wished to hear it, they continued arriving there.
+
+"Why did they fail, when they were so near you? If you sat very near
+them, how is it that you are alive?" asked the people.
+
+"I pretended to be afraid of water, so I am alive," he said.
+
+"If so, then those over there have no eyes. How is it that they did
+not find you when you were alive?"
+
+"I sat in the ashes, therefore I am alive. I have come home, having
+killed people. Why did you doubt me? As you did not take vengeance on
+the people who used to kill you, I went to war on them myself. I
+killed them. How can you doubt me? I will tell no more about myself,"
+said Big Turtle. "I have ceased."
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Hyphenation
+has been made consistent, where there was a definite majority of one
+form, again without note. The following amendments have also been made:
+
+  Table of contents--Fallen-Star amended to The Fallen Star, with
+  reference to the main story title.
+
+  Page 80--name of nation (Cherokee) added to title, with reference
+  to table of contents.
+
+  Page 148--omitted word 'an' added--"Rabbit said he brought an
+  important message."
+
+  Page 195--omitted word 'said,' added--"... has come back," he said,
+  "having killed one ..."
+
+Some illustrations have been shifted to the beginning or end of tales
+where previously they were in the middle. The short advert and
+frontispiece illustration have been moved to follow the title page.
+Some illustrations had a tissue paper sheet with an italicised note;
+these have been moved to precede the illustration they refer to where
+necessary. They are marked as [Notes: ...].
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Myths and Legends of the Great Plains, by Unknown
+
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