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+Project Gutenberg's Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+       His Life and Speeches
+
+Author: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+
+Editor: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22085]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+        Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Typos and spelling variants (including hyphenated words) have been
+checked against the Oxford English Dictionary (online edition, July
+2007) and corrected as needed. Archaic spellings have been retained. In
+rare cases, where a word replacement or correction was either uncertain
+or impossible, the word was identified with [_sic._]
+
+Bold and small cap text has been rendered as all caps in the text
+version.
+
+Reference on 168 to the "The Presidency College Magazine" must be to the
+second issue, as the 25th issue was in 1939 and the events mentioned on
+p. 168 happened in 1915.
+
+By-lines after various sections sometimes show as "Patrika," and at
+other times as "A. B. Patrika." A. B. Patrika is not a person, but is
+rather "Amrita Bazar Patrika," an English language daily newspaper in
+India. To reduce confusion I have standardized the by-lines to "Amrita
+Bazar Patrika."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR JAGADIS
+CHUNDER BOSE
+
+
+HIS LIFE AND SPEECHES
+
+
+Price Rs. 2      GANESH & CO.
+
+
+
+
+The Cambridge Press, Madras.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                             Page
+His Life and Career                                             1
+Literature and Science                                         79
+Marvels of Plant Life                                         102
+Plant Autographs--How Plants can record their own story       106
+Invisible Light                                               113
+Lecture on Electric Radiation                                 117
+Plant Response                                                122
+Evidence before the Public Services Commission                126
+Prof. J. C. Bose at Madura                                    143
+Prof. J. C. Bose Entertained--Party at Ram Mohan Library      147
+History of a Discovery                                        154
+A Social Gathering                                            165
+Light Visible and Invisible                                   169
+Hindu University Address                                      172
+The History of a Failure that was Great                       177
+Quest of Truth and Duty                                       187
+The Voice of Life                                             200
+The Praying Palm of Faridpur                                  222
+Visualisation of Growth                                       292
+Sir J. C. Bose at Bombay                                      231
+Unity of Life                                                 235
+The Automatic Writing of the Plant                            243
+Control of Nervous Impulse                                    247
+Marvels of Growth as Revealed by the "Magnetic Crescograph"   254
+The Night-Watch of Nymphaea                                   262
+Wounded Plants                                                267
+
+
+
+
+SIR JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE
+
+
+On the 30th November, 1858, Jagadis Chunder was born, in a respectable
+Hindu family, which hails from village Rarikhal, situated in the
+Vikrampur Pargana of the Dacca District, in Bengal. He passed his
+boyhood at Faridpur, where his father, the late Babu Bhugwan Chunder
+Bose, a member of the _then_ Subordinate Executive Service was the
+Sub-Divisional Officer; and it was there that he derived "the power and
+strength that nerved him to meet the shocks of life."[1]
+
+
+HIS FATHER
+
+His father was a fine product of the Western Education in our country.
+Speaking of him, says Sir Jagadis "My father was one of the earliest to
+receive the impetus characteristic of the modern epoch as derived from
+the West. And in his case it came to pass that the stimulus evoked the
+latent potentialities of his race for evolving modes of expression
+demanded by the period of transition in which he was placed. They found
+expression in great constructive work, in the restoration of quiet
+amidst disorder, in the earliest effort to spread education both among
+men and women, in questions of social welfare, in industrial efforts, in
+the establishment of people's bank and in the foundation of industrial
+and technical schools."[2] However, his efforts--like most pioneer
+efforts--failed. He became overpowered in the struggle. But his young
+son, who witnessed the struggle, derived a great lesson which enabled
+him "to look on success or failure as one"--or rather "failure as the
+antecedent power which lies dormant for the long subsequent dynamic
+expression in what we call success." "And if my life" says Sir Jagadis
+"in any way came to be fruitful, then that came through the realisation
+of this lesson."[2] So great was the influence exerted on him by his
+father that Sir Jagadis Chunder has observed "To me his life had been
+one of blessing and daily thanksgiving."[2]
+
+
+HIS EARLY EDUCATION
+
+Little Jagadis received his first lesson in a village _pathsala_. His
+father, who had very advanced views in educational matters, instead of
+sending him to an English School, which was then regarded as the only
+place for efficient instruction, sent him to the vernacular village
+school for his early education. "While my father's subordinates" says
+Sir Jagadis "sent their children to the English schools intended for
+gentle folks, I was sent to the vernacular school, where my comrades
+were hardy sons of toilers and of others who, it is now fashion to
+regard, were belonging to the depressed classes."[3] Speaking of the
+effect it produced on him, observes Sir Jagadis "From these who tilled
+the ground and made the land blossom with green verdure and ripening
+corn, and the sons of the fisher folk, who told stories of the strange
+creatures that frequented unknown depths of mighty rivers and stagnant
+pools, I first derived the lesson of that which constitutes true
+manhood. From them too I drew my love of nature."[3]
+
+"I now realise" continues Sir Jagadis "the object of my being sent at
+the most plastic period of my life to the vernacular school where I was
+to learn my own thoughts and to receive the heritage of our national
+culture through the medium of our own literature. I was thus to consider
+myself one with the people and never to place myself in an equivocal
+position of assumed superiority."[3]
+
+"The moral education which we received in our childhood" adds Sir
+Jagadis "was very indirect and came from listening to stories recited by
+the "Kathaks" on various incidents connected with our great epics. Their
+effects on our mind was Very great."[4]
+
+And it is very interesting to learn from the lips of Sir Jagadis himself
+"that the inventive bent of his mind received its first impetus" in the
+industrial and technical schools established by his father.[4]
+
+
+HIS COLLEGIATE EDUCATION IN INDIA
+
+After he had developed, in the _pathsala_, some power of observation,
+some power of reasoning and some power of expression through the healthy
+medium of his own mother tongue, young Jagadis was sent to an English
+School for education. He passed the Entrance Examination, in 1875, from
+the St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Calcutta, in the First Division. He
+then joined the College classes of that Institution, and there, in the
+"splendid museum of Physical Science Instruments," he drew his early
+inspirations in Physics from that remarkable educationist and brilliant
+experimentalist, the Rev. Father E. Lefont, S.J., C.I.E., M.I.E.E., who
+had the rare gift of enkindling the imagination of his pupils. He passed
+the First Examination in Arts, in 1877, in the Second Division and the
+B.A. Examination by the B. Course (Science Course), in 1880, in the
+Second Division. "It is the paramount duty of the University" says Sir
+Ashutosh Mookerjea "to discover and develop unusual talent."[5] The
+Calcutta University, by the test of examination which it applied,
+totally failed to _discover_ (not to speak of _developing_) the powers
+of an original mind which was destined to enrich the world by giving
+away the fruits of its experience.
+
+
+HIS STUDY ABROAD
+
+After Jagadis had graduated himself, in the Calcutta University, he
+longed to get a course of scientific education in England. He was sent
+to Cambridge and joined the Christ's College. He came in "personal
+contact with eminent men, whose influence extorted his admiration and
+created in him a feeling of emulation. In the way he owed a great deal
+to Lord Rayleigh, under whom he worked."[6] He passed the B.A.
+Examination of the Cambridge University, in Natural Science Tripos, in
+1884. He also secured, in 1883, the B.Sc. Degree with Honours of London
+University. Jagadis had, by birth, the speculative Indian mind. And, by
+his scientific education, at home and abroad, he developed a capacity
+for accurate experiment and observation and learnt to control his
+Imagination--"that wonderous faculty which, left to ramble uncontrolled
+leads us astray into a wilderness of perplexities and errors, a land of
+mists and shadows; but which, properly controlled by experience and
+reflection, becomes the noblest attribute of man; the source of poetic
+genius, the instrument of discovery in Science."[7] His strength and
+fertility as a discoverer is to be referred in a great measure to the
+harmonious blending of the burning Imagination of the East with the
+analytical methods of the West.
+
+
+APPOINTED AS A PROFESSOR
+
+After having completed his education abroad. Jagadis chose the teaching
+of Science as his vocation. He was appointed as Professor of Physical
+Science at the Presidency College, Calcutta. He joined the service on
+the 7th January, 1885. Although he was appointed in Class IV of the
+_then_ Bengal Educational Service, (which afterwards merged in the
+present Indian Educational Service), he was not admitted to the full
+scale of pay of the Service. He, being an Indian, was allowed to draw
+only two-thirds the pay of his grade. This humiliating distinction was,
+however, removed in his case, on the 21st September 1903, when the
+bureaucracy could not any longer ignore the pressure of enlightened
+opinion that was brought to bear on it.
+
+
+HIS RESEARCHES ON ELECTRIC WAVES
+
+It was in 1887, some times after Professor J. C. Bose had joined the
+Presidency College, Hertz demonstrated, by direct experiment, the
+existence of Electric Waves--the properties of which had been predicted
+by Clerk Maxwell long before. This great discovery sent a reverberation
+through the gallery of the scientific world. And, at once, the
+scientists in all countries began to devote their best energies to
+explorations in this new Realm of Nature. Young J. C. Bose--who had
+drunk deep at the springs of Scientific Knowledge and whose imagination
+had been very deeply touched by the scientific activities of the West
+and who had in him the burning desire that India should 'enter the world
+movement for that advancement of knowledge'--also followed suit.
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCHES
+
+When, however, Prof. J. C. Bose joined the Presidency College, there was
+no laboratory worth the name there, nor had he any of 'those mechanical
+facilities at his disposal which every prominent European and American
+experimental scientist commands'. He had to work under discouraging
+difficulties before he could begin his investigations. He was, however,
+not a man to quarrel with circumstances. He bravely accepted them and
+began to work in his own private laboratory and with appliances which,
+in any other country, would be deemed inadequate. He applied himself
+closely to the investigation of the invisible etheric waves and, with
+the simple means at his command, accomplished things, which few were
+able to perform in spite of their great wealth of external appliances.
+
+As the wave-length of a Hertzian (electric) ray was very large--about 3
+metres[8] long--compared with that of visible light, considerable
+difficulties were experienced in carrying on experiments with the same.
+It was thought, for instance, that very large crystals, much larger
+than what occur in nature, would be required to show the polarisation of
+electric ray. Prof. Bose who 'combined in him the inventiveness of a
+resourceful engineer, with the penetration and imagination of a great
+scientist'--designed an instrument which generated very short electric
+waves with a length of about 6 millimetres or so. And, by working with
+Electric radiations having very short wave-lengths, he succeeded in
+demonstrating that the electric waves are polarised by the crystal
+_Nemalite_ (which he himself discovered) in the very same way as a beam
+of light is polarised by the crystal Tourmaline. He then showed that a
+large number of substances, which are opaque to Light (_e.g._ pitch,
+coal-tar etc.) are transparent to Electric Waves. He next determined the
+Index of Refraction of various substances for invisible Electric
+Radiation and thereby eliminated a great difficulty which had presented
+itself in Maxwell's theory as to the relation between the index of
+refraction of light and the di-electric constant of insulators. He then
+determined the wave length of Electric Radiation as produced by various
+oscillators.
+
+
+HIS EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR APPRECIATIONS
+
+His first contribution was 'On Polarisation of Electric Rays by Double
+Refracting Crystals.' It was read at a meeting of the Asiatic Society of
+Bengal, held on the 1st May 1895, and was published in the Journal of
+the Society in Vol. LXIV, Part II, page 291. His next contributions were
+'On a new Electro polariscope' and 'On the Double Refraction of the
+Electric Ray by a Strained Di-electric.' They appeared, in the
+_Electrician_, the leading journal on Electricity, published in London.
+These 'strikingly original researches' won the attention of the
+scientific world. Lord Kelvin, the greatest physicist of the age,
+declared himself 'literally filled with wonder and admiration for so
+much success in the novel and difficult problem which he had attacked.'
+Lord Rayleigh communicated the results of his remarkable researches to
+the Royal Society. And the Royal Society showed its appreciation of the
+high scientific value of his investigation, not only, by the
+publication, with high tributes, of a paper of his 'On the Determination
+of the Indices of Electric Refraction,' in December 1896, and another
+paper on the 'Determination of the Wave-length of Electric Radiation,'
+in June 1896, but also, by the offer, of their own accord, of an
+appropriation from the Special Parliamentary Grant made to the Society
+for the Advancement of Knowledge, for continuation of his work.
+
+In recognition of the importance of the contribution made by Prof. Bose,
+the University of London conferred on him the Degree of Doctor of
+Science and the Cambridge University, the degree of M.A., in 1896. And,
+to crown all, the Royal Institution of Great Britain--rendered famous by
+the labour of Davy and Faraday, of Rayleigh and Dewar--honoured him by
+inviting to deliver a 'Friday Evening Discourse' on his original work.
+It would not be out of place to observe that the rare privilege of being
+invited to deliver a 'Friday Evening Discourse' is regarded as one of
+the highest distinction that can be conferred on a scientific man.
+
+
+HIS FIRST SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION. (1896-97)
+
+The Government of India showed its appreciation of his work by deputing
+him to Europe to place the results of his investigations before the
+learned Scientific Bodies. He remained on his Deputation from the 22nd
+July 1896 to the 19th April 1897. He read a paper 'On a complete
+Apparatus for studying the Properties of Electric Waves' at the meeting
+of British Association, held at Liverpool, in 1896. He then communicated
+a paper 'On the Selective Conductivity exhibited by Polarising
+Substances,' which was published by the Royal Society, in January 1897.
+He next delivered his 'Friday Evening Discourse,' at the Royal
+Institution, 'On Electric Waves,' on the 29th January 1897. "There is,
+however, to our thinking" wrote the _Spectator_ at the time "something
+of rare interest in the spectacle presented of a Bengalee of the purest
+descent possible, lecturing in London to an audience of appreciative
+European savants upon one of the most recondite branches of the modern
+physical science." He was then invited to address the Scientific
+Societies in Paris. "Prof. J. C. Bose" wrote the Review Encyclopedique,
+Paris "exhibited on the 9th of March before the Sorbonne, an apparatus
+of his invention for demonstrating the laws of reflection, refraction,
+and polarisation of electric waves. He repeated his experiments on the
+22nd, before a large number of members of the Academie des Sciences,
+among whom were Poincare, Cornu, Mascart, Lipmann, Cailletet, Becquerel
+and others. These savants highly applauded the investigations of the
+Indian Professor." M. Cornu, President of the Academy of Science, was
+pleased to address Professor Bose as follows:--
+
+"By your discoveries you have greatly furthered the cause of Science.
+You must try to revive the grand traditions of your race which bore
+aloft the torch light of art and science and was the leader of
+civilization two thousand years ago. We, in France applaud you." This
+fervent appeal, we shall see, as we proceed, did not go in vain.
+
+He was next invited to lecture before the Universities in Germany. At
+Berlin, before the leading physicists of Germany, he gave an address on
+Electric Radiation, which was subsequently published in the
+_Physikaliscen Gesellschaft Berlin_, in April 1897.
+
+
+FURTHER RESEARCHES ON ELECTRIC WAVES
+
+Having received the most generous and wide appreciation of his work, Dr.
+J. C. Bose continued, with redoubled vigour, his valuable researches on
+Electric Waves. He studied the influence of thickness of air-space on
+total reflection of Electric Radiation and showed that the critical
+thickness of air-space is determined by the refracting power of the
+prism and by the wave-length of the electric oscillations. He next
+demonstrated the rotation of the plane of polarisation of Electric Waves
+by means of pieces of twisted jute rope. He showed that, if the pieces
+are arranged so that their twists are all in one direction and placed in
+the path of radiation, they rotate the plane of polarisation in a
+direction depending upon the direction of twists; but, if they are mixed
+so that there are as many twisted in one direction as the other, there
+is no rotation.[9] He communicated to the Royal Society the results of
+his new researches. And the Royal Society published, in November 1897,
+his papers 'On the Determination of the Index of Refraction of glass for
+the Electric Ray' and 'On the influence of Thickness of Air-space on
+Total Reflection of Electric Radiation' and, in March 1898, his further
+contributions 'On the Rotation of Plane of Polarisation of Electric
+Waves by a twisted structure' and 'On the Production of a "Dark cross"
+in the Field of Electro-magnetic Radiation.'
+
+
+SELF-RECOVERING "COHERER"
+
+The study of Electric Waves by Dr. J. C. Bose led not only to the
+devising of methods for the production of the shortest Electric Waves
+known but also to the construction of a very delicate 'Receiver' for the
+detection of invisible other disturbances. The most sensitive form of
+detector hitherto known was the "Coherer." One of the forms made by Sir
+Oliver Lodge consisted simply of a glass tube containing iron turnings,
+in contact with which were wire led into opposite ends of the tube. The
+arrangement was placed in series with a galvanometer and a battery; when
+the turnings were struck by electric waves, the resistance between loose
+metallic contacts was diminished and the deflection of the galvanometer
+was increased. Thus the deflection of the galvanometer was made to
+indicate the arrival of electric waves. The arrangement was, no doubt, a
+sensitive one, but, to get a greater delicacy, Dr. Bose used, instead
+of iron turnings, spiral springs which were pushed against each other by
+means of a screw.[10] Still the arrangement laboured under one great
+disadvantage. The 'receiver' had to be tapped between each experiment.
+So something better than a 'cohering' receiving was needed--something
+that was self-recovering, like a human eye. To discover that something,
+Dr. Bose began a study of the whole theory of 'coherer action.' It was
+hitherto believed that the electric waves, by impinging on iron and
+other metallic particles in contact, brought about a sort of fusion--a
+sort of 'coherence'--and that the diminution of resistance was the
+result of that 'coherence.' To satisfy himself as to the correctness of
+this theory, Dr. Bose engaged himself in a most laborious investigation
+to find out the action of electric radiation not only on iron particles
+but on all kinds of matter and ultimately discovered the surprising fact
+that, though the impact of electric waves generally produced a
+diminution of resistance, with _potassium_ there was an _increase_ of
+resistance after the waves had ceased.[11] This discovery at once showed
+the untenability of the old theory and pointed to the conclusion that
+the effect of electric radiation on matter is one of discriminative
+molecular action--that the Electric Waves produced a re-arrangement of
+the molecules which may either increase or decrease the contact
+resistance. It may be incidentally mentioned here that this detection of
+molecular change in matter under electric stimulation has given rise to
+a new theory of photographic action.
+
+As a result of his painstaking investigation on the action of Electric
+Waves on different kinds of matter, Dr. Bose invented a new type of
+self-recovering electric receiver, "so perfect in its action that the
+Electrician suggested its use in ships and in electro-magnetic
+light-houses for the communication and transmission of danger-signals at
+sea through space. This was, in 1895, several years in advance of the
+present wireless system." Practical application of the results of Dr.
+Bose's investigations appeared so important that the Governments of
+Great Britain and the United States of America granted him patents for
+his invention of a certain crystal receiver which proved to be the most
+sensitive detector of the wireless signal. Dr. Bose, however, has made
+no secret at any time as to the construction of his apparatus. He has
+never utilised the patents granted to him for personal gain. His
+inventions are "open to all the world to adopt for practical and
+money-making purposes." "The spirit of our national culture" observes
+Sir J. C. Bose "demands that we should for ever be free from the
+desecration of utilising knowledge for personal gain."[12]
+
+
+HIS RESEARCHES TAKE A NEW TURN
+
+This inquiry which Dr. J. C. Bose started for the purpose of
+ascertaining 'coherer action'--why the "receiver" had to be tapped in
+order to respond again to electric waves--took him unconsciously to the
+border region of physics and physiology and gave an altogether new turn
+to his researches. "He found that the uncertainty of the early type of
+his receiver was brought on by 'fatigue' and that the curve of fatigue
+of his instrument closely resembled the fatigue curve of animal
+muscle."[13] He did not stop there but pushed on his investigations and
+found "that the 'tiredness' of his instrument was removed by suitable
+stimulants and that application of certain poisons, on the other hand,
+permanently abolished its sensitiveness." He was amazed at this
+discovery--this parallelism in the behaviour of the 'receiver' to the
+living muscle. This led him to a systematic study of all matter, Organic
+and Inorganic, Living and Non-Living.
+
+
+RESPONSE IN LIVING AND NON-LIVING
+
+He began an examination of inorganic matter in the same way as a
+biologist examines a muscle or a nerve. He subjected metals to various
+kinds of stimulus--mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical. He
+found that all sorts of stimulus produce an excitatory change in them.
+And this excitation sometimes expresses itself in a visible change of
+form and sometimes not; but the disturbance produced by the stimulus
+always exhibits itself in an _electric response_. He next subjected
+plants and animal tissues to various kinds of stimulus and also found
+that they also give an _electric response_. Finding that a universal
+reaction brought together metals, plants and animals under a common law,
+he next proceeded to a study of _modifications in response_, which occur
+under various conditions. He found that they are all benumbed by cold,
+intoxicated by alcohol, wearied by excessive work, stupified by
+anaesthetics, excited by electric currents, stung by physical blows and
+killed by poison--they all exhibit essentially the same phenomena of
+fatigue and depression, together with possibilities of recovery and of
+exaltation, yet also that of permanent irresponsiveness which is
+associated with death--they all are responsive or irresponsive under the
+same conditions and in the same manner. The investigations showed that,
+in the entire range of response phenomena (inclusive as that is of
+metals, plants and animals) there is no breach of continuity; that "the
+living response in all its diverse modifications is only a repetition of
+responses seen in the inorganic" and that the phenomena of response "are
+determined, not by the play of an unknowable and arbitrary _vital
+force_, but by the working of laws that know no change, acting equally
+and uniformly throughout the organic and inorganic matter."[14]
+
+
+SECOND SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION, 1900-01
+
+In the year 1900, the International Scientific Congress was held, in
+Paris. And Dr. J. C. Bose was deputed by the Government of India to the
+Congress as a delegate from this country. Before the assembled
+scientists, Dr. Bose delivered a remarkable address on the results of
+his researches on the similarity of Response of Inorganic and Living
+Substances to Electric stimulus ... 'De la gênêralitê de Phênomênes
+Moleculairs produits par l'Ectricité sur la matiriê Inorganique et sur
+la matiêre Vivante.' He next read a paper 'On the Similarity of effect
+of Electric Stimulus on Inorganic and Living Substances' before the
+Bradford meeting of the British Association in 1900. He then contributed
+a very interesting paper 'on Binocular Alteration of Vision,' which was
+published by the Physiological Society of London, in November 1900. It
+may be mentioned here, by the way, that, in course of his investigations
+on the Response of the Living and Non-Living substances, Dr. Bose
+constructed an "artificial retina" to study the characteristics of the
+excitatory change produced by a stimulus on the retina and these
+characteristics gave him a clue to the unexpected discovery of the
+"binocular alteration of vision" in man--"each eye supplements its
+fellow by turns, instead of acting as a continuously yoked pair, as
+hitherto believed."[15] He next communicated to the Royal Society his
+researches 'On the Continuity of Effect of Light and Electric Radiation
+on Matter,' and 'On the Similarities between Mechanical and Radiation
+Strains,' and 'On the Strain Theory of Photographic action,' which were
+published in April 1901. Then, on the 10th May 1901, he delivered his
+remarkable 'Friday Evening Discourse,' at the Royal Institution, on the
+'Response of Inorganic Matter to Stimulus.'
+
+
+OPPOSITION OF THE PHYSIOLOGISTS
+
+Then, on the 5th June 1901, he gave an experimental demonstration,
+before the Royal Society, on the subject of his researches 'On Electric
+Response of Inorganic Substances' which had already been communicated to
+that Society, on the 7th May 1901. He was strongly assailed by Sir John
+Burden Sanderson, the leading physiologist, and some of his followers.
+They objected to a physicist straying into the preserve especially
+reserved for them. They dogmatically asserted _as physiologists_ that
+the excitatory response of ordinary plants to mechanical stimulus was an
+impossibility. But they failed to urge anything against the experiment
+of the physicist. In consequence of this opposition, Dr. Bose's paper,
+which was already in print, was not published but was placed in the
+archives of the Royal Society. "And it happened that eight months after
+the reading of his Paper, another communication found publication in the
+Journal of a different Society which was practically the same as Dr.
+Bose's but without any acknowledgment. The author of this communication
+was a gentleman who had previously opposed him at the Royal Society. The
+plagiarism was subsequently discovered and led to much unpleasantness.
+It is not necessary to refer any more to this subject except as an
+explanation of the fact that the determined hostility and
+misrepresentation of one man succeeded for more than 10 years to bar all
+avenues of publications for his discoveries."[16]
+
+The opposition of the physiologists, however, did one good. It spurred
+Dr. Bose on and made him stronger in his determination not to encompass
+himself, within the narrow groove of physical investigation. He took
+furlough for one year, in extension of the period of his Deputation,
+and applied himself vigorously to the investigations, which he had
+already commenced in India and received facilities from the Managers of
+the Royal Institution to work in the Davy-Faraday Laboratory. He next
+read, at the Glasgow meeting of the British Association, in 1901, a
+paper 'On the Conductivity of Metallic particles under Cyclic
+Electro-magnetic Variation.' Then, in March 1902, "Prof. Bose" says the
+_Nature_ "performed a series of experiments before the Linnean Society
+showing electric response for certain portions of the plant organism,
+which proved that as concerning fatigue, behaviour at high and low
+temperatures, the effects produced by poisons and anaesthetics, the
+responses are identical with those held to be characteristic of muscle
+and nerve." The Linnean Society published, in its Journal, in March
+1902, his paper 'On Electric Response of Ordinary Plants under
+Mechanical Stimulus.' He then communicated to the Société de Physique,
+Paris, his paper 'Sur la Résponse Electrique dans les Métaux, les Tissu
+Animaux et Végétaux.' The Royal Society published, in April 1902, his
+contribution 'On the Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical
+Disturbance in Metals in contact with Electrolyte.' He was next asked by
+the Royal Photographic Society to give a discourse 'On the Strain Theory
+Vision and of Photographic Action,' which was published by the Society,
+in its Journal, in June 1902. He then wrote a paper 'On the Electric
+Response in Animal, Vegetable and Metal,' which was read before the
+Belfast meeting of the British Association, in 1902. The President of
+the Botanical Section at Belfast, in his address, observed "Some very
+striking results were published by Bose on Electric Response in ordinary
+plants. Bose's investigations established a very close similarity in
+behaviour between the vegetable and the animal. Summation effects were
+observed and fatigue effect demonstrated, while it was definitely shown
+that the responses were physiological. They ceased as soon as the piece
+of tissue was killed by heating. These observations strengthen
+considerably the view of the identical nature of the animal and
+vegetable protoplasm."
+
+Dr. Bose then brought out a systematic treatise embodying the results of
+his researches under the significant title of 'Response in the Living
+and Non-living.' He returned to India, in October, 1902.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT RECOGNITION
+
+After he had come back, from the Second Scientific Deputation, the
+Government of India conferred on him the distinction of Companion of the
+Order of the Indian Empire, in 1903, in recognition of his valuable
+researches.
+
+
+PLANT LIFE AND ANIMAL LIFE
+
+Next Dr. Bose, in natural sequence to the investigation of the response
+in 'inorganic' matter commenced 'a prolonged study of the activities of
+plant life as compared with corresponding functioning of animal life.'
+
+
+ALL PLANTS ARE "SENSITIVE"
+
+It was believed that so-called 'sensitive' plants alone exhibited
+excitation by _electric response_. But Dr. Bose, believing in continuity
+of responsive phenomena, used the same experimental devices, with which
+he had already succeeded in obtaining the _electric response_ of
+inorganic substances, to test whether ordinary plants also--meaning
+those usually regarded as 'insensitive'--would or would not exhibit
+excitatory _electrical response_ to stimulus. With the help of very
+delicate instruments, Dr. Bose demonstrated the very startling fact
+that not only every plant, but every organ of every plant gave true
+_excitatory electric response_--and that response was not confined alone
+to 'sensitive' plants like _Mimosa_.
+
+Dr. Bose then proceeded to investigate whether the responsive effects
+which he had shown to occur in ordinary plants might not be further
+exhibited by means of _visible mechanical response_, thus fully removing
+the distinction commonly assumed to exist between the 'sensitive' and
+supposed 'non-sensitive.' Dr. Bose invented 'special apparatus of
+extreme delicacy,' which detected infinitesimal tremors, and showed that
+ordinary plants, usually regarded as insensitive, gave _motile
+responses_, which had hitherto passed unnoticed. His later investigation
+shows that "all plants, even the trees, are fully alive to changes of
+environment; they respond visibly to all stimuli, even to the slight
+fluctuations of light by a drifting cloud."[17]
+
+
+'TROPIC' MOVEMENTS
+
+Finding that the plants give, not only _electric_ but _motile_ response
+as well, to stimulus, Dr. Bose proceeded to study the nature of
+responses evoked in plants by the _stimuli of the natural forces_. He
+found that plants respond visibly, by movements, to _environmental
+stimuli_. But the movements induced--'tropic' movements--are extremely
+diverse. Light, for example, induces sometimes positive curvature,
+sometimes negative. Gravitation, again, induces one movement in the
+root, and the opposition in the shoot. Dr. Bose applied himself to find
+out whether the movements in response to external stimuli, though
+apparently so diverse, could not be ultimately reduced to a fundamental
+unity of reaction. As a result of a very deep and penetrating study of
+the effects of various environmental stimuli, on different plant organs,
+he showed that the cells on two sides are unequally influenced, on
+account of different external conditions, and contract unequally, and
+hence the various movements are produced--that the many anomalous
+effects, hitherto ascribed to 'specific sensibilities,' are due to the
+'differential sensibilities'--differential excitability of anisotropic
+structures and to the opposite effects of external and internal
+stimuli--that all varieties of plant movements are capable of a
+consistent mechanical explanation. Dr. Bose's "latest investigations
+recently communicated to the Royal Society have established the single
+fundamental reaction which underlies all these effects so extremely
+diverse."[18]
+
+
+EXTENDED APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL THEORY
+
+With an extended application of his mechanical theory, Dr. Bose has
+gradually removed the veil of obscurity from many a phenomenon in plant
+life. The 'autonomous' movements of plants, for example, which remained
+enveloped in mystery, received a satisfactory solution at his hands.
+
+
+'AUTONOMOUS' MOVEMENTS
+
+It was believed that automatically pulsating tissues draw their energy
+from a mysterious "vital force" working within. By controlling external
+forces, Dr. Bose stopped the pulsation and re-started it and thus
+demonstrated that the 'automatic action' was not due to any internal
+vital force. He pointed out that the external stimulus--instead of
+causing, as was customary to suppose, an explosive chemical change and
+an inevitable run-down of energy--brings about an accumulation of energy
+by the plant. And with the accumulation of absorbed energy, a point is
+reached when there is an overflow--the excess of energy bubbles over, as
+it were, and shows itself in 'spontaneous' movements. The stimulus being
+strong a single response--a single twitching of the leaflets--is not
+enough to express the whole of the leaf's responsive energy and it
+yields a multiple response--it reverberates--it manifests itself in
+'automatic' pulsations. When, however, the accumulated energy is
+exhausted, then there is also an end of 'spontaneous movements.' There
+are strictly speaking, no 'spontaneous' movements; those known by that
+name are really due either to the immediate effects of external stimulus
+or to the stimulus previously absorbed and held latent in the plant to
+find subsequent expression--due to the direct or indirect action of
+external forces which are transformed in the machinery of the plants in
+obedience to the principle of the Conservation of Energy.
+
+
+"ASCENT OF SAP" "AND GROWTH"
+
+Dr. Bose then showed that, not gross mechanical movements alone, but
+also other invisible movements are initiated by the action of stimulus,
+and that the various activities, such as the "ascent of sap" and
+"growth" are in reality different reactions to the stimulating action of
+energy supplied by the environment. In this way, Dr. Bose showed that
+several obscure phenomena, in the life-processes of the plant, can be
+very satisfactorily explained by the Mechanical Theory.
+
+It would not be out of place to mention that Dr. Bose, to carry on his
+researches on the Ascent of Sap, invented a new type of instrument
+(Shoshungraph). And for an accurate investigation on the phenomenon of
+growth of plants he devised an instrument (Growth Recorder) for
+instantaneous measurement of the rate of growth and another instrument
+(Balanced Crescograph) for determining the influences of various
+agencies on growth. So very marvellous these instruments that the
+growth, which takes place, during a few beats of pendulum, is measured,
+and, in less than a quarter of an hour, the action of fertilizers,
+foods, electrical currents and various stimulants are determined. "What
+is the tale of Aladdin and his wonderful lamp" exclaims the Editor of
+the _Scientific American_ "compared with the true story told by the
+crescograph?... Instead of waiting a whole season, perhaps years, to
+discover whether or not it is wise to mix this or that fertilizer with
+the soil one can now find in a few minutes!" Yet these are the
+instruments which are better known in Washington than in Calcutta! The
+question of their application to practical agriculture has excited more
+interest in the United States of America than in this unfortunate land,
+which is an essentially agricultural country!
+
+
+FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITY OF REACTIONS
+
+Dr. Bose showed that there is no physiological response given by the
+most highly organised animal tissue that is not also to be met with in
+the plant. He carried on "Researches on Diurnal Sleep" and showed that
+the plant is not equally sensitive to an external stimulus during day
+and night, and that there is a fundamental identity of life-reaction in
+plant and animal, as seen in a similar periodic insensibility in both,
+corresponding to what we call _sleep_. He also showed that the passage
+of life in the plant, as in the animal, is marked by an unmistakable
+spasm. He invented, an instrument (Morograph) with which he recorded the
+critical point of death of a plant with great exactness. He
+demonstrated, in the most conclusive manner, that there is an essential
+unity of physiological effects of drugs on plant and animal tissues and
+showed the modifications which are introduced into these effects by the
+factor of individual 'constitution.' It may be mentioned casually that
+"this physiological identity in the effect of drugs is regarded by
+leading physicians as of great significance in the scientific advance of
+Medicine; since we have a means of testing the effect of drugs under
+conditions far simpler than those presented by the patient, far subtler
+too, as well as more humane than those of experiments on animals."[19]
+Dr. Bose further demonstrated that there is conduction of the excitatory
+impulse in the plant, like the nervous impulse in the animal; and showed
+the possibility of detecting the wave in transit and measured the speed
+with which the excitation coursed through the plant and also showed that
+the velocity of excitation is modified, by different agencies, even in
+the case of ordinary plants. He also showed that the polar effects
+induced by electric currents, both in plants and animals, are identical.
+
+These remarkable researches on Plant Response have 'revolutionised in
+some respects and very much extended in others our knowledge of the
+response of plants to stimulus.'
+
+
+FURTHER DIFFICULTIES
+
+Dr. Bose communicated his paper 'On the Electric Pulsation accompanying
+Automatic Movements in Desmodium Gyrans' to the Linnaean Society, which
+was published, in December 1902. Then, in 1903, he communicated to the
+Royal Society his researches on 'Investigation on Mechanical Response in
+Plants,' 'On Polar effects of Currents on the Stimulation of Plants,'
+'On the Velocity of Transmission of Excitatory waves in Plants,' 'On the
+excitability and conductivity of Plant Tissues,' 'On the Propagation of
+the Electromotive Wave concomitant of Excitatory Waves in Plants,' 'On
+Multiple Response in Plants,' 'On an enquiry into the cause of Automatic
+Movements.'
+
+"These new contributions" made by Dr. Bose on Plant Response "were
+regarded as of such great importance that the Royal Society showed its
+special appreciation by recommending them to be published in their
+Philosophical Transactions. But the same influence, which had hitherto
+stood in his way, triumphed once more, and it was at the very last
+moment that the publication was withheld. The Royal Society, however,
+informed him that his results were of fundamental importance, but as
+they were so wholly unexpected and so opposed to the existing theories,
+that they would reserve their judgment until, at some future time,
+plants themselves could be made to record their answers to questions put
+to them. This was interpreted in certain quarters here as the final
+rejection of Dr. Bose's theories by the Royal Society and the limited
+facilities which he had in the prosecution of his researches were in
+danger of being withdrawn."[20]
+
+
+HE BUILT HIS LIFE ON THE ROCK OF FAITH
+
+But these difficulties--sufficient to crush many a spirit--could hardly
+quench the ardour of his burning soul, which was 'hungering and
+thirsting' for the establishment of a truth in which he had a firm
+Faith. Though the surges would beat against him, he would not give way.
+With the true spirit of a _Sadhak_, he devoted himself to the
+realisation of the great dream of his life. And, for the next ten years,
+the one _tap_, _jap_ and _aradhana_ of his life--the one all-engrossing
+idea of his mind--was how to make the plant give testimony by means of
+its own autograph.
+
+
+PUBLICATION OF "PLANT RESPONSE"
+
+Though his researches did not find an outlet, in the Proceedings of the
+Royal Society, he did not lose heart. He brought out, in April 1906, a
+systematic treatise--"The Plant Response as a Means of Physiological
+Investigation"--in which he incorporated the results of his
+investigations on plant life.
+
+
+ADOPTS A NEW METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
+
+Hitherto Dr. Bose detected the various excitatory effects of plants by
+means of _mechanical response_. Being now confronted with opposition, he
+turned his attention to the finding of corroboration of the various
+results, which he had already obtained, by some other method of
+investigation. And for this he employed the method of _electric
+response_. He found that the results obtained by this new method of
+inquiry corroborated those already obtained by him by the old method.
+Emboldened by this corroboration, he next proceeded to extend this new
+method of inquiry by means of _electric response_ into the field of
+Animal Physiology with a view to explain responsive phenomena in general
+on the consideration of that fundamental molecular reaction which occurs
+even in inorganic matter.'[21]
+
+
+RESULT OF THE INVESTIGATION
+
+Dr. Bose found, in the plant as well as in the animal, "a similar series
+of excitatory effects, whether these be exhibited mechanically or
+electrically. Both alike are responsive, and similarly responsive, to
+all the diverse forms of stimulus that impinge upon them. We ascend, in
+the one case as in the other, from the simplicities of the isotropic to
+the complexities of the anisotropic; and the laws of these isotropic and
+anisotropic responses are the same in both. The responsive peculiarities
+of epidermis, epithelium, and gland; the response of the digestive
+organ, with its phasic alterations; and the excitatory electrical
+discharge of an anisotropic plate, are the same in the plant as in the
+animal. The plant, like the animal, is a single organic whole, all its
+different parts being connected, and their activities co-ordinated, by
+the agency of those conducting strands which are known as nerves. As in
+the plant nerve, moreover, so also in the animal, stimulation gives rise
+to two distinct impulses, exhibiting themselves by two-fold mechanical
+and electrical indications of opposite signs.... The dual qualities or
+tones known to us in sensation, further, are correspondent with those
+two different nervous impulses, of opposite signs, which are occasioned
+by stimulation. These two sensory responses--positive and negative,
+pleasure and pain--are found to be subject to the same modifications,
+under parallel conditions, as the positive and negative mechanical and
+electrical indications with which they are associated. And finally,
+perhaps, the most significant example for the effect of induced
+anisotropy lies in that differential impression made by stimulus on the
+sensory surfaces, which remains latent, and capable of revival, as the
+memory-image. In this demonstration of continuity, then, it has been
+found that the dividing frontiers between Physics, Physiology, and
+Psychology have disappeared."[22]
+
+
+CLASH WITH CURRENT VIEWS
+
+The results, which Dr. Bose obtained from actual experiments, clashed,
+however, with the theories in vogue. The reactions of different issues
+were hitherto regarded as _special differences_. As against this, a
+_continuity_ is shown to exist between them. Thus, nerve was universally
+regarded as typically _non-motile_; its responses were believed to be
+characteristically different from those of muscle. Dr. Bose, however,
+has shown that nerve is indisputably motile and that the characteristic
+variations in the response of nerve are, generally speaking, similar to
+those of the muscle.
+
+It was customary to regard plants as devoid of the power to conduct true
+excitation. Dr. Bose had already shown that this view was incorrect. He
+now showed, by experiment, that the response of the _isolated_ vegetal
+nerve is indistinguishable from that of animal nerve, throughout a large
+series of parallel variations of condition. So complete, indeed, is the
+similarity between the responses of plant and animal, found, of which
+this is one instance, that the discovery of a given responsive
+characteristic in one case proves a sure guide to its observation in the
+other, and the explanation of phenomenon, under the simpler conditions
+of the plant, is found fully sufficient for its elucidation under the
+more complex circumstances of the animal. Dr. Bose found 'differential
+excitability' is widely present as a factor in determining the character
+of special responses and showed that many anomalous conclusions, with
+regard to the response of certain animal tissues, had arisen from the
+failure to take account of the 'differential excitability' of
+anisotropic organs. Hitherto Pfluger's Law of the polar effects of
+currents was supposed to rest on secure foundations. But Dr. Bose showed
+that Pfluger's Law was not of such universal application as was
+supposed. He demonstrated that, above and below a certain range of
+electromotive intensity, the polar effects of currents are precisely
+opposite to those enunciated by Pfluger.
+
+
+SENSATION
+
+It was supposed that nervous impulse, which, must necessarily form the
+basis of sensation, was beyond any conceivable power of visual scrutiny.
+But Dr. Bose showed that this impulse is actually attended by change of
+form, and is, therefore capable of direct observation. He also showed
+that the disturbance, instead of being single, is of two different
+kinds--_viz._, one of expansion (positive) and the other of contraction
+(negative)--and that, when the stimulus is feeble, the positive is
+transmitted, and, when the stimulus is stronger, both positive and
+negative are transmitted, but the negative, however, being more intense,
+masks the positive. He identified the wave of expansion travelling along
+the nerve with the tendency to pleasure, and the wave of contraction,
+with the tendency to pain. It thus appears that all pain contains an
+element of pleasure, and that pleasure, if carried too far becomes
+pain--that "the tone of our sensation is determined by the intensity of
+nervous excitation that reaches the central perceiving organ."
+
+
+MEMORY IMAGE AND ITS REVIVAL
+
+Dr. Bose next pointed out that there remains, for every response, a
+certain residual effect. A substance, which has responded to a given
+stimulus, retains, as an after-effect, a 'latent impression' of that
+stimulus and this 'latent impression' is capable of subsequent revival
+by bringing about the original condition of excitation. The impress made
+by the action of stimulus, though it remains latent and invisible, can
+be revived by the impact of a fresh excitatory impulse.
+
+Experimenting with a metallic _leaf_, Dr. Bose demonstrated the revival
+of a latent impression under the action of diffused stimulus. The
+investigation by Dr. Bose on the after-effects of stimulus has thrown
+some light on the obscure phenomenon, of 'memory.' It appears that, when
+there is a mental revival of past experience, the diffuse impulse of the
+'will' acts on the sensory surface, which contains the latent impression
+and re-awakens the image which appears to have faded out. Memory is
+concerned, thus, with the after-effect of an impression induced by a
+stimulus. It differs from ordinary sensation in the fact that the
+stimulus which evokes the response, instead of being external and
+objective, is merely psychic and subjective.
+
+Dr. Bose has, by experimental devises, shown the possibility of tracing
+'memory-impression' backwards even in inorganic matter, such latent
+impression being capable of subsequent revival. An investigation of the
+after-effects of stimulus, on living tissues would open out the great
+problem of the influence of past events on our present condition.
+
+
+DEATH-STRUGGLE AND MEMORY REVIVAL
+
+There is a wide-spread belief that, in the case of a sudden
+death-struggle, as for example, when drowning, the memory, of the past
+comes in a flash. "Assuming the correctness of this," says Sir Jagadis
+"certain experimental results which I have obtained may be pertinent to
+the subject. The experiment consisted in finding whether the plant, near
+the point of death, gave any signal of the approaching crisis. I found
+that at this critical moment a sudden electrical spasm sweeps through
+every part of the organism. Such a strong and diffused stimulation--now
+involuntary--may be expected in a human subject to crowd into one brief
+flash a panoramic succession, of all the memory images latent in the
+organism."[23]
+
+
+"COMPARATIVE ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY"
+
+Dr. Bose published the results of these new researches, in 1907, in
+another remarkable volume, which was styled 'The Comparative
+Electro-Physiology.'
+
+
+THIRD SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION, 1907-08
+
+After the publication of 'The Comparative Electro-Physiology,' the
+Government of India again sent Dr. Bose on a Scientific Deputation. He
+went over to England and America and placed the results of his
+researches before the learned Scientific Bodies. He read a paper 'On
+Mechanical Response of Plants' at the Liverpool meeting of British
+Association, in 1907. He then read a paper on 'The Oscillating Recorder
+for Automatic Tracing of Plant Movements' before the New York Academy of
+Sciences, and, in December 1908, he gave an address on 'Mechanical and
+Electrical Response in Plants,' at the Annual Meeting of the American
+Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Baltimore, and, in
+January 1909, he delivered a lecture on 'Growth Response of Plants'
+before the United States Department of Agriculture and, in February
+1909, he read a paper on 'Death-spasm in Plants,' before the University
+of Illinois, and, in March 1909, a paper on 'Multiple and Autonomous
+Response in Plants' before the Madison University. He also lectured
+before the New York Botanical Society, the Medical Society of Boston,
+the Society of Western Electric Engineers at Chicago. He also delivered
+a series of post-graduate lectures on Electro-Physics and Plant
+Physiology at the Universities of Wisconsin, Chicago, Ann Arbor. He
+returned to India, in July 1909.
+
+
+FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATION
+
+By his new and newer methods of investigation, Dr. Bose got a deep and
+deeper perception of that underlying unity, for the demonstration of
+which he had been labouring since 1901. But the dream of his life was
+not yet realised. No direct method of obtaining response record was yet
+obtained. Hitherto the response recorder employed was a modification of
+the optical lever, automatic records being secured by the very
+inconvenient and tedious process of photography (which again introduced
+complications by subjecting a plant to darkness and thereby modifying
+its normal excitability); and the plant was not automatically excited by
+stimulus, besides the results obtained were liable to be influenced by
+personal factor. So Dr. Bose set about the invention of an apparatus,
+which should discard the use of photography and in which the plant
+(attached to the recording apparatus) should be automatically excited by
+stimulus absolutely constant, should make its own responsive record,
+going through its own period of recovery, and embarking on the same
+cycle over again without assistance at any point on the part of the
+observer. Great difficulties were encountered in realising these ideal
+requirements. They appeared, at first, to be insurmountable. But, with
+continuous toil and persistence, Dr. Bose succeeded in designing a long
+battery of supersensitive instruments and apparatus, which made the
+seeming impossible possible. His ingenious "Resonant and Oscillating
+Recorders" gave a simple and direct method of obtaining the record. The
+plant, being automatically excited by stimulus, made its own responsive
+record. The closed doors, at last, opened. The secret of plant life
+stood revealed by the autographs of the plant itself. The great
+_sadhana_ of his life now received its fulfilment. "It has been
+beautifully said--and it is a law of the moral world as unchangeable as
+physical laws--'Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find;
+knock, and it shall be opened unto you; for every one that asketh
+receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth and to him that knocketh it shall
+be opened."[24]
+
+
+TRANSMISSION OF EXCITATION IN MIMOSA
+
+Dr. Bose had shown that all plants are sensitive--that there is no
+difference between the so-called 'sensitive' and the supposed
+'non-sensitive'--that they gave alike the true excitatory _electric
+response_ as well as _motile response_. The evidence of plant's script
+now removed beyond any doubt the long-standing error which divided the
+vegetable world into 'sensitive' and 'insensitive.' There remained,
+however, the question of nervous impulse in plants, the discovery of
+which, though announced by Dr. Bose, ten years ago, did not yet find
+full acceptance.
+
+Finding that the scope of his investigation has been very much enlarged
+by the devise of the Resonant Recorder, Dr. Bose proceeded to attack the
+_current_ view "that there was no transmission of true excitation in
+Mimosa, the propagated impulse being regarded as merely
+hydromechanical." This conclusion was based on the experiments of the
+leading German plant physiologists, Pfeffer and Haverlandt who failed to
+bring on any variation in the propagated impulse in plants either by
+scalding or by application of an anaesthetic. Dr. Bose pointed out that,
+as Pfeffer applied the chloroform to the _outer_ stalk and Haverlandt
+scalded the _outer_ stem, neither the stimulant nor the anaesthetic
+reached the nerves. So he, instead of applying the stimulant or the
+anaesthetic, in the _liquid_ form, to the outer stalk or stem, confined
+the Mimosa, in a little chamber, and subjected it to the influence of
+the _vapour_ of the drug. The fumes now penetrated and reached the
+nerves and the plant was made to record, by its own script, the
+variations, if any, produced by the drugs. The plant, by its self-made
+records, showed exultation with alcohol, depression with chloroform,
+rapid transmission of a shock with the application of heat, and an
+abolition of the propagated impulse with the application of a deadly
+poison like potassium cyanide. This variation in the transmitted
+impulse, under physiological variations, showed that it was not a
+physical one. This sealed the fate of the hydromechanical theory.
+
+Dr. Bose went further and showed that the impulse is transmitted in both
+directions along the nerve but not at the same rate. And, by interposing
+an electric block, he arrested the nervous impulse in a plant in a
+manner similar to the corresponding arrest in the animal nerve and
+thereby produced nervous _paralysis_ in plant, such paralysis being
+afterwards cured by appropriate treatment. "If he had made no other
+discovery," says the Editor of the _Scientific American_ "Dr. Bose would
+have earned an enduring reputation in the annals of science. We know
+very little about paralysis in the human body, and practically nothing
+about its cause. The nervous system of the higher animals is so
+complicated, so intricate, that it is hard to understand its
+derangement. The human nerve dies when isolated. It is killed by the
+shock of removal, and responds for the moment abnormally and therefore
+deceptively. But, if we study the simplest kind of a nerve,--and the
+simplest is that of a plant,--we may hope to understand what occurs when
+a hand or a foot cannot be made to move. To find out that plants have
+nerves, to induce paralysis in such nerves and then to cure them--such
+experiments will lead to discoveries that may ultimately enable
+physicians to treat more rationally than they do, the various forms of
+paralysis now regarded as incurable."
+
+
+MIMOSA AND MAN
+
+Dr. Bose showed not only that the nervous impulse in plant and in man is
+exalted or inhibited under identical conditions but carried the
+parallelism very far and pointed out the blighting effects on life of a
+complete seclusion and protection from the world outside. "A plant
+carefully protected under glass from outside shocks", says Sir Jagadis
+"looks sleek and flourishing; but its higher nervous function is then
+found to be atrophied. But when a succession of blows is rained on this
+effete and bloated specimen, the shocks themselves create nervous
+channels and arouse anew the deteriorated nature. And is it not shocks
+of adversity, and not cotton-wool protection, that evolve true
+manhood?"[25]
+
+
+ROYAL SOCIETY
+
+Having found that his investigation on Mimosa had broken down the
+barriers which separated kindred phenomena, Dr. Bose next communicated
+the results of his wonderful researches to the Royal Society. His paper
+was read, at a meeting of the Society, held on the 6th March 1913. The
+Royal Society _now_ found that Dr. Bose had rendered the seemingly
+impossible, possible--had made the plant tell its own story by means of
+its self-made records. It could no longer withhold the recognition which
+was his due. The barred gates, at last, opened and the paper of Dr. Bose
+"On an Automatic Method, for the investigation of the Velocity of
+Transmission of Excitation in Mimosa" found publication in the
+"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" in Vol. 204, Series B.
+
+
+HIS FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS
+
+Dr. Bose next pursued with great vigour his investigations on the
+Irritability of Plants. By making the plant tell its own story, by means
+of its self-made records, he showed that there is hardly any phenomenon
+of irritability observed in the animal which is not also found in the
+plant and that the various manifestations of irritability in the plant
+are identical with those in the animal and that many difficult problems
+in Animal Physiology find their solution in the experimental study of
+corresponding problems under simpler conditions of vegetable life.
+
+
+HOURS OF SLEEP OF THE PLANT
+
+It may be mentioned that Dr. Bose showed one very remarkable fact--from
+the summaries of the automatic records of the responses given by a plant
+(which was subjected to an impulse during all hours of the day and
+night)--that it wakes up during morning slowly, becomes fully alert by
+noon, and becomes sleepy only after midnight, resembling man in a
+surprising manner.
+
+
+"IRRITABILITY OF PLANTS"
+
+Dr. Bose embodied the results of his fascinating researches,
+obtained by the introduction of new methods, in another remarkable
+volume--"Researches on Irritability of plants"--which was published, in
+1913.
+
+
+FURTHER RECOGNITION
+
+In recognition of his valuable researches, Dr. J. C. Bose was invested
+with the insignia of the Companion of the Order of the Star of India by
+His Majesty the King Emperor, on the occasion of his Coronation Durbar,
+at Delhi, in 1911.
+
+The _intelligentsia_ of Bengal showed also their tardy appreciation by
+calling on him to preside over the deliberations of the Mymensing
+meeting of the Bengal Literary Conference, held on the 14th April 1911,
+when he delivered a unique Address,[26] in the Bengali language, on the
+results of his epoch-making researches.
+
+The Calcutta University next showed its belated recognition, by
+conferring on him the degree of D.Sc. _honoris causa_, in 1912.
+
+And the Punjab University also showed its appreciation by inviting him,
+in 1913, to deliver a course of lectures on the results of his
+investigation.
+
+
+PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
+
+Dr. J. C. Bose was invited to give his evidence before the Royal
+Commission on the Public Services in India. With reference to the Method
+of Recruitment, he observed, in his written statement, as follows:--
+"... I think that a high standard of scholarship should be the only
+qualification insisted on. Graduates of well-known Universities,
+distinguished for a particular line of study, should be given the
+preference. I think the prospects of the Indian Educational Service are
+sufficiently high to attract the very best material. In Colonial
+Universities they manage to get very distinguished men without any
+extravagantly high pay.... At present the recruitment in the Indian
+Educational Service is made in England and is practically confined to
+Englishmen. Such racial preference is, in my opinion, prejudicial to the
+interest of education. The best men available, English or Indian, should
+be selected impartially, and high scholarship should be the only
+test.... It is unfortunate that Indian graduates of European
+Universities who had distinguished themselves in a remarkable manner do
+not for one reason or other find facilities for entering the higher
+Educational Service.... I should like to add that these highly qualified
+Indians need only opportunities to render service which would greatly
+advance the cause of higher education.... If promising Indian graduates
+are given the opportunity of visiting foreign Universities, I have no
+doubt that they would stand comparison with the best recruits that can
+be obtained from the West.... As teachers and workers it is an
+incontestable fact that Indian Officers have distinguished themselves
+very highly, and anything which discriminates between Europeans and
+Indians in the way of pay and prospects is most undesirable. A sense of
+injustice is ill-calculated to bring about that harmony which is so
+necessary among all the members of an educational institution,
+professors and students alike."[27] Pressing next for a high level of
+scholarship, in the Indian Educational Service, he wrote:--
+
+     "It has been said that the present standard of Indian Universities
+    is not as high as that of British Universities, and that the work
+    done by the former is more like that of the 6th form of the public
+    schools in England. It is therefore urged that what is required for
+    an Educational officer in the capacity to manage classes rather than
+    high scholarship. I do not agree with these views. (1) There are
+    Universities in Great Britain whose standards are not higher than
+    ours; I do not think that the Pass Degree even of Oxford or
+    Cambridge is higher than the corresponding degree here (2) the
+    standard of the Indian University is being steadily raised; (3) the
+    standard will depend upon what the men entrusted with Educational
+    work will make it. For these reasons it is necessary that the level
+    of scholarship represented by the Indian Educational Service should
+    be maintained very high."[28]
+
+He then dwelt on what should be the aim of Higher Education in India and
+observed as follows:--
+
+     "... I think that all the machinery to improve the higher
+    education in India would be altogether ineffectual unless India
+    enters the world movement for the advancement of knowledge. And for
+    this it is absolutely necessary to touch the imagination of the
+    people so as to rouse them to give their best energies to the work
+    of research and discovery, in which all the nations of the world are
+    now engaged. To aim anything less will only end in lifeless and
+    mechanical system from which the soul of reality has passed
+    away."[28]
+
+He was called, on the 18th December 1913, and was put to a searching
+examination by the Members of the Royal Commission. The evidence that he
+gave is instinct with patriotism and is highly remarkable for its
+simplicity and directness about the things he said. To the Chairman
+(Lord Islington) he stated that he "favoured an arrangement by which
+Indians would enter the higher ranks of the service, either through the
+Provincial Service or by direct recruitment in India. The latter class
+of officers, after completing their education in India, should
+ordinarily go to Europe with a view to widening their experience. By
+this he did not wish to decry the training given in the Indian
+Universities, which produce some of the very best men, and he would not
+make the rule absolute. It was not necessary for men of exceptional
+ability to go to England in order to occupy a high chair. Unfortunately,
+on account of there being no openings for men of genius in the
+Educational Service, distinguished men were driven to the profession of
+Law. In the present condition of India a larger number of distinguished
+men were needed to give their lives to the education of the people.
+
+"... The educational service ought to be regarded not as a profession,
+but as a calling. Some men were born to be teachers. It was not a
+question of race, of course; in order to have an efficient educational
+system, there must be an efficient organisation, but this should not be
+allowed to become fossilised, and thus stand in the way of healthy
+growth.... A proportion of Europeans in the service, was needed, but
+only as experts and not as ordinary teachers. Only the very best men
+should be obtained from Europe and for exceptional cases. The general
+educational work should be done entirely by Indians, who understood the
+difficulties of the country much better than any outsider. He advocated
+the direct recruitment of Indians in India by the local Government in
+consultation with the Secretary of State, rather than by the Secretary
+of State alone. Indians were under a great difficulty, in that they
+could not remain indefinitely in England after taking their degrees and
+being away from the place of recruitment their claims were overlooked.
+There was no reason why a European should be paid a higher rate of
+salary than an Indian on account of the distance he came. An Indian felt
+a sense of inferiority if a difference was made as regards pay. The very
+slight saving which Government made by differentiating between the two
+did not compensate for the feeling of wrong done. This feeling would
+remain even if the pay was the same, but an additional grant in the
+shape of a foreign service allowance was made to Europeans. All workers
+in the field of education should feel a sense of solidarity, because
+they were all serving one greet cause, namely, education."[29]
+
+Being asked by Sir Valentine Chirol, he said "If a foreign professor
+would not come and serve in India for the same remuneration as he
+obtained in his own country, he would certainly not force him to
+come."[29]
+
+To Mr. Abdur Rahim he said: "Recruitment for the Educational Service
+should be made in the first place in India, if suitable men were
+available; but if not then he would allow the best outsiders to be
+brought in. In the present state of the country it would be very easy to
+fill up many of the chairs by selecting the best men in India. The aim
+of the universities should be to promote two classes of work--first,
+research; and, secondly, an all-round sound education...."[29]
+
+In answer to questions of Mr. Madge, he said: "Any idea that the
+educational system of India was so far inferior to that of England, that
+Indians, who had made their mark, had done so, not because of the
+educational system of the country, but in spite of it, was quite
+unfounded. The standard of education prevailing in India was quite up
+to the mark of several British Universities. It was as true of any other
+country in the world as of India that education was valued as a means
+for passing examination, and not only for itself, and there was no more
+cramming in India than elsewhere. The West certainly brought to the East
+a modern spirit, which was very valuable, but it would be dearly
+purchased by the loss of an honourable career for competent Indians in
+their own country. The educational system in India had in the past been
+too mechanical, but a turn for the better was now taking place and the
+Universities were recognising the importance of research work, and were
+willing to give their highest degrees to encourage it."[30]
+
+To Mr. Fisher, he said that he "desired to secure for India Europeans
+who had European reputations in their different branches of study. If it
+was necessary to go outside India or England, to procure good men, he
+would prefer to go to Germany. This was the practice in America where
+they were annexing all the great intellects of Europe. He would like to
+see India entering the world movement in the advance and march of
+knowledge. It was of the highest importance that there should be an
+intellectual atmosphere in India. It would be of advantage if there were
+many Indians in the Educational Service. For they came more in contact
+with the people, and influenced their intellectual activity. Besides, on
+retirement they would live in India, and their ripe experience would be
+at their countrymen's service."[31]
+
+To Mr. Gokhale, he said that he "knew of three instances in which the
+Colonies had secured distinguished men on salaries which were lower than
+those given to officers of the Indian Educational Service. One was at
+Toronto, another was in New Zealand and the third at Yale University.
+The salaries on the two latter cases were £600 and £500 a year. The same
+held good as regards Japan. The facts there had been stated in a
+Government of India publication as follows: 'Subsequent to 1895 there
+were 67 professors recruited in Europe and America. Of these 20 came
+from Germany, 16 from England and 12 from the United States. The average
+pay was £384. In the highest Imperial University the average pay is
+£684. As soon as Japanese could be found to do the work, even tolerably
+well, the foreigner was dropped.' When he first started work in India,
+he found that there was no physical laboratory, or any grant made for a
+practical experimental course. He had to construct instruments with the
+help of local mechanics, whom he had to train. All this took him ten
+years. He then undertook original investigation at his own expense. The
+Royal Society became specially interested in his work and desired to
+give him parliamentary grant for its continuation. It was after this
+that the Government of Bengal came forward and offered him facilities
+for research. In the Educational Service he would take men of
+achievement from any where; but men of promise he would take from his
+own country."[32]
+
+To Sir Theodore Morison, he said: "There should be one scale of pay for
+all persons in the higher Educational Department. The rate of salary,
+Rs. 200 rising to Rs. 1,500 per month, was suitable subject to the
+proviso that a man of great distinction, instead of beginning at the
+lowest rate of pay, should start some where in the middle of the list,
+say, at Rs. 400 or Rs. 500. He would make no difference in regard to
+Europeans or Indians in that respect.... It would not be right for a
+great Government to grant a minimum of pay to Indian Professors and an
+extravagantly high pay to their European Colleagues, for doing the same
+kind of work."[33]
+
+To Mr. Gupta, he said that "He desired one Service, because he thought
+it was most degrading that certain man, although they were doing the
+same work should be classed in a Provincial Service, while others should
+be classed in an Imperial Service. The prospects of the members of the
+Provincial Service were not at all what they ought to be, and that was
+the reason why the best men were not attracted to it."[33]
+
+
+FOURTH SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION (1914-15)
+
+Though the theories of Dr. Bose received acceptance from the leading
+scientific men of the Royal Society, yet Dr. Bose realised the necessity
+of bringing about a _general conviction_ as to the truth of the identity
+of life-reactions in plant and in animal. So he looked for an
+opportunity of giving demonstration of his discoveries before the
+leading Scientific Societies of the World. And that opportunity came.
+The Royal Institution of Great Britain again invited him to deliver a
+'Friday evening discourse' on the results of his new researches. The
+University of Oxford and Cambridge also followed suit. The Government of
+India also showed their appreciation by sending him again on a
+Deputation for placing his discoveries before the Scientific world. He
+remained on deputation from the 3rd April 1914 to the 12th June 1915.
+
+
+DR. BOSE IN EUROPE
+
+Proceeding on his Deputation to England, Dr. Bose gave his first
+lecture, on the 20th May 1914, at Oxford,--where the late Sir John
+Burden Sanderson and his followers were the leaders of biological
+thought--in presence of very distinguished scientists. It was a grand
+success. Actual visualisation by physical demonstration of the results
+of his novel researches at once convinced those who were present. He
+next proposed to give a discourse on Plant Response before the
+University of Cambridge. The interest in this lecture became so very
+keen that the Botanical Department of Cambridge went to the length of
+importing soil from India to give the plants the most favourable
+conditions for exhibiting their specific reactions. At the lecture, the
+large Botanical Theatre became filled with scientific specialists, dons
+and advanced students, who followed with great attention the experiments
+with which he illustrated his discourse. He was greeted with applause by
+the eminent scientists who thronged the lecture-theatre, at the end of
+every experiment. Sir Francis Darwin, the eminent botanist, in proposing
+a vote of thanks to Dr. Bose, said that 'he was filled with admiration,
+not only for the brilliancy of the work but for the convincing character
+of the experiments.' The scientists next assembled in great force, on
+the 29th May 1914, to hear the 'Friday Evening Discourse' of Dr. J. C.
+Bose on 'Plant Autographs and their Revelations,' at the Royal
+Institution, which was highly appreciated. At the end of the Discourse,
+Sir James Dewar, President of the Institution, gave an 'At Home' in
+honour of Dr. and Mrs. Bose.[34]
+
+
+THE MAIDA VALE LABORATORY
+
+The demonstrations of a far-reaching character which Dr. Bose gave
+evoked considerable public interest in England. His private laboratory
+at Maida Vale, in London, became the object of pilgrimage to the leading
+men of thought there. Sir William Crookes, the President of the Royal
+Society, came and became 'much impressed by the most ingenious and novel
+self-recording instruments.' Professor Starling, the author of the
+standard work on Physiology, and Professor Oliver, the well-known
+Plant-Physiologist, also became impressed by the delicacy and importance
+of Dr. Bose's work and methods. Professor Carveth Read, author of
+"Metaphysics of Nature," wondered how far the researches would
+profoundly affect the philosophical thoughts. Mr. Balfour, the
+ex-premier, became enthralled with what he saw. Professor James A. H.
+Murray, Editor of the 'Oxford New English Dictionary,' and Bernard Shaw,
+the famous dramatist, felt themselves attracted to the great Indian
+Scientist and came to pay their homage to him. Even Lord Crewe, the then
+Secretary of State for India, paid a visit to his laboratory and spoke
+warmly of the pride which he and the Government of India felt for his
+discoveries and of high gratification to him that India should once more
+make such contributions for the intellectual advancement of the world.
+The leading newspapers wrote eulogistically of his researches. The
+well-known scientific journal _Nature_ devoted ten columns to an
+illustrated synopsis of his discoveries. Lord Hardinge, the then
+Viceroy, wrote a congratulatory letter to him--"It has been a source of
+immense gratification to the Viceroy to know that the foremost place in
+the special branch of research has been taken by one of India's most
+distinguished sons. The success you have won will only serve to
+stimulate your efforts and those of your pupils to other scientific
+investigations which will redound still further to the honour of those
+who conduct them, and of India, the country of their birth."[35]
+
+From England Dr. Bose proceeded to the Continent, where his researches
+had already evoked keen interest.
+
+On the 27th June 1914, he gave an address, illustrated with experiments,
+before the University of Vienna, which stands foremost in Biological
+researches. He was greeted with enthusiasm by the savants there. Some of
+the workers in plant physiology became so very much impressed with his
+demonstrations that they expressed a desire to be trained under him.
+Professor Molisch, the Director of the Pflanzen-physiologisches
+Institute of the Imperial University of Vienna, in proposing a vote of
+thanks, spoke highly of the great inspiration which the Viennese
+scientific men received from his discourse and dwelt on the
+indebtedness of Europe to India for the method of investigation
+initiated by Dr. Bose--method, which rendered it possible to prove deep
+into plant-life and bring forth results of which they could not hitherto
+dream. And the University of Vienna officially addressed the Secretary
+of State for India asking that special thanks of the University be
+conveyed to the Government of India for the impetus given to them by Dr.
+Bose's visit. Dr. Bose was next to start for Germany on his scientific
+mission, and address the University of Strassburg, Leipzic, Halle,
+Berlin and Bonn and then attend the international congress at Munich,
+but, as the War broke out, he was compelled to come back to London.[36]
+On his way back, he gave a Discourse before the eminent scientific men
+in Paris.
+
+On his return to London, medical men evinced great interest in his
+researches. Sir John Reid, President of the Royal Society of Medicine,
+and Sir Lauder Brunton, Physician of His Majesty the King Emperor, paid
+a visit to his laboratory to witness the action of drugs upon plants.
+Sir Lauder Brunton became of opinion that 'much light would be thrown on
+action of drugs on animals, by first observing their effects on plants.'
+As a result of this visit, Dr. Bose was invited to give an address to
+the Royal Society of Medicine in the beginning of winter. But, as the
+period of his Deputation was about to expire, the Society cabled to the
+Government of India for an extension, which was granted. Dr. Bose then
+delivered a lecture, before the Royal Society of Medicine, on the 30th
+October 1914. The Royal Society of Medicine officially addressed the
+Secretary of State for India as follows:--
+
+    "... The lecture was one of the most successful we have had yet and
+    evoked the keenest interest in the audience, Sir Lauder Brunton,
+    Bt., and others taking part in the discussion, and warmly
+    congratulating Prof. Bose and the Society on the value of his work.
+    Since then I have received many expressions of appreciation that the
+    Society was able to offer its fellows such an interesting
+    demonstration of an entirely new departure in Biological Science."
+    "At the invitation of the Psychological Society of London, Dr. Bose
+    next delivered an interesting lecture on his theory of Memory
+    Image."[37] He also gave an Address before the London Imperial
+    college of Science.
+
+
+DR. BOSE IN AMERICA
+
+Dr. Bose's discoveries in the meantime evoked great interest in America.
+He was invited by several leading scientific bodies to come over there
+and acquaint them with the results of his wonderful researches. So he
+next went to America. "While in America, he was swamped with letters and
+telegrams for lecture engagements from Maine to California" wrote
+Professor Sudhindra Bose M.A., Ph.D., of the Iowa University at that
+time, in the Modern Review.[38] "He has had so many calls for lectures
+from various Scientific societies, Colleges and Universities, that if he
+could speak twice a day and every day in the week, he could not hope to
+comply with all of those invitations in much less than a year." As he
+was in the United States, only for a few weeks, "he spoke before such
+learned bodies as the New York Academy of Sciences, the American
+Association for the Advancement of Science, the Brooklyn Institute of
+Arts and Science, the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and joint
+meeting of Academy of Science, the Botanical Society, and the Bureau of
+Plant Industry at Washington. Among the larger Universities, he gave
+addresses at Harvard, Columbia, Iowa, Illinois, Chicago, Michigan,
+Wisconsin.... Everywhere Dr. Bose has met with a very hearty welcome
+from the people of the American Republic. Even the Hon'ble Secretary of
+State, William Jennings Bryan, invited him to give a demonstration of
+his work at the State Department in Washington--an honour of unusual
+significance.... Dr. Bose has been made the subject of many magazine
+articles, newspaper editorials, cartoons and poems"[38].... "The famous
+Smithsonian Institute showed its high appreciation by submitting a
+report of Prof. Bose's work to the Congress. The Bureau of Plant
+Industry in Washington recognised his work on plant physiology as a very
+important contribution for the advancement of agriculture.... At the
+Harvard University his work has been received with high appreciation.
+President Stanley Hall, who is one of the leading psychologists of the
+day, has introduced Prof. Bose's work in the Post-graduate course of the
+Clarke University. His books have also been prescribed for physiological
+courses in different Universities in America, and in one of the leading
+Universities there, a special course of lectures is devoted to Prof.
+Bose's investigations on plant irritability...."[39]
+
+The Columbia University, the largest in the United States, requested Dr.
+Bose to provide facilities in his Laboratory "for the reception of
+foreign students, who are desirous of familiarising themselves first
+hand with his apparatus and methods."
+
+
+WHAT DR. BOSE SAW IN JAPAN
+
+Dr. Bose then came back to India, in June 1915, _via_ Japan. During his
+stay, in Japan, he acquainted himself with the efforts of the people and
+their aspirations towards a great future. He found that, "in
+materialistic efficiency, which, in a mechanical era, is regarded as an
+index of civilisation, they have surpassed their German teachers. A few
+decades ago, they had no foreign shipping and no manufactures. But,
+within an incredibly short time, their magnificent lines of steamers
+have proved so formidable a competitor that the great American lines in
+the Pacific will soon be compelled to stop their sailings. Their
+industries again, through the wise help of the State and other
+adventitious aids, are capturing foreign markets. But far more admirable
+is their foresight to save their country from any embroilment with other
+nations with whom they want to live in peace. And they realise that any
+predominant interest of a foreign country in their trade or manufacture
+is sure to lead to misunderstanding and friction. Actuated by this
+idea, they have practically excluded all foreign manufactured articles
+by prohibitive tariffs."[40] "Is our country slow to realise the danger"
+asks Dr. Bose "that threatens her by the capture of her market and the
+total destruction of her industries? Does she not realise that it is
+helpless passivity that directly provokes aggression?... There is,
+therefore, no time to be lost and the utmost effort is demanded of the
+Government and the people for the revival of our industries...."[41]
+
+
+A PATRIOTIC CALL
+
+"A very serious danger" continues Dr. Bose "is thus seen to be
+threatening the future of India, and to avert it will require the utmost
+effort of the people. They have not only to meet the economic crisis but
+also to protect the ideals of ancient Aryan civilisation from the
+destructive forces that are threatening it.... There is a danger of
+regarding the mechanical efficiency as the sole end of life; there is
+also the opposite danger of a life of dreaming, bereft of struggle and
+activity, the degenerating into parasitic habits of dependence. Only
+through the noble call of patriotism can our nation realise the highest
+ideals in thought and in action...."[42]
+
+
+BACK TO INDIA
+
+After his return to India, Dr. Bose attended the Indian Science Congress
+at Lucknow. He then attended the ceremony of the laying of the
+foundation stone of the Hindu University at Benares. On that occasion he
+delivered a masterly address. He said:--
+
+"In tracing the characteristic phenomena of life from simple beginnings
+in that vast region which may be called unvoiced, as exemplified in the
+world of plants, to its highest expression in the animal kingdom, one is
+repeatedly struck by the one dominant fact that in order to maintain an
+organism at the height of its efficiency something more than a
+mechanical perfection of its structure is necessary. Every living
+organism, in order to maintain its life and growth, must be in free
+communion with all the forces of the Universe about it.
+
+"Further, it must not only constantly receive stimulus from without, but
+must also give out something from within, and the healthy life of the
+organism will depend on these two-fold activities of inflow and
+outflow. When there is any interference with these activities, then
+morbid symptoms appear, which ultimately must end in disaster and death.
+This is equally true of the intellectual life of a Nation. When through
+narrow conceit a Nation regards itself self-sufficient and cuts itself
+from the stimulus of the outside world, then intellectual decay must
+inevitably follow.
+
+"So far as regards the receptive function. Then there is another
+function in the intellectual life of a Nation, that of spontaneous flow,
+that going out of its life by which the world is enriched. When the
+Nation has lost this power, when it merely receives, but cannot give
+out, then its healthy life is over, and it sinks into a degenerate
+existence, which is purely parasitic.
+
+"How can our Nation give out of the fulness of the life that is in it,
+and how can a new Indian University help in the realisation of this
+object? It is clear that its power of directing and inspiring will
+depend on its world status. This can be secured to it by no artificial
+means, nor by any strength in the past....
+
+"This world status can only be won by the intrinsic value of the great
+contributions to be made by its own Indian scholars for the advancement
+of the world's knowledge. To be organic and vital our new University
+must stand primarily for self-expression and for winning for India a
+place she has lost. Knowledge is never the exclusive possession of any
+particular race, nor does it recognise geographical limitations. The
+whole world is interdependent, and a constant stream of thought has been
+carried out throughout the ages enriching the common heritage of
+mankind. Although science was neither of the East nor of the West but
+international, certain aspects of it gained richness by reason of their
+place of origin."[43]
+
+
+OUTCOME OF THE SCIENTIFIC MISSION
+
+The scientific mission of Dr. Bose to the West was a great success. The
+very convincing character of the demonstrations that he gave, before the
+leading Scientific Societies of the world, with his newly invented
+Resonant Recorder and other delicate instruments, secured a world-wide
+acceptance of his theories and results. Not only that. He secured also a
+recognition from the leading thinkers of "that trend of thought which
+led him unconsciously to the dividing frontiers of different sciences
+and shaped the course of his work."[44] It has come to be recognised
+that "India through her habit of mind is peculiarly fitted to realise
+the idea of unity and to see in the phenomenal world an orderly
+universe," to realise that "there can be but one truth, one Science
+which includes all other branches of knowledge,"[44] and that the store
+of world's knowledge would be incomplete without India's special
+contribution to it. Thus he has raised India in the estimation of the
+intellectual world.
+
+
+RETIREMENT FROM GOVERNMENT SERVICE
+
+Dr. Bose reached the age limit of 55 on the 29th November 1913 but he
+was granted an extension till the 13th September 1915. The period of his
+extension having expired, he retired from the Professorship in the
+Presidency College after 31 years of service. The Governing Body of the
+College, however, "in recognition of his eminent services to Science and
+Presidency College," appointed him _honoris causa_ Emeritus Professor of
+the College. His duties as a member of the staff ceased. But he was
+given facilities to continue his work in the Physical Laboratory of the
+College.[45]
+
+
+FURTHER RECOGNITION
+
+After his retirement, the Secretary of State, who had already been
+impressed with the high value of his researches, sanctioned a recurring
+grant of Rs. 30,000 a year (for him and his assistants) for 5 years and
+a non-recurring grant of Rs. 25,000 (for equipment) for continuation of
+his original work.... And, in further recognition of his valuable
+scientific work, the Government conferred on him a Knighthood, on the
+1st January 1917. It may, however, be mentioned that this high honour
+has been bestowed for the first time on an Indian for his original work
+in Science.
+
+
+FEELS THE NECESSITY FOR THE FOUNDATION OF AN INSTITUTE
+
+Relieved of the trammels of service, Dr. Bose felt the necessity for
+realising a dream that wove a network round his wakeful life for years
+past--for establishing an Institute--a Study and Garden of Life--where
+the creepers, plants and trees would be played upon by their natural
+environment and would transcribe in their own script the history of
+their experience, where "the student would watch the panorama of life"
+and, "isolated from all distractions, would learn to attune himself with
+Nature and to see how community throughout the great ocean of life
+outweighs apparent the dissimilarity," and where "the genius of India
+would find its true blossoming," where the "synthetical intellectual
+methods of the East would co-operate with the analytical methods of the
+West," and whence would emanate a rich and peculiar current of thought
+and to which would be attracted votaries from all lands.[46]
+
+
+THE BOSE INSTITUTE
+
+Though the realisation of such a glorious Institute would not be
+effected through one life or one fortune, he wanted to accomplish
+something--something, so far as it lay in his power. So he proceeded to
+build and equip an Institute--the "Bose Institute"--at a cost of about 5
+lakhs, the entire savings of his lifetime. While it was being
+constructed Their Excellencies the Viceroy and the Governor of Bengal
+paid a visit to Dr. Bose's private laboratory. On the 30th November
+1917--the anniversary of his sixtieth birthday--he dedicated the
+Institute to the Nation, for the progress of Science and for the Glory
+of India.
+
+
+THE AIMS OF THE INSTITUTE
+
+In this Institute, Dr. Bose intends to go on with "the further and
+fuller investigation of the many and ever-opening problems of the
+nascent science which includes both Life and None Life" and wants to
+train up a devoted band of workers, with the Sanyasin mind, who would
+keep alive the flame kindled by him, and who, by acute observation and
+patient experiment would "wring out from Nature some of her most
+jealously guarded secrets" and who would thus lead to the establishment
+of a great Indian School of Science and to the "building of the greater
+India yet to be." There would be no academic limitation here to the
+widest possible diffusion of knowledge. The facilities of the Institute
+would be available to workers from all countries and there would be no
+desecration of knowledge here by its utilisation for personal gain--no
+patent would be taken of the discoveries here made. The high aim of a
+great Seat of Learning would be sought to be maintained here. The
+lectures here given would not be mere repetitions, second-hand knowledge
+but would announce for the first time to the world the new discoveries
+here made.[47]
+
+The efforts of Dr. Bose have also animated our countrymen. Maharaja Sir
+Manindra Chandra Nandy of Kasimbazar has made a gift of two lakhs to the
+Institute. Mr. S. R. Bomanji has given one lakh. Mr. Moolraj Khatao has
+endowed the Institute with two lakh and a quarter. Other contributions
+are still pouring in.
+
+
+A GREAT 'SADHAK'
+
+With a true _Sanyasin_ spirit, Dr. Bose applied himself to the study of
+Nature. His ardour was ever compassable. Even the limitations of the
+senses would hardly fetter him in his explorations in the regions of the
+Unknown. He expended the range of perception by means of wonderfully
+sensitive instrumental devices. By acute observations and patient
+experiment he wrung out from Nature some of her most jealously guarded
+secrets in the realm of Electric Radiation, which "literally filled with
+wonder and admiration" the greatest scientist of the age. Allurements of
+great material prospects--which might lead him to the path of immense
+fortune--came to him, in the shape of the patents of his inventions.
+But they had no attraction for him. In utter disregard of all worldly
+advancement, he continued in his pursuit of knowledge.
+
+In pursuit of his investigations on Electric Radiation, he was
+unconsciously led into the border region of Physics and Physiology. He
+caught a glimpse of ineffable wonder that remained hidden behind the
+view. He attempted to lift the veil. And, at once, difficulties
+presented themselves one after another. An unfamiliar caste in the
+domain of Science got offended. He was asked not to encroach on the
+special preserve of the Physiologists and, as he did not pay any heed to
+the warning, misrepresentations began. Even the evidence of his
+supersensitive appliances failed to convince many. And the Royal Society
+withheld publication of his researches. He was recompensed with ridicule
+and reviling. The limited facilities that he had in the prosecution of
+his researches were in danger of being withdrawn. But he had a burning
+Faith in the Vision and was not to be boggled at with these
+difficulties. He became stronger in his determination. Realising an
+inner call, he dedicated himself for the establishment of the truth
+underlying his Faith. He cast his life, as an offering, regarding
+success and failure as one, and engaged himself in a protracted struggle
+to get behind the deceptive seeming into the reality that remained
+unseen. After years of sustained efforts, he succeeded in overcoming
+almost insuperable difficulties in the way of the realisation of the
+great dream of his life. The closed doors at last opened, and the
+seemingly impossible became possible. The secret of the plant world
+stood revealed by the autographs of the plants themselves. "It was when
+I came upon the mute witness of these self-made records," said Sir J. C.
+Bose, when he stood before the Royal Institution "and perceived in them
+one phase of a pervading unity that bears within it all things: the mote
+that quivers in ripples of light, the teeming life upon our earth, and
+the radiant suns that shine above us--it was then that I understood for
+the first time a little of that message proclaimed by my ancestors on
+the banks of the Ganges thirty centuries ago."
+
+    "They who see but one in all the changing manifestations of this
+    universe, unto them belongs Eternal Truth--unto none else, unto none
+    else." [48]
+
+The Rishis of ancient India, by their intense Yoga, realised the One in
+the Many. But Sir Jagadis Chandra, by rigorous experimental
+demonstration, realised a Unity amidst Diversity. He perceived that
+"there was no such thing as brute matter, but that spirit suffused
+matter in which it was enshrined."[49]
+
+
+EFFECT OF HIS WORK
+
+It is impossible to estimate the effect of his epoch-making researches.
+The psychic stone flung by him into the pool of physical botany, has
+made the ripples run in so many directions. There have been produced
+"unexpected revelations in plant life, foreshadowing the wonders of the
+highest animal life." And there "have opened out very extended regions
+of inquiry in Physics, in Physiology, in Medicine, in Agriculture and
+even in Psychology. Problems, hitherto regarded as insoluble, have now
+been brought within the sphere of experimental investigation."
+
+Sir J.C. Bose has not only extended the distant boundaries of Science,
+but, by his peculiarly Indian contribution, has secured a recognised
+place for India and has revived a hope in the Indian mind that India
+may yet regain a place among the intellectual nations of the world. Men
+like him are rare not only in India but rare any where in the world. May
+he live long!
+
+[Footnote 1: Vide 'History of a Failure that was great'--Modern Review,
+Vol. XXI, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Vide 'History of a Failure that was great'--Modern Review.
+Vol. XXI p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Vide_ 'History of a failure that was great'--Modern
+Review, Vol. XXI, p 221.]
+
+[Footnote 4: 'History of a Failure that was great'--Modern Review. Vol,
+XXI, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Convocation Address, dated 2nd March 1907, delivered by Sir
+Ashutosh Mookerjea.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Vide Evidence of Dr. J. C. Bose before the Public Services
+Commission,--Vol. XX, p. 136.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Address to the Royal Society by its President, Sir Benjamin
+Brodie, 30th November 1859.]
+
+[Footnote 8: 1 metre = 39.4 inches]
+
+[Footnote 9: Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol IX, p. 206.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol. IX, p. 206.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 693.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XII, p. 590.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Vide 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 694.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Response in Living and Non-Living, p. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 15: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 588.]
+
+[Footnote 16: See 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 694.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 18: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Vide 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 694.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Cf. Preface to 'Comparative Electro-Physiology' p. IX.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Vide 'Comparative Electro-Physiology' pp. 732-733.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Vide 'Memory Image and its Revival,' Sir J. C.
+Bose--Modern Review, Vol. XXIV, p. 447.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Sri Sermon on "Prayer" delivered by Keshub Chunder Sen at
+the Prarthana Samaj, Bombay, on March 26, 1868.]
+
+[Footnote 25: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 588.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Vide Modern Review Vol. XI, p. 539.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 135-136.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 135.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 136]
+
+[Footnote 30: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 139.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Vide Modern Review--Vol. XVI, pp. 16, 118, 120.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVI, pp. 120, 121, 126.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVII, P. 559.]
+
+[Footnote 37: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVI, p. 246.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVII, p. 559.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII. p. 214.]
+
+[Footnote 41: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII. p. 215.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 215.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XIX, p. 277.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 591.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Presidency College Magazine, Vol. II, p. 335.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Presidency College Magazine, Vol. II, p, 335.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, XXII, p. 590.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review Vol XXII, p. 590.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XXI, p. 343.]
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+
+The following is a substance of the Address delivered in Bengali by
+Prof. J. C. Bose, on the 14th April 1911, as the President of the Bengal
+Literary Conference, which met in the Easter of 1911 at Mymensing.
+
+In this Literary Congress it would appear that you have interpreted
+Letters in no exclusive sense. We are not met to discuss the place that
+literature is to hold in the gospel of beauty. Rather are we set upon
+conceiving of her in larger ways. To us to-day literature is no mere
+ornament, no mere amusement. Instead of this, we desire to bring beneath
+her shadow all the highest efforts of our minds. In this great communion
+of learning, this is not the first time that a scientific man has
+officiated as priest. The chair which I now occupy has already been held
+by one whom I love and honour as friend and colleague, and glory in our
+countryman, Praphulla Chandra Ray. In honouring him, your Society has
+not only done homage to merit, but has also placed before our people a
+lofty and inclusive ideal of literature.
+
+You are aware that in this West, the prevailing tendency at the moment
+is, after a period of synthesis, to return upon the excessive
+sub-division of learning. The result of this specialisation is rather to
+accentuate the distinctiveness of the various sciences, so that for a
+while the great unity of all tends perhaps to be obscured. Such a caste
+system in scholarship, undoubtedly helps at first, in the gathering and
+classification of new material. But if followed too exclusively, it ends
+by limiting the comprehensiveness of truth. The search is endless.
+Realisation evades us.
+
+The Eastern aim has been rather the opposite, namely, that in the
+multiplicity of phenomena, we should never miss their underlying unity.
+After generations of this quest, the idea of unity comes to us almost
+spontaneously, and we apprehend no insuperable obstacle in grasping it.
+
+I feel that here in this Literary Congress, this characteristic idea of
+unity has worked unconsciously. We have never thought of narrowing the
+bounds of literature by a jealous definition of its limits. On the
+contrary, we have allowed its empire to extend. And you have felt that
+this could be adequately done only, if in one place you could gather
+together all that we are seeking, all that we are thinking, all that we
+are examining. And for this you have to-day invited those who sing along
+with those who meditate, and those who experiment. And this is why,
+though my own life has been given to the pursuit of science, I had yet
+no hesitation in accepting the honour of your invitation.
+
+
+POETRY AND SCIENCE
+
+The poet, seeing by the heart, realises the inexpressible and strived to
+give it expression. His imagination soars, where the sight of others
+fails, and his news of realm unknown finds voice in rhyme and metre. The
+path of the scientific man may be different, yet there is some likeness
+between the two pursuits. Where visible light ends, he still follows the
+invisible. Where the note of the audible reaches the unheard, even there
+he gathers the tremulous message. That mystery which lies behind the
+expressed, is the object of his questioning also; and he, in his
+scientific way, attempts to render its abstruse discoveries into human
+speech.
+
+This vast abode of nature is built in many wings, each with its own
+portal. The physicist, the chemist, and the biologist entering by
+different doors, each one his own department of knowledge, comes to
+think that this is his special domain, unconnected with that of any
+other. Hence has arisen our present rigid division of phenomena, into
+the worlds of the inorganic, vegetal, and sentient. But this
+attitude of mind is philosophical, may be denied. We must remember that
+all enquiries have as their goal the attainment of knowledge in its
+entirety. The partition walls between the cells in the great laboratory
+are only erected for a time to aid this search. Only at that point where
+all lines of investigation meet, can the whole truth be found.
+
+Both poet and scientific worker have set out for the same goal, to find
+a unity in the bewildering diversity. The difference is that the poet
+thinks little of the path, whereas the scientific man must not neglect.
+The imagination of the poet has to be unrestricted. The intuitions of
+emotion cannot be established by rigid proof. He has, therefore, to use
+the language of imagery, adding constantly the words 'as if.'
+
+The road that the scientific man has to tread is on the other hand very
+rugged, and in his pursuit of demonstration he must pay a severe
+restraint on his imagination. His constant anxiety is lest he should be
+self-deceived. He has, therefore, at every step to compare his own
+thought with the external fact. He has remorselessly to abandon all in
+which these are not agreed. His reward is that he gets, however little
+is certain, forming a strong foundation for what is yet to come. Even by
+this path of self-restraint and verification, however, he is making for
+a region surpassing wonder. In the range of that invisible light, gross
+objects cease to be a barrier, and force and matter become less
+aesthetic. When the veil is suddenly lifted, upon the vision hitherto
+unsuspected, he may for a moment lose his accustomed self-restraint and,
+exclaim "not 'as if'--but the thing itself!"
+
+
+INVISIBLE LIGHT.
+
+In illustration of this sense of wonder which links together poetry and
+science, let me allude briefly to a few matters that belong to my own
+small corner in the great universe of knowledge, that of light invisible
+and of life unvoiced. Can anything appeal more to the imagination than
+the fact that we can detect the peculiarities in the internal molecular
+structure of an opaque body by means of light that is itself invisible?
+Could anything have been more unexpected than to find that a sphere of
+China-clay focuses invisible light more perfectly than a sphere of glass
+focuses the visible; that in fact, the refractive power of this clay to
+electric radiation is at least as great as that of the most costly
+diamond to light? From amongst the innumerable octaves of light, there
+is only one octave, with power to excite the human eye. In reality, we
+stand, in the midst of a luminous ocean, almost blind! The little that
+we can see is nothing, compared to the vastness of that which we cannot.
+But it may be said that out of the very imperfection of his senses man
+has been able, in science, to build for himself a raft of thought by
+which to make daring adventure on the great seas of the unknown.
+
+
+UNVOICED LIFE.
+
+Again, just as, in following up light from visible to invisible, our
+range of investigation transcends our physical sight, so also does our
+power of sympathy become extended, when we pass from the voiced to the
+unvoiced, in the study of life: Is there then any possible relation
+between our own life and that of the plant world? That there may be such
+a relation, some of the foremost of scientific men have denied. So
+distinguished a leader as the late Burdon-Sanderson declared that the
+majority of plants were not capable of giving any answer, by either
+mechanical or electrical excitement, to an outside stock. Pfeffer,
+again, and his distinguished followers, have insisted that the plants
+have neither a nervous system, nor anything analogous to the nervous
+impulse of the animal. According to such a view, that two streams of
+life, in plant and animal, flow side by side, but under the guidance of
+different laws. The problems of vegetable life are, it must be said,
+extremely obscure, and for the penetrating of that darkness we have long
+had to wait for instruments of a superlative sensitiveness. This has
+been the principal reason for our long clinging to mere theory, instead
+of looking for the demonstration of facts. But to learn the truth we
+have to put aside theories, and rely only on direct experiment. We have
+to abandon all our preconceptions, and put our questions direct,
+insisting that the only evidence we can accept is that which bears the
+plant's own signature.
+
+How are we to know what unseen changes take place within the plant? If
+it be excited or depressed by some special circumstance, how are we, on
+the outside, to be made aware of this? The only conceivable way would
+be, if that were possible, to detect and measure the actual response of
+the organism to a definite external blow. When an animal receives an
+external shock it may answer in various ways if it has voice, by a cry;
+if it be dumb, by the movement of its limbs. The external shock is a
+stimulus; the answer of the organism is the response. If we can find out
+the relation between this stimulus and the response, we shall be able to
+determine the vitality of the plant at that moment. In an excitable
+condition, the feeblest stimulus will evoke an extraordinarily large
+response: in a depressed state, even a strong stimulus evokes only a
+feeble response; and lastly, when death has overcome life, there is an
+abrupt end of the power to answer at all.
+
+We might therefore have detected the internal condition of the plant,
+if, by some inducement, we could have made it write down its own
+responses. If we could once succeed in this apparently impossible task
+we should still have to learn the new language and the new script. In a
+world of so many different scripts, it is certainly undesirable to
+introduce a new one! I fear the Uniform Script Association will cherish
+a grievance against us for this. It is fortunate however that the
+plant-script bears, after all, a certain resemblance to the
+Devanagari--inasmuch as it is totally unintelligible to any but the very
+learned!
+
+But there are two serious difficulties in our path; first, to make the
+plant itself consent to give its evidence; second, through plant and
+instrument combined, to induce it to give it in writing. It is
+comparatively easy to make a rebellious child obey: to extort answers
+from plants is indeed a problem! By many years of close contiguity,
+however, I have come to have some understanding of their ways. I take
+this opportunity to make public confession of various acts of cruelty
+which I have from time to time perpetrated on unoffending plants, in
+order to compel them to give me answers. For this purpose, I have
+devised various forms of torment,--pinches simple and revolving, pricks
+with needles, and burns with acids. But let this pass. I now understand
+that replies so forced are unnatural, and of no value. Evidence so
+obtained is not to be trusted. Vivisection, for instance, cannot furnish
+unimpugnable results, for excessive shock tends of itself to make the
+response of a tissue abnormal. The experimental organism must therefore
+be subjected only to moderate stimulation. Again, one has to choose for
+one's experiment a favourable moment. Amongst plants, as with ourselves,
+there is, very early in the morning, especially after a cold night,
+certain sluggishness. The answers, then, are a little indistinct. In the
+excessive heat of midday, again, though the first few answers are very
+distinct, yet fatigue soon sets in. On a stormy day, the plant remains
+obstinately silent. Barring all these sources of aberration, however, if
+we choose our time wisely, we may succeed in obtaining clear answers,
+which persist without interruption.
+
+It is our object, then, to gather the whole history of the plant, during
+every moment between its birth and its death. Through how many cycle of
+experience it has to pass! The effects on it of recurring light and
+darkness; the pull of the earth, and the blow of the storm; how complex
+is the concatenation of circumstances, how various are the shocks, and
+how multiplex are the replies which we have to analyse! In this vegetal
+life which appears so placid and so stationary, how manifold are the
+subtle internal reactions! Then how are we to make this invisible
+visible?
+
+
+THE DIARY OF THE PLANT.
+
+The little seedling we know to be growing, but the rate of its growth is
+far below anything we can directly perceive. How are we to magnify this
+so as to make it instantly measurable? What are the variations in this
+infinitesimal growth under external shock? what changes are induced by
+the action of drugs or poisons? will the action of poison change with
+the dose? Is it possible to counteract the effect of one by another?
+
+Supposing that the plant does not give answers to external shock, what
+time elapses between the shock and the reply? Does this latent period
+undergo any variation with external conditions? Is it possible to make
+the plant itself write down this excessively minute time-interval?
+
+Next, does the effect of the blow given outside reach the interior of
+the plant? If so, is there anything analogous to the nerve of the
+animal? If so, again, at what rate does the nervous impulse travel the
+plant? By what favourable circumstances will this rate of transmission
+become enhanced, and by what will be retarded or arrested? Is it
+possible to make the plant itself record this rate and its variations?
+Is there any resemblance between the nervous impulse in plants and
+animals? In the animal there are certain automatically pulsating tissues
+like the heart. Are there any such spontaneously beating tissues in a
+plant? What is the meaning of spontaneity? And lastly, when by the blow
+of death, life itself is finally extinguished, will it be possible to
+detect the critical moment? And does the plant then exert itself to make
+one overwhelming reply, after which response ceases altogether? Its
+autobiography can only be regarded as complete, if, with the help of
+efficient instruments, all these questions can be answered by it, so as
+to form the different chapters.
+
+"If the plant could have been made thus to keep its own diary, then the
+whole of its history might have been recovered!" But words like these
+are born of day dreams merely. Vague imaginings of this kind may furnish
+much gratification to an idle life. When, awaking from these pleasant
+dreams of science, we seek to actualise the conditions imposed by them,
+we find ourselves face to face with a dead wall. For the doorway of
+nature's court is barred with iron, and through it can penetrate no mere
+cry of childish petulance. It is only by the gathered force of many
+years of concentration, that the gate can be opened, and the seeker
+enter to explore the secrets that have baffled him so long.
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCH IN INDIA.
+
+We often hear that without a properly equipped laboratory, higher
+research in this country is an absolute impossibility. But while there
+is a good deal in this, it is not by any means the whole truth. If it
+were all, then from these countries where millions have been spent on
+costly laboratories, we should have had daily accounts of new
+discoveries. Such news we do not hear. It is true that here we suffer
+from many difficulties, but how does it help us, to envy the good
+fortune of others? Rise from your depression! Cast off your weakness!
+Let us think, "In whatever condition we are placed, that is the true
+starting-point for us." India is our working-place, and all our duties
+are to be accomplished here, and nowhere else. Only he who has lost his
+manhood need repine.
+
+In carrying out research, there are other difficulties, besides the
+want of well-equipped laboratories. We often forget that the real
+laboratory is one's own mind. The room and the instruments only
+externalise that. Every experiment has first to be carried out in that
+inner region. To keep the mental vision clear, great struggles have to
+be undergone. For its clearness is lost, only too easily. The greatest
+wealth of external appliances is of no avail, where there is not a
+concentrated pursuit, utterly detached from personal gain. Those whose
+minds rush hither and thither, those who hunger for public applause
+instead of truth itself, by them the quest is not won. To those on the
+other hand, who do long for knowledge itself, the want of favourable
+conditions does not seem the principle obstacle.
+
+In the first place, we have to realise that knowledge for the sake of
+knowledge is our aim, and that the world's common standard of utility
+have no place in it. The enquirer must follow where he is led, holding
+the quiet faith that things which appear to-day to be of no use, may be
+of the highest interest to-morrow. No height can be climbed, without the
+hewing of many an unremembered step! It is necessary, then, that the
+enquirer and his disciples should work on ceaselessly, undeterred by
+years of failure, and undistracted by the thunder of public applause. We
+may one day come to realise that India in the past has shared her
+knowledge with the world, and we may ask ourselves, is that destiny now
+ended for us? Are we of to-day to be debtors only? Perhaps when we have
+once felt this, a new Nalanda may arise.
+
+
+THE PHYTOGRAPH
+
+I was speaking of the need of various delicate instruments--phytographs,
+as I shall call them--for the automatic record of the plant's responses.
+What was, ten years ago, a mere aspiration, has now after so many years
+of effort, become actual fact. It is unnecessary to tell here of many a
+fruitless and despairing attempt. Nor shall I trouble you with any
+account of intricate mechanism. I need only say that with the aid of
+different types of apparatus, it is now possible for all the responsive
+activities of the plant to be written down. For instance, we can make an
+instantaneous record of the growth and its variations, moment by moment.
+Scripts can be obtained of its spontaneous movement. And a recording arm
+will demarcate the line of life from that of death. The extreme delicacy
+of one of these instruments will be understood, when it is said that it
+measures and records a time-interval so short as one-thousandth part of
+a second!
+
+It has been supposed that instruments for research of this delicacy and
+precision, were only possible of construction in the best scientific
+manufactories of Europe. It will therefore be regarded as interesting
+and encouraging to know that every one of these has been executed
+entirely in India, by Indian workmen and mechanicians.
+
+With perfect instruments at our disposal, we may proceed to describe a
+few amongst the many phenomena which now stand revealed. But before
+this, it is necessary to deal briefly with the superstition that has led
+to the division of plants into sensitive and insensitive. By the
+electrical mode of investigation, it can be shown that not only Mimosa
+and the like, but all plants of all kinds are sensitive, and give
+definite replies to impinging stimuli. Ordinary plants, it is true, are
+unable to give any conspicuous mechanical indication of excitement. But
+this is not because of any insensitiveness, but because of equal and
+antagonistic reactions which neutralise each other. It is possible,
+however, by employing appropriate means, to show that even ordinary
+plants give mechanical replies to stimulus.
+
+
+THE DETERMINATION OF THE LATENT PERIOD
+
+When an animal is struck by a blow, it does not respond at once. A
+certain short interval elapses between the incidence of the blow, and
+the beginning of the reply. This lost time is known as the latent
+period. In the leg of a frog, the latent period according to Helmwoltz,
+is about one-hundredth of a second. This latent period, however,
+undergoes appropriate variation with changing external conditions. With
+feeble stimulus, it has a definite value, which, with an excessive blow,
+is much shortened. In the cold season, it is relatively long. Again,
+when we are tired our perception time, as we may call it, may be greatly
+prolonged. Every one of these observations is equally applicable to the
+perception time of the plant. In Mimosa, in a vigorous condition, the
+latent period is six one hundredth of a second, that is to say, only six
+times its value in an energetic frog! Another curious thing is that a
+stoutish tree will give its response in a slow and lordly fashion,
+whereas a thin one attains the acme of its excitement in an incredibly
+short time! Perhaps some of us can tell from our own experience whether
+similar differences obtain amongst human kind or not? The plant's latent
+period in our cold weather may be almost doubled. Ordinarily speaking it
+takes _Mimosa_ about fifteen minutes to recover from a blow. If a second
+blow be given, before the full recovery of its equanimity, then the
+plant becomes fatigued, and its latent period is lengthened. When
+over-fatigued, it may temporarily lose its power of perception
+altogether, what this condition is like, my audience is only too likely
+to realise, at the end of my long address!
+
+
+THE RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
+
+According to varying circumstances, the same blow will evoke responses
+of different amplitudes. Early in the morning, after the prolonged
+inactivity of a cold night, we find the plant inclined to be lethargic,
+and its first answers correspondingly small. But as blow after blow is
+delivered, this lethargy passes off, and the replies become stronger and
+stronger. A good way to remove this lethargy quickly, is to give the
+plant a warm bath. In the heat of the midday, this state of things is
+reversed. That is to say, after giving vigorous replies the plant
+becomes fatigued, and its responses grow smaller. This fatigue passes
+off, however, on allowing it a period of rest. On increasing the
+intensity of the impinging stimulus, the response also increases. But a
+limit is attained, beyond which response can no longer be enhanced.
+Again, just as the pain of a blow persists longer with ourselves, in
+winter than in summer, so the same holds good of the reaction of the
+plant also. For instance, in summer it takes _Mimosa_ ten to fifteen
+minutes to recover from a blow, whereas in winter the same thing would
+take over half an hour. In all this, you will recognise the similarity
+between human response and that of the plant.
+
+
+SPONTANEOUS PULSATION
+
+In certain tissues, a very curious phenomenon is observed. In man and
+other animals, there are tissues which beat, as we say, spontaneously.
+As long as life lasts, so long does the heart continue to pulsate. There
+is no effect without a cause. How then was it that these pulsations
+became spontaneous? To this query, no fully satisfactory answer has been
+forthcoming. We find, however, that similar spontaneous movements are
+also observable in plant tissues, and by their investigation the secret
+of automatism in the animal may perhaps be unravelled.
+
+Physiologists, in order to know the heart of man, play with those of the
+frog and tortoise. "To know the heart," be it understood, is here meant
+in a purely physical, and not in a poetic sense. For this it is not
+always convenient to employ the whole of the frog. The heart is
+therefore cut out, and make the subject of experiments, as to what
+conditions accelerate, and what retard, the rate and amplitude of its
+beat. When thus isolated, the heart tends of itself to come to a
+standstill, but if, by means of fine tubing, it be then subjected to
+interval blood pressure, its beating will be resumed, and will continue
+uninterrupted for a long time. By the influence of warmth, the frequency
+of the pulsation may be increased, but its amplitude diminished. Exactly
+the reverse is the effect of cold. The natural rhythm and the amplitude
+of the pulse undergo appropriate changes, again, under the action of
+different drugs. Under either, the heart may come to a standstill, but
+on blowing this off the beat is renewed. The action of chloroform is
+more dangerous, any excess in the dose inducing permanent arrest.
+Besides these, there are poisons also which arrest the heart beat, and a
+very noticeable fact in this connection is, that some stop in a
+contracted, and others in a relaxed condition. Knowing these opposed
+effects, it is sometimes possible to counteract the effect of one poison
+by administering another.
+
+I have thus briefly stated some of the most important phenomena in
+connection with spontaneous movements in animal tissues. Is it possible
+that in plants also any parallel phenomena might be observed? In answer
+to this question, I may say that I have found numerous instances of
+automatic movements in plants.
+
+
+RHYTHMIC PULSATIONS IN DESMODIUM
+
+The existence of such spontaneous movements can easily be demonstrated,
+by means of our Indian _Bon charal_, the telegraph plant, or Desmodium
+gyrans, whose small leaflets dance continually. The popular belief that
+they dance in response to the clapping of the hands is quite untrue.
+From readings of the scripts made by this plant, I am in a position to
+state that the automatic movements of both plants and animals are guided
+by laws which are identical.
+
+Firstly, when, for convenience of experiment, we cut off the leaflet,
+its spontaneous movements, like those of the heart, come to a stop. But
+if we now subject the isolated leaflet, by means of a fine tube, to an
+added internal pressure of the plant's sap, its pulsations are renewed,
+and continue uninterrupted for a very long time. It is found again that
+the pulsation frequency is increased under the action warmth, and
+lessened under cold, increased frequency being attended by diminution of
+amplitude and _vice versa_. Under either, there is temporary arrest,
+revival being possible when the vapour is blown off. More fatal is the
+effect of chloroform. The most extraordinary parallelism, however, lies
+in the fact that those poisons which arrest the beat of the heart in a
+particular way, arrest the plant--pulsation also in a corresponding
+manner. I have thus been able to revive a leaflet poisoned by the
+application of one, with a dose of a counteracting poison.
+
+Let us now enquire into the causes of these automatic movements
+so-called. In experimenting with certain types of plant tissues, I find
+that an external stimulus may not always evoke an immediate reply. What
+happens, then, to the incident energy? It is not really lost, for these
+particular plant tissues have the power of shortage. In this way, energy
+derived in various ways from without--as light, warmth, food, and so
+on--is constantly being accumulated, when a certain point is reached,
+there is an overflow, and we call this overflow spontaneous movement.
+Thus what we call automatic is really an overflow of what has previously
+been stored up. When this accumulated energy is exhausted, then there is
+also an end of spontaneous movements. By abstracting its stored-up
+heat--through the application of cold water--we can bring to a stop the
+automatic pulsations of Desmodium. But on allowing a first accession of
+heat from outside, these pulsations are gradually restored.
+
+In the matter of these so-called spontaneous activities of the plant, I
+find that there are two distinct types. In one, the overflow is
+initiated with very little storage, but here the unusual display of
+activity soon comes to a stop. To maintain such specimens in the
+rhythmic condition, constant stimulation from outside is necessary.
+Plants of this type are extremely dependent on outside influences, and
+when such sources of stimulus are removed, they speedily come to an
+inglorious stop. _Kamranga_ or _Averrhoa_ is an example of this kind. In
+the second type of automatic plant activity I find that long continued
+storage is required, before an overflow can begin. But in this case, the
+spontaneous outburst is persistent and of long duration, even when the
+plant is deprived of any immediately exciting cause. These, therefore,
+are not so obviously dependent as the others on the sunshine of the
+world. Our telegraph-plant, _Desmodium_ or _Bon charal_, is an example
+of this.
+
+It appears to me that we have here a suggestive parallel to certain
+phenomena with which this audience will surely prove more familiar than
+I, namely, the facts of literary inspiration. For the attainment of this
+exalted condition, also, is it not necessary to have previous storage,
+with a consequent bubbling overflow? Certain indications incline me to
+suspect that perhaps in this also we have an example of so-called
+spontaneity, or automatic responsiveness. If this be so, aspirants, to
+the condition might well be asked to decide in whose footsteps they will
+choose to tread--those of _Kamranga_, with its dependence on outside
+influences, and inevitably ephemeral activity, or those of _Bon charal_,
+with its characteristic of patient long enduring accumulation of forces,
+to find uninterrupted and sustained expression.
+
+
+THE PLANT'S RESPONSE TO THE SHOCK OF DEATH
+
+A time comes when, after one answer to a supreme shock, there is a
+sudden end of the plant's power to give any response. This supreme shock
+is the shock of death. Even in this crisis, there is no immediate change
+in the placid appearance of the plant. Drooping and withering are events
+that occur long after death itself. How does the plant then, give this
+last answer? In man, at the critical moment, a spasm passes through the
+whole body, and similarly in the plant, I find that a great contractile
+spasm takes place. This is accompanied by an electrical spasm also. In
+the script of the Morograph, or Death recorder, the line that up to this
+point was being drawn, becomes suddenly reversed, and then ends. This is
+the last answer of the plant.
+
+These are mute companions, silently, growing beside our door, have now
+told us the tale of their life-tremulousness and their death spasm, in
+script that is as inarticulate as they. May it not be said that this
+their story has a pathos of its own, beyond any that the poets have
+conceived?
+
+
+
+
+PROF. J. C. BOSE AT MAYAVATI
+
+MARVELS OF PLANT LIFE
+
+
+On the 8th June 1912, Dr J. C. Bose, who had gone to Advaita Ashrama,
+Mayavati, on a holiday trip, gave an illuminating discourse on the
+marvels of plant life.
+
+He began by stating that a stimulus takes a certain time before it gets
+a response. This stimulus may be of different forms, _e.g._, it may be a
+sound stimulus, a light stimulus, an electric stimulus, and so on. The
+feebler the stimulus, the greater is the time it takes to elicit the
+response. For instance if one is called by a distant voice, one doubts
+whether he has been called at all, but in the case of a piercing scream,
+he starts up at once.
+
+Now, the difficulty is that when the stimulus, the blow, is so strong as
+to get an instantaneous response, how is one to measure this
+infinitesimal time between the blow and the response? And this must be
+done absolutely free from any personal interference, so as to ensure
+correct results.
+
+Dr. Bose here described how after deep thought and careful experiments
+and researches of several years he invented and manufactured a highly
+sensitive instrument which could automatically record the "response
+time" of a plant even to one thousandth part of a second. And in order
+to convey a graphic idea of the principles under which it worked, he had
+even made by means of a few simple things a crude form of his
+instrument, which helped the audience to form a clear idea of how a
+shock given to a plant which was experimented upon, would be recorded
+automatically by the apparatus by means of dots on its writing pad, and
+also how to ascertain the exact time each plant took to respond to the
+stimulus received. Thus the plant now records its own history unerringly
+by its own hand as it were. And that the _same_ results are obtained
+each time the experiment is repeated under similar conditions, shows
+that this recording of the response time is a scientific phenomenon.
+
+As an example of the similarities of reactions in plant and animal,
+Prof. Bose described the rhythmic activities of certain plants, in which
+automatic pulsations are maintained as in the animal heart. This
+phenomenon is exemplified by the Telegraph plant, which grows wild in
+the Gangetic plane; its Indian name is _Bon charal_ or 'forest churl',
+the popular belief being that it dances to the clapping of the hand.
+There is no foundation however for this belief. It is a papilionaceous
+plant with trifoliate leaves, of which the terminal leaflet is large,
+and the two lateral, very small. Each of these is inserted on the
+petiole by means of pulvinule. The lateral leaflets are seen to execute
+pulsating movements which are apparently uncaused, and are not unlike
+the rhythmic movement of the heart to which we shall see later that
+their resemblance is more than superficial.
+
+In the intact plant, under favourable conditions, these movements are
+easily observed to take place more or less continuously; but there are
+times when they come to a standstill. For this reason and because of the
+fact that a large plant cannot easily be manipulated as a whole and
+subjected to various changing conditions which the purpose of the
+investigation demands, it is desirable, if possible, to experiment with
+the detached petiole, carrying the pulsating leaflet. The required
+amputation however may be followed by arrest of the pulsating movements.
+But, as in the case of the isolated heart in a state of standstill, Dr.
+Bose found that the movement of the leaflet can be renewed, in the
+detached specimen, by the application of the internal hydrostatic
+pressure. Under these conditions, the rhythmic pulsations are easily
+maintained uniform for several hours. This is a great advantage, in as
+much as in the undetached specimen, the pulsations are not usually found
+to be so regular as they now become. So small a specimen, again, can
+easily be subjected to changing experimental conditions, such as the
+variation of internal hydrostatic pressure and temperature, application
+of different drugs, vapours and gases.
+
+Under varying conditions the same plant has been observed to take
+different response times, as for instance, less in heat than in cold,
+less in summer than in winter, less in the morning than in the evening,
+and so forth. Again, different plants have different response times.
+
+It is a remarkable fact that the mimosa is ten times as sensitive as a
+frog in giving the response. And the native idea that plants are of a
+lower order than animal life will cost many a sad disappointment.
+
+In the course of his lecture Dr. Bose spoke of some of his startling
+discoveries recently made.... The lecturer gave quite a spiritual turn
+to his discourse as he finished it with the remark that, as it has been
+the earnest endeavour of scientists to minimise material friction in
+order to get the best results, so in our human concerns, it should be
+our best aim to minimise friction,--which is, Ignorance.
+
+--_Modern Review_, Vol. XII, pages 314-315.
+
+
+
+
+PLANT AUTOGRAPHS
+
+HOW PLANTS CAN RECORD THEIR OWN STORY
+
+
+Under the presidency of His Excellency Lord Carmichael, Prof. J. C. Bose
+delivered on Friday, the 17th January 1913 an interesting address on his
+recent researches at the Physical Laboratory of the Presidency College,
+Calcutta, his subject being "Plant Autographs."
+
+Professor Bose has been long engaged in researches on the "Irritability
+of Plants," with results of great interest. These results have been made
+possible by the invention of a series of instruments of extraordinary
+precision and delicacy. Some of Professor Bose's instruments measure and
+record a thousandth of a second. Invisible movements in plants,
+hitherto beyond human scrutiny, have been brought within the range of
+immediate perception through the wonderful devices shown by the
+lecturer's demonstration of same on the screen.
+
+Among those present were:--Sir William and Lady Duke, the Maharaja of
+Nashipur, Sir Gurudas Bannerjee, Sir Chundra Madhab Ghose, Sir Lawrence
+and Lady Jenkins, Sir Richard Harington, Hon. Mr. P. C. Lyon, Mr.
+Justice Holmwood, Mr. Justice Chaudhuri, Hon. Mr. S. L. Maddox, Maharaja
+of Cossimbazar, Hon. Dr. Kuchler, Mr. Bhupendra Nath Basu, Hon. Mr. E.
+W. Collin, Mr. W. Graham, Mr. Fraser Blair, Hon. Mr. B. Chuckerbutty,
+Hon. Mr. J. G. Apcar, Hon. Mr. B. C. Mitter, Hon. Rai Radha Charan Pal
+Bahadur, Hon. Dr. D. P. Sarbadhikari, Mr. and Mrs. Williams, Mr. L. P.
+E. Pugh, Mr. Lanford James, Dr. P. K. Roy, Khan Bahadur Moulvie Mahomed
+Yusuf, Rai Bahadur Dr. Chunilal Bose, Mr. W. J. Simmons, Mr. and Mrs. J.
+H. Hechle, Principal H. R. James and Mrs. James, Mr. T. J. Waite, Dr. P.
+C. Roy and Rai P. N. Mukherji Bahadur.
+
+His Excellency, as President, called upon Dr. Bose to deliver his
+lecture.
+
+Professor Bose commenced with a reference to the claims made by those
+who profess to discriminate character by handwriting. As to the
+authenticity of such claims, scepticism was permissible; but there was
+no doubt that one's handwriting might be modified profoundly by
+conditions, physical and mental. There still existed, at Hatfield House,
+documents which contained the signature of the historical Guy Fawkes. A
+photograph projected on the screen showed a sinister variation in those
+signatures. The crabbed and distorted characters of the last words which
+Guy Fawkes wrote on earth told their own tale of that fateful night.
+Such was the tale that might be unfolded by the lines and curves of a
+human autograph. Could plants be made similarly to write their own
+autographs revealing their hidden story? Storm and sunshine, the warmth
+of summer and the frost of winter, drought and rain, would come and go
+about the plants. What subtle impress did they leave behind? How were
+the invisible, internal changes to be made externally visible?
+
+
+AUTOMATIC RECORDERS
+
+The lecturer had succeeded in devising experimental methods and
+apparatus by which the plant was made to give an answering signal, which
+was then automatically recorded into an intelligible script. The results
+of the new investigations were so novel that Professor Bose spent
+several years in perfecting automatic instruments which completely
+eliminated all personal equations. The plant attached to the recording
+apparatus was automatically excited by a stimulus absolutely constant,
+making its own responsive records, going through its period of recovery,
+and embarking on the same cycle over again without assistance at any
+point from the observer. The most sensitive organ for perception of a
+stimulus was the human tongue. An average European could by his tongue
+detect an electrical current as feeble as six micro-amperes, a
+micro-ampere being a millionth part of a unit of electrical current.
+Professor Bose found that his Hindu peoples could detect a much feebler
+current, namely, 1.5 micro-amperes. It was an open question whether such
+a high excitability of the tongue was to be claimed as a distinct
+advantage. But the fact might explain the eminence of his countrymen in
+forensic domains! (Laughter.) The plant, when tested, was found to be
+ten times more sensitive than a human being.
+
+
+EFFECT OF FOOD AND DRUGS
+
+It was shown that when the plant had a surfeit of drink, it became
+excessively lethargic and irresponsive. By extracting fluid from the
+gorged plant, its motor activity was at once re-established. Under
+alcohol its responsive script became ludicrously unsteady. A scientific
+superstition existed regarding carbonic acid as being good for a plant.
+But Professor Bose's experiments showed distinctly that the gas would
+suffocate the plant as readily as it did the animal. Only in the
+presence of sunlight could the effect be modified by secondary reaction.
+
+
+AUTOMATISM AND GROWTH
+
+It was impossible in a limited space, said Professor Bose, to do more
+than mention the numerous other remarkable experiments which riveted the
+attention of the audience. By means of apparatus specially devised,
+pulsative plants were made to record their rhythmic throbbings. It was
+shown that the pulse beats of the plants were affected by the action of
+various drugs, and divers stimuli, in a manner similar to that of the
+animal heart. Perhaps the most weird experience was to watch the
+death-struggle of a plant under the action of poison. Turning from death
+to its antithesis life and growth, the audience were shown how the
+latter was made visible by means of the appliances invented by Professor
+Bose. The infinitesimal growth of a plant became highly magnified in the
+experiment.
+
+
+RESEARCHES AT PRESIDENCY COLLEGE
+
+When the lecturer commenced his investigations, original research in
+India was regarded as an impossibility. No proper laboratory existed,
+nor was there any scientific manufactory for the construction of a
+special apparatus. In spite of these difficulties it had been a matter
+of gratification to the lecturer that the various investigations already
+carried out at the Presidency College had done something for the
+advancement of knowledge. The delicate instruments seen in operation at
+the lecture, which had been regarded with admiration by many
+distinguished scientific men in the West, were all constructed at the
+College workshops by Indian mechanics.
+
+It was also with pride that the lecturer referred to the co-operation of
+his pupils and assistants, through whose help the extensive works,
+requiring ceaseless labour by day and night, had been accomplished.
+Doubt had been cast on the capacity of Indian students in the field of
+science. From his personal experience Professor Bose bore testimony to
+their special fitness in this respect. An intellectual hunger had been
+created by the spread of education. An Indian student demanded something
+absorbing to think about and to give scope for his latent energies. If
+this could be done, he would betake himself ardently to research into
+Nature, which could never end. There was room for such toilers who by
+incessant work would extend the bounds of human knowledge.
+
+
+FROM PLANT TO ANIMAL LIFE
+
+Before concluding the lecturer dwelt on the fact that all the varied and
+complex responses of the animal had been foreshadowed in the plant. The
+phenomena of life in the plant were thus not so remote as had been
+hitherto supposed. The plant world, like the animal, was a thrill and a
+throb with responsiveness to all the stimuli which fell upon it. Thus,
+community throughout the great ocean of life, in all its different
+forms, outweighed apparent dissimilarity. Diversity was swallowed up in
+unity.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 20-1-1913.
+
+
+
+
+INVISIBLE LIGHT
+
+
+A most instructive and interesting lecture was delivered on Thursday,
+the 30th January, 1913, at the Calcutta University Institute Hall, by
+Dr. J. C. Bose, on the above subject. It was illustrated with
+experiments and in spite of the technical nature of the subject, the
+manner of treatment made the discourse extremely palatable and easy of
+apprehension to the lay understanding and intelligence. The truths of
+science could seldom be exposed so light-heartedly and in language
+leavened with balmy humour. The lecture was very largely attended by
+ladies and gentlemen, European and Indian, representing the light and
+leading of the city. The chair was taken by Mr. W. R. Gourlay. Amongst
+those present we noticed the Hon. Mr. Ramsay McDonald, Mr. Justice
+Harington, Mr. Justice Chaudhuri, Hon'ble Mr. Gokhale, Hon'ble Mr. Lyon,
+Hon'ble Mr. D. N. Sarvadhikari, Sir Gurudas Banerji, Hon'ble Mr. Apcar
+and Dr. Chuni Lal Bose Rai Bahadur.
+
+The Chairman, in a few well chosen words introduced the lecturer.
+
+Professor Bose in going to deliver his highly interesting lecture first
+showed how on account of the imperfection of our senses we fail to
+detect various forces which play around us. We are not only deaf, but
+practically blind. While we perceive eleven octaves of sound, we can see
+only a single octave of other vibration which is called light. In order
+to detect the invisible light a special detector has to be devised.
+Prof. Bose showed his artificial retina previously exhibited at the
+Royal Institution which not only detected luminous radiation but also
+invisible lights in the intra red and ultra violet regions. In the
+course of his remarks illustrating the nature of electric or Hertzian
+waves, which gave rise to the invisible radiation he proceeded to
+enumerate some of the conditions necessary for experimenting with them,
+and to describe the apparatus he had invented for the purpose. Hertz had
+used waves which were about 10 metres in length. It was impossible to
+attempt any quantitative measurement of their optical properties on
+account of large waves curling round corners. The lecturer had succeeded
+in producing the shortest waves, with frequency of 50,000 millions of
+vibrations per second, the particular invisible radiation being only
+thirteen octaves below visible light. His generator produced the small
+sharp beam which alone could be employed for quantitative measurements.
+By means of this apparatus experiments on electric radiation could be
+carried on with as much certainty as could experiments with ordinary
+light. Prof. Bose then performed experiments illustrative of the
+properties possessed in common by light waves and electric waves. He
+exhibited the power of selective absorption to electric rays displayed
+by many substances pointing out that while water stopped them, pitch,
+coal tar, and others were quite transparent to them. He showed how the
+rays were reflected by mirrors, obeying the same laws as light. The hand
+of the experimenter was found to be a good reflector, the rays
+rebounding after impact. Electric rays also undergo refraction and he
+described an ingenious method he had devised by which the index of
+refraction of numerous opaque substances could be obtained with the
+highest exactitude. In conclusion he gave an account of his discovery of
+the polarisation of electric rays by crystals. He showed that these
+polarised the electric rays just as they did ordinary light. He further
+proved that substances under pressure and strain could produce double
+refraction in them, as did glass under the same conditions in light.
+Tourmaline was useless for electric rays; but a lock of human hair was
+extraordinarily efficient. According to this theoretical prediction, an
+ordinary book was shown to exhibit selective absorption in a striking
+manner. Thus while the Calcutta University Calendar was, usually, very
+opaque, it became quite transparent when held in a particular direction
+as regards the impinging ray.
+
+Mr. Gourlay observed that the lecture opened out to himself, as well as
+to other vistas, which they had never dreamt of before.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 31-1-1913.
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR J. C. BOSE AT LAHORE
+
+LECTURE ON ELECTRIC RADIATION
+
+
+A crowded assembly met at the University Hall, on the 22nd February,
+1913, to hear the first of Prof. Bose's discourses before the University
+of Lahore.
+
+Dr. Bose opened his address by alluding to the historic journey of
+Jivaka, who afterwards became the physician of Buddha, making his way
+from Bengal to the University of Taxila, in quest of knowledge.
+Twenty-five centuries had gone by and there was before them another
+pilgrim who had journeyed the same distance to bring, as an offering
+what he had gathered in the domain of knowledge.
+
+The lecturer called attention to the fact that knowledge was never the
+exclusive possession of any particular race nor did it ever recognise
+geographical limitations. The whole world was interdependent, and a
+constant interchange of thought had been carried on throughout the ages
+enriching the common heritage of mankind. Hellenistic Greeks and Eastern
+Aryans had met here in Taxila to exchange the best each had to offer.
+After many centuries the East and West had met once more, and it would
+be the test of the real greatness of the two civilisations that both
+should be finer and better for the shock of contact. The apparent
+dormancy of intellectual life in India had been only a temporary phase.
+Just like the oscillations of the seasons found the globe, great
+pulsations of intellectual activity pass over the different peoples of
+the earth.
+
+With the coming of the spring the dormant life springs forth; similarly
+the life that India conserves, by inheritance, culture and temperament,
+was only latent and was again ready to spring forth into the blossom and
+fruit of knowledge. Although science was neither of the East nor of the
+West, but international in its universality, certain aspect of it gained
+richness of colour by reason of their place of origin. India, perhaps
+through its habit of synthesis, was apt to realise instinctively the
+idea of unity and to see in the phenomenal world an universe instead of
+a multiverse. It was this tendency, the lecturer thought, which had led
+Indian physicist, like himself, when studying the effect of forces on
+matter to find boundary lines vanishing, and to see points of contact
+emerge between the realms of the living and non-living. In taking up the
+subject of the evening's discourse on electric radiation of Hertzian
+waves, the lecturer explained the constitution of the apparatus which he
+had devised for an exhaustive study of the properties of electric waves.
+His apparatus permitted experiments with the electric rays to be carried
+on with as much certainty as experiments with ordinary light, and he
+demonstrated the identity of electric radiation and light. The electric
+rays are reflected from plane and curved mirrors in the same way and
+subject to the same laws. Electric rays, like rays of light are
+refracted. Like race of light too, electric waves can be selectively
+stopped by various substances, which are "electrically" coloured. Water
+which is a conductor of electricity stops the electric ray; where as
+liquid air which is a non-conductor is quite transparent to the rays.
+
+Finally Professor Bose explained his discovery of Polarisation of these
+rays by various crystals. Tourmaline, which was a good polariser for
+ordinary light, was not so effective. The lecturer discovered that the
+crystal Nemalite possessed the power of polarising the electric rays in
+the most perfect manner. Professor Bose also explained how the internal
+constitution of an opaque mass was revealed by the help of light which
+was itself invisible.
+
+The lecturer concluded his discourse by drawing attention to the
+limitations of human perception. Man's power of hearing was confirmed to
+eleven octaves of sound notes. In the case of vision the limitation was
+far more serious, his power of sight extending only through a single
+octave of those ether waves which constituted light. These ether
+vibrations of various frequencies could be maintained by electrical
+means. By pressing the stop button of the apparatus which was exhibited,
+ether vibrations, 50,000 millions per second, were produced. A second
+stop gave rise to a different vibration. Let his audience imagine a
+large electric organ provided with an infinite number of stops, each
+stop giving rise to a particular ether note. Let the lowest stop produce
+one vibration a second. They should then get a gigantic wave of 186,000
+miles long. Let the next stop give rise to two vibrations in a second,
+and let each succeeding stop produce higher and higher notes. Let them
+imagine an unseen hand pressing the different stops in rapid succession,
+producing higher and higher notes. The ether note would thus rise in
+frequency from one vibration in a second, to tens, to hundreds, to
+thousands, to hundreds of thousands, to millions, to millions of
+millions! While the ethereal sea in which they were all immersed were
+being thus agitated by these multitudinous waves, they would remain
+entirely unaffected, for they possessed no organs of perception, to
+respond to these waves.
+
+As the ether note rose still higher in pitch, they would for a brief
+moment perceive a sensation of warmth. This would be the case when the
+ether vibration reached a frequency of several billions of times in a
+second. As the note rose still higher, their eyes would begin to be
+affected, a red glimmer of light being the first to make its appearance.
+From this point the few visible colours would be comprised within a
+single octave of vibration--from 400 to 800 billions in one second. As
+the frequency of vibration rose still higher their organs of perception
+would fail them completely; a great gap in their consciousness would
+obliterate the rest. The brief flash of light would be succeeded by
+unbroken darkness. How circumscribed was their knowledge? In reality
+they stood in the midst of a luminous ocean almost blind! The little
+they could see was as nothing compared to the vastness of that which
+they could not. But it may be said that, out of the very imperfection of
+his senses, man has been able, in science, to build for himself a raft
+of thought by which to make daring adventure on the great seas of the
+unknown.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 24-2-1913.
+
+
+
+
+DR. BOSE IN LAHORE
+
+PLANT RESPONSE
+
+
+In his third lecture delivered, on the 25th February 1913, at the Punjab
+University Hall, Dr. Bose of Calcutta dealt with "Plant Response." He
+said:--
+
+In strong contrast to the energetic animal, with its various reflex
+movements and pulsating organs, stands the plant, in its apparent
+placidity and immobility. Yet that same environment which with its
+changing influences affects the animal is playing upon it also. Storm
+and sunshine, the warmth of summer and the frost of winter, drought and
+rain, all these come and go about it. What coercion do they exercise
+upon it? What subtle impress do they leave behind? These internal
+changes are entirely beyond our visual scrutiny. Is it possible in any
+way to have these revealed to us? Dr. Bose had shown the possibility of
+this by detecting and measuring the actual response of the organism to a
+questioning shock. In an excitable condition the feeblest stimulus
+should evoke in the plant an extraordinarily large reply in a depressed
+state even a strong stimulus would only call forth a feeble response;
+and lastly, when death overcome life, there would be an abrupt end of
+the power to answer to all. By the invention of different types of
+apparatus, the lecturer had succeeded in making the plant itself write
+an answering script to a testing stimulus. Scripts could also be
+obtained of the plant's spontaneous movements; and a recording arm
+demarcated the line of life from that of death.
+
+In taking the self-made records made by the plant it was found that
+after the prolonged inactivity of a cold night the plant was apt to be
+lethargic, and its first answers indistinct. But as blow after blow was
+delivered, the lethargy passed off, and the replies became stronger and
+stronger. After the fatigue of the day, the state of things was
+reversed. The plant became very lethargic after excessive absorption of
+food; but the normal activity might be restored by artificial removal of
+the excess. The effect of alcohol and of various narcotics were clearly
+followed in the modification of the automatic record made by the plant.
+
+A prevailing scientific error had overcome in life, there would be an
+abrupt end regarding a certain class of plants to be alone sensitive.
+The lecturer showed by certain remarkable experiments that all plants
+and all organs of plants were sensitive.
+
+In certain animal tissues, a very curious phenomenon was observed. In
+man and other animals there were tissues which beat spontaneously. As
+long as life lasted, so long did the heart continue to pulsate. There
+could be no effect without a cause. How then was it that these
+pulsations became spontaneous? To this query, no satisfactory answer had
+been forthcoming. Similar spontaneous movements were also observable in
+plant tissues, and by their investigation the secret of automatism in
+the animal world became unravelled. The existence of these spontaneous
+movements could easily be demonstrated by means of the Indian "Bon
+Charal", the telegraph plant, whose small leaflets danced continuously
+up and down. The popular belief that they danced in response to the
+clappings of the hand was quite erroneous. From the readings of the
+scripts made by this plant, the lecturer was in a position to state that
+the automatic movements of both plants and animals were guided by laws
+which were identical. Thus in the rhythmic tissues of the plant and the
+animal the pulsation frequency was increased under the action of warmth
+and lessened under cold, increased frequency being attended by
+diminution of amplitude, and "_vice versa_". Under ether, there was a
+temporary arrest, revival being possible when the vapour was blown off.
+More fatal was the effect of chloroform. The most extraordinary
+parallelism, however, lay in the fact that those poisons which arrested
+the beat of the heart in a particular way arrested the plant pulsation
+in a corresponding manner. The lecturer had succeeded in reviving a
+leaflet poisoned by the application of one with a dose of counteracting
+poison.
+
+A time came when after one answer to a supreme shock there was a sudden
+end of the plant's power to give any response. This supreme shock was
+the shock of death. Even in this crisis, there was no immediate change
+in the placid appearance of the plant. In man at the critical moment, a
+spasm passed through the whole body, and similarly in the plant the
+lecturer had discovered that a great contractile spasm took place. This
+was accompanied by an electrical spasm also. In the script of the death
+recorder the line that up to this point was being drawn became suddenly
+reversed, and then ended. This was the last answer of the plants.
+
+Thus the responsiveness of the plant world was one. There was no
+difference of any kind between sunshine plants, and those which had
+hitherto been regarded as insensitive or ordinary. It had also been
+shown that all the varied and complex responses of the animal were
+foreshadowed in the plant. An impressive spectacle was thus revealed of
+that vast unity in which all living organisms, from the simplest plant
+to the highest animal, were linked together and made one.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 5-3-1913.
+
+
+
+
+EVIDENCE BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICES COMMISSION
+
+
+The following is the evidence given by Dr. J. C. Bose, C. S. I., C. I.
+E., Professor of Physics, Presidency College, Calcutta, on the 18th
+December, 1913, before the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, presided over by Lord Islington, and published, in the Minutes of
+Evidence relating to the Education Department, at pages 135 to 137, in
+volume XX, Appendix to the Report of the Commissioners:
+
+
+WRITTEN STATEMENT RELATING TO THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
+
+83, 627 (I) _Method of recruitment._--The first question on which I have
+been asked to give my opinion is as regards the method of recruitment. I
+think that a high standard of scholarship should be the only
+qualification insisted on. Graduates of well-known Universities,
+distinguished for a particular line of study, should be given the
+preference. I think the prospects of the Indian Educational Service are
+sufficiently high to attract the very best material. In colonial
+Universities they manage to get very distinguished men without any
+extravagantly high pay. Possibly the present departmental method of
+election does not admit of sufficiently wide publicity of notice to
+attract the best candidates.
+
+83, 628 (II) _System of training and probation._--As regards probation
+and training, Educational officers should first win a reputation as good
+teachers before the appointment is confirmed as they are transferred to
+important colleges.
+
+83, 629 (IV) _Conditions of Salary._--As regards conditions of Salary,
+the pay should be moderately high, but not extravagant, and settled once
+for all under some simple and well-defined rules. It is not only very
+humiliating but degrading to a true scholar to be scrambling for money.
+The difference between the pay of the higher and lower services should
+be minimised.
+
+83, 630 (VI) _Conditions of pension._--With reference to pension, I
+think it is very unfair that more favourable terms are offered, when the
+pensioner elects to retire in England.
+
+83, 631 (VII) _Such limitations as exist in the employment of
+non-Europeans._--Passing on to the question of limitations that exist in
+the employment of Indians in the higher service, I should like to give
+expression to an injustice which is very keenly felt. It is unfortunate
+that Indian graduates of European Universities who have distinguished
+themselves in a remarkable manner do not for one reason or other find
+facilities for entering the higher Educational Service.
+
+As teachers and workers it is an incontestable fact that Indian officers
+have distinguished themselves very highly, and anything which
+discriminates between Europeans and Indians in the way of pay and
+prospects is most undesirable. A sense of injustice is ill-calculated to
+bring about that harmony which is so necessary among all the members of
+an educational institution, professors and students alike.
+
+83, 632 (VIII) _Relations of the service with the Indian Civil Service
+and with other services._--As regards the relations with the Indian
+Civil Service, I am under the impression that they are somewhat
+strained, but of this I have no personal experience.
+
+83, 633 (IX) _Other points._--I have endeavoured to give my opinion on
+the definite questions which have been asked. There is another aspect of
+educational work in India which I think of the highest importance,
+though I am not exactly sure whether it falls within the terms of
+reference to the Royal Commission. I think that all the machinery to
+improve the higher education in India would be altogether ineffectual
+unless India enters the world movement for the advancement of knowledge.
+And for this it is absolutely necessary to touch the imagination of the
+people so as to rouse them to give their best energies to the work of
+research and discovery, in which all the nations of the world are now
+engaged. To aim at anything less will only end in a lifeless and
+mechanical system from which the soul of reality has passed away. On
+this subject I could have said much, but I will confine myself to one
+point which I think at the present juncture to be of importance. The
+Government of Bengal has been foremost in a tentative way in encouraging
+research. What is necessary is the extension and continuity of this
+enlightened policy.
+
+83, 634. _Supplementary Note._--I would like to add a few remarks to
+make the meaning of paragraphs 83, 627 and 83, 631 in my note more
+explicit.
+
+At the present recruitment in the Indian Educational Service is made in
+England and is practically confined to Englishmen. Such racial
+preference is in my opinion, prejudicial to the interest of education.
+The best man available, English or Indian should be selected
+impartially, and high scholarship should be the only test.
+
+It has been said that the present standard of Indian Universities is
+not as high as that of British Universities, and that the work done by
+the former is more like that of a sixth form of public schools in
+England. It is therefore urged that what is required for an Educational
+officer is the capacity to manage classes rather than high scholarship.
+I do not agree with these views: (1) there are Universities in Great
+Britain whose standards are not higher than ours; I do not think that
+the Pass Degree even of Oxford or Cambridge is higher than the
+corresponding degree here; (2) the standard of the Indian Universities
+is being steadily raised; (3) the standard will depend upon what the men
+entrusted with Educational work will make it. For these reasons it is
+necessary that the level of scholarship represented by the Indian
+Educational Service should be maintained very high.
+
+In paragraph 83,631 I have stated that even these Indians who have
+distinguished themselves in European Universities have little chance of
+entering the higher Educational Service. I should like to add that these
+highly qualified Indians need only opportunities to render service which
+would greatly advance the cause of higher education. As regards
+graduates of Indian Universities, I have known men among them whose
+works have been highly appreciated. If promising Indian graduates are
+given the opportunity of visiting foreign Universities, I have no doubt
+that they would stand comparison with the best recruits that can be
+obtained from the West.
+
+
+DR. J. C. BOSE CALLED AND EXAMINED
+
+83,635. (Chairman). The witness favoured an arrangement by which Indians
+would enter the higher ranks of the service, either through the
+Provincial Service or by direct recruitment in India. The latter class
+of officers, after completing their education in India, should
+ordinarily go to Europe with a view to widening their experience. By
+this he did not wish to decry the training given in the Indian
+Universities, which produced some of the very best men, and he would not
+make the rule absolute. It was not necessary for men of exceptional
+ability to go to England in order to occupy a high chair. Unfortunately,
+on account of there being no openings for men of genius in the
+Educational Service, distinguished men were driven to the profession of
+Law. In the present condition of India a larger number of distinguished
+men were needed to give their lives to the education of the people.
+
+83,636. The witness himself had spent part of his career in Europe, and
+looking back he could say that this had been of great profit to him,
+not so much on account of the training he got, as by being brought into
+personal contact with eminent men whose influence extorted his
+admiration, and create in him a feeling of emulation. In this way he
+owed a great deal to Lord Rayleigh under whom he worked, but he did not
+see why that advantage should not eventually be secured by Indians in
+India under an Indian Lord Rayleigh.
+
+83,637. There should be only one Educational Service, but men who were
+distinguished in any subject should not start from its very lowest rung
+but should be placed somewhere in the middle of it.
+
+83,638. There were men in the Provincial Service who were very
+distinguished; it was all a question of genius. The Educational Service
+ought to be regarded not as a profession, but as a calling. Some men
+were born to be teachers. It was not a question of race, of course; in
+order to have an efficient educational system, there must be an
+efficient organisation, but this should not be allowed to become
+fossilised, and thus stand in the way of healthy growth.
+
+83,639. In the Presidency College a young man fresh from an English
+university was at once appointed a Professor regardless of his lack of
+experience, whereas an Indian who passed in highest examination with
+honours in India was appointed as an Assistant Professor. This grounding
+often made him more efficient as a teacher than the Professor recruited
+from England. There were now several Professors in the college, in the
+Provincial Service, who were highly qualified, and who lectured to the
+highest classes with very great success.
+
+83,640. In the Physics Department he had under his direction several
+Assistants who were so well qualified that they were allowed to give
+lectures to several classes. These Assistants, after their experience at
+the Presidency College, would be best fitted to become Professors in the
+mofussil at Colleges. He would like to see them promoted to the higher
+service after they had had experience. But before he gave them the
+highest positions, he would make it compulsory for them to go to Europe.
+
+83,641. A proportion of Europeans in the service was needed, but only as
+experts and not as ordinary teachers. Only the very best men should be
+obtained from Europe, and for exceptional cases. The general educational
+work should be done entirely by Indians, who understood the difficulties
+of the country much better than any outsider.
+
+83,642. He advocated the direct recruitment of Indians in India by the
+local government in consultation with the Secretary of State, rather
+than by the Secretary of State alone. Indians were under a great
+difficulty, in that they could not remain indefinitely in England after
+taking their degrees and being away from the place of recruitment their
+claims were overlooked.
+
+83,643. There was no reason why a European should be paid a higher rate
+of salary than an Indian on account of the distance he came. An Indian
+felt a sense of inferiority if a difference was made as regards pay. The
+very slight saving which government made by differentiating between the
+two did not compensate for the feeling of wrong done. This feeling would
+remain even if the pay was the same, but an additional grant in the
+shape of a foreign service allowance was made to Europeans. All workers
+in the field of education should feel a sense of solidarity, because
+they were all serving one great cause, namely, education.
+
+83,644. The term "professor", as at present used in India, was
+undoubtedly a comprehensive one, but it was equally comprehensive in the
+West.
+
+83,645. (Sir Murray Hammick). The witness did not wish to recruit
+definite proportions of the service in England and in India
+respectively. He would for various reasons prefer a large number of
+Indians engaged in education.
+
+83,646. Even in Calcutta he would not make any difference between the
+pay of the Indian and the pay of the European.
+
+83,647. (Sir Valentine Chirol). The witness attached great value to the
+influence of the teacher upon the student in the earlier stages of his
+education, and it was in these stages that that influence could best be
+exercised. At the same time he desired to limit the appointment of
+non-Indians to men of very great distinction.
+
+83,648. If a foreign professor would not come and serve in India for the
+same remuneration as he obtained in his own country, the witness would
+certainly not force him to come.
+
+83,649. (Mr. Abdur Rahim). Recruitment for the Educational Service
+should be made in the first place in India, if suitable men were
+available; but if not then he would allow the best outsiders to be
+brought in. In the present state of the country it would be very easy to
+fill up many of the chairs by selecting the best men in India.
+
+83,650. The aim of the universities should be to promote two classes of
+work--first, research; and secondly, an all-round sound education. Men
+of different types would be required for these two duties.
+
+83,651. (Mr. Madge). Any idea that the educational system of India was
+so far inferior to that of England, that Indians, who had made their
+mark, had done so, not because of the educational system of the country,
+but in spite of it, was quite unfounded. The standard of education
+prevailing in India was quite up to the mark of several British
+universities. It was as true of any other country in the world as of
+India that education was valued as a means for passing examinations, and
+not only for itself, and there was no more cramming in India than
+elsewhere.
+
+83,652. The West certainly brought to the East a modern spirit, which
+was very valuable, but it would be dearly purchased by the loss of an
+honorable career for competent Indians in their own country.
+
+83,653. The educational system in India had in the past been too
+mechanical, but a turn for the better was now taking place and the
+universities were recognising the importance of research work, and were
+willing to give their highest degrees to encourage it.
+
+83,654. (Mr. Macdonald). The witness did not think it was necessary to
+have a non-Indian element in the service in order to stiffen it up, but
+he accepted the principle that there should be a certain small
+proportion of non-Indians.
+
+83,655. The title of professor at a college or University should carry
+with it dignity and honour, and ought not to be so freely used as at
+present. All he asked was that it should not be abolished at the expense
+of such Indians as were doing as good work as their European colleagues.
+
+83,656. If the Calcutta university continued to develop its teaching
+side, there would be no objection to recruiting University Professors
+from aided colleges. This would have certain advantages.
+
+83,657. (Mr. Fisher). The witness desired to secure for India Europeans
+who had European reputations in their different branches of study. If it
+was necessary to go outside India or England to procure good men, he
+would prefer to go to Germany. This was the practice in America where
+they were annexing all the great intellects of Europe.
+
+83,658. The witness would like to see India entering the world movement
+in the advance and march of knowledge. It was of the highest importance
+that there should be an intellectual atmosphere in India. It would be
+of advantage if there were many Indians in the Educational Service. For
+they came more in contact with the people, and influenced their
+intellectual activity. Besides, on retirement they would live in India
+and their life experience would be at their countrymen's service.
+
+83,659. There was very little in the complaint made in certain quarters
+that the work of the Professors in the colleges in India was hampered by
+the Government regulations as to curricula. A good teacher was not
+troubled by such matters.
+
+83,660. (Mr. Sly). There was no scope for the employment of non-Indians
+in the high schools as apart from the colleges. It was in the
+professorial line that more help from the West was required.
+
+83,661. (Mr. Gokhale). The witness knew of three instances in which the
+colonies had secured distinguished men on salaries which were lower than
+these given to officers of the Indian Educational Service. One was at
+Toronto, another was in New Zealand and the third at Yale university.
+The salaries on the two latter cases were £600 and £500 a year. The same
+held good as regards Japan. The facts there had been stated in a
+Government of India publication as follows: "Subsequent to 1895 there
+were 67 Professors recruited in Europe and America, of those, 20 came
+from Germany, 16 from England and 16 from the United States. The average
+pay was £384. In the highest Imperial University the average pay is
+£684. As soon as Japanese could be found to do the work, even tolerably
+well, the foreigner was dropped."
+
+83,662. When the witness first started work in India, he found that
+there was no physical laboratory, or any grant made for a practical
+experimental course. He had to construct instruments with the help of
+local mechanics, whom he had to train. All this took him ten years. He
+then undertook original investigation at his own expense. The Royal
+Society became specially interested in his work and desired to give him
+a Parliamentary grant for its continuation. It was after this that the
+Government of Bengal came forward and offered him facilities for
+research.
+
+83,663. In the Educational Service he would take men of achievement from
+anywhere; but men of promise he would take from his own country.
+
+83,664. (Mr. Chaubal). He did not know whether the salaries he had
+mentioned as having been paid in Japan, New Zealand and Yale were on an
+incremental scale or not.
+
+83,665. There was a difference of kind between the way in which
+students were taught in schools and the way in which they were taught in
+colleges. He did not agree with the witnesses who had said that during
+the first year or two years at college the instruction given was similar
+to that given in a school. It was very difficult to disprove or to prove
+such statements. There would be no advantage in keeping boys to a school
+course up the intermediate standard and making the colleges deal with
+only those students who had passed the intermediate examination.
+
+83,666. (Sir Theodore Morison). There should be one scale of pay for all
+persons in the higher educational department. The rate of salary, Rs.
+200 rising to Rs. 1,500 per month, was suitable, subject to the proviso
+that the man of great distinction, instead of beginning at the lowest
+rate of pay, should start some where in the middle of the list, say, at
+Rs. 400 or Rs. 500. He would make no reference in regard to Europeans or
+Indians in that respect. In effect this no doubt amounted to making
+Indians eligible for higher educational posts both by direct recruitment
+and by promotion.
+
+83,667. He would not favour the handing over of all the Government
+institutions in Bengal to private agencies; there must be one or two
+Government colleges in order to keep up the standard. He should be
+sorry to see the Government dissociating itself from one of its primary
+duties, which was education.
+
+83,668. Privately managed Colleges paid less in salary than the
+Government Colleges. They paid about the same as was given in the
+Provincial Service, and they obtained fairly good men. It would not be
+right for a great Government to grant a minimum pay to Indian Professors
+and an extravagantly high pay to their European colleagues, for doing
+the same kind of work.
+
+83,669. At the Presidency College the facilities for scientific work
+were now greater than in many institutions in England. India was now
+becoming a great country for Biological research. Again, the Physical
+and Chemical Laboratories at the Presidency College were finer than many
+in England. If young men of science in England thought they obtained
+better opportunities in pursuing their subjects in New Zealand and
+Toronto than in India, the India office ought to remove that impression
+at once.
+
+83,670. (Lord Ronaldshay). When an Indian graduate under the witnesses'
+scheme was appointed direct to the higher service in India he would not
+compel him to go to England for a period of training. The person who
+would be appointed in India directly from the Indian Universities would
+have to have previously served with distinction in subordinate
+positions; a visit to Europe would be an advantage but not absolutely
+necessary.
+
+83,671. (Mr. Biss). The cost of living in Calcutta to an Indian
+Professor or Lecturer would all depend as the style in which he lived.
+In each service there is always a standard of living to which every
+member is expected to conform. An Indian Professor had to go to Europe
+from time to time to keep himself in touch with the developments of his
+subject. An Indian officer had to support a large number of relations.
+The question of a man's private expenses should not be raised in fixing
+his pay. One might as well inquire whether the candidate for admission
+to the service was a bachelor or married, or as to how many children he
+had. He had known Europeans who had led a simple life, and had been all
+the better for it.
+
+83,672. He could not understand why men went to Japan and Canada instead
+of coming to India on better terms. It was a mystery to him. He thought
+it was either sheer ignorance or the spread of the commercial spirit.
+
+83,673. All the students coming to his side of the University, were, as
+a rule, keen and anxious to learn; he could not wish for better
+students.
+
+83,674. (Mr. Gupta). He desired one service, because he thought it was
+most degrading that certain men, although they were doing the same work,
+should be classed in a Provincial Service, while others should be
+classed in an Imperial Service. The prospect of the members of the
+Provincial Service were not at all what they ought to be, and that was
+the reason why the best men were not attracted to it.
+
+
+
+
+PROF. J. C. BOSE AT MADURA
+
+
+On his way back to Calcutta from the Fourth Scientific Deputation to the
+West, Prof. J. C. Bose visited Madura, 14th June 1915. The Tamil Sangam
+presented him with an address. In reply Dr. Bose made an important
+speech, in course of which he said:--
+
+I am no longer a representative of Bengal nor have I come to a strange
+place, but as an Indian addressing the mighty India and her people. When
+we realise that unity of our destiny then a great future opens out for
+us.
+
+It may be we may theorise and attribute to the plants all the
+characteristics of the animals; but that will be merely theory: there
+will be no proof. There are certain classes of people who think that
+plants are utterly unlike animals and some hold that they are like
+animals. The mere theory is absolutely worthless in order to find out
+the truth. We have to find by investigation, by means of researches, by
+means of proofs, that one is identical with the other. We have not only
+to drop all theory but we have to make the plant itself write down the
+answers to the questions that we have to put to them. That was the great
+problem,--how to make the plant itself answer and write down answers to
+the question....
+
+If the plants are acted on by various medicines and drugs like
+ourselves, then we can create an agent or a spokesman on which we can
+carry out all future investigations on the action of drugs. Then there
+is opened out a great vista for the scientific study of medicine. And
+let me tell you medicine is not yet an exact science. It is merely a
+phase of tradition. We have not been able to make medicine scientific.
+Now by the data of the influence of drugs on the fundamental basis of
+life, as is seen in the plant, we shall be able to make the science of
+medicine purely scientific.
+
+In travelling all over the world, which I have done several times, I was
+struck by two great characteristics of different nations. One
+characteristic of certain nations is living for the future. All the
+modern nations are striving to win force and power from nature. There is
+another class of men who live on the glory of the past. Now, what is to
+be the future of our nation? Are we to live only on the glory of the
+past and die off from the face of the earth, to show that we are worthy
+descendants of the glorious past and to show by our work, by our
+intellect and by our service that we are not a decadent nation? We have
+still a great and mighty future before us, a future that will justify
+our ancestry. In talking about ancestry, do we ever realise that the
+only way in which we can do honour to our past is not to boast of what
+our ancestors have done but to carry out in the future something as
+great, if not greater than they. Are we to be a living nation, to be
+proud of our ancestry and to try to win renown by continuous
+achievements? These mighty monuments that I see around me tell us what
+has been done till very recent times. I have travelled over some of the
+greatest ruins of the Universities of India. I have been to the ruins of
+the University of Taxilla in the farthest corner of India which
+attracted the people of the west and the east. I had been to the ruins
+of Nalanda, a University which invited all the west to gain knowledge
+under its intellectual fostering. I had been all there and seen them. I
+have come here also and want to visit Conjeevaram. But are you to foster
+the dead honours or to try to bring back your University in India and
+drag once more from the rest of the world people who would come down and
+derive knowledge from India? It is in that way and that way alone we can
+win our self-respect and make our life and the life of the nation
+worthy. The present era is the era of temples of learning. In order to
+erect temples of learning we require all the offerings of our mighty
+people. We want to erect temples and "viharas" which are so
+indispensable to the study of nature and her secrets. It is a problem
+which appeals to every thoughtful Indian. It is by the effort of the
+people and by their generosity that all these mighty temples arose; and
+now are we to worship the dead stones or are we to erect living temples
+so that the knowledge that has been made in India shall be perpetuated
+in India? I received requests from the different Universities in America
+and Germany to allow students from those countries to come and learn the
+science that has been initiated in India. Now, is this knowledge to pass
+beyond our boundaries to that again in future time we may have to go to
+the west to get back this knowledge or are we to keep this flame of
+learning burning all the time?
+
+(_Modern Review, Vol. xviii, p. 22-23_).
+
+
+
+
+DR. J. C. BOSE ENTERTAINED
+
+PARTY AT RAM MOHAN LIBRARY
+
+
+On Saturday, 24th July, 1915, the members of the Ram Mohan Library and
+Reading room received Dr. J. C. Bose, the President of the Library in a
+right royal fashion, on his return to India from his Scientific
+Deputation to the West.
+
+There was a large and influential gathering, and the spacious hall was
+tastefully decorated.
+
+Dr. J. C. Bose arrived at 6:15 p.m. and was received at the gate by Mr.
+D. N. Pal, Secretary. Dr. Bose then went round the hall accompanied by
+the members of the Executive Committee while the Bharati Musical
+Association played excellent Jaltaranga Orchestra.
+
+Babu Bhupendra Nath Bose, Vice-President of the Library, made a
+brilliant speech welcoming Dr. Bose and detailing the great services
+done to the country by him.
+
+
+DR. BOSE'S REPLY
+
+Dr. Bose in reply expressed his thanks for the great interest shown in
+different parts of this country in the success of his work. This was the
+fourth occasion on which he had been deputed to the West by the
+Government of India on a scientific mission, and the success that has
+attended his visit to foreign countries has exceeded all his
+expectations. In Vienna, in Paris, in Oxford, Cambridge and London, in
+Harvard, Washington, Chicago and Columbia, in Tokio and in many other
+places his work has uniformly been received with high appreciation. In
+spite of the fact that his researches called into question some of the
+existing theories, his results have notwithstanding received the fullest
+acceptance. This was due to a great extent to the convincing character
+of the demonstration afforded by the very delicate instruments he had
+been able to invent and which worked under extremely difficult tests
+with extraordinary perfection. Even the most critical savants in Vienna
+felt themselves constrained to make a most generous admission. In these
+new investigations on the border land between physics and physiology,
+they held that Europe has been left behind by India, to which country
+they would now have to come for inspiration. It has also been fully
+recognised that science will derive benefit when the synthetic
+intellectual methods of the East co-operate with the severe analytical
+methods of the West. These opinions have also been fully endorsed in
+other centres of learning and Dr. Bose had received applications from
+distinguished Universities in Europe and America for admission of
+foreign post graduate scholars to be trained in his Laboratory in the
+new scientific methods that have been initiated in India.
+
+
+RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR INDIA
+
+This recognition that the advance of human knowledge will be incomplete
+without India's special contributions, must be a source of great
+inspiration for future workers in India. His countrymen had the keen
+imagination which could extort truth out of a mass of disconnected facts
+and the habit of meditation without allowing the mind to dissipate
+itself. Inspired by his visits to the ancient Universities, at Taxila,
+at Nalanda and at Conjevaram, Dr. Bose had the strongest confidence that
+India would soon see a revival of those glorious traditions. There will
+soon rise a Temple of Learning where the teacher cut off from worldly
+distractions would go on with his ceaseless pursuit after truth, and
+dying, hand on his work to his disciples. Nothing would seem laborious
+in his inquiry; never is he to lose sight of his quest, never is he to
+let it go obscured by any terrestrial temptation. For he is the Sanyasin
+spirit, and India is the only country where so far from there being a
+conflict between science and religion. Knowledge is regarded as religion
+itself. Such a misuse of science as is now unfortunately in evidence in
+the West would be impossible here. Had the conquest of air been achieved
+in India, her very first impulse would be to offer worship at every
+temple for such a manifestation of the divinity in man.
+
+
+ECONOMIC DANGER OF INDIA
+
+One of the most interesting events in his tour round the world was his
+stay in Japan, where he had ample opportunity of becoming acquainted
+with the efforts of the people and their aspirations towards a great
+future. No one can help being filled with admiration for what they have
+achieved. In materialistic efficiency, which in a mechanical era is
+regarded as an index of civilisation, they have even surpassed their
+German teachers. A few decades ago they had no foreign shipping and no
+manufacture. But within an incredibly short time their magnificent lines
+of steamers have proved so formidable a competitor that the great
+American line in the Pacific will soon be compelled to stop their
+sailings. Their industries again, through the wise help of the State and
+other adventitious aids are capturing foreign markets. But far more
+admirable is their foresight to save their country from any embroilment
+with other nations with whom they want to live in peace. And they
+realise any predominant interest of a foreign country in their trade or
+manufacture is sure to lead to misunderstanding and friction. Actuated
+by this idea they have practically excluded all foreign manufactured
+articles by prohibitive tariffs.
+
+
+REVIVAL OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES
+
+Is our country slow to realise the danger that threatens her by the
+capture of her market and the total destruction of her industries? Does
+she not realise that it is helpless passivity that directly provokes
+aggression? Has not the recent happenings in China served as an object
+lesson? There is, therefore, no time to be lost and the utmost effort is
+demanded of the Government and the people for the revival of our own
+industries. The various attempts that have hitherto been made have not
+been as successful as the necessity of the case demands. The efforts of
+the Government and of the people have hitherto been spasmodic and often
+worked at cross purposes. The Government should have an advisory body
+of Indian members. There should be some modification of rules as regards
+selection of Industrial scholars. Before being sent out to foreign
+countries they should be made to study the conditions of manufacture in
+this country and its difficulties. For a particular industry there
+should be a co-ordinated group of three scholars, two for the industrial
+and one for the commercial side. Difficulties would arise in adapting
+foreign knowledge to Indian conditions. This can only be overcome by the
+devoted labour of men of originality, who have been trained in our
+future Research Laboratory. The Government could also materially help
+(i) by offering facilities for the supply of raw materials (ii) by
+offering expert advice (iii) by starting experimental industries. He had
+reason to think that the Government is full alive to the crucial
+importance of the subject and is determined to take every step
+necessary. In this matter the aims of the people and the Government are
+one. In facing a common danger and in co-operation there must arise
+mutual respect and understanding. And perhaps through the very
+catastrophe that is threatening the world there may grow up in India a
+realisation of community of interest and solidarity as between
+Government and people.
+
+
+A CALL FOR NOBLER PATRIOTISM
+
+A very serious danger is thus seen to be threatening the future of
+India, and to avert it will require the utmost effort of the people.
+They have not only to meet the economic crisis but also to protect the
+ideals of ancient Aryan civilisation from the destructive forces that
+are threatening it. Nothing great can be conserved except through
+constant effort and sacrifice. There is a danger of, regarding the
+mechanical efficiency as the sole end of life; there is also the
+opposite danger of a life of dreaming, bereft of struggle and activity,
+degenerating into parasitic habits of dependence. Only through the
+nobler call of patriotism can our nation realise her highest ideals in
+thought and in action; to that call the nation will always respond. He
+had the inestimable privilege of winning the intimate friendship of Mr.
+G. K. Gokhale. Before leaving England, our foremost Indian statesman
+whose loss we so deeply mourn, had come to stay with the speaker for a
+few days at Eastbourne. He knew that this was to be their last meeting.
+Almost his parting question to Dr. Bose was whether science had anything
+to say about future incarnations. For himself, however he was certain
+that as soon as he would cast off his worn out frame he was to be born
+once more in the country he loved, and bear all the country that may be
+laid on him in her service. There can be no doubt that there must be
+salvation for a country which can count on sons as devoted as Gopal
+Krishna Gokhale.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 26-7-1915.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF A DISCOVERY
+
+
+Substance of a Lecture delivered by Prof. J. C. Bose on the 20th
+November 1915, at the Ram Mohan Library, under the Presidency of the
+Hon'ble Mr. P. C. Lyon, and published at p. 693, Vol. xviii, of the
+"Modern Review" (July to December, 1915).
+
+At the tournament held before the court at Hastinapur, more than
+twenty-five centuries ago, Karna, the reputed son of a Charioteer, had
+challenged the supremacy of Prince Arjuna. To this challenge Arjuna had
+returned a scornful answer; a prince could not cross swords with one who
+could claim no nobility of descent. "I am my own ancestor," replied
+Karna, and this perhaps the earliest assertion of the right of man to
+choose and determine his own destiny. In the realm of knowledge also the
+great achievements have been won only by men with determined purpose and
+without any adventitious aids. Undismayed by human limitations they had
+struggled in spite of many a failure. In their inquiry after truth they
+regarded nothing as too laborious, nothing too insignificant, nothing
+too painful. This is the process which all must follow; there is no
+easier path.
+
+The lecturer's research on the properties of Electric Waves was begun
+just twenty-one years ago. In this he was greatly encouraged by the
+appreciation shown by the Royal Society, which not only published his
+researches, but also offered a Parliamentary grant for the continuance
+of his work. The greatest difficulty lay in the construction of a
+receiver to detect invisible ether disturbances. For this a most
+laborious investigation had to be undertaken to find the action of
+electric radiation on all kinds of matter. As a result of this long and
+very patient work a new type of receiver was invented, so perfect in its
+action that the _Electrician_ suggested its use in ships and
+electro-magnetic high houses for the communication and transmission of
+danger signals at sea through space. This was in 1895, several years in
+advance of the present wireless system. Practical application of the
+result of Dr. Bose's investigations appear so important that Great
+Britain and the United States granted him patents for his invention of a
+certain crystal receiver which proved to be the most sensitive detector
+of wireless signals.
+
+
+UNIVERSAL SENSITIVENESS OF MATTER
+
+In the course of his investigations Dr. Bose found that the uncertainty
+of the early type of his receiver was brought on by fatigue, and that
+the curve of fatigue of his instrument closely resembled the fatigue
+curve of animal muscle. He was soon able to remove the 'tiredness' of
+his receiver by application of suitable stimulants; application of
+certain poisons, on the other hand, permanently abolished its
+sensitiveness. Dr. Bose was thus amazed at the discovery that inorganic
+matter was anything but inert, but that its particles were a thrill
+under the action of multitudinous forces that were playing on it. The
+lecturer was at this time constrained to choose whether to go on with
+the practical applications of his work, the success of which appeared to
+be assured, or to throw himself into a vortex of conflict for the
+establishment of some truth the glimmerings of which he was then but
+dimly beginning to perceive. It is very curious that the human mind is
+sometimes so constituted that it rejects lines of least resistance in
+favour of the more difficult path. Dr. Bose chose the more difficult
+path, and entered into a phase of activity which was to test all his
+strength.
+
+
+CASTE IN SCIENCE
+
+Dr. Bose's discovery of Universal sensitiveness of matter was
+communicated to the Royal Society on May 7th, 1901, when he himself gave
+a successful experimental demonstration. His communication was, however,
+strongly assailed by Sir John Burden-Sanderson, the leading
+physiologist, and one or two of his followers. They had nothing to urge
+against his experiments but objected to a physicist straying into the
+preserve that had been specially reserved for the physiologist. He had
+unwittingly strayed into the domain of a new and unfamiliar caste system
+and offended its etiquette. In consequence of this opposition his paper,
+which was already in print, was not published. This is not by any means
+to be regarded as an injustice done to a stranger. Even Lord Rayleigh,
+who occupies an unique position in the world of science, was subjected
+to fierce attacks from the chemists, because he, a physicist, had
+ventured to predict that the air would be found to contain new elements
+not hitherto discovered.
+
+It is natural that there should be prejudice against all innovations,
+and the attitude of Sir John Burden-Sanderson is easily explained.
+Unfortunately there was another incident about which similar explanation
+could not be urged. Dr. Bose's Paper had been placed in the archives of
+the Royal Society, so that technically there was no publication. And it
+came about that eight months after the reading of his Paper, another
+communication found publication in the Journal of a different society
+which was practically the same as Dr. Bose's but without any
+acknowledgment. The author of this communication was a gentleman who had
+previously opposed him at the Royal Society. The plagiarism was
+subsequently discovered and led to much unpleasantness. It is not
+necessary to refer any more to the subject except as explanation of the
+fact that the determined hostility and misrepresentations of one man
+succeeded for more than ten years to bar all avenues of publication for
+his discoveries. But every cloud has its silver lining; this incident
+secured for him many true friends in England who stood for fair play,
+and whose friendship has proved to be a source of great encouragement to
+him.
+
+
+FURTHER DIFFICULTIES
+
+Dr. Bose's next work in 1903 was the discovery of the identity of
+response and of automatic activity in plant and animal and of the
+nervous impulse in plant. These new contributions were regarded as of
+such great importance that the Royal Society showed its special
+appreciation by recommending it to be published in their Philosophical
+transactions. But the same influence which had hitherto stood in his way
+triumphed once more, and it was at the very last moment that the
+publication was withheld. The Royal Society, however, informed him that
+his results were of fundamental importance, but as they were so wholly
+unexpected and so opposed to the existing theories, that they would
+reserve their judgment until, at some future time, plants themselves
+could be made to record their answers to questions put to them. This was
+interpreted in certain quarters here as the final rejection of Dr.
+Bose's theories by the Royal Society, and the limited facilities which
+he had in the prosecution of his researches were in danger of being
+withdrawn. And everything was dark for him for the next ten years. The
+only thought that possessed him was how to make the plant give testimony
+by means of its own autograph.
+
+
+LONG DELAYED SUCCESS
+
+And when the night was at its darkest, light gradually appeared, and
+after innumerable difficulties had been overcome his Resonant Recorder
+was perfected, which enabled the plant to tell its own story. And in
+the meantime something still more wonderful came to pass. Hitherto all
+gates had been barred and he had to produce his passports everywhere. He
+now found friends who never asked him for credentials. His time had come
+at last. The Royal Society found his new methods most convincing and
+honoured him by publication of his researches in the Philosophical
+transactions. And his discoveries, which had so long remained in
+obscurity, found enthusiastic acceptance.
+
+Though his theories had thus received acceptance from the leading
+scientific men of the Royal Society, there was yet no general conviction
+of the identity of life reactions in plant and animal. No amount of
+controversy can remove the tendency of the human mind to follow
+precedents. The only thing left was to make the plant itself bear
+witness before the scientific bodies in the West, by means of
+self-records. At the recommendation of the Minister of Education, and of
+the Government of Bengal, the Secretary of State sanctioned his
+scientific deputation to Europe and America.
+
+
+JOURNEY OF INDIAN PLANT ROUND THE WORLD
+
+The special difficulty which he had to contend against lay in the fact
+that the only time during which the plant flourished at all in the West,
+was in the months of July and August, when the Universities and
+scientific societies were in vacation. The only thing left was to take
+the bold step of carrying growing plants from India and trust to human
+ingenuity to keep them alive during the journey. Four plants, two
+Mimosas and two Telegraph plants, were taken in a portable box with
+glass cover, and never let out of sight. In the Mediterranean they
+encountered bitter cold for the first time and nearly succumbed. They
+were unhappier still in the Bay of Biscay, and when they reached London
+there was a sharp frost. They had to be kept in a drawing room lighted
+by gas, the deadly influence of which was discovered the next morning
+when all the plants were found to be apparently killed. Two had been
+killed, and the other two were brought round after much difficulty. The
+plants were at once transferred to the hot-house in Regents Park. For
+every demonstration in Dr. Bose's private Laboratory at Maida Vale, the
+plant had to be brought and returned in a taxicab with closed doors so
+that no sudden chill might kill them. When travelling, the large box in
+which they were, could not be trusted out of sight in the luggage van.
+They had practically to be carried in a reserved compartment. The
+unusual care taken of the box always roused the greatest curiosity, and
+in an incredibly short time large crowds would gather. When travelling
+long distances, for example from London to Vienna, the carriage
+accommodation had to be secured in advance. It was this that saved Dr.
+Bose from being interned in Germany, where he was to commence his
+lectures on the 4th August. He was to start for the University of Bonn
+on the 2nd, but on account of hasty mobilisation of troops in Germany he
+could not secure the reserved accommodation. Two days after came the
+proclamation of War!
+
+
+OUTCOME OF HIS WORK
+
+The success of his scientific mission exceeded his most sanguine
+expectations. The work in which he long persevered in isolation and
+under most depressing difficulties, bore fruit at last. Apart from the
+full recognition that the progress of the world's science would be
+incomplete without India's special contributions, mutual appreciation
+and better understanding resulted from his visit. One of the greatest of
+Medical Institutions, the Royal Society of Medicine, has been pleased to
+regard his address before the society as one of the most important in
+their history and they expected that their science of medicine would be
+materially benefited by the researches that are being carried out by him
+in India. India has also been drawn closer to the great seats of
+learning in the West, to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; for
+there also the methods of inquiry initiated here have found the most
+cordial welcome. Many Indian students find their way to America,
+strangers in a strange land; hitherto they found few to advise and
+befriend them. It will perhaps be different now, since their leading
+Universities have begged from India the courtesy of hospitality for
+their post graduate scholars. Some of these Universities again have
+asked for a supply of apparatus specially invented at Dr. Bose's
+laboratory which in their opinion will mark an epoch in scientific
+advance.
+
+
+THE INEFFABLE WONDER BEHIND THE VEIL
+
+As for the research itself, he said its bearings are not exclusively
+specialistic, but touch the foundation of various branches of science.
+To mention only a few; in medicine it had to deal with the fundamental
+reaction of protoplasm to various drugs, the solution of the problem why
+an identical agent brings about diametrically opposite effects in
+different constitutions; in the science of life it dealt with the new
+comparative physiology by which any specific characteristic of a tissue
+is traced from the simplest type in plant to the most complex in the
+animal; the study of the mysterious phenomenon of death and the
+accurate determination of the death point and the various conditions by
+which this point may be dislocated backwards and forwards; in psychology
+it had to deal with the unravelling of the great mystery that underlies
+memory and tracing it backwards to latent impressions even in the
+inorganic bodies which are capable of subsequent revival; and finally,
+the determination of the special characteristic of that vehicle through
+which sensiferous impulses are transmitted and the possibility of
+changing the intensity and the tone of sensation. All these
+investigations, Dr. Bose said, are to be carried out by new physical
+methods of the utmost delicacy. He had in these years been able to
+remove the obstacles in the path and had lifted the veil so as to catch
+a glimpse of the ineffable wonder that had hitherto been hidden from
+view. The real work, he said, had only just begun.
+
+
+A SOCIAL GATHERING
+
+At the Social Gathering held on the 16th December 1915, in the compound
+of the Calcutta Presidency College, to meet him after his highly
+successful tour through Europe, America and Japan, Dr. Bose spoke as
+follows:--
+
+He said that it was his rare good fortune to have been amply rewarded
+for the hardships and struggles that he had gone through by the generous
+and friendly feelings of his colleagues and the love and trust of his
+pupils. He would say a few words regarding his experience in the
+Presidency College for more than three decades, which he hoped would
+serve to bring all who loved the Presidency College--present and past
+pupils and their teachers--in closer bonds of union. He would speak to
+them what he had learnt after years of patient labour, that the
+impossible became possible by persistent and determined efforts and
+adherence to duty and entire selflessness. The greatest obstacle often
+arises out of foolish misunderstanding of each other's ideals, such as
+the differing points of view, first of the Indian teacher, then of his
+western colleague, and last but not least, the point of view of the
+Indian pupils themselves. In all these respects his experience had been
+wide and varied. He had both been an undergraduate and a graduate of the
+Calcutta University with vivid realization of an Indian student's
+aspirations; he had then become a student of conservative Cambridge and
+democratic London. And during his frequent visits to Europe and America
+he had become acquainted with the inner working of the chief
+universities of the world. Finally he had the unique privilege of being
+connected with the Presidency College for thirty-one years, from which
+no temptation could sever him. He had the deepest sense of the sacred
+vocation of the teacher. They may well be proud of a consecrated
+life--consecrated to what? To the guidance of young lives, to the making
+of men, to the shaping and determining of souls in the dawn of their
+existence, with their dreams yet to be realised.
+
+Education in the West and in the East showed how different customs and
+ways might yet express a common ideal. In India the teacher was, like
+the head of a family, reverenced by his pupils so deeply as to show
+itself by touching the feet of their master. This in no servile act if
+we come to think of it; since it is the expression of the pupils' desire
+for his master's blessings, called down from heaven in an almost
+religious communion of souls. This consecration is renewed every day,
+calling forth patient foresight of the teacher. As the father shows no
+special favour, but lets his love and compassion go out to the weakest,
+so it is with the Indian teacher and his pupil. There is the relation
+something very human, something very ennobling. He would say it was
+essentially human rather than distinctively Eastern. For do we not find
+something very like it in Mediaeval Europe? There too before the coming
+of the modern era with its lack of leisure and its adherence to system
+and machinery, there was a bond as sacred between the master and his
+pupils. Luther used to salute his class every morning with lifted hat,
+"I bow to you, great men of the future, famous administrators yet to be,
+men of learning, men of character who will take on themselves the burden
+of the world." Such is the prophetic vision given to the greatest of
+teachers. The modern teacher from England will set before him an ideal
+not less exalted--regarding his pupils as his comrades, he as an
+Englishman will instill into them greater virility and a greater public
+spirit. This will be his special contribution to the forming of our
+Indian youths.
+
+Turning to the Indian students he could say that it was his good fortune
+never to have had the harmonious relation between teacher and pupils in
+any way ruffled during his long connection with them for more than three
+decades. The real secret of success was in trying at times to see things
+from the student's point of view and to cultivate a sense of humour
+enabling him to enjoy the splendid self-assurance of youth with a
+feeling not unmixed with envy. In essential matters, however, one could
+not wish to meet a better type or one more quickly susceptible to finer
+appeals to right conduct and duty as Indian students. Their faults are
+rather of omission than of commission, since in his experience he formed
+that the moment they realised their teachers to be their friends, they
+responded instantly and did not flinch from any test, however severe,
+that could be laid on them.
+
+--_The Presidency College Magazine._ _Vol. II, pages_ 339-341.
+
+
+
+
+LIGHT VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE
+
+
+On the 14th January 1916, Dr. J. C. Bose delivered a public lecture, on
+Light Visible and Invisible, at the third Indian Science Congress held
+at Lucknow, before a crowded audience which included the
+Lieutenant-Governor (Sir James Meston).
+
+Dr. Bose, in course of his lecture, spoke of the imperfection of our
+senses. Our ear, for example, fails to respond to all sounds. There are
+many sounds to which we are deaf. This was because our ear was tuned to
+answer to the narrow range of eleven octaves of sound vibrations. He
+showed a remarkable experiment of an artificial ear which remained
+irresponsive to various sounds, but when a particular note, to which it
+was tuned, was sounded even at the distant end of the hall, this ear
+picked it up and responded violently. As there were sounds audible and
+inaudible, so there were lights visible and invisible. The imperfection
+of our eye as a detector of ether vibrations was, however, far more
+serious. The eye could detect ether vibrations lying within a single
+octave--between 400 to 800 billion vibrations per second. Comparatively
+slow vibrations of ether did not affect our eye and the disturbances
+they give rise to well-known as electric waves. The electric waves,
+predicted by Maxwell, were discovered by Hertz. These waves were about
+three metres long. They were about ten million times larger than the
+beams of visible light. Dr. Bose showed that the three short electric
+waves have the same property as a beam of light, exhibiting reflections,
+refraction, even total reflection, through a black crystal, double
+refraction, polarisation, and rotation of the plane of polarisation. The
+thinnest film of air was sufficient to produce total reflection of
+visible light with its extremely short wave lengths. But with the new
+electric waves which he produced, Dr. Bose showed that the critical
+thickness of air space determined by the refracting power of the prison
+and by the wave length of electric oscillations. Dr. Bose determined the
+index of refraction of electric waves for different materials, and
+eliminated a difficulty which presented itself in Maxwell's theory as to
+the relation between the index of refraction of light and the
+di-electric constant of insulators. He also measured the wave lengths of
+various oscillations. The order to produce short electric oscillations,
+to detect them and study their optical properties, he had to construct a
+large number of instruments. It was a hard task to produce very short
+electric waves which had enough energy to be detected, but Dr. Bose
+overcame this difficulty by constructing radiators or oscillators of his
+own type, which emitted the shortest waves with sufficient energy. As a
+receiver he used a sensitive metallic coherer, which in itself led to
+new and important discoveries. When electric waves fall on a loose
+contact between two pieces of metals, the resistance of the contact
+changes and a current passes through the contact indicating the
+existence of electrical oscillations. Dr. Bose discovered the surprising
+fact that with potassium metal the resistance of the contact increases
+under the action of electric waves and that this contact exhibits an
+automatic recovery. He found further that the change of the metallic
+contact resistance when acted upon by electric waves, is a function of
+the atomic weight. These phenomena led to a new theory of metallic
+coherers. Before these discoveries it was assumed that the particles of
+the two metallic pieces in contact are, as it were, fused together, so
+that the resistance decreases. But the increasing resistance appearing
+for some elements, led to the theory that the electric forces in the
+waves produced a peculiar molecular action or a re-arrangement of the
+molecules, which may either increase or decrease the contact resistance.
+
+--_Pioneer_,--16-1-1916.
+
+
+
+
+HINDU UNIVERSITY ADDRESS
+
+
+The foundation of the Hindu University was laid by Lord Hardinge on the
+4th February 1916. "Many striking addresses were delivered on the
+occasion. Professor J.C. Bose in his masterly address went to the root
+of the matter and pointed in an inspiring manner what should be done to
+make the Hindu University worthy of its name. He deprecated a repetition
+of the Universities of the West." He said:--
+
+In tracing the characteristic phenomenon of life from simple beginnings
+in that vast region which may be called unvoiced, as exemplified in the
+world of plants, to its highest expression in the animal kingdom, one is
+repeatedly struck by the one dominant fact that in order to maintain an
+organism at the height of its efficiency something more than a
+mechanical perfection of its structure is necessary. Every living
+organism, in order to maintain its life and growth, must be in free
+communion with all the forces of the Universe about it.
+
+
+STIMULUS WITHIN AND WITHOUT
+
+Further, it must not only constantly receive stimulus from without, but
+must also give out something from within, and the healthy life of the
+organism will depend on these two fold activities of inflow and
+outflow. When there is any interference with these activities, then
+morbid symptoms appear, which ultimately must end in disaster and death.
+This is equally true of the intellectual life of a Nation. When through
+narrow conceit a Nation regards itself self-sufficient and cuts itself
+from the stimulus of the outside world, then intellectual decay must
+inevitably follow.
+
+
+SPECIAL FUNCTION OF A NATION
+
+So far as regards the receptive function. Then there is another function
+in the intellectual life of a Nation, that of spontaneous outflow, that
+giving out of its life by which the world is enriched. When the Nation
+has lost this power, when it merely receives, but cannot give out, then
+its healthy life is over, and it sinks into a degenerate existence which
+is purely parasitic.
+
+
+HOW INDIA CAN TEACH
+
+How can our Nation give out of the fulness of the life that is in it,
+and how can a new Indian University help in the realisation of this
+object? It is clear that its power of directing and inspiring will
+depend on its world status. This can be secured to it by no artificial
+means, nor by any strength in the past; and what is the weakness that
+has been paralysing her activities for the accomplishment of any great
+scientific work? There must be two different elements, and these must be
+evenly balanced. Any excess of either will injure it.
+
+
+HOW TO SECURE THIS STATUS
+
+This world status can only be won by the intrinsic value of the great
+contributions to be made by its own Indian scholars for the advancement
+of the world's knowledge. To be organic and vital our new University
+must stand primarily for self-expression, and for winning for India a
+place she has lost. Knowledge is never the exclusive possession of any
+particular race, nor does it recognise geographical limitations. The
+whole world is interdependent, and a constant stream of thought had been
+carried out throughout the ages enriching the common heritage of
+mankind. Although science was neither of the East nor of the West but
+international, certain aspects of it gained richness by reason of their
+place of origin.
+
+In any case if India need to make any contribution to the world it
+should be as great as the hope they cherished for her. Let them not
+talk of the glories of the past till they have secured for her, her true
+place among the intellectual nations of the world. Let them find out how
+she had fallen from her high estate and ruthlessly put an end to all
+that self satisfied and little-minded vanity which had been the cause of
+their fatal weakness. What was it that stood in her way? Was her mind
+paralysed by weak superstitious fears? That was not so; for her great
+thinkers, the Rishis, always stood for freedom of intellect and while
+Galileo was imprisoned and Bruno burnt for their opinions, they boldly
+declared that even the Vedas were to be rejected if they did not conform
+to truth. They urged in favour of persistent efforts for the discovery
+of physical causes yet unknown, since to them nothing was extra-physical
+but merely mysterious because of a hitherto unascertained cause. Were
+they afraid that the march of knowledge was dangerous to true faith? Not
+so. For their knowledge and religion were one.
+
+These are the hopes that animate us. For there is something in the Hindu
+culture which is possessed of extraordinary latent strength by which it
+has resisted the ravages of time and the destructive changes which have
+swept over the earth. And indeed a capacity to endure through infinite
+transformations must be innate in that mighty civilisation which has
+seen the intellectual culture of the Nile Valley, of Assyria and of
+Babylon war and wane and disappear and which to-day gazes on the future
+with the same invincible faith with which it met the past.
+
+--_Modern Review, vol. XIX, pages_ 277, 278.
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF A FAILURE THAT WAS GREAT
+
+
+At the invitation of the President and the committee of the Faridpore
+Industrial Exhibition, Dr. J. C. Bose gave a lecture on the life of his
+father, the late Babu Bhugwan Chunder Bose, who founded the Exhibition
+at Faridpore, where he was the sub-divisional officer, 50 years ago. It
+was published in the Modern Review for February 1917--volume xxi, p.
+221. In course of his address, said Dr. Bose:--
+
+It is the obvious, the insistent, the blatant that often blinds us to
+the essential. And in solving the mystery that underlies life, the
+enlightenment will come not by the study of the complex man, but through
+the simpler plant. It is the unsuspected forces, hidden to the eyes of
+men,--the forces imprisoned in the soil and the stimuli of alternating
+flash of light and the gloomings of darkness these and many others will
+be found to maintain the ceaseless activity which we know as the fulness
+of throbbing life.
+
+This is likewise true of the congeries of life which we call a society
+or a nation. The energy which moves this great mass in ceaseless effort
+to realise some common aspiration, often has its origin in the unknown
+solitudes of a village life. And thus the history of some efforts, not
+forgotten, which emanated from Faridpore, may be found not unconnected
+with which India is now meeting her problems to-day. How did these
+problems first dawn in the minds of some men who forecast themselves by
+half a century? How fared their hopes, how did their dreams become
+buried in oblivion? Where lies the secret of that potency which makes
+certain efforts apparently doomed to failure, rise renewed from beneath
+the smouldering ashes? Are these dead failures, so utterly unrelated to
+some great success that we may acclaim to day? When we look deeper we
+shall find that this is not so, that as inevitable as in the sequence of
+cause and effect, so unrelenting must be the sequence of failure and
+success. We shall find that the failure must be the antecedent power to
+lie dormant for the long subsequent dynamic expression in what we call
+success. It is then and then only that we shall begin to question
+ourselves which is the greater of the two, a noble failure or a vulgar
+success.
+
+As a concrete example, I shall relate the history of a noble failure
+which had its setting in this little corner of the earth. And if some of
+the audience thought that the speaker has been blessed with life that
+has been unusually fruitful, they will soon realise that the power and
+strength that nerved me to meet the shocks of life were in reality
+derived at this very place, where I witnessed the struggle which
+overpowered a far greater life.
+
+
+STIMULUS OF CONTACT WITH WESTERN CULTURE
+
+An impulse from outside reacts on impressionable bodies in two different
+ways, depending on whether the recipient is inert or fully alive. The
+inert is fashioned after the pattern of the impression made on it, and
+this in infinite repetition of one mechanical stamp. But when an
+organism is fully alive, the answering reaction is often of an
+altogether different character to the impinging stimulus. The outside
+shocks stir up the organism to answer feebly or to utmost in ways as
+multitudinous and varied as life itself. So the first impetus of Western
+education impressed itself on some in a dead monotony of imitation of
+things Western; while in others it awakened all that was greatest in the
+national memory. It is the release of some giant force which lay for
+long time dormant. My father was one of the earliest to receive the
+impetus characteristic of the modern epoch as derived from the West. And
+in his case it came to pass that the stimulus evoked the latent
+potentialities of his race for evolving modes of expression demanded by
+the period of transition in which he was placed. They found expression
+in great constructive work, in the restoration of quiet amidst disorder,
+in the earliest effort to spread education both among men and women, in
+questions of social welfare, in industrial efforts, in the establishment
+of people's Bank and in the foundation of industrial and technical
+schools. And behind all these efforts lay a burning love for his country
+and its nobler traditions.
+
+
+MATTERS EDUCATIONAL
+
+In educational matters he had very definite ideas which is now becoming
+more fully appreciated. English schools were at that time not only
+regarded as the only efficient medium for instruction. While my father's
+subordinates sent their children to the English schools intended for
+gentle folks, I was sent to the vernacular school where my comrades were
+hardy sons of toilers and of others who, it is now the fashion to
+regard, were belonging to the depressed classes. From these who tilled
+the ground and made the land blossom with green verdure and ripening
+corn, and the sons of the fisher folk, who told stories of the strange
+creatures that frequented the unknown depths of mighty rivers and
+stagnant pools, I first derived the lesson of that which constitutes
+true manhood. From them too I drew my love of nature. When I came home
+accompanied by my comrades I found my mother waiting for us. She was an
+orthodox Hindu, yet the "untouchableness" of some of my school fellows
+did not produce any misgivings in her. She welcomed and fed all these as
+her own children; for it is only true of the mother heart to go out and
+enfold in her protecting care all those who needed succour and a
+mother's affection. I now realise the object of my being sent at the
+most plastic period of my life to the vernacular school, where I was to
+learn my own language, to think my own thoughts and to receive the
+heritage of our national culture through the medium of our own
+literature. I was thus to consider myself one with the people and never
+to place myself in an equivocal position of assumed superiority. This I
+realised more particularly when later I wished to go to Europe and to
+compete for the Indian Civil Service, his refusal as regards that
+particular career was absolute. I was to rule nobody but myself, I was
+to be a scholar not an administrator.
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF A FAILURE THAT WAS GREAT
+
+There has been some complaint that the experiment of meeting out cut and
+dried moral texts as a part of school routine has not proved to be so
+effective as was expected by their promulgators. The moral education
+which we received in our childhood was very indirect and came from
+listening to stories recited by the 'Kathas' on various incidents
+connected with our great epics. Their effect on our minds was very
+great; this may be because our racial memory makes us more prone to
+respond to certain ideals that have been impressed on the consciousness
+of the nation. These early appeals to our emotions have remained
+persistent; the only difference is that which was there as a narrative
+of incidents more or less historical, is now realised as eternally true,
+being an allegory of the unending struggle of the human soul in its
+choice between what is material and that other something which
+transcends it. The only pictures now in my study are a few frescoes done
+for me by Abanindra Nath Tagore and Nanda Lal Bose. The first fresco
+represents Her, who is the Sustainer of the Universe. She stands
+pedestalled on the lotus of our heart. The world was at peace; but a
+change has come. And She under whose Veil of Compassion we had been
+protected so long, suddenly flings us to the world of conflict. Our
+great epic, the Mahabharata, deals with this great conflict, and the few
+frescoes delineate some of the fundamental incidents. The coming of the
+discord is signalled by the rattle of dice, thrown by Yudhisthira, the
+pawn at stake, being the crown. Two hostile arrays are set in motion,
+mighty Kaurava armaments meeting in shock of battle the Pandava host
+with Arjuna as the leader, and Krishna as his Divine Charioteer. At the
+supreme moment Arjuna had flung down his earthly weapon, Gandiva. It was
+then that the eternal conflict between matter and spirit was decided.
+The next panel shows the outward or the material aspect of victory.
+Behind a foreground of waving flags is seen the battle field of
+Kurukshetra with procession of white-clad mourning women seen by fitful
+lights of funeral pyres. In the last panel is seen Yudhisthira
+renouncing the fruits of his victory setting out on his last journey. In
+front of him lies the vast and sombre plain and mountain peaks, faintly
+visible by gleams of unearthly light, unlocalised but playing here and
+there. His wife and his brothers had fallen behind and dropped one by
+one. There is to be no human companion in his last journey. The only
+thing that stood by him and from which he had never been really
+separated is Dharma or the Spirit of Righteousness.
+
+
+LIFE OF ACTION
+
+Faridpur at that time enjoyed a notoriety of being the stronghold of
+desperate characters, dacoits by land and water. My father had captured
+single-handed one of the principal leaders, whom he sentenced to a long
+term of imprisonment. After release he came to my father and demanded
+some occupation, since the particular vocation in which he had
+specialised was now rendered impossible. My father took the unusual
+course to employ him as my special attendant to carry me, a child of
+four, on his back to the distant village school. No nurse could be
+tenderer than this ex-leader of lawless men, whose profession had been
+to deal out wounds and deaths. He had accepted a life of peace but he
+could not altogether wipe out his old memories. He used to fill my
+infant mind with the stories of his bold adventures, the numerous fights
+in which he had taken part, the death of his companions and his
+hair-breadth escapes. Numerous were the decorations he bore. The most
+conspicuous was an ugly mark on his breast left by an arrow and a hole
+on the thigh caused by a spear thrust. The trust imposed on this
+marauder proved to be not altogether ill placed for once in a river
+journey we were pursued by several long boats filled with armed dacoits.
+When these boats came too near for us to effect an escape the erstwhile
+dacoit leader, my attendant, stood up and gave a peculiar cry, which was
+evidently understood. For the pursuing boats vanished at the signal.
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL EFFORTS
+
+I come now to another period of his life fifty years from now, when he
+foresaw the economic danger that threatened his country. This
+Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition was one of the first means he
+thought of to avert the threatened danger. Here also he attempted to
+bring together other activities. Evening entertainments were given by
+the performances of "Jatras," which have been the expression of our
+national drama and which have constantly enriched our Bengali literature
+by the contributions of village bards and composers. There were athletic
+tournaments also and display of physical strength and endurance. He also
+established here the people's Bank, which is now in a most flourishing
+condition. He established industrial and technical schools, and it was
+there that the inventive bend of my mind received its first impetus. I
+remember the deep impression made on my mind by the form of worship
+rendered by the artisans to Viswakarma God in his aspect as the Great
+Artificer: His hand it was that was moulding the whole creation; and it
+seemed that we were the instruments in his hand, through whom he
+intended to fashion some Great Design.
+
+In practical agriculture my father was among Indians one of the first to
+start a tea industry in Assam, now regarded as one of the most
+flourishing. He gave practically everything in the starting of some
+Weaving Mills. He stood by this and many other efforts in industrial
+developments. The success of which I spoke did not come till long
+after--too late for him to see it. He had come before the country was
+ready, and it happened to him as it must happen to all pioneers. Every
+one of his efforts failed and the crash came. And a great burden fell on
+us which was only lifted by our united effects just before his work here
+was over.
+
+A failure? Yes but not ignoble or altogether futile. Since it was
+through the witnessing of this struggle that the son learned to look on
+success or failure as one, to realise that some defeat was greater than
+victory. And if my life in any way proved to be fruitful, then that came
+through the realisation of this lesson.
+
+To me his life had been one of blessing and daily thanksgiving.
+Nevertheless every one had said that he wrecked his life which was meant
+for far greater things. Few realise that out of the skeletons of myriad
+lives have been built vast continents. And it is on the wreck of a life
+like his and of many such lives there will be built the Greater India
+yet to be. We do not know why it should be so, but we do know that the
+Earth Mother is hungry for sacrifice.
+
+
+
+
+QUEST OF TRUTH AND DUTY
+
+
+Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose delivered the following Address, on the 25th
+February 1917, to the students of the Presidency College on receiving
+their _Arghya_ and congratulations on the occasion of his knighthood. It
+was published in the Modern Review for March 1917--Volume XXI, p. 343.
+
+In your congratulations for the recent honour, you have overlooked a
+still greater that came to me a year ago, when I was gazetted as your
+perpetual professor, so that the tie which binds me to you is never to
+be severed. Thirty-two years ago I sought to be your teacher. For the
+trust that you imposed on me could I do anything less than place before
+you the highest that I knew? I never appealed to your weaknesses but
+your strength. I never set before you that was easy but used all the
+compulsion for the choice of the most difficult. And perhaps as a
+reward for these years of effort I find all over India those who have
+been my pupils occupying positions of the highest trust and
+responsibility in different walks of life. I do not merely count those
+who have won fame and success but I also claim many others who have
+taken up the burden of life manfully and whose life of purity and
+unselfishness has brought gleams of joy in suffering lives.
+
+
+THE LAW UNIVERSAL
+
+Through science I was able to teach you how the seeming veils the real;
+how though the garish lights dazzle and blind us, there are lights
+invisible, which glow persistently after the brief flare burns out. One
+came to realise how all matter was one, how unified all life was. In the
+various expressions of life even in the realm of thought the same
+Universal law prevails. There was no such thing as brute matter, but
+that spirit suffused matter in which it was enshrined. One also realised
+dimly a mysterious Cyclic Law of Change, seen not merely in inorganic
+matter but also in organised life and its highest manifestations. One
+saw how inertness passes into the climax of activity and how that climax
+is perilously near its antithetic decline. This basic change puzzles us
+by its seeming caprice not merely in our physical instruments but also
+in the cycle of individual life and death and in the great cycle of the
+life and death of nations. We fail to see things in their totality and
+we erect barriers that keep kindreds apart. Even science which attempts
+to rise above common limitations, has not escaped the doom which limited
+vision imposes. We have caste in science as in religion and in politics,
+which divides one into conflicting many. The law of Cyclic change
+follows us relentlessly even in the realm of thought. When we have
+raised ourselves to the highest pinnacle, through some oversight we fall
+over the precipice. Men have offered their lives for the establishment
+of truth. A climax is reached after which the custodians of knowledge
+themselves bar further advance. Men who have fought for liberty impose
+on themselves and on others the bond of slavery. Through centuries have
+men striven to erect a mighty edifice in which Humanity might be
+enshrined; through want of vigilance the structure crumbled into dust.
+Many cycles must yet be run and defeats must yet be borne before man
+will establish a destiny which is above change.
+
+And through science I was able to teach you to seek for truth and help
+to discover it yourself. This attitude of detachment may possess some
+advantage in the proper understanding of your duties. You will have,
+besides, the heritage of great ideals that have been handed down to
+you. The question which you have to decide is duty to yourself, to the
+king and to your country. I shall speak to you of the ideals which we
+cherish about these duties.
+
+
+DUTY TO SELF
+
+As regards duty to self, can there be anything so inclusive as being
+true to your manhood? Stand upright and do not be either cringing or
+vulgarly self-assertive. Be righteous. Let your words and deeds
+correspond. Lead no double life. Proclaim what you think right.
+
+
+IDEAL OF KINGSHIP
+
+The Indian ideal of kingship will be clear to you if I recite the
+invocation with which we crowned our kings from the Vedic Times:
+
+     "Be with us. We have chosen thee
+     Let all the people wish for thee
+     Stand steadfast and immovable
+     Be like a mountain unremoved
+     And hold thy kingship in thy grasp."
+
+We have chosen thee, our prayers have consecrated thee, for all the
+wishes of the people went with thee. Thou art to stand as mountain
+unremoved, for thy throne is planted secure on the hearts of thy people.
+Stand steadfast then, for we have endowed thee with power irresistible.
+Fall therefore not away; but let thy sceptre be held firmly in thy
+grasp.
+
+Which is more potent, Matter or Spirit? Is the power with which the
+people endow their king identical with the power of wealth with which we
+enrich him by paying him his Royal dues? We make him irresistible not by
+wealth but by the strength of our lives, the strength of our mind, may,
+we have to pay him more according to our ancient Lawgivers, in as much
+as the eighth part of our deeds and virtues, and the merit we have
+ourselves acquired. We can only make him irresistible by the strength of
+our lives, the strength of our minds, and the strength that comes out of
+righteousness.
+
+
+DUTY TO OUR COUNTRY
+
+And lastly, what are our duties to our country? These are essentially to
+win honour for it and also win for it security and peace. As regards
+winning honour for our country, it is true that while India has offered
+from the earliest times welcome and hospitality to all peoples and
+nationalities her children have been subjected to intolerable
+humiliations in other countries even under the flag of our king.
+
+There can be no question of the fundamental duty of every Indian to
+stand up and uphold the honour of his country and strove for the removal
+of wrong.
+
+The general task of redressing wrong is not a problem of India alone,
+but one in which the righteous men are interested the world over. For
+wrong cries for redress everywhere, in the clashings interests of the
+rich and poor, between capital and labour, between those who hold the
+power and those from whom it has been withheld,--in a word in the
+struggle of the Disinherited.
+
+When any man is rendered unable to uphold his manhood and self-respect
+and woman are deprived of the chivalrous protection and consideration of
+men and subjected to degradation, the general level of manhood or
+womanhood in the world is lowered. It then becomes an outrage to
+humanity and a challenge to all men to safeguard the sacredness of our
+common human nature.
+
+What is the machinery which sets a going a world movement for the
+redress of wrong? For this I need not cite instances from the history of
+other countries but take one which is known to you and in which the
+living actors are still among us. In the midst of the degradation of his
+countrymen in South Africa, there stood up a man himself nurtured in
+luxury, to take up the burden of the disinherited. His wife too stood by
+him, a lady of gentle birth. We all know who that man is--he is
+Gandhi,--and what humiliations and suffering he went through. Do you
+think he suffered in vain and that his voice remained unheard? It was
+not so, for in the great vortex of passion for Justice, there were
+caught others--men like Polak and Andrews. Are they your countrymen? Not
+in the narrow sense of the word but truly in a larger sense, that these
+who choose to bear and suffer belong to one clan the clan from which
+Kshatriya Chivalry is recruited. The removal of suffering and of the
+cause of suffering is the Dharma of the strong Kshatriya. The earth is
+the wide and universal theatre of man's woeful pageant. The question is
+who is to suffer more than his share. Is the burden to fall on the weak
+or the strong? Is it to be under hopeless compulsion or of voluntary
+acceptance?
+
+
+DEFENCE OF HOMELAND
+
+In your services for your country there is no higher at the present
+moment than to ensure for her security and peace. We have so long
+enjoyed the security of peace without being called upon to maintain it.
+But this is no longer so.
+
+At no time within the recent history of India has there been so quick a
+readjustment and appreciation as regards proper understanding of the
+aspiration of the Indian people. This has been due to what India has
+been able to offer not merely in the regions of thought but also in the
+fields of battle.
+
+
+MASS RESPONSE
+
+And remember that when the world is in conflagration, this corner which
+has hitherto escaped it, will not evade the peril which threatens it.
+The march of disaster will then be terribly rapid. You have soon to
+prepare yourself against any hostile sides. You can only withstand it if
+the whole people realise the imminent danger. You can by your thought
+and by your action awaken and influence the multitude. Do not have any
+misgivings about the want of long previous preparations. Have you not
+already seen how mind triumphs over matter and have not some of you with
+only a few months' preparation stood fearless at your post in
+Mesopotamia and won recognition by your calm collectedness and true
+heroism? They may say that you are but a small handful, what of the vast
+illiterate millions? Illiterate in what sense? Have not the ballads of
+these illiterates rendered into English by our Poet touched profoundly
+the hearts of the very elect of the West? Have not the stories of their
+common life appealed to the common kinship of humanity? If you still
+have some doubts about the power of the multitude to respond instantly
+to the call of duty, I shall relate an incident which came within my own
+personal experience. I had gone on a scientific expedition to the
+borders of the Himalayan terrai of Kumaun; a narrow ravine was between
+me and the plateau on the other side. Terror prevailed among the
+villagers on the other side of the ravine; for a tigress had come down
+from the forest. And numerous had been the toll in human lives exacted.
+Petitions had been sent up to the Government and questions had been
+asked in Parliament. A reward of Rs. 500 had been offered. Various
+captains in the army with battery of guns came many a time, but the
+reward remained unclaimed. The murderess of the forest would come out
+even in broad day-light and leisurely take her victims from away their
+companions. Nothing could circumvent her demoniac cunning. When all
+hopes had nearly vanished, the villagers went to Kaloo Singh, who
+possessed an old matchlock. At the special sanction of the Magistrate he
+was allowed to buy a quantity of gunpowder; the bullets he himself made
+by melting bits of lead. With his primitive weapon with the entreaties
+of his villagers ringing in his ears Kaloo Singh started on his perilous
+journey. At midday I was startled by the groanings of some animals in
+pain. The tigress had sprung among a herd of buffalo and with successive
+strokes of its mighty paws had killed two buffaloes and left them in the
+field. Kaloo Singh waited there for the return of the tigress to the
+kill. There was not a tree near by; only there was a low bush behind
+which he lay crouched. After hours of waiting as the sun was going down
+he was taken aback by the sudden apparition of the tigress which stood
+within six feet of him. His limbs had become half paralysed from cold
+and his crouching position. Trying to raise his gun he could take no aim
+as his arm was shaking with involuntary fear. Kaloo Singh explained to
+me afterwards how he succeeded in shaking off his mortal terror. "I
+quietly said to myself, Kaloo Singh, Kaloo Singh, who sent you here? Did
+not the villagers put their trust on you! I could then no longer lie in
+hiding, and I stood up and something strange and invigorating crept up
+strength into my body. All the trembling went and I became as hard as
+steel. The tigress had seen me and with eyes blazing crouched for the
+spring lashing its tail. Only six feet lay between. She sprang and my
+gun also went off at the same time and she missed her aim and fell dead
+close to me." That was how a common villager went off to meet death at
+the call of something for which he could give no name and the mother
+and wife of Kaloo Singh had also bidden him go. There are millions of
+Kaloo Singhs with mother and sisters and wife to send them forth. And
+you too have many loved ones who would themselves bid you arm for the
+defence of your homes.
+
+
+DIFFERENCE OF TEMPERAMENT
+
+The issue is clear, and immediate action is imperative. But action is
+delayed by misunderstanding arising out of temperamental differences
+between the Governing Class and the People. Curiously enough the
+respective responsive characteristics of the Anglo Saxon and the Indians
+are paralleled by the two types of responses seen in all living matter.
+In the one type the response is slow but proportionate to the stimulus
+that excites it. The response grows with the strength of external force.
+In the other it is quite different--here it is an all-or-none principle.
+It either responds to the utmost or nothing at all. This is also
+illustrated in the different racial characteristics. The Anglo Saxon has
+even by his rights by struggle, step by step. The insignificant little
+has, by accumulation, became large, and which has been gained, has been
+gained for all time. But in the Indian the ideal and the emotional are
+the only effective stimulus. The ideal of his King is Rama, who
+renounced his kingdom and even his beloved for an idea. One day a king
+and another day a bare-footed wanderer in the forest! Who cares? All or
+nothing!
+
+The concessions made by a modern form of Government safeguarded by
+necessary limitations may appear almost as grudging gifts. The Indian
+wants something which comes with unhesitating frankness and warmth and
+strikes his ideality and imagination. But ancient and modern kingship
+are sometimes at one in direct and spontaneous pronouncement of the
+royal sympathy. Such was the Proclamation of Queen Victoria which
+stirred to its depths the popular heart.
+
+"In the Prosperity of Our subjects will be our strength, in their
+contentment Our security, in their Gratitude Our best Reward."
+
+That there are increasingly frequent reflexes in our Government to
+popular needs and wishes is happily illustrated at a most opportune
+moment from the statements in the recent _Gazette of India_ and cables
+received from London. In the former we find that the Viceroy and his
+council had recommended the abolition of the system of indentured
+labour. In the telegram from London Mr. Chamberlain states that the
+Viceroy has informed him that Indians will be eligible for commissions
+in the New Defence of India Army.
+
+
+MARCH OF WORLD TRAGEDY
+
+In the meantime the Embodiment of World Tragedy is marching with giant
+strides. Brief will be his hesitation whether he will choose to step
+first to the East or to the West. Already across the Atlantic, they are
+preparing for the dreaded visitation. In the farthest East they have
+long been prepared. We alone are not ready. Pity for our helplessness
+will not stay the impending disaster, rather provoke it. When that
+comes, as assuredly it will unless we are prepared to resist, havoc will
+be let loose and horrors perpetrated before which the imagination quails
+back in dismay.
+
+I have tried to lay before you as dispassionately as I could the issues
+involved. But some of you may cry out and say, we can not live in cold
+scientific and philosophic abstractions. Emotion is more to us than pure
+reasoning. We cannot stay in this indecision which is paralysing our
+wills and crushing the soul out of us. The world is offering their best
+and behold them marching to be immolated so that by the supreme offering
+of death they might win safety and honor for their motherland. There is
+no time for wavering. We too will throw in our lot with those who are
+fighting. They say that by our lives we shall win for our birth-land an
+honoured place in their federation. We shall trust them. We shall stand
+by their side and fight for our home and homeland. And let Providence
+shape the Issue.
+
+
+
+
+THE VOICE OF LIFE
+
+
+The following is the Inaugural Address delivered by Sir J. C. Bose, on
+the 30th November 1917, in dedicating the Bose Institute to the Nation.
+
+I dedicate to-day this Institute--not merely a Laboratory but a Temple.
+The power of physical methods applies for the establishment of that
+truth which can be realised directly through our senses, or through the
+vast expansion of the perceptive range by means of artificially created
+organs. We still gather the tremulous message when the note of the
+audible reaches the unheard. When human sight fails, we continue to
+explore the region of the invisible. The little that we can see is as
+nothing compared to the vastness of that which we cannot. Out of the
+very imperfection of his senses man has built himself a raft of thought
+by which he makes daring adventures on the great seas of the Unknown.
+But there are other truths which will remain beyond even the
+supersensitive methods known to science. For these we require faith,
+tested not in a few years but by an entire life. And a temple is erected
+as a fit memorial for the establishment of that truth for which faith
+was needed. The personal, yet general, truth and faith whose
+establishment this Institute commemorates is this: that when one
+dedicates himself wholly for a great object, the closed doors shall
+open, and the seemingly impossible will become possible for him.
+
+Thirty-two years ago I chose teaching of science as my vocation. It was
+held that by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian mind would
+always turn away from the study of Nature to metaphysical speculations.
+Even had the capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed
+present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were no
+well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too
+true. It is for man not to quarrel with circumstances but bravely accept
+them; and we belong to that race and dynasty who had accomplished great
+things with simple means.
+
+
+FAILURE AND SUCCESS
+
+This day twenty-three years ago, I resolved that as far as the
+whole-hearted devotion and faith of one man counted, that would not be
+wanting and within six months it came about that some of the most
+difficult problems connected with Electric Waves found their solution in
+my Laboratory and received high appreciation from Lord Kelvin, Lord
+Rayleigh and other leading physicists. The Royal Society honoured me by
+publishing my discoveries and offering, of their own accord, an
+appropriation from the special Parliamentary Grant for the advancement
+of knowledge. That day the closed gates suddenly opened and I hoped that
+the torch that was then lighted would continue to burn brighter, and
+brighter. But man's faith and hope require repeated testing. For five
+years after this, the progress was interrupted; yet when the most
+generous and wide appreciation of my work had reached almost the highest
+point there came a sudden and unexpected change.
+
+
+LIVING AND NON-LIVING
+
+In the pursuit of my investigations I was unconsciously led into the
+border region of physics and physiology and was amazed to find boundary
+lines vanishing and points of contact emerge between the realms of the
+Living and Non-living. Inorganic matter was found anything but inert; it
+also was a thrill under the action of multitudinous forces that played
+on it. A universal reaction seemed to bring together metal, plant and
+animal under a common law. They all exhibited essentially the same
+phenomena of fatigue and depression, together with possibilities of
+recovery and of exaltation, yet also that of permanent irresponsiveness
+which is associated with death. I was filled with awe at this stupendous
+generalisation; and it was with great hope that I announced my results
+before the Royal Society,--results demonstrated by experiments. But the
+physiologists present advised me, after my address, to confine myself to
+physical investigations in which my success had been assured, rather
+than encroach on their preserve. I had thus unwittingly strayed into the
+domain of a new and unfamiliar caste system and so offended its
+etiquette. An unconscious theological bias was also present which
+confounds ignorance with faith. It is forgotten that He, who surrounded
+us with this ever-evolving mystery of creation, the ineffable wonder
+that lies hidden in the microcosm of the dust particle, enclosing within
+the intricacies of its atomic form all the mystery of the cosmos, has
+also implanted in us the desire to question and understand. To the
+theological bias was added the misgivings about the inherent bent of the
+Indian mind towards mysticism and unchecked imagination. But in India
+this burning imagination which can extort new order out of a mass of
+apparently contradictory facts, is also held in check by the habit of
+meditation. It is this restraint which confers the power to hold the
+mind in pursuit of truth, in infinite patience, to wait, and reconsider,
+to experimentally test and repeatedly verify.
+
+It is but natural that there should be prejudice, even in science,
+against all innovations; and I was prepared to wait till the first
+incredulity could be overcome by further cumulative evidence.
+Unfortunately there were other incidents and misrepresentations which it
+was impossible to remove from this insulating distance. Thus no
+conditions could have been more desperately hopeless than those which
+confronted me for the next twelve years. It is necessary to make this
+brief reference to this period of my life; for one who would devote
+himself to the search of truth must realise that for him there awaits no
+easy life, but one of unending struggle. It is for him to cast his life
+as an offering, regarding gain and loss, success and failure, as one.
+Yet in my case this long persisting gloom was suddenly lifted. My
+scientific deputation in 1914, from the Government of India, gave the
+opportunity of giving demonstrations of my discoveries before the
+leading scientific societies of the world. This led to the acceptance of
+my theories and results, and the recognition of the importance of the
+Indian contribution to the advancement of the world's science. My own
+experience told me how heavy, sometimes even crushing, are the
+difficulties which confront an inquirer here in India; yet it made me
+stronger in my determination, that I shall make the path of those who
+are to follow me less arduous, and that India, is never to relinquish
+what has been won for her after years of struggle.
+
+
+THE TWO IDEALS
+
+What is it that India is to win and maintain? Can anything small or
+circumscribed ever satisfy the mind of India? Has her own history and
+the teaching of the past prepared her for some temporary and quite
+subordinate gain? There are at this moment two complementary and not
+antagonistic ideals before the country. India is drawn into the vortex
+of international competition. She has to become efficient in every
+way,--through spread of education, through performance of civic duties
+and responsibilities, through activities both industrial and commercial.
+Neglect of these essentials of national duty will imperil her very
+existence; and sufficient stimulus for these will be found in success
+and satisfaction of personal ambition.
+
+But these alone do not ensure the life of a nation. Such material
+activities have brought in the West their fruit, in accession of power
+and wealth. There has been a feverish rush even in the realm of science,
+for exploiting applications of knowledge, not so often for saving as
+for destruction. In the absence of some power of restraint, civilisation
+is trembling in an unstable poise on the brink of ruin. Some
+complementary ideal there must be to save man from that mad rush which
+must end in disaster. He has followed the lure and excitement of some
+insatiable ambition, never pausing for a moment to think of the ultimate
+object for which success was to serve as a temporary incentive. He
+forgot that far more potent than competition was mutual help and
+co-operation in the scheme of life. And in this country through
+milleniums, there always have been some who, beyond the immediate and
+absorbing prize of the hour, sought for the realisation of the highest
+ideal of life--not through passive renunciation, but through active
+struggle. The weakling who has refused the conflict, having acquired
+nothing has nothing to renounce. He alone who has striven and won, can
+enrich the world by giving away the fruits of his victorious experience.
+In India such examples of constant realisation of ideals through work
+have resulted in the formation of a continuous living tradition. And by
+her latent power of rejuvenescence she has readjusted herself through
+infinite transformations. Thus while the soul of Babylon and the Nile
+Valley have transmigrated, ours still remains vital and with capacity of
+absorbing what time has brought, and making it one with itself.
+
+The ideal of giving, of enriching, in fine, of self-renunciation in
+response to the highest call of humanity is the other and complementary
+ideal. The motive power for this is not to be found in personal ambition
+but in the effacement of all littlenesses, and uprooting of that
+ignorance which regards anything as gain which is to be purchased at
+others' loss. This I know, that no vision of truth can come except in
+the absence of all sources of distraction, and when the mind has reached
+the point of rest.
+
+Public life, and the various professions will be the appropriate spheres
+of activity for many aspiring young men. But for my disciples, I call on
+those very few, who, realising inner call, will devote their whole life
+with strengthened character and determined purpose to take part in that
+infinite struggle to win knowledge for its own sake and see truth face
+to face.
+
+
+ADVANCEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE
+
+The work already carried out in my laboratory on the response of matter,
+and the unexpected revelations in plant life, foreshadowing the wonders
+of the highest animal life, have opened out very extended regions of
+inquiry in Physics, in physiology in Medicine, in Agriculture and even
+in Psychology. Problems, hitherto regarded as insoluble, have now been
+brought within the sphere of experimental investigation. These inquiries
+are obviously more extensive than those customary either among
+physicists or physiologists, since demanding interests and aptitudes
+hitherto more or less divided between them. In the study of Nature,
+there is a necessity of the dual view point, this alternating yet
+rhythmically unified interaction of biological thought with physical
+studies, and physical thought with biological studies. The future worker
+with his freshened grasp of physics, his fuller conception of the
+inorganic world, as indeed thrilling with "the promise and potency of
+life" will redouble his former energies of work and thought. Thus he
+will be in a position to win now the old knowledge with finer sieves, to
+research it with new enthusiasm and subtler instruments. And
+thus with thought and toil and time he may hope to bring fresher views
+into the old problems. His handling of these will be at once more vital
+and more kinetic, more comprehensive and unified.
+
+The farther and fuller investigation of the many and ever-opening
+problems of the nascent science which includes both Life and Non-Life
+are among the main purposes of the Institute I am opening to-day; in
+these fields I am already fortunate in having a devoted band of
+disciples, whom I have been training for the last ten years. Their
+number is very limited, but means may perhaps be forthcoming in the
+future to increase them. An enlarging field of young ability may thus be
+available, from which will emerge, with time and labour, individual
+originality of research, productive invention and some day even creative
+genius.
+
+But high success is not to be obtained without corresponding
+experimental exactitude, and this is needed to-day more than ever, and
+to-morrow yet more again. Hence the long battery of supersensitive
+instruments and apparatus, designed here, which stand before in their
+cases in our entrance hall. They will tell you of the protracted
+struggle to get behind the deceptive seeming into the reality that
+remained unseen;--of the continuous toil and persistence and of
+ingenuity called forth for overcoming human limitations. In these
+directions through the ever-increasing ingenuity of device for advancing
+science, I see at no distant future an advance of skill and of invention
+among our workers; and if this skill be assured, practical applications
+will not fail to follow in many fields of human activity.
+
+The advance of science is the principal object of this Institute and
+also the diffusion of knowledge. We are here in the largest of all the
+many chambers of this House of Knowledge--its Lecture Room. In adding
+this feature, and on a scale hitherto unprecedented in a Research
+Institute, I have sought permanently to associate the advancement of
+knowledge with the widest possible civic and public diffusion of it; and
+this without any academic limitations, henceforth to all races and
+languages, to both men and women alike, and for all time coming.
+
+The lectures given here will not be mere repetitions of second-hand
+knowledge. They will announce to an audience of some fifteen hundred
+people, the new discoveries made here, which will be demonstrated for
+the first time before the public. We shall thus maintain continuously
+the highest aim of a great Seat of Learning by taking active part in the
+_advancement_ and diffusion of knowledge. Through the regular
+publication of the Transactions of the Institute, these Indian
+contributions will reach the whole world. The discoveries made will thus
+become public property. No patents will ever be taken. The spirit of our
+national culture demands that we should for ever be free from the
+desecration of utilising knowledge for personal gain. Besides the
+regular staff there will be a selected number of scholars, who by their
+work have shown special aptitude, and who would devote their whole life
+to the pursuit of research. They will require personal training and
+their number must necessarily be limited. But it is not the quantity
+but quality that is of essential importance.
+
+It is my further wish, that as far as the limited accommodation would
+permit, the facilities of this Institute should be available to workers
+from all countries. In this I am attempting to carry out the traditions
+of my country, which so far back as twenty-five centuries ago, welcomed
+all scholars from different parts of the world, within the precincts of
+its ancient seats of learning, at Nalanda and at Taxilla.
+
+
+THE SURGE OF LIFE
+
+With this widened outlook, we shall not only maintain the highest
+traditions of the past but also serve the world in nobler ways. We shall
+be at one with it in feeling the common surgings of life, the common
+love for the good, the true and the beautiful. In this Institute, this
+Study and Garden of Life, the claim of art has not been forgotten, for
+the artist has been working with us, from foundation to pinnacle, and
+from floor to ceiling of this very Hall. And beyond that arch the
+Laboratory merges imperceptibly into the garden, which is the true
+laboratory for the study of Life. There the creepers, the plants and the
+trees are played upon by their natural environments,--sunlight and wind,
+and the chill at midnight under the vault of starry space. There are
+other surroundings also, where they will be subjected to chromatic
+action of different lights, to invisible rays, to electrified ground or
+thunder-charged atmosphere. Everywhere they will transcribe in their own
+script the history of their experience. From this lofty point of
+observation, sheltered by the trees, the student will watch this
+panorama of life. Isolated from all distractions, he will learn to
+attune himself with Nature; the obscuring veil will be lifted and he
+will gradually come to see how community throughout the great ocean of
+life outweighs apparent dissimilarity. Out of discord he will realise
+the great harmony.
+
+
+THE OUTLOOK
+
+These are the dreams that wove a network round my wakeful life for many
+years past. The outlook is endless, for the goal is at infinity. The
+realisation cannot be through one life or one fortune but through the
+co-operation of many lives and many fortunes. The possibility of a
+fuller expansion will depend on very large endowments. But a beginning
+must be made, and this is the genesis of the foundation of this
+Institute. I came with nothing and shall return as I came; if something
+is accomplished in the interval, that would indeed be a privilege. What
+I have I will offer, and one who had shared with me the struggles and
+hardships that had to be faced, has wished to bequeath all that is hers
+for the same object. In all my struggling efforts I have not been
+altogether solitary while the world doubted, there had been a few, now
+in the City of Silence, who never wavered in their trust.
+
+Till a few weeks ago it seemed that I shall have to look to the future
+for securing the necessary expansion of scope and for permanence of the
+Institute. But response is being awakened in answer to the need. The
+Government have most generously intimated their desire to sanction
+grants towards placing the Institute on a permanent basis the extent of
+which will be proportionate to the public interest in this national
+undertaking. Out of many who would feel an interest in securing adequate
+Endowment, the very first donations have come from two of the merchant
+princes of Bombay, to whom I had been personally unknown.
+
+A note that touched me deeply came from some girl students of the
+Western Province, enclosing their little contribution "for the service
+of our common motherland." It is only the instinctive mother-heart that
+can truly realise the bond that draws together the nurselings of the
+common homeland. There can be no real misgiving for the future when at
+the country's call man offers the strength of his life and woman her
+active devotion, she most of all, who has the greater insight and larger
+faith because of the life of austerity and self-abnegation. Even a
+solitary wayfarer in the Himalayas has remembered to send me message of
+cheer and good hope. What is it that has bridged over the distance and
+blotted out all differences? That I will come gradually to know; till
+then it will remain enshrined as a feeling. And I go forward to my
+appointed task, undismayed by difficulties, companioned by the kind
+thoughts of my well-wishers, both far and near.
+
+
+INDIA'S SPECIAL APTITUDES IN CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
+
+The excessive specialisation of modern science in the West has led to
+the danger of losing sight of the fundamental fact that there can be but
+one truth, one science which includes all the branches of knowledge. How
+chaotic appear the happenings in Nature? Is nature a Cosmos! in which
+the human mind is some day to realise the uniform march of sequence,
+order and law? India through her habit of mind is peculiarly fitted to
+realise the idea of unity, and to see in the phenomenal world an orderly
+universe. This trend of thought led me unconsciously to the dividing
+frontiers of different sciences and shaped the course of my work in its
+constant alternations between the theoretical and the practical, from
+the investigation of the inorganic world to that of organised life and
+its multifarious activities of growth, of movement, and even of
+sensation. On looking over a hundred and fifty different lines of
+investigations carried on during the last twenty-three years, I now
+discover in them a natural sequence. The study of Electric Waves led to
+the devising of methods for the production of the shortest electric
+waves known and these bridged over the gulf between visible and
+invisible light; from this followed accurate investigation on the
+optical properties of invisible waves, the determination of the
+refractive powers of various opaque substances, the discovery of effect
+of air film on total reflection and the polarising properties of
+strained rocks and of electric tourmalines. The invention of a new type
+of self-recovering electric receiver made of galena was the fore-runner
+of application of crystal detectors for extending the range of wireless
+signals. In physical chemistry the detection of molecular change in
+matter under electric stimulation, led to a new theory of photographic
+action. The fruitful theory of stereochemistry was strengthened by the
+production of two kinds of artificial molecules, which like the two
+kinds of sugar, rotated the polarised electric wave either to the right
+or to the left. Again the 'fatigue' of my receivers led to the discovery
+of universal sensitiveness inherent in matter as shown by its electric
+response. It was next possible to study this response in its
+modification under changing environment, of which its exaltation under
+stimulants and its abolition under poisons are among the most
+astonishing outward manifestations. And as a single example of the many
+applications of this fruitful discovery, the characteristics of an
+artificial retina gave a clue to the unexpected discovery of "binocular
+alternation of vision" in man;--each eye thus supplements its fellow by
+turns, instead of acting as a continuously yoked pair, as hitherto
+believed.
+
+
+PLANT LIFE AND ANIMAL LIFE
+
+In natural sequence to the investigations of the response in 'inorganic'
+matter, has followed a prolonged study of the activities of plant-life
+as compared with the corresponding functioning of animal life. But since
+plants for the most part seem motionless and passive, and are indeed
+limited in their range of movement, special apparatus of extreme
+delicacy had to be invented, which should magnify the tremor of
+excitation and also measure the perception period of a plant to a
+thousandth part of a second. Ultra-microscopic movements were measured
+and recorded; the length measured being often smaller than a fraction
+of a single wave-length of light. The secret of plant life was thus for
+the first time revealed by the autographs of the plant itself. This
+evidence of the plant's own script removed the long-standing error which
+divided the vegetable world into sensitive and insensitive. The
+remarkable performance of the Praying Palm Tree of Faridpore, which
+bows, as if to prostrate itself, every evening, is only one of the
+latest instances which show that the supposed insensibility of plants
+and still more of rigid tree is to be ascribed to wrong theory and
+defective observation. My investigations show that all plants, even the
+trees, are fully alive to changes of environment; they respond visibly
+to all stimuli, even to the slight fluctuations of light caused by a
+drifting cloud. This series of investigations has completely established
+the fundamental identity of life-reactions in plant and animal, as seen
+in a similar periodic insensibility in both, corresponding to what we
+call sleep; as seen in the death-spasm, which takes place in the plant
+as in the animal. This unity in organic life is also exhibited in that
+spontaneous pulsation which in the animal is heart-beat; it appears in
+the identical effects of stimulants, anaesthetics and of poisons in
+vegetable and animal tissues. This physiological identity in the effect
+of drugs is regarded by leading physicians as of great significance in
+the scientific advance of Medicine; since here we have a means of
+testing the effect of drugs under conditions far simpler than those
+presented by the patient far subtler too, as well as more humane than
+those of experiments on animals.
+
+Growth of plants and its variations under different treatment is
+instantly recorded by my Crescograph. Authorities expect this method of
+investigation will advance practical agriculture; since for the first
+time we are able to analyse and study separately the conditions which
+modify the rate of growth. Experiments which would have taken months and
+their results vitiated by unknown changes, can now be carried out in a
+few minutes.
+
+Returning to pure science, no phenomena in plant life are so extremely
+varied or have yet been more incapable of generalisation than the
+"tropic" movements, such as the twining of tendrils, the heliotropic
+movements of some towards and of others away from light, and the
+opposite geotropic movements of the root and shoot, in the direction of
+gravitation or away from it. My latest investigations recently
+communicated to the Royal Society have established a single fundamental
+reaction which underlies all these effects so extremely diverse.
+
+Finally, I may say a word of that other new and unexpected chapter which
+is opening out from my demonstration of nervous impulse in plants. The
+speed with which the nervous impulse courses through the plant has been
+determined; its nervous excitability and the variation of that
+excitability have likewise been measured. The nervous impulse in plant
+and in man is found exalted or inhibited under identical conditions. We
+may even follow this parallelism in what may seem extreme cases. A plant
+carefully protected under glass from outside shocks, looks sleek and
+flourishing; but its higher nervous function is then found to be
+atrophied. But when a succession of blows is rained on this effect and
+bloated specimen, the shocks themselves create nervous channels and
+arouse anew the deteriorated nature. And is it not shocks of adversity,
+and not cotton-wool protection, that evolve true manhood?
+
+A question long perplexing physiologists and psychologists alike is that
+concerned with the great mystery that underlies memory. But now through
+certain experiments I have carried out, it is possible to trace "memory
+impressions" backwards even in inorganic matter, such latent impressions
+being capable of subsequent revival. Again the tone of our sensation is
+determined by the intensity of nervous excitation that reaches the
+central perceiving organ. It would theoretically be possible to change
+the tone or quality of our sensation, if means could be discovered by
+which the nervous impulse would become modified during transit.
+Investigation on nervous impulse in plants has led to the discovery of
+a controlling method, which was found equally effective in regard to the
+nervous impulse in animal.
+
+Thus the lines of physics, of physiology and of psychology converge and
+meet. And here will assemble those who would seek oneness amidst the
+manifold. Here it is that the genius of India should find its true
+blossoming.
+
+The thrill in matter, the throb of life, the pulse of growth, the
+impulse coursing through the nerve and the resulting sensations, how
+diverse are these and yet how unified! How strange it is that the tremor
+of excitation in nervous matter should not merely be transmitted but
+transmuted and reflected like the image on a mirror, from a different
+plane of life, in sensation and in affection, in thought and in emotion.
+Of these which is more real, the material body or the image which is
+independent of it? Which of these is undecaying, and which of these is
+beyond the reach of death?
+
+It was a woman in the Vedic times, who when asked to take her choice of
+the wealth that would be hers for the asking, inquired whether that
+would win for her deathlessness. What would she do with it, if it did
+not raise her above death? This has always been the cry of the soul of
+India, not for addition of material bondage, but to work out through
+struggle her self-chosen destiny and win immortality. Many a nation had
+risen in the past and won the empire of the world. A few buried
+fragments are all that remain as memorials of the great dynasties that
+wielded the temporal power. There is, however, another element which
+find its incarnation in matter, yet transcends its transmutation and
+apparent destruction: that is the burning flame born of thought which
+has been handed down through fleeting generations.
+
+Not in matter, but in thought, not in possessions or even in attainments
+but in ideals, are to be found the seed of immortality. Not through
+material acquisition but in generous diffusion of ideas and ideals can
+the true empire of humanity be established. Thus to Asoka to whom
+belonged this vast empire, bounded by the inviolate seas, after he had
+tried to ransom the world by giving away to the utmost, there came a
+time when he had nothing more to give, except one half of an _Amlaki_
+fruit. This was his last possession and anguished cry was that since he
+had nothing more to give, let the half of the _Amlaki_ be accepted as
+his final gift.
+
+Asoka's emblem of the _Amlaki_ will be seen on the cornices of the
+Institute, and towering above all is the symbol of the thunderbolt. It
+was the Rishi Dadhichi, the pure and blameless, who offered his life
+that the divine weapon, the thunderbolt, might be fashioned out of his
+bones to smite evil and exalt righteousness. It is but half of the
+_Amlaki_ that we can offer now. But the past shall be reborn in a yet
+nobler future. We stand here to-day and resume work to-morrow so that by
+the efforts of our lives and our unshaken faith in the future we may all
+help to build the greater India yet to be.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRAYING PALM OF FARIDPUR
+
+
+Under the presidency of Lord Ronaldshay Sir J. C. Bose delivered a
+lecture on Friday the 4th January 1918, at the "Bose Institute" on 'The
+Praying Palm-tree.' He said:
+
+Perhaps no phenomenon is so remarkable and shrouded with greater mystery
+as the performances of a particular palm tree near Faridpore. In the
+evening while the temple bells ring calling upon people to prayer, this
+tree bows down as if prostrate itself. It erects its head again in the
+morning, and this process is repeated every day during the year. This
+extraordinary phenomenon has been regarded as miraculous, and pilgrims
+have been attracted in great numbers. It is alleged that offerings made
+to the tree, that is to say to the custodian of the tree, have been the
+means effecting marvellous cures. It is not necessary to pronounce any
+opinion on the subject; these cures may be taken as effective as other
+faith cures now so fashionable in the West.
+
+I first obtained photographs of the two positions which proved the
+phenomenon to be real. The next thing was to devise special apparatus to
+record continuously the movement of the tree day and night. But
+difficulties were encountered in getting the consent of the proprietor
+to attach foreign instruments to the sacred tree. His misgivings were
+however removed when it was explained that the instruments were pure
+Swadeshi, being made in my Laboratory. The records of the Palm Tree
+showed that it fell with the rise of temperature, and rose with the
+fall. Records obtained with other trees brought out the extraordinary
+and unsuspected fact that all trees are moving--such movements being in
+response to changes in their environment.
+
+
+SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE?
+
+That not a "Mimosa" alone, but all plants are sensitive was demonstrated
+by some striking experiments. A spiral tendril, under electric shock was
+shown to writhe imitating the contortions of a tortured worm. In
+ordinary plants, all sides being equally sensitive contraction takes
+place on all directions with resulting neutral effect. Another striking
+experiment was to show how ordinary plants could be made sensitive by
+the mere process of amputation of the balancing half? Further
+experiments were shown demonstrating the effects of light, of warmth and
+other stimuli on the plant. Warmth worked antagonistically to light. The
+numerous permutations brought about by two changing variations were
+shown by a mechanical hand, which traced most complicated curves. In
+actual life the number of changing factors are very numerous, hence the
+intricacy involved in the manifestations of life.
+
+The experiments that have been shown will help the audience to realise
+in some measure that the world we live in is not a theatre of caprice or
+chance, but that an all pervading law holds and regulates its destiny.
+We have seen that the vast expanse of life which is unvoiced, seemingly,
+so impassive, is instinct with sensibility. Thus the whole of the
+vegetable world, including rigid trees perceive the changes in their
+environment and respond to them by unmistakable signals. They thrill
+under light and become depressed by darkness; the warmth of summer and
+frost of winter, drought and rain, these and many other happenings
+leave a subtle impression on the life of the plant. By invention of
+apparatus of extreme delicacy, it is possible to make the plant itself
+write down the history of its own experience in a hieroglyphic which it
+is possible to decipher. From these pages, taken from the diary of the
+plant, it will perhaps be possible some day to get an insight into the
+great mystery that surrounds life itself. For I shall in the course of
+lectures given here show how the life of plants is a mere reflection of
+our own. I shall show how shocks and wounds affect them as they affect
+animals; how a common death-throb marks the crisis when life passes into
+death. The exuberance of life, on the other hand, will be shown by
+pulsing throbs of animal's heart and spontaneous beat in vegetal
+tissues. Another aspect of this exuberance will be shown in the
+imperceptible growth of plants. My recently invented Crescograph, to be
+exhibited at my lecture a fortnight hence, will magnify growth a
+million-fold and record ultra microscopic movements, smaller than a
+single wave length of light. By this apparatus growth will be
+instantaneously recorded and conditions which foster or inhibit growth
+discriminated. I shall demonstrate my discovery of the nervous system in
+plants, and show how shocks from without pass within, and how this
+nervous impulse modified during transit. It will further be shown how
+various stimulants, anesthetics and poison induce effects which are
+identical in man and in plant. It will be obvious how these studies
+will open new fields of inquiry in different branches of science; in
+Physiology and Psychology; in Medicine and in Agriculture.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 7-1-1918.
+
+
+
+
+VISUALISATION OF GROWTH
+
+
+Sir J. C. Bose delivered on the 18th January 1918, at the Bose
+Institute, the second of the series of discourses on revelations of
+plant life. This time the audience had the opportunity of witnessing the
+working of Bose's newly perfected Crescograph which is undoubtedly one
+of the marvels in modern Science. For this apparatus gives a visual
+demonstration of movements which are far beyond the highest powers of
+microscope. The invisible internal workings of life are thus for the
+first time revealed to man.
+
+
+LAW VERSUS CAPRICE
+
+The lecturer first described the infinite variations in life reactions
+in plants. The same external stimulus, he said apparently produces one
+effect in one plant; and precisely opposite in another. Some leaves move
+towards light; others are repelled by it. The root bends towards the
+centre of the earth, the shoot rises above away from it. Numerous other
+"tropic" movements are caused by contact, by electricity, by moisture
+and by invisible radiations. These effects appear so extremely diverse
+and capricious that some of the leading physiologists were forced to
+come to the conclusion that there was no law guiding such movement, but
+that the plant decides for itself what should be the effect of external
+conditions on it.
+
+
+RECORD OF GROWTH
+
+Most of these tropic movements are brought about by changes induced in
+growth by the action of different forces. But growth is so excessively
+slow that slight changes induced in it is impossible of detection. The
+proverbially slow paced snail moves two thousand times faster than the
+growing point of a plant. Hence to visualise growth and its changes,
+apparatus has to be invented which would magnify growth something like a
+million times. If such a thing were possible the pace of the snail
+would be quickened to the speed of a rifle bullet. The difficulties in
+connection with the devising and construction of apparatus with this
+extraordinary power appeared at first an impossibility. The Jewels for
+the fittings of the apparatus could not be found fine enough. The
+lecturer had to discard ordinary jewels for diamonds, such bearings
+being only made in Germany. But the outbreak of the war put an end to
+this source of supply. He had then to turn to resources available in
+India.
+
+
+ADVANCE OF AGRICULTURE
+
+The invention of method for immediate record of growth and its
+variations under various conditions is one of immense practical
+importance. Experiments on gigantic scales are in progress all over the
+world for this purpose. At Rothamstead, this work has been going on for
+more than half a century. The great Department of Agriculture in
+Mashington spends millions every year on such experiments, there being a
+thousand men employed in research. Recently many experiments have been
+undertaken on the effect of electricity on growth. The results obtained
+have been mostly contradictory. For real advance in agriculture we must
+first discover the laws of growth. Ordinary experiments on growth are of
+little value because they take weeks for detecting changes of growth
+which might have been brought about by charges in the environment. The
+only satisfactory method is to devise an apparatus which would make the
+plant itself record the rate of its growth, and the changes induced by
+food or treatment in the course of less than a minute, during which
+short time it is possible to maintain external conditions constant.
+
+
+THE MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH
+
+All the difficulties connected with the devising of apparatus has been
+completely removed by the lecturer's successful invention of his new
+magnetic crescograph in which practically unlimited magnification is
+obtained without the difficulties arising from the unavoidable friction
+of bearings. Magnetic forces are so exactly balanced that a disturbance
+in the balance caused by slightest movements such as that of growth is
+magnified ten millions of times. The application of this new principle
+will be of great importance in various investigations in Physics.
+
+Sir J. C. Bose next demonstrated some marvellous results obtained with
+his apparatus. A seedling which on account of the Winter season appeared
+stationary jotted down by taps on a moving plate, the rate of its
+growth. The application of a chemical instantly arrested this growth,
+but an antidote timely applied, not only removed the torpor but
+enhanced the growth at an enormous rate. The life of the plant became
+pliant at the will of the experimenter, and nothing appeared more
+marvellous than the realisation that man has the power to pierce the
+veil that shrouds the mystery that had hitherto baffled him.
+
+The lecturer explained how the effect of a given agent--a chemical
+solution or an electric current--is profoundly modified by the dose a
+given intensity, producing one effect and a different intensity giving
+rise to an effect diametrically opposite. This is the reason of the
+inexplicable anomalies which have baffled many investigators. Numerous
+are the forces which act on growth some helping, others retarding, the
+effects being further modified by the strength and duration of
+application. These factors that determine growth are each to be studied
+in detail, and the laws of effect of each to be discovered. There can be
+no real advance in scientific agriculture until this is done.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 19-1-1918.
+
+
+
+
+SIR J. C. BOSE AT BOMBAY.
+
+
+There was a brilliant gathering at the Royal Opera House on Tuesday the
+22nd January 1918, when Sir Jagadis Bose gave a deeply interesting
+lecture on the history of the inception of his Institute in Calcutta and
+its aims together with an exposition of his scientific researches
+illustrated by lantern slides. The theatre was full long before the
+lecture commenced and several prominent people were present the bulk of
+the audience consisting of Indians.
+
+Mr. Tilak in introducing the distinguished lecturer to the audience
+referred to Professor Bose's lasting services not only to the Indian
+nation but to the whole world. These references to Dr. Bose and his work
+elicited frequent applause from the large audience.
+
+
+A FIFTY THOUSAND RUPEES LECTURE.
+
+Sir Jagadis, who was accorded a most enthusiastic ovation on rising to
+address the gathering, acknowledged his gratitude to the public of
+Bombay who proved their appreciation of his work by their presence there
+that evening, and the fact that they had subscribed Rs. 50,000 for the
+occasion. He then gave a brief explanatory account of the nature and
+scope of his work, which he had planned and carried out alone for many
+years amidst many and varied difficulties. He gave an exposition by the
+aid of one of the delicate instruments of his own invention of how
+plants respond to various sounds and tunes and the beautiful colour
+display which was observed in this connection appeared as though he were
+a magician with a wand.
+
+
+PLANTS UNDER ANAESTHETICS
+
+The Doctor explained the meaning and significance of the thunderbolt
+which has been adopted as the symbol of the institution. He explained
+also the special uses to which the various parts of the buildings would
+be put. The fact was brought out that the entire building and grounds
+had been designed to suit the special needs of the Institute and care
+had been taken to make it as far as possible self contained. An
+interesting feature of the garden close to that portion which forms the
+residence of Sir Jagadis was the open platform perched above two trees,
+transplanted under anaesthetic conditions. A variety of apparatus is
+displayed under these trees and the platform is intended for
+observation or meditation or both. Dr. Bose here explained how trees
+when transplanted frequently died under the shock of the operation just
+as human being sometimes died, not from an operation but from the shock
+caused thereby. Similarly he had discovered and proved that trees could,
+like human beings, go through severe operations and survive the shock,
+if placed under the influence of an anaesthetic.
+
+
+SOME PHENOMENA OF PLANT LIFE
+
+The Professor explained next other experiments which he had performed on
+plants and whose results had exhibited the close parallel which plant
+life bears to human life. With the aid of another delicate instrument he
+showed how the growth of plants can be influenced by drugs and the
+demonstration on the screen of the manner in which the slow growth of a
+plant can be thus expedited was one of extraordinary interest. One was
+able to see the flame of life moving up the screen and recording at
+intervals the stages of growth, a lengthening of the intervals between
+each recorded glow illustrating the acceleration of growth as soon as
+the drug was applied. The instruments necessary to record this
+phenomenon are of extraordinary delicacy, and barely survived the strain
+of the journey from Calcutta.
+
+
+ELECTRICITY AND AGRICULTURE
+
+The last experiment was in regard to the effect of electricity on plant
+life. He referred particularly to the fact that it was his aim to
+discover the law of growth and atrophy among plants. Such a discovery
+had a great bearing on the future of agriculture and would revolutionise
+world thought. Electricity, he explained and illustrated, would promote
+or retard the growth of life by reaction. In England and other countries
+electricity had been applied to agriculture but without exact knowledge
+of its varying effect on plant life. He then showed by another apparatus
+of extreme delicacy that electricity might retard and even repel as well
+as promote the growth of plant life. But if the law of growth and decay
+could be ascertained, it was possible to regulate the control of life
+under most varied conditions.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 29-1-1918.
+
+
+
+
+UNITY OF LIFE
+
+
+Under the auspices of the Bombay University, Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+delivered on Thursday, the 31st January 1918, a lecture on the "Unity of
+Life." It was illustrated by lantern slides and an instructive
+exposition was given of some of his unique discoveries in the realm of
+Plant Life....
+
+
+HIDDEN HISTORY IN PLANTS LIFE
+
+"The subject of my address to-night is the 'Unity of Life.' Under a
+placid exterior there is a hidden history on the life of the plant. Is
+it possible to make the plants write down their own autographs and thus
+reveal their history? In order to succeed in this we have first to
+discover some compulsive force which will make the plant give an
+answering signal, secondly, we have to invent some instrument of extreme
+delicacy for the automatic conversion of these signals into an
+intelligent script; and last of all, we have ourselves to learn the
+nature of the hieroglyphics."
+
+Sir J. C. Bose then explained the principle of his epoch-making Resonant
+Recorder which writes down the perception period of the plant within a
+thousandth part of a second, and writes down the action of light and
+warmth and drugs on the plant; the effect of vitiated air, of passing
+clouds, of excess of food and of drink.
+
+"The plant is very human in its virtues and weakness. Plants like
+animals become exalted, grow tired or despond. An easy green-house life
+makes them less than themselves, overgrown and flabby, capable of
+response, till they have become hardened by adversity to a fuller
+existence. A time comes when after an answer to a supreme shock, there
+is a sudden end of the plant's power to give any further response. This
+supreme shock is the shock of death. Even in this crisis there is no
+immediate change in the placid appearance of the plant. Drooping and
+withering are events that occur long after death itself. How does the
+plant then give its last answer? In man at the critical moment a spasm
+passes through the whole body and similarly in the plant I find a great
+contractile spasm takes place. This is accompanied by an electrical
+spasm also. In the script of the Death Recorder the line that up to this
+time was being drawn, become suddenly reversed and then ends. This is
+the last answer of the plant.
+
+"These our mute companions, silently growing beside our door, have now
+told us the tale of their life-tremulousness and their death-spasm in
+script that is as inarticulate as they. May it not be said that this
+story has a pathos of its own beyond any that we may have conceived?
+
+"We have now before our mind's eye the whole organism of the perceiving,
+throbbing and responding plant, a complex unity and not a congeries of
+unrelated parts. The barriers which separated kindred phenomena in the
+plant and animal are now thrown down. Thus community throughout the
+great ocean of life is seen to outweigh apparent dissimilarity Diversity
+is swallowed up in unity.
+
+"In realising this, is our sense of final mystery of things deepened or
+lessened? Is our sense of wonder diminished when we realise in the
+infinite expanse of life that is silent and voiceless the foreshadowings
+of more wonderful complexities? Is it not rather that science evokes in
+us a deeper sense of awe? Does not each of her new advances gain for us
+a step in that stairway of rock which all must climb who desire to look
+from the mountain tops of the spirit upon the promised land of truth?"
+
+Sir Jagadis then gave a most interesting exposition of his researches
+with the aid of magic lantern slides.
+
+
+SENSITIVENESS IN PLANTS
+
+Referring first of all his discovery of sensitiveness in plants, he said
+that in that respect they were akin to the human system. He illustrated
+this truth by a demonstration of the reaction that takes place in the
+frog when a shock is communicated and side by side presenting the
+reaction that is similarly effected in the plant. "Plants have a nervous
+system like our own," he said, and with the aid of an enlarged
+illustration of the mimosa he showed the changes that took place when
+the plant was disturbed. Turning to plant autograph, he spoke of the
+Resonant Recorder, a special apparatus which he has invented to prove
+how even plants are tuned to environment. Certain tunes had no effect on
+plants, he said, while others had and he asked them specially to observe
+the beautiful and variegated colour formation produced by their response
+to tunes. He gave an interesting experiment on this point, and both Lord
+and Lady Willingdon tried it. There was a great outburst of cheering,
+which was renewed each time the effect was produced, and it was noticed
+that the cheering, which was vociferous had its own effect. It had taken
+him a long time, he said, to produce and perfect the complete apparatus
+to determine the latent mimosa and by the aid of that apparatus, he was
+able to record the movement of the plant to one thousandth of a second.
+
+He next went on to say that all plants were endowed like ourselves, but
+at first the news was received with great scepticism. He did not
+despair, however, of success and was continuously engaged in
+discovering, in collecting fresh evidence. Thanks to the action of the
+Government of India in sending him on a world tour, he got at last the
+opportunity to prove before the scientific societies of the world, the
+truth of his discoveries. An illustration of the Mimosa which has
+accompanied him in his world tour was screened.
+
+The next illustration was to show how long plants took to feel shock and
+what time they took to recover. Like the great human system plants were
+subject to periodic conscianimal [_sic._, consciousness?] had their
+periods of sleep and awakening. The extra water pressure produced during
+sunset had nothing to do with true sleep. Plants, too, were subject to
+exaltation and depression and at certain hours of the day they were
+fully conscious and active while at other hours they were dormant and
+lazy. He showed by means of a chart that they were fast asleep between 6
+and 9 in the morning and his humorous remark that in that respect they
+had taken a leaf from our modern society ladies provoked a great deal of
+laughter. A series of records were then shown to illustrate the various
+degrees of plant consciousness, which were deeply appreciated by the
+audience.
+
+Proceeding Dr. Bose said that plants were far more conscious of nature
+than human beings and described his experience how plants were sensitive
+even to passing clouds, which produced on them a depressing effect. He
+spoke of the difference between thin and wiry grown plants and those
+that were stout and robust. In that respect they resembled again human
+beings and thin and wiry grown plants were far more susceptible of
+excitement than the others. They, too, needed rest and without it, they
+were flabby and depressed. A cartoon from the London "Punch" entitled "A
+successful Trial" was screened to the merriment of the audience, in
+which the Professor was humorously depicted by that journal, after his
+exposition before the Royal Institute in London. He gave an illustration
+of the "Praying Palm of Faridpur" and the changes it exhibited to
+environment. All plants displayed similar power and these changes were
+no longer inscrutable. They had been brought within the realm of
+scrutability [_sic._] and could be recorded.
+
+
+"PROTECTING" PLANTS
+
+It was a mistake to suppose that when "protected" plants would thrive
+better. Mothers had a tendency to keep their children away from contact
+with the outside world with a view to "protect" them. He had placed a
+plant under a glass case and the effect of it was he had a gloated and
+effete specimen, flabby-looking in appearance and weary under adversity,
+they recovered sooner and their growth was healthy just as it evolved
+true manhood in men. It had been commonly believed that carbonic acid
+gas was conducive to plant growth. That was a great mistake. In
+sunshine, plants readily absorbed it; but it was no more true that
+plants thrived on CO_2, than did human beings. He illustrated the effect
+of carbonic acid gas as well as oxygen. The latter was as much necessary
+for plants to thrive on as it was for them. Another illustration
+exhibited the effect of alcohol on plants and he declared amidst
+laughter that alcohol produced the same alternate maudlin depression and
+exaltation on plants that is to be observed on the human system. He said
+that this experiment had tickled the Americans a great deal and referred
+to a conversation he had with Mr. Bryan, who was a teetotaller,
+regarding alcohol given to plants. Some American papers had given
+characteristic headlines to introduce his lecture on the effect of
+stimulus to plants.
+
+Another plant Desmodium which has accompanied him in his world tour was
+filmed on the screen. He spoke, next, of the apparatus which he had
+invented to record plant pulsation and the struggle they exhibited
+between life and death. Poisons had as much effect on plants as on men,
+and they could be revived by applying antidotes, this was illustrated by
+another chart. Another point of interest dealt with by him was the
+effect of warm water on plants, and he gave an exposition of his
+discovery to show that plants died when placed in 60 degree (centigrade)
+warm water. He referred to the stupendous phenomenon of invisible
+writing by means of which the plant recorded its own evolution.
+
+The lecture was listened to with profound interest and lasted for an
+hour. Mr. Setalvad proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the Chancellor
+for presiding at the meeting. Lord Willingdon, in acknowledging it, said
+that the vote of thanks was due to Sir Jagadis rather than to himself.
+As he had anticipated in the beginning, the lecture had proved
+absorbingly interesting and he was afraid Sir Jagadis's discoveries
+might be positively alarming when he next visited Bombay. He hoped that
+they would accord Sir Jagadis a hearty vote of thanks with "true Bombay
+cordiality." After a few suitable remarks by Sir Jagadis the meeting
+terminated.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 5-2-1918.
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTOMATIC WRITING OF THE PLANT
+
+
+On the 8th February 1918, Sir J. C. Bose delivered the following
+discourse on 'The Automatic Writing of the Plant,' at the Bose
+institute:--
+
+Sir J. C. Bose spoke of two different ways of gaining knowledge, the
+lesser way is by dwelling on superficial differences, the mental
+attitude which makes some say 'Thank God I am not like others:' The
+other way is to realise an essential unity in spite of deceptive
+appearance to the contrary. He had recently been on a visit to the
+western Presidency, he went there as a stranger, but he has come back
+with a pang at parting from kindreds. Never in his life did he realise
+so vividly as now the great unity that drew together all who regarded
+India as their home and place of work. They were bound to each other by
+mutual ties of dependence. He had for many years been engaged in
+discovering community in physical manifestations of life. Now he has
+realised an abiding unity in the highest manifestations of human life,
+in community of thoughts and ideals.
+
+In the wide expanse of life itself few things would appear so strikingly
+different as the life activities in plants and in animals. But if in
+spite of the seeming differences, it could be proved that these life
+activities are fundamentally similar, this would undoubtedly constitute
+a scientific generalisation of very great importance. It would then
+follow that the complex mechanism of the animal machine, that baffled us
+so long, need not remain inscrutable for all time, for the intricate
+problems of animal physiology would then naturally find their solution
+in the study of corresponding problems under simpler conditions of
+vegetative life. That would mean an enormous advance in the science of
+physiology, of agriculture, of medicine, and even of psychology.
+
+How then are we to know what unseen changes take place within the plant?
+The only conceivable way would be, if that were possible, to detect and
+measure the actual response of the organism to a definite testing blow.
+When an animal receives an external shock it may answer in various ways;
+If it has voice, by a cry, if dumb, by the movement of its limbs. The
+external shock is the stimulus, the answer of the organism is the
+response. If we can make it give some tangible response to a questioning
+shock, then we can judge the condition of the plant by the extent of the
+answer. In an excitable condition the feeblest stimulus will evoke an
+extraordinarily large response, in a depressed state even a strong
+stimulus evokes only a feeble response, and lastly, when death has
+overcome life, there is an abrupt end of the power to answer at all.
+
+Prof. Bose then explained the principle and action of his apparatus by
+which the plant attached to it is automatically excited by successive
+stimuli which are absolutely constant. In answer to this the plant makes
+its own responsive records, goes through its own period of recovery, and
+embarks on the same cycle over again without assistance from the
+observer at any point. In this way the effect of changed external
+conditions is seen recorded in the script made by the plant itself.
+
+It has been thought that plants like mimosa alone were sensitive. But
+Sir J. C. Bose's apparatus demonstrated the unsuspected fact that every
+plant and every organ of every plant answered to a shock by a
+contractile spasm, as by an animal muscle. If perception of feeble
+stimulus be taken as a measure of ascent in the scale of life then the
+superiority of man must be established on a foundation more secure than
+sensibility. The most sensitive organ by which we can detect electric
+current is our tongue. An average European can perceive a current as
+feeble as six micro-amperes, a micro-ampere being a millionth part of
+the electric unit. Possibly the tongue of a Celt is more excitable, and
+I have no doubt that my countrymen can easily boast the Celt in this
+particular test. But the plant mimosa is ten times more excitable than
+the tongue of an advocate in this province.
+
+Professor Bose then showed how identical were the effects of light,
+warmth and various drugs on the plant and animal. These experiments
+bring the plant much nearer than we ever thought. We find that it is not
+a mere mass of vegetative growth, but that its every fibre is instinct
+with sensibility. We are able to record the throbbings of its pulsating
+life, and find these wax and wane according to the life conditions of
+the plant, and cease in the death of the organism. In these and many
+other ways the life reactions in plant and man are alike, and thus
+through the experience of the plant, it may be possible to alleviate the
+sufferings of man.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 9-2-1918.
+
+
+
+
+CONTROL OF NERVOUS IMPULSE
+
+
+At the first anniversary meeting of the Bose institute, held on the
+30th November 1918, Sir J. C. Bose gave the following discourse on his
+recent discoveries relating to the question of control of nervous
+impulse, under the Presidency of His Excellency Lord Ronaldshay,
+Governor of Bengal.
+
+It is one of the greatest of all mysteries how we are put in connection
+with the external world: how blows from without are felt within. Our
+organs of sensation are like so many antennae radiating in various
+directions and picking up messages of many kinds. All of these, when
+analysed to their utmost, consist of shock effects on different chords.
+An extremely feeble stimulus is below the limit of perception, a
+moderate stimulus transmits excitation, which is perceived as sensation
+of not an unpleasant character, but the tone of sensation becomes
+painful when the excitation is very intense. Our sensation is thus
+coloured by the intensity of the nervous excitation that reaches the
+central organ. We are subject to human limitations, through the
+imperfection of our senses on the one hand, and over-sensibility on the
+other. There are happenings which elude us because the impinging
+stimulus is too feeble to waken our senses; the external shock, on the
+other hand, may be so intense as to fill our life with pain.
+
+Since we have no direct power over the shocks which come to us from the
+outside world, is it possible to control the nervous impulse so that it
+should be exalted in one case, and inhibited or obliterated in the
+other? Does advance of science hold any such possibility? This question
+is plainly fraught with high significance.
+
+
+PROBLEM OF CONTROL OF NERVOUS IMPULSE
+
+Before proceeding further it will be necessary first to obtain a clear
+idea of the function of a nervous tissue and its characteristics;
+secondly the manner, in which the nervous impulse is propagated; and
+lastly, we have to discover some compulsive force by which the impulse
+may be intensified or inhibited during transit. The nerve circuit may be
+liked to an electric circuit, and invisible impulse bringing about
+response in the indicator, be it the brain or the galvanometer. In the
+electric circuit the conducting power of the metallic wire is constant,
+and the intensity of the electric impulse depends on the intensity of
+the electric force applied. If the conducting power of the nerve were
+constant then the intensity of the nervous impulse and its resulting
+sensation would depend inevitably on the intensity of the shock from
+outside which starts the impulse. In that case the possibility of the
+modification of our sensation would be an impossibility. But there may
+be a likelihood that the power of conduction possessed by a nerve is
+not constant but capable of change. Should this surmise prove to be
+correct then we arrive at the momentous conclusion that sensation itself
+is modifiable, whatever the external stimulus. For the modification of
+nervous impulse there remains only one alternative; namely, some power
+to render the vehicle a very much better conductor or a non-conductor
+according to particular requirements. We require the nervous path to the
+supra-conducting to have the impulse due to feeble stimulus brought to
+sensory prominence. When the external blow is too violent we would block
+the painful impulse by rendering the nerve a non-conductor.
+
+Under narcotic the nerve becomes paralysed and we can by its use save
+ourselves from pain. But such heroic measures are to be resorted to in
+extreme cases, as when we are under the surgeon's knife. In actual life
+we are confronted with unpleasantness without notice. A telephone
+subscriber has an evident advantage, for he can switch off the
+connection when the message begins to be unpleasant. Statesmen or
+politicians have been known to cultivate convenient deafness; but that
+is a mere pretence. The unpleasant things heard, would still continue to
+rankle. It is not every one that has the courage of Mr. Herbert Spencer
+who openly resorted to his ear plugs whenever his visitor became
+tedious.
+
+The lecturer then explained that the propagation of nervous impulse is a
+phenomenon of transmission of molecular disturbance. It occurred to him
+that the transmission could be controlled if he succeeded in discovering
+a compulsive force which would confer on the conducting particles two
+opposite molecular dispositions, one of which would exalt and the other
+resist the impulse. His experiments were first conducted with the
+primitive type of nerve which he had previously discovered in plants. In
+full confirmation of his theory, he succeeded in conferring on the
+nervous tissue two opposite dispositions. Under favourable disposition
+the nerve is rendered supra-conducting; subliminal stimulus now becomes
+fully perceived. Under the opposite molecular disposition the violent
+impulse due to excessive stimulus becomes weakened or arrested during
+transit, and the plant remains quite unaffected by the external shock.
+
+The lecturer has in his previous works demonstrated the unity of
+life-reactions in the plant and animal. A climax is now reached when by
+the application of identical treatment he is able to confer alternately
+on the same animal nerve, supra-conducting or non-conducting property at
+will. Under a particular molecular disposition the experimental frog
+perceived and responded to stimulus which had hitherto been below its
+threshold of perception. Under the opposite disposition violent tetanic
+spasm caused by the irritant salt applied to the nerve became at once
+quelled. The normal property of the nerve was at once restored on the
+withdrawal of the predisposing force.
+
+
+MAN VICTORIOUS OVER CIRCUMSTANCE
+
+Thus by the control of molecular disposition of the conducting nerve,
+nervous impulse, and the resulting sensation may become profoundly
+modified. The external is not so overwhelmingly dominant, and man is not
+to be merely passive in the hands of destiny. There is a latent power
+which would raise him above the terrors of his inimical surroundings. It
+remains with him that the channels through which the outside world reach
+him should, at his command be widened or become closed. It may thus be
+possible for him to catch those indistinct messages that had hitherto
+eluded him or he may withdraw within himself, so that in his inner
+realm, the jarring notes and the din of the world should no longer
+affect him.
+
+The whole audience heard the discourse with spell bound interest. The
+Indian Scientist came to that realisation by experiments at which the
+Indian Jogis of yore arrived by intuition. Following an absolutely
+original line inventing his own apparatus of the most simple yet subtle
+delicacy and having constructed them by the hands of Indian artisans,
+working without collaborators and with the smallest modicum of
+recognition by his fellow scientists, he has pursued his investigation
+to a result which has been a revelation to the whole world. Dr. Bose has
+proved that man and plant are one body and life in their physiology, in
+their vital habits and nervous responses. He has clearly demonstrated
+that nervous life in the plant responds to the same stimuli as in human
+beings. He has established between animal and plant a unity of incipient
+mind. The plant not only lives and dies, wakes and sleeps but it makes
+the responses which in animal would be pleasure and pain.
+
+Dr. Bose has made a great step towards the unification of knowledge. A
+bridge has been built between man and inert matter. Even if we take Dr.
+Bose's experiments with metals in conjunctions with his experiments on
+plants, we may hold it to be practically proved for the thinker that
+Life in various degrees of manifestation and organisation is omnipresent
+in Matter and is no foreign introduction or accidental development, but
+was always that to be evolved.
+
+The ancient thinkers knew well that life and mind exist everywhere in
+essence and vary only by the degree and manner of their emergencies and
+functionings. All is in all and it is out of complete involution that
+the complete evolution progressively appears. It is only appropriate
+that for a descendant of the race of ancient thinkers who formulated
+that knowledge, should be reserved the privilege of initiating one of
+the most important among the many discoveries by which experimental
+science is confirming the wisdom of his forefathers.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 4-12-1918.
+
+
+
+
+MARVELS OF GROWTH AS REVEALED BY THE "MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH"
+
+
+[Sir J. C. Bose has recently invented the "Magnetic" crescograph. It is
+a supersensitive instrument and the very high magnification obtained by
+it surpasses all existing appliances. By this instrument, phenomena
+hitherto beyond the reach of investigation can now be studied with great
+precision. It shows ultra-microscopic changes inducted in a growing
+organism even by a puff of smoke or a gentle breeze, by a passing cloud
+or fleeting brightness. This super magnifier was exhibited for the first
+time by Sir J. C. Bose before an appreciative gathering 10-1-1919. A
+number of lady students, professors, lawyers, doctors and several
+eminent personages gathered to hear the great Indian scientist.]
+
+In his Discourse on the above subject on Friday, Sir J. C. Bose
+illustrated how the limitations imposed on the advance of science by the
+imperfection of our senses, may stimulate the invention of
+supersensitive apparatus which reveals to us the existence of phenomena
+hitherto unknown. Thus the invention of the microscope from a simple
+lens magnifying 3 or 4 times into progress up to 1500 diameters has
+given birth to new sciences. But still higher magnification is demanded
+in unravelling the mystery of movements associated with the simplest
+type of life as seen in plants. Greatest potentiality in life is often
+latent; the gigantic banian tree grows out of a thing which is smaller
+than the mustard seed. Within the seed-coat the dormant life remains in
+safety, protected from dangers outside. The seeds may thus be subjected
+without harm to cold so intense as will freeze mercury into solid and
+air into liquid. Winds and hurricanes scatter the seed of life and the
+cocoa-nut rides the tumultuous waves till anchored safe in an island
+yet to be inhabited. In due season there begins a series of most
+astonishing transformations; the latent life wakens, and the seedling
+begins to grow. The root turns downwards and the shoot upwards.
+Underground, the root winds its way round stones and obstacles towards
+moist places. Above ground the stem bends as if in search of light.
+Tendrils twine about a support. These visible movements are striking
+enough, but within the unruffled exterior of the plant body there are
+others, energetic and incessant, which escape our scrutiny. The bending
+of a growing organ towards or away from stimulus must be due to unequal
+growth on two sides of the organ, a retardation of growth on the
+proximal or acceleration on the distant sides. Various theories have
+been advanced which have proved inadequate. For the identical stimulus
+of gravity produces one kind of curvature in the root and the very
+opposite in the shoot. The possibility of direct experimental
+investigation has been frustrated by the excessive slow rate of growth
+rendering accurate measurement impossible.
+
+
+THE SLOWNESS OF GROWTH
+
+The movement of growth is two thousand times less rapid than the place
+of the proverbially slow-footed snail. Taking the average annual growth
+in height of a tree to be 5 ft., it will take a tree a thousand years
+to cover a distance of a mile. We take a piece of 2 ft. in the course of
+half a second, during the interval plant grows through a length of
+1,100,000 part of an inch or half the length of a wave of light. For
+investigation on the effect of external conditions on growth we have to
+measure even a fraction of that excessively small length.
+
+The peasant has eagerly watched the growth of his plants on which his
+own life and the world's depend and, even realised something of its
+vicissitudes, so the vegetable physiologist has here one of the many
+problems of his science. The invention of growth-measuring instruments
+has thus been one of his main endeavours. He has hitherto succeeded by
+the use of levers with unequal arms to obtain a magnification of about
+20 times, and even then it takes many hours for growth to become
+perceptible; owing to the practical impossibility of maintaining the
+external conditions constant for so many hours, the results of
+measurement of growth become vitiated. It is therefore necessary to
+produce a magnification so high that growth should become measurable in
+less than a minute. The first improvement effected by the lecturer, now
+some fourteen years ago, was his Optical Lever, which at once raised the
+magnification from 20 to 1000 times, an advance which at the time seemed
+to many incredible, but it is at length coming into use in advanced
+laboratories in Europe.
+
+
+THE RECORDING CRESCOGRAPH
+
+A new apparatus devised by the lecturer, the Recording Crescograph, is
+described in the Transactions of the Royal Society, and of the Bose
+Institute. By a compound system of levers the magnification is raised to
+10,000 but this is not without great technical difficulties, which cost
+five years of efforts to overcome. Thus the levers require to be
+extremely light; this was secured by the use of an alloy of aluminium
+used in the construction of Zeppelins: this combines lightness with
+rigidity. Another difficulty almost unsuperable arises from the friction
+at the bearings of the fulcrum, the best watch jewels made of ruby were
+employed, but the supply was cut off from Germany by the war. This
+proved a blessing in disguise, for it forced the lecturer to devise a
+new principle of suspension using local material. This was found in
+practice to be far superior to jewel bearings, which became clogged by
+invisible dust particles present in the air. With this Recording
+Crescograph many phenomena of extreme interest have been discovered. The
+plant itself not only recorded its normal rate of growth but the
+slightest change induced in it by the action of different forces. So
+delicate was the apparatus that it analysed growth into a series of
+pulses, a sudden shooting out followed by a partial recoil. It showed
+how the growth of the plant was retarded by a mere touch, and the time
+it took the plant to recover from the effect of contact, and all these
+in course of a few seconds. The effect of different food on growth, the
+effect of different drugs, or living capacity these and many more became
+revealed by the automatic record made by the plant. This has opened out
+fresh and more exact method of medical inquiry, and of practical
+agriculture.
+
+
+THE MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH
+
+Such unlooked for results called for yet higher magnification, and at
+first it seemed that further multiplying lever might be added to the
+previous system. But this failed on account of added mass and friction;
+and some altogether new solution had therefore to be sought. Material
+contact having proved unworkable the ideal weightless and frictionless
+linking was obtained by introducing a new magnetic contrivance, and this
+with the surprising potency of magnification from 5 to 100 million
+times. The mind cannot grasp the meaning of this stupendous
+magnification; how then could we translate it in terms which may be
+understood? Let us take once more our slow-footed snail, a
+magnification of ten million times would convert its speed to something
+for which there is no parallel even in modern gunnery practice. The 15
+inch cannon of the "Queen Elizabeth" has a muzzle velocity of 2360 ft.
+per second or 8-1/2 million feet per hour. But the speed of the snail
+when magnified ten million times would render it 200 million ft. per
+hour or 24 times faster than the fastest cannon shot. We may next turn
+to the cosmic movement for a parallel: A point in equator whirls round
+at the rate of 1037 miles per hour. But a snail with the magnified speed
+would beat the earth by going round 40 times during the period the earth
+makes but one revolution!
+
+
+LIFE IN STATE OF SUSPENSE AND ITS SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTION
+
+With the experiments carried with the Magnetic Crescograph life becomes
+subservient to the will of the experimenter. The rate of growth is
+indicated by the speed with which a spot of indicating light moves
+across the scale. The actual rate of growth is fifty thousandth part of
+an inch per second; this under magnification is seen by the indicating
+spot of light to move at the rate of 36 inches per second: this is the
+normal rate. The plant is made to imbibe soda water and the growth
+becomes suddenly exalted some ten times; but a puff of tobacco smoke
+instantly retards the rate. To induce further retardation a depressing
+drug is next applied. The growth gradually comes to a stop and the
+quiescent of the spot of light shows life in a state of suspense. The
+plant is now hovering in an unstable poise between life and death, a
+slight tilt one way, and life gets interlocked in the rigidity of death.
+But the antidote is applied just in time, the torpor and suspense is
+over, and life renews her activity once more with the fullest vigour.
+
+It is true that man is but poorly provided for his voyage of discovery
+in seas unknown, he can hear little and see less. A single octave of
+light circumscribes his vision; even of the visible the size of the
+ripple of light imposes an impassable barrier. But he has not been
+deterred by his limitations but has on the contrary been spurred on its
+greater efforts in his explanation of the invisible. The mysterious
+movements of life are not to remain for him inscrutable and
+indecipherable for all times: but his untiring and single-minded pursuit
+will someday reveal to him the secret that lies behind the
+manifestations of life.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 13-1-1919.
+
+
+
+
+THE NIGHT-WATCH OF NYMPHAEA
+
+
+Sir J. C. Bose gave the following Discourse on the 'Night-Watch of
+Nymphaea,' at the Bose Institute, on the 24th January, 1919.
+
+[Sir J. C. Bose's discourse delivered at the Bose Institute, on the 24th
+January, 1919, dealt with the mysterious phenomenon of recurrent opening
+and closure of flowers. Some of them open in the morning and close in
+the evening; others do exactly the opposite opening at night and closing
+during the day. These various effects have been described as the
+'waking' and 'sleep' movements of plants. The subject had attracted the
+attention of plant physiologists for more than half a century. After
+summarising the various results lost in his recent work says that no
+satisfactory explanation of the sleep movements of plants has yet been
+forthcoming and that the true theory can only be established after new
+and exhaustive research. This investigation has been in progress at Sir
+J. C. Bose's laboratory for the last five years; and special automatic
+recorders have been invented by means of which numerous plants have been
+recording their movements for every hour of the day and night and for
+many days in succession.]
+
+In course of his discourse the lecturer said "The poets have forestalled
+the men of science. Why does the water-lily 'Kumud or Nymphaea' keep
+awake all night long and close her petals during the day? Because the
+water-lily is the lover of the Moon and like the human soul expanding at
+the touch of the beloved, the lily opens out her heart at the touch of
+the moon beam, and keeps watch all night long; she shrinks affrighted by
+the rude touch of the Sun, and closes her petals during the day. The
+outer floral leaves of the lily are green, and in the day time the
+closed flowers are hardly distinguishable from the broad green leaves
+which float on the water. The scene is transformed in the evening as if
+by magic, and myriads of glistening white flowers cover the dark water.
+
+"The recurrent daily phenomenon has not only been observed by the poets,
+but an explanation offered for it. It is the moonlight then that causes
+the opening of the lily, and the sunlight the movement of closure. Had
+the poet taken out a lantern in a dark night; he would have noticed that
+the lily opened at night in total absence of the moon; but a poet is not
+expected to carry a lantern and peep out in the dark; that inordinate
+curiosity is characteristic only of the man of science. Again the lily
+does not close with the appearance of the sun; for the flower often
+remains awake up to eleven in the forenoon. A French dictionary maker
+saw Cuvier, the Zoologist about the definition of the crab as 'a little
+red fish which walks backwards.' 'Admirable,' said Cuvier. 'But the crab
+is not necessarily little, nor is it red till boiled; it is not a fish,
+and it cannot walk backwards. But with these exceptions your definition
+is perfect.' And so also with the poet's description of the movement of
+the lily, which does not open to moonlight, nor yet close to the sun."
+
+
+THE 'SLEEP' AND 'WAKING' OF JHINGA FLOWER
+
+The waking and sleeping of the water lily is by no means an isolated
+instance. My attention was first drawn to another remarkable floral
+display by the folk song which begins with:
+
+     "Our day of work is over
+     Like life's span, but an hour!
+     For now behold the gold-starred fields
+     Of opening 'Jhinga' flowers!"
+
+Since then I witness every afternoon a glorious transformation in my
+experimental garden at Sijbaria on the Ganges. The gardener has planted
+a large field with Jhinga (Luffa acutangula). The flowers when closed at
+day time are very inconspicuous, the lowest whorl of the sepals being
+dull green: in my afternoon walk I can hardly recognise the old familiar
+field, which is now covered with masses of flower in their golden glory.
+Here also the flowers remain open throughout the night; but they close
+early in the morning and the fairy field of cloth of gold vanishes
+suddenly.
+
+
+COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM
+
+The revolutions made by the plant-scripts led to the discovery of
+certain new and unsuspected reactions in the life of plants, notably the
+influence of variation of temperature in modifying thegeotropic
+curvature. There are at least ten variables, which by their joint
+effects give rise to over a thousand variations in the resulting
+movement of plants. The effect of each of these different factors has
+been isolated and a new theory propounded which offers a complete
+explanation of the so called sleep movements. The life reactions of
+plants to the various stimuli of the environment was most strikingly
+illustrated by means of supersensitive Magnetic Crescograph. The plant
+was shown to perceive the shock of light, to which it made an answering
+signal, so also to the action of warmth and cold. And it was explained
+how the various combinations of effects induced by environmental change
+found diverse expressions in the movement of plants.
+
+The scientific explanations offered for the opening and closing of the
+water lily is that the flower is closed under sunlight and that the
+opening takes place under darkness. But Prof. Bose has been able to keep
+the lily awake even in day time by placing it in a cool place.
+Simultaneous record of the movement of the flower and the thermograph of
+daily variation of temperature proved conclusively that a rapid fall of
+temperature in the evening brought about the opening of the flower, at
+first slowly then rapidly, and by 10 p.m. the flower was fully expanded.
+About 6 a.m. in the morning there is a rise of temperature, and the
+reverse movement of closure sets in. The flower continues to close very
+rapidly the sleep movement of closure is complete by about 10 a.m.
+
+It will be seen how different flowers through their sensitiveness to
+heat and cold execute movements of "sleep" or of "waking." Some of them
+have the healthy habit of normal humanity to sleep at night and keep
+awake at day-time. Others turn night into day, and make up for their
+long night watch by sleeping it off at the day-time.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 25-1-1919.
+
+
+
+
+WOUNDED PLANTS
+
+
+Sir J. C. Bose delivered the following lecture on the 'Wounded Plants'
+at the Bose Institute, on the 7th February, 1919:--
+
+It is a little over four years now that the Embodiment of World Tragedy
+stalked over Western Europe. The fair field of France and the bright sky
+was under a pall of battle-smoke. Our sight could not penetrate through
+the dense gloom, and the mortal cry of the wounded and dying, drowned by
+hoarse roar of a thousand did not reach our ear. But from the time the
+Sikh and the Pathan, the Gurkha and the Bengali, the Mahratta and the
+Rajput flung themselves in front of battle from that day our perception
+has become intensified. The distant cry of those whose life-blood has
+crimsoned the white field of snow, has found reverberating echo in our
+heart. What is that subtle bond by which all distances are bridged over,
+and by which an individual life becomes merged in larger life? Sympathy
+is that bond by which we come to realise the unity of all life. Before
+us are spread multitudinous plants, silent and seemingly impassive. They
+too like us are actors in the Cosmic drama of life, like us the play
+thing of destiny. In their checkered life, light and darkness, the
+warmth of summer and frost of winter, drought and rain, the gentle
+breeze and whirling tornadoes, life and death alternate. Various shocks
+impinge on them, but no cry is raised in answer. I shall nevertheless
+try to decipher some chapters of their life history.
+
+When a man receives a blow or shock of any kind, his answering cry makes
+us realise that he is hurt, but a mute makes no outcry. How do we
+realise his sufferings? We know it by his agonised look by the
+convulsive movement of his limbs, and through fellow-feeling realise his
+pain. When a frog is struck it does not cry, but its limbs show
+convulsive movement. But from this it does not follow that the frog is
+not hurt, for some would urge that there is a great gap between us and
+lower animals. One who feels for the humblest of His creatures alone
+knows whether the frog is hurt or not. Human sympathy always aspires: it
+is sometimes extended to equals, hardly ever to inferiors. And so it
+happens that many would doubt, whether the lowly and the depressed
+possess the fine sense of the exalted to feel the same joy and sorrow,
+and to resent social tyranny. When human attitude is so finely
+discriminative as regards different grades of his own species, it might
+be extravagant to believe that the frog could have any consciousness of
+pain. A concession might however be made that the frog perceives a
+shock to which it responds by convulsive movements. It is as well that
+we should be careful about the use of terms for an eminent biologist
+insisted that animals never felt any pain: when an oyster is swallowed
+alive, it did not, according to him, feel any pain but rather a
+sensation of grateful warmth at contact with the alimentary tract. The
+question will remain undecided for no one has as yet returned from the
+gastric cavity of the tiger to expatiate on the exquisite sensation.
+
+
+TEST OF LIVINGNESS
+
+Responsive movements being a test of life, we shall try to construct a
+scale with which the height of livingness may be measured. What is the
+difference between the living and the dead? The living answers to a
+shock from without; the most lively gives the most energetic, the torpid
+or dying the feeblest, and the dead no answer at all. Thus life may be
+tested by shocks from without, the size of the answer being the gauge of
+vitality. The answer of the strong will be violent and almost explosive
+in its intensity, while the weakling will barely protest. The responsive
+movements may be recorded by suitable apparatus. The successive
+responses to similar shocks will remain uniform, if the living tissue
+remained always the same. But the living organism is always in a state
+of change for environment is always building us anew, and we are
+changing everyday of our life. We are thus subject to change, some day
+we are in a state of high exuberance, and other time in a state of
+lowest depression: we pass through numerous phases between the two
+extremes. Not merely does the present modify, but there is also the
+subtle impress of memory of the past. The sum total of all these
+characterise one individual from another. How is the hidden to be made
+manifest? To test the genuineness of a coin, we strike it and the sound
+response betrays the true from the false. The genuine rings true and the
+other gives a false note. In this way perhaps the inner history of
+different lives may be revealed by shocks and the resulting response.
+
+
+EFFECT OF WOUND
+
+There are three separate investigations that have been carried out on
+the effect of wound on plants: The first is the shock effect of wound on
+growth: this generally speaking retards or arrests growth. In the second
+series of investigations the change of spontaneous pulsation of the
+leaflet of the Telegraph plant was recorded. Death begins to spread from
+the cut end of the leaflet, and reaches the throbbing tissue which
+becomes permanently stilled on cessation of life. Experiments are in
+progress of arrest their march of death, and the cut leaflet which died
+in 24 hours has now been kept alive for more than a week.
+
+
+PARALYSIS OF SENSIBILITY
+
+Another series of investigations were carried out on the paralysing
+effect of severe wound. A leaf of Mimosa was cut off from the plant, and
+the subsequent histories of the wounded plant and the detached leaf are
+curiously different. The cutting of one of its leaves had caused a great
+shock to the parent plant, and an intense excitation spreads over to the
+distant organs. All the leaves remained depressed and irresponsive for
+several hours. From this state of paralysed sensibility, the plant
+gradually recovers and the leaves begin to show returning sensitiveness.
+The detached leaf, when placed in a nourishing solution soon recovers,
+and holds up its head with an attitude indicative of defiance, and the
+responses it gives are energetic. This lasts for twenty four hours,
+after which a curious change creeps in the vigour of its responses
+begins rapidly to wane. The leaf hitherto erect, falls over; death had
+at last asserted its mastery.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 10-2-1919.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND SPEECHES OF EMINENT INDIANS
+
+
+THE HON. PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA. His Life and Speeches. (Second
+edition, revised and enlarged). 700 pages. Price Rs. 3.
+
+LOKAMANYA B. G. TILAK. An exhaustive and up to date collection of all
+the soul stirring speeches of the apostle of Home Rule with a valuable
+appreciation by Babu Aurobinda Ghose. Second edition, revised and
+enlarged. Price Rs. 2.
+
+MAHATMA GANDHI. His Life, Writings and Speeches with a foreword by Mrs.
+Sarojini Naidu. (Enlarged and up to date edition). Over 450 pages.
+Tastefully bound with an index. Price Rs. 2.
+
+MOHOMED ALI JINNAH. With a Foreword by the Rajah of Mahmudabad. Over 320
+pp. Attractively bound with a portrait and an index. Price Rs. 2.
+
+BABU SURENDRANATH BANERJEE. An exhaustive collection of all the speeches
+of Babu Surendranath Banerjee delivered in England. Price As. 8.
+
+INDIA FOR INDIANS. A collection of the speeches delivered by Mr. C. R.
+Das on Home Rule for India with an Introduction by Babu Motilal Ghose.
+Second Edition, revised and enlarged. Price As. 12.
+
+SIR RABINDRANATH TAGORE. His Life, Personality, and Genius, by K. S.
+Ramaswami Sastri, B.A., B.L. with a Foreword by Mr. J. C. Rollo. Price
+Rs. 3.
+
+J. N. TATA. His Life and Life Work. By Sir D. E. Wacha. 3rd edition.
+Price Re. 1.
+
+
+GANESH & CO., PUBLISHERS, MADRAS.
+
+
+
+
+JUST PUBLISHED
+
+The New Economic Menace
+to India
+
+BY
+
+BABU BIPIN CHANDRA PAL
+
+PRICE RS. 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, by 
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose:
+His Life and Speeches.</title>
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+       His Life and Speeches
+
+Author: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+
+Editor: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22085]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's
+Notes:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Typos and spelling variants (including hyphenated words) have been
+checked against the Oxford English Dictionary (online edition, July
+2007) and corrected as needed. Archaic spellings have been retained. In
+rare cases, where a word replacement or correction was either uncertain
+or impossible, the word was identified with [<i>sic.</i>]</li>
+<li>Reference on 168 to the "The Presidency College Magazine"
+must be to the second issue, as the 25th issue was in 1939 as
+the events mentioned on p. 168 happened in 1915.</li>
+<li>By-lines after various sections sometimes show as "Patrika," and at
+other times as "A. B. Patrika." A. B. Patrika is not a person, but is
+rather "Amrita Bazar Patrika," an English language daily newspaper
+in India. To reduce confusion I have standardized the by-lines to
+"Amrita Bazar Patrika."</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id=
+"Page_i">[pg_i]</a></span>
+<h2>SIR JAGADIS<br />
+CHUNDER BOSE</h2>
+<h3>HIS LIFE AND SPEECHES</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h3>Price Rs. 2      GANESH &amp; CO.</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id=
+"Page_ii">[pg_ii]</a></span>
+<h4>The Cambridge Press, Madras.</h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id=
+"Page_iii">[pg_iii]</a></span>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<table summary="TOC">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"> </td>
+<td style="text-align: right;">Page</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_001">His Life and
+Career</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_001">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_079">Literature and
+Science</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_079">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_102">Marvels of Plant
+Life</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_106">Plant Autographs&mdash;How
+Plants can record their own story</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_113">Invisible Light</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_117">Lecture on Electric
+Radiation</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_122">Plant Response</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_126">Evidence before the Public
+Services Commission</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_143">Prof. J. C. Bose at
+Madura</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_147">Prof. J. C. Bose
+Entertained&mdash;Party at Ram Mohan Library</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_154">History of a
+Discovery</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_165">A Social Gathering</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_169">Light Visible and
+Invisible</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_172">Hindu University
+Address</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_177">The History of a Failure
+that was Great</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_187">Quest of Truth and
+Duty</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_200">The Voice of Life</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_222">The Praying Palm of
+Faridpur</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="40%"><a href="#Page_226">Visualisation of
+Growth</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id=
+"Page_iv">[pg_iv]</a></span>
+<table summary="TOC">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_231">Sir J. C. Bose at
+Bombay</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_235">Unity of Life</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_243">The Automatic Writing of
+the Plant</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_247">Control of Nervous
+Impulse</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_254">Marvels of Growth as
+Revealed by the "Magnetic Crescograph"</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_262">The Night-Watch of
+Nymphaea</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="35%"><a href="#Page_267">Wounded Plants</a></td>
+<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_001" id=
+"Page_001">[Pg_001]</a></span>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.5em">
+<font face="@Arial Unicode MS">SIR JAGADIS CHUNDER
+BOSE</font></p>
+<p class="indent">On the 30th November, 1858, Jagadis Chunder was
+born, in a respectable Hindu family, which hails from village
+Rarikhal, situated in the Vikrampur Pargana of the Dacca
+District, in Bengal. He passed his boyhood at Faridpur, where his
+father, the late Babu Bhugwan Chunder Bose, a member of the
+<i>then</i> Subordinate Executive Service was the Sub-Divisional
+Officer; and it was there that he derived "the power and strength
+that nerved him to meet the shocks of life."<a href="#_1_" name=
+"f1" id="f1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS FATHER</p>
+<p class="indent">His father was a fine product of the Western
+Education in our country. Speaking of him, says Sir Jagadis "My
+father was one of the earliest to receive the impetus
+characteristic of the modern epoch as derived from the West. And
+in his case it came to pass that the stimulus evoked the latent
+potentialities of his race for evolving modes of expression
+demanded by the period of transition in which he was placed. They
+found expression in great constructive work, in the restoration
+of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_002" id=
+"Page_002">[Pg_002]</a></span>quiet amidst disorder, in the
+earliest effort to spread education both among men and women, in
+questions of social welfare, in industrial efforts, in the
+establishment of people's bank and in the foundation of
+industrial and technical schools."<a href="#_2_" name="f2" id=
+"f2"><sup>2</sup></a> However, his efforts&mdash;like most
+pioneer efforts&mdash;failed. He became overpowered in the
+struggle. But his young son, who witnessed the struggle, derived
+a great lesson which enabled him "to look on success or failure
+as one"&mdash;or rather "failure as the antecedent power which
+lies dormant for the long subsequent dynamic expression in what
+we call success." "And if my life" says Sir Jagadis "in any way
+came to be fruitful, then that came through the realisation of
+this lesson."<a href="#_2_" name="f2a" id="f2a"><sup>2</sup></a>
+So great was the influence exerted on him by his father that Sir
+Jagadis Chunder has observed "To me his life had been one of
+blessing and daily thanksgiving."<a href="#_2_" name="f2b" id=
+"f2b"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS EARLY EDUCATION</p>
+<p class="indent">Little Jagadis received his first lesson in a
+village <i>pathsala</i>. His father, who had very advanced views
+in educational matters, instead of sending him to an English
+School, which was then regarded as the only place for efficient
+instruction, sent him to the vernacular village school for his
+early education. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_003" id=
+"Page_003">[Pg_003]</a></span>"While my father's subordinates"
+says Sir Jagadis "sent their children to the English schools
+intended for gentle folks, I was sent to the vernacular school,
+where my comrades were hardy sons of toilers and of others who,
+it is now fashion to regard, were belonging to the depressed
+classes."<a href="#_3_" name="f3" id="f3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+Speaking of the effect it produced on him, observes Sir Jagadis
+"From these who tilled the ground and made the land blossom with
+green verdure and ripening corn, and the sons of the fisher folk,
+who told stories of the strange creatures that frequented unknown
+depths of mighty rivers and stagnant pools, I first derived the
+lesson of that which constitutes true manhood. From them too I
+drew my love of nature."<a href="#_3_" name="f3a" id=
+"f3a"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">"I now realise" continues Sir Jagadis "the
+object of my being sent at the most plastic period of my life to
+the vernacular school where I was to learn my own thoughts and to
+receive the heritage of our national culture through the medium
+of our own literature. I was thus to consider myself one with the
+people and never to place myself in an equivocal position of
+assumed superiority."<a href="#_3_" name="f3b" id=
+"f3b"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">"The moral education which we received in our
+childhood" adds Sir Jagadis "was very indirect and came from
+listening to stories recited by the <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_004" id=
+"Page_004">[Pg_004]</a></span>"Kathaks" on various incidents
+connected with our great epics. Their effects on our mind was
+Very great."<a href="#_4_" name="f4" id="f4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">And it is very interesting to learn from the
+lips of Sir Jagadis himself "that the inventive bent of his mind
+received its first impetus" in the industrial and technical
+schools established by his father.<a href="#_4_" name="f4a" id=
+"f4a"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS COLLEGIATE EDUCATION IN INDIA</p>
+<p class="indent">After he had developed, in the <i>pathsala</i>,
+some power of observation, some power of reasoning and some power
+of expression through the healthy medium of his own mother
+tongue, young Jagadis was sent to an English School for
+education. He passed the Entrance Examination, in 1875, from the
+St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Calcutta, in the First Division.
+He then joined the College classes of that Institution, and
+there, in the "splendid museum of Physical Science Instruments,"
+he drew his early inspirations in Physics from that remarkable
+educationist and brilliant experimentalist, the Rev. Father E.
+Lefont, S.J., C.I.E., M.I.E.E., who had the rare gift of
+enkindling the imagination of his pupils. He passed the First
+Examination in Arts, in 1877, in the Second Division and the B.A.
+Examination by the B. Course (Science Course), in 1880, in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_005" id=
+"Page_005">[Pg_005]</a></span>Second Division. "It is the
+paramount duty of the University" says Sir Ashutosh Mookerjea "to
+discover and develop unusual talent."<a href="#_5_" name="f5" id=
+"f5"><sup>5</sup></a> The Calcutta University, by the test of
+examination which it applied, totally failed to <i>discover</i>
+(not to speak of <i>developing</i>) the powers of an original
+mind which was destined to enrich the world by giving away the
+fruits of its experience.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS STUDY ABROAD</p>
+<p class="indent">After Jagadis had graduated himself, in the
+Calcutta University, he longed to get a course of scientific
+education in England. He was sent to Cambridge and joined the
+Christ's College. He came in "personal contact with eminent men,
+whose influence extorted his admiration and created in him a
+feeling of emulation. In the way he owed a great deal to Lord
+Rayleigh, under whom he worked."<a href=
+"#_6_" name="f6" id="f6"><sup>6</sup></a> He passed the B.A.
+Examination of the Cambridge University, in Natural Science
+Tripos, in 1884. He also secured, in 1883, the B.Sc. Degree with
+Honours of London University. Jagadis had, by birth, the
+speculative Indian mind. And, by his scientific education, at
+home and abroad, he developed a capacity for accurate experiment
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_006" id=
+"Page_006">[Pg_006]</a></span>and observation and learnt to
+control his Imagination&mdash;"that wonderous faculty which, left
+to ramble uncontrolled leads us astray into a wilderness of
+perplexities and errors, a land of mists and shadows; but which,
+properly controlled by experience and reflection, becomes the
+noblest attribute of man; the source of poetic genius, the
+instrument of discovery in Science."<a href="#_7_" name="f7" id=
+"f7"><sup>7</sup></a> His strength and fertility as a discoverer
+is to be referred in a great measure to the harmonious blending
+of the burning Imagination of the East with the analytical
+methods of the West.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+APPOINTED AS A PROFESSOR</p>
+<p class="indent">After having completed his education abroad.
+Jagadis chose the teaching of Science as his vocation. He was
+appointed as Professor of Physical Science at the Presidency
+College, Calcutta. He joined the service on the 7th January,
+1885. Although he was appointed in Class IV of the <i>then</i>
+Bengal Educational Service, (which afterwards merged in the
+present Indian Educational Service), he was not admitted to the
+full scale of pay of the Service. He, being an Indian, was
+allowed to draw only two-thirds the pay of his grade. This
+humiliating distinction was, however, removed in <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_007" id="Page_007">[Pg_007]</a></span>his
+case, on the 21st September 1903, when the bureaucracy could not
+any longer ignore the pressure of enlightened opinion that was
+brought to bear on it.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS RESEARCHES ON ELECTRIC WAVES</p>
+<p class="indent">It was in 1887, some times after Professor J.
+C. Bose had joined the Presidency College, Hertz demonstrated, by
+direct experiment, the existence of Electric Waves&mdash;the
+properties of which had been predicted by Clerk Maxwell long
+before. This great discovery sent a reverberation through the
+gallery of the scientific world. And, at once, the scientists in
+all countries began to devote their best energies to explorations
+in this new Realm of Nature. Young J. C. Bose&mdash;who had drunk
+deep at the springs of Scientific Knowledge and whose imagination
+had been very deeply touched by the scientific activities of the
+West and who had in him the burning desire that India should
+'enter the world movement for that advancement of
+knowledge'&mdash;also followed suit.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCHES</p>
+<p class="indent">When, however, Prof. J. C. Bose joined the
+Presidency College, there was no laboratory worth the name there,
+nor had he any of 'those mechanical facilities at his disposal
+which every prominent European and American experimental
+scientist <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_008" id=
+"Page_008">[Pg_008]</a></span>commands'. He had to work under
+discouraging difficulties before he could begin his
+investigations. He was, however, not a man to quarrel with
+circumstances. He bravely accepted them and began to work in his
+own private laboratory and with appliances which, in any other
+country, would be deemed inadequate. He applied himself closely
+to the investigation of the invisible etheric waves and, with the
+simple means at his command, accomplished things, which few were
+able to perform in spite of their great wealth of external
+appliances.</p>
+<p class="indent">As the wave-length of a Hertzian (electric) ray
+was very large&mdash;about 3 metres<a href="#_8_" name="f8" id=
+"f8"><sup>8</sup></a> long&mdash;compared with that of visible
+light, considerable difficulties were experienced in carrying on
+experiments with the same. It was thought, for instance, that
+very large crystals, much larger than what occur in nature, would
+be required to show the polarisation of electric ray. Prof. Bose
+who 'combined in him the inventiveness of a resourceful engineer,
+with the penetration and imagination of a great
+scientist'&mdash;designed an instrument which generated very
+short electric waves with a length of about 6 millimetres or so.
+And, by working with Electric radiations having very short
+wave-lengths, he succeeded in demonstrating that the electric
+waves are polarised by the crystal <i>Nemalite</i> (which he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_009" id=
+"Page_009">[Pg_009]</a></span>himself discovered) in the very
+same way as a beam of light is polarised by the crystal
+Tourmaline. He then showed that a large number of substances,
+which are opaque to Light (<i>e.g.</i> pitch, coal-tar etc.) are
+transparent to Electric Waves. He next determined the Index of
+Refraction of various substances for invisible Electric Radiation
+and thereby eliminated a great difficulty which had presented
+itself in Maxwell's theory as to the relation between the index
+of refraction of light and the di-electric constant of
+insulators. He then determined the wave length of Electric
+Radiation as produced by various oscillators.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR APPRECIATIONS</p>
+<p class="indent">His first contribution was 'On Polarisation of
+Electric Rays by Double Refracting Crystals.' It was read at a
+meeting of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, held on the 1st May
+1895, and was published in the Journal of the Society in Vol.
+LXIV, Part II, page 291. His next contributions were 'On a new
+Electro polariscope' and 'On the Double Refraction of the
+Electric Ray by a Strained Di-electric.' They appeared, in the
+<i>Electrician</i>, the leading journal on Electricity, published
+in London. These 'strikingly original researches' won the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_010" id=
+"Page_010">[Pg_010]</a></span>attention of the scientific world.
+Lord Kelvin, the greatest physicist of the age, declared himself
+'literally filled with wonder and admiration for so much success
+in the novel and difficult problem which he had attacked.' Lord
+Rayleigh communicated the results of his remarkable researches to
+the Royal Society. And the Royal Society showed its appreciation
+of the high scientific value of his investigation, not only, by
+the publication, with high tributes, of a paper of his 'On the
+Determination of the Indices of Electric Refraction,' in December
+1896, and another paper on the 'Determination of the Wave-length
+of Electric Radiation,' in June 1896, but also, by the offer, of
+their own accord, of an appropriation from the Special
+Parliamentary Grant made to the Society for the Advancement of
+Knowledge, for continuation of his work.</p>
+<p class="indent">In recognition of the importance of the
+contribution made by Prof. Bose, the University of London
+conferred on him the Degree of Doctor of Science and the
+Cambridge University, the degree of M.A., in 1896. And, to crown
+all, the Royal Institution of Great Britain&mdash;rendered famous
+by the labour of Davy and Faraday, of Rayleigh and
+Dewar&mdash;honoured him by inviting to deliver a 'Friday Evening
+Discourse' on his original work. It would not be out of place to
+observe that the rare privilege of being invited to deliver a
+'Friday Evening <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_011" id=
+"Page_011">[Pg_011]</a></span>Discourse' is regarded as one of
+the highest distinction that can be conferred on a scientific
+man.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS FIRST SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION. (1896-97)</p>
+<p class="indent">The Government of India showed its appreciation
+of his work by deputing him to Europe to place the results of his
+investigations before the learned Scientific Bodies. He remained
+on his Deputation from the 22nd July 1896 to the 19th April 1897.
+He read a paper 'On a complete Apparatus for studying the
+Properties of Electric Waves' at the meeting of British
+Association, held at Liverpool, in 1896. He then communicated a
+paper 'On the Selective Conductivity exhibited by Polarising
+Substances,' which was published by the Royal Society, in January
+1897. He next delivered his 'Friday Evening Discourse,' at the
+Royal Institution, 'On Electric Waves,' on the 29th January 1897.
+"There is, however, to our thinking" wrote the <i>Spectator</i>
+at the time "something of rare interest in the spectacle
+presented of a Bengalee of the purest descent possible, lecturing
+in London to an audience of appreciative European savants upon
+one of the most recondite branches of the modern physical
+science." He was then invited to address the Scientific Societies
+in Paris. "Prof. J. C. Bose" wrote the Review Encyclopedique,
+Paris "exhibited on the 9th of March before the Sorbonne,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_012" id=
+"Page_012">[Pg_012]</a></span>an apparatus of his invention for
+demonstrating the laws of reflection, refraction, and
+polarisation of electric waves. He repeated his experiments on
+the 22nd, before a large number of members of the Academie des
+Sciences, among whom were Poincare, Cornu, Mascart, Lipmann,
+Cailletet, Becquerel and others. These savants highly applauded
+the investigations of the Indian Professor." M. Cornu, President
+of the Academy of Science, was pleased to address Professor Bose
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">"By your discoveries you have greatly furthered
+the cause of Science. You must try to revive the grand traditions
+of your race which bore aloft the torch light of art and science
+and was the leader of civilization two thousand years ago. We, in
+France applaud you." This fervent appeal, we shall see, as we
+proceed, did not go in vain.</p>
+<p class="indent">He was next invited to lecture before the
+Universities in Germany. At Berlin, before the leading physicists
+of Germany, he gave an address on Electric Radiation, which was
+subsequently published in the <i>Physikaliscen Gesellschaft
+Berlin</i>, in April 1897.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FURTHER RESEARCHES ON ELECTRIC WAVES</p>
+<p class="indent">Having received the most generous and wide
+appreciation of his work, Dr. J. C. Bose continued, with
+redoubled vigour, his valuable researches on Electric Waves. He
+studied the influence of thickness <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_013" id="Page_013">[Pg_013]</a></span>of air-space on total
+reflection of Electric Radiation and showed that the critical
+thickness of air-space is determined by the refracting power of
+the prism and by the wave-length of the electric oscillations. He
+next demonstrated the rotation of the plane of polarisation of
+Electric Waves by means of pieces of twisted jute rope. He showed
+that, if the pieces are arranged so that their twists are all in
+one direction and placed in the path of radiation, they rotate
+the plane of polarisation in a direction depending upon the
+direction of twists; but, if they are mixed so that there are as
+many twisted in one direction as the other, there is no
+rotation.<a href="#_9_" name="f9" id="f9"><sup>9</sup></a> He
+communicated to the Royal Society the results of his new
+researches. And the Royal Society published, in November 1897,
+his papers 'On the Determination of the Index of Refraction of
+glass for the Electric Ray' and 'On the influence of Thickness of
+Air-space on Total Reflection of Electric Radiation' and, in
+March 1898, his further contributions 'On the Rotation of Plane
+of Polarisation of Electric Waves by a twisted structure' and 'On
+the Production of a "Dark cross" in the Field of Electro-magnetic
+Radiation.'</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SELF-RECOVERING "COHERER"</p>
+<p class="indent">The study of Electric Waves by Dr. J. C. Bose
+led <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_014" id=
+"Page_014">[Pg_014]</a></span>not only to the devising of methods
+for the production of the shortest Electric Waves known but also
+to the construction of a very delicate 'Receiver' for the
+detection of invisible other disturbances. The most sensitive
+form of detector hitherto known was the "Coherer." One of the
+forms made by Sir Oliver Lodge consisted simply of a glass tube
+containing iron turnings, in contact with which were wire led
+into opposite ends of the tube. The arrangement was placed in
+series with a galvanometer and a battery; when the turnings were
+struck by electric waves, the resistance between loose metallic
+contacts was diminished and the deflection of the galvanometer
+was increased. Thus the deflection of the galvanometer was made
+to indicate the arrival of electric waves. The arrangement was,
+no doubt, a sensitive one, but, to get a greater delicacy, Dr.
+Bose used, instead of iron turnings, spiral springs which were
+pushed against each other by means of a screw.<a href="#_10_"
+name="f10" id="f10"><sup>10</sup></a> Still the arrangement
+laboured under one great disadvantage. The 'receiver' had to be
+tapped between each experiment. So something better than a
+'cohering' receiving was needed&mdash;something that was
+self-recovering, like a human eye. To discover that something,
+Dr. Bose began a study of the whole theory of 'coherer action.'
+It was hitherto believed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_015"
+id="Page_015">[Pg_015]</a></span>that the electric waves, by
+impinging on iron and other metallic particles in contact,
+brought about a sort of fusion&mdash;a sort of
+'coherence'&mdash;and that the diminution of resistance was the
+result of that 'coherence.' To satisfy himself as to the
+correctness of this theory, Dr. Bose engaged himself in a most
+laborious investigation to find out the action of electric
+radiation not only on iron particles but on all kinds of matter
+and ultimately discovered the surprising fact that, though the
+impact of electric waves generally produced a diminution of
+resistance, with <i>potassium</i> there was an <i>increase</i> of
+resistance after the waves had ceased.<a href="#_11_" name="f11"
+id="f11"><sup>11</sup></a> This discovery at once showed the
+untenability of the old theory and pointed to the conclusion that
+the effect of electric radiation on matter is one of
+discriminative molecular action&mdash;that the Electric Waves
+produced a re-arrangement of the molecules which may either
+increase or decrease the contact resistance. It may be
+incidentally mentioned here that this detection of molecular
+change in matter under electric stimulation has given rise to a
+new theory of photographic action.</p>
+<p class="indent">As a result of his painstaking investigation on
+the action of Electric Waves on different kinds of matter, Dr.
+Bose invented a new type of self-recovering electric receiver,
+"so perfect in its action <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_016" id="Page_016">[Pg_016]</a></span>that the Electrician
+suggested its use in ships and in electro-magnetic light-houses
+for the communication and transmission of danger-signals at sea
+through space. This was, in 1895, several years in advance of the
+present wireless system." Practical application of the results of
+Dr. Bose's investigations appeared so important that the
+Governments of Great Britain and the United States of America
+granted him patents for his invention of a certain crystal
+receiver which proved to be the most sensitive detector of the
+wireless signal. Dr. Bose, however, has made no secret at any
+time as to the construction of his apparatus. He has never
+utilised the patents granted to him for personal gain. His
+inventions are "open to all the world to adopt for practical and
+money-making purposes." "The spirit of our national culture"
+observes Sir J. C. Bose "demands that we should for ever be free
+from the desecration of utilising knowledge for personal
+gain."<a href="#_12_" name="f12" id="f12"><sup>12</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS RESEARCHES TAKE A NEW TURN</p>
+<p class="indent">This inquiry which Dr. J. C. Bose started for
+the purpose of ascertaining 'coherer action'&mdash;why the
+"receiver" had to be tapped in order to respond again to electric
+waves&mdash;took him <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_017" id=
+"Page_017">[Pg_017]</a></span>unconsciously to the border region
+of physics and physiology and gave an altogether new turn to his
+researches. "He found that the uncertainty of the early type of
+his receiver was brought on by 'fatigue' and that the curve of
+fatigue of his instrument closely resembled the fatigue curve of
+animal muscle."<a href="#_13_" name="f13" id=
+"f13"><sup>13</sup></a> He did not stop there but pushed on his
+investigations and found "that the 'tiredness' of his instrument
+was removed by suitable stimulants and that application of
+certain poisons, on the other hand, permanently abolished its
+sensitiveness." He was amazed at this discovery&mdash;this
+parallelism in the behaviour of the 'receiver' to the living
+muscle. This led him to a systematic study of all matter, Organic
+and Inorganic, Living and Non-Living.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RESPONSE IN LIVING AND NON-LIVING</p>
+<p class="indent">He began an examination of inorganic matter in
+the same way as a biologist examines a muscle or a nerve. He
+subjected metals to various kinds of stimulus&mdash;mechanical,
+thermal, chemical, and electrical. He found that all sorts of
+stimulus produce an excitatory change in them. And this
+excitation sometimes expresses itself in a visible change
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_018" id=
+"Page_018">[Pg_018]</a></span> form and sometimes not; but the
+disturbance produced by the stimulus always exhibits itself in an
+<i>electric response</i>. He next subjected plants and animal
+tissues to various kinds of stimulus and also found that they
+also give an <i>electric response</i>. Finding that a universal
+reaction brought together metals, plants and animals under a
+common law, he next proceeded to a study of <i>modifications in
+response</i>, which occur under various conditions. He found that
+they are all benumbed by cold, intoxicated by alcohol, wearied by
+excessive work, stupified by anaesthetics, excited by electric
+currents, stung by physical blows and killed by poison&mdash;they
+all exhibit essentially the same phenomena of fatigue and
+depression, together with possibilities of recovery and of
+exaltation, yet also that of permanent irresponsiveness which is
+associated with death&mdash;they all are responsive or
+irresponsive under the same conditions and in the same manner.
+The investigations showed that, in the entire range of
+response phenomena (inclusive as that is of metals, plants and
+animals) there is no breach of continuity; that "the living
+response in all its diverse modifications is only a repetition of
+responses seen in the inorganic" and that the phenomena of
+response "are determined, not by the play of an unknowable and
+arbitrary <i>vital force</i>, but by the working of laws that
+know no change, acting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_019"
+id="Page_019">[Pg_019]</a></span> equally and uniformly
+throughout the organic and inorganic matter."<a href="#_14_"
+name="f14" id="f14"><sup>14</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SECOND SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION, 1900-01</p>
+<p class="indent">In the year 1900, the International Scientific
+Congress was held, in Paris. And Dr. J. C. Bose was deputed by
+the Government of India to the Congress as a delegate from this
+country. Before the assembled scientists, Dr. Bose delivered a
+remarkable address on the results of his researches on the
+similarity of Response of Inorganic and Living Substances to
+Electric stimulus ... 'De la g&ecirc;n&ecirc;ralit&ecirc; de
+Ph&ecirc;nom&ecirc;nes Moleculairs produits par l'Ectricit&eacute; sur la
+matiri&ecirc; Inorganique et sur la mati&ecirc;re Vivante.' He
+next read a paper 'On the Similarity of effect of Electric
+Stimulus on Inorganic and Living Substances' before the Bradford
+meeting of the British Association in 1900. He then contributed a
+very interesting paper 'on Binocular Alteration of Vision,' which
+was published by the Physiological Society of London, in November
+1900. It may be mentioned here, by the way, that, in course of
+his investigations on the Response of the Living and Non-Living
+substances, Dr. Bose constructed an "artificial retina" to study
+the characteristics of the excitatory change produced by a
+stimulus on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_020" id=
+"Page_020">[Pg_020]</a></span>the retina and these
+characteristics gave him a clue to the unexpected discovery of
+the "binocular alteration of vision" in man&mdash;"each eye
+supplements its fellow by turns, instead of acting as a
+continuously yoked pair, as hitherto believed."<a href="#_15_"
+name="f15" id="f15"><sup>15</sup></a> He next communicated to the
+Royal Society his researches 'On the Continuity of Effect of
+Light and Electric Radiation on Matter,' and 'On the Similarities
+between Mechanical and Radiation Strains,' and 'On the Strain
+Theory of Photographic action,' which were published in April
+1901. Then, on the 10th May 1901, he delivered his remarkable
+'Friday Evening Discourse,' at the Royal Institution, on the
+'Response of Inorganic Matter to Stimulus.'</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+OPPOSITION OF THE PHYSIOLOGISTS</p>
+<p class="indent">Then, on the 5th June 1901, he gave an
+experimental demonstration, before the Royal Society, on the
+subject of his researches 'On Electric Response of Inorganic
+Substances' which had already been communicated to that Society,
+on the 7th May 1901. He was strongly assailed by Sir John Burden
+Sanderson, the leading physiologist, and some of his followers.
+They objected to a physicist straying into the preserve
+especially reserved for <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_021"
+id="Page_021">[Pg_021]</a></span>them. They dogmatically asserted
+<i>as physiologists</i> that the excitatory response of ordinary
+plants to mechanical stimulus was an impossibility. But they
+failed to urge anything against the experiment of the physicist.
+In consequence of this opposition, Dr. Bose's paper, which was
+already in print, was not published but was placed in the
+archives of the Royal Society. "And it happened that eight months
+after the reading of his Paper, another communication found
+publication in the Journal of a different Society which was
+practically the same as Dr. Bose's but without any
+acknowledgment. The author of this communication was a gentleman
+who had previously opposed him at the Royal Society. The
+plagiarism was subsequently discovered and led to much
+unpleasantness. It is not necessary to refer any more to this
+subject except as an explanation of the fact that the determined
+hostility and misrepresentation of one man succeeded for more
+than 10 years to bar all avenues of publications for his
+discoveries."<a href="#_16_" name="f16" id=
+"f16"><sup>16</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">The opposition of the physiologists, however,
+did one good. It spurred Dr. Bose on and made him stronger in his
+determination not to encompass himself, within the narrow groove
+of physical investigation. He took furlough for one year, in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_022" id=
+"Page_022">[Pg_022]</a></span>extension of the period of his
+Deputation, and applied himself vigorously to the investigations,
+which he had already commenced in India and received facilities
+from the Managers of the Royal Institution to work in the
+Davy-Faraday Laboratory. He next read, at the Glasgow meeting of
+the British Association, in 1901, a paper 'On the Conductivity of
+Metallic particles under Cyclic Electro-magnetic
+Variation.' Then, in March 1902, "Prof. Bose" says the
+<i>Nature</i> "performed a series of experiments before the
+Linnean Society showing electric response for certain portions of
+the plant organism, which proved that as concerning fatigue,
+behaviour at high and low temperatures, the effects produced by
+poisons and anaesthetics, the responses are identical with those
+held to be characteristic of muscle and nerve." The Linnean
+Society published, in its Journal, in March 1902, his paper 'On
+Electric Response of Ordinary Plants under Mechanical Stimulus.'
+He then communicated to the Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Physique, Paris, his paper 'Sur la R&eacute;sponse
+Electrique dans les M&eacute;taux, les Tissu Animaux et V&eacute;g&eacute;taux.' The Royal Society
+published, in April 1902, his contribution 'On the Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical
+Disturbance in Metals in contact with Electrolyte.' He was next
+asked by the Royal Photographic Society to give a <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_023" id=
+"Page_023">[Pg_023]</a></span>discourse 'On the Strain Theory
+Vision and of Photographic Action,' which was published by the
+Society, in its Journal, in June 1902. He then wrote a paper 'On
+the Electric Response in Animal, Vegetable and Metal,' which was
+read before the Belfast meeting of the British Association, in
+1902. The President of the Botanical Section at Belfast, in his
+address, observed "Some very striking results were published by
+Bose on Electric Response in ordinary plants. Bose's
+investigations established a very close similarity in behaviour
+between the vegetable and the animal. Summation effects were
+observed and fatigue effect demonstrated, while it was definitely
+shown that the responses were physiological. They ceased as soon
+as the piece of tissue was killed by heating. These observations
+strengthen considerably the view of the identical nature of the
+animal and vegetable protoplasm."</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose then brought out a systematic treatise
+embodying the results of his researches under the significant
+title of 'Response in the Living and Non-living.' He returned to
+India, in October, 1902.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+GOVERNMENT RECOGNITION</p>
+<p class="indent">After he had come back, from the Second
+Scientific Deputation, the Government of India conferred on him
+the distinction of Companion of the Order of <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_024" id="Page_024">[Pg_024]</a></span>the
+Indian Empire, in 1903, in recognition of his valuable
+researches.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PLANT LIFE AND ANIMAL LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">Next Dr. Bose, in natural sequence to the
+investigation of the response in 'inorganic' matter commenced 'a
+prolonged study of the activities of plant life as compared with
+corresponding functioning of animal life.'</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ALL PLANTS ARE "SENSITIVE"</p>
+<p class="indent">It was believed that so-called 'sensitive'
+plants alone exhibited excitation by <i>electric response</i>.
+But Dr. Bose, believing in continuity of responsive phenomena,
+used the same experimental devices, with which he had already
+succeeded in obtaining the <i>electric response</i> of inorganic
+substances, to test whether ordinary plants also&mdash;meaning
+those usually regarded as 'insensitive'&mdash;would or would not
+exhibit excitatory <i>electrical response</i> to stimulus. With
+the help of very delicate instruments, Dr. Bose demonstrated the
+very startling fact that not only every plant, but every organ of
+every plant gave true <i>excitatory electric
+response</i>&mdash;and that response was not confined alone to
+'sensitive' plants like <i>Mimosa</i>.</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose then proceeded to investigate whether
+the responsive effects which he had shown to occur <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_025" id="Page_025">[Pg_025]</a></span>in
+ordinary plants might not be further exhibited by means of
+<i>visible mechanical response</i>, thus fully removing the
+distinction commonly assumed to exist between the 'sensitive' and
+supposed 'non-sensitive.' Dr. Bose invented 'special apparatus of
+extreme delicacy,' which detected infinitesimal tremors, and showed that ordinary plants, usually
+regarded as insensitive, gave <i>motile responses</i>, which had
+hitherto passed unnoticed. His later investigation shows that
+"all plants, even the trees, are fully alive to changes of
+environment; they respond visibly to all stimuli, even to the
+slight fluctuations of light by a drifting cloud."<a href="#_17_"
+name="f17" id="f17"><sup>17</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+'TROPIC' MOVEMENTS</p>
+<p class="indent">Finding that the plants give, not only
+<i>electric</i> but <i>motile</i> response as well, to stimulus,
+Dr. Bose proceeded to study the nature of responses evoked in
+plants by the <i>stimuli of the natural forces</i>. He found that
+plants respond visibly, by movements, to <i>environmental
+stimuli</i>. But the movements induced&mdash;'tropic'
+movements&mdash;are extremely diverse. Light, for example,
+induces sometimes positive curvature, sometimes negative.
+Gravitation, again, induces one movement in the root, and the
+opposition in the shoot. Dr. Bose applied himself to find out
+whether <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_026" id=
+"Page_026">[Pg_026]</a></span>the movements in response to
+external stimuli, though apparently so diverse, could not be
+ultimately reduced to a fundamental unity of reaction. As a
+result of a very deep and penetrating study of the effects of
+various environmental stimuli, on different plant organs, he
+showed that the cells on two sides are unequally influenced, on
+account of different external conditions, and contract unequally,
+and hence the various movements are produced&mdash;that the many
+anomalous effects, hitherto ascribed to
+'specific sensibilities,' are due to the 'differential
+sensibilities'&mdash;differential excitability of anisotropic
+structures and to the opposite effects of external and internal
+stimuli&mdash;that all varieties of plant movements are capable
+of a consistent mechanical explanation. Dr. Bose's "latest
+investigations recently communicated to the Royal Society have
+established the single fundamental reaction which underlies all
+these effects so extremely diverse."<a href="#_18_" name="f18"
+id="f18"><sup>18</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+EXTENDED APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL THEORY</p>
+<p class="indent">With an extended application of his mechanical
+theory, Dr. Bose has gradually removed the veil of obscurity from
+many a phenomenon in plant life. <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_027" id="Page_027">[Pg_027]</a></span>The 'autonomous'
+movements of plants, for example, which remained enveloped in
+mystery, received a satisfactory solution at his hands.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+'AUTONOMOUS' MOVEMENTS</p>
+<p class="indent">It was believed that automatically pulsating
+tissues draw their energy from a mysterious "vital force" working
+within. By controlling external forces, Dr. Bose stopped the
+pulsation and re-started it and thus demonstrated that the
+'automatic action' was not due to any internal vital force. He
+pointed out that the external stimulus&mdash;instead of causing,
+as was customary to suppose, an explosive chemical change and an
+inevitable run-down of energy&mdash;brings about an accumulation
+of energy by the plant. And with the accumulation of absorbed
+energy, a point is reached when there is an overflow&mdash;the
+excess of energy bubbles over, as it were, and shows itself in
+'spontaneous' movements. The stimulus being strong a single
+response&mdash;a single twitching of the leaflets&mdash;is not
+enough to express the whole of the leaf's responsive energy and
+it yields a multiple response&mdash;it reverberates&mdash;it
+manifests itself in 'automatic' pulsations. When, however, the
+accumulated energy is exhausted, then there is also an end of
+'spontaneous movements.' There are strictly speaking, no
+'spontaneous' movements; those known by that name are really due
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_028" id=
+"Page_028">[Pg_028]</a></span>either to the immediate effects of
+external stimulus or to the stimulus previously absorbed and held
+latent in the plant to find subsequent expression&mdash;due to
+the direct or indirect action of external forces which are
+transformed in the machinery of the plants in obedience to the
+principle of the Conservation of Energy.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+"ASCENT OF SAP" "AND GROWTH"</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose then showed that, not gross mechanical
+movements alone, but also other invisible movements are initiated
+by the action of stimulus, and that the various activities, such
+as the "ascent of sap" and "growth" are in reality different
+reactions to the stimulating action of energy supplied by the
+environment. In this way, Dr. Bose showed that several obscure
+phenomena, in the life-processes of the plant, can be very
+satisfactorily explained by the Mechanical Theory.</p>
+<p class="indent">It would not be out of place to mention that
+Dr. Bose, to carry on his researches on the Ascent of Sap,
+invented a new type of instrument (Shoshungraph). And for an
+accurate investigation on the phenomenon of growth of plants he
+devised an instrument (Growth Recorder) for instantaneous
+measurement of the rate of growth and another instrument
+(Balanced Crescograph) for determining the influences of various
+agencies on growth. So <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_029"
+id="Page_029">[Pg_029]</a></span>very marvellous these
+instruments that the growth, which takes place, during a few
+beats of pendulum, is measured, and, in less than a quarter of an
+hour, the action of fertilizers, foods, electrical currents and
+various stimulants are determined. "What is the tale of Aladdin
+and his wonderful lamp" exclaims the Editor of the
+<i>Scientific American</i> "compared with the true story told by
+the crescograph?... Instead of waiting a whole season, perhaps
+years, to discover whether or not it is wise to mix this or that
+fertilizer with the soil one can now find in a few minutes!" Yet
+these are the instruments which are better known in Washington
+than in Calcutta! The question of their application to practical
+agriculture has excited more interest in the United States of
+America than in this unfortunate land, which is an essentially
+agricultural country!</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITY OF REACTIONS</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose showed that there is no physiological
+response given by the most highly organised animal tissue that is
+not also to be met with in the plant. He carried on "Researches
+on Diurnal Sleep" and showed that the plant is not equally
+sensitive to an external stimulus during day and night, and that
+there is a fundamental identity of life-reaction in plant and
+animal, as seen in a similar periodic <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_030" id=
+"Page_030">[Pg_030]</a></span>insensibility in both,
+corresponding to what we call <i>sleep</i>. He also showed that
+the passage of life in the plant, as in the animal, is marked by
+an unmistakable spasm. He invented, an instrument (Morograph)
+with which he recorded the critical point of death of a plant
+with great exactness. He demonstrated, in the most conclusive
+manner, that there is an essential unity of physiological effects
+of drugs on plant and animal tissues and showed the modifications
+which are introduced into these effects by the factor of
+individual 'constitution.' It may be mentioned casually that
+"this physiological identity in the effect of drugs is regarded
+by leading physicians as of great significance in the scientific
+advance of Medicine; since we have a means of testing the effect
+of drugs under conditions far simpler than those presented by the
+patient, far subtler too, as well as more humane than those of
+experiments on animals."<a href="#_19_" name="f19" id=
+"f19"><sup>19</sup></a> Dr. Bose further demonstrated that there
+is conduction of the excitatory impulse in the plant, like the
+nervous impulse in the animal; and showed the possibility of
+detecting the wave in transit and measured the speed with which
+the excitation coursed through the plant and also showed that the
+velocity of excitation is modified, by different agencies, even
+in the case <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_031" id=
+"Page_031">[Pg_031]</a></span>of ordinary plants. He also showed
+that the polar effects induced by electric currents, both in
+plants and animals, are identical.</p>
+<p class="indent">These remarkable researches on Plant Response
+have 'revolutionised in some respects and very much extended in
+others our knowledge of the response of plants to stimulus.'</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FURTHER DIFFICULTIES</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose communicated his paper 'On the
+Electric Pulsation accompanying Automatic Movements in Desmodium
+Gyrans' to the Linnaean Society, which
+was published, in December 1902. Then, in 1903, he communicated
+to the Royal Society his researches on 'Investigation on
+Mechanical Response in Plants,' 'On Polar effects of Currents on
+the Stimulation of Plants,' 'On the Velocity of Transmission of
+Excitatory waves in Plants,' 'On the excitability and
+conductivity of Plant Tissues,' 'On the Propagation of the
+Electromotive Wave concomitant of Excitatory Waves in Plants,'
+'On Multiple Response in Plants,' 'On an enquiry into the cause
+of Automatic Movements.'</p>
+<p class="indent">"These new contributions" made by Dr. Bose on
+Plant Response "were regarded as of such great importance that
+the Royal Society showed its special appreciation by recommending
+them to be <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_032" id=
+"Page_032">[Pg_032]</a></span>published in their Philosophical
+Transactions. But the same influence, which had hitherto stood in
+his way, triumphed once more, and it was at the very last moment
+that the publication was withheld. The Royal Society, however,
+informed him that his results were of fundamental importance, but
+as they were so wholly unexpected and so opposed to the existing
+theories, that they would reserve their judgment until, at some
+future time, plants themselves could be made to record their
+answers to questions put to them. This was interpreted in certain
+quarters here as the final rejection of Dr. Bose's theories by
+the Royal Society and the limited facilities which he had in the
+prosecution of his researches were in danger of being
+withdrawn."<a href="#_20_" name="f20" id=
+"f20"><sup>20</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HE BUILT HIS LIFE ON THE ROCK OF FAITH</p>
+<p class="indent">But these difficulties&mdash;sufficient to
+crush many a spirit&mdash;could hardly quench the ardour of his
+burning soul, which was 'hungering and thirsting' for the
+establishment of a truth in which he had a firm Faith. Though the
+surges would beat against him, he would not give way. With the
+true spirit of a <i>Sadhak</i>, he devoted himself to the
+realisation of the great dream of his life. And, for the next ten
+years, the one <i>tap</i>, <i>jap</i> and <i>aradhana</i> of his
+life&mdash;the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_033" id=
+"Page_033">[Pg_033]</a></span>one all-engrossing idea of his
+mind&mdash;was how to make the plant give testimony by means of
+its own autograph.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PUBLICATION OF "PLANT RESPONSE"</p>
+<p class="indent">Though his researches did not find an outlet,
+in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, he did not lose heart.
+He brought out, in April 1906, a systematic treatise&mdash;"The
+Plant Response as a Means of Physiological
+Investigation"&mdash;in which he incorporated the results of his
+investigations on plant life.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ADOPTS A NEW METHOD OF INVESTIGATION</p>
+<p class="indent">Hitherto Dr. Bose detected the various
+excitatory effects of plants by means of <i>mechanical
+response</i>. Being now confronted with opposition, he turned his
+attention to the finding of corroboration of the various results,
+which he had already obtained, by some other method of
+investigation. And for this he employed the method of <i>electric
+response</i>. He found that the results obtained by this new
+method of inquiry corroborated those already obtained by him by
+the old method. Emboldened by this corroboration, he next
+proceeded to extend this new method of inquiry by means of
+<i>electric response</i> into the field of Animal Physiology with
+a view to explain responsive phenomena in general on the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_034" id=
+"Page_034">[Pg_034]</a></span>consideration of that fundamental
+molecular reaction which occurs even in inorganic
+matter.'<a href="#_21_" name="f21" id="f21"><sup>21</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RESULT OF THE INVESTIGATION</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose found, in the plant as well as in the
+animal, "a similar series of excitatory effects, whether these be
+exhibited mechanically or electrically. Both alike are
+responsive, and similarly responsive, to all the diverse forms of
+stimulus that impinge upon them. We ascend, in the one case as in
+the other, from the simplicities of the isotropic to the
+complexities of the anisotropic; and the laws of these isotropic
+and anisotropic responses are the same in both. The responsive
+peculiarities of epidermis, epithelium, and gland; the response
+of the digestive organ, with its phasic alterations; and the
+excitatory electrical discharge of an anisotropic plate, are the
+same in the plant as in the animal. The plant, like the animal,
+is a single organic whole, all its different parts being
+connected, and their activities co-ordinated, by the agency of
+those conducting strands which are known as nerves. As in the
+plant nerve, moreover, so also in the animal, stimulation gives
+rise to two distinct impulses, exhibiting themselves by two-fold
+mechanical and electrical indications of <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_035" id=
+"Page_035">[Pg_035]</a></span>opposite signs.... The dual
+qualities or tones known to us in sensation, further, are
+correspondent with those two different nervous impulses, of
+opposite signs, which are occasioned by stimulation. These two
+sensory responses&mdash;positive and negative, pleasure and
+pain&mdash;are found to be subject to the same modifications,
+under parallel conditions, as the positive and negative
+mechanical and electrical indications with which they are
+associated. And finally, perhaps, the most significant example
+for the effect of induced anisotropy lies in that differential
+impression made by stimulus on the sensory surfaces, which
+remains latent, and capable of revival, as the memory-image. In
+this demonstration of continuity, then, it has been found that
+the dividing frontiers between Physics, Physiology, and
+Psychology have disappeared."<a href="#_22_" name="f22" id=
+"f22"><sup>22</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+CLASH WITH CURRENT VIEWS</p>
+<p class="indent">The results, which Dr. Bose obtained from
+actual experiments, clashed, however, with the theories in vogue.
+The reactions of different issues were hitherto regarded as
+<i>special differences</i>. As against this, a <i>continuity</i>
+is shown to exist between them. Thus, nerve was universally
+regarded as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_036" id=
+"Page_036">[Pg_036]</a></span>typically <i>non-motile</i>; its
+responses were believed to be characteristically different from
+those of muscle. Dr. Bose, however, has shown that nerve is
+indisputably motile and that the characteristic variations in the
+response of nerve are, generally speaking, similar to those of
+the muscle.</p>
+<p class="indent">It was customary to regard plants as devoid of
+the power to conduct true excitation. Dr. Bose had already shown
+that this view was incorrect. He now showed, by experiment, that
+the response of the <i>isolated</i> vegetal nerve is
+indistinguishable from that of animal nerve, throughout a large
+series of parallel variations of condition. So complete, indeed,
+is the similarity between the responses of plant and animal,
+found, of which this is one instance, that the discovery of a
+given responsive characteristic in one case proves a sure guide
+to its observation in the other, and the explanation of
+phenomenon, under the simpler conditions of the plant, is found
+fully sufficient for its elucidation under the more complex
+circumstances of the animal. Dr. Bose found 'differential
+excitability' is widely present as a factor in determining the
+character of special responses and showed that many anomalous
+conclusions, with regard to the response of certain animal
+tissues, had arisen from the failure to take account of the
+'differential excitability' of anisotropic organs. Hitherto
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_037" id=
+"Page_037">[Pg_037]</a></span>Pfluger's Law of the polar effects
+of currents was supposed to rest on secure foundations. But Dr.
+Bose showed that Pfluger's Law was not of such universal
+application as was supposed. He demonstrated that, above and
+below a certain range of electromotive intensity, the polar
+effects of currents are precisely opposite to those enunciated by
+Pfluger.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SENSATION</p>
+<p class="indent">It was supposed that nervous impulse, which,
+must necessarily form the basis of sensation, was beyond any
+conceivable power of visual scrutiny. But Dr. Bose showed that
+this impulse is actually attended by change of form, and is,
+therefore capable of direct observation. He also showed that the
+disturbance, instead of being single, is of two different
+kinds&mdash;<i>viz.</i>, one of expansion (positive) and the
+other of contraction (negative)&mdash;and that, when the stimulus
+is feeble, the positive is transmitted, and, when the stimulus is
+stronger, both positive and negative are transmitted, but the
+negative, however, being more intense, masks the positive. He
+identified the wave of expansion travelling along the nerve with
+the tendency to pleasure, and the wave of contraction, with the
+tendency to pain. It thus appears that all pain contains an
+element of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_038" id=
+"Page_038">[Pg_038]</a></span>pleasure, and that pleasure, if
+carried too far becomes pain&mdash;that "the tone of our
+sensation is determined by the intensity of nervous excitation
+that reaches the central perceiving organ."</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+MEMORY IMAGE AND ITS REVIVAL</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose next pointed out that there remains,
+for every response, a certain residual effect. A substance, which
+has responded to a given stimulus, retains, as an after-effect, a
+'latent impression' of that stimulus and this 'latent impression'
+is capable of subsequent revival by bringing about the original
+condition of excitation. The impress made by the action of
+stimulus, though it remains latent and invisible, can be revived
+by the impact of a fresh excitatory impulse.</p>
+<p class="indent">Experimenting with a metallic <i>leaf</i>, Dr.
+Bose demonstrated the revival of a latent impression under the
+action of diffused stimulus. The investigation by Dr. Bose on the
+after-effects of stimulus has thrown some light on the obscure
+phenomenon, of 'memory.' It appears that, when there is a mental
+revival of past experience, the diffuse impulse of the 'will'
+acts on the sensory surface, which contains the latent impression
+and re-awakens the image which appears to have faded out. Memory
+is concerned, thus, with the after-effect of an impression
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_039" id=
+"Page_039">[Pg_039]</a></span>induced by a stimulus. It differs
+from ordinary sensation in the fact that the stimulus which
+evokes the response, instead of being external and objective, is
+merely psychic and subjective.</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose has, by experimental devises, shown
+the possibility of tracing 'memory-impression' backwards even in
+inorganic matter, such latent impression being capable of
+subsequent revival. An investigation of the after-effects of
+stimulus, on living tissues would open out the great problem of
+the influence of past events on our present condition.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DEATH-STRUGGLE AND MEMORY REVIVAL</p>
+<p class="indent">There is a wide-spread belief that, in the case
+of a sudden death-struggle, as for example, when drowning, the
+memory, of the past comes in a flash. "Assuming the correctness
+of this," says Sir Jagadis "certain experimental results which I
+have obtained may be pertinent to the subject. The experiment
+consisted in finding whether the plant, near the point of death,
+gave any signal of the approaching crisis. I found that at this
+critical moment a sudden electrical spasm sweeps through every
+part of the organism. Such a strong and diffused
+stimulation&mdash;now involuntary&mdash;may be expected in a
+human subject to crowd into one <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_040" id="Page_040">[Pg_040]</a></span>brief flash a
+panoramic succession, of all the memory images latent in the
+organism."<a href="#_23_" name="f23" id=
+"f23"><sup>23</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+"COMPARATIVE ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY"</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose published the results of these new
+researches, in 1907, in another remarkable volume, which was
+styled 'The Comparative Electro-Physiology.'</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THIRD SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION, 1907-08</p>
+<p class="indent">After the publication of 'The Comparative
+Electro-Physiology,' the Government of India again sent Dr. Bose
+on a Scientific Deputation. He went over to England and America
+and placed the results of his researches before the learned
+Scientific Bodies. He read a paper 'On Mechanical Response of
+Plants' at the Liverpool meeting of British Association, in 1907.
+He then read a paper on 'The Oscillating Recorder for Automatic
+Tracing of Plant Movements' before the New York Academy of
+Sciences, and, in December 1908, he gave an address on
+'Mechanical and Electrical Response in Plants,' at the Annual
+Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
+Science, held at Baltimore, and, in January 1909, he <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_041" id=
+"Page_041">[Pg_041]</a></span>delivered a lecture on 'Growth
+Response of Plants' before the United States Department of
+Agriculture and, in February 1909, he read a paper on
+'Death-spasm in Plants,' before the University of Illinois, and,
+in March 1909, a paper on 'Multiple and Autonomous Response in
+Plants' before the Madison University. He also lectured before
+the New York Botanical Society, the Medical Society of Boston,
+the Society of Western Electric Engineers at Chicago. He also
+delivered a series of post-graduate lectures on Electro-Physics
+and Plant Physiology at the Universities of Wisconsin, Chicago,
+Ann Arbor. He returned to India, in July 1909.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATION</p>
+<p class="indent">By his new and newer methods of investigation,
+Dr. Bose got a deep and deeper perception of that underlying
+unity, for the demonstration of which he had been labouring since
+1901. But the dream of his life was not yet realised. No direct
+method of obtaining response record was yet obtained. Hitherto
+the response recorder employed was a modification of the optical
+lever, automatic records being secured by the very inconvenient
+and tedious process of photography (which again introduced
+complications by subjecting a plant to darkness and <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_042" id=
+"Page_042">[Pg_042]</a></span>thereby modifying its normal
+excitability); and the plant was not automatically excited by
+stimulus, besides the results obtained were liable to be
+influenced by personal factor. So Dr. Bose set about the
+invention of an apparatus, which should discard the use of
+photography and in which the plant (attached to the recording
+apparatus) should be automatically excited by stimulus absolutely
+constant, should make its own responsive record, going through
+its own period of recovery, and embarking on the same cycle over
+again without assistance at any point on the part of the
+observer. Great difficulties were encountered in realising these
+ideal requirements. They appeared, at first, to be
+insurmountable. But, with continuous toil and persistence, Dr.
+Bose succeeded in designing a long battery of supersensitive
+instruments and apparatus, which made the seeming impossible
+possible. His ingenious "Resonant and Oscillating Recorders" gave
+a simple and direct method of obtaining the record. The plant,
+being automatically excited by stimulus, made its own
+responsive record. The closed doors, at last, opened. The secret
+of plant life stood revealed by the autographs of the plant
+itself. The great <i>sadhana</i> of his life now received its
+fulfilment. "It has been beautifully said&mdash;and it is a law
+of the moral world as unchangeable as physical laws&mdash;'Ask,
+and it shall be given you; <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_043" id="Page_043">[Pg_043]</a></span>seek, and ye shall
+find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you; for every one that
+asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth and to him that
+knocketh it shall be opened."<a href="#_24_" name="f24" id=
+"f24"><sup>24</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+TRANSMISSION OF EXCITATION IN MIMOSA</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose had shown that all plants are
+sensitive&mdash;that there is no difference between the so-called
+'sensitive' and the supposed 'non-sensitive'&mdash;that they gave
+alike the true excitatory <i>electric</i>
+<i>response</i> as well as <i>motile response</i>. The evidence
+of plant's script now removed beyond any doubt the long-standing
+error which divided the vegetable
+world into 'sensitive' and 'insensitive.' There remained,
+however, the question of nervous impulse in plants, the discovery
+of which, though announced by Dr. Bose, ten years ago, did not
+yet find full acceptance.</p>
+<p class="indent">Finding that the scope of his investigation has
+been very much enlarged by the devise of the Resonant Recorder,
+Dr. Bose proceeded to attack the <i>current</i> view "that there
+was no transmission of true excitation in Mimosa, the propagated
+impulse being regarded as merely hydromechanical." This
+conclusion was based on the experiments of the leading German
+plant physiologists, Pfeffer and <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_044" id="Page_044">[Pg_044]</a></span>Haverlandt who failed
+to bring on any variation in the propagated impulse in plants
+either by scalding or by application of an anaesthetic. Dr. Bose
+pointed out that, as Pfeffer applied the chloroform to the
+<i>outer</i> stalk and Haverlandt scalded the <i>outer</i> stem,
+neither the stimulant nor the anaesthetic reached the nerves. So
+he, instead of applying the stimulant or the anaesthetic, in the
+<i>liquid</i> form, to the outer stalk or stem, confined the
+Mimosa, in a little chamber, and subjected it to the influence of
+the <i>vapour</i> of the drug. The fumes now penetrated and
+reached the nerves and the plant was made to record, by its own
+script, the variations, if any, produced by the drugs. The plant,
+by its self-made records, showed exultation with alcohol,
+depression with chloroform, rapid transmission of a shock with
+the application of heat, and an abolition of the propagated
+impulse with the application of a deadly poison like potassium cyanide. This variation in the
+transmitted impulse, under physiological variations, showed that
+it was not a physical one. This sealed the fate of the
+hydromechanical theory.</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose went further and showed that the
+impulse is transmitted in both directions along the nerve but not
+at the same rate. And, by interposing an electric block, he
+arrested the nervous impulse in a plant in a manner similar to
+the corresponding arrest in the animal nerve and thereby
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_045"
+id="Page_045">[Pg_045]</a></span>produced nervous
+<i>paralysis</i> in plant, such paralysis being afterwards cured
+by appropriate treatment. "If he had made no other discovery,"
+says the Editor of the <i>Scientific American</i> "Dr. Bose would
+have earned an enduring reputation in the annals of science. We
+know very little about paralysis in the human body, and
+practically nothing about its cause. The nervous system of the
+higher animals is so complicated, so intricate, that it is hard
+to understand its derangement. The human nerve dies when
+isolated. It is killed by the shock of removal, and responds for
+the moment abnormally and therefore deceptively. But, if we study
+the simplest kind of a nerve,&mdash;and the simplest is that of a
+plant,&mdash;we may hope to understand what occurs when a hand or
+a foot cannot be made to move. To find out that plants have
+nerves, to induce paralysis in such nerves and then to cure
+them&mdash;such experiments will lead to discoveries that may
+ultimately enable physicians to treat more rationally than they
+do, the various forms of paralysis now regarded as
+incurable."</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+MIMOSA AND MAN</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose showed not only that the nervous
+impulse in plant and in man is exalted or inhibited under
+identical conditions but carried the parallelism <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_046" id=
+"Page_046">[Pg_046]</a></span>very far and pointed out the
+blighting effects on life of a complete seclusion and protection
+from the world outside. "A plant carefully protected under glass
+from outside shocks", says Sir Jagadis "looks sleek and
+flourishing; but its higher nervous function is then found to be
+atrophied. But when a succession of blows is rained on this
+effete and bloated specimen, the shocks themselves create nervous
+channels and arouse anew the deteriorated nature. And is it not
+shocks of adversity, and not cotton-wool protection, that evolve
+true manhood?"<a href="#_25_" name="f25" id=
+"f25"><sup>25</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ROYAL SOCIETY</p>
+<p class="indent">Having found that his investigation on Mimosa
+had broken down the barriers which separated kindred phenomena,
+Dr. Bose next communicated the results of his wonderful
+researches to the Royal Society. His paper was read, at a meeting
+of the Society, held on the 6th March 1913. The Royal Society
+<i>now</i> found that Dr. Bose had rendered the seemingly
+impossible, possible&mdash;had made the plant tell its own story
+by means of its self-made records. It could no longer withhold
+the recognition which was his due. The barred gates, at last,
+opened and the paper of Dr. Bose "On an Automatic Method, for the
+investigation of the Velocity of Transmission <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_047" id="Page_047">[Pg_047]</a></span>of
+Excitation in Mimosa" found publication in the "Philosophical
+Transactions of the Royal Society" in Vol. 204, Series B.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIS FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose next pursued with great vigour his
+investigations on the Irritability of Plants. By making the plant
+tell its own story, by means of its self-made records, he showed
+that there is hardly any phenomenon of irritability observed in
+the animal which is not also found in the plant and that the
+various manifestations of irritability in the plant are identical
+with those in the animal and that many difficult problems in
+Animal Physiology find their solution in the experimental study
+of corresponding problems under simpler conditions of vegetable
+life.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HOURS OF SLEEP OF THE PLANT</p>
+<p class="indent">It may be mentioned that Dr. Bose showed one
+very remarkable fact&mdash;from the summaries of the automatic
+records of the responses given by a plant (which was subjected to
+an impulse during all hours of the day and night)&mdash;that it
+wakes up during morning slowly, becomes fully alert by noon, and
+becomes sleepy only after midnight, resembling man in a
+surprising manner.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+"IRRITABILITY <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_048" id=
+"Page_048">[Pg_048]</a></span>OF PLANTS"</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose embodied the results of his
+fascinating researches, obtained by the introduction of new
+methods, in another remarkable volume&mdash;"Researches on
+Irritability of plants"&mdash;which was published, in 1913.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FURTHER RECOGNITION</p>
+<p class="indent">In recognition of his valuable researches, Dr.
+J. C. Bose was invested with the insignia of the Companion of the
+Order of the Star of India by His Majesty the King Emperor, on
+the occasion of his Coronation Durbar, at Delhi, in 1911.</p>
+<p class="indent">The <i>intelligentsia</i> of Bengal showed also
+their tardy appreciation by calling on him to preside over the
+deliberations of the Mymensing meeting of the Bengal Literary
+Conference, held on the 14th April 1911, when he delivered a
+unique Address,<a href="#_26_" name="f26" id=
+"f26"><sup>26</sup></a> in the Bengali language, on the results
+of his epoch-making researches.</p>
+<p class="indent">The Calcutta University next showed its belated
+recognition, by conferring on him the degree of D.Sc. <i>honoris
+causa</i>, in 1912.</p>
+<p class="indent">And the Punjab University also showed its
+appreciation by inviting him, in 1913, to deliver a course of
+lectures on the results of his investigation.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PUBLIC <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_049" id=
+"Page_049">[Pg_049]</a></span>SERVICE COMMISSION</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. J. C. Bose was invited to give his evidence
+before the Royal Commission on the Public Services in India. With
+reference to the Method of Recruitment, he observed, in his
+written statement, as follows:&mdash;" ... I think that a high
+standard of scholarship should be the only qualification insisted
+on. Graduates of well-known Universities, distinguished for a
+particular line of study, should be given the preference. I think
+the prospects of the Indian Educational Service are sufficiently
+high to attract the very best material. In Colonial Universities
+they manage to get very distinguished men without any
+extravagantly high pay.... At present the recruitment in the
+Indian Educational Service is made in England and is practically
+confined to Englishmen. Such racial preference is, in my opinion,
+prejudicial to the interest of education. The best men available,
+English or Indian, should be selected impartially, and high
+scholarship should be the only test.... It is unfortunate that
+Indian graduates of European Universities who had distinguished
+themselves in a remarkable manner do not for one reason or other
+find facilities for entering the higher Educational Service.... I
+should like to add that these highly qualified Indians need only
+opportunities to render service which would greatly advance the
+cause of higher education.... If <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_050" id="Page_050">[Pg_050]</a></span>promising Indian
+graduates are given the opportunity of visiting foreign
+Universities, I have no doubt that they would stand comparison
+with the best recruits that can be obtained from the West.... As
+teachers and workers it is an incontestable fact that Indian
+Officers have distinguished themselves very highly, and anything
+which discriminates between Europeans and Indians in the way of
+pay and prospects is most undesirable. A sense of injustice is
+ill-calculated to bring about that harmony which is so necessary
+among all the members of an educational institution, professors
+and students alike."<a href="#_27_" name="f27" id=
+"f27"><sup>27</sup></a> Pressing next for a high level of
+scholarship, in the Indian Educational Service, he
+wrote:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"It has been said that the present standard
+of Indian Universities is not as high as that of British
+Universities, and that the work done by the former is more like
+that of the 6th form of the public schools in England. It is
+therefore urged that what is required for an Educational officer
+in the capacity to manage classes rather than high scholarship. I
+do not agree with these views. (1) There are Universities in
+Great Britain whose standards are not higher than ours; I do not
+think <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_051" id=
+"Page_051">[Pg_051]</a></span>that the Pass Degree even of Oxford
+or Cambridge is higher than the corresponding degree here (2) the
+standard of the Indian University is being steadily raised; (3)
+the standard will depend upon what the men entrusted with
+Educational work will make it. For these reasons it is necessary
+that the level of scholarship represented by the Indian
+Educational Service should be maintained very high."<a href=
+"#_28_" name="f28" id="f28"><sup>28</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">He then dwelt on what should be the aim of
+Higher Education in India and observed as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"... I think that all the machinery to
+improve the higher education in India would be altogether
+ineffectual unless India enters the world movement for the
+advancement of knowledge. And for this it is absolutely necessary
+to touch the imagination of the people so as to rouse them to
+give their best energies to the work of research and discovery,
+in which all the nations of the world are now engaged. To aim
+anything less will only end in lifeless and mechanical system
+from which the soul of reality has passed away."<a href="#_28_"
+name="f28a" id="f28a"><sup>28</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">He was called, on the 18th December 1913, and
+was put to a searching examination by the Members <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_052" id="Page_052">[Pg_052]</a></span>of
+the Royal Commission. The evidence that he gave is instinct with
+patriotism and is highly remarkable for its simplicity and
+directness about the things he said. To the Chairman (Lord
+Islington) he stated that he "favoured an arrangement by which
+Indians would enter the higher ranks of the service, either
+through the Provincial Service or by direct recruitment in India.
+The latter class of officers, after completing their education in
+India, should ordinarily go to Europe with a view to widening
+their experience. By this he did not wish to decry the training
+given in the Indian Universities, which produce some of the very
+best men, and he would not make the rule absolute. It was not
+necessary for men of exceptional ability to go to England in
+order to occupy a high chair. Unfortunately, on account of there
+being no openings for men of genius in the Educational Service,
+distinguished men were driven to the profession of Law. In the
+present condition of India a larger number of distinguished men
+were needed to give their lives to the education of the
+people.</p>
+<p class="indent">"... The educational service ought to be
+regarded not as a profession, but as a calling. Some men were
+born to be teachers. It was not a question of race, of course; in
+order to have an efficient educational system, there must be an
+efficient organisation, but this should not be allowed to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_053" id=
+"Page_053">[Pg_053]</a></span>become fossilised, and thus stand
+in the way of healthy growth.... A proportion of Europeans in the
+service, was needed, but only as experts and not as ordinary
+teachers. Only the very best men should be obtained from Europe
+and for exceptional cases. The general educational work should be
+done entirely by Indians, who understood the difficulties of the
+country much better than any outsider. He advocated the direct
+recruitment of Indians in India by the local Government in
+consultation with the Secretary of State, rather than by the
+Secretary of State alone. Indians were under a great difficulty,
+in that they could not remain indefinitely in England after
+taking their degrees and being away from the place of recruitment
+their claims were overlooked. There was no reason why a European
+should be paid a higher rate of salary than an Indian on account
+of the distance he came. An Indian felt a sense of inferiority if
+a difference was made as regards pay. The very slight saving
+which Government made by differentiating between the two did not
+compensate for the feeling of wrong done. This feeling would
+remain even if the pay was the same, but an additional grant in
+the shape of a foreign service allowance was made to Europeans.
+All workers in the field of education should feel a sense of
+solidarity, because they <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_054"
+id="Page_054">[Pg_054]</a></span>were all serving one greet
+cause, namely, education."<a href="#_29_" name="f29" id=
+"f29"><sup>29</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">Being asked by Sir Valentine Chirol, he said
+"If a foreign professor would not come and serve in India for the
+same remuneration as he obtained in his own country, he would
+certainly not force him to come."<a href="#_29_" name="f29a" id=
+"f29a"><sup>29</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">To Mr. Abdur Rahim he said: "Recruitment for
+the Educational Service should be made in the first place in
+India, if suitable men were available; but if not then he would
+allow the best outsiders to be brought in. In the present state
+of the country it would be very easy to fill up many of the
+chairs by selecting the best men in India. The aim of the
+universities should be to promote two classes of
+work&mdash;first, research; and, secondly, an all-round sound
+education...."<a href="#_29_" name="f29b" id=
+"f29b"><sup>29</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">In answer to questions of Mr. Madge, he said:
+"Any idea that the educational system of India was so far
+inferior to that of England, that Indians, who had made their
+mark, had done so, not because of the educational system of the
+country, but in spite of it, was quite
+unfounded. The standard of education prevailing in India was
+quite up to the mark of several British Universities. It was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_055" id=
+"Page_055">[Pg_055]</a></span>as true of any other country in the
+world as of India that education was valued as a means for
+passing examination, and not only for itself, and there was no
+more cramming in India than elsewhere. The West certainly brought
+to the East a modern spirit, which was very valuable, but it
+would be dearly purchased by the loss of an honourable career for
+competent Indians in their own country. The educational system in
+India had in the past been too mechanical, but a turn for the
+better was now taking place and the Universities were recognising
+the importance of research work, and were willing to give their
+highest degrees to encourage it."<a href="#_30_" name="f30" id=
+"f30"><sup>30</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">To Mr. Fisher, he said that he "desired to
+secure for India Europeans who had European reputations in their
+different branches of study. If it was necessary to go outside
+India or England, to procure good men, he would prefer to go to Germany. This was the practice in
+America where they were annexing all the great intellects of
+Europe. He would like to see India entering the world movement in
+the advance and march of knowledge. It was of the highest
+importance that there should be an intellectual atmosphere in
+India. It would be of advantage if there were many Indians in the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_056" id=
+"Page_056">[Pg_056]</a></span>Educational Service. For they came
+more in contact with the people, and influenced their
+intellectual activity. Besides, on retirement they would live in
+India, and their ripe experience would be at their countrymen's
+service."<a href="#_31_" name="f31" id=
+"f31"><sup>31</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">To Mr. Gokhale, he said that he "knew of three
+instances in which the Colonies had secured distinguished men on
+salaries which were lower than those given to officers of the
+Indian Educational Service. One was at Toronto, another was in
+New Zealand and the third at Yale
+University. The salaries on the two latter cases were &pound;600
+and &pound;500 a year. The same held good as regards Japan. The
+facts there had been stated in a Government of India publication
+as follows: 'Subsequent to 1895 there were 67 professors
+recruited in Europe and America. Of these 20 came from Germany,
+16 from England and 12 from the United States. The average pay
+was &pound;384. In the highest Imperial University the average
+pay is &pound;684. As soon as Japanese could be found to do the
+work, even tolerably well, the foreigner was dropped.' When he
+first started work in India, he found that there was no physical
+laboratory, or any grant made for a practical experimental
+course. He had <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_057" id=
+"Page_057">[Pg_057]</a></span>to construct instruments with the
+help of local mechanics, whom he had to train. All this took him
+ten years. He then undertook original investigation at his own
+expense. The Royal Society became specially interested in his
+work and desired to give him parliamentary grant for its
+continuation. It was after this that the Government of Bengal
+came forward and offered him facilities for research. In the
+Educational Service he would take men of achievement from any
+where; but men of promise he would take from his own
+country."<a href="#_32_" name="f32" id=
+"f32"><sup>32</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">To Sir Theodore Morison, he said: "There should
+be one scale of pay for all persons in the higher Educational
+Department. The rate of salary, Rs. 200 rising to Rs. 1,500 per
+month, was suitable subject to the proviso that a man of great
+distinction, instead of beginning at the lowest rate of pay,
+should start some where in the middle of the list, say, at Rs.
+400 or Rs. 500. He would make no difference in regard to
+Europeans or Indians in that respect.... It would not be right
+for a great Government to grant a minimum of pay to Indian
+Professors and an extravagantly high pay to their <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_058" id=
+"Page_058">[Pg_058]</a></span>European Colleagues, for doing the
+same kind of work."<a href="#_33_" name="f33" id=
+"f33"><sup>33</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">To Mr. Gupta, he said that "He desired one
+Service, because he thought it was most degrading that certain
+man, although they were doing the same work should be classed in
+a Provincial Service, while others should be classed in an
+Imperial Service. The prospects of the members of the Provincial
+Service were not at all what they ought to be, and that was the
+reason why the best men were not attracted to it."<a href="#_33_"
+name="f33a" id="f33a"><sup>33</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FOURTH SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION (1914-15)</p>
+<p class="indent">Though the theories of Dr. Bose received
+acceptance from the leading scientific men of the Royal Society,
+yet Dr. Bose realised the necessity of bringing about a
+<i>general conviction</i> as to the truth of the identity of
+life-reactions in plant and in animal. So he looked for an
+opportunity of giving demonstration of his discoveries before the
+leading Scientific Societies of the World. And that opportunity
+came. The Royal Institution of Great Britain again invited him to
+deliver a 'Friday evening discourse' on the results of his new
+researches. The University of Oxford and Cambridge <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_059" id=
+"Page_059">[Pg_059]</a></span>also followed suit. The Government
+of India also showed their appreciation by sending him again on a
+Deputation for placing his discoveries before the Scientific
+world. He remained on deputation from the 3rd April 1914 to the
+12th June 1915.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DR. BOSE IN EUROPE</p>
+<p class="indent">Proceeding on his Deputation to England, Dr.
+Bose gave his first lecture, on the 20th May 1914, at
+Oxford,&mdash;where the late Sir John Burden Sanderson and his
+followers were the leaders of biological thought&mdash;in
+presence of very distinguished scientists. It was a grand
+success. Actual visualisation by physical demonstration of the
+results of his novel researches at once convinced those who were
+present. He next proposed to give a discourse on Plant Response
+before the University of Cambridge. The interest in this lecture
+became so very keen that the Botanical Department of Cambridge
+went to the length of importing soil from India to give the
+plants the most favourable conditions for exhibiting their
+specific reactions. At the lecture, the large Botanical Theatre
+became filled with scientific specialists, dons and advanced
+students, who followed with great attention the experiments with
+which he illustrated his discourse. He was greeted <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_060" id=
+"Page_060">[Pg_060]</a></span>with applause by the eminent
+scientists who thronged the lecture-theatre, at the end of every
+experiment. Sir Francis Darwin, the eminent botanist, in
+proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Bose, said that 'he was filled
+with admiration, not only for the brilliancy of the work but for
+the convincing character of the experiments.' The scientists next
+assembled in great force, on the 29th May 1914, to hear the
+'Friday Evening Discourse' of Dr. J. C. Bose on 'Plant Autographs
+and their Revelations,' at the Royal Institution, which was
+highly appreciated. At the end of the Discourse, Sir James Dewar,
+President of the Institution, gave an 'At Home' in honour of Dr.
+and Mrs. Bose.<a href="#_34_" name="f34" id=
+"f34"><sup>34</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE MAIDA VALE LABORATORY</p>
+<p class="indent">The demonstrations of a far-reaching character
+which Dr. Bose gave evoked considerable public interest in
+England. His private laboratory at Maida Vale, in London, became
+the object of pilgrimage to the leading men of thought there. Sir
+William Crookes, the President of the Royal Society, came and
+became 'much impressed by the most ingenious and novel
+self-recording instruments.' Professor Starling, the author of
+the standard work on Physiology, and Professor <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_061" id=
+"Page_061">[Pg_061]</a></span>Oliver, the well-known
+Plant Physiologist, also became impressed by the delicacy and
+importance of Dr. Bose's work and methods. Professor Carveth
+Read, author of "Metaphysics of Nature," wondered how far the
+researches would profoundly affect the philosophical thoughts.
+Mr. Balfour, the ex-premier, became enthralled with what he saw.
+Professor James A. H. Murray, Editor of the 'Oxford New English
+Dictionary,' and Bernard Shaw, the famous dramatist, felt
+themselves attracted to the great Indian Scientist and came to
+pay their homage to him. Even Lord Crewe, the then Secretary of
+State for India, paid a visit to his laboratory and spoke warmly
+of the pride which he and the Government of India felt for his
+discoveries and of high gratification to him that India should
+once more make such contributions for the intellectual
+advancement of the world. The leading newspapers wrote
+eulogistically of his researches. The well-known scientific
+journal <i>Nature</i> devoted ten columns to an illustrated
+synopsis of his discoveries. Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy,
+wrote a congratulatory letter to him&mdash;"It has been a source
+of immense gratification to the Viceroy to know that the foremost
+place in the special branch of research has been taken by one of
+India's most distinguished sons. The success you have won will
+only serve to stimulate your efforts and those of your pupils to
+other scientific investigations <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_062" id="Page_062">[Pg_062]</a></span>which will redound
+still further to the honour of those who conduct them, and of
+India, the country of their birth."<a href="#_35_" name="f35" id=
+"f35"><sup>35</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">From England Dr. Bose proceeded to the
+Continent, where his researches had already evoked keen
+interest.</p>
+<p class="indent">On the 27th June 1914, he gave an address,
+illustrated with experiments, before the University of Vienna,
+which stands foremost in Biological researches. He was greeted
+with enthusiasm by the savants there. Some of the workers in
+plant physiology became so very much impressed with his
+demonstrations that they expressed a desire to be trained under
+him. Professor Molisch, the Director of the
+Pflanzen-physiologisches Institute of the Imperial University of
+Vienna, in proposing a vote of thanks, spoke highly of the great
+inspiration which the Viennese scientific men received from his
+discourse and dwelt on the indebtedness of Europe to India for
+the method of investigation initiated by Dr. Bose&mdash;method,
+which rendered it possible to prove deep into plant-life and
+bring forth results of which they could not hitherto dream. And
+the University of Vienna officially addressed the Secretary of
+State for India asking that special thanks of the University be
+conveyed to the Government of <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_063" id="Page_063">[Pg_063]</a></span>India for the impetus
+given to them by Dr. Bose's visit. Dr. Bose was next to start for
+Germany on his scientific mission, and address the University of
+Strassburg, Leipzic, Halle, Berlin and Bonn and then attend the
+international congress at Munich, but, as the War broke out, he
+was compelled to come back to London.<a href="#_36_" name="f36"
+id="f36"><sup>36</sup></a> On his way back, he gave a Discourse
+before the eminent scientific men in Paris.</p>
+<p class="indent">On his return to London, medical men evinced
+great interest in his researches. Sir John Reid, President of the
+Royal Society of Medicine, and Sir Lauder Brunton, Physician of
+His Majesty the King Emperor, paid a visit to his laboratory to
+witness the action of drugs upon plants. Sir Lauder Brunton
+became of opinion that 'much light would be thrown on action of
+drugs on animals, by first observing their effects on plants.' As
+a result of this visit, Dr. Bose was invited to give an address
+to the Royal Society of Medicine in the beginning of winter. But,
+as the period of his Deputation was about to expire, the Society
+cabled to the Government of India for an extension, which was
+granted. Dr. Bose then delivered a lecture, before the Royal
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_064" id=
+"Page_064">[Pg_064]</a></span>Society of Medicine, on the 30th
+October 1914. The Royal Society of Medicine officially addressed
+the Secretary of State for India as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"... The lecture was one of the most
+successful we have had yet and evoked the keenest interest in the
+audience, Sir Lauder Brunton, Bt., and others taking part in the
+discussion, and warmly congratulating Prof. Bose and the Society
+on the value of his work. Since then I have received many
+expressions of appreciation that the Society was able to offer
+its fellows such an interesting demonstration of an entirely new
+departure in Biological Science." "At the invitation of the
+Psychological Society of London, Dr. Bose next delivered an
+interesting lecture on his theory of Memory Image."<a href=
+"#_37_" name="f37" id="f37"><sup>37</sup></a> He also gave an
+Address before the London Imperial college of Science.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DR. BOSE IN AMERICA</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose's discoveries in the meantime evoked
+great interest in America. He was invited by several leading
+scientific bodies to come over there and acquaint them with the
+results of his wonderful researches. So he next went to America.
+"While in America, he was swamped with letters and telegrams for
+lecture engagements from Maine to <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_065" id="Page_065">[Pg_065]</a></span>California" wrote
+Professor Sudhindra Bose M.A., Ph.D., of the Iowa University at
+that time, in the Modern Review.<a href="#_38_" name="f38" id=
+"f38"><sup>38</sup></a> "He has had so many calls for lectures
+from various Scientific societies, Colleges and Universities,
+that if he could speak twice a day and every day in the week, he
+could not hope to comply with all of those invitations in much
+less than a year." As he was in the United States, only for a few
+weeks, "he spoke before such learned bodies as the New York
+Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement
+of Science, the Brooklyn Institute of
+Arts and Science, the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and
+joint meeting of Academy of Science, the Botanical Society, and
+the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington. Among the larger
+Universities, he gave addresses at Harvard, Columbia, Iowa,
+Illinois, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin.... Everywhere Dr. Bose
+has met with a very hearty welcome from the people of the
+American Republic. Even the Hon'ble Secretary of State, William
+Jennings Bryan, invited him to give a demonstration of his work
+at the State Department in Washington&mdash;an honour of unusual
+significance.... Dr. Bose has been made the subject of many
+magazine articles, newspaper editorials, cartoons and
+poems"<a href="#_38_" name="f38a" id="f38a"><sup>38</sup></a>....
+"The famous Smithsonian <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_066"
+id="Page_066">[Pg_066]</a></span>Institute showed its high
+appreciation by submitting a report of Prof. Bose's work to the
+Congress. The Bureau of Plant Industry in Washington recognised
+his work on plant physiology as a very important contribution for
+the advancement of agriculture.... At the Harvard University his
+work has been received with high appreciation. President Stanley
+Hall, who is one of the leading psychologists of the day, has
+introduced Prof. Bose's work in the Post-graduate course of the
+Clarke University. His books have also been prescribed for
+physiological courses in different Universities in America, and
+in one of the leading Universities there, a special course of
+lectures is devoted to Prof. Bose's investigations on
+plant irritability...."<a href="#_39_" name="f39" id=
+"f39"><sup>39</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">The Columbia University, the largest in the
+United States, requested Dr. Bose to provide facilities in his
+Laboratory "for the reception of foreign students, who are
+desirous of familiarising themselves first hand with his
+apparatus and methods."</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+WHAT DR. BOSE SAW IN JAPAN</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose then came back to India, in June 1915,
+<i>via</i> Japan. During his stay, in Japan, he acquainted
+himself with the efforts of the people and their aspirations
+towards a great future. He found that, <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_067" id="Page_067">[Pg_067]</a></span>"in
+materialistic efficiency, which, in a mechanical era, is regarded
+as an index of civilisation, they have surpassed their German
+teachers. A few decades ago, they had no foreign shipping and no
+manufactures. But, within an incredibly short time, their
+magnificent lines of steamers have
+proved so formidable a competitor that the great American lines
+in the Pacific will soon be compelled to stop their sailings.
+Their industries again, through the wise help of the State and
+other adventitious aids, are capturing foreign markets. But far
+more admirable is their foresight to save their country from any
+embroilment with other nations with whom they want to live in
+peace. And they realise that any predominant interest of a
+foreign country in their trade or manufacture is sure to lead to
+misunderstanding and friction. Actuated by this idea, they have
+practically excluded all foreign manufactured articles by
+prohibitive tariffs."<a href="#_40_" name="f40" id=
+"f40"><sup>40</sup></a> "Is our country slow to realise the
+danger" asks Dr. Bose "that threatens her by the capture of her
+market and the total destruction of her industries? Does she not
+realise that it is helpless passivity that directly provokes
+aggression?... There is, therefore, no time to be lost and the
+utmost effort is demanded of the Government and the people for
+the revival of our industries...."<a href="#_41_" name="f41" id=
+"f41"><sup>41</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+A <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_068" id=
+"Page_068">[Pg_068]</a></span>PATRIOTIC CALL</p>
+<p class="indent">"A very serious danger" continues Dr. Bose "is
+thus seen to be threatening the future of India, and to avert it
+will require the utmost effort of the people. They have not only
+to meet the economic crisis but also to protect the ideals of
+ancient Aryan civilisation from the destructive forces that are
+threatening it.... There is a danger of regarding the mechanical
+efficiency as the sole end of life; there is also the opposite
+danger of a life of dreaming, bereft of struggle and activity,
+the degenerating into parasitic habits of dependence. Only
+through the noble call of patriotism can our nation realise the
+highest ideals in thought and in action...."<a href="#_42_" name=
+"f42" id="f42"><sup>42</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+BACK TO INDIA</p>
+<p class="indent">After his return to India, Dr. Bose attended
+the Indian Science Congress at Lucknow. He then attended the
+ceremony of the laying of the foundation stone of the Hindu
+University at Benares. On that occasion he delivered a masterly
+address. He said:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">"In tracing the characteristic phenomena of
+life from simple beginnings in that vast region which may be
+called unvoiced, as exemplified in the world of plants, to its
+highest expression in the animal <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_069" id="Page_069">[Pg_069]</a></span>kingdom, one is
+repeatedly struck by the one dominant fact that in order to
+maintain an organism at the height of its efficiency something
+more than a mechanical perfection of its structure is necessary.
+Every living organism, in order to maintain its life and growth,
+must be in free communion with all the forces of the Universe
+about it.</p>
+<p class="indent">"Further, it must not only constantly receive
+stimulus from without, but must also give out something from
+within, and the healthy life of the organism will depend on these
+two-fold activities of inflow and outflow. When there is any
+interference with these activities, then morbid symptoms appear,
+which ultimately must end in disaster and death. This is equally
+true of the intellectual life of a Nation. When through narrow
+conceit a Nation regards itself self-sufficient and cuts itself
+from the stimulus of the outside world, then intellectual decay
+must inevitably follow.</p>
+<p class="indent">"So far as regards the receptive function. Then
+there is another function in the intellectual life of a Nation,
+that of spontaneous flow, that going out of its life by which the
+world is enriched. When the Nation has lost this power, when it
+merely receives, but cannot give out, then its healthy life is
+over, and it sinks into a degenerate existence, which is purely
+parasitic.</p>
+<p class="indent">"How can our Nation give out of the fulness of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_070" id=
+"Page_070">[Pg_070]</a></span>the life that is in it, and how can
+a new Indian University help in the realisation of this object?
+It is clear that its power of directing and inspiring will depend
+on its world status. This can be secured to it by no artificial
+means, nor by any strength in the past....</p>
+<p class="indent">"This world status can only be won by the
+intrinsic value of the great contributions to be made by its own
+Indian scholars for the advancement of the world's knowledge. To
+be organic and vital our new University must stand primarily for
+self-expression and for winning for India a place she has lost.
+Knowledge is never the exclusive possession of any particular
+race, nor does it recognise geographical limitations. The whole
+world is interdependent, and a constant stream of thought has
+been carried out throughout the ages enriching the common
+heritage of mankind. Although science was neither of the East nor
+of the West but international, certain aspects of it gained
+richness by reason of their place of origin."<a href="#_43_"
+name="f43" id="f43"><sup>43</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+OUTCOME OF THE SCIENTIFIC MISSION</p>
+<p class="indent">The scientific mission of Dr. Bose to the West
+was a great success. The very convincing character of the
+demonstrations that he gave, before the <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_071" id=
+"Page_071">[Pg_071]</a></span>leading Scientific Societies of the
+world, with his newly invented Resonant Recorder and other
+delicate instruments, secured a world-wide acceptance of his
+theories and results. Not only that. He secured also a
+recognition from the leading thinkers of "that trend of thought
+which led him unconsciously to the dividing frontiers of
+different sciences and shaped the course of his work."<a href=
+"#_44_" name="f44" id="f44"><sup>44</sup></a> It has come to be
+recognised that "India through her habit of mind is peculiarly
+fitted to realise the idea of unity and to see in the phenomenal
+world an orderly universe," to realise that "there can be but one
+truth, one Science which includes all other branches of
+knowledge,"<a href="#_44_" name="f44a" id=
+"f44a"><sup>44</sup></a> and that the store of world's knowledge
+would be incomplete without India's special contribution to it.
+Thus he has raised India in the estimation of the intellectual
+world.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RETIREMENT FROM GOVERNMENT SERVICE</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose reached the age limit of 55 on the
+29th November 1913 but he was granted an extension till the 13th
+September 1915. The period of his extension having expired, he
+retired from the Professorship in the Presidency College after 31
+years of service. The Governing Body of the College, <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_072" id=
+"Page_072">[Pg_072]</a></span>however, "in recognition of his
+eminent services to Science and Presidency College," appointed
+him <i>honoris causa</i> Emeritus Professor of the College. His
+duties as a member of the staff ceased. But he was given
+facilities to continue his work in the Physical Laboratory of the
+College.<a href="#_45_" name="f45" id="f45"><sup>45</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FURTHER RECOGNITION</p>
+<p class="indent">After his retirement, the Secretary of State,
+who had already been impressed with the high value of his
+researches, sanctioned a recurring grant of Rs. 30,000 a year
+(for him and his assistants) for 5 years and a non-recurring
+grant of Rs. 25,000 (for equipment) for continuation of his
+original work.... And, in further recognition of his valuable
+scientific work, the Government conferred on him a Knighthood, on
+the 1st January 1917. It may, however, be mentioned that this
+high honour has been bestowed for the first time on an Indian for
+his original work in Science.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FEELS THE NECESSITY FOR THE FOUNDATION OF AN INSTITUTE</p>
+<p class="indent">Relieved of the trammels of service, Dr. Bose
+felt the necessity for realising a dream that wove a network
+round his wakeful life for years past&mdash;for <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_073" id=
+"Page_073">[Pg_073]</a></span>establishing an Institute&mdash;a
+Study and Garden of Life&mdash;where the creepers, plants and
+trees would be played upon by their natural environment and would
+transcribe in their own script the history of their experience,
+where "the student would watch the panorama of life" and,
+"isolated from all distractions, would learn to attune himself
+with Nature and to see how community throughout the great ocean
+of life outweighs apparent the dissimilarity," and where "the
+genius of India would find its true blossoming," where the
+"synthetical intellectual methods of the East would co-operate
+with the analytical methods of the West," and whence would
+emanate a rich and peculiar current of thought and to which would
+be attracted votaries from all lands.<a href="#_46_" name="f46"
+id="f46"><sup>46</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE BOSE INSTITUTE</p>
+<p class="indent">Though the realisation of such a glorious
+Institute would not be effected through one life or one fortune,
+he wanted to accomplish something&mdash;something, so far as it
+lay in his power. So he proceeded to build and equip an
+Institute&mdash;the "Bose Institute"&mdash;at a cost of about 5
+lakhs, the entire savings of his lifetime. While it was being
+constructed Their Excellencies the Viceroy and the <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_074" id=
+"Page_074">[Pg_074]</a></span>Governor of Bengal paid a visit to
+Dr. Bose's private laboratory. On the 30th November
+1917&mdash;the anniversary of his sixtieth birthday&mdash;he
+dedicated the Institute to the Nation, for the progress of
+Science and for the Glory of India.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE AIMS OF THE INSTITUTE</p>
+<p class="indent">In this Institute, Dr. Bose intends to go on
+with "the further and fuller investigation of the many and
+ever-opening problems of the nascent science which includes both
+Life and None Life" and wants to train up a devoted band of
+workers, with the Sanyasin mind, who would keep alive the flame
+kindled by him, and who, by acute observation and patient
+experiment would "wring out from Nature some of her most
+jealously guarded secrets" and who would thus lead to the
+establishment of a great Indian School of Science and to the
+"building of the greater India yet to be." There would be no
+academic limitation here to the widest possible diffusion of
+knowledge. The facilities of the Institute would be available to
+workers from all countries and there would be no desecration of
+knowledge here by its utilisation for personal gain&mdash;no
+patent would be taken of the discoveries here made. The high aim
+of a great Seat of Learning would be sought to be maintained
+here. The lectures here given would not be mere repetitions,
+second-hand knowledge but would announce <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_075" id="Page_075">[Pg_075]</a></span>for
+the first time to the world the new discoveries here
+made.<a href="#_47_" name="f47" id="f47"><sup>47</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">The efforts of Dr. Bose have also animated our
+countrymen. Maharaja Sir Manindra Chandra Nandy of Kasimbazar has
+made a gift of two lakhs to the Institute. Mr. S. R. Bomanji has
+given one lakh. Mr. Moolraj Khatao has endowed the Institute with
+two lakh and a quarter. Other contributions are still pouring
+in.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+A GREAT 'SADHAK'</p>
+<p class="indent">With a true <i>Sanyasin</i> spirit, Dr. Bose
+applied himself to the study of Nature. His ardour was ever
+compassable. Even the limitations of the senses would hardly
+fetter him in his explorations in the regions of the Unknown. He
+expended the range of perception by means of wonderfully
+sensitive instrumental devices. By acute observations and patient
+experiment he wrung out from Nature some of her most jealously
+guarded secrets in the realm of Electric Radiation, which
+"literally filled with wonder and admiration" the greatest
+scientist of the age. Allurements of great material
+prospects&mdash;which might lead him to the path of immense
+fortune&mdash;came to him, in the shape of the patents of his
+inventions. But they had no attraction for <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_076" id=
+"Page_076">[Pg_076]</a></span>him. In utter disregard of all
+worldly advancement, he continued in his pursuit of
+knowledge.</p>
+<p class="indent">In pursuit of his investigations on Electric
+Radiation, he was unconsciously led into the border region of
+Physics and Physiology. He caught a glimpse of ineffable wonder
+that remained hidden behind the view. He attempted to lift the
+veil. And, at once, difficulties presented themselves one after
+another. An unfamiliar caste in the domain of Science got
+offended. He was asked not to encroach on the special preserve of
+the Physiologists and, as he did not pay any heed to the warning,
+misrepresentations began. Even the evidence of his
+supersensitive appliances failed to convince many. And the Royal
+Society withheld publication of his researches. He was
+recompensed with ridicule and reviling. The limited facilities
+that he had in the prosecution of his researches were in danger
+of being withdrawn. But he had a burning Faith in the Vision and
+was not to be boggled at with these difficulties. He became
+stronger in his determination. Realising an inner call, he
+dedicated himself for the establishment of the truth underlying
+his Faith. He cast his life, as an offering, regarding success
+and failure as one, and engaged himself in a protracted struggle
+to get behind the deceptive seeming into the reality that
+remained unseen. After years of sustained efforts, <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_077" id="Page_077">[Pg_077]</a></span>he
+succeeded in overcoming almost insuperable difficulties in the
+way of the realisation of the great dream of his life. The closed
+doors at last opened, and the seemingly impossible became
+possible. The secret of the plant world stood revealed by the
+autographs of the plants themselves. "It was when I came upon the
+mute witness of these self-made records," said Sir J. C. Bose,
+when he stood before the Royal Institution "and perceived in them
+one phase of a pervading unity that bears within it all things:
+the mote that quivers in ripples of light, the teeming life upon
+our earth, and the radiant suns that shine above us&mdash;it was
+then that I understood for the first time a little of that
+message proclaimed by my ancestors on the banks of the Ganges
+thirty centuries ago."</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"They who see but one in all the changing
+manifestations of this universe, unto them belongs Eternal
+Truth&mdash;unto none else, unto none else."<a href="#_48_" name=
+"f48" id="f48"><sup>48</sup></a></p>
+<p class="indent">The Rishis of ancient India, by their intense
+Yoga, realised the One in the Many. But Sir Jagadis Chandra, by
+rigorous experimental demonstration, realised a Unity amidst
+Diversity. He perceived that "there was no such thing as brute
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_078" id=
+"Page_078">[Pg_078]</a></span>matter, but that spirit suffused
+matter in which it was enshrined."<a href="#_49_" name="f49" id=
+"f49"><sup>49</sup></a></p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+EFFECT OF HIS WORK</p>
+<p class="indent">It is impossible to estimate the effect of his
+epoch-making researches. The psychic stone flung by him into the
+pool of physical botany, has made the ripples run in so many
+directions. There have been produced "unexpected revelations in
+plant life, foreshadowing the wonders of the highest animal
+life." And there "have opened out very extended regions of
+inquiry in Physics, in Physiology, in Medicine, in Agriculture
+and even in Psychology. Problems, hitherto regarded as insoluble,
+have now been brought within the sphere of experimental
+investigation."</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J.C. Bose has not only extended the distant
+boundaries of Science, but, by his peculiarly Indian
+contribution, has secured a recognised place for India and has
+revived a hope in the Indian mind that India may yet regain a
+place among the intellectual nations of the world. Men like him
+are rare not only in India but rare any where in the world. May
+he live long!</p>
+<div class="noteBox" style=
+"margin-top: 3.0em; margin-bottom: 1.0em; padding-bottom: 1.0em; padding-top: 0.0em; background-color: #ccffff;">
+<p class="center"><b>Footnotes</b></p>
+<p><a name="_1_" href="#f1" id="_1_">[1]</a> Vide 'History of a
+Failure that was great'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXI, p.
+221.</p>
+<p><a name="_2_" href="#f2" id="_2_">[2]</a> Vide 'History of a
+Failure that was great'&mdash;Modern Review. Vol. XXI p. 221.</p>
+<p><a name="_3_" href="#f3" id="_3_">[3]</a> <i>Vide</i> 'History
+of a failure that was great'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXI, p
+221.</p>
+<p><a name="_4_" href="#f4" id="_4_">[4]</a> 'History of a
+Failure that was great'&mdash;Modern Review. Vol, XXI, p.
+221.</p>
+<p><a name="_5_" href="#f5" id="_5_">[5]</a> Convocation Address,
+dated 2nd March 1907, delivered by Sir Ashutosh Mookerjea.</p>
+<p><a name="_6_" href="#f6" id="_6_">[6]</a> Vide Evidence of Dr.
+J. C. Bose before the Public Services Commission,&mdash;Vol. XX,
+p. 136.</p>
+<p><a name="_7_" href="#f7" id="_7_">[7]</a> Address to the Royal
+Society by its President, Sir Benjamin Brodie, 30th November
+1859.</p>
+<p><a name="_8_" href="#f8" id="_8_">[8]</a> 1 metre = 39.4
+inches.</p>
+<p><a name="_9_" href="#f9" id="_9_">[9]</a> Encyclop&aelig;dia
+Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol IX, p. 206.</p>
+<p><a name="_10_" href="#f10" id="_10_">[10]</a>
+Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol. IX, p. 206.</p>
+<p><a name="_11_" href="#f11" id="_11_">[11]</a> See 'History of
+a Discovery'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 693.</p>
+<p><a name="_12_" href="#f12" id="_12_">[12]</a> See 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XII, p. 590.</p>
+<p><a name="_13_" href="#f13" id="_13_">[13]</a> Vide 'History of
+a Discovery'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 694.</p>
+<p><a name="_14_" href="#f14" id="_14_">[14]</a> Response in
+Living and Non-Living, p. 191.</p>
+<p><a name="_15_" href="#f15" id="_15_">[15]</a> See 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 588.</p>
+<p><a name="_16_" href="#f16" id="_16_">[16]</a> See 'History of
+a Discovery'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 694.</p>
+<p><a name="_17_" href="#f17" id="_17_">[17]</a> Vide 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.</p>
+<p><a name="_18_" href="#f18" id="_18_">[18]</a> See 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.</p>
+<p><a name="_19_" href="#f19" id="_19_">[19]</a> Vide 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.</p>
+<p><a name="_20_" href="#f20" id="_20_">[20]</a> Vide 'History of
+a Discovery'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 694.</p>
+<p><a name="_21_" href="#f21" id="_21_">[21]</a> Cf. Preface to
+'Comparative Electro-Physiology' p. IX.</p>
+<p><a name="_22_" href="#f22" id="_22_">[22]</a> Vide
+'Comparative Electro-Physiology' pp. 732-733.</p>
+<p><a name="_23_" href="#f23" id="_23_">[23]</a> Vide 'Memory
+Image and its Revival,' Sir J. C. Bose&mdash;Modern Review, Vol.
+XXIV, p. 447.</p>
+<p><a name="_24_" href="#f24" id="_24_">[24]</a> Sri Sermon on
+"Prayer" delivered by Keshub Chunder Sen at the Prarthana Samaj,
+Bombay, on March 26, 1868.</p>
+<p><a name="_25_" href="#f25" id="_25_">[25]</a> See 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 588.</p>
+<p><a name="_26_" href="#f26" id="_26_">[26]</a> Vide Modern
+Review Vol. XI, p. 539.</p>
+<p><a name="_27_" href="#f27" id="_27_">[27]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 135-136.</p>
+<p><a name="_28_" href="#f28" id="_28_">[28]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 135.</p>
+<p><a name="_29_" href="#f29" id="_29_">[29]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 136</p>
+<p><a name="_30_" href="#f30" id="_30_">[30]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 137.</p>
+<p><a name="_31_" href="#f31" id="_31_">[31]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 137.</p>
+<p><a name="_32_" href="#f32" id="_32_">[32]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 137.</p>
+<p><a name="_33_" href="#f33" id="_33_">[33]</a> Vide Appendix to
+the Report of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, Vol. XX, p. 139.</p>
+<p><a name="_34_" href="#f34" id="_34_">[34]</a> Vide Modern
+Review&mdash;Vol. XVI, pp. 16, 118, 120.</p>
+<p><a name="_35_" href="#f35" id="_35_">[35]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVI, pp. 120, 121, 126.</p>
+<p><a name="_36_" href="#f36" id="_36_">[36]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVII, P. 559.</p>
+<p><a name="_37_" href="#f37" id="_37_">[37]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVI, p. 246.</p>
+<p><a name="_38_" href="#f38" id="_38_">[38]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVII, p. 559.</p>
+<p><a name="_39_" href="#f39" id="_39_">[39]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 1.</p>
+<p><a name="_40_" href="#f40" id="_40_">[40]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVIII. p. 214.</p>
+<p><a name="_41_" href="#f41" id="_41_">[41]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVIII. p. 215.</p>
+<p><a name="_42_" href="#f42" id="_42_">[42]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 215.</p>
+<p><a name="_43_" href="#f43" id="_43_">[43]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XIX, p. 277.</p>
+<p><a name="_44_" href="#f44" id="_44_">[44]</a> Vide 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 591.</p>
+<p><a name="_45_" href="#f45" id="_45_">[45]</a> Presidency
+College Magazine, Vol. II, p. 335.</p>
+<p><a name="_46_" href="#f46" id="_46_">[46]</a> Presidency
+College Magazine, Vol. II, p, 335.</p>
+<p><a name="_47_" href="#f47" id="_47_">[47]</a> Vide 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review, XXII, p. 590.</p>
+<p><a name="_48_" href="#f48" id="_48_">[48]</a> Vide 'Voice of
+Life'&mdash;Modern Review Vol XXII, p. 590.</p>
+<p><a name="_49_" href="#f49" id="_49_">[49]</a> Vide Modern
+Review, Vol. XXI, p. 343.</p>
+</div>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+LITERATURE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_079" id=
+"Page_079">[Pg_079]</a></span>AND SCIENCE</p>
+<p class="indent">The following is a substance of the Address
+delivered in Bengali by Prof. J. C. Bose, on the 14th April 1911,
+as the President of the Bengal Literary Conference, which met in
+the Easter of 1911 at Mymensing.</p>
+<p class="indent">In this Literary Congress it would appear that
+you have interpreted Letters in no exclusive sense. We are not
+met to discuss the place that literature is to hold in the gospel
+of beauty. Rather are we set upon conceiving of her in larger
+ways. To us to-day literature is no mere ornament, no mere
+amusement. Instead of this, we desire to bring beneath her shadow
+all the highest efforts of our minds. In this great communion of
+learning, this is not the first time that a scientific man has
+officiated as priest. The chair which I now occupy has already
+been held by one whom I love and honour as friend and colleague,
+and glory in our countryman, Praphulla Chandra Ray. In honouring
+him, your Society has not only done homage to merit, but has also
+placed before our people a lofty and inclusive ideal of
+literature.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_080" id=
+"Page_080">[Pg_080]</a></span>You are aware that in this West,
+the prevailing tendency at the moment is, after a period of
+synthesis, to return upon the excessive sub-division of learning.
+The result of this specialisation is rather to accentuate the
+distinctiveness of the various sciences, so that for a while the
+great unity of all tends perhaps to be obscured. Such a
+caste system in scholarship, undoubtedly helps at first, in the
+gathering and classification of new material. But if followed too
+exclusively, it ends by limiting the comprehensiveness of truth.
+The search is endless. Realisation evades us.</p>
+<p class="indent">The Eastern aim has been rather the opposite,
+namely, that in the multiplicity of phenomena, we should never
+miss their underlying unity. After generations of this quest, the
+idea of unity comes to us almost spontaneously, and we apprehend
+no insuperable obstacle in grasping it.</p>
+<p class="indent">I feel that here in this Literary Congress,
+this characteristic idea of unity has worked unconsciously. We
+have never thought of narrowing the bounds of literature by a
+jealous definition of its limits. On the contrary, we have
+allowed its empire to extend. And you have felt that this could
+be adequately done only, if in one place you could gather
+together all that we are seeking, all that we are thinking, all
+that we are examining. And for this you have to-day invited those
+who sing along <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_081" id=
+"Page_081">[Pg_081]</a></span>with those who meditate, and those
+who experiment. And this is why, though my own life has been
+given to the pursuit of science, I had yet no hesitation in
+accepting the honour of your invitation.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+POETRY AND SCIENCE</p>
+<p class="indent">The poet, seeing by the heart, realises the
+inexpressible and strived to give it expression. His imagination
+soars, where the sight of others fails, and his news of realm
+unknown finds voice in rhyme and metre. The
+path of the scientific man may be different, yet there is some
+likeness between the two pursuits. Where visible light ends, he
+still follows the invisible. Where the note of the audible
+reaches the unheard, even there he gathers the tremulous message.
+That mystery which lies behind the expressed, is the object of
+his questioning also; and he, in his scientific way, attempts to
+render its abstruse discoveries into human speech.</p>
+<p class="indent">This vast abode of nature is built in many
+wings, each with its own portal. The physicist, the chemist, and
+the biologist entering by different doors, each one his own
+department of knowledge, comes to think that this is his special
+domain, unconnected with that of any other. Hence has arisen our
+present rigid division of phenomena, into the worlds of the
+inorganic, vegetal, and sentient. But
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_082" id=
+"Page_082">[Pg_082]</a></span>this attitude of mind is
+philosophical, may be denied. We must remember that all
+enquiries have as their goal the attainment of
+knowledge in its entirety. The partition walls between the cells
+in the great laboratory are only erected for a time to aid this
+search. Only at that point where all lines of investigation meet,
+can the whole truth be found.</p>
+<p class="indent">Both poet and scientific worker have set out
+for the same goal, to find a unity in the bewildering diversity.
+The difference is that the poet thinks little of the path,
+whereas the scientific man must not neglect. The imagination of
+the poet has to be unrestricted. The intuitions of emotion cannot
+be established by rigid proof. He has, therefore, to use the
+language of imagery, adding constantly the words 'as if.'</p>
+<p class="indent">The road that the scientific man has to tread
+is on the other hand very rugged, and in his pursuit of
+demonstration he must pay a severe restraint on his imagination.
+His constant anxiety is lest he should be self-deceived. He has,
+therefore, at every step to compare his own thought with the
+external fact. He has remorselessly to abandon all in which these
+are not agreed. His reward is that he gets, however little is
+certain, forming a strong foundation for what is yet to come.
+Even by this path of self-restraint and verification, however, he
+is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_083" id=
+"Page_083">[Pg_083]</a></span>making for a region surpassing
+wonder. In the range of that invisible light, gross objects cease
+to be a barrier, and force and matter become less aesthetic. When
+the veil is suddenly lifted, upon the vision hitherto
+unsuspected, he may for a moment lose his accustomed
+self-restraint and, exclaim "not 'as if'&mdash;but the thing
+itself!"</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+INVISIBLE LIGHT.</p>
+<p class="indent">In illustration of this sense of wonder which
+links together poetry and science, let me allude briefly to a few
+matters that belong to my own small corner in the great universe
+of knowledge, that of light invisible and of life unvoiced. Can
+anything appeal more to the imagination than the fact that we can
+detect the peculiarities in the internal molecular structure of
+an opaque body by means of light that is itself invisible? Could
+anything have been more unexpected than to find that a sphere of
+China-clay focuses invisible light more perfectly
+than a sphere of glass focuses the visible; that
+in fact, the refractive power of this clay to electric radiation
+is at least as great as that of the most costly diamond to light?
+From amongst the innumerable octaves of light, there is only one
+octave, with power to excite the human eye. In reality, we stand,
+in the midst of a luminous ocean, almost blind! The little that
+we can see is nothing, compared to the vastness of <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_084" id=
+"Page_084">[Pg_084]</a></span>that which we cannot. But it may be
+said that out of the very imperfection of his senses man has been
+able, in science, to build for himself a raft of thought by which
+to make daring adventure on the great seas of the unknown.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+UNVOICED LIFE.</p>
+<p class="indent">Again, just as, in following up light from
+visible to invisible, our range of investigation transcends our
+physical sight, so also does our power of sympathy become
+extended, when we pass from the voiced to the unvoiced, in the
+study of life: Is there then any possible relation between our
+own life and that of the plant world? That there may be such a
+relation, some of the foremost of scientific men have denied. So
+distinguished a leader as the late Burdon-Sanderson declared that
+the majority of plants were not capable of giving any answer, by
+either mechanical or electrical excitement, to an outside stock.
+Pfeffer, again, and his distinguished followers, have insisted
+that the plants have neither a nervous system, nor anything
+analogous to the nervous impulse of the animal. According to such
+a view, that two streams of life, in plant and animal, flow side
+by side, but under the guidance of different laws. The problems
+of vegetable life are, it must be said, extremely obscure, and
+for the penetrating <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_085" id=
+"Page_085">[Pg_085]</a></span>of that darkness we have long had
+to wait for instruments of a superlative sensitiveness. This has
+been the principal reason for our long clinging to mere theory,
+instead of looking for the demonstration of facts. But to learn
+the truth we have to put aside theories, and rely only on direct
+experiment. We have to abandon all our preconceptions, and put
+our questions direct, insisting that the only evidence we can
+accept is that which bears the plant's own signature.</p>
+<p class="indent">How are we to know what unseen changes take
+place within the plant? If it be excited or depressed by some
+special circumstance, how are we, on the outside, to be made
+aware of this? The only conceivable way would be, if that were
+possible, to detect and measure the actual response of the
+organism to a definite external blow. When an animal receives an
+external shock it may answer in various ways if it has voice, by
+a cry; if it be dumb, by the movement of its limbs. The external
+shock is a stimulus; the answer of the organism is the response.
+If we can find out the relation between this stimulus and the
+response, we shall be able to determine the vitality of the plant
+at that moment. In an excitable condition, the feeblest stimulus
+will evoke an extraordinarily large response: in a depressed
+state, even a strong stimulus evokes only a feeble response; and
+lastly, when <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_086" id=
+"Page_086">[Pg_086]</a></span>death has overcome life, there is
+an abrupt end of the power to answer at all.</p>
+<p class="indent">We might therefore have detected the internal
+condition of the plant, if, by some inducement, we could have
+made it write down its own responses. If we could once succeed in
+this apparently impossible task we should still have to learn the
+new language and the new script. In a world of so many different
+scripts, it is certainly undesirable to introduce a new one! I
+fear the Uniform Script Association will cherish a grievance
+against us for this. It is fortunate however that the
+plant-script bears, after all, a certain resemblance to the
+Devanagari&mdash;inasmuch as it is totally unintelligible to any
+but the very learned!</p>
+<p class="indent">But there are two serious difficulties in our
+path; first, to make the plant itself consent to give its
+evidence; second, through plant and instrument combined, to
+induce it to give it in writing. It is comparatively easy to make
+a rebellious child obey: to extort answers from plants is indeed
+a problem! By many years of close contiguity, however, I have
+come to have some understanding of their ways. I take this
+opportunity to make public confession of various acts of cruelty
+which I have from time to time perpetrated on unoffending plants,
+in order to compel them to give me answers. For this purpose, I
+have devised various forms of torment,&mdash;<span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_087" id=
+"Page_087">[Pg_087]</a></span>pinches simple and revolving,
+pricks with needles, and burns with acids. But let this pass. I
+now understand that replies so forced are unnatural, and of no
+value. Evidence so obtained is not to be trusted. Vivisection,
+for instance, cannot furnish unimpugnable results, for excessive
+shock tends of itself to make the response of a tissue abnormal.
+The experimental organism must therefore be subjected only to
+moderate stimulation. Again, one has to choose for one's
+experiment a favourable moment. Amongst plants, as with
+ourselves, there is, very early in the morning, especially after
+a cold night, certain sluggishness. The answers, then, are a
+little indistinct. In the excessive heat of
+midday, again, though the first few answers are very distinct,
+yet fatigue soon sets in. On a stormy day, the plant remains
+obstinately silent. Barring all these sources of aberration,
+however, if we choose our time wisely, we may succeed in
+obtaining clear answers, which persist without interruption.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is our object, then, to gather the whole
+history of the plant, during every moment between its birth and
+its death. Through how many cycle of experience it has to pass!
+The effects on it of recurring light and darkness; the pull of
+the earth, and the blow of the storm; how complex is the
+concatenation of circumstances, how
+various are the shocks, and how multiplex are the replies which
+we have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_088" id=
+"Page_088">[Pg_088]</a></span>to analyse! In this vegetal life
+which appears so placid and so stationary, how manifold are the
+subtle internal reactions! Then how are we to make this invisible
+visible?</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE DIARY OF THE PLANT.</p>
+<p class="indent">The little seedling we know to be growing, but
+the rate of its growth is far below anything we can directly
+perceive. How are we to magnify this so as
+to make it instantly measurable? What are the variations in this
+infinitesimal growth under external shock? what changes are
+induced by the action of drugs or poisons? will the action of
+poison change with the dose? Is it possible to counteract the
+effect of one by another?</p>
+<p class="indent">Supposing that the plant does not give answers
+to external shock, what time elapses between the shock and the
+reply? Does this latent period undergo any variation with
+external conditions? Is it possible to make the plant itself
+write down this excessively minute time-interval?</p>
+<p class="indent">Next, does the effect of the blow given outside
+reach the interior of the plant? If so, is there anything
+analogous to the nerve of the animal? If so, again, at what rate
+does the nervous impulse travel the plant? By what favourable
+circumstances will this rate of transmission become enhanced, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_089" id=
+"Page_089">[Pg_089]</a></span>by what will be retarded or
+arrested? Is it possible to make the plant itself record this
+rate and its variations? Is there any resemblance between the
+nervous impulse in plants and animals? In the animal there are
+certain automatically pulsating tissues like the heart. Are there
+any such spontaneously beating tissues in a plant? What is the
+meaning of spontaneity? And lastly, when by the blow of death,
+life itself is finally extinguished, will it be possible to
+detect the critical moment? And does the plant then exert itself
+to make one overwhelming reply, after which response ceases
+altogether? Its autobiography can only be regarded as complete,
+if, with the help of efficient instruments, all these questions
+can be answered by it, so as to form the different chapters.</p>
+<p class="indent">"If the plant could have been made thus to keep
+its own diary, then the whole of its history might have been
+recovered!" But words like these are born of day dreams merely. Vague imaginings of this kind may
+furnish much gratification to an idle life. When, awaking from
+these pleasant dreams of science, we seek to actualise the
+conditions imposed by them, we find ourselves face to face with a
+dead wall. For the doorway of nature's court is barred with iron,
+and through it can penetrate no mere cry of childish petulance.
+It is only by the gathered force of many years of concentration,
+that the gate <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_090" id=
+"Page_090">[Pg_090]</a></span>can be opened, and the seeker enter
+to explore the secrets that have baffled him so long.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCH IN INDIA.</p>
+<p class="indent">We often hear that without a properly equipped
+laboratory, higher research in this country is an absolute
+impossibility. But while there is a good deal in this, it is not
+by any means the whole truth. If it were all, then from these
+countries where millions have been spent on costly laboratories,
+we should have had daily accounts of new discoveries. Such news
+we do not hear. It is true that here we suffer from many
+difficulties, but how does it help us, to envy the good fortune
+of others? Rise from your depression! Cast off your weakness! Let
+us think, "In whatever condition we are placed, that is the true
+starting-point for us." India is our working-place, and all our
+duties are to be accomplished here, and nowhere else. Only he who
+has lost his manhood need repine.</p>
+<p class="indent">In carrying out research, there are other
+difficulties, besides the want of well-equipped laboratories. We
+often forget that the real laboratory is one's own mind. The room
+and the instruments only externalise that. Every experiment has
+first to be carried out in that inner region. To keep the mental
+vision clear, great struggles have to be <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_091" id=
+"Page_091">[Pg_091]</a></span>undergone. For its clearness is
+lost, only too easily. The greatest wealth of external appliances
+is of no avail, where there is not a concentrated pursuit,
+utterly detached from personal gain. Those whose minds rush
+hither and thither, those who hunger for public applause instead
+of truth itself, by them the quest is not won. To those on the
+other hand, who do long for knowledge itself, the want of
+favourable conditions does not seem the principle obstacle.</p>
+<p class="indent">In the first place, we have to realise that
+knowledge for the sake of knowledge is our aim, and that the
+world's common standard of utility have no place in it. The
+enquirer must follow where he is led, holding the quiet faith
+that things which appear to-day to be of no use, may be of the
+highest interest to-morrow. No height can be climbed, without the
+hewing of many an unremembered step! It is necessary, then, that
+the enquirer and his disciples should work on ceaselessly,
+undeterred by years of failure, and undistracted by the thunder
+of public applause. We may one day come to realise that India in
+the past has shared her knowledge with the world, and we may ask
+ourselves, is that destiny now ended for us? Are we of to-day to
+be debtors only? Perhaps when we have once felt this, a new
+Nalanda may arise.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_092" id=
+"Page_092">[Pg_092]</a></span>PHYTOGRAPH</p>
+<p class="indent">I was speaking of the need of various delicate
+instruments&mdash;phytographs, as I shall call them&mdash;for the
+automatic record of the plant's responses. What was, ten years
+ago, a mere aspiration, has now after so many years of effort,
+become actual fact. It is unnecessary to tell here of many a
+fruitless and despairing attempt. Nor shall I trouble you with
+any account of intricate mechanism. I need only say that with the
+aid of different types of apparatus, it is now possible for all
+the responsive activities of the plant to be written down. For
+instance, we can make an instantaneous record of the growth and
+its variations, moment by moment. Scripts can be obtained of its
+spontaneous movement. And a recording arm will demorcate
+the line of life from that of death. The
+extreme delicacy of one of these instruments will be understood,
+when it is said that it measures and records a time-interval so
+short as one-thousandth part of a second!</p>
+<p class="indent">It has been supposed that instruments for
+research of this delicacy and precision, were only possible of
+construction in the best scientific manufactories of Europe. It
+will therefore be regarded as interesting and encouraging to know
+that every one of these has been executed entirely in India, by
+Indian workmen and mechanicians.</p>
+<p class="indent">With perfect instruments at our disposal, we
+may <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_093" id=
+"Page_093">[Pg_093]</a></span>proceed to describe a few amongst
+the many phenomena which now stand revealed. But before this, it
+is necessary to deal briefly with the superstition that has led
+to the division of plants into sensitive and insensitive. By the
+electrical mode of investigation, it can be shown that not only
+Mimosa and the like, but all plants of all kinds are sensitive,
+and give definite replies to impinging stimuli. Ordinary plants,
+it is true, are unable to give any conspicuous mechanical
+indication of excitement. But this is not because of any
+insensitiveness, but because of equal and antagonistic reactions
+which neutralise each other. It is possible, however, by
+employing appropriate means, to show that even ordinary plants
+give mechanical replies to stimulus.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE DETERMINATION OF THE LATENT PERIOD</p>
+<p class="indent">When an animal is struck by a blow, it does not
+respond at once. A certain short interval elapses between the
+incidence of the blow, and the beginning of the reply. This lost
+time is known as the latent period. In the leg of a frog, the
+latent period according to Helmwoltz, is about one-hundredth of a
+second. This latent period, however, undergoes appropriate
+variation with changing external conditions. With feeble
+stimulus, it has a definite value, which, with an excessive blow,
+is much <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_094" id=
+"Page_094">[Pg_094]</a></span>shortened. In the cold season, it
+is relatively long. Again, when we are tired our perception time,
+as we may call it, may be greatly prolonged. Every one of these
+observations is equally applicable to the perception time of the
+plant. In Mimosa, in a vigorous condition, the latent period is
+six one hundredth of a second, that is to say, only six times its
+value in an energetic frog! Another
+curious thing is that a stoutish tree will give its response in a
+slow and lordly fashion, whereas a thin one attains the acme of
+its excitement in an incredibly short time! Perhaps some of us
+can tell from our own experience whether similar differences
+obtain amongst human kind or not? The plant's latent period in
+our cold weather may be almost doubled. Ordinarily speaking it
+takes <i>Mimosa</i> about fifteen minutes
+to recover from a blow. If a second blow be given, before the
+full recovery of its equanimity, then the plant becomes fatigued,
+and its latent period is lengthened. When over-fatigued, it may
+temporarily lose its power of perception altogether, what this
+condition is like, my audience is only too likely to realise, at
+the end of my long address!</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE</p>
+<p class="indent">According to varying circumstances, the same
+blow will evoke responses of different amplitudes. <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_095" id=
+"Page_095">[Pg_095]</a></span>Early in the morning, after the
+prolonged inactivity of a cold night, we find the plant inclined
+to be lethargic, and its first answers correspondingly small. But
+as blow after blow is delivered, this lethargy passes off, and
+the replies become stronger and stronger. A good way to remove
+this lethargy quickly, is to give the plant a warm bath. In the
+heat of the midday, this state of things is reversed. That is to
+say, after giving vigorous replies the plant becomes fatigued,
+and its responses grow smaller. This fatigue passes off, however,
+on allowing it a period of rest. On increasing the intensity of
+the impinging stimulus, the response also increases. But a limit
+is attained, beyond which response can no longer be enhanced.
+Again, just as the pain of a blow persists longer with ourselves,
+in winter than in summer, so the same holds good of the reaction
+of the plant also. For instance, in summer it takes <i>Mimosa</i>
+ten to fifteen minutes to recover from a blow, whereas in winter
+the same thing would take over half an hour. In all this, you
+will recognise the similarity between human response and that of
+the plant.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SPONTANEOUS PULSATION</p>
+<p class="indent">In certain tissues, a very curious phenomenon
+is observed. In man and other animals, there are tissues which
+beat, as we say, spontaneously. As <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_096" id="Page_096">[Pg_096]</a></span>long as life lasts,
+so long does the heart continue to pulsate. There is no effect
+without a cause. How then was it that these pulstations
+[became spontaneous? To this query, no
+fully satisfactory answer has been forthcoming. We find, however,
+that similar spontaneous movements are also observable in plant
+tissues, and by their investigation the secret of automatism in
+the animal may perhaps be unravelled.</p>
+<p class="indent">Physiologists, in order to know the heart of
+man, play with those of the frog and tortoise. "To know the
+heart," be it understood, is here meant in a purely physical, and
+not in a poetic sense. For this it is not always convenient to
+employ the whole of the frog. The heart is therefore cut out, and
+make the subject of experiments, as to what conditions
+accelerate, and what retard, the rate and amplitude of its beat.
+When thus isolated, the heart tends of itself to come to a
+standstill, but if, by means of fine tubing, it be then subjected
+to interval blood pressure, its beating will be resumed, and will
+continue uninterrupted for a long time. By the influence of
+warmth, the frequency of the pulsation may be increased, but its
+amplitude diminished. Exactly the reverse is the effect of cold.
+The natural rhythm and the amplitude of the pulse undergo
+appropriate changes, again, under the action of different drugs.
+Under either, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_097" id=
+"Page_097">[Pg_097]</a></span>heart may come to a standstill, but
+on blowing this off the beat is renewed. The action of chloroform
+is more dangerous, any excess in the dose inducing permanent
+arrest. Besides these, there are poisons also which arrest the
+heart beat, and a very noticeable fact in this connection is,
+that some stop in a contracted, and others in a relaxed
+condition. Knowing these opposed effects, it is sometimes
+possible to counteract the effect of one poison by administering
+another.</p>
+<p class="indent">I have thus briefly stated some of the most
+important phenomena in connection with spontaneous movements in
+animal tissues. Is it possible that in plants also any parallel
+phenomena might be observed? In answer to this question, I may
+say that I have found numerous instances of automatic movements
+in plants.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RHYTHMIC PULSATIONS IN DESMODIUM</p>
+<p class="indent">The existence of such spontaneous movements can
+easily be demonstrated, by means of our Indian <i>Bon charal</i>,
+the telegraph plant, or Desmodium gyrans, whose small leaflets
+dance continually. The popular belief that they dance in response
+to the clapping of the hands is quite untrue. From readings of
+the scripts made by this plant, I am in a position to state that
+the automatic movements of both plants and animals are guided by
+laws which are identical.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_098" id=
+"Page_098">[Pg_098]</a></span>Firstly, when, for convenience of
+experiment, we cut off the leaflet, its spontaneous movements,
+like those of the heart, come to a stop. But if we now subject
+the isolated leaflet, by means of a fine tube, to an added
+internal pressure of the plant's sap, its pulsations are renewed,
+and continue uninterrupted for a very long time. It is found
+again that the pulsation frequency is increased under the action
+warmth, and lessened under cold, increased frequency being
+attended by diminution of amplitude and <i>vice versa</i>. Under
+either, there is temporary arrest, revival being possible when
+the vapour is blown off. More fatal is the effect of chloroform.
+The most extraordinary parallelism, however, lies in the fact
+that those poisons which arrest the beat of the heart in a
+particular way, arrest the plant&mdash;pulsation also in a
+corresponding manner. I have thus been able to revive a leaflet
+poisoned by the application of one, with a dose of a
+counteracting poison.</p>
+<p class="indent">Let us now enquire into the causes of these
+automatic movements so-called. In experimenting with certain
+types of plant-tissues, I find that an external stimulus may not
+always evoke an immediate reply. What happens, then, to the
+incident energy? It is not really lost, for these particular
+plant-tissues have the power of shortage. In this way, energy
+derived in various ways from without&mdash;as light, <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_099" id=
+"Page_099">[Pg_099]</a></span>warmth, food, and so on&mdash;is
+constantly being accumulated, when a certain point is reached,
+there is an overflow, and we call this overflow spontaneous
+movement. Thus what we call automatic is really an overflow of
+what has previously been stored up. When this accumulated energy
+is exhausted, then there is also an end of spontaneous movements.
+By abstracting its stored-up heat&mdash;through the application
+of cold water&mdash;we can bring to a stop the automatic
+pulsations of Desmodium. But on allowing a first accession of
+heat from outside, these pulsations are gradually restored.</p>
+<p class="indent">In the matter of these so-called spontaneous
+activities of the plant, I find that there are two distinct
+types. In one, the overflow is initiated with very little
+storage, but here the unusual display of activity soon comes to a
+stop. To maintain such specimens in the rhythmic condition,
+constant stimulation from outside is necessary. Plants of this
+type are extremely dependent on outside influences, and when such
+sources of stimulus are removed, they speedily come to an
+inglorious stop. <i>Kamranga</i> or <i>Averrhoa</i> is an example
+of this kind. In the second type of automatic plant activity I
+find that long continued storage is required, before an overflow
+can begin. But in this case, the spontaneous outburst is
+persistent and of long duration, even when the plant is deprived
+of any immediately <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id=
+"Page_100">[Pg_100]</a></span>exciting cause. These, therefore,
+are not so obviously dependent as the others on the sunshine of
+the world. Our telegraph-plant, <i>Desmodium</i> or <i>Bon
+charal</i>, is an example of this.</p>
+<p class="indent">It appears to me that we have here a suggestive
+parallel to certain phenomena with which this audience will
+surely prove more familiar than I, namely, the facts of literary
+inspiration. For the attainment of this exalted condition, also,
+is it not necessary to have previous storage, with a consequent
+bubbling overflow? Certain indications incline me to suspect that
+perhaps in this also we have an example of so-called spontaneity,
+or automatic responsiveness. If this be so, aspirants, to the
+condition might well be asked to decide in whose footsteps they
+will choose to tread&mdash;those of <i>Kamranga</i>, with its
+dependence on outside influences, and inevitably ephemeral
+activity, or those of <i>Bon charal</i>, with its characteristic
+of patient long enduring accumulation of forces, to find
+uninterrupted and sustained expression.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE PLANT'S RESPONSE TO THE SHOCK OF DEATH</p>
+<p class="indent">A time comes when, after one answer to a
+supreme shock, there is a sudden end of the plant's power to give
+any response. This supreme shock is the shock of death. Even in
+this crisis, there is no immediate <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg_101]</a></span>change in the placid
+appearance of the plant. Drooping and withering are events that
+occur long after death itself. How does the plant then, give this
+last answer? In man, at the critical moment, a spasm passes
+through the whole body, and similarly in the plant, I find that a
+great contractile spasm takes place. This is accompanied by an
+electrical spasm also. In the script of the Morograph, or Death
+recorder, the line that up to this point was being drawn, becomes
+suddenly reversed, and then ends. This is the last answer of the
+plant.</p>
+<p class="indent">These are mute companions, silently, growing
+beside our door, have now told us the tale of their
+life-tremulousness and their death spasm, in script that is as
+inarticulate as they. May it not be said that this their story
+has a pathos of its own, beyond any that the poets have
+conceived?</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PROF. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id=
+"Page_102">[Pg_102]</a></span>J. C. BOSE AT MAYAVATI</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 1.0em">
+MARVELS OF PLANT LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">On the 8th June 1912, Dr J. C. Bose, who had
+gone to Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, on a holiday trip, gave an
+illuminating discourse on the marvels of plant life.</p>
+<p class="indent">He began by stating that a stimulus takes a
+certain time before it gets a response. This stimulus may be of
+different forms, <i>e.g.</i>, it may be a sound stimulus, a light
+stimulus, an electric stimulus, and so on. The feebler the
+stimulus, the greater is the time it takes to elicit the
+response. For instance if one is called by a distant voice, one
+doubts whether he has been called at all, but in the case of a
+piercing scream, he starts up at once.</p>
+<p class="indent">Now, the difficulty is
+that when the stimulus, the blow, is so strong as to get an
+instantaneous response, how is one to measure this infinitesimal
+time between the blow and the response? And this must be done
+absolutely free from any personal interference, so as to ensure
+correct results.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id=
+"Page_103">[Pg_103]</a></span>Dr. Bose here described how after
+deep thought and careful experiments and researches of several
+years he invented and manufactured a highly sensitive instrument
+which could automatically record the "response time" of a plant
+even to one thousandth part of a second. And in order to convey a
+graphic idea of the principles under which it worked, he had even
+made by means of a few simple things a crude form of his
+instrument, which helped the audience to form a clear idea of how
+a shock given to a plant which was experimented upon, would be
+recorded automatically by the apparatus by means of dots on its
+writing pad, and also how to ascertain the exact time each plant
+took to respond to the stimulus received. Thus the plant now
+records its own history unerringly by its own hand as it were.
+And that the <i>same</i> results are obtained each time the
+experiment is repeated under similar conditions, shows that this
+recording of the response time is a scientific phenomenon.</p>
+<p class="indent">As an example of the similarities of reactions
+in plant and animal, Prof. Bose described the rhythmic activities
+of certain plants, in which automatic pulsations are maintained
+as in the animal heart. This phenomenon is exemplified by the
+Telegraph plant, which grows wild in the Gangetic plane; its
+Indian name is <i>Bon charal</i> or 'forest churl', the popular
+belief being that it dances to the clapping <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg_104]</a></span>of
+the hand. There is no foundation however for this belief. It is a
+papilionaceous plant with trifoliate leaves, of which the
+terminal leaflet is large, and the two lateral, very small. Each
+of these is inserted on the petiole by means of pulvinule. The
+lateral leaflets are seen to execute pulsating movements which
+are apparently uncaused, and are not unlike the rhythmic movement
+of the heart to which we shall see later that their resemblance
+is more than superficial.</p>
+<p class="indent">In the intact plant, under favourable
+conditions, these movements are easily observed to take place
+more or less continuously; but there are times when they come to
+a standstill. For this reason and because of the fact that a
+large plant cannot easily be manipulated as a whole and subjected
+to various changing conditions which the purpose of the
+investigation demands, it is desirable, if possible, to
+experiment with the detached petiole, carrying the pulsating
+leaflet. The required amputation however may be followed by
+arrest of the pulsating movements. But, as in the case of the
+isolated heart in a state of standstill, Dr. Bose found that the
+movement of the leaflet can be renewed, in the detached specimen,
+by the application of the internal hydrostatic pressure. Under
+these conditions, the rhythmic pulsations are easily maintained
+uniform for several hours. This is a great advantage,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id=
+"Page_105">[Pg_105]</a></span>in as much as in the undetached
+specimen, the pulsations are not usually found to be so regular
+as they now become. So small a specimen, again, can easily be
+subjected to changing experimental conditions, such as the
+variation of internal hydrostatic pressure and temperature,
+application of different drugs, vapours and gases.</p>
+<p class="indent">Under varying conditions the same plant has
+been observed to take different response times, as for instance,
+less in heat than in cold, less in summer than in winter, less in
+the morning than in the evening, and so forth. Again, different
+plants have different response times.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is a remarkable fact that the mimosa is ten
+times as sensitive as a frog in giving the response. And the
+native idea that plants are of a lower order than animal life
+will cost many a sad disappointment.</p>
+<p class="indent">In the course of his lecture Dr. Bose spoke of
+some of his startling discoveries recently made.... The lecturer
+gave quite a spiritual turn to his discourse as he finished it
+with the remark that, as it has been the earnest endeavour of
+scientists to minimise material friction in order to get the best
+results, so in our human concerns, it should be our best aim to
+minimise friction,&mdash;which is, Ignorance.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Modern Review</i>, Vol. XII, pages
+314-315.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+PLANT <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id=
+"Page_106">[Pg_106]</a></span>AUTOGRAPHS</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 1.0em">
+HOW PLANTS CAN RECORD THEIR OWN STORY</p>
+<p class="indent">Under the presidency of His Excellency Lord
+Carmichael, Prof. J. C. Bose delivered on Friday, the 17th
+January 1913 an interesting address on his recent researches at
+the Physical Laboratory of the Presidency College, Calcutta, his
+subject being "Plant Autographs."</p>
+<p class="indent">Professor Bose has been long engaged in
+researches on the "Irritability of Plants," with results of great
+interest. These results have been made possible by the invention
+of a series of instruments of extraordinary precision and
+delicacy. Some of Professor Bose's instruments measure and record
+a thousandth of a second. Invisible movements in plants, hitherto
+beyond human scrutiny, have been brought within the range of
+immediate perception through the wonderful devices shown by the
+lecturer's demonstration of same on the screen.</p>
+<p class="indent">Among those present were:&mdash;Sir William and
+Lady Duke, the Maharaja of Nashipur, Sir Gurudas <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id=
+"Page_107">[Pg_107]</a></span>Bannerjee, Sir Chundra Madhab
+Ghose, Sir Lawrence and Lady Jenkins, Sir Richard Harington, Hon.
+Mr. P. C. Lyon, Mr. Justice Holmwood, Mr. Justice Chaudhuri, Hon.
+Mr. S. L. Maddox, Maharaja of Cossimbazar, Hon. Dr. Kuchler, Mr.
+Bhupendra Nath Basu, Hon. Mr. E. W. Collin, Mr. W. Graham, Mr.
+Fraser Blair, Hon. Mr. B. Chuckerbutty, Hon. Mr. J. G. Apcar,
+Hon. Mr. B. C. Mitter, Hon. Rai Radha Charan Pal Bahadur, Hon.
+Dr. D. P. Sarbadhikari, Mr. and Mrs. Williams, Mr. L. P. E. Pugh,
+Mr. Lanford James, Dr. P. K. Roy, Khan Bahadur Moulvie Mahomed
+Yusuf, Rai Bahadur Dr. Chunilal Bose, Mr. W. J. Simmons, Mr. and
+Mrs. J. H. Hechle, Principal H. R. James and Mrs. James, Mr. T.
+J. Waite, Dr. P. C. Roy and Rai P. N. Mukherji Bahadur.</p>
+<p class="indent">His Excellency, as President, called upon Dr.
+Bose to deliver his lecture.</p>
+<p class="indent">Professor Bose commenced with a reference to
+the claims made by those who profess to discriminate character by
+handwriting. As to the authenticity of such claims, scepticism
+was permissible; but there was no doubt that one's handwriting
+might be modified profoundly by conditions, physical and mental.
+There still existed, at Hatfield House, documents which contained
+the signature of the historical Guy Fawkes. A photograph
+projected on the screen showed a sinister variation in those
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id=
+"Page_108">[Pg_108]</a></span>signatures. The crabbed and
+distorted characters of the last words which Guy Fawkes wrote on
+earth told their own tale of that fateful night. Such was the
+tale that might be unfolded by the lines and curves of a human
+autograph. Could plants be made similarly to write their own
+autographs revealing their hidden story? Storm and sunshine, the
+warmth of summer and the frost of winter, drought and rain, would
+come and go about the plants. What subtle impress did they leave
+behind? How were the invisible, internal changes to be made
+externally visible?</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+AUTOMATIC RECORDERS</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer had succeeded in devising experimental methods and apparatus by
+which the plant was made to give an answering signal, which was
+then automatically recorded into an intelligible script. The
+results of the new investigations were so novel that Professor
+Bose spent several years in perfecting automatic instruments
+which completely eliminated all personal equations. The plant
+attached to the recording apparatus was automatically excited by
+a stimulus absolutely constant, making its own responsive
+records, going through its period of recovery, and embarking on
+the same cycle over again without assistance at any point
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id=
+"Page_109">[Pg_109]</a></span>from the observer. The most
+sensitive organ for perception of a stimulus was the human
+tongue. An average European could by his tongue detect an
+electrical current as feeble as six micro-amperes, a micro-ampere
+being a millionth part of a unit of electrical current. Professor
+Bose found that his Hindu peoples could detect a much feebler
+current, namely, 1.5 micro-amperes. It was an open question
+whether such a high excitability of the tongue was to be claimed
+as a distinct advantage. But the fact might explain the eminence
+of his countrymen in forensic domains! (Laughter.) The plant,
+when tested, was found to be ten times more sensitive than a
+human being.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+EFFECT OF FOOD AND DRUGS</p>
+<p class="indent">It was shown that when the plant had a surfeit
+of drink, it became excessively lethargic and irresponsive. By
+extracting fluid from the gorged plant, its motor activity was at
+once re-established. Under alcohol its responsive script became
+ludicrously unsteady. A scientific superstition existed regarding
+carbonic acid as being good for a plant. But Professor Bose's
+experiments showed distinctly that the gas would suffocate the
+plant as readily as it did the animal. Only in the presence of
+sunlight could the effect be modified by secondary reaction.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+AUTOMATISM <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id=
+"Page_110">[Pg_110]</a></span>AND GROWTH</p>
+<p class="indent">It was impossible in a limited space, said
+Professor Bose, to do more than mention the numerous other
+remarkable experiments which riveted the
+attention of the audience. By means of apparatus specially
+devised, pulsative plants were made to record their rhythmic
+throbbings. It was shown that the pulse beats of the plants were
+affected by the action of various drugs, and divers stimuli, in a
+manner similar to that of the animal heart. Perhaps the most
+weird experience was to watch the death-struggle of a plant under
+the action of poison. Turning from death to its antithesis life
+and growth, the audience were shown how the latter was made
+visible by means of the appliances invented by Professor Bose.
+The infinitesimal growth of a plant became highly magnified in
+the experiment.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RESEARCHES AT PRESIDENCY COLLEGE</p>
+<p class="indent">When the lecturer commenced his investigations,
+original research in India was regarded as an impossibility. No
+proper laboratory existed, nor was there any scientific
+manufactory for the construction of a special apparatus. In spite
+of these difficulties it had been a matter of gratification to
+the lecturer that the various investigations already carried out
+at the Presidency College had done something for the advancement
+of knowledge. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id=
+"Page_111">[Pg_111]</a></span>delicate instruments seen in
+operation at the lecture, which had been regarded with admiration
+by many distinguished scientific men in the West, were all
+constructed at the College workshops by Indian mechanics.</p>
+<p class="indent">It was also with pride that the lecturer
+referred to the co-operation of his pupils and assistants,
+through whose help the extensive works, requiring ceaseless
+labour by day and night, had been accomplished. Doubt had been
+cast on the capacity of Indian students in the field of science.
+From his personal experience Professor Bose bore testimony to
+their special fitness in this respect. An intellectual hunger had
+been created by the spread of education. An Indian student
+demanded something absorbing to think about and to give scope for
+his latent energies. If this could be done, he would betake
+himself ardently to research into Nature, which could never end.
+There was room for such toilers who by incessant work would
+extend the bounds of human knowledge.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FROM PLANT TO ANIMAL LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">Before concluding the lecturer dwelt on the
+fact that all the varied and complex responses of the animal had
+been foreshadowed in the plant. The phenomena of life in the
+plant were thus not so remote as had been hitherto supposed. The
+plant <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id=
+"Page_112">[Pg_112]</a></span>world, like the animal, was a
+thrill and a throb with responsiveness to all the stimuli which
+fell upon it. Thus, community throughout the great ocean of life,
+in all its different forms, outweighed apparent dissimilarity.
+Diversity was swallowed up in unity.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+20-1-1913.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+INVISIBLE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id=
+"Page_113">[Pg_113]</a></span>LIGHT</p>
+<p class="indent">A most instructive and interesting lecture was
+delivered on Thursday, the 30th Jaunuary,
+1913, at the Calcutta University Institute Hall, by Dr. J. C.
+Bose, on the above subject. It was illustrated with experiments
+and in spite of the technical nature of the subject, the manner
+of treatment made the discourse extremely palatable and easy of
+apprehension to the lay understanding and intelligence. The
+truths of science could seldom be exposed so light-heartedly and
+in language leavened with balmy humour. The lecture was very
+largely attended by ladies and gentlemen, European and Indian,
+representing the light and leading of the city. The chair was
+taken by Mr. W. R. Gourlay. Amongst those present we noticed the
+Hon. Mr. Ramsay McDonald, Mr. Justice Harington, Mr. Justice
+Chaudhuri, Hon'ble Mr. Gokhale, Hon'ble Mr. Lyon, Hon'ble Mr. D.
+N. Sarvadhikari, Sir Gurudas Banerji, Hon'ble Mr. Apcar and Dr.
+Chuni Lal Bose Rai Bahadur.</p>
+<p class="indent">The Chairman, in a few well chosen words
+introduced the lecturer.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id=
+"Page_114">[Pg_114]</a></span>Professor Bose in going to deliver
+his highly interesting lecture first showed how on account of the
+imperfection of our senses we fail to detect various forces which
+play around us. We are not only deaf, but practically blind.
+While we perceive eleven octaves of sound, we can see only a
+single octave of other vibration which is called light. In order
+to detect the invisible light a special detector
+has to be devised. Prof. Bose showed his artificial
+retina previously exhibited at the Royal Institution which not
+only detected luminous radiation but also invisible lights in the
+intra red and ultra violet regions. In the course of his remarks
+illustrating the nature of electric or Hertzian waves, which gave
+rise to the invisible radiation he proceeded to enumerate some of
+the conditions necessary for experimenting with them, and to
+describe the apparatus he had invented for the purpose. Hertz had
+used waves which were about 10 metres in length. It was
+impossible to attempt any quantitative measurement of their
+optical properties on account of large waves curling round
+corners. The lecturer had succeeded in producing the shortest
+waves, with frequency of 50,000 millions of vibrations per
+second, the particular invisible radiation being only thirteen
+octaves below visible light. His generator produced the small
+sharp beam which alone could be employed for quantitative
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id=
+"Page_115">[Pg_115]</a></span>measurements. By means of this
+apparatus experiments on electric radiation could be carried on
+with as much certainty as could experiments with ordinary light.
+Prof. Bose then performed experiments illustrative of the
+properties possessed in common by light waves and electric waves.
+He exhibited the power of selective absorption to electric rays
+displayed by many substances pointing out that while water
+stopped them, pitch, coal tar, and others were quite transparent
+to them. He showed how the rays were reflected by mirrors,
+obeying the same laws as light. The hand of the experimenter was
+found to be a good reflector, the rays rebounding after impact.
+Electric rays also undergo refraction and he described an
+ingenious method he had devised by which the index of refraction
+of numerous opaque substances could be obtained with the highest
+exactitude. In conclusion he gave an account of his discovery of
+the polarisation of electric rays by crystals. He showed that
+these polarised the electric rays just as they did ordinary
+light. He further proved that substances under pressure and
+strain could produce double refraction in them, as did glass
+under the same conditions in light. Tourmaline was useless for
+electric rays; but a lock of human hair was extraordinarily
+efficient. According to this theoretical prediction, an ordinary
+book was shown to exhibit <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg_116]</a></span>selective absorption
+in a striking manner. Thus while the Calcutta University Calendar
+was, usually, very opaque, it became quite transparent when held
+in a particular direction as regards the impinging ray.</p>
+<p class="indent">Mr. Gourlay observed that the lecture opened
+out to himself, as well as to other vistas, which they had never
+dreamt of before.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+31-1-1913.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+PROFESSOR <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id=
+"Page_117">[Pg_117]</a></span>J. C. BOSE AT LAHORE</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 1.0em">
+LECTURE ON ELECTRIC RADIATION</p>
+<p class="indent">A crowded assembly met at the University Hall,
+on the 22nd February, 1913, to hear the first of Prof. Bose's
+discourses before the University of Lahore.</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose opened his address by alluding to the
+historic journey of Jivaka, who afterwards became the physician
+of Buddha, making his way from Bengal to the University of
+Taxila, in quest of knowledge.
+Twenty-five centuries had gone by and there was before them
+another pilgrim who had journeyed the same distance to bring, as
+an offering what he had gathered in the domain of knowledge.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer called attention to the fact that
+knowledge was never the exclusive possession of any particular
+race nor did it ever recognise geograpahical geographical limitations. The whole world was interdependent,
+and a constant interchange of thought had been carried on
+throughout the ages enriching the common heritage of mankind.
+Hellenistic Greeks and Eastern Aryans had met here in Taxila to
+exchange the best each had to offer. <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id=
+"Page_118">[Pg_118]</a></span>After many centuries the East and
+West had met once more, and it would be the test of the real
+greatness of the two civilisations that both should be finer and
+better for the shock of contact. The apparent dormancy of
+intellectual life in India had been only a temporary phase. Just
+like the oscillations of the seasons found the globe, great
+pulsations of intellectual activity pass over the different
+peoples of the earth.</p>
+<p class="indent">With the coming of the spring the dormant life
+springs forth; similarly the life that India conserves, by
+inheritance, culture and temperament, was only latent and was
+again ready to spring forth into the blossom and fruit of
+knowledge. Although science was neither of the East nor of the
+West, but international in its universality, certain aspect of it
+gained richness of colour by reason of their place of origin.
+India, perhaps through its habit of synthesis, was apt to realise
+instinctively the idea of unity and to see in the phenomenal
+world an universe instead of a multiverse. It was this tendency,
+the lecturer thought, which had led Indian physicist, like
+himself, when studying the effect of forces on matter to find
+boundary lines vanishing, and to see points of contact emerge
+between the realms of the living and non-living. In taking up the
+subject of the evening's discourse on electric radiation of
+Hertzian waves, the lecturer explained
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id=
+"Page_119">[Pg_119]</a></span>the constitution of the apparatus
+which he had devised for an exhaustive study of the properties of
+electric waves. His apparatus permitted experiments with the
+electric rays to be carried on with as much certainty as
+experiments with ordinary light, and he demonstrated the identity
+of electric radiation and light. The electric rays are reflected
+from plane and curved mirrors in the same way and subject to the
+same laws. Electric rays, like rays of light are refracted. Like
+race of light too, electric waves can be selectively stopped by
+various substances, which are "electrically" coloured. Water
+which is a conductor of electricity stops the electric ray; where
+as liquid air which is a non-conductor is quite transparent to
+the rays.</p>
+<p class="indent">Finally Professor Bose explained his discovery
+of Polarisation of these rays by various crystals. Tourmaline,
+which was a good polariser for ordinary light, was not so
+effective. The lecturer discovered that the crystal Nemalite
+possessed the power of polarising the
+electric rays in the most perfect manner. Professor Bose also
+explained how the internal constitution of an opaque mass was
+revealed by the help of light which was itself invisible.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer concluded his discourse by drawing
+attention to the limitations of human perception. Man's power of
+hearing was confirmed to eleven octaves of sound notes.
+In the case of vision the <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id=
+"Page_120">[Pg_120]</a></span>limitation was far more serious,
+his power of sight extending only through a single octave of
+those ether waves which constituted light. These ether vibrations
+of various frequencies could be maintained by electrical means.
+By pressing the stop button of the apparatus which was exhibited,
+ether vibrations, 50,000 millions per second, were produced. A
+second stop gave rise to a different vibration. Let his audience
+imagine a large electric organ provided with an infinite number
+of stops, each stop giving rise to a particular ether note. Let
+the lowest stop produce one vibration a second. They should then
+get a gigantic wave of 186,000 miles long. Let the next stop give
+rise to two vibrations in a second, and let each succeeding stop
+produce higher and higher notes. Let them imagine an unseen hand
+pressing the different stops in rapid succession, producing
+higher and higher notes. The ether note would thus rise in
+frequency from one vibration in a second, to tens, to hundreds,
+to thousands, to hundreds of thousands, to millions, to millions
+of millions! While the ethereal sea in which they were all
+immersed were being thus agitated by these multitudinous waves,
+they would remain entirely unaffected, for they possessed no
+organs of perception, to respond to these waves.</p>
+<p class="indent">As the ether note rose still higher in pitch,
+they would for a brief moment perceive a sensation of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id=
+"Page_121">[Pg_121]</a></span>warmth. This would be the case when
+the ether vibration reached a frequency of several billions of
+times in a second. As the note rose still higher, their eyes
+would begin to be affected, a red glimmer of light being the
+first to make its appearance. From this point the few visible
+colours would be comprised within a single octave of
+vibration&mdash;from 400 to 800 billions in one second. As the
+frequency of vibration rose still higher their organs of
+perception would fail them completely; a great gap in their
+consciousness would obliterate the rest. The brief flash of light
+would be succeeded by unbroken darkness. How circumscribed was
+their knowledge? In reality they stood in the midst of a luminous
+ocean almost blind! The little they could see was as nothing
+compared to the vastness of that which they could not. But it may
+be said that, out of the very imperfection of his senses, man has
+been able, in science, to build for himself a raft of thought by
+which to make daring adventure on the great seas of the
+unknown.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+24-2-1913.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+DR. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id=
+"Page_122">[Pg_122]</a></span>BOSE IN LAHORE</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 1.0em">
+PLANT RESPONSE</p>
+<p class="indent">In his third lecture delivered, on the 25th
+February 1913, at the Punjab University Hall, Dr. Bose of
+Calcutta dealt with "Plant Response." He said:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">In strong contrast to the energetic animal,
+with its various reflex movements and pulsating organs, stands
+the plant, in its apparent placidity and immobility. Yet that
+same environment which with its changing influences affects the
+animal is playing upon it also. Storm and sunshine, the warmth of
+summer and the frost of winter, drought and rain, all these come
+and go about it. What coercion do they exercise upon it? What
+subtle impress do they leave behind? These internal changes are
+entirely beyond our visual scrutiny. Is it possible in any way to
+have these revealed to us? Dr. Bose had shown the possibility of
+this by detecting and measuring the actual response of the
+organism to a questioning shock. In an excitable condition the
+feeblest stimulus should evoke in the plant an extraordinarily large reply in a depressed state
+even <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id=
+"Page_123">[Pg_123]</a></span>a strong stimulus would only call
+forth a feeble response; and lastly, when death overcome life,
+there would be an abrupt end of the power to answer to all. By
+the invention of different types of apparatus, the lecturer had
+succeeded in making the plant itself write an answering script to
+a testing stimulus. Scripts could also be obtained of the plant's
+spontaneous movements; and a recording arm demarcated the line of
+life from that of death.</p>
+<p class="indent">In taking the self-made records made by the
+plant it was found that after the prolonged inactivity of a cold
+night the plant was apt to be lethargic, and its first answers
+indistinct. But as blow after blow was delivered, the lethargy
+passed off, and the replies became stronger and
+stronger. After the fatigue of the day, the state of things was
+reversed. The plant became very lethargic after excessive
+absorption of food; but the normal activity might be restored by
+artificial removal of the excess. The effect of alcohol and of
+various narcotics were clearly followed in the modification of
+the automatic record made by the plant.</p>
+<p class="indent">A prevailing scientific error had overcome in
+life, there would be an abrupt end regarding a certain class of
+plants to be alone sensitive. The lecturer showed by certain
+remarkable experiments that all plants and all organs of plants
+were sensitive.</p>
+<p class="indent">In certain animal tissues, a very curious
+phenomenon <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id=
+"Page_124">[Pg_124]</a></span>was observed. In man and other
+animals there were tissues which beat spontaneously. As long as
+life lasted, so long did the heart continue to pulsate. There
+could be no effect without a cause. How then was it that these
+pulsations became spontaneous? To this query, no satisfactory
+answer had been forthcoming. Similar spontaneous movements were
+also observable in plant tissues, and by their investigation the
+secret of automatism in the animal world became unravelled. The
+existence of these spontaneous movements could easily be
+demonstrated by means of the Indian "Bon Charal", the telegraph
+plant, whose small leaflets danced continuously up and down. The
+popular belief that they danced in response to the clappings of
+the hand was quite erroneous. From the readings of the scripts
+made by this plant, the lecturer was in a position to state that
+the automatic movements of both plants and animals were guided by
+laws which were identical. Thus in the rhythmic tissues of the
+plant and the animal the pulsation frequency was increased under
+the action of warmth and lessened under cold, increased frequency
+being attended by diminution of amplitude, and "<i>vice versa</i>". Under ether, there was a
+temporary arrest, revival being possible when the vapour was
+blown off. More fatal was the effect of chloroform. The most extraordinary parallelism, however, lay in
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id=
+"Page_125">[Pg_125]</a></span>fact that those poisons which
+arrested the beat of the heart in a particular way arrested the
+plant pulsation in a corresponding manner. The lecturer had
+succeeded in reviving a leaflet poisoned by the application of
+one with a dose of counteracting poison.</p>
+<p class="indent">A time came when after one answer to a supreme
+shock there was a sudden end of the plant's power to give any
+response. This supreme shock was the shock of death. Even in this
+crisis, there was no immediate change in the placid appearance of
+the plant. In man at the critical moment, a spasm passed through
+the whole body, and similarly in the plant the lecturer had
+discovered that a great contractile spasm took place. This was
+accompanied by an electrical spasm also. In the script of the
+death recorder the line that up to this point was being drawn
+became suddenly reversed, and then ended. This was the last
+answer of the plants.</p>
+<p class="indent">Thus the responsiveness of the plant world was
+one. There was no difference of any kind between sunshine plants,
+and those which had hitherto been regarded as insensitive or
+ordinary. It had also been shown that all the varied and complex
+responses of the animal were foreshadowed in the plant. An
+impressive spectacle was thus revealed of that vast unity in
+which all living organisms, from the simplest plant to the
+highest animal, were linked together and made one.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+5-3-1913.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+EVIDENCE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id=
+"Page_126">[Pg_126]</a></span>BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICES
+COMMISSION</p>
+<p class="indent">The following is the evidence given by Dr. J.
+C. Bose, C. S. I., C. I. E., Professor of Physics, Presidency
+College, Calcutta, on the 18th December, 1913, before the Royal
+Commission on the Public Services in India, presided over by Lord
+Islington, and published, in the Minutes of Evidence relating to
+the Education Department, at pages 135 to 137, in volume XX,
+Appendix to the Report of the Commissioners:</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+WRITTEN STATEMENT RELATING TO THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 627 (I) <i>Method of
+recruitment.</i>&mdash;The first question on which I have been
+asked to give my opinion is as regards the method of recruitment.
+I think that a high standard of scholarship should be the only
+qualification insisted on. Graduates of well-known Universities,
+distinguished for a particular line of study, should be given the
+preference. I think the prospects of the Indian Educational
+Service are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id=
+"Page_127">[Pg_127]</a></span>sufficiently high to attract the
+very best material. In colonial Universities they manage to get
+very distinguished men without any extravagantly high pay.
+Possibly the present departmental method of election does not
+admit of sufficiently wide publicity of notice to attract the
+best candidates.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 628 (II) <i>System of training and
+probation.</i>&mdash;As regards probation and training,
+Educational officers should first win a reputation as good
+teachers before the appointment is confirmed as they are
+transferred to important colleges.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 629 (IV) <i>Conditions of
+Salary.</i>&mdash;As regards conditions of Salary, the pay should
+be moderately high, but not extravagant, and settled once for all
+under some simple and well-defined rules. It is not only very
+humiliating but degrading to a true scholar to be scrambling for
+money. The difference between the pay of the higher and lower
+services should be minimised.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 630 (VI) <i>Conditions of
+pension.</i>&mdash;With reference to pension, I think it is very
+unfair that more favourable terms are offered, when the pensioner
+elects to retire in England.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 631 (VII) <i>Such limitations as exist in
+the employment of non-Europeans.</i>&mdash;Passing on to the
+question of limitations that exist in the employment of Indians
+in the higher service, I should like to give expression to an
+injustice which is very keenly felt. It is <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id=
+"Page_128">[Pg_128]</a></span>unfortunate that Indian graduates
+of European Universities who have distinguished themselves in a
+remarkable manner do not for one reason or other find facilities
+for entering the higher Educational Service.</p>
+<p class="indent">As teachers and workers it is an incontestable
+fact that Indian officers have distinguished themselves very
+highly, and anything which discriminates between Europeans and
+Indians in the way of pay and prospects is most undesirable. A
+sense of injustice is ill-calculated to bring about that harmony
+which is so necessary among all the members of an educational
+institution, professors and students alike.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 632 (VIII) <i>Relations of the service with
+the Indian Civil Service and with other services.</i>&mdash;As
+regards the relations with the Indian Civil Service, I am under
+the impression that they are somewhat strained, but of this I
+have no personal experience.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 633 (IX) <i>Other points.</i>&mdash;I have
+endeavoured to give my opinion on the definite questions which
+have been asked. There is another aspect of educational work in
+India which I think of the highest importance, though I am not
+exactly sure whether it falls within the terms of reference to
+the Royal Commission. I think that all the machinery to improve
+the higher education in India would be altogether ineffectual
+unless India enters the world <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg_129]</a></span>movement for the
+advancement of knowledge. And for this it is absolutely necessary
+to touch the imagination of the people so as to rouse them to
+give their best energies to the work of research and discovery,
+in which all the nations of the world are now engaged. To aim at
+anything less will only end in a lifeless and mechanical system
+from which the soul of reality has passed away. On this subject I
+could have said much, but I will confine myself to one point
+which I think at the present juncture to be of importance. The
+Government of Bengal has been foremost in a tentative way in
+encouraging research. What is necessary is the extension and
+continuity of this enlightened policy.</p>
+<p class="indent">83, 634. <i>Supplementary Note.</i>&mdash;I
+would like to add a few remarks to make the meaning of paragraphs
+83, 627 and 83, 631 in my note more explicit.</p>
+<p class="indent">At the present recruitment in the Indian
+Educational Service is made in England and is practically
+confined to Englishmen. Such racial preference is in my opinion,
+prejudicial to the interest of education. The best man available,
+English or Indian should be selected impartially, and high
+scholarship should be the only test.</p>
+<p class="indent">It has been said that the present standard of
+Indian Universities is not as high as that of British
+Universities, and that the work done by the former is more like
+that of a sixth form of public schools in <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id=
+"Page_130">[Pg_130]</a></span>England. It is therefore urged that
+what is required for an Educational officer is the capacity to
+manage classes rather than high scholarship. I do not agree with
+these views: (1) there are Universities in Great Britain whose
+standards are not higher than ours; I do not think that the Pass
+Degree even of Oxford or Cambridge is higher than the
+corresponding degree here; (2) the standard of the Indian
+Universities is being steadily raised; (3) the standard will
+depend upon what the men entrusted with Educational work will
+make it. For these reasons it is necessary that the level of
+scholarship represented by the Indian Educational Service should
+be maintained very high.</p>
+<p class="indent">In paragraph 83,631 I have stated that even
+these Indians who have distinguished themselves in European
+Universities have little chance of entering the higher
+Educational Service. I should like to add that these highly
+qualified Indians need only opportunities to render service which
+would greatly advance the cause of higher education. As regards
+graduates of Indian Universities, I have known men among them
+whose works have been highly appreciated. If promising Indian
+graduates are given the opportunity of visiting foreign
+Universities, I have no doubt that they would stand comparison
+with the best recruits that can be obtained from the West.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DR. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id=
+"Page_131">[Pg_131]</a></span>J. C. BOSE CALLED AND EXAMINED</p>
+<p class="indent">83,635. (Chairman). The witness favoured an
+arrangement by which Indians would enter the higher ranks of the
+service, either through the Provincial Service or by direct
+recruitment in India. The latter class of officers, after
+completing their education in India, should ordinarily go to
+Europe with a view to widening their experience. By this he did
+not wish to decry the training given in the Indian Universities,
+which produced some of the very best men, and he would not make
+the rule absolute. It was not necessary for men of exceptional
+ability to go to England in order to occupy a high chair.
+Unfortunately, on account of there being no openings for men of
+genius in the Educational Service, distinguished men were driven
+to the profession of Law. In the present condition of India a
+larger number of distinguished men were needed to give their
+lives to the education of the people.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,636. The witness himself had spent part of
+his career in Europe, and looking back he could say that this had
+been of great profit to him, not so much on account of the
+training he got, as by being brought into personal contact with
+eminent men whose influence extorted his admiration, and create
+in him a feeling of emulation. In this way he owed a great deal
+to Lord Rayleigh under whom he <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg_132]</a></span>worked, but he did
+not see why that advantage should not eventually be secured by
+Indians in India under an Indian Lord Rayleigh.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,637. There should be only one Educational
+Service, but men who were distinguished in any subject should not
+start from its very lowest rung but should be placed somewhere in
+the middle of it.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,638. There were men in the Provincial
+Service who were very distinguished; it was all a question of
+genius. The Educational Service ought to be regarded not as a
+profession, but as a calling. Some men were born to be teachers.
+It was not a question of race, of course; in order to have an
+efficient educational system, there must be an efficient
+organisation, but this should not be allowed to become
+fossilised, and thus stand in the way of healthy growth.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,639. In the Presidency College a young man
+fresh from an English university was at once appointed a
+Professor regardless of his lack of experience, whereas an Indian
+who passed in highest examination with honours in India was
+appointed as an Assistant Professor. This grounding often made
+him more efficient as a teacher than the Professor recruited from
+England. There were now several Professors in the college, in the
+Provincial Service, who were highly qualified, and who lectured
+to the highest classes with very great success.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id=
+"Page_133">[Pg_133]</a></span>83,640. In the Physics Department
+he had under his direction several Assistants who were so well
+qualified that they were allowed to give lectures to several
+classes. These Assistants, after their experience at the
+Presidency College, would be best fitted to become Professors in
+the mofussil at Colleges. He would like to see them promoted to
+the higher service after they had had experience. But before he
+gave them the highest positions, he would make it compulsory for
+them to go to Europe.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,641. A proportion of Europeans in the
+service was needed, but only as experts and not as ordinary
+teachers. Only the very best men should be obtained from Europe,
+and for exceptional cases. The general educational work should be
+done entirely by Indians, who understood the difficulties of the
+country much better than any outsider.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,642. He advocated the direct recruitment of
+Indians in India by the local government in consultation with the
+Secretary of State, rather than by the Secretary of State alone.
+Indians were under a great difficulty, in that they could not
+remain indefinitely in England after taking their degrees and
+being away from the place of recruitment their claims were
+overlooked.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,643. There was no reason why a European
+should be paid a higher rate of salary than an Indian on account
+of the distance he came. An <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg_134]</a></span>Indian felt a sense
+of inferiority if a difference was made as regards pay. The very
+slight saving which government made by differentiating between
+the two did not compensate for the feeling of wrong done. This
+feeling would remain even if the pay was the same, but an
+additional grant in the shape of a foreign service allowance was
+made to Europeans. All workers in the field of education should
+feel a sense of solidarity, because they were all serving one
+great cause, namely, education.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,644. The term "professor", as at present
+used in India, was undoubtedly a comprehensive one, but it was
+equally comprehensive in the West.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,645. (Sir Murray Hammick). The witness did
+not wish to recruit definite proportions of the service in
+England and in India respectively. He would for various reasons
+prefer a large number of Indians engaged in education.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,646. Even in Calcutta he would not make any
+difference between the pay of the Indian and the pay of the
+European.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,647. (Sir Valentine Chirol). The witness
+attached great value to the influence of the teacher upon the
+student in the earlier stages of his education, and it was in
+these stages that that influence could best be exercised. At the
+same time he desired to limit the appointment of non-Indians to
+men of very great distinction.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id=
+"Page_135">[Pg_135]</a></span>83,648. If a foreign professor
+would not come and serve in India for the same remuneration as he
+obtained in his own country, the witness would certainly not
+force him to come.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,649. (Mr. Abdur Rahim). Recruitment for the
+Educational Service should be made in the first place in India,
+if suitable men were available; but if not then he would allow
+the best outsiders to be brought in. In the present state of the
+country it would be very easy to fill up many of the chairs by
+selecting the best men in India.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,650. The aim of the universities should be
+to promote two classes of work&mdash;first, research;
+and secondly, an all-round sound education. Men of
+different types would be required for these two duties.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,651. (Mr. Madge). Any idea that the
+educational system of India was so far inferior to that of
+England, that Indians, who had made their mark, had done so, not
+because of the educational system of the country, but in spite of
+it, was quite unfounded. The standard of education prevailing in
+India was quite up to the mark of several British universities.
+It was as true of any other country in the world as of India that
+education was valued as a means for passing examinations, and not
+only for itself, and there was no more cramming in India than
+elsewhere.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id=
+"Page_136">[Pg_136]</a></span>83,652. The West certainly brought
+to the East a modern spirit, which was very valuable, but it
+would be dearly purchased by the loss of an honorable career for
+competent Indians in their own country.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,653. The educational system in India had in
+the past been too mechanical, but a turn for the better was now
+taking place and the universities were recognising the importance
+of research work, and were willing to give their highest degrees
+to encourage it.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,654. (Mr. Macdonald). The witness did not
+think it was necessary to have a non-Indian element in the
+service in order to stiffen it up, but he accepted the principle
+that there should be a certain small proportion of
+non-Indians.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,655. The title of professor at a college or
+University should carry with it dignity and honour, and ought not
+to be so freely used as at present. All he asked was that it
+should not be abolished at the expense of such Indians as were
+doing as good work as their European colleagues.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,656. If the Calcutta university continued to
+develop its teaching side, there would be no objection to
+recruiting University Professors from aided colleges. This would
+have certain advantages.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,657. (Mr. Fisher). The witness desired to
+secure for India Europeans who had European <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id=
+"Page_137">[Pg_137]</a></span>reputations in their different
+branches of study. If it was necessary to go outside India or
+England to procure good men, he would prefer to go to Germany.
+This was the practice in America where they were annexing all the
+great intellects of Europe.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,658. The witness would like to see India
+entering the world movement in the advance and march of
+knowledge. It was of the highest importance that there should be
+an intellectual atmosphere in India. It would be of advantage if
+there were many Indians in the Educational Service. For they came
+more in contact with the people, and influenced their
+intellectual activity. Besides, on retirement they would live in
+India and their life experience would be at their countrymen's
+service.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,659. There was very little in the complaint
+made in certain quarters that the work of the Professors in the
+colleges in India was hampered by the Government regulations as
+to curricula. A good teacher was not troubled by such
+matters.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,660. (Mr. Sly). There was no scope for the
+employment of non-Indians in the high schools as apart from the
+colleges. It was in the professorial line that more help from the
+West was required.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,661. (Mr. Gokhale). The witness knew of
+three instances in which the colonies had secured distinguished
+men on salaries which were lower than these given to officers of
+the Indian Educational <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138"
+id="Page_138">[Pg_138]</a></span>Service. One was at Toronto,
+another was in New Zealand and the third at Yale university. The
+salaries on the two latter cases were &pound;600 and &pound;500 a
+year. The same held good as regards Japan. The facts there had
+been stated in a Government of India publication as follows:
+"Subsequent to 1895 there were 67 Professors recruited in Europe
+and America, of those, 20 came from Germany, 16 from England and
+16 from the United States. The average pay was &pound;384. In the
+highest Imperial University the average pay is &pound;684. As
+soon as Japanese could be found to do the work, even tolerably
+well, the foreigner was dropped."</p>
+<p class="indent">83,662. When the witness first started work in
+India, he found that there was no physical laboratory, or any
+grant made for a practical experimental course. He had to
+construct instruments with the help of local mechanics, whom he
+had to train. All this took him ten years. He then undertook
+original investigation at his own expense. The Royal Society
+became specially interested in his work and desired to give him a
+Parliamentary grant for its continuation. It was after this that
+the Government of Bengal came forward and offered him facilities
+for research.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,663. In the Educational Service he would
+take men of achievement from anywhere; but men of promise he
+would take from his own country.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id=
+"Page_139">[Pg_139]</a></span>83,664. (Mr. Chaubal). He did not
+know whether the salaries he had mentioned as having been paid in
+Japan, New Zealand and Yale were on an incremental scale or not.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,665. There was a difference of kind between
+the way in which students were taught in schools and the way in
+which they were taught in colleges. He did not agree with the
+witnesses who had said that during the first year or two years at
+college the instruction given was similar to that given in a
+school. It was very difficult to disprove or to prove such
+statements. There would be no advantage in keeping boys to a
+school course up the intermediate standard and making the
+colleges deal with only those students who had passed the
+intermediate examination.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,666. (Sir Theodore Morison). There should be
+one scale of pay for all persons in the higher educational
+department. The rate of salary, Rs. 200 rising to Rs. 1,500 per
+month, was suitable, subject to the proviso that the man of great
+distinction, instead of beginning at the lowest rate of pay,
+should start some where in the middle of the list, say, at Rs.
+400 or Rs. 500. He would make no reference in regard to Europeans
+or Indians in that respect. In effect this no doubt amounted to
+making Indians eligible for higher educational posts both by
+direct recruitment and by promotion.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id=
+"Page_140">[Pg_140]</a></span>83,667. He would not favour the
+handing over of all the Government institutions in Bengal to
+private agencies; there must be one or two Government colleges in
+order to keep up the standard. He should be sorry to see the
+Government dissociating itself from one of its primary duties,
+which was education.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,668. Privately managed Colleges paid less in
+salary than the Government Colleges. They paid about the same as
+was given in the Provincial Service, and they obtained fairly
+good men. It would not be right for a great Government to grant a
+minimum pay to Indian Professors and an extravagantly high pay to
+their European colleagues, for doing the same kind of work.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,669. At the Presidency College the
+facilities for scientific work were now greater than in many
+institutions in England. India was now becoming a great country
+for Biological research. Again, the Physical and Chemical
+Laboratories at the Presidency College were finer than many in
+England. If young men of science in England thought they obtained
+better opportunities in pursuing their subjects in New Zealand
+and Toronto than in India, the India office ought to remove that
+impression at once.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,670. (Lord Ronaldshay). When an Indian
+graduate under the witnesses' scheme was appointed direct to the
+higher service in India he would <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg_141]</a></span>not compel him to go
+to England for a period of training. The person who would be
+appointed in India directly from the Indian Universities would
+have to have previously served with distinction in subordinate
+positions; a visit to Europe would be an advantage but not
+absolutely necessary.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,671. (Mr. Biss). The cost of living in
+Calcutta to an Indian Professor or Lecturer would all depend as
+the style in which he lived. In each service there is always a
+standard of living to which every member is expected to conform.
+An Indian Professor had to go to Europe from time to time to keep
+himself in touch with the developments of his subject. An Indian
+officer had to support a large number of relations. The question
+of a man's private expenses should not be raised in fixing his
+pay. One might as well inquire whether the candidate for
+admission to the service was a bachelor or married, or as to how
+many children he had. He had known Europeans who had led a simple
+life, and had been all the better for it.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,672. He could not understand why men went to
+Japan and Canada instead of coming to India on better terms. It
+was a mystery to him. He thought it was either sheer ignorance or
+the spread of the commercial spirit.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,673. All the students coming to his side of
+the University, were, as a rule, keen and <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id=
+"Page_142">[Pg_142]</a></span>anxious to learn; he could not wish
+for better students.</p>
+<p class="indent">83,674. (Mr. Gupta). He desired one service,
+because he thought it was most degrading that certain men,
+although they were doing the same work, should be classed in a
+Provincial Service, while others should be classed in an Imperial
+Service. The prospect of the members of the Provincial Service
+were not at all what they ought to be, and that was the reason
+why the best men were not attracted to it.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+PROF. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id=
+"Page_143">[Pg_143]</a></span>J. C. BOSE AT MADURA</p>
+<p class="indent">On his way back to Calcutta from the Fourth
+Scientific Deputation to the West, Prof. J. C. Bose visited
+Madura, 14th June 1915. The Tamil Sangam presented him with an
+address. In reply Dr. Bose made an important speech, in course of
+which he said:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">I am no longer a representative of Bengal nor
+have I come to a strange place, but as an Indian addressing the
+mighty India and her people. When we realise that unity of our
+destiny then a great future opens out for us.</p>
+<p class="indent">It may be we may theorise and attribute to the
+plants all the characteristics of the animals; but that will be
+merely theory: there will be no proof. There are certain classes
+of people who think that plants are utterly unlike animals and
+some hold that they are like animals. The mere theory is
+absolutely worthless in order to find out the truth. We have to
+find by investigation, by means of researches, by means of
+proofs, that one is identical with the other. We have not only to
+drop all theory but we have to make the plant itself write
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id=
+"Page_144">[Pg_144]</a></span>down the answers to the questions
+that we have to put to them. That was the great
+problem,&mdash;how to make the plant itself answer and write down
+answers to the question....</p>
+<p class="indent">If the plants are acted on by various medicines
+and drugs like ourselves, then we can create an agent or a
+spokesman on which we can carry out all future investigations on
+the action of drugs. Then there is opened out a great vista for
+the scientific study of medicine. And let me tell you medicine is
+not yet an exact science. It is merely a phase of tradition. We
+have not been able to make medicine scientific. Now by the data
+of the influence of drugs on the fundamental basis of life, as is
+seen in the plant, we shall be able to make the science of
+medicine purely scientific.</p>
+<p class="indent">In travelling all over the world, which I have
+done several times, I was struck by two great characteristics of
+different nations. One characteristic of certain nations is
+living for the future. All the modern nations are striving to win
+force and power from nature. There is another class of men who
+live on the glory of the past. Now, what is to be the future of
+our nation? Are we to live only on the glory of the past and die
+off from the face of the earth, to show that we are worthy
+descendants of the glorious past and to show by our work, by our
+intellect and by our service that we <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg_145]</a></span>are
+not a decadent nation? We have still a great and mighty future
+before us, a future that will justify our ancestry. In talking
+about ancestry, do we ever realise that the only way in which we
+can do honour to our past is not to boast of what our ancestors
+have done but to carry out in the future something as great, if
+not greater than they. Are we to be a living nation, to be proud
+of our ancestry and to try to win renown by continuous
+achievements? These mighty monuments that I see around me tell us
+what has been done till very recent times. I have travelled over
+some of the greatest ruins of the Universities of India. I have
+been to the ruins of the University of Taxilla in the farthest
+corner of India which attracted the people of the west and the
+east. I had been to the ruins of Nalanda, a University which
+invited all the west to gain knowledge under its intellectual
+fostering. I had been all there and seen them. I have come here
+also and want to visit Conjeevaram. But are you to foster the
+dead honours or to try to bring back your University in India and
+drag once more from the rest of the world people who would come
+down and derive knowledge from India? It is in that way and that
+way alone we can win our self-respect and make our life and the
+life of the nation worthy. The present era is the era of temples
+of learning. In order to erect temples of learning we
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id=
+"Page_146">[Pg_146]</a></span>require all the offerings of our
+mighty people. We want to erect temples and "viharas" which are
+so indispensable to the study of nature and her secrets. It is a
+problem which appeals to every thoughtful Indian. It is by the
+effort of the people and by their generosity that all these
+mighty temples arose; and now are we to worship the dead stones
+or are we to erect living temples so that the knowledge that has
+been made in India shall be perpetuated in India? I received
+requests from the different Universities in America and Germany
+to allow students from those countries to come and learn the
+science that has been initiated in India. Now, is this knowledge
+to pass beyond our boundaries to that again in future time we may
+have to go to the west to get back this knowledge or are we to
+keep this flame of learning burning all the time?</p>
+<p class="indent">(<i>Modern Review, Vol. xviii, p.
+22-23</i>).</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+DR. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id=
+"Page_147">[Pg_147]</a></span>J. C. BOSE ENTERTAINED</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 1.0em">
+PARTY AT RAM MOHAN LIBRARY</p>
+<p class="indent">On Saturday, 24th July, 1915, the members of
+the Ram Mohan Library and Reading room received Dr. J. C. Bose,
+the President of the Library in a right royal fashion, on his
+return to India from his Scientific Deputation to the West.</p>
+<p class="indent">There was a large and influential gathering,
+and the spacious hall was tastefully
+decorated.</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. J. C. Bose arrived at 6:15 p.m. and was
+received at the gate by Mr. D. N. Pal, Secretary. Dr. Bose then
+went round the hall accompanied by the members of the Executive
+Committee while the Bharati Musical Association played excellent
+Jaltaranga Orchestra.</p>
+<p class="indent">Babu Bhupendra Nath Bose, Vice-President of the
+Library, made a brilliant speech welcoming Dr. Bose and detailing
+the great services done to the country by him.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DR. BOSE'S REPLY</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose in reply expressed his thanks for the
+great interest shown in different parts of this country in the
+success of his work. This was the fourth <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id=
+"Page_148">[Pg_148]</a></span>occasion on which he had been
+deputed to the West by the Government of India on a scientific
+mission, and the success that has attended his visit to foreign
+countries has exceeded all his expectations. In Vienna, in Paris,
+in Oxford, Cambridge and London, in Harvard, Washington, Chicago
+and Columbia, in Tokio and in many other places his work has
+uniformly been received with high appreciation. In spite of the
+fact that his researches called into question some of the
+existing theories, his results have notwithstanding received the
+fullest acceptance. This was due to a great extent to the
+convincing character of the demonstration afforded by the very
+delicate instruments he had been able to invent and which worked
+under extremely difficult tests with extraordinary perfection.
+Even the most critical savants in Vienna felt themselves
+constrained to make a most generous admission. In these new
+investigations on the border land between physics and physiology,
+they held that Europe has been left behind by India, to which
+country they would now have to come for inspiration. It has also
+been fully recognised that science will derive benefit when the
+synthetic intellectual methods of the East co-operate with the
+severe analytical methods of the West. These opinions have also
+been fully endorsed in other centres of learning and Dr. Bose had
+received applications from distinguished <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id=
+"Page_149">[Pg_149]</a></span>Universities in Europe and America
+for admission of foreign post graduate scholars to be trained in
+his Laboratory in the new scientific methods that have been
+initiated in India.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR INDIA</p>
+<p class="indent">This recognition that the advance of human
+knowledge will be incomplete without India's special
+contributions, must be a source of great inspiration for future
+workers in India. His countrymen had the keen imagination which
+could extort truth out of a mass of disconnected facts and the
+habit of meditation without allowing the mind to dissipate
+itself. Inspired by his visits to the ancient Universities, at
+Taxila, at Nalanda and at Conjevaram, Dr. Bose had the strongest
+confidence that India would soon see a revival of those glorious
+traditions. There will soon rise a Temple of Learning where the
+teacher cut off from worldly distractions would go on with his
+ceaseless pursuit after truth, and dying, hand on his work to his
+disciples. Nothing would seem laborious in his inquiry; never is
+he to lose sight of his quest, never is he to let it go obscured
+by any terrestrial temptation. For he is the Sanyasin spirit, and
+India is the only country where so far from there being a
+conflict between science and religion. Knowledge is regarded as
+religion itself. Such a misuse of science as is now unfortunately
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id=
+"Page_150">[Pg_150]</a></span>in evidence in the West would be
+impossible here. Had the conquest of air been achieved in India,
+her very first impulse would be to offer worship at every temple
+for such a manifestation of the divinity in man.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ECONOMIC DANGER OF INDIA</p>
+<p class="indent">One of the most interesting events in his tour
+round the world was his stay in Japan, where he had ample
+opportunity of becoming acquainted with the efforts of the people
+and their aspirations towards a great future. No one can help
+being filled with admiration for what they have achieved. In
+materialistic efficiency, which in a mechanical era is regarded
+as an index of civilisation, they have even surpassed their
+German teachers. A few decades ago they had no foreign shipping
+and no manufacture. But within an incredibly short time their
+magnificent lines of steamers have proved so formidable a
+competitor that the great American line in the Pacific will soon
+be compelled to stop their sailings. Their industries again,
+through the wise help of the State and other adventitious aids
+are capturing foreign markets. But far more admirable is their
+foresight to save their country from any embroilment with other
+nations with whom they want to live in peace. And they realise
+any predominant interest of a foreign country in their trade
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id=
+"Page_151">[Pg_151]</a></span>or manufacture is sure to lead to
+misunderstanding and friction. Actuated by this idea they have
+practically excluded all foreign manufactured articles by
+prohibitive tariffs.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+REVIVAL OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES</p>
+<p class="indent">Is our country slow to realise the danger that
+threatens her by the capture of her market and the total
+destruction of her industries? Does she not realise that it is
+helpless passivity that directly provokes aggression? Has not the
+recent happenings in China served as an object lesson? There is,
+therefore, no time to be lost and the utmost effort is demanded
+of the Government and the people for the revival of our own
+industries. The various attempts that have hitherto been made
+have not been as successful as the necessity of the case demands.
+The efforts of the Government and of the people have hitherto
+been spasmodic and often worked at cross purposes. The Government
+should have an advisory body of Indian members. There should be
+some modification of rules as regards selection of Industrial scholars. Before being sent out to foreign
+countries they should be made to study the conditions of
+manufacture in this country and its difficulties. For a
+particular industry there should be a co-ordinated group of three
+scholars, two for the industrial and one for the commercial side.
+Difficulties <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id=
+"Page_152">[Pg_152]</a></span>would arise in adapting foreign
+knowledge to Indian conditions. This can only be overcome by the
+devoted labour of men of originality, who have been trained in
+our future Research Laboratory. The Government could also
+materially help (i) by offering facilities for the supply of raw
+materials (ii) by offering expert advice (iii) by starting
+experimental industries. He had reason to think that the
+Government is full alive to the crucial importance of the subject
+and is determined to take every step necessary. In this matter
+the aims of the people and the Government are one. In facing a
+common danger and in co-operation there must arise mutual respect
+and understanding. And perhaps through the very catastrophe that
+is threatening the world there may grow up in India a realisation
+of community of interest and solidarity as between Government and
+people.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+A CALL FOR NOBLER PATRIOTISM</p>
+<p class="indent">A very serious danger is thus seen to be
+threatening the future of India, and to avert it will require the
+utmost effort of the people. They have not only to meet the
+economic crisis but also to protect the ideals of ancient Aryan
+civilisation from the destructive forces that are threatening it.
+Nothing great can be conserved except through constant effort and
+sacrifice. There is a danger of, regarding <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg_153]</a></span>the
+mechanical efficiency as the sole end of life; there is also the
+opposite danger of a life of dreaming, bereft of struggle and
+activity, degenerating into parasitic habits of dependence. Only
+through the nobler call of patriotism can our nation realise her
+highest ideals in thought and in action; to that call the nation
+will always respond. He had the inestimable privilege of winning
+the intimate friendship of Mr. G. K. Gokhale. Before leaving
+England, our foremost Indian statesman whose loss we so deeply
+mourn, had come to stay with the speaker for a few days at
+Eastbourne. He knew that this was to be their last meeting.
+Almost his parting question to Dr. Bose was whether science had
+anything to say about future incarnations. For himself, however
+he was certain that as soon as he would cast off his worn out frame he was to be born once more in the
+country he loved, and bear all the country that may be laid on
+him in her service. There can be no doubt that there must be
+salvation for a country which can count on sons as devoted as
+Gopal Krishna Gokhale.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+26-7-1915.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+HISTORY <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id=
+"Page_154">[Pg_154]</a></span>OF A DISCOVERY</p>
+<p class="indent">Substance of a Lecture delivered by Prof. J. C.
+Bose on the 20th November 1915, at the Ram Mohan Library, under
+the Presidency of the Hon'ble Mr. P. C. Lyon, and published at p.
+693, Vol. xviii, of the "Modern Review" (July to December,
+1915).</p>
+<p class="indent">At the tournament held before the court at
+Hastinapur, more than twenty-five centuries ago, Karna, the
+reputed son of a Charioteer, had challenged the supremacy of
+Prince Arjuna. To this challenge Arjuna
+had returned a scornful answer; a prince could not cross swords
+with one who could claim no nobility of descent. "I am my own
+ancestor," replied Karna, and this perhaps the earliest assertion
+of the right of man to choose and determine his own destiny. In
+the realm of knowledge also the great achievements have been won
+only by men with determined purpose and without any adventitious
+aids. Undismayed by human limitations they had struggled in spite
+of many a failure. In their inquiry after truth they regarded
+nothing as too laborious, nothing too insignificant, nothing too
+painful. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id=
+"Page_155">[Pg_155]</a></span>This is the process which all must
+follow; there is no easier path.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer's research on the properties of
+Electric Waves was begun just twenty-one years ago. In this he
+was greatly encouraged by the appreciation shown by the Royal
+Society, which not only published his researches, but also
+offered a Parliamentary grant for the continuance of his work.
+The greatest difficulty lay in the construction of a receiver to
+detect invisible ether disturbances. For this a most laborious
+investigation had to be undertaken to find the action of electric
+radiation on all kinds of matter. As a result of this long and
+very patient work a new type of receiver was invented, so perfect
+in its action that the <i>Electrician</i> suggested its use in
+ships and electro-magnetic high houses for the communication and
+transmission of danger signals at sea through space. This was in
+1895, several years in advance of the present wireless system.
+Practical application of the result of Dr. Bose's investigations
+appear so important that Great Britain and the United States
+granted him patents for his invention of a certain crystal
+receiver which proved to be the most sensitive detector
+of wireless signals.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+UNIVERSAL SENSITIVENESS OF MATTER</p>
+<p class="indent">In the course of his investigations Dr. Bose
+found <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id=
+"Page_156">[Pg_156]</a></span>that the uncertainty of the early
+type of his receiver was brought on by fatigue, and that the
+curve of fatigue of his instrument closely resembled the fatigue
+curve of animal muscle. He was soon able to remove the
+'tiredness' of his receiver by application of suitable
+stimulants; application of certain poisons, on the other hand,
+permanently abolished its sensitiveness. Dr. Bose was thus amazed
+at the discovery that inorganic matter was anything but inert,
+but that its particles were a thrill under the action of
+multitudinous forces that were playing on it. The lecturer was at
+this time constrained to choose whether to go on with the
+practical applications of his work, the success of which appeared
+to be assured, or to throw himself into a vortex of conflict for
+the establishment of some truth the glimmerings of which he was
+then but dimly beginning to perceive. It is very curious that the
+human mind is sometimes so constituted that it rejects lines of
+least resistance in favour of the more difficult path. Dr. Bose
+chose the more difficult path, and entered into a phase of
+activity which was to test all his strength.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+CASTE IN SCIENCE</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose's discovery of Universal sensitiveness
+of matter was communicated to the Royal Society on May 7th, 1901,
+when he himself gave a successful <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg_157]</a></span>experimental
+demonstration. His communication was, however, strongly assailed
+by Sir John Burden-Sanderson, the leading physiologist, and one
+or two of his followers. They had nothing to urge against his
+experiments but objected to a physicist straying into the
+preserve that had been specially reserved for the physiologist.
+He had unwittingly strayed into the domain of a new and
+unfamiliar caste system and offended its etiquette. In
+consequence of this opposition his paper, which was already in
+print, was not published. This is not by any means to be regarded
+as an injustice done to a stranger. Even Lord Rayleigh, who
+occupies an unique position in the world of science, was
+subjected to fierce attacks from the chemists, because he, a
+physicist, had ventured to predict that the air would be found to
+contain new elements not hitherto discovered.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is natural that there should be prejudice
+against all innovations, and the attitude of Sir John
+Burden-Sanderson is easily explained. Unfortunately there was
+another incident about which similar explanation could not be
+urged. Dr. Bose's Paper had been placed in the archives of the
+Royal Society, so that technically there was no publication. And
+it came about that eight months after the reading of his Paper,
+another communication found publication in the Journal of a
+different society which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158"
+id="Page_158">[Pg_158]</a></span>was practically the same as Dr.
+Bose's but without any acknowledgment. The author of this
+communication was a gentleman who had previously opposed him at
+the Royal Society. The plagiarism was subsequently discovered and
+led to much unpleasantness. It is not necessary to refer any more
+to the subject except as explanation of the fact that the
+determined hostility and misrepresentations of one man succeeded
+for more than ten years to bar all avenues of publication for his
+discoveries. But every cloud has its silver lining; this incident
+secured for him many true friends in England who stood for fair
+play, and whose friendship has proved to be a source of great
+encouragement to him.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FURTHER DIFFICULTIES</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose's next work in 1903 was the discovery
+of the identity of response and of automatic activity in plant
+and animal and of the nervous impulse in plant. These new
+contributions were regarded as of such great importance that the
+Royal Society showed its special appreciation by recommending it
+to be published in their Philosophical transactions. But the same
+influence which had hitherto stood in his way triumphed once
+more, and it was at the very last moment that the publication was
+withheld. The Royal Society, however, informed him that his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id=
+"Page_159">[Pg_159]</a></span>results were of fundamental
+importance, but as they were so wholly unexpected and so opposed
+to the existing theories, that they would reserve their judgment
+until, at some future time, plants themselves could be made to
+record their answers to questions put to them. This was
+interpreted in certain quarters here as the final rejection of
+Dr. Bose's theories by the Royal Society, and the limited
+facilities which he had in the prosecution of his researches were
+in danger of being withdrawn. And everything was dark for him for
+the next ten years. The only thought that possessed him was how
+to make the plant give testimony by means of its own
+autograph.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+LONG DELAYED SUCCESS</p>
+<p class="indent">And when the night was at its darkest, light
+gradually appeared, and after innumerable difficulties had been
+overcome his Resonant Recorder was perfected, which enabled the
+plant to tell its own story. And in the meantime something still
+more wonderful came to pass. Hitherto all gates had been barred
+and he had to produce his passports everywhere. He now found
+friends who never asked him for credentials. His time had come at
+last. The Royal Society found his new methods most convincing and
+honoured him by publication of his researches in the
+Philosophical transactions. And his discoveries, <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id=
+"Page_160">[Pg_160]</a></span>which had so long remained in
+obscurity, found enthusiastic acceptance.</p>
+<p class="indent">Though his theories had thus received
+acceptance from the leading scientific men of the Royal Society,
+there was yet no general conviction of the identity of life
+reactions in plant and animal. No amount of controversy can
+remove the tendency of the human mind to follow precedents. The
+only thing left was to make the plant itself bear witness before
+the scientific bodies in the West, by means of self-records. At
+the recommendation of the Minister of Education, and of the
+Government of Bengal, the Secretary of State sanctioned his
+scientific deputation to Europe and America.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+JOURNEY OF INDIAN PLANT ROUND THE WORLD</p>
+<p class="indent">The special difficulty which he had to contend
+against lay in the fact that the only time during which the plant
+flourished at all in the West, was in the months of July and
+August, when the Universities and scientific societies were in
+vacation. The only thing left was to take the bold step of
+carrying growing plants from India and trust to human ingenuity
+to keep them alive during the journey. Four plants, two Mimosas
+and two Telegraph plants, were taken in a portable box with glass
+cover, and never let out of sight. In the <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id=
+"Page_161">[Pg_161]</a></span>Mediterranean they encountered
+bitter cold for the first time and nearly succumbed. They were
+unhappier still in the Bay of Biscay, and when they reached
+London there was a sharp frost. They had to be kept in a drawing
+room lighted by gas, the deadly influence of which was discovered
+the next morning when all the plants were found to be apparently
+killed. Two had been killed, and the other two were brought round
+after much difficulty. The plants were at once transferred to the
+hot-house in Regents Park. For every demonstration in Dr. Bose's
+private Laboratory at Maida Vale, the plant had to be brought and
+returned in a taxicab with closed doors so that no sudden chill
+might kill them. When travelling, the large box in which they
+were, could not be trusted out of sight in the luggage van. They
+had practically to be carried in a reserved compartment. The
+unusual care taken of the box always roused the greatest
+curiosity, and in an incredibly short time large crowds would
+gather. When travelling long distances, for example from London
+to Vienna, the carriage accommodation had to be secured in
+advance. It was this that saved Dr. Bose from being interned in
+Germany, where he was to commence his lectures on the 4th August.
+He was to start for the University of Bonn on the 2nd, but on
+account of hasty mobilisation of troops in Germany he could not
+secure the reserved accommodation. <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg_162]</a></span>Two days after came
+the proclamation of War!</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+OUTCOME OF HIS WORK</p>
+<p class="indent">The success of his scientific mission exceeded
+his most sanguine expectations. The work in which he long
+persevered in isolation and under most depressing difficulties,
+bore fruit at last. Apart from the full recognition that the
+progress of the world's science would be incomplete without
+India's special contributions, mutual appreciation and better
+understanding resulted from his visit. One of the greatest of
+Medical Institutions, the Royal Society of Medicine, has been
+pleased to regard his address before the society as one of the
+most important in their history and they expected that their
+science of medicine would be materially benefited by the
+researches that are being carried out by him in India. India has
+also been drawn closer to the great seats of learning in the
+West, to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; for there also
+the methods of inquiry initiated here have found the most cordial
+welcome. Many Indian students find their way to America,
+strangers in a strange land; hitherto they found few to advise
+and befriend them. It will perhaps be different now, since their
+leading Universities have begged from India the courtesy of hospitality for their post graduate
+scholars. Some <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id=
+"Page_163">[Pg_163]</a></span>of these Universities again have
+asked for a supply of apparatus specially invented at Dr. Bose's
+laboratory which in their opinion will mark an epoch in
+scientific advance.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE INEFFABLE WONDER BEHIND THE VEIL</p>
+<p class="indent">As for the research itself, he said its
+bearings are not exclusively specialistic, but touch the
+foundation of various branches of science. To mention only a few;
+in medicine it had to deal with the fundamental reaction of
+protoplasm to various drugs, the solution of the problem why an
+identical agent brings about diametrically opposite effects in
+different constitutions; in the science of life it dealt with the
+new comparative physiology by which any specific characteristic
+of a tissue is traced from the simplest type in plant to the most
+complex in the animal; the study of the mysterious phenomenon of
+death and the accurate determination of the death point and the
+various conditions by which this point may be dislocated
+backwards and forwards; in psychology it had to deal with the
+unravelling of the great mystery that underlies memory and
+tracing it backwards to latent impressions even in the inorganic
+bodies which are capable of subsequent revival; and finally, the
+determination of the special characteristic of that vehicle
+through which sensiferous impulses are transmitted and the
+possibility <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id=
+"Page_164">[Pg_164]</a></span>of changing the intensity and the
+tone of sensation. All these investigations, Dr. Bose said, are
+to be carried out by new physical methods of the utmost delicacy.
+He had in these years been able to remove the obstacles in the
+path and had lifted the veil so as to catch a glimpse of the
+ineffable wonder that had hitherto been hidden from view. The
+real work, he said, had only just begun.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+A <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id=
+"Page_165">[Pg_165]</a></span>SOCIAL GATHERING</p>
+<p class="indent">At the Social Gathering held on the 16th
+December 1915, in the compound of the Calcutta Presidency
+College, to meet him after his highly successful tour through
+Europe, America and Japan, Dr. Bose spoke as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">He said that it was his rare good fortune to
+have been amply rewarded for the hardships and struggles that he
+had gone through by the generous and friendly feelings of his
+colleagues and the love and trust of his pupils. He would say a
+few words regarding his experience in the Presidency College for
+more than three decades, which he hoped would serve to bring all
+who loved the Presidency College&mdash;present and past pupils
+and their teachers&mdash;in closer bonds of union. He would speak
+to them what he had learnt after years of patient labour, that
+the impossible became possible by persistent and determined
+efforts and adherence to duty and entire selflessness. The
+greatest obstacle often arises out of foolish misunderstanding of
+each other's ideals, such as the differing points of view, first
+of the Indian teacher, then of his western colleague, and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id=
+"Page_166">[Pg_166]</a></span>last but not least, the point of
+view of the Indian pupils themselves. In all these respects his
+experience had been wide and varied. He had both been an
+undergraduate and a graduate of the Calcutta University with
+vivid realization of an Indian student's aspirations; he had then
+become a student of conservative Cambridge and democratic London.
+And during his frequent visits to Europe and America he had
+become acquainted with the inner working of the chief
+universities of the world. Finally he had the unique privilege of
+being connected with the Presidency College for thirty-one years,
+from which no temptation could sever him. He had the deepest
+sense of the sacred vocation of the teacher. They may well be
+proud of a consecrated life&mdash;consecrated to what? To the
+guidance of young lives, to the making of men, to the shaping and
+determining of souls in the dawn of their existence, with their
+dreams yet to be realised.</p>
+<p class="indent">Education in the West and in the East showed
+how different customs and ways might yet express a common ideal.
+In India the teacher was, like the head of a family, reverenced
+by his pupils so deeply as to show itself by touching the feet of
+their master. This in no servile act if we come to think of it;
+since it is the expression of the pupils' desire for his master's
+blessings, called down from heaven in an almost religious
+communion of souls. This consecration <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg_167]</a></span>is
+renewed every day, calling forth patient foresight of the
+teacher. As the father shows no special favour, but lets his love
+and compassion go out to the weakest, so it is with the Indian
+teacher and his pupil. There is the relation something very
+human, something very ennobling. He would say it was essentially
+human rather than distinctively Eastern. For do we not find
+something very like it in Mediaeval Europe? There too before the
+coming of the modern era with its lack of leisure and its
+adherence to system and machinery, there was a bond as sacred
+between the master and his pupils. Luther used to salute his
+class every morning with lifted hat, "I bow to you, great men of
+the future, famous administrators yet to be, men of learning, men
+of character who will take on themselves the burden of the
+world." Such is the prophetic vision given to the greatest of
+teachers. The modern teacher from England will set before him an
+ideal not less exalted&mdash;regarding his pupils as his
+comrades, he as an Englishman will instill into them
+greater virility and a greater public spirit. This will be his
+special contribution to the forming of our Indian youths.</p>
+<p class="indent">Turning to the Indian students he could say
+that it was his good fortune never to have had the harmonious relation between teacher and pupils in
+any way ruffled during his long connection with them <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg_168]</a></span>for
+more than three decades. The real secret of success was in trying
+at times to see things from the student's point of view and to
+cultivate a sense of humour enabling him to enjoy the splendid
+self-assurance of youth with a feeling not unmixed with envy. In
+essential matters, however, one could not wish to meet a better
+type or one more quickly susceptible to finer appeals to right
+conduct and duty as Indian students. Their faults are rather of
+omission than of commission, since in his experience he formed
+that the moment they realised their teachers to be their friends,
+they responded instantly and did not flinch from any test,
+however severe, that could be laid on them.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>The Presidency College Magazine.</i>
+<i>Vol. II, pages</i> 339-341.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+LIGHT <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id=
+"Page_169">[Pg_169]</a></span>VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE</p>
+<p class="indent">On the 14th January 1916, Dr. J. C. Bose
+delivered a public lecture, on Light Visible and Invisible, at
+the third Indian Science Congress held at Lucknow, before a
+crowded audience which included the Lieutenant-Governor (Sir
+James Meston).</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose, in course of his lecture, spoke of
+the imperfection of our senses. Our ear, for example, fails to
+respond to all sounds. There are many sounds to which we are
+deaf. This was because our ear was tuned to answer to the narrow
+range of eleven octaves of sound vibrations. He showed a
+remarkable experiment of an artificial ear which remained
+irresponsive to various sounds, but when a particular note, to
+which it was tuned, was sounded even at the distant end of the
+hall, this ear picked it up and responded violently. As there
+were sounds audible and inaudible, so there were lights visible
+and invisible. The imperfection of our eye as a detector of ether
+vibrations was, however, far more serious. The eye could detect
+ether vibrations lying within a single octave&mdash;between 400
+to 800 billion vibrations per second. Comparatively slow
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id=
+"Page_170">[Pg_170]</a></span>vibrations of ether did not affect
+our eye and the disturbances they give rise to well-known as
+electric waves. The electric waves, predicted by Maxwell, were
+discovered by Hertz. These waves were about
+three metres long. They were about ten million times larger than
+the beams of visible light. Dr. Bose showed that the three short
+electric waves have the same property as a beam of light,
+exhibiting reflections, refraction, even total reflection,
+through a black crystal, double refraction, polarisation, and
+rotation of the plane of polarisation. The thinnest film of air
+was sufficient to produce total reflection of visible light with
+its extremely short wave lengths. But with the new electric waves
+which he produced, Dr. Bose showed that the critical thickness of
+air space determined by the refracting power of the prison and by
+the wave length of electric oscillations. Dr. Bose determined the
+index of refraction of electric waves for different materials,
+and eliminated a difficulty which presented itself in Maxwell's
+theory as to the relation between the index of refraction of
+light and the di-electric constant of
+insulators. He also measured the wave lengths of various
+oscillations. The order to produce short electric oscillations,
+to detect them and study their optical properties, he had to
+construct a large number of instruments. It was a hard task to
+produce very short electric waves which had <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id=
+"Page_171">[Pg_171]</a></span>enough energy to be detected, but
+Dr. Bose overcame this difficulty by constructing radiators or
+oscillators of his own type, which emitted the shortest waves
+with sufficient energy. As a receiver he used a sensitive
+metallic coherer, which in itself led to new and important
+discoveries. When electric waves fall on a loose contact between
+two pieces of metals, the resistance of the contact changes and a
+current passes through the contact indicating the existence of
+electrical oscillations. Dr. Bose discovered the surprising fact
+that with potassium metal the resistance of the contact increases
+under the action of electric waves and that this contact exhibits
+an automatic recovery. He found further that the change of the
+metallic contact resistance when acted upon by electric waves, is
+a function of the atomic weight. These phenomena led to a new
+theory of metallic coherers. Before these discoveries it was
+assumed that the particles of the two metallic pieces in contact
+are, as it were, fused together, so that the resistance
+decreases. But the increasing resistance appearing for some
+elements, led to the theory that the electric forces in the waves
+produced a peculiar molecular action or a re-arrangement of the
+molecules, which may either increase or decrease the contact
+resistance.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Pioneer</i>,&mdash;16-1-1916.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+HINDU <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id=
+"Page_172">[Pg_172]</a></span>UNIVERSITY ADDRESS</p>
+<p class="indent">The foundation of the Hindu University was laid
+by Lord Hardinge on the 4th February 1916. "Many striking
+addresses were delivered on the occasion. Professor J.C. Bose in
+his masterly address went to the root of the matter and pointed
+in an inspiring manner what should be done to make the Hindu
+University worthy of its name. He deprecated a repetition of the
+Universities of the West." He said:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">In tracing the characteristic phenomenon of
+life from simple beginnings in that vast region which may be
+called unvoiced, as exemplified in the world of plants, to its
+highest expression in the animal kingdom, one is repeatedly
+struck by the one dominant fact that in order to maintain an
+organism at the height of its efficiency something more than a
+mechanical perfection of its structure is necessary. Every living
+organism, in order to maintain its life and growth, must be in
+free communion with all the forces of the Universe about it.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+STIMULUS <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id=
+"Page_173">[Pg_173]</a></span>WITHIN AND WITHOUT</p>
+<p class="indent">Further, it must not only constantly receive
+stimulus from without, but must also give out something from
+within, and the healthy life of the organism will depend on these
+two fold activities of inflow and outflow. When there is any
+interference with these activities, then morbid symptoms appear,
+which ultimately must end in disaster and death. This is equally
+true of the intellectual life of a Nation. When through narrow
+conceit a Nation regards itself self-sufficient and cuts itself
+from the stimulus of the outside world, then intellectual decay
+must inevitably follow.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SPECIAL FUNCTION OF A NATION</p>
+<p class="indent">So far as regards the receptive function. Then
+there is another function in the intellectual life of a Nation,
+that of spontaneous outflow, that giving out of its life by which
+the world is enriched. When the Nation has lost this power, when
+it merely receives, but cannot give out, then its healthy life is
+over, and it sinks into a degenerate existence which is purely
+parasitic.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HOW INDIA CAN TEACH</p>
+<p class="indent">How can our Nation give out of the fulness of
+the life that is in it, and how can a new Indian <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id=
+"Page_174">[Pg_174]</a></span>University help in the realisation
+of this object? It is clear that its power of directing and
+inspiring will depend on its world status. This can be secured to
+it by no artificial means, nor by any strength in the past; and
+what is the weakness that has been paralysing her activities for
+the accomplishment of any great scientific work? There must be
+two different elements, and these must be evenly balanced. Any
+excess of either will injure it.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HOW TO SECURE THIS STATUS</p>
+<p class="indent">This world status can only be won by the
+intrinsic value of the great contributions to be made by its own
+Indian scholars for the advancement of the world's knowledge. To
+be organic and vital our new University must stand primarily for
+self-expression, and for winning for India a place she has lost.
+Knowledge is never the exclusive possession of any particular
+race, nor does it recognise geographical limitations. The whole
+world is interdependent, and a constant stream of thought had
+been carried out throughout the ages enriching the common
+heritage of mankind. Although science was neither of the East nor
+of the West but international, certain aspects of it gained
+richness by reason of their place of origin.</p>
+<p class="indent">In any case if India need to make any
+contribution <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id=
+"Page_175">[Pg_175]</a></span>to the world it should be as great
+as the hope they cherished for her. Let them not talk of the
+glories of the past till they have secured for her, her true
+place among the intellectual nations of the world. Let them find
+out how she had fallen from her high estate and ruthlessly put an
+end to all that self satisfied and little-minded vanity which had
+been the cause of their fatal weakness. What was it that stood in
+her way? Was her mind paralysed by weak superstitious fears? That
+was not so; for her great thinkers, the Rishis, always stood for
+freedom of intellect and while Galileo was imprisoned and Bruno
+burnt for their opinions, they boldly declared that even the
+Vedas were to be rejected if they did not conform to truth. They
+urged in favour of persistent efforts for the discovery of
+physical causes yet unknown, since to them nothing was
+extra-physical but merely mysterious because of a hitherto
+unascertained cause. Were they afraid that the march of knowledge
+was dangerous to true faith? Not so. For their knowledge and
+religion were one.</p>
+<p class="indent">These are the hopes that animate us. For there
+is something in the Hindu culture which is possessed of
+extraordinary latent strength by which it has resisted the
+ravages of time and the destructive changes which have swept over
+the earth. And indeed a capacity to endure through infinite
+transformations <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id=
+"Page_176">[Pg_176]</a></span>must be innate in that mighty
+civilisation which has seen the intellectual culture of the Nile
+Valley, of Assyria and of Babylon war and wane and disappear and
+which to-day gazes on the future with the same invincible faith
+with which it met the past.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Modern Review, vol. XIX, pages</i>
+277, 278.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id=
+"Page_177">[Pg_177]</a></span>HISTORY OF A FAILURE THAT WAS
+GREAT</p>
+<p class="indent">At the invitation of the President and the
+committee of the Faridpore Industrial Exhibition, Dr. J. C. Bose
+gave a lecture on the life of his father, the late Babu Bhugwan
+Chunder Bose, who founded the Exhibition at Faridpore, where he
+was the sub-divisional officer, 50 years ago. It was published in
+the Modern Review for February 1917&mdash;volume xxi, p. 221. In
+course of his address, said Dr. Bose:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">It is the obvious, the insistent, the blatant
+that often blinds us to the essential. And in solving the mystery
+that underlies life, the enlightenment
+will come not by the study of the complex man, but through the
+simpler plant. It is the unsuspected forces, hidden to the eyes
+of men,&mdash;the forces imprisoned in the soil and the stimuli
+of alternating flash of light and the gloomings of darkness these
+and many others will be found to maintain the ceaseless activity
+which we know as the fulness of throbbing life.</p>
+<p class="indent">This is likewise true of the congeries of life
+which we call a society or a nation. The energy which
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id=
+"Page_178">[Pg_178]</a></span>moves this great mass in ceaseless
+effort to realise some common aspiration, often has its origin in
+the unknown solitudes of a village life. And thus the history of
+some efforts, not forgotten, which emanated from Faridpore, may
+be found not unconnected with which India is now meeting her
+problems to-day. How did these problems first dawn in the minds
+of some men who forecast themselves by half a century? How fared
+their hopes, how did their dreams become buried in oblivion?
+Where lies the secret of that potency which makes certain efforts
+apparently doomed to failure, rise renewed from beneath the
+smouldering ashes? Are these dead failures, so utterly unrelated
+to some great success that we may acclaim to day? When we look
+deeper we shall find that this is not so, that as inevitable as
+in the sequence of cause and effect, so unrelenting must be the
+sequence of failure and success. We shall find that the failure
+must be the antecedent power to lie dormant for the long
+subsequent dynamic expression in what we call success. It is then
+and then only that we shall begin to question ourselves which is
+the greater of the two, a noble failure or a vulgar success.</p>
+<p class="indent">As a concrete example, I shall relate the
+history of a noble failure which had its setting in this little
+corner of the earth. And if some of the audience thought that the
+speaker has been blessed with life <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg_179]</a></span>that has been
+unusually fruitful, they will soon realise that the power and
+strength that nerved me to meet the shocks of life were in
+reality derived at this very place, where I witnessed the
+struggle which overpowered a far greater life.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+STIMULUS OF CONTACT WITH WESTERN CULTURE</p>
+<p class="indent">An impulse from outside reacts on
+impressionable bodies in two different ways, depending on whether
+the recipient is inert or fully alive. The inert is fashioned
+after the pattern of the impression made on it, and this in
+infinite repetition of one mechanical stamp. But when an organism
+is fully alive, the answering reaction is often of an altogether
+different character to the impinging stimulus. The outside shocks
+stir up the organism to answer feebly or to utmost in ways as
+multitudinous and varied as life itself. So the first impetus of
+Western education impressed itself on some in a dead monotony of
+imitation of things Western; while in others it awakened all that
+was greatest in the national memory. It is the release of some
+giant force which lay for long time dormant. My father was one of
+the earliest to receive the impetus characteristic of the modern
+epoch as derived from the West. And in his case it came to pass
+that the stimulus evoked the latent potentialities of his race
+for evolving <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id=
+"Page_180">[Pg_180]</a></span>modes of expression demanded by the
+period of transition in which he was placed. They found
+expression in great constructive work, in the restoration of
+quiet amidst disorder, in the earliest
+effort to spread education both among men and women, in questions
+of social welfare, in industrial efforts, in the establishment of
+people's Bank and in the foundation of industrial and technical
+schools. And behind all these efforts lay a burning love for his
+country and its nobler traditions.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+MATTERS EDUCATIONAL</p>
+<p class="indent">In educational matters he had very definite
+ideas which is now becoming more fully appreciated. English
+schools were at that time not only regarded as the only efficient
+medium for instruction. While my father's subordinates sent their
+children to the English schools intended for gentle folks, I was
+sent to the vernacular school where my comrades were hardy sons
+of toilers and of others who, it is now the fashion to regard,
+were belonging to the depressed classes. From these who tilled
+the ground and made the land blossom with green verdure and
+ripening corn, and the sons of the fisher folk, who told stories
+of the strange creatures that frequented the unknown depths of
+mighty rivers and stagnant pools, I first derived the lesson of
+that which constitutes true manhood. From them too I drew my love
+of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id=
+"Page_181">[Pg_181]</a></span>nature. When I came home
+accompanied by my comrades I found my mother waiting for us. She
+was an orthodox Hindu, yet the "untouchableness" of some of my
+school fellows did not produce any misgivings in her. She
+welcomed and fed all these as her own children; for it is only
+true of the mother heart to go out and enfold in her protecting
+care all those who needed succour and a mother's affection. I now
+realise the object of my being sent at the most plastic period of
+my life to the vernacular school, where I was to learn my own
+language, to think my own thoughts and to receive the heritage of
+our national culture through the medium of our own literature. I
+was thus to consider myself one with the people and never to
+place myself in an equivocal position of assumed superiority.
+This I realised more particularly when later I wished to go to
+Europe and to compete for the Indian Civil Service, his refusal
+as regards that particular career was absolute. I was to rule
+nobody but myself, I was to be a scholar not an
+administrator.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE HISTORY OF A FAILURE THAT WAS GREAT</p>
+<p class="indent">There has been some complaint that the
+experiment of meeting out cut and dried moral texts as a part of
+school routine has not proved to be so effective as was expected
+by their promulgators. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182"
+id="Page_182">[Pg_182]</a></span>The moral education which we
+received in our childhood was very indirect and came from
+listening to stories recited by the 'Kathas' on various incidents
+connected with our great epics. Their effect on our minds was
+very great; this may be because our racial memory makes us more
+prone to respond to certain ideals that have been impressed on
+the consciousness of the nation. These early appeals to our
+emotions have remained persistent; the only difference is that
+which was there as a narrative of incidents more or less
+historical, is now realised as eternally true, being an allegory
+of the unending struggle of the human soul in its choice between
+what is material and that other something which transcends it.
+The only pictures now in my study are a few frescoes done for me
+by Abanindra Nath Tagore and Nanda Lal Bose. The first fresco
+represents Her, who is the Sustainer of the Universe. She stands
+pedestalled on the lotus of our heart. The world was at peace;
+but a change has come. And She under whose Veil of Compassion we
+had been protected so long, suddenly flings us to the world of
+conflict. Our great epic, the Mahabharata, deals with this great
+conflict, and the few frescoes delineate some of the fundamental
+incidents. The coming of the discord is signalled by the rattle
+of dice, thrown by Yudhisthira, the pawn at stake, being the
+crown. Two hostile arrays are set in <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id=
+"Page_183">[Pg_183]</a></span>motion, mighty Kaurava armaments
+meeting in shock of battle the Pandava host with Arjuna as the
+leader, and Krishna as his Divine Charioteer. At the supreme
+moment Arjuna had flung down his earthly weapon, Gandiva. It was
+then that the eternal conflict between matter and spirit was
+decided. The next panel shows the outward or the material aspect
+of victory. Behind a foreground of waving flags is seen the
+battle field of Kurukshetra with procession of white-clad
+mourning women seen by fitful lights of funeral pyres. In the
+last panel is seen Yudhisthira renouncing the fruits of his
+victory setting out on his last journey. In front of him lies the
+vast and sombre plain and mountain peaks, faintly visible by
+gleams of unearthly light, unlocalised but playing here and
+there. His wife and his brothers had fallen behind and dropped
+one by one. There is to be no human companion in his last
+journey. The only thing that stood by him and from which he had
+never been really separated is Dharma or the Spirit of
+Righteousness.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+LIFE OF ACTION</p>
+<p class="indent">Faridpur at that time enjoyed a notoriety of
+being the stronghold of desperate characters, dacoits by land and
+water. My father had captured single-handed one of the principal
+leaders, whom he sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. After
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id=
+"Page_184">[Pg_184]</a></span>release he came to my father and
+demanded some occupation, since the particular vocation in which
+he had specialised was now rendered impossible. My father took
+the unusual course to employ him as my special attendant to carry
+me, a child of four, on his back to the distant village school.
+No nurse could be tenderer than this ex-leader of lawless men,
+whose profession had been to deal out wounds and deaths. He had
+accepted a life of peace but he could not altogether wipe out his
+old memories. He used to fill my infant mind with the stories of
+his bold adventures, the numerous fights in which he had taken
+part, the death of his companions and his hair-breadth escapes.
+Numerous were the decorations he bore. The most conspicuous was
+an ugly mark on his breast left by an arrow and a hole on the
+thigh caused by a spear thrust. The trust imposed on this
+marauder proved to be not altogether ill placed for once in a
+river journey we were pursued by several long boats filled with
+armed dacoits. When these boats came too near for us to effect an
+escape the erstwhile dacoit leader, my attendant, stood up and
+gave a peculiar cry, which was evidently understood. For the
+pursuing boats vanished at the signal.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+INDUSTRIAL EFFORTS</p>
+<p class="indent">I come now to another period of his life fifty
+years from now, when he foresaw the economic danger <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id=
+"Page_185">[Pg_185]</a></span>that threatened his country. This
+Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition was one of the first means
+he thought of to avert the threatened danger. Here also he
+attempted to bring together other activities. Evening
+entertainments were given by the performances of "Jatras," which
+have been the expression of our national drama and which have
+constantly enriched our Bengali literature by the contributions
+of village bards and composers. There were athletic tournaments
+also and display of physical strength and endurance. He also
+established here the people's Bank, which is now in a most
+flourishing condition. He established industrial and technical
+schools, and it was there that the inventive bend of my mind
+received its first impetus. I remember the deep impression made
+on my mind by the form of worship rendered by the artisans to
+Viswakarma God in his aspect as the Great Artificer: His hand it
+was that was moulding the whole creation; and it seemed that we
+were the instruments in his hand, through whom he intended to
+fashion some Great Design.</p>
+<p class="indent">In practical agriculture my father was among
+Indians one of the first to start a tea industry in Assam, now
+regarded as one of the most flourishing. He gave practically
+everything in the starting of some Weaving Mills. He stood by
+this and many other efforts in industrial developments. The
+success of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id=
+"Page_186">[Pg_186]</a></span>which I spoke did not come till
+long after&mdash;too late for him to see it. He had come before
+the country was ready, and it happened to him as it must happen
+to all pioneers. Every one of his efforts failed and the crash
+came. And a great burden fell on us which was only lifted by our
+united effects just before his work here was over.</p>
+<p class="indent">A failure? Yes but not ignoble or altogether
+futile. Since it was through the witnessing of this struggle that
+the son learned to look on success or failure as one, to realise
+that some defeat was greater than victory. And if my life in any
+way proved to be fruitful, then that came through the realisation
+of this lesson.</p>
+<p class="indent">To me his life had been one of blessing and
+daily thanksgiving. Nevertheless every one had said that he
+wrecked his life which was meant for far greater things. Few
+realise that out of the skeletons of myriad lives have been built
+vast continents. And it is on the wreck of a life like his and of
+many such lives there will be built the Greater India yet to be.
+We do not know why it should be so, but we do know that the Earth
+Mother is hungry for sacrifice.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+QUEST <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id=
+"Page_187">[Pg_187]</a></span>OF TRUTH AND DUTY</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose delivered the
+following Address, on the 25th February 1917, to the students of
+the Presidency College on receiving their <i>Arghya</i> and
+congratulations on the occasion of his knighthood. It was
+published in the Modern Review for March 1917&mdash;Volume XXI,
+p. 343.</p>
+<p class="indent">In your congratulations for the recent honour,
+you have overlooked a still greater that came to me a year ago,
+when I was gazetted as your perpetual professor, so that the tie
+which binds me to you is never to be severed. Thirty-two years
+ago I sought to be your teacher. For the trust that you imposed
+on me could I do anything less than place before you the highest
+that I knew? I never appealed to your weaknesses but your
+strength. I never set before you that was easy but used all the
+compulsion for the choice of the most difficult. And perhaps as a
+reward for these years of effort I find all over India those who
+have been my pupils occupying positions of the highest trust and
+responsibility in different walks of life. I do not merely count
+those who have won fame and success but I also claim <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id=
+"Page_188">[Pg_188]</a></span>many others who have taken up the
+burden of life manfully and whose life of purity and
+unselfishness has brought gleams of joy in suffering lives.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE LAW UNIVERSAL</p>
+<p class="indent">Through science I was able to teach you how the
+seeming veils the real; how though the garish lights dazzle and
+blind us, there are lights invisible, which glow persistently
+after the brief flare burns out. One came to realise how all
+matter was one, how unified all life was. In the various
+expressions of life even in the realm of thought the same
+Universal law prevails. There was no such thing as brute matter,
+but that spirit suffused matter in which it was enshrined. One
+also realised dimly a mysterious Cyclic Law of Change, seen not
+merely in inorganic matter but also in organised life and its
+highest manifestations. One saw how inertness passes into the
+climax of activity and how that climax is perilously near its
+antithetic decline. This basic change puzzles us by its seeming
+caprice not merely in our physical instruments but also in the
+cycle of individual life and death and in the great cycle of the
+life and death of nations. We fail to see things in their
+totality and we erect barriers that keep kindreds apart. Even
+science which attempts to rise above common limitations, has not
+escaped the doom which limited vision imposes. We have
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id=
+"Page_189">[Pg_189]</a></span>caste in science as in religion and
+in politics, which divides one into conflicting many. The law of
+Cyclic change follows us relentlessly even in the realm of
+thought. When we have raised ourselves to the highest pinnacle,
+through some oversight we fall over the precipice. Men have
+offered their lives for the establishment of truth. A climax is
+reached after which the custodians of knowledge themselves bar
+further advance. Men who have fought for liberty impose on
+themselves and on others the bond of slavery. Through centuries
+have men striven to erect a mighty edifice in which Humanity
+might be enshrined; through want of vigilance the structure
+crumbled into dust. Many cycles must yet be run and defeats must
+yet be borne before man will establish a destiny which is above
+change.</p>
+<p class="indent">And through science I was able to teach you to
+seek for truth and help to discover it yourself. This attitude of
+detachment may possess some advantage in the proper understanding
+of your duties. You will have, besides, the heritage of great
+ideals that have been handed down to you. The question which you
+have to decide is duty to yourself, to the king and to your
+country. I shall speak to you of the ideals which we cherish
+about these duties.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DUTY TO SELF</p>
+<p class="indent">As regards duty to self, can there be anything
+so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id=
+"Page_190">[Pg_190]</a></span>inclusive as being true to your
+manhood? Stand upright and do not be either cringing or vulgarly
+self-assertive. Be righteous. Let your words and deeds
+correspond. Lead no double life. Proclaim what you think
+right.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+IDEAL OF KINGSHIP</p>
+<p class="indent">The Indian ideal of kingship will be clear to
+you if I recite the invocation with which we crowned our kings
+from the Vedic Times:</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"Be with us. We have chosen thee<br />
+Let all the people wish for thee<br />
+Stand steadfast and immovable<br />
+Be like a mountain unremoved<br />
+And hold thy kingship in thy grasp."</p>
+<p class="indent">We have chosen thee, our prayers have
+consecrated thee, for all the wishes of the people went with
+thee. Thou art to stand as mountain unremoved, for thy throne is
+planted secure on the hearts of thy people. Stand steadfast then,
+for we have endowed thee with power irresistible. Fall therefore
+not away; but let thy sceptre be held firmly in thy grasp.</p>
+<p class="indent">Which is more potent, Matter or Spirit? Is the
+power with which the people endow their king identical with the
+power of wealth with which we enrich him by paying him his Royal
+dues? We make him irresistible not by wealth but by <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg_191]</a></span>the
+strength of our lives, the strength of our mind, may, we have to
+pay him more according to our ancient Lawgivers, in as much as
+the eighth part of our deeds and virtues, and the merit we have
+ourselves acquired. We can only make him irresistible by the
+strength of our lives, the strength of our minds, and the
+strength that comes out of righteousness.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DUTY TO OUR COUNTRY</p>
+<p class="indent">And lastly, what are our duties to our country?
+These are essentially to win honour for it and also win for it
+security and peace. As regards winning honour for our country, it
+is true that while India has offered from the earliest times
+welcome and hospitality to all peoples and nationalities her
+children have been subjected to intolerable humiliations in other
+countries even under the flag of our king.</p>
+<p class="indent">There can be no question of the fundamental
+duty of every Indian to stand up and uphold the honour of his
+country and strove for the removal of wrong.</p>
+<p class="indent">The general task of redressing wrong is not a
+problem of India alone, but one in which the righteous men are
+interested the world over. For wrong cries for redress
+everywhere, in the clashings interests of the rich and poor,
+between capital and labour, between those who hold the power and
+those from whom it has been withheld,&mdash;in a word in the
+struggle of the Disinherited.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id=
+"Page_192">[Pg_192]</a></span>When any man is rendered unable to
+uphold his manhood and self-respect and woman are deprived of the
+chivalrous protection and consideration of men and subjected to
+degradation, the general level of manhood or womanhood in the
+world is lowered. It then becomes an outrage to humanity and a
+challenge to all men to safeguard the sacredness of our common
+human nature.</p>
+<p class="indent">What is the machinery which sets a going a
+world movement for the redress of wrong? For this I need not cite
+instances from the history of other countries but take one which
+is known to you and in which the living actors are still among
+us. In the midst of the degradation of his countrymen in South
+Africa, there stood up a man himself nurtured in luxury, to take
+up the burden of the disinherited. His wife too stood by him, a
+lady of gentle birth. We all know who that man is&mdash;he is
+Gandhi,&mdash;and what humiliations and suffering he went
+through. Do you think he suffered in vain and that his voice
+remained unheard? It was not so, for in the great vortex of
+passion for Justice, there were caught others&mdash;men like
+Polak and Andrews. Are they your countrymen? Not in the narrow
+sense of the word but truly in a larger sense, that these who
+choose to bear and suffer belong to one clan the clan from which
+Kshatriya Chivalry is recruited. The removal of suffering and of
+the cause of suffering is <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg_193]</a></span>the Dharma of the
+strong Kshatriya. The earth is the wide and universal theatre of
+man's woeful pageant. The question is who is to suffer more than
+his share. Is the burden to fall on the weak or the strong? Is it
+to be under hopeless compulsion or of voluntary acceptance?</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DEFENCE OF HOMELAND</p>
+<p class="indent">In your services for your country there is no
+higher at the present moment than to ensure for her security and
+peace. We have so long enjoyed the security of peace without
+being called upon to maintain it. But this is no longer so.</p>
+<p class="indent">At no time within the recent history of India
+has there been so quick a readjustment and appreciation as
+regards proper understanding of the aspiration of the Indian
+people. This has been due to what India has been able to offer
+not merely in the regions of thought but also in the fields of
+battle.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+MASS RESPONSE</p>
+<p class="indent">And remember that when the world is in
+conflagration, this corner which has hitherto escaped it, will
+not evade the peril which threatens it. The march of disaster
+will then be terribly rapid. You have soon to prepare yourself
+against any hostile sides. You can only withstand it if the whole
+people realise the imminent danger. You can by your <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id=
+"Page_194">[Pg_194]</a></span>thought and by your action awaken
+and influence the multitude. Do not have any misgivings about the
+want of long previous preparations. Have you not already seen how
+mind triumphs over matter and have not some of you with only a
+few months' preparation stood fearless at your post in
+Mesopotamia and won recognition by your calm collectedness and
+true heroism? They may say that you are but a small handful, what
+of the vast illiterate millions? Illiterate in what sense? Have
+not the ballads of these illiterates rendered into English by our
+Poet touched profoundly the hearts of the very elect of the West?
+Have not the stories of their common life appealed to the common
+kinship of humanity? If you still have some doubts about the
+power of the multitude to respond instantly to the call of duty,
+I shall relate an incident which came within my own personal
+experience. I had gone on a scientific expedition to the borders
+of the Himalayan terrai of Kumaun; a narrow ravine was between me
+and the plateau on the other side. Terror prevailed among the
+villagers on the other side of the ravine; for a tigress had come
+down from the forest. And numerous had been the toll in human
+lives exacted. Petitions had been sent up to the Government and
+questions had been asked in Parliament. A reward of Rs. 500 had
+been offered. Various captains in the army with battery of guns
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id=
+"Page_195">[Pg_195]</a></span>came many a time, but the reward
+remained unclaimed. The murderess of the forest would come out
+even in broad day-light and leisurely take her victims from away
+their companions. Nothing could circumvent her demoniac cunning.
+When all hopes had nearly vanished, the villagers went to Kaloo
+Singh, who possessed an old matchlock. At the special sanction of
+the Magistrate he was allowed to buy a quantity of gunpowder; the
+bullets he himself made by melting bits of lead. With his
+primitive weapon with the entreaties of his villagers ringing in
+his ears Kaloo Singh started on his perilous journey. At midday I
+was startled by the groanings of some animals in pain. The
+tigress had sprung among a herd of buffalo and with successive strokes of its mighty paws had
+killed two buffaloes and left them in the field. Kaloo Singh
+waited there for the return of the tigress to the kill. There was
+not a tree near by; only there was a low bush behind which he lay
+crouched. After hours of waiting as the sun was going down he was
+taken aback by the sudden apparition of the tigress which stood
+within six feet of him. His limbs had become half paralysed from
+cold and his crouching position. Trying to raise his gun he could
+take no aim as his arm was shaking with involuntary fear. Kaloo
+Singh explained to me afterwards how he succeeded in shaking off
+his mortal terror. "I quietly said to myself, <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id=
+"Page_196">[Pg_196]</a></span>Kaloo Singh, Kaloo Singh, who sent
+you here? Did not the villagers put their trust on you! I could
+then no longer lie in hiding, and I stood up and something
+strange and invigorating crept up strength into my
+body. All the trembling went and I became as hard as steel. The
+tigress had seen me and with eyes blazing crouched for the spring
+lashing its tail. Only six feet lay between. She sprang and my
+gun also went off at the same time and she missed her aim and
+fell dead close to me." That was how a common villager went off
+to meet death at the call of something for which he could give no
+name and the mother and wife of Kaloo Singh had also bidden him
+go. There are millions of Kaloo Singhs with mother and sisters
+and wife to send them forth. And you too have many loved ones who
+would themselves bid you arm for the defence of your homes.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+DIFFERENCE OF TEMPERAMENT</p>
+<p class="indent">The issue is clear, and immediate action is
+imperative. But action is delayed by misunderstanding arising out
+of temperamental differences between the Governing Class and the
+People. Curiously enough the respective responsive
+characteristics of the Anglo Saxon and the Indians are paralleled by the two types of responses seen in
+all living matter. In the one type the response is slow but
+proportionate to the stimulus that excites it. The response
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id=
+"Page_197">[Pg_197]</a></span>grows with the strength of external
+force. In the other it is quite different&mdash;here it is an
+all-or-none principle. It either responds to
+the utmost or nothing at all. This is also illustrated in the
+different racial characteristics. The Anglo Saxon has even by his
+rights by struggle, step by step. The insignificant little has,
+by accumulation, became large, and which has been gained, has
+been gained for all time. But in the Indian the ideal and the
+emotional are the only effective stimulus. The ideal of his King
+is Rama, who renounced his kingdom and even his beloved for an
+idea. One day a king and another day a bare-footed wanderer in
+the forest! Who cares? All or nothing!</p>
+<p class="indent">The concessions made by a modern form of
+Government safeguarded by necessary limitations may appear almost
+as grudging gifts. The Indian wants something which comes with
+unhesitating frankness and warmth and strikes his ideality and
+imagination. But ancient and modern kingship are sometimes at one
+in direct and spontaneous pronouncement of the royal sympathy.
+Such was the Proclamation of Queen Victoria which stirred to its
+depths the popular heart.</p>
+<p class="indent">"In the Prosperity of Our subjects will be our
+strength, in their contentment Our security, in their Gratitude
+Our best Reward."</p>
+<p class="indent">That there are increasingly frequent reflexes
+in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id=
+"Page_198">[Pg_198]</a></span>our Government to popular needs and
+wishes is happily illustrated at a most opportune moment from the
+statements in the recent <i>Gazette of India</i> and cables
+received from London. In the former we find that the Viceroy and
+his council had recommended the abolition of the system of
+indentured labour. In the telegram from London Mr. Chamberlain
+states that the Viceroy has informed him that Indians will be
+eligible for commissions in the New Defence of India Army.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+MARCH OF WORLD TRAGEDY</p>
+<p class="indent">In the meantime the Embodiment of World Tragedy
+is marching with giant strides. Brief will be his hesitation
+whether he will choose to step first to the East or to the West.
+Already across the Atlantic, they are preparing for the dreaded
+visitation. In the farthest East they have long been prepared. We
+alone are not ready. Pity for our helplessness will not stay the
+impending disaster, rather provoke it. When that comes, as
+assuredly it will unless we are prepared to resist, havoc will be
+let loose and horrors perpetrated before which the imagination
+quails back in dismay.</p>
+<p class="indent">I have tried to lay before you as
+dispassionately as I could the issues involved. But some of you
+may cry out and say, we can not live in cold scientific and
+philosophic abstractions. Emotion is more <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg_199]</a></span>to
+us than pure reasoning. We cannot stay in this indecision which
+is paralysing our wills and crushing the soul out of us. The
+world is offering their best and behold them marching to be
+immolated so that by the supreme offering of death they might win
+safety and honor for their motherland. There is no time for
+wavering. We too will throw in our lot with those who are
+fighting. They say that by our lives we shall win for our
+birth-land an honoured place in their federation. We
+shall trust them. We shall stand by their side and fight for our
+home and homeland. And let Providence shape the Issue.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id=
+"Page_200">[Pg_200]</a></span>VOICE OF LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">The following is the Inaugural Address
+delivered by Sir J. C. Bose, on the 30th November 1917, in
+dedicating the Bose Institute to the Nation.</p>
+<p class="indent">I dedicate to-day this Institute&mdash;not
+merely a Laboratory but a Temple. The power of physical methods
+applies for the establishment of that truth which can be realised
+directly through our senses, or through the vast expansion of the
+perceptive range by means of artificially created organs. We
+still gather the tremulous message when the note of the audible
+reaches the unheard. When human sight fails, we continue to
+explore the region of the invisible. The little that we can see
+is as nothing compared to the vastness of that which we cannot.
+Out of the very imperfection of his senses man has built himself
+a raft of thought by which he makes daring adventures on the
+great seas of the Unknown. But there are other truths which will
+remain beyond even the supersensitive methods known to science.
+For these we require faith, tested not in a few years but by an
+entire life. And a temple is erected as a fit memorial for the
+establishment of that truth for which faith was needed. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id=
+"Page_201">[Pg_201]</a></span>personal, yet general, truth and
+faith whose establishment this Institute commemorates is this:
+that when one dedicates himself wholly for a great object, the
+closed doors shall open, and the seemingly impossible will become
+possible for him.</p>
+<p class="indent">Thirty-two years ago I chose teaching of
+science as my vocation. It was held that by its very peculiar
+constitution, the Indian mind would always turn away from the
+study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the
+capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed
+present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there
+were no well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This
+was all too true. It is for man not to quarrel with circumstances
+but bravely accept them; and we belong to that race and dynasty
+who had accomplished great things with simple means.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+FAILURE AND SUCCESS</p>
+<p class="indent">This day twenty-three years ago, I resolved
+that as far as the whole-hearted devotion and faith of one man
+counted, that would not be wanting and within six months it came
+about that some of the most difficult problems connected with
+Electric Waves found their solution in my Laboratory and received
+high appreciation from Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh and other
+leading physicists. The Royal Society <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id=
+"Page_202">[Pg_202]</a></span>honoured me by publishing my
+discoveries and offering, of their own accord, an appropriation
+from the special Parliamentary Grant for the advancement of
+knowledge. That day the closed gates suddenly opened and I hoped
+that the torch that was then lighted would continue to burn
+brighter, and brighter. But man's faith and hope require repeated
+testing. For five years after this, the progress was interrupted;
+yet when the most generous and wide appreciation of my work had
+reached almost the highest point there came a sudden and
+unexpected change.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+LIVING AND NON-LIVING</p>
+<p class="indent">In the pursuit of my investigations I was
+unconsciously led into the border region of physics and
+physiology and was amazed to find boundary lines vanishing and
+points of contact emerge between the realms of the Living and
+Non-living. Inorganic matter was found anything but inert; it
+also was a thrill under the action of multitudinous forces that
+played on it. A universal reaction seemed to bring together
+metal, plant and animal under a common law. They all exhibited
+essentially the same phenomena of fatigue and depression,
+together with possibilities of recovery and of exaltation, yet
+also that of permanent irresponsiveness which is associated with
+death. I was filled with awe at this stupendous <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id=
+"Page_203">[Pg_203]</a></span>generalisation; and it was with
+great hope that I announced my results before the Royal
+Society,&mdash;results demonstrated by experiments. But the
+physiologists present advised me, after my address, to confine
+myself to physical investigations in which my success had been
+assured, rather than encroach on their preserve. I had thus
+unwittingly strayed into the domain of a new and unfamiliar caste
+system and so offended its etiquette. An unconscious theological
+bias was also present which confounds ignorance with faith. It is
+forgotten that He, who surrounded us with this ever-evolving
+mystery of creation, the ineffable wonder that lies hidden in the
+microcosm of the dust particle, enclosing within the intricacies
+of its atomic form all the mystery of the cosmos, has also
+implanted in us the desire to question and understand. To the
+theological bias was added the misgivings about the inherent bent
+of the Indian mind towards mysticism and unchecked imagination.
+But in India this burning imagination which can extort new order
+out of a mass of apparently contradictory facts, is also held in
+check by the habit of meditation. It is this restraint which
+confers the power to hold the mind in pursuit of truth, in
+infinite patience, to wait, and reconsider, to experimentally
+test and repeatedly verify.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is but natural that there should be
+prejudice, even in science, against all innovations; and I was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id=
+"Page_204">[Pg_204]</a></span>prepared to wait till the first
+incredulity could be overcome by further cumulative evidence.
+Unfortunately there were other incidents and misrepresentations
+which it was impossible to remove from this insulating distance. Thus no conditions could have
+been more desperately hopeless than those which confronted me for
+the next twelve years. It is necessary to make this brief
+reference to this period of my life; for one who would devote
+himself to the search of truth must realise that for him there
+awaits no easy life, but one of unending struggle. It is for him
+to cast his life as an offering, regarding gain and loss, success
+and failure, as one. Yet in my case this long persisting gloom
+was suddenly lifted. My scientific deputation in 1914, from the
+Government of India, gave the opportunity of giving
+demonstrations of my discoveries before the leading scientific
+societies of the world. This led to the acceptance of my theories
+and results, and the recognition of the importance of the Indian
+contribution to the advancement of the world's science. My own
+experience told me how heavy, sometimes even crushing, are the
+difficulties which confront an inquirer here in India; yet it
+made me stronger in my determination, that I shall make the path
+of those who are to follow me less arduous, and that India, is
+never to relinquish what has been won for her after years of
+struggle.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id=
+"Page_205">[Pg_205]</a></span>TWO IDEALS</p>
+<p class="indent">What is it that India is to win and maintain?
+Can anything small or circumscribed ever satisfy the mind of
+India? Has her own history and the teaching of the past prepared
+her for some temporary and quite subordinate gain? There are at
+this moment two complementary and not antagonistic ideals before
+the country. India is drawn into the vortex of international
+competition. She has to become efficient in every
+way,&mdash;through spread of education, through performance of
+civic duties and responsibilities, through activities both
+industrial and commercial. Neglect of these essentials of
+national duty will imperil her very existence; and sufficient
+stimulus for these will be found in success and satisfaction of
+personal ambition.</p>
+<p class="indent">But these alone do not ensure the life of a
+nation. Such material activities have brought in the West their
+fruit, in accession of power and wealth. There has been a
+feverish rush even in the realm of science, for exploiting
+applications of knowledge, not so often for saving as for
+destruction. In the absence of some power of restraint,
+civilisation is trembling in an unstable poise on the brink of
+ruin. Some complementary ideal there must be to save man from
+that mad rush which must end in disaster. He has followed the
+lure and excitement of some insatiable ambition, never pausing
+for a moment to think of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206"
+id="Page_206">[Pg_206]</a></span>the ultimate object for which
+success was to serve as a temporary incentive. He forgot that far
+more potent than competition was mutual help and co-operation in
+the scheme of life. And in this country through milleniums, there
+always have been some who, beyond the immediate and absorbing
+prize of the hour, sought for the realisation of the highest
+ideal of life&mdash;not through passive renunciation, but through
+active struggle. The weakling who has refused the conflict,
+having acquired nothing has nothing to renounce. He alone who has
+striven and won, can enrich the world by giving away the fruits
+of his victorious experience. In India such examples of constant
+realisation of ideals through work have resulted in the formation
+of a continuous living tradition. And by her latent power of
+rejuvenescence she has readjusted herself through infinite
+transformations. Thus while the soul of Babylon and the Nile
+Valley have transmigrated, ours still remains vital and with
+capacity of absorbing what time has brought, and making it one
+with itself.</p>
+<p class="indent">The ideal of giving, of enriching, in fine, of
+self-renunciation in response to the highest call of humanity is
+the other and complementary ideal. The motive power for this is
+not to be found in personal ambition but in the effacement of all
+littlenesses, and uprooting of that ignorance which regards
+anything as gain which is to be purchased <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg_207]</a></span>at
+others' loss. This I know, that no vision of truth can come
+except in the absence of all sources of distraction, and when the
+mind has reached the point of rest.</p>
+<p class="indent">Public life, and the various professions will
+be the appropriate spheres of activity for many aspiring young
+men. But for my disciples, I call on those very few, who,
+realising inner call, will devote their whole life with
+strengthened character and determined purpose to take part in
+that infinite struggle to win knowledge for its own sake and see
+truth face to face.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ADVANCEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE</p>
+<p class="indent">The work already carried out in my laboratory
+on the response of matter, and the unexpected revelations in
+plant life, foreshadowing the wonders of the highest animal life,
+have opened out very extended regions of inquiry in Physics, in
+physiology in Medicine, in Agriculture and even in Psychology.
+Problems, hitherto regarded as insoluble, have now been brought
+within the sphere of experimental investigation. These inquiries
+are obviously more extensive than those customary either among
+physicists or physiologists, since demanding interests and
+aptitudes hitherto more or less divided between them. In the
+study of Nature, there is a <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg_208]</a></span>necessity of the dual
+view point, this alternating yet rhythmically unified interaction
+of biological thought with physical studies, and physical thought
+with biological studies. The future worker with his freshened
+grasp of physics, his fuller conception of the inorganic world,
+as indeed thrilling with "the promise and potency of life" will
+redouble his former energies of work and thought. Thus he will be
+in a position to win now the old knowledge with finer sieves, to research it
+with new enthusiasm and subtler instruments. And thus with
+thought and toil and time he may hope to bring fresher views into
+the old problems. His handling of these will be at once more
+vital and more kinetic, more comprehensive and unified.</p>
+<p class="indent">The farther and fuller investigation of the
+many and ever-opening problems of the nascent science which
+includes both Life and Non-Life are among the main purposes of
+the Institute I am opening to-day; in these fields I am already
+fortunate in having a devoted band of disciples, whom I have been
+training for the last ten years. Their number is very limited,
+but means may perhaps be forthcoming in the future to increase
+them. An enlarging field of young ability may thus be available,
+from which will emerge, with time and labour, individual
+originality of research, productive invention and some day even
+creative genius.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id=
+"Page_209">[Pg_209]</a></span>But high success is not to be
+obtained without corresponding experimental exactitude, and this
+is needed to-day more than ever, and to-morrow yet more again.
+Hence the long battery of supersensitive instruments and
+apparatus, designed here, which stand before in their cases in
+our entrance hall. They will tell you of the protracted struggle
+to get behind the deceptive seeming into the reality that
+remained unseen;&mdash;of the continuous toil and persistence and
+of ingenuity called forth for overcoming human limitations. In
+these directions through the ever-increasing ingenuity of device
+for advancing science, I see at no distant future an advance of
+skill and of invention among our workers; and if this skill be
+assured, practical applications will not fail to follow in many
+fields of human activity.</p>
+<p class="indent">The advance of science is the principal object
+of this Institute and also the diffusion of knowledge. We are
+here in the largest of all the many chambers of this House of
+Knowledge&mdash;its Lecture Room. In adding this feature, and on
+a scale hitherto unprecedented in a Research Institute, I have
+sought permanently to associate the advancement of knowledge with
+the widest possible civic and public diffusion of it; and this
+without any academic limitations, henceforth to all races and
+languages, to both men and women alike, and for all time
+coming.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id=
+"Page_210">[Pg_210]</a></span>The lectures given here will not be
+mere repetitions of second-hand knowledge. They will announce to
+an audience of some fifteen hundred people, the new discoveries
+made here, which will be demonstrated for the first time before
+the public. We shall thus maintain continuously the highest aim
+of a great Seat of Learning by taking active part in the
+<i>advancement</i> and diffusion of knowledge. Through the
+regular publication of the Transactions of the Institute, these
+Indian contributions will reach the whole world. The discoveries
+made will thus become public property. No patents will ever be
+taken. The spirit of our national culture demands that we should
+for ever be free from the desecration of utilising knowledge for
+personal gain. Besides the regular staff there will be a selected
+number of scholars, who by their work have shown special
+aptitude, and who would devote their whole life to the pursuit of
+research. They will require personal training and their number
+must necessarily be limited. But it is not the quantity but
+quality that is of essential importance.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is my further wish, that as far as the
+limited accommodation would permit, the facilities of this
+Institute should be available to workers from all countries. In
+this I am attempting to carry out the traditions of my country,
+which so far back as twenty-five centuries ago, welcomed all
+scholars <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id=
+"Page_211">[Pg_211]</a></span>from different parts of the world,
+within the precincts of its ancient seats of learning, at Nalanda
+and at Taxilla.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE SURGE OF LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">With this widened outlook, we shall not only
+maintain the highest traditions of the past but also serve the
+world in nobler ways. We shall be at one with it in feeling the
+common surgings of life, the common love for the good, the true
+and the beautiful. In this Institute, this Study and Garden of
+Life, the claim of art has not been forgotten, for the artist has
+been working with us, from foundation to pinnacle, and from floor
+to ceiling of this very Hall. And beyond that arch the Laboratory
+merges imperceptibly into the garden, which is the true
+laboratory for the study of Life. There the creepers, the plants
+and the trees are played upon by their natural
+environments,&mdash;sunlight and wind, and the chill at midnight
+under the vault of starry space. There are other surroundings
+also, where they will be subjected to chromatic action of
+different lights, to invisible rays, to electrified ground or
+thunder-charged atmosphere. Everywhere they will transcribe in
+their own script the history of their experience. From this lofty
+point of observation, sheltered by the trees, the student will
+watch this panorama of life. Isolated from all distractions, he
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id=
+"Page_212">[Pg_212]</a></span>will learn to attune himself with
+Nature; the obscuring veil will be lifted and he will gradually
+come to see how community throughout the great ocean of life
+outweighs apparent dissimilarity. Out of discord he will realise
+the great harmony.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE OUTLOOK</p>
+<p class="indent">These are the dreams that wove a network round
+my wakeful life for many years past. The outlook is endless, for
+the goal is at infinity. The realisation cannot be through one
+life or one fortune but through the co-operation of many lives
+and many fortunes. The possibility of a fuller expansion will
+depend on very large endowments. But a beginning must be made,
+and this is the genesis of the foundation of this Institute. I
+came with nothing and shall return as I came; if something is
+accomplished in the interval, that would indeed be a privilege.
+What I have I will offer, and one who had shared with me the
+struggles and hardships that had to be faced, has wished to
+bequeath all that is hers for the same object. In all my
+struggling efforts I have not been altogether solitary while the
+world doubted, there had been a few, now in the City of Silence,
+who never wavered in their trust.</p>
+<p class="indent">Till a few weeks ago it seemed that I shall
+have to look to the future for securing the necessary expansion
+of scope and for permanence of the <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg_213]</a></span>Institute. But
+response is being awakened in answer to the need. The Government
+have most generously intimated their desire to sanction grants
+towards placing the Institute on a permanent basis the extent of
+which will be proportionate to the public interest in this
+national undertaking. Out of many who would feel an interest in
+securing adequate Endowment, the very first donations have come
+from two of the merchant princes of Bombay, to whom I had been
+personally unknown.</p>
+<p class="indent">A note that touched me deeply came from some
+girl students of the Western Province, enclosing their little
+contribution "for the service of our common motherland." It is only the instinctive
+mother-heart that can truly realise the bond that draws together
+the nurselings of the common homeland.
+There can be no real misgiving for the future when at the
+country's call man offers the strength of his life and woman her
+active devotion, she most of all, who has the greater insight and
+larger faith because of the life of austerity and
+self-abnegation. Even a solitary wayfarer in the Himalayas has
+remembered to send me message of cheer and good hope. What is it
+that has bridged over the distance and blotted out all
+differences? That I will come gradually to know; till then it
+will remain enshrined as a feeling. And I go forward to my
+appointed task, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id=
+"Page_214">[Pg_214]</a></span>undismayed by difficulties,
+companioned by the kind thoughts of my well-wishers, both far and
+near.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+INDIA'S SPECIAL APTITUDES IN CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE</p>
+<p class="indent">The excessive specialisation of modern science
+in the West has led to the danger of losing sight of the
+fundamental fact that there can be but one truth, one science
+which includes all the branches of knowledge. How chaotic appear
+the happenings in Nature? Is nature a Cosmos! in which the human
+mind is some day to realise the uniform march of sequence, order
+and law? India through her habit of mind is peculiarly fitted to
+realise the idea of unity, and to see in the phenomenal world an
+orderly universe. This trend of thought led me unconsciously to
+the dividing frontiers of different sciences and shaped the
+course of my work in its constant alternations between the
+theoretical and the practical, from the investigation of the
+inorganic world to that of organised life and its multifarious
+activities of growth, of movement, and even of sensation. On
+looking over a hundred and fifty different lines of
+investigations carried on during the last twenty-three years, I
+now discover in them a natural sequence. The study of Electric
+Waves led to the devising of methods for the production of the
+shortest electric waves known and these bridged <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id=
+"Page_215">[Pg_215]</a></span>over the gulf between visible and
+invisible light; from this followed accurate investigation on the
+optical properties of invisible waves, the determination of the
+refractive powers of various opaque substances, the discovery of
+effect of air film on total reflection and the polarising
+properties of strained rocks and of electric tourmalines. The
+invention of a new type of self-recovering electric receiver made
+of galena was the fore-runner of application of crystal detectors
+for extending the range of wireless signals. In physical
+chemistry the detection of molecular change in matter under
+electric stimulation, led to a new theory of photographic action.
+The fruitful theory of stereochemistry was strengthened by the
+production of two kinds of artificial molecules, which like the
+two kinds of sugar, rotated the polarised electric wave either to
+the right or to the left. Again the 'fatigue' of my receivers led
+to the discovery of universal sensitiveness inherent in matter as
+shown by its electric response. It was next possible to study
+this response in its modification under changing environment, of
+which its exaltation under stimulants and its abolition under
+poisons are among the most astonishing outward manifestations.
+And as a single example of the many applications of this fruitful
+discovery, the characteristics of an artificial retina gave a
+clue to the unexpected discovery <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg_216]</a></span>of "binocular
+alternation of vision" in man;&mdash;each eye thus supplements
+its fellow by turns, instead of acting as a continuously yoked
+pair, as hitherto believed.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PLANT LIFE AND ANIMAL LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">In natural sequence to the investigations of
+the response in 'inorganic' matter, has followed a prolonged
+study of the activities of plant-life as compared with the
+corresponding functioning of animal life. But since plants for
+the most part seem motionless and passive, and are indeed limited
+in their range of movement, special apparatus of extreme delicacy
+had to be invented, which should magnify the tremor of excitation
+and also measure the perception period of a plant to a thousandth
+part of a second. Ultra-microscopic movements were measured and
+recorded; the length measured being often smaller than a fraction
+of a single wave-length of light. The secret of plant life was
+thus for the first time revealed by the autographs of the plant
+itself. This evidence of the plant's own script removed the
+long-standing error which divided the
+vegetable world into sensitive and insensitive. The remarkable
+performance of the Praying Palm Tree of Faridpore, which bows, as
+if to prostrate itself, every evening, is only one of the latest
+instances which show that the supposed insensibility of plants
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id=
+"Page_217">[Pg_217]</a></span>and still more of rigid tree is to
+be ascribed to wrong theory and defective observation. My
+investigations show that all plants, even the trees, are fully
+alive to changes of environment; they respond visibly to all
+stimuli, even to the slight fluctuations of light caused by a
+drifting cloud. This series of investigations has completely
+established the fundamental identity of life-reactions in plant
+and animal, as seen in a similar periodic insensibility in both,
+corresponding to what we call sleep; as seen in the death-spasm,
+which takes place in the plant as in the animal. This unity in
+organic life is also exhibited in that
+spontaneous pulsation which in the animal is heart-beat; it
+appears in the identical effects of stimulants, anaesthetics and
+of poisons in vegetable and animal tissues. This physiological
+identity in the effect of drugs is regarded by leading physicians
+as of great significance in the scientific advance of Medicine;
+since here we have a means of testing the effect of drugs under
+conditions far simpler than those presented by the patient far
+subtler too, as well as more humane than those of experiments on
+animals.</p>
+<p class="indent">Growth of plants and its variations under
+different treatment is instantly recorded by my Crescograph.
+Authorities expect this method of investigation will advance
+practical agriculture; since for the first time we are able to
+analyse and study separately the <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg_218]</a></span>conditions which
+modify the rate of growth. Experiments which would have taken
+months and their results vitiated by unknown changes, can now be
+carried out in a few minutes.</p>
+<p class="indent">Returning to pure science, no phenomena in
+plant life are so extremely varied or have yet been more
+incapable of generalisation than the "tropic" movements, such as
+the twining of tendrils, the heliotropic movements of some
+towards and of others away from light, and the opposite geotropic
+movements of the root and shoot, in the direction of gravitation
+or away from it. My latest investigations recently communicated
+to the Royal Society have established a single fundamental
+reaction which underlies all these effects so extremely
+diverse.</p>
+<p class="indent">Finally, I may say a word of that other new and
+unexpected chapter which is opening out from my demonstration of
+nervous impulse in plants. The speed with which the nervous
+impulse courses through the plant has been determined; its
+nervous excitability and the variation of that excitability have
+likewise been measured. The nervous impulse in plant and in man
+is found exalted or inhibited under identical conditions. We may
+even follow this parallelism in what may seem extreme cases. A
+plant carefully protected under glass from outside shocks, looks
+sleek and flourishing; but its higher nervous function is then
+found to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id=
+"Page_219">[Pg_219]</a></span>be atrophied. But when a succession
+of blows is rained on this effect and bloated specimen, the
+shocks themselves create nervous channels and arouse anew the
+deteriorated nature. And is it not shocks of adversity, and not
+cotton-wool protection, that evolve true manhood?</p>
+<p class="indent">A question long perplexing physiologists and
+psychologists alike is that concerned with the great mystery that
+underlies memory. But now through certain experiments I have
+carried out, it is possible to trace "memory impressions"
+backwards even in inorganic matter, such latent impressions being
+capable of subsequent revival. Again the tone of our sensation is
+determined by the intensity of nervous excitation that reaches
+the central perceiving organ. It would theoretically be possible
+to change the tone or quality of our sensation, if means could be
+discovered by which the nervous impulse would become modified
+during transit. Investigation on nervous impulse in plants has
+led to the discovery of a controlling method, which was found
+equally effective in regard to the nervous impulse in animal.</p>
+<p class="indent">Thus the lines of physics, of physiology and of
+psychology converge and meet. And here will assemble those who
+would seek oneness amidst the manifold. Here it is that the
+genius of India should find its true blossoming.</p>
+<p class="indent">The thrill in matter, the throb of life, the
+pulse of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id=
+"Page_220">[Pg_220]</a></span>growth, the impulse coursing
+through the nerve and the resulting sensations, how diverse are
+these and yet how unified! How strange it is that the tremor of
+excitation in nervous matter should not merely be transmitted but
+transmuted and reflected like the image on a mirror, from a
+different plane of life, in sensation and in affection, in
+thought and in emotion. Of these which is more real, the material
+body or the image which is independent of it? Which of these is
+undecaying, and which of these is beyond the reach of death?</p>
+<p class="indent">It was a woman in the Vedic times, who when
+asked to take her choice of the wealth that would be hers for the
+asking, inquired whether that would win for her deathlessness.
+What would she do with it, if it did not raise her above death?
+This has always been the cry of the soul of India, not for
+addition of material bondage, but to work out through struggle
+her self-chosen destiny and win immortality. Many a nation had
+risen in the past and won the empire of the world. A few buried
+fragments are all that remain as memorials of the great dynasties
+that wielded the temporal power. There is, however, another
+element which find its incarnation in matter, yet transcends its
+transmutation and apparent destruction: that is the burning flame
+born of thought which has been handed down through fleeting
+generations.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id=
+"Page_221">[Pg_221]</a></span>Not in matter, but in thought, not
+in possessions or even in attainments but in ideals, are to be
+found the seed of immortality. Not through material acquisition
+but in generous diffusion of ideas and ideals can the true empire
+of humanity be established. Thus to Asoka to whom belonged this
+vast empire, bounded by the inviolate seas, after he had tried to
+ransom the world by giving away to the utmost, there came a time
+when he had nothing more to give, except one half of an
+<i>Amlaki</i> fruit. This was his last possession and anguished
+cry was that since he had nothing more to give, let the half of
+the <i>Amlaki</i> be accepted as his final gift.</p>
+<p class="indent">Asoka's emblem of the <i>Amlaki</i> will be
+seen on the cornices of the Institute, and towering above all is
+the symbol of the thunderbolt. It was the Rishi Dadhichi, the
+pure and blameless, who offered his life that the divine weapon,
+the thunderbolt, might be fashioned out of his bones to smite
+evil and exalt righteousness. It is but half of the <i>Amlaki</i>
+that we can offer now. But the past shall be reborn in a yet
+nobler future. We stand here to-day and resume work to-morrow so
+that by the efforts of our lives and our unshaken faith in the
+future we may all help to build the greater India yet to be.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id=
+"Page_222">[Pg_222]</a></span>PRAYING PALM OF FARIDPUR</p>
+<p class="indent">Under the presidency of Lord Ronaldshay Sir J.
+C. Bose delivered a lecture on Friday the 4th January 1918, at
+the "Bose Institute" on 'The Praying Palm-tree.' He said:</p>
+<p class="indent">Perhaps no phenomenon is so remarkable and
+shrouded with greater mystery as the performances of a particular
+palm tree near Faridpore. In the evening while the temple bells
+ring calling upon people to prayer, this tree bows down as if
+prostrate itself. It erects its head again in the morning, and
+this process is repeated every day during the year. This
+extraordinary phenomenon has been regarded as miraculous, and
+pilgrims have been attracted in great numbers. It is alleged that
+offerings made to the tree, that is to say to the custodian of
+the tree, have been the means effecting marvellous cures. It is
+not necessary to pronounce any opinion on the subject; these
+cures may be taken as effective as other faith cures now so
+fashionable in the West.</p>
+<p class="indent">I first obtained photographs of the two
+positions which proved the phenomenon to be real. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id=
+"Page_223">[Pg_223]</a></span>next thing was to devise special
+apparatus to record continuously the movement of the tree day and
+night. But difficulties were encountered in getting the consent
+of the proprietor to attach foreign instruments to the sacred
+tree. His misgivings were however removed when it was explained
+that the instruments were pure Swadeshi, being made in my
+Laboratory. The records of the Palm Tree showed that it fell with
+the rise of temperature, and rose with the fall. Records obtained
+with other trees brought out the extraordinary and unsuspected
+fact that all trees are moving&mdash;such movements being in
+response to changes in their environment.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE?</p>
+<p class="indent">That not a "Mimosa" alone, but all plants are
+sensitive was demonstrated by some striking experiments. A spiral
+tendril, under electric shock was shown
+to writhe imitating the contortions of a tortured worm. In
+ordinary plants, all sides being equally sensitive contraction
+takes place on all directions with resulting neutral effect.
+Another striking experiment was to show how ordinary plants could
+be made sensitive by the mere process of amputation of the
+balancing half? Further experiments were shown demonstrating the
+effects of light, of warmth and other stimuli on the plant.
+Warmth worked antagonistically to light. The <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id=
+"Page_224">[Pg_224]</a></span>numerous permutations brought about
+by two changing variations were shown by a mechanical hand, which
+traced most complicated curves. In actual life the number of
+changing factors are very numerous, hence the intricacy involved
+in the manifestations of life.</p>
+<p class="indent">The experiments that have been shown will help
+the audience to realise in some measure that the world we live in
+is not a theatre of caprice or chance, but that an all pervading
+law holds and regulates its destiny. We have seen that the vast
+expanse of life which is unvoiced, seemingly, so impassive, is
+instinct with sensibility. Thus the whole of the vegetable world,
+including rigid trees perceive the changes in their environment
+and respond to them by unmistakable signals. They thrill under
+light and become depressed by darkness; the warmth of summer and
+frost of winter, drought and rain, these and
+many other happenings leave a subtle impression on the life of
+the plant. By invention of apparatus of extreme delicacy, it is
+possible to make the plant itself write down the history of its
+own experience in a hieroglyphic which it is possible to
+decipher. From these pages, taken from the diary of the plant, it
+will perhaps be possible some day to get an insight into the
+great mystery that surrounds life itself. For I shall in the
+course of lectures given here show how the life of plants is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id=
+"Page_225">[Pg_225]</a></span>a mere reflection of our own. I
+shall show how shocks and wounds affect them as they affect
+animals; how a common death-throb marks the crisis when life
+passes into death. The exuberance of life, on the other hand,
+will be shown by pulsing throbs of animal's heart and spontaneous
+beat in vegetal tissues. Another aspect of this exuberance will
+be shown in the imperceptible growth of plants. My recently
+invented Crescograph, to be exhibited at my lecture a fortnight
+hence, will magnify growth a million-fold and record ultra
+microscopic movements, smaller than a single wave length of
+light. By this apparatus growth will be instantaneously recorded
+and conditions which foster or inhibit growth discriminated. I
+shall demonstrate my discovery of the nervous system in plants,
+and show how shocks from without pass within, and how this
+nervous impulse modified during transit. It will further be shown
+how various stimulants, anesthetics
+and poison induce effects which are identical in man and in
+plant. It will be obvious how these studies will open new fields
+of inquiry in different branches of science; in Physiology and Psychology; in Medicine and in
+Agriculture.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+7-1-1918.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+VISUALISATION <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id=
+"Page_226">[Pg_226]</a></span>OF GROWTH</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J. C. Bose delivered on the 18th January
+1918, at the Bose Institute, the second of the series of
+discourses on revelations of plant life. This time the audience
+had the opportunity of witnessing the working of Bose's newly
+perfected Crescograph which is undoubtedly one of the marvels in
+modern Science. For this apparatus gives a visual demonstration
+of movements which are far beyond the highest powers of
+microscope. The invisible internal workings of life are thus for
+the first time revealed to man.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+LAW VERSUS CAPRICE</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer first described the infinite
+variations in life reactions in plants. The same external
+stimulus, he said apparently produces one effect in one plant;
+and precisely opposite in another. Some leaves move towards light; others are repelled by it. The root
+bends towards the centre of the earth, the shoot rises above away
+from it. Numerous other "tropic" movements are caused by
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id=
+"Page_227">[Pg_227]</a></span>contact, by electricity, by
+moisture and by invisible radiations. These effects appear so
+extremely diverse and capricious that some of the leading
+physiologists were forced to come to the conclusion that there
+was no law guiding such movement, but that the plant decides for
+itself what should be the effect of external conditions on
+it.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+RECORD OF GROWTH</p>
+<p class="indent">Most of these tropic movements are brought
+about by changes induced in growth by the action of different
+forces. But growth is so excessively slow that slight changes
+induced in it is impossible of detection. The proverbially slow
+paced snail moves two thousand times faster than the growing
+point of a plant. Hence to visualise growth and its changes,
+apparatus has to be invented which would magnify growth something
+like a million times. If such a thing were possible the pace of
+the snail would be quickened to the speed of a rifle bullet. The
+difficulties in connection with the devising and construction of
+apparatus with this extraordinary power appeared at first an
+impossibility. The Jewels for the fittings of the apparatus could
+not be found fine enough. The lecturer had to discard ordinary
+jewels for diamonds, such bearings being only made in Germany.
+But the outbreak of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228"
+id="Page_228">[Pg_228]</a></span>war put an end to this source of
+supply. He had then to turn to resources available in India.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ADVANCE OF AGRICULTURE</p>
+<p class="indent">The invention of method for immediate record of
+growth and its variations under various conditions is one of
+immense practical importance. Experiments on gigantic scales are
+in progress all over the world for this purpose. At Rothamstead,
+this work has been going on for more than half a century. The
+great Department of Agriculture in Mashington spends millions
+every year on such experiments, there being a thousand men
+employed in research. Recently many experiments have been
+undertaken on the effect of electricity on growth. The results
+obtained have been mostly contradictory. For real advance in
+agriculture we must first discover the laws of growth. Ordinary
+experiments on growth are of little value because they take weeks
+for detecting changes of growth which might have been brought
+about by charges in the environment. The only satisfactory method
+is to devise an apparatus which would make the plant itself
+record the rate of its growth, and the changes induced by food or
+treatment in the course of less than a minute, during which short
+time it is possible to maintain external conditions constant.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id=
+"Page_229">[Pg_229]</a></span>MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH</p>
+<p class="indent">All the difficulties connected with the
+devising of apparatus has been completely removed by the
+lecturer's successful invention of his new magnetic crescograph
+in which practically unlimited magnification is obtained without
+the difficulties arising from the unavoidable friction of
+bearings. Magnetic forces are so exactly balanced that a
+disturbance in the balance caused by slightest movements such as
+that of growth is magnified ten millions of times. The
+application of this new principle will be of great importance in
+various investigations in Physics.</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J. C. Bose next demonstrated some
+marvellous results obtained with his apparatus. A seedling which
+on account of the Winter season appeared stationary jotted down
+by taps on a moving plate, the rate of its growth. The
+application of a chemical instantly arrested this growth, but an
+antidote timely applied, not only removed the torpor but enhanced
+the growth at an enormous rate. The life of the plant became
+pliant at the will of the experimenter, and nothing appeared more
+marvellous than the realisation that man has the power to pierce
+the veil that shrouds the mystery that had hitherto baffled
+him.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer explained how the effect of a
+given agent&mdash;a chemical solution or an electric
+current&mdash;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id=
+"Page_230">[Pg_230]</a></span>is profoundly modified by the dose
+a given intensity, producing one effect and a different intensity
+giving rise to an effect diametrically opposite. This is the
+reason of the inexplicable anomalies which have baffled many
+investigators. Numerous are the forces which act on growth some
+helping, others retarding, the effects being further modified by
+the strength and duration of application. These factors that
+determine growth are each to be studied in detail, and the laws
+of effect of each to be discovered. There can be no real advance
+in scientific agriculture until this is done.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+19-1-1918.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+SIR <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id=
+"Page_231">[Pg_231]</a></span>J. C. BOSE AT BOMBAY.</p>
+<p class="indent">There was a brilliant gathering at the Royal
+Opera House on Tuesday the 22nd January 1918, when Sir Jagadis
+Bose gave a deeply interesting lecture on
+the history of the inception of his Institute in Calcutta and its
+aims together with an exposition of his scientific researches
+illustrated by lantern slides. The theatre was full long before
+the lecture commenced and several prominent people were present
+the bulk of the audience consisting of Indians.</p>
+<p class="indent">Mr. Tilak in introducing the distinguished
+lecturer to the audience referred to Professor Bose's lasting
+services not only to the Indian nation but to the whole world.
+These references to Dr. Bose and his work elicited frequent
+applause from the large audience.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+A FIFTY THOUSAND RUPEES LECTURE.</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir Jagadis, who was accorded a most
+enthusiastic ovation on rising to address the gathering,
+acknowledged his gratitude to the public of Bombay who proved
+their appreciation of his work by their <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id=
+"Page_232">[Pg_232]</a></span>presence there that evening, and
+the fact that they had subscribed Rs. 50,000 for the occasion. He
+then gave a brief explanatory account of the nature and scope of
+his work, which he had planned and carried out alone for many
+years amidst many and varied difficulties. He gave an exposition
+by the aid of one of the delicate instruments of his own
+invention of how plants respond to various sounds and tunes and
+the beautiful colour display which was observed in this
+connection appeared as though he were a magician with a wand.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PLANTS UNDER ANAESTHETICS</p>
+<p class="indent">The Doctor explained the meaning and
+significance of the thunderbolt which
+has been adopted as the symbol of the institution. He explained
+also the special uses to which the various parts of the buildings
+would be put. The fact was brought out that the entire building
+and grounds had been designed to suit the special needs of the
+Institute and care had been taken to make it as far as possible
+self contained. An interesting feature of the garden close to
+that portion which forms the residence of Sir Jagadis was the
+open platform perched above two trees, transplanted under
+anaesthetic conditions. A variety of apparatus is
+displayed under these trees and the platform is intended for
+observation or meditation or both. Dr. Bose here explained
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id=
+"Page_233">[Pg_233]</a></span>how trees when transplanted
+frequently died under the shock of the operation just as human
+being sometimes died, not from an operation but from the shock
+caused thereby. Similarly he had discovered and proved that trees
+could, like human beings, go through severe operations and
+survive the shock, if placed under the influence of an
+anaesthetic.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SOME PHENOMENA OF PLANT LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">The Professor explained next other experiments
+which he had performed on plants and whose results had exhibited
+the close parallel which plant life bears to human life. With the
+aid of another delicate instrument he showed how the growth of
+plants can be influenced by drugs and the demonstration on the
+screen of the manner in which the slow growth of a plant can be
+thus expedited was one of extraordinary interest. One was able to
+see the flame of life moving up the screen and recording at
+intervals the stages of growth, a lengthening of the intervals
+between each recorded glow illustrating the acceleration of
+growth as soon as the drug was applied. The instruments necessary
+to record this phenomenon are of extraordinary delicacy, and
+barely survived the strain of the journey from Calcutta.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+ELECTRICITY <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id=
+"Page_234">[Pg_234]</a></span>AND AGRICULTURE</p>
+<p class="indent">The last experiment was in regard to the effect
+of electricity on plant life. He referred particularly to the
+fact that it was his aim to discover the law of growth and
+atrophy among plants. Such a discovery had a great bearing on the
+future of agriculture and would revolutionise world thought.
+Electricity, he explained and illustrated, would promote or
+retard the growth of life by reaction. In England and other
+countries electricity had been applied to agriculture but without
+exact knowledge of its varying effect on plant life. He then
+showed by another apparatus of extreme delicacy that electricity
+might retard and even repel as well as promote the growth of
+plant life. But if the law of growth and decay could be
+ascertained, it was possible to regulate the control of life
+under most varied conditions.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+29-1-1918.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+UNITY <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id=
+"Page_235">[Pg_235]</a></span>OF LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">Under the auspices of the Bombay University,
+Sir Jagadis Chundar Bose delivered on
+Thursday, the 31st January 1918, a lecture on the "Unity of
+Life." It was illustrated by lantern slides and an instructive
+exposition was given of some of his unique discoveries in the
+realm of Plant Life....</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+HIDDEN HISTORY IN PLANTS LIFE</p>
+<p class="indent">"The subject of my address to-night is the
+'Unity of Life.' Under a placid exterior there is a hidden
+history on the life of the plant. Is it possible to make the
+plants write down their own autographs and thus reveal their
+history? In order to succeed in this we have first to discover
+some compulsive force which will make the plant give an answering
+signal, secondly, we have to invent some instrument of extreme
+delicacy for the automatic conversion of these signals into an
+intelligent script; and last of all, we have ourselves to learn
+the nature of the hieroglyphics."</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J. C. Bose then explained the principle of
+his epoch-making Resonant Recorder which
+writes <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id=
+"Page_236">[Pg_236]</a></span>down the perception period of the
+plant within a thousandth part of a second, and writes down the
+action of light and warmth and drugs on the plant; the effect of
+vitiated air, of passing clouds, of excess of food and of
+drink.</p>
+<p class="indent">"The plant is very human in its virtues and
+weakness. Plants like animals become exalted, grow tired or
+despond. An easy green-house life makes them less than
+themselves, overgrown and flabby, capable of response, till they
+have become hardened by adversity to a fuller existence. A time
+comes when after an answer to a supreme shock, there is a sudden
+end of the plant's power to give any further response. This
+supreme shock is the shock of death. Even in this crisis there is
+no immediate change in the placid appearance of the plant.
+Drooping and withering are events that occur long after death
+itself. How does the plant then give its last answer? In man at
+the critical moment a spasm passes through the whole body and
+similarly in the plant I find a great contractile spasm takes
+place. This is accompanied by an electrical spasm also. In the
+script of the Death Recorder the line that up to this time was
+being drawn, become suddenly reversed and then ends. This is the
+last answer of the plant.</p>
+<p class="indent">"These our mute companions, silently growing
+beside our door, have now told us the tale of their <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id=
+"Page_237">[Pg_237]</a></span>life-tremulousness and their
+death-spasm in script that is as inarticulate as they. May it not
+be said that this story has a pathos of its own beyond any that
+we may have conceived?</p>
+<p class="indent">"We have now before our mind's eye the whole
+organism of the perceiving, throbbing and responding plant, a
+complex unity and not a congeries of unrelated parts. The
+barriers which separated kindred phenomena in the plant and
+animal are now thrown down. Thus community throughout the great
+ocean of life is seen to outweigh apparent dissimilarity
+Diversity is swallowed up in unity.</p>
+<p class="indent">"In realising this, is our sense of final
+mystery of things deepened or lessened? Is our sense of wonder
+diminished when we realise in the infinite expanse of life that
+is silent and voiceless the foreshadowings of more wonderful
+complexities? Is it not rather that science evokes in us a deeper
+sense of awe? Does not each of her new advances gain for us a
+step in that stairway of rock which all must climb who desire to
+look from the mountain tops of the spirit upon the promised land
+of truth?"</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir Jagadis then gave a most interesting
+exposition of his researches with the aid of magic lantern
+slides.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+SENSITIVENESS IN PLANTS</p>
+<p class="indent">Referring first of all his discovery of
+sensitiveness <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id=
+"Page_238">[Pg_238]</a></span>in plants, he said that in that
+respect they were akin to the human system. He illustrated this
+truth by a demonstration of the reaction that takes place in the
+frog when a shock is communicated and side by side presenting the
+reaction that is similarly effected in the plant. "Plants have a
+nervous system like our own," he said, and with the aid of an
+enlarged illustration of the mimosa he showed the changes that
+took place when the plant was disturbed. Turning to plant
+autograph, he spoke of the Resonant Recorder, a special apparatus
+which he has invented to prove how even plants are tuned to
+environment. Certain tunes had no effect on plants, he said,
+while others had and he asked them specially to observe the
+beautiful and variegated colour formation produced by their
+response to tunes. He gave an interesting experiment on this
+point, and both Lord and Lady Willingdon tried it. There was a
+great outburst of cheering, which was renewed each time the
+effect was produced, and it was noticed that the cheering, which
+was vociferous had its own effect. It had taken him a long time,
+he said, to produce and perfect the complete apparatus to
+determine the latent mimosa and by the aid of that apparatus, he
+was able to record the movement of the plant to one thousandth of
+a second.</p>
+<p class="indent">He next went on to say that all plants were
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id=
+"Page_239">[Pg_239]</a></span>endowed like ourselves, but at
+first the news was received with great scepticism. He did not
+despair, however, of success and was continuously engaged in
+discovering, in collecting fresh evidence. Thanks to the action
+of the Government of India in sending him on a world tour, he got
+at last the opportunity to prove before the scientific societies
+of the world, the truth of his discoveries. An illustration of
+the Mimosa which has accompanied him in his world tour was
+screened.</p>
+<p class="indent">The next illustration was to show how long
+plants took to feel shock and what time they took to recover.
+Like the great human system plants were subject to periodic
+conscianimal [<i>sic.</i>, consciousness?] had their periods of
+sleep and awakening. The extra water pressure produced during
+sunset had nothing to do with true sleep. Plants, too, were
+subject to exaltation and depression and at certain hours of the
+day they were fully conscious and active while at other hours
+they were dormant and lazy. He showed by means of a chart that
+they were fast asleep between 6 and 9 in the morning and his
+humorous remark that in that respect they had taken a leaf from
+our modern society ladies provoked a great deal of laughter. A
+series of records were then shown to illustrate the various
+degrees of plant consciousness, which were deeply appreciated by
+the audience.</p>
+<p class="indent">Proceeding Dr. Bose said that plants were far
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id=
+"Page_240">[Pg_240]</a></span>more conscious of nature than human
+beings and described his experience how plants were sensitive
+even to passing clouds, which produced on them a depressing
+effect. He spoke of the difference between thin and wiry grown
+plants and those that were stout and robust. In that respect they
+resembled again human beings and thin and wiry grown plants were
+far more susceptible of excitement than the others. They, too,
+needed rest and without it, they were flabby and depressed. A
+cartoon from the London "Punch" entitled "A successful Trial" was
+screened to the merriment of the audience, in which the Professor
+was humorously depicted by that journal, after his exposition
+before the Royal Institute in London. He gave an illustration of
+the "Praying Palm of Faridpur" and the changes it exhibited to
+environment. All plants displayed similar power and these changes
+were no longer inscrutable. They had been brought within the
+realm of scrutability [<i>sic.</i>] and could be recorded.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+"PROTECTING" PLANTS</p>
+<p class="indent">It was a mistake to suppose that when
+"protected" plants would thrive better. Mothers had a tendency to
+keep their children away from contact with the outside world with
+a view to "protect" them. He had placed a plant under a glass
+case and the effect of it was he had a gloated and effete
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id=
+"Page_241">[Pg_241]</a></span>specimen, flabby-looking in appearance and weary under
+adversity, they recovered sooner and their growth was healthy
+just as it evolved true manhood in men. It had been commonly
+believed that carbonic acid gas was conducive to plant growth.
+That was a great mistake. In sunshine, plants readily absorbed
+it; but it was no more true that plants thrived on CO<sub>2</sub>, than did
+human beings. He illustrated the effect of carbonic acid gas as
+well as oxygen. The latter was as much necessary for plants to
+thrive on as it was for them. Another illustration exhibited the
+effect of alcohol on plants and he declared amidst laughter that
+alcohol produced the same alternate maudlin depression and
+exaltation on plants that is to be observed on the human system.
+He said that this experiment had tickled the Americans a great
+deal and referred to a conversation he had with Mr. Bryan, who
+was a teetotaller, regarding alcohol
+given to plants. Some American papers had given characteristic
+headlines to introduce his lecture on the effect of stimulus to
+plants.</p>
+<p class="indent">Another plant Desmodium which has accompanied
+him in his world tour was filmed on the screen. He spoke, next,
+of the apparatus which he had invented to record plant pulsation
+and the struggle they exhibited between life and death. Poisons
+had as much effect on plants as on men, and they <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id=
+"Page_242">[Pg_242]</a></span>could be revived by applying
+antidotes, this was illustrated by another chart. Another point
+of interest dealt with by him was the effect of warm water on
+plants, and he gave an exposition of his discovery to show that
+plants died when placed in 60 degree (centigrade) warm water. He
+referred to the stupendous phenomenon of invisible writing by
+means of which the plant recorded its own evolution.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecture was listened to with profound
+interest and lasted for an hour. Mr. Setalvad proposed a hearty
+vote of thanks to the Chancellor for presiding at the meeting.
+Lord Willingdon, in acknowledging it, said that the vote of
+thanks was due to Sir Jagadis rather than to himself. As he had
+anticipated in the beginning, the lecture had proved absorbingly
+interesting and he was afraid Sir Jagadis's discoveries might be
+positively alarming when he next visited Bombay. He hoped that
+they would accord Sir Jagadis a hearty vote of thanks with "true
+Bombay cordiality." After a few suitable remarks by Sir Jagadis
+the meeting terminated.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+5-2-1918.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id=
+"Page_243">[Pg_243]</a></span>AUTOMATIC WRITING OF THE PLANT</p>
+<p class="indent">On the 8th February 1918, Sir J. C. Bose
+delivered the following discourse on 'The Automatic Writing of
+the Plant,' at the Bose institute:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J. C. Bose spoke of two different ways of
+gaining knowledge, the lesser way is by dwelling on
+superficial differences, the mental attitude which makes some say
+'Thank God I am not like others:' The other way is to realise an
+essential unity in spite of deceptive appearance to the contrary.
+He had recently been on a visit to the western Presidency, he
+went there as a stranger, but he has come back with a pang at
+parting from kindreds. Never in his life did he realise so
+vividly as now the great unity that drew together all who
+regarded India as their home and place of work. They were bound
+to each other by mutual ties of dependence. He had for many years
+been engaged in discovering community in physical manifestations
+of life. Now he has realised an abiding unity in the highest
+manifestations of human life, in community of thoughts and
+ideals.</p>
+<p class="indent"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id=
+"Page_244">[Pg_244]</a></span>In the wide expanse of life itself
+few things would appear so strikingly different as the life
+activities in plants and in animals. But if in spite of the
+seeming differences, it could be proved that these life
+activities are fundamentally similar, this would undoubtedly
+constitute a scientific generalisation of very great importance.
+It would then follow that the complex mechanism of the animal
+machine, that baffled us so long, need not remain inscrutable for
+all time, for the intricate problems of animal physiology would
+then naturally find their solution in the study of corresponding
+problems under simpler conditions of vegetative life. That would
+mean an enormous advance in the science of physiology, of
+agriculture, of medicine, and even of psychology.</p>
+<p class="indent">How then are we to know what unseen changes
+take place within the plant? The only conceivable way would be,
+if that were possible, to detect and measure the actual response
+of the organism to a definite testing blow. When an animal
+receives an external shock it may answer in various ways; If it
+has voice, by a cry, if dumb, by the movement of its limbs. The
+external shock is the stimulus, the answer of the organism is the
+response. If we can make it give some tangible response to a
+questioning shock, then we can judge the condition of the plant
+by the extent of the answer. In an excitable condition the
+feeblest stimulus will evoke an extraordinarily <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id=
+"Page_245">[Pg_245]</a></span>large response, in a depressed
+state even a strong stimulus evokes only a feeble response, and
+lastly, when death has overcome life, there is an abrupt end of
+the power to answer at all.</p>
+<p class="indent">Prof. Bose then explained the principle and
+action of his apparatus by which the plant attached to it is
+automatically excited by successive stimuli which are absolutely
+constant. In answer to this the plant makes its own responsive
+records, goes through its own period of recovery, and embarks on
+the same cycle over again without assistance from the observer at
+any point. In this way the effect of changed external conditions
+is seen recorded in the script made by the plant itself.</p>
+<p class="indent">It has been thought that plants like mimosa
+alone were sensitive. But Sir J. C. Bose's apparatus demonstrated
+the unsuspected fact that every plant and every organ of every
+plant answered to a shock by a contractile spasm, as by an animal
+muscle. If perception of feeble stimulus be taken as a measure of
+ascent in the scale of life then the superiority of man must be
+established on a foundation more secure than sensibility. The
+most sensitive organ by which we can detect electric current is
+our tongue. An average European can perceive a current as feeble
+as six micro-amperes, a micro-ampere being a millionth part of
+the electric unit. Possibly the tongue of a Celt is more
+excitable, and I have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246"
+id="Page_246">[Pg_246]</a></span>no doubt that my countrymen can
+easily boast the Celt in this particular test. But the plant
+mimosa is ten times more excitable than the tongue of an advocate
+in this province.</p>
+<p class="indent">Professor Bose then showed how identical were
+the effects of light, warmth and various drugs on the plant and
+animal. These experiments bring the plant much nearer than we
+ever thought. We find that it is not a mere
+mass of vegetative growth, but that its every fibre is instinct
+with sensibility. We are able to record the throbbings of its
+pulsating life, and find these wax and wane according to the life
+conditions of the plant, and cease in the death of the organism.
+In these and many other ways the life reactions in plant and man
+are alike, and thus through the experience of the plant, it may
+be possible to alleviate the sufferings of man.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+9-2-1918.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+CONTROL <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id=
+"Page_247">[Pg_247]</a></span>OF NERVOUS IMPULSE</p>
+<p class="indent">At the first anniversary meeting of the Bose
+institute, held on the 30th November 1918, Sir J. C. Bose gave
+the following discourse on his recent discoveries relating to the
+question of control of nervous impulse, under the Presidency of
+His Excellency Lord Ronaldshay, Governor of Bengal.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is one of the greatest of all mysteries how
+we are put in connection with the external world: how blows from
+without are felt within. Our organs of sensation are like so many
+antennae radiating in various directions
+and picking up messages of many kinds. All
+of these, when analysed to their utmost, consist of shock effects
+on different chords. An extremely feeble stimulus is below the
+limit of perception, a moderate stimulus transmits excitation,
+which is perceived as sensation of not an unpleasant character,
+but the tone of sensation becomes painful when the excitation is
+very intense. Our sensation is thus coloured by the intensity of
+the nervous excitation that reaches the central organ. We are
+subject to human limitations, through the imperfection of our
+senses on the one hand, and <span class='pagenum'><a name=
+"Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg_248]</a></span>over-sensibility on
+the other. There are happenings which elude us because the
+impinging stimulus is too feeble to waken our senses; the
+external shock, on the other hand, may be so intense as to fill
+our life with pain.</p>
+<p class="indent">Since we have no direct power over the shocks
+which come to us from the outside world, is it possible to
+control the nervous impulse so that it should be exalted in one
+case, and inhibited or obliterated in the other? Does advance of
+science hold any such</p>
+possibility? This question is plainly fraught with high
+significance.
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PROBLEM OF CONTROL OF NERVOUS IMPULSE</p>
+<p class="indent">Before proceeding further it will be necessary
+first to obtain a clear idea of the function of a nervous tissue
+and its characteristics; secondly the manner, in which the
+nervous impulse is propagated; and lastly, we have to discover
+some compulsive force by which the impulse may be intensified or
+inhibited during transit. The nerve circuit may be liked to an
+electric circuit, and invisible impulse bringing about response
+in the indicator, be it the brain or the galvanometer.
+In the electric circuit the
+conducting power of the metallic wire is constant, and the
+intensity of the electric impulse depends on the intensity of the
+electric force applied. If the conducting power of <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg_249]</a></span>the
+nerve were constant then the intensity of the nervous impulse and
+its resulting sensation would depend inevitably on the intensity
+of the shock from outside which starts the impulse. In that case
+the possibility of the modification of our sensation would be an
+impossibility. But there may be a likelihood that the power of
+conduction possessed by a nerve is not constant but capable of
+change. Should this surmise prove to be correct then we arrive at
+the momentous conclusion that sensation itself is modifiable,
+whatever the external stimulus. For the modification of nervous
+impulse there remains only one alternative; namely, some power to
+render the vehicle a very much better conductor or a
+non-conductor according to particular requirements. We require
+the nervous path to the supra-conducting to have the impulse due
+to feeble stimulus brought to sensory prominence. When the external blow is too violent we would block
+the painful impulse by rendering the nerve a non-conductor.</p>
+<p class="indent">Under narcotic the nerve becomes paralysed and
+we can by its use save ourselves from pain. But such heroic
+measures are to be resorted to in extreme cases, as when we are
+under the surgeon's knife. In actual life we are confronted with
+unpleasantness without notice. A telephone subscriber has an
+evident advantage, for he can switch <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg_250]</a></span>off
+the connection when the message begins to be unpleasant.
+Statesmen or politicians have been known to cultivate convenient
+deafness; but that is a mere pretence. The unpleasant things
+heard, would still continue to rankle. It is not every one that
+has the courage of Mr. Herbert Spencer who openly resorted to his
+ear plugs whenever his visitor became tedious.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer then explained that the
+propagation of nervous impulse is a phenomenon of transmission of
+molecular disturbance. It occurred to him that the transmission
+could be controlled if he succeeded in discovering a compulsive
+force which would confer on the conducting particles two opposite
+molecular dispositions, one of which would exalt and the other
+resist the impulse. His experiments were first conducted with the
+primitive type of nerve which he had previously discovered in
+plants. In full confirmation of his theory, he succeeded in
+conferring on the nervous tissue two opposite dispositions. Under
+favourable disposition the nerve is rendered supra-conducting;
+subliminal stimulus now becomes fully perceived. Under the
+opposite molecular disposition the violent impulse due to
+excessive stimulus becomes weakened or arrested during transit,
+and the plant remains quite unaffected by the external shock.</p>
+<p class="indent">The lecturer has in his previous works
+demonstrated <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id=
+"Page_251">[Pg_251]</a></span>the unity of life-reactions in the
+plant and animal. A climax is now reached when by the application
+of identical treatment he is able to confer alternately on the
+same animal nerve, supra-conducting or non-conducting property at
+will. Under a particular molecular disposition the experimental
+frog perceived and responded to stimulus which had hitherto been
+below its threshold of perception. Under the opposite disposition
+violent tetanic spasm caused by the irritant salt applied to the
+nerve became at once quelled. The normal property of the nerve
+was at once restored on the withdrawal of the predisposing
+force.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+MAN VICTORIOUS OVER CIRCUMSTANCE</p>
+<p class="indent">Thus by the control of molecular disposition of
+the conducting nerve, nervous impulse, and the resulting
+sensation may become profoundly modified. The external is not so
+overwhelmingly dominant, and man is not to be merely passive in
+the hands of destiny. There is a latent power which would raise
+him above the terrors of his inimical surroundings. It remains
+with him that the channels through which the outside world reach
+him should, at his command be widened or become closed. It may
+thus be possible for him to catch those indistinct messages that
+had hitherto eluded him or he may withdraw within himself, so
+that in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id=
+"Page_252">[Pg_252]</a></span>his inner realm, the jarring notes
+and the din of the world should no longer affect him.</p>
+<p class="indent">The whole audience heard the discourse with
+spell bound interest. The Indian Scientist came to that
+realisation by experiments at which the Indian Jogis of yore
+arrived by intuition. Following an absolutely original line
+inventing his own apparatus of the most simple yet subtle
+delicacy and having constructed them by the hands of Indian
+artisans, working without collaborators and with the smallest
+modicum of recognition by his fellow scientists, he has pursued
+his investigation to a result which has been a revelation to the
+whole world. Dr. Bose has proved that man and plant are one body
+and life in their physiology, in their vital habits and nervous
+responses. He has clearly demonstrated that nervous life in the
+plant responds to the same stimuli as in human beings. He has
+established between animal and plant a unity of incipient mind.
+The plant not only lives and dies, wakes and sleeps but it makes
+the responses which in animal would be pleasure and pain.</p>
+<p class="indent">Dr. Bose has made a great step towards the
+unification of knowledge. A bridge has been built between man and
+inert matter. Even if we take Dr. Bose's experiments with metals
+in conjunctions with his experiments on plants, we may hold it to
+be practically proved for the thinker that Life in <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id=
+"Page_253">[Pg_253]</a></span>various degrees of manifestation
+and organisation is omnipresent in Matter and is no foreign
+introduction or accidental development, but was always that to be
+evolved.</p>
+<p class="indent">The ancient thinkers knew well that life and
+mind exist everywhere in essence and vary only by the degree and
+manner of their emergencies and functionings. All is in all and
+it is out of complete involution that the complete evolution
+progressively appears. It is only appropriate that for a
+descendant of the race of ancient thinkers who formulated that
+knowledge, should be reserved the privilege of initiating one of
+the most important among the many discoveries by which
+experimental science is confirming the wisdom of his
+forefathers.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+4-12-1918.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+MARVELS <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id=
+"Page_254">[Pg_254]</a></span>OF GROWTH AS REVEALED BY THE
+"MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH"</p>
+<p class="indent">[Sir J. C. Bose has recently invented the
+"Magnetic" crescograph. It is a supersensitive instrument and the
+very high magnification obtained by it surpasses all existing
+appliances. By this instrument, phenomena hitherto beyond the
+reach of investigation can now be studied with great precision.
+It shows ultra-microscopic changes
+inducted in a growing organism even by a puff of smoke or a
+gentle breeze, by a passing cloud or fleeting brightness. This
+super magnifier was exhibited for the first time by Sir J. C.
+Bose before an appreciative gathering 10-1-1919. A number of lady
+students, professors, lawyers, doctors and several eminent
+personages gathered to hear the great Indian scientist.]</p>
+<p class="indent">In his Discourse on the above subject on
+Friday, Sir J. C. Bose illustrated how the limitations imposed on
+the advance of science by the imperfection of our senses, may
+stimulate the invention of supersensitive apparatus which
+reveals to us the existence of phenomena hitherto unknown. Thus
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id=
+"Page_255">[Pg_255]</a></span>the invention of the microscope from a simple lens magnifying 3 or 4
+times into progress up to 1500 diameters has
+given birth to new sciences. But still higher magnification is
+demanded in unravelling the mystery of
+movements associated with the simplest type of life as seen in
+plants. Greatest potentiality in life is often latent; the
+gigantic banian tree grows out of a thing which is smaller than
+the mustard seed. Within the seed-coat the dormant life remains
+in safety, protected from dangers outside. The seeds may thus be
+subjected without harm to cold so intense as will freeze mercury
+into solid and air into liquid. Winds and hurricanes scatter the
+seed of life and the cocoa-nut rides the
+tumultuous waves till anchored safe in an island yet to be
+inhabited. In due season there begins a series of most
+astonishing transformations; the latent life wakens, and the
+seedling begins to grow. The root turns downwards and the shoot
+upwards. Underground, the root winds its way round stones and
+obstacles towards moist places. Above ground the stem bends as if
+in search of light. Tendrils twine about a support. These visible
+movements are striking enough, but within the unruffled exterior
+of the plant body there are others, energetic and incessant,
+which escape our scrutiny. The bending of a growing organ towards
+or away from stimulus must be due to unequal growth on
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id=
+"Page_256">[Pg_256]</a></span>two sides of the organ, a
+retardation of growth on the proximal or acceleration on the
+distant sides. Various theories have been advanced which have
+proved inadequate. For the identical stimulus of gravity produces
+one kind of curvature in the root and the very opposite in the
+shoot. The possibility of direct experimental investigation has
+been frustrated by the excessive slow rate of growth rendering
+accurate measurement impossible.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE SLOWNESS OF GROWTH</p>
+<p class="indent">The movement of growth is two thousand times
+less rapid than the place of the proverbially slow-footed snail.
+Taking the average annual growth in height of a tree to be 5 ft.,
+it will take a tree a thousand years to cover a distance of a
+mile. We take a piece of 2 ft. in the course of half a second,
+during the interval plant grows through a length of 1,100,000
+part of an inch or half the length of a wave of light. For
+investigation on the effect of external conditions on growth we
+have to measure even a fraction of that excessively small
+length.</p>
+<p class="indent">The peasant has eagerly watched the growth of
+his plants on which his own life and the world's depend and, even
+realised something of its vicissitudes, so the vegetable
+physiologist has here one of the many problems of his science.
+The invention of growth-measuring instruments has thus been one
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id=
+"Page_257">[Pg_257]</a></span>of his main endeavours. He has
+hitherto succeeded by the use of levers with unequal arms to
+obtain a magnification of about 20 times, and even then it takes
+many hours for growth to become perceptible; owing to the
+practical impossibility of maintaining the external conditions
+constant for so many hours, the results of measurement
+of growth become vitiated. It is
+therefore necessary to produce a magnification so high that
+growth should become measurable in less than a minute. The first
+improvement effected by the lecturer, now some fourteen years
+ago, was his Optical Lever, which at once raised the
+magnification from 20 to 1000 times, an advance which at the time
+seemed to many incredible, but it is at length coming into use in
+advanced laboratories in Europe.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE RECORDING CRESCOGRAPH</p>
+<p class="indent">A new apparatus devised by the lecturer, the
+Recording Crescograph, is described in the Transactions of the
+Royal Society, and of the Bose Institute. By a compound system of
+levers the magnification is raised to 10,000 but this is not
+without great technical difficulties, which cost five years of
+efforts to overcome. Thus the levers require to be extremely
+light; this was secured by the use of an alloy of aluminium used
+in the construction of Zeppelins: this combines lightness with
+rigidity. Another difficulty almost unsuperable
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id=
+"Page_258">[Pg_258]</a></span>arises from the friction at the
+bearings of the fulcrum, the best watch jewels made of ruby were
+employed, but the supply was cut off from Germany by the war.
+This proved a blessing in disguise, for it forced the lecturer to
+devise a new principle of suspension using local material. This
+was found in practice to be far superior to jewel bearings, which
+became clogged by invisible dust particles present in the air.
+With this Recording Crescograph many phenomena of extreme
+interest have been discovered. The plant itself not only recorded
+its normal rate of growth but the slightest change induced in it
+by the action of different forces. So delicate was the apparatus
+that it analysed growth into a series of pulses, a sudden
+shooting out followed by a partial recoil. It showed how the
+growth of the plant was retarded by a mere
+touch, and the time it took the plant to recover from the effect
+of contact, and all these in course of a few seconds. The effect
+of different food on growth, the effect of different drugs, or
+living capacity these and many more became revealed by the
+automatic record made by the plant. This has opened out fresh and
+more exact method of medical inquiry, and of practical
+agriculture.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH</p>
+<p class="indent">Such unlooked for results called for yet higher
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id=
+"Page_259">[Pg_259]</a></span>magnification, and at first it
+seemed that further multiplying lever might be added to the
+previous system. But this failed on account of added mass and
+friction; and some altogether new solution had therefore to be
+sought. Material contact having proved unworkable the ideal
+weightless and frictionless linking was obtained by introducing a
+new magnetic contrivance, and this with the surprising potency of
+magnification from 5 to 100 million times. The mind cannot grasp
+the meaning of this stupendous magnification; how then could we
+translate it in terms which may be understood? Let us take once
+more our slow-footed snail, a magnification of ten million times
+would convert its speed to something for which there is no
+parallel even in modern gunnery practice. The 15 inch cannon of
+the "Queen Elizabeth" has a muzzle velocity of 2360 ft. per
+second or 8-1/2 million feet per hour. But the speed of the snail
+when magnified ten million times would render it 200 million ft.
+per hour or 24 times faster than the fastest cannon shot. We may
+next turn to the cosmic movement for a parallel: A point in
+equator whirls round at the rate of 1037 miles per hour. But a
+snail with the magnified speed would beat the earth by going
+round 40 times during the period the earth makes but one
+revolution!</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+LIFE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id=
+"Page_260">[Pg_260]</a></span>IN STATE OF SUSPENSE AND ITS
+SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTION</p>
+<p class="indent">With the experiments carried with the Magnetic
+Crescograph life becomes subservient to the will of the
+experimenter. The rate of growth is indicated by the speed with
+which a spot of indicating light moves across the scale. The
+actual rate of growth is fifty thousandth part of an inch per
+second; this under magnification is seen by the indicating spot
+of light to move at the rate of 36 inches per second: this is the
+normal rate. The plant is made to imbibe soda water and the
+growth becomes suddenly exalted some ten times; but a puff of
+tobacco smoke instantly retards the rate. To induce further
+retardation a depressing drug is next applied. The growth
+gradually comes to a stop and the quiescent of the spot of light
+shows life in a state of suspense. The plant is now hovering in
+an unstable poise between life and death, a slight tilt one way,
+and life gets interlocked in the
+rigidity of death. But the antidote is applied just in time, the
+torpor and suspense is over, and life renews her activity once
+more with the fullest vigour.</p>
+<p class="indent">It is true that man is but poorly provided for
+his voyage of discovery in seas unknown, he can hear little and
+see less. A single octave of light circumscribes his vision; even
+of the visible the size of the ripple of light imposes an
+impassable barrier. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id=
+"Page_261">[Pg_261]</a></span>But he has not been deterred by his
+limitations but has on the contrary been spurred on its greater
+efforts in his explanation of the invisible. The mysterious
+movements of life are not to remain for him inscrutable and
+indecipherable for all times: but his untiring and single-minded
+pursuit will someday reveal to him the secret that lies behind
+the manifestations of life.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+13-1-1919.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+THE <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id=
+"Page_262">[Pg_262]</a></span>NIGHT-WATCH OF NYMPHAEA</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J. C. Bose gave the following Discourse on
+the 'Night-Watch of Nymphaea,' at the Bose Institute, on the 24th
+January, 1919.</p>
+<p class="indent">[Sir J. C. Bose's discourse delivered at the
+Bose Institute, on the 24th January, 1919, dealt with the
+mysterious phenomenon of recurrent opening and closure of
+flowers. Some of them open in the morning and close in the
+evening; others do exactly the opposite opening at night and
+closing during the day. These various effects have been described
+as the 'waking' and 'sleep' movements of plants. The subject had
+attracted the attention of plant physiologists for more than half
+a century. After summarising the various results lost in his
+recent work says that no satisfactory explanation of the sleep
+movements of plants has yet been forthcoming and that the true
+theory can only be established after new and exhaustive research.
+This investigation has been in progress at Sir J. C. Bose's
+laboratory for the last five years; and special automatic
+recorders have been invented by means of which <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id=
+"Page_263">[Pg_263]</a></span>numerous plants have been recording
+their movements for every hour of the day and night and for many
+days in succession.]</p>
+<p class="indent">In course of his discourse the lecturer said
+"The poets have forestalled the men of science. Why does the
+water-lily 'Kumud or Nymphaea' keep awake all night long and
+close her petals during the day? Because the water-lily is the
+lover of the Moon and like the human soul expanding at the touch
+of the beloved, the lily opens out her heart at the touch of the
+moon beam, and keeps watch all night long; she shrinks affrighted
+by the rude touch of the Sun, and closes her petals during the
+day. The outer floral leaves of the lily are green, and in the
+day time the closed flowers are hardly distinguishable from the
+broad green leaves which float on the water. The scene is
+transformed in the evening as if by magic, and myriads of
+glistening white flowers cover the dark water.</p>
+<p class="indent">"The recurrent daily phenomenon has not only
+been observed by the poets, but an explanation offered for it. It
+is the moonlight then that causes the opening of the lily, and
+the sunlight the movement of closure. Had the poet taken out a
+lantern in a dark night; he would have noticed that the lily
+opened at night in total absence of the moon; but a poet is not
+expected to carry a lantern and peep out in the dark; that
+inordinate curiosity is characteristic <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id=
+"Page_264">[Pg_264]</a></span>only of the man of science. Again
+the lily does not close with the appearance of the sun; for the
+flower often remains awake up to eleven in the forenoon. A French
+dictionary maker saw Cuvier, the Zoologist about the definition
+of the crab as 'a little red fish which walks backwards.'
+'Admirable,' said Cuvier. 'But the crab is not necessarily
+little, nor is it red till boiled; it is not a fish, and it
+cannot walk backwards. But with these exceptions your definition
+is perfect.' And so also with the poet's description of the
+movement of the lily, which does not open to moonlight, nor yet
+close to the sun."</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+THE 'SLEEP' AND 'WAKING' OF JHINGA FLOWER</p>
+<p class="indent">The waking and sleeping of the water lily is by
+no means an isolated instance. My attention was first drawn to
+another remarkable floral display by the folk song which begins
+with:</p>
+<p class="blockquot">"Our day of work is over<br />
+Like life's span, but an hour!<br />
+For now behold the gold-started fields<br />
+Of opening 'Jhinga' flowers!"</p>
+<p class="indent">Since then I witness every afternoon a glorious
+transformation in my experimental garden at Sijbaria on the
+Ganges. The gardener has planted a large field with Jhinga (Luffa
+acutangula). The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id=
+"Page_265">[Pg_265]</a></span>flowers when closed at day time are
+very inconspicuous, the lowest whorl of the sepals being dull
+green: in my afternoon walk I can hardly recognise the old
+familiar field, which is now covered with masses of flower in
+their golden glory. Here also the flowers remain open throughout
+the night; but they close early in the morning and the fairy
+field of cloth of gold vanishes suddenly.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM</p>
+<p class="indent">The revolutions made by the plant-scripts led
+to the discovery of certain new and unsuspected reactions in the
+life of plants, notably the influence of variation of temperature
+in modifying the geotropic curvature.
+There are at least ten variables, which by their joint effects
+give rise to over a thousand variations in the resulting movement
+of plants. The effect of each of these different factors has been
+isolated and a new theory propounded which offers a complete
+explanation of the so called sleep movements. The life reactions
+of plants to the various stimuli of the environment was most
+strikingly illustrated by means of supersensitive Magnetic
+Crescograph. The plant was shown to perceive the shock of light,
+to which it made an answering signal, so also to the action of
+warmth and cold. And it was explained how the various
+combinations of effects induced by environmental <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id=
+"Page_266">[Pg_266]</a></span>change found diverse expressions in
+the movement of plants.</p>
+<p class="indent">The scientific explanations offered for the
+opening and closing of the water lily is that the flower is
+closed under sunlight and that the
+opening takes place under darkness. But Prof. Bose has been able
+to keep the lily awake even in day time by placing it in a cool
+place. Simultaneous record of the movement of the flower and the
+thermograph of daily variation of temperature proved conclusively
+that a rapid fall of temperature in the evening brought about the
+opening of the flower, at first slowly then rapidly, and by 10
+p.m. the flower was fully expanded. About 6 a.m. in the morning
+there is a rise of temperature, and the reverse movement of
+closure sets in. The flower continues to close very rapidly the
+sleep movement of closure is complete by about 10 a.m.</p>
+<p class="indent">It will be seen how different flowers through
+their sensitiveness to heat and cold execute movements of "sleep"
+or of "waking." Some of them have the healthy habit of normal
+humanity to sleep at night and keep awake at day-time. Others
+turn night into day, and make up for their long night watch
+by sleeping it off at the
+day-time.</p>
+&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>, 25-1-1919.
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 3.0em">
+WOUNDED <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id=
+"Page_267">[Pg_267]</a></span>PLANTS</p>
+<p class="indent">Sir J. C. Bose delivered the following lecture
+on the 'Wounded Plants' at the Bose Institute, on the 7th
+February, 1919:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="indent">It is a little over four years now that the
+Embodiment of World Tragedy stalked over Western Europe. The fair
+field of France and the bright sky was under a pall of
+battle-smoke. Our sight could not penetrate through the dense
+gloom, and the mortal cry of the wounded and dying, drowned by
+hoarse roar of a thousand did not reach our ear. But from the
+time the Sikh and the Pathan, the Gurkha and the Bengali, the
+Mahratta and the Rajput flung themselves in front of battle from
+that day our perception has become intensified. The distant cry
+of those whose life-blood has crimsoned the white field of snow,
+has found reverberating echo in our heart. What is that subtle
+bond by which all distances are bridged over, and by which an
+individual life becomes merged in larger life? Sympathy is that
+bond by which we come to realise the unity of all life. Before us
+are spread multitudinous plants, silent and seemingly impassive.
+They too <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id=
+"Page_268">[Pg_268]</a></span>like us are actors in the Cosmic
+drama of life, like us the play thing of destiny. In their
+checkered life, light and darkness, the warmth of summer and
+frost of winter, drought and rain, the gentle breeze and whirling
+tornadoes, life and death alternate. Various shocks impinge on
+them, but no cry is raised in answer. I shall nevertheless try to
+decipher some chapters of their life history.</p>
+<p class="indent">When a man receives a blow or shock of any
+kind, his answering cry makes us realise that he is hurt, but a
+mute makes no outcry. How do we realise his sufferings? We know
+it by his agonised look by the convulsive movement of his limbs,
+and through fellow-feeling realise his pain. When a frog is
+struck it does not cry, but its limbs show convulsive movement.
+But from this it does not follow that the frog is not hurt, for
+some would urge that there is a great gap between us and lower
+animals. One who feels for the humblest of His creatures alone
+knows whether the frog is hurt or not. Human sympathy always
+aspires: it is sometimes extended to equals, hardly ever to
+inferiors. And so it happens that many would doubt, whether the
+lowly and the depressed possess the fine sense of the exalted to
+feel the same joy and sorrow, and to resent social tyranny. When
+human attitude is so finely discriminative as regards different
+grades of his own species, it might be <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id=
+"Page_269">[Pg_269]</a></span>extravagant to believe that the
+frog could have any consciousness of pain. A concession might
+however be made that the frog perceives a shock to which it
+responds by convulsive movements. It is as well that we should be
+careful about the use of terms for an eminent biologist insisted
+that animals never felt any pain: when an oyster is swallowed
+alive, it did not, according to him, feel any pain but rather a
+sensation of grateful warmth at contact with the alimentary
+tract. The question will remain undecided for no one has as yet
+returned from the gastric cavity of the tiger to expatiate on the
+exquisite sensation.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+TEST OF LIVINGNESS</p>
+<p class="indent">Responsive movements being a test of life, we
+shall try to construct a scale with which the height of
+livingness may be measured. What is the difference between the
+living and the dead? The living answers to a shock from without;
+the most lively gives the most energetic, the torpid or dying the
+feeblest, and the dead no answer at all. Thus life may be tested
+by shocks from without, the size of the answer being the gauge of
+vitality. The answer of the strong will be violent and almost
+explosive in its intensity, while the weakling will barely protest. The responsive movements may be
+recorded by suitable apparatus. The successive responses to
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id=
+"Page_270">[Pg_270]</a></span>similar shocks will remain uniform,
+if the living tissue remained always the same. But the living
+organism is always in a state of change for environment is always
+building us anew, and we are changing everyday of our life. We
+are thus subject to change, some day we are in a state of high
+exuberance, and other time in a state of lowest depression: we
+pass through numerous phases between the two extremes. Not merely
+does the present modify, but there is also the subtle impress of
+memory of the past. The sum total of all these characterise one
+individual from another. How is the hidden to be made manifest?
+To test the genuineness of a coin, we strike it and the
+sound response betrays the true from the false. The genuine rings
+true and the other gives a false note. In this way perhaps the
+inner history of different lives may be revealed by shocks and
+the resulting response.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+EFFECT OF WOUND</p>
+<p class="indent">There are three separate investigations that
+have been carried out on the effect of wound on plants: The first
+is the shock effect of wound on growth: this generally speaking
+retards or arrests growth. In the second series of investigations
+the change of spontaneous pulsation of the leaflet of the
+Telegraph plant was recorded. Death begins to spread from the cut
+end of the leaflet, and reaches the throbbing <span class=
+'pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id=
+"Page_271">[Pg_271]</a></span>tissue which becomes permanently
+stilled on cessation of life. Experiments are in progress of
+arrest their march of death, and the cut leaflet which died in 24
+hours has now been kept alive for more than a week.</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.0em; margin-top: 2.0em">
+PARALYSIS OF SENSIBILITY</p>
+<p class="indent">Another series of investigations were carried
+out on the paralysing effect of severe wound. A leaf of Mimosa
+was cut off from the plant, and the subsequent histories of the
+wounded plant and the detached leaf are curiously different. The
+cutting of one of its leaves had caused a great shock to the
+parent plant, and an intense excitation spreads over to the
+distant organs. All the leaves remained depressed and
+irresponsive for several hours. From this state of paralysed
+sensibility, the plant gradually recovers and the leaves begin to
+show returning sensitiveness. The detached leaf, when placed in a
+nourishing solution soon recovers, and holds up its head with an
+attitude indicative of defiance, and the responses it gives are
+energetic. This lasts for twenty four hours, after which a
+curious change creeps in the vigour of its responses begins
+rapidly to wane. The leaf hitherto erect, falls over; death had
+at last asserted its mastery.</p>
+<p class="indent">&mdash;<i>Amrita Bazar Patrika</i>,
+10-2-1919.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id=
+"Page_v">[pg_v]</a></span>
+<h2>LIFE AND SPEECHES OF EMINENT INDIANS</h2>
+<hr align="center" width="100%" size="10" style=
+"background-color: #c0c0c0;" />
+<p class="indent"><b>The Hon. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya</b>.
+His Life and Speeches. (Second edition, revised and enlarged).
+700 pages. Price Rs. 3.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>Lokamanya B. G. Tilak</b>. An exhaustive and
+up to date collection of all the soul stirring speeches of the
+apostle of Home Rule with a valuable appreciation by Babu
+Aurobinda Ghose. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Price Rs.
+2.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>Mahatma Gandhi</b>. His Life, Writings and
+Speeches with a foreword by Mrs. Sarojini Naidu. (Enlarged and up
+to date edition). Over 450 pages. Tastefully bound with an index.
+Price Rs. 2.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>Mohomed Ali Jinnah</b>. With a Foreword by
+the Rajah of Mahmudabad. Over 320 pp. Attractively bound with a
+portrait and an index. Price Rs. 2.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>Babu Surendranath Banerjee</b>. An
+exhaustive collection of all the speeches of Babu Surendranath
+Banerjee delivered in England. Price As. 8.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>India for Indians</b>. A collection of the
+speeches delivered by Mr. C. R. Das on Home Rule for India with
+an Introduction by Babu Motilal Ghose. Second Edition, revised
+and enlarged. Price As. 12.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>Sir Rabindranath Tagore</b>. His Life,
+Personality, and Genius, by K. S. Ramaswami Sastri, <span style=
+"font-variant: small-caps;">b.a., b.l.</span> with a Foreword by
+Mr. J. C. Rollo. Price Rs. 3.</p>
+<p class="indent"><b>J. N. Tata</b>. His Life and Life Work. By
+Sir D. E. Wacha. 3rd edition. Price Re. 1.</p>
+<hr align="center" width="100%" size="10" style=
+"background-color: #c0c0c0;" />
+<h3>GANESH &amp; CO., PUBLISHERS, MADRAS.</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr align="center" width="100%" size="10" style=
+"background-color: #c0c0c0;" />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id=
+"Page_vi">[pg_vi]</a></span>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 900; font-size: 1.6em">JUST
+PUBLISHED</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 2.6em">The New
+Economic Menace<br />
+to India</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.5em">BY</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 2.2em">BABU
+BIPIN CHANDRA PAL</p>
+<p style=
+"text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.5em">PRICE
+RS. 2.</p>
+<hr align="center" width="100%" size="10" style=
+"background-color: #c0c0c0;" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+       His Life and Speeches
+
+Author: Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+
+Editor: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: July 16, 2007 [EBook #22085]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+        Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Typos and spelling variants (including hyphenated words) have been
+checked against the Oxford English Dictionary (online edition, July
+2007) and corrected as needed. Archaic spellings have been retained. In
+rare cases, where a word replacement or correction was either uncertain
+or impossible, the word was identified with [_sic._]
+
+Bold and small cap text has been rendered as all caps in the text
+version.
+
+Reference on 168 to the "The Presidency College Magazine" must be to the
+second issue, as the 25th issue was in 1939 and the events mentioned on
+p. 168 happened in 1915.
+
+By-lines after various sections sometimes show as "Patrika," and at
+other times as "A. B. Patrika." A. B. Patrika is not a person, but is
+rather "Amrita Bazar Patrika," an English language daily newspaper in
+India. To reduce confusion I have standardized the by-lines to "Amrita
+Bazar Patrika."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR JAGADIS
+CHUNDER BOSE
+
+
+HIS LIFE AND SPEECHES
+
+
+Price Rs. 2      GANESH & CO.
+
+
+
+
+The Cambridge Press, Madras.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                             Page
+His Life and Career                                             1
+Literature and Science                                         79
+Marvels of Plant Life                                         102
+Plant Autographs--How Plants can record their own story       106
+Invisible Light                                               113
+Lecture on Electric Radiation                                 117
+Plant Response                                                122
+Evidence before the Public Services Commission                126
+Prof. J. C. Bose at Madura                                    143
+Prof. J. C. Bose Entertained--Party at Ram Mohan Library      147
+History of a Discovery                                        154
+A Social Gathering                                            165
+Light Visible and Invisible                                   169
+Hindu University Address                                      172
+The History of a Failure that was Great                       177
+Quest of Truth and Duty                                       187
+The Voice of Life                                             200
+The Praying Palm of Faridpur                                  222
+Visualisation of Growth                                       292
+Sir J. C. Bose at Bombay                                      231
+Unity of Life                                                 235
+The Automatic Writing of the Plant                            243
+Control of Nervous Impulse                                    247
+Marvels of Growth as Revealed by the "Magnetic Crescograph"   254
+The Night-Watch of Nymphaea                                   262
+Wounded Plants                                                267
+
+
+
+
+SIR JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE
+
+
+On the 30th November, 1858, Jagadis Chunder was born, in a respectable
+Hindu family, which hails from village Rarikhal, situated in the
+Vikrampur Pargana of the Dacca District, in Bengal. He passed his
+boyhood at Faridpur, where his father, the late Babu Bhugwan Chunder
+Bose, a member of the _then_ Subordinate Executive Service was the
+Sub-Divisional Officer; and it was there that he derived "the power and
+strength that nerved him to meet the shocks of life."[1]
+
+
+HIS FATHER
+
+His father was a fine product of the Western Education in our country.
+Speaking of him, says Sir Jagadis "My father was one of the earliest to
+receive the impetus characteristic of the modern epoch as derived from
+the West. And in his case it came to pass that the stimulus evoked the
+latent potentialities of his race for evolving modes of expression
+demanded by the period of transition in which he was placed. They found
+expression in great constructive work, in the restoration of quiet
+amidst disorder, in the earliest effort to spread education both among
+men and women, in questions of social welfare, in industrial efforts, in
+the establishment of people's bank and in the foundation of industrial
+and technical schools."[2] However, his efforts--like most pioneer
+efforts--failed. He became overpowered in the struggle. But his young
+son, who witnessed the struggle, derived a great lesson which enabled
+him "to look on success or failure as one"--or rather "failure as the
+antecedent power which lies dormant for the long subsequent dynamic
+expression in what we call success." "And if my life" says Sir Jagadis
+"in any way came to be fruitful, then that came through the realisation
+of this lesson."[2] So great was the influence exerted on him by his
+father that Sir Jagadis Chunder has observed "To me his life had been
+one of blessing and daily thanksgiving."[2]
+
+
+HIS EARLY EDUCATION
+
+Little Jagadis received his first lesson in a village _pathsala_. His
+father, who had very advanced views in educational matters, instead of
+sending him to an English School, which was then regarded as the only
+place for efficient instruction, sent him to the vernacular village
+school for his early education. "While my father's subordinates" says
+Sir Jagadis "sent their children to the English schools intended for
+gentle folks, I was sent to the vernacular school, where my comrades
+were hardy sons of toilers and of others who, it is now fashion to
+regard, were belonging to the depressed classes."[3] Speaking of the
+effect it produced on him, observes Sir Jagadis "From these who tilled
+the ground and made the land blossom with green verdure and ripening
+corn, and the sons of the fisher folk, who told stories of the strange
+creatures that frequented unknown depths of mighty rivers and stagnant
+pools, I first derived the lesson of that which constitutes true
+manhood. From them too I drew my love of nature."[3]
+
+"I now realise" continues Sir Jagadis "the object of my being sent at
+the most plastic period of my life to the vernacular school where I was
+to learn my own thoughts and to receive the heritage of our national
+culture through the medium of our own literature. I was thus to consider
+myself one with the people and never to place myself in an equivocal
+position of assumed superiority."[3]
+
+"The moral education which we received in our childhood" adds Sir
+Jagadis "was very indirect and came from listening to stories recited by
+the "Kathaks" on various incidents connected with our great epics. Their
+effects on our mind was Very great."[4]
+
+And it is very interesting to learn from the lips of Sir Jagadis himself
+"that the inventive bent of his mind received its first impetus" in the
+industrial and technical schools established by his father.[4]
+
+
+HIS COLLEGIATE EDUCATION IN INDIA
+
+After he had developed, in the _pathsala_, some power of observation,
+some power of reasoning and some power of expression through the healthy
+medium of his own mother tongue, young Jagadis was sent to an English
+School for education. He passed the Entrance Examination, in 1875, from
+the St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Calcutta, in the First Division. He
+then joined the College classes of that Institution, and there, in the
+"splendid museum of Physical Science Instruments," he drew his early
+inspirations in Physics from that remarkable educationist and brilliant
+experimentalist, the Rev. Father E. Lefont, S.J., C.I.E., M.I.E.E., who
+had the rare gift of enkindling the imagination of his pupils. He passed
+the First Examination in Arts, in 1877, in the Second Division and the
+B.A. Examination by the B. Course (Science Course), in 1880, in the
+Second Division. "It is the paramount duty of the University" says Sir
+Ashutosh Mookerjea "to discover and develop unusual talent."[5] The
+Calcutta University, by the test of examination which it applied,
+totally failed to _discover_ (not to speak of _developing_) the powers
+of an original mind which was destined to enrich the world by giving
+away the fruits of its experience.
+
+
+HIS STUDY ABROAD
+
+After Jagadis had graduated himself, in the Calcutta University, he
+longed to get a course of scientific education in England. He was sent
+to Cambridge and joined the Christ's College. He came in "personal
+contact with eminent men, whose influence extorted his admiration and
+created in him a feeling of emulation. In the way he owed a great deal
+to Lord Rayleigh, under whom he worked."[6] He passed the B.A.
+Examination of the Cambridge University, in Natural Science Tripos, in
+1884. He also secured, in 1883, the B.Sc. Degree with Honours of London
+University. Jagadis had, by birth, the speculative Indian mind. And, by
+his scientific education, at home and abroad, he developed a capacity
+for accurate experiment and observation and learnt to control his
+Imagination--"that wonderous faculty which, left to ramble uncontrolled
+leads us astray into a wilderness of perplexities and errors, a land of
+mists and shadows; but which, properly controlled by experience and
+reflection, becomes the noblest attribute of man; the source of poetic
+genius, the instrument of discovery in Science."[7] His strength and
+fertility as a discoverer is to be referred in a great measure to the
+harmonious blending of the burning Imagination of the East with the
+analytical methods of the West.
+
+
+APPOINTED AS A PROFESSOR
+
+After having completed his education abroad. Jagadis chose the teaching
+of Science as his vocation. He was appointed as Professor of Physical
+Science at the Presidency College, Calcutta. He joined the service on
+the 7th January, 1885. Although he was appointed in Class IV of the
+_then_ Bengal Educational Service, (which afterwards merged in the
+present Indian Educational Service), he was not admitted to the full
+scale of pay of the Service. He, being an Indian, was allowed to draw
+only two-thirds the pay of his grade. This humiliating distinction was,
+however, removed in his case, on the 21st September 1903, when the
+bureaucracy could not any longer ignore the pressure of enlightened
+opinion that was brought to bear on it.
+
+
+HIS RESEARCHES ON ELECTRIC WAVES
+
+It was in 1887, some times after Professor J. C. Bose had joined the
+Presidency College, Hertz demonstrated, by direct experiment, the
+existence of Electric Waves--the properties of which had been predicted
+by Clerk Maxwell long before. This great discovery sent a reverberation
+through the gallery of the scientific world. And, at once, the
+scientists in all countries began to devote their best energies to
+explorations in this new Realm of Nature. Young J. C. Bose--who had
+drunk deep at the springs of Scientific Knowledge and whose imagination
+had been very deeply touched by the scientific activities of the West
+and who had in him the burning desire that India should 'enter the world
+movement for that advancement of knowledge'--also followed suit.
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCHES
+
+When, however, Prof. J. C. Bose joined the Presidency College, there was
+no laboratory worth the name there, nor had he any of 'those mechanical
+facilities at his disposal which every prominent European and American
+experimental scientist commands'. He had to work under discouraging
+difficulties before he could begin his investigations. He was, however,
+not a man to quarrel with circumstances. He bravely accepted them and
+began to work in his own private laboratory and with appliances which,
+in any other country, would be deemed inadequate. He applied himself
+closely to the investigation of the invisible etheric waves and, with
+the simple means at his command, accomplished things, which few were
+able to perform in spite of their great wealth of external appliances.
+
+As the wave-length of a Hertzian (electric) ray was very large--about 3
+metres[8] long--compared with that of visible light, considerable
+difficulties were experienced in carrying on experiments with the same.
+It was thought, for instance, that very large crystals, much larger
+than what occur in nature, would be required to show the polarisation of
+electric ray. Prof. Bose who 'combined in him the inventiveness of a
+resourceful engineer, with the penetration and imagination of a great
+scientist'--designed an instrument which generated very short electric
+waves with a length of about 6 millimetres or so. And, by working with
+Electric radiations having very short wave-lengths, he succeeded in
+demonstrating that the electric waves are polarised by the crystal
+_Nemalite_ (which he himself discovered) in the very same way as a beam
+of light is polarised by the crystal Tourmaline. He then showed that a
+large number of substances, which are opaque to Light (_e.g._ pitch,
+coal-tar etc.) are transparent to Electric Waves. He next determined the
+Index of Refraction of various substances for invisible Electric
+Radiation and thereby eliminated a great difficulty which had presented
+itself in Maxwell's theory as to the relation between the index of
+refraction of light and the di-electric constant of insulators. He then
+determined the wave length of Electric Radiation as produced by various
+oscillators.
+
+
+HIS EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR APPRECIATIONS
+
+His first contribution was 'On Polarisation of Electric Rays by Double
+Refracting Crystals.' It was read at a meeting of the Asiatic Society of
+Bengal, held on the 1st May 1895, and was published in the Journal of
+the Society in Vol. LXIV, Part II, page 291. His next contributions were
+'On a new Electro polariscope' and 'On the Double Refraction of the
+Electric Ray by a Strained Di-electric.' They appeared, in the
+_Electrician_, the leading journal on Electricity, published in London.
+These 'strikingly original researches' won the attention of the
+scientific world. Lord Kelvin, the greatest physicist of the age,
+declared himself 'literally filled with wonder and admiration for so
+much success in the novel and difficult problem which he had attacked.'
+Lord Rayleigh communicated the results of his remarkable researches to
+the Royal Society. And the Royal Society showed its appreciation of the
+high scientific value of his investigation, not only, by the
+publication, with high tributes, of a paper of his 'On the Determination
+of the Indices of Electric Refraction,' in December 1896, and another
+paper on the 'Determination of the Wave-length of Electric Radiation,'
+in June 1896, but also, by the offer, of their own accord, of an
+appropriation from the Special Parliamentary Grant made to the Society
+for the Advancement of Knowledge, for continuation of his work.
+
+In recognition of the importance of the contribution made by Prof. Bose,
+the University of London conferred on him the Degree of Doctor of
+Science and the Cambridge University, the degree of M.A., in 1896. And,
+to crown all, the Royal Institution of Great Britain--rendered famous by
+the labour of Davy and Faraday, of Rayleigh and Dewar--honoured him by
+inviting to deliver a 'Friday Evening Discourse' on his original work.
+It would not be out of place to observe that the rare privilege of being
+invited to deliver a 'Friday Evening Discourse' is regarded as one of
+the highest distinction that can be conferred on a scientific man.
+
+
+HIS FIRST SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION. (1896-97)
+
+The Government of India showed its appreciation of his work by deputing
+him to Europe to place the results of his investigations before the
+learned Scientific Bodies. He remained on his Deputation from the 22nd
+July 1896 to the 19th April 1897. He read a paper 'On a complete
+Apparatus for studying the Properties of Electric Waves' at the meeting
+of British Association, held at Liverpool, in 1896. He then communicated
+a paper 'On the Selective Conductivity exhibited by Polarising
+Substances,' which was published by the Royal Society, in January 1897.
+He next delivered his 'Friday Evening Discourse,' at the Royal
+Institution, 'On Electric Waves,' on the 29th January 1897. "There is,
+however, to our thinking" wrote the _Spectator_ at the time "something
+of rare interest in the spectacle presented of a Bengalee of the purest
+descent possible, lecturing in London to an audience of appreciative
+European savants upon one of the most recondite branches of the modern
+physical science." He was then invited to address the Scientific
+Societies in Paris. "Prof. J. C. Bose" wrote the Review Encyclopedique,
+Paris "exhibited on the 9th of March before the Sorbonne, an apparatus
+of his invention for demonstrating the laws of reflection, refraction,
+and polarisation of electric waves. He repeated his experiments on the
+22nd, before a large number of members of the Academie des Sciences,
+among whom were Poincare, Cornu, Mascart, Lipmann, Cailletet, Becquerel
+and others. These savants highly applauded the investigations of the
+Indian Professor." M. Cornu, President of the Academy of Science, was
+pleased to address Professor Bose as follows:--
+
+"By your discoveries you have greatly furthered the cause of Science.
+You must try to revive the grand traditions of your race which bore
+aloft the torch light of art and science and was the leader of
+civilization two thousand years ago. We, in France applaud you." This
+fervent appeal, we shall see, as we proceed, did not go in vain.
+
+He was next invited to lecture before the Universities in Germany. At
+Berlin, before the leading physicists of Germany, he gave an address on
+Electric Radiation, which was subsequently published in the
+_Physikaliscen Gesellschaft Berlin_, in April 1897.
+
+
+FURTHER RESEARCHES ON ELECTRIC WAVES
+
+Having received the most generous and wide appreciation of his work, Dr.
+J. C. Bose continued, with redoubled vigour, his valuable researches on
+Electric Waves. He studied the influence of thickness of air-space on
+total reflection of Electric Radiation and showed that the critical
+thickness of air-space is determined by the refracting power of the
+prism and by the wave-length of the electric oscillations. He next
+demonstrated the rotation of the plane of polarisation of Electric Waves
+by means of pieces of twisted jute rope. He showed that, if the pieces
+are arranged so that their twists are all in one direction and placed in
+the path of radiation, they rotate the plane of polarisation in a
+direction depending upon the direction of twists; but, if they are mixed
+so that there are as many twisted in one direction as the other, there
+is no rotation.[9] He communicated to the Royal Society the results of
+his new researches. And the Royal Society published, in November 1897,
+his papers 'On the Determination of the Index of Refraction of glass for
+the Electric Ray' and 'On the influence of Thickness of Air-space on
+Total Reflection of Electric Radiation' and, in March 1898, his further
+contributions 'On the Rotation of Plane of Polarisation of Electric
+Waves by a twisted structure' and 'On the Production of a "Dark cross"
+in the Field of Electro-magnetic Radiation.'
+
+
+SELF-RECOVERING "COHERER"
+
+The study of Electric Waves by Dr. J. C. Bose led not only to the
+devising of methods for the production of the shortest Electric Waves
+known but also to the construction of a very delicate 'Receiver' for the
+detection of invisible other disturbances. The most sensitive form of
+detector hitherto known was the "Coherer." One of the forms made by Sir
+Oliver Lodge consisted simply of a glass tube containing iron turnings,
+in contact with which were wire led into opposite ends of the tube. The
+arrangement was placed in series with a galvanometer and a battery; when
+the turnings were struck by electric waves, the resistance between loose
+metallic contacts was diminished and the deflection of the galvanometer
+was increased. Thus the deflection of the galvanometer was made to
+indicate the arrival of electric waves. The arrangement was, no doubt, a
+sensitive one, but, to get a greater delicacy, Dr. Bose used, instead
+of iron turnings, spiral springs which were pushed against each other by
+means of a screw.[10] Still the arrangement laboured under one great
+disadvantage. The 'receiver' had to be tapped between each experiment.
+So something better than a 'cohering' receiving was needed--something
+that was self-recovering, like a human eye. To discover that something,
+Dr. Bose began a study of the whole theory of 'coherer action.' It was
+hitherto believed that the electric waves, by impinging on iron and
+other metallic particles in contact, brought about a sort of fusion--a
+sort of 'coherence'--and that the diminution of resistance was the
+result of that 'coherence.' To satisfy himself as to the correctness of
+this theory, Dr. Bose engaged himself in a most laborious investigation
+to find out the action of electric radiation not only on iron particles
+but on all kinds of matter and ultimately discovered the surprising fact
+that, though the impact of electric waves generally produced a
+diminution of resistance, with _potassium_ there was an _increase_ of
+resistance after the waves had ceased.[11] This discovery at once showed
+the untenability of the old theory and pointed to the conclusion that
+the effect of electric radiation on matter is one of discriminative
+molecular action--that the Electric Waves produced a re-arrangement of
+the molecules which may either increase or decrease the contact
+resistance. It may be incidentally mentioned here that this detection of
+molecular change in matter under electric stimulation has given rise to
+a new theory of photographic action.
+
+As a result of his painstaking investigation on the action of Electric
+Waves on different kinds of matter, Dr. Bose invented a new type of
+self-recovering electric receiver, "so perfect in its action that the
+Electrician suggested its use in ships and in electro-magnetic
+light-houses for the communication and transmission of danger-signals at
+sea through space. This was, in 1895, several years in advance of the
+present wireless system." Practical application of the results of Dr.
+Bose's investigations appeared so important that the Governments of
+Great Britain and the United States of America granted him patents for
+his invention of a certain crystal receiver which proved to be the most
+sensitive detector of the wireless signal. Dr. Bose, however, has made
+no secret at any time as to the construction of his apparatus. He has
+never utilised the patents granted to him for personal gain. His
+inventions are "open to all the world to adopt for practical and
+money-making purposes." "The spirit of our national culture" observes
+Sir J. C. Bose "demands that we should for ever be free from the
+desecration of utilising knowledge for personal gain."[12]
+
+
+HIS RESEARCHES TAKE A NEW TURN
+
+This inquiry which Dr. J. C. Bose started for the purpose of
+ascertaining 'coherer action'--why the "receiver" had to be tapped in
+order to respond again to electric waves--took him unconsciously to the
+border region of physics and physiology and gave an altogether new turn
+to his researches. "He found that the uncertainty of the early type of
+his receiver was brought on by 'fatigue' and that the curve of fatigue
+of his instrument closely resembled the fatigue curve of animal
+muscle."[13] He did not stop there but pushed on his investigations and
+found "that the 'tiredness' of his instrument was removed by suitable
+stimulants and that application of certain poisons, on the other hand,
+permanently abolished its sensitiveness." He was amazed at this
+discovery--this parallelism in the behaviour of the 'receiver' to the
+living muscle. This led him to a systematic study of all matter, Organic
+and Inorganic, Living and Non-Living.
+
+
+RESPONSE IN LIVING AND NON-LIVING
+
+He began an examination of inorganic matter in the same way as a
+biologist examines a muscle or a nerve. He subjected metals to various
+kinds of stimulus--mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical. He
+found that all sorts of stimulus produce an excitatory change in them.
+And this excitation sometimes expresses itself in a visible change of
+form and sometimes not; but the disturbance produced by the stimulus
+always exhibits itself in an _electric response_. He next subjected
+plants and animal tissues to various kinds of stimulus and also found
+that they also give an _electric response_. Finding that a universal
+reaction brought together metals, plants and animals under a common law,
+he next proceeded to a study of _modifications in response_, which occur
+under various conditions. He found that they are all benumbed by cold,
+intoxicated by alcohol, wearied by excessive work, stupified by
+anaesthetics, excited by electric currents, stung by physical blows and
+killed by poison--they all exhibit essentially the same phenomena of
+fatigue and depression, together with possibilities of recovery and of
+exaltation, yet also that of permanent irresponsiveness which is
+associated with death--they all are responsive or irresponsive under the
+same conditions and in the same manner. The investigations showed that,
+in the entire range of response phenomena (inclusive as that is of
+metals, plants and animals) there is no breach of continuity; that "the
+living response in all its diverse modifications is only a repetition of
+responses seen in the inorganic" and that the phenomena of response "are
+determined, not by the play of an unknowable and arbitrary _vital
+force_, but by the working of laws that know no change, acting equally
+and uniformly throughout the organic and inorganic matter."[14]
+
+
+SECOND SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION, 1900-01
+
+In the year 1900, the International Scientific Congress was held, in
+Paris. And Dr. J. C. Bose was deputed by the Government of India to the
+Congress as a delegate from this country. Before the assembled
+scientists, Dr. Bose delivered a remarkable address on the results of
+his researches on the similarity of Response of Inorganic and Living
+Substances to Electric stimulus ... 'De la generalite de Phenomenes
+Moleculairs produits par l'Ectricite sur la matirie Inorganique et sur
+la matiere Vivante.' He next read a paper 'On the Similarity of effect
+of Electric Stimulus on Inorganic and Living Substances' before the
+Bradford meeting of the British Association in 1900. He then contributed
+a very interesting paper 'on Binocular Alteration of Vision,' which was
+published by the Physiological Society of London, in November 1900. It
+may be mentioned here, by the way, that, in course of his investigations
+on the Response of the Living and Non-Living substances, Dr. Bose
+constructed an "artificial retina" to study the characteristics of the
+excitatory change produced by a stimulus on the retina and these
+characteristics gave him a clue to the unexpected discovery of the
+"binocular alteration of vision" in man--"each eye supplements its
+fellow by turns, instead of acting as a continuously yoked pair, as
+hitherto believed."[15] He next communicated to the Royal Society his
+researches 'On the Continuity of Effect of Light and Electric Radiation
+on Matter,' and 'On the Similarities between Mechanical and Radiation
+Strains,' and 'On the Strain Theory of Photographic action,' which were
+published in April 1901. Then, on the 10th May 1901, he delivered his
+remarkable 'Friday Evening Discourse,' at the Royal Institution, on the
+'Response of Inorganic Matter to Stimulus.'
+
+
+OPPOSITION OF THE PHYSIOLOGISTS
+
+Then, on the 5th June 1901, he gave an experimental demonstration,
+before the Royal Society, on the subject of his researches 'On Electric
+Response of Inorganic Substances' which had already been communicated to
+that Society, on the 7th May 1901. He was strongly assailed by Sir John
+Burden Sanderson, the leading physiologist, and some of his followers.
+They objected to a physicist straying into the preserve especially
+reserved for them. They dogmatically asserted _as physiologists_ that
+the excitatory response of ordinary plants to mechanical stimulus was an
+impossibility. But they failed to urge anything against the experiment
+of the physicist. In consequence of this opposition, Dr. Bose's paper,
+which was already in print, was not published but was placed in the
+archives of the Royal Society. "And it happened that eight months after
+the reading of his Paper, another communication found publication in the
+Journal of a different Society which was practically the same as Dr.
+Bose's but without any acknowledgment. The author of this communication
+was a gentleman who had previously opposed him at the Royal Society. The
+plagiarism was subsequently discovered and led to much unpleasantness.
+It is not necessary to refer any more to this subject except as an
+explanation of the fact that the determined hostility and
+misrepresentation of one man succeeded for more than 10 years to bar all
+avenues of publications for his discoveries."[16]
+
+The opposition of the physiologists, however, did one good. It spurred
+Dr. Bose on and made him stronger in his determination not to encompass
+himself, within the narrow groove of physical investigation. He took
+furlough for one year, in extension of the period of his Deputation,
+and applied himself vigorously to the investigations, which he had
+already commenced in India and received facilities from the Managers of
+the Royal Institution to work in the Davy-Faraday Laboratory. He next
+read, at the Glasgow meeting of the British Association, in 1901, a
+paper 'On the Conductivity of Metallic particles under Cyclic
+Electro-magnetic Variation.' Then, in March 1902, "Prof. Bose" says the
+_Nature_ "performed a series of experiments before the Linnean Society
+showing electric response for certain portions of the plant organism,
+which proved that as concerning fatigue, behaviour at high and low
+temperatures, the effects produced by poisons and anaesthetics, the
+responses are identical with those held to be characteristic of muscle
+and nerve." The Linnean Society published, in its Journal, in March
+1902, his paper 'On Electric Response of Ordinary Plants under
+Mechanical Stimulus.' He then communicated to the Societe de Physique,
+Paris, his paper 'Sur la Response Electrique dans les Metaux, les Tissu
+Animaux et Vegetaux.' The Royal Society published, in April 1902, his
+contribution 'On the Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical
+Disturbance in Metals in contact with Electrolyte.' He was next asked by
+the Royal Photographic Society to give a discourse 'On the Strain Theory
+Vision and of Photographic Action,' which was published by the Society,
+in its Journal, in June 1902. He then wrote a paper 'On the Electric
+Response in Animal, Vegetable and Metal,' which was read before the
+Belfast meeting of the British Association, in 1902. The President of
+the Botanical Section at Belfast, in his address, observed "Some very
+striking results were published by Bose on Electric Response in ordinary
+plants. Bose's investigations established a very close similarity in
+behaviour between the vegetable and the animal. Summation effects were
+observed and fatigue effect demonstrated, while it was definitely shown
+that the responses were physiological. They ceased as soon as the piece
+of tissue was killed by heating. These observations strengthen
+considerably the view of the identical nature of the animal and
+vegetable protoplasm."
+
+Dr. Bose then brought out a systematic treatise embodying the results of
+his researches under the significant title of 'Response in the Living
+and Non-living.' He returned to India, in October, 1902.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT RECOGNITION
+
+After he had come back, from the Second Scientific Deputation, the
+Government of India conferred on him the distinction of Companion of the
+Order of the Indian Empire, in 1903, in recognition of his valuable
+researches.
+
+
+PLANT LIFE AND ANIMAL LIFE
+
+Next Dr. Bose, in natural sequence to the investigation of the response
+in 'inorganic' matter commenced 'a prolonged study of the activities of
+plant life as compared with corresponding functioning of animal life.'
+
+
+ALL PLANTS ARE "SENSITIVE"
+
+It was believed that so-called 'sensitive' plants alone exhibited
+excitation by _electric response_. But Dr. Bose, believing in continuity
+of responsive phenomena, used the same experimental devices, with which
+he had already succeeded in obtaining the _electric response_ of
+inorganic substances, to test whether ordinary plants also--meaning
+those usually regarded as 'insensitive'--would or would not exhibit
+excitatory _electrical response_ to stimulus. With the help of very
+delicate instruments, Dr. Bose demonstrated the very startling fact
+that not only every plant, but every organ of every plant gave true
+_excitatory electric response_--and that response was not confined alone
+to 'sensitive' plants like _Mimosa_.
+
+Dr. Bose then proceeded to investigate whether the responsive effects
+which he had shown to occur in ordinary plants might not be further
+exhibited by means of _visible mechanical response_, thus fully removing
+the distinction commonly assumed to exist between the 'sensitive' and
+supposed 'non-sensitive.' Dr. Bose invented 'special apparatus of
+extreme delicacy,' which detected infinitesimal tremors, and showed that
+ordinary plants, usually regarded as insensitive, gave _motile
+responses_, which had hitherto passed unnoticed. His later investigation
+shows that "all plants, even the trees, are fully alive to changes of
+environment; they respond visibly to all stimuli, even to the slight
+fluctuations of light by a drifting cloud."[17]
+
+
+'TROPIC' MOVEMENTS
+
+Finding that the plants give, not only _electric_ but _motile_ response
+as well, to stimulus, Dr. Bose proceeded to study the nature of
+responses evoked in plants by the _stimuli of the natural forces_. He
+found that plants respond visibly, by movements, to _environmental
+stimuli_. But the movements induced--'tropic' movements--are extremely
+diverse. Light, for example, induces sometimes positive curvature,
+sometimes negative. Gravitation, again, induces one movement in the
+root, and the opposition in the shoot. Dr. Bose applied himself to find
+out whether the movements in response to external stimuli, though
+apparently so diverse, could not be ultimately reduced to a fundamental
+unity of reaction. As a result of a very deep and penetrating study of
+the effects of various environmental stimuli, on different plant organs,
+he showed that the cells on two sides are unequally influenced, on
+account of different external conditions, and contract unequally, and
+hence the various movements are produced--that the many anomalous
+effects, hitherto ascribed to 'specific sensibilities,' are due to the
+'differential sensibilities'--differential excitability of anisotropic
+structures and to the opposite effects of external and internal
+stimuli--that all varieties of plant movements are capable of a
+consistent mechanical explanation. Dr. Bose's "latest investigations
+recently communicated to the Royal Society have established the single
+fundamental reaction which underlies all these effects so extremely
+diverse."[18]
+
+
+EXTENDED APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL THEORY
+
+With an extended application of his mechanical theory, Dr. Bose has
+gradually removed the veil of obscurity from many a phenomenon in plant
+life. The 'autonomous' movements of plants, for example, which remained
+enveloped in mystery, received a satisfactory solution at his hands.
+
+
+'AUTONOMOUS' MOVEMENTS
+
+It was believed that automatically pulsating tissues draw their energy
+from a mysterious "vital force" working within. By controlling external
+forces, Dr. Bose stopped the pulsation and re-started it and thus
+demonstrated that the 'automatic action' was not due to any internal
+vital force. He pointed out that the external stimulus--instead of
+causing, as was customary to suppose, an explosive chemical change and
+an inevitable run-down of energy--brings about an accumulation of energy
+by the plant. And with the accumulation of absorbed energy, a point is
+reached when there is an overflow--the excess of energy bubbles over, as
+it were, and shows itself in 'spontaneous' movements. The stimulus being
+strong a single response--a single twitching of the leaflets--is not
+enough to express the whole of the leaf's responsive energy and it
+yields a multiple response--it reverberates--it manifests itself in
+'automatic' pulsations. When, however, the accumulated energy is
+exhausted, then there is also an end of 'spontaneous movements.' There
+are strictly speaking, no 'spontaneous' movements; those known by that
+name are really due either to the immediate effects of external stimulus
+or to the stimulus previously absorbed and held latent in the plant to
+find subsequent expression--due to the direct or indirect action of
+external forces which are transformed in the machinery of the plants in
+obedience to the principle of the Conservation of Energy.
+
+
+"ASCENT OF SAP" "AND GROWTH"
+
+Dr. Bose then showed that, not gross mechanical movements alone, but
+also other invisible movements are initiated by the action of stimulus,
+and that the various activities, such as the "ascent of sap" and
+"growth" are in reality different reactions to the stimulating action of
+energy supplied by the environment. In this way, Dr. Bose showed that
+several obscure phenomena, in the life-processes of the plant, can be
+very satisfactorily explained by the Mechanical Theory.
+
+It would not be out of place to mention that Dr. Bose, to carry on his
+researches on the Ascent of Sap, invented a new type of instrument
+(Shoshungraph). And for an accurate investigation on the phenomenon of
+growth of plants he devised an instrument (Growth Recorder) for
+instantaneous measurement of the rate of growth and another instrument
+(Balanced Crescograph) for determining the influences of various
+agencies on growth. So very marvellous these instruments that the
+growth, which takes place, during a few beats of pendulum, is measured,
+and, in less than a quarter of an hour, the action of fertilizers,
+foods, electrical currents and various stimulants are determined. "What
+is the tale of Aladdin and his wonderful lamp" exclaims the Editor of
+the _Scientific American_ "compared with the true story told by the
+crescograph?... Instead of waiting a whole season, perhaps years, to
+discover whether or not it is wise to mix this or that fertilizer with
+the soil one can now find in a few minutes!" Yet these are the
+instruments which are better known in Washington than in Calcutta! The
+question of their application to practical agriculture has excited more
+interest in the United States of America than in this unfortunate land,
+which is an essentially agricultural country!
+
+
+FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITY OF REACTIONS
+
+Dr. Bose showed that there is no physiological response given by the
+most highly organised animal tissue that is not also to be met with in
+the plant. He carried on "Researches on Diurnal Sleep" and showed that
+the plant is not equally sensitive to an external stimulus during day
+and night, and that there is a fundamental identity of life-reaction in
+plant and animal, as seen in a similar periodic insensibility in both,
+corresponding to what we call _sleep_. He also showed that the passage
+of life in the plant, as in the animal, is marked by an unmistakable
+spasm. He invented, an instrument (Morograph) with which he recorded the
+critical point of death of a plant with great exactness. He
+demonstrated, in the most conclusive manner, that there is an essential
+unity of physiological effects of drugs on plant and animal tissues and
+showed the modifications which are introduced into these effects by the
+factor of individual 'constitution.' It may be mentioned casually that
+"this physiological identity in the effect of drugs is regarded by
+leading physicians as of great significance in the scientific advance of
+Medicine; since we have a means of testing the effect of drugs under
+conditions far simpler than those presented by the patient, far subtler
+too, as well as more humane than those of experiments on animals."[19]
+Dr. Bose further demonstrated that there is conduction of the excitatory
+impulse in the plant, like the nervous impulse in the animal; and showed
+the possibility of detecting the wave in transit and measured the speed
+with which the excitation coursed through the plant and also showed that
+the velocity of excitation is modified, by different agencies, even in
+the case of ordinary plants. He also showed that the polar effects
+induced by electric currents, both in plants and animals, are identical.
+
+These remarkable researches on Plant Response have 'revolutionised in
+some respects and very much extended in others our knowledge of the
+response of plants to stimulus.'
+
+
+FURTHER DIFFICULTIES
+
+Dr. Bose communicated his paper 'On the Electric Pulsation accompanying
+Automatic Movements in Desmodium Gyrans' to the Linnaean Society, which
+was published, in December 1902. Then, in 1903, he communicated to the
+Royal Society his researches on 'Investigation on Mechanical Response in
+Plants,' 'On Polar effects of Currents on the Stimulation of Plants,'
+'On the Velocity of Transmission of Excitatory waves in Plants,' 'On the
+excitability and conductivity of Plant Tissues,' 'On the Propagation of
+the Electromotive Wave concomitant of Excitatory Waves in Plants,' 'On
+Multiple Response in Plants,' 'On an enquiry into the cause of Automatic
+Movements.'
+
+"These new contributions" made by Dr. Bose on Plant Response "were
+regarded as of such great importance that the Royal Society showed its
+special appreciation by recommending them to be published in their
+Philosophical Transactions. But the same influence, which had hitherto
+stood in his way, triumphed once more, and it was at the very last
+moment that the publication was withheld. The Royal Society, however,
+informed him that his results were of fundamental importance, but as
+they were so wholly unexpected and so opposed to the existing theories,
+that they would reserve their judgment until, at some future time,
+plants themselves could be made to record their answers to questions put
+to them. This was interpreted in certain quarters here as the final
+rejection of Dr. Bose's theories by the Royal Society and the limited
+facilities which he had in the prosecution of his researches were in
+danger of being withdrawn."[20]
+
+
+HE BUILT HIS LIFE ON THE ROCK OF FAITH
+
+But these difficulties--sufficient to crush many a spirit--could hardly
+quench the ardour of his burning soul, which was 'hungering and
+thirsting' for the establishment of a truth in which he had a firm
+Faith. Though the surges would beat against him, he would not give way.
+With the true spirit of a _Sadhak_, he devoted himself to the
+realisation of the great dream of his life. And, for the next ten years,
+the one _tap_, _jap_ and _aradhana_ of his life--the one all-engrossing
+idea of his mind--was how to make the plant give testimony by means of
+its own autograph.
+
+
+PUBLICATION OF "PLANT RESPONSE"
+
+Though his researches did not find an outlet, in the Proceedings of the
+Royal Society, he did not lose heart. He brought out, in April 1906, a
+systematic treatise--"The Plant Response as a Means of Physiological
+Investigation"--in which he incorporated the results of his
+investigations on plant life.
+
+
+ADOPTS A NEW METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
+
+Hitherto Dr. Bose detected the various excitatory effects of plants by
+means of _mechanical response_. Being now confronted with opposition, he
+turned his attention to the finding of corroboration of the various
+results, which he had already obtained, by some other method of
+investigation. And for this he employed the method of _electric
+response_. He found that the results obtained by this new method of
+inquiry corroborated those already obtained by him by the old method.
+Emboldened by this corroboration, he next proceeded to extend this new
+method of inquiry by means of _electric response_ into the field of
+Animal Physiology with a view to explain responsive phenomena in general
+on the consideration of that fundamental molecular reaction which occurs
+even in inorganic matter.'[21]
+
+
+RESULT OF THE INVESTIGATION
+
+Dr. Bose found, in the plant as well as in the animal, "a similar series
+of excitatory effects, whether these be exhibited mechanically or
+electrically. Both alike are responsive, and similarly responsive, to
+all the diverse forms of stimulus that impinge upon them. We ascend, in
+the one case as in the other, from the simplicities of the isotropic to
+the complexities of the anisotropic; and the laws of these isotropic and
+anisotropic responses are the same in both. The responsive peculiarities
+of epidermis, epithelium, and gland; the response of the digestive
+organ, with its phasic alterations; and the excitatory electrical
+discharge of an anisotropic plate, are the same in the plant as in the
+animal. The plant, like the animal, is a single organic whole, all its
+different parts being connected, and their activities co-ordinated, by
+the agency of those conducting strands which are known as nerves. As in
+the plant nerve, moreover, so also in the animal, stimulation gives rise
+to two distinct impulses, exhibiting themselves by two-fold mechanical
+and electrical indications of opposite signs.... The dual qualities or
+tones known to us in sensation, further, are correspondent with those
+two different nervous impulses, of opposite signs, which are occasioned
+by stimulation. These two sensory responses--positive and negative,
+pleasure and pain--are found to be subject to the same modifications,
+under parallel conditions, as the positive and negative mechanical and
+electrical indications with which they are associated. And finally,
+perhaps, the most significant example for the effect of induced
+anisotropy lies in that differential impression made by stimulus on the
+sensory surfaces, which remains latent, and capable of revival, as the
+memory-image. In this demonstration of continuity, then, it has been
+found that the dividing frontiers between Physics, Physiology, and
+Psychology have disappeared."[22]
+
+
+CLASH WITH CURRENT VIEWS
+
+The results, which Dr. Bose obtained from actual experiments, clashed,
+however, with the theories in vogue. The reactions of different issues
+were hitherto regarded as _special differences_. As against this, a
+_continuity_ is shown to exist between them. Thus, nerve was universally
+regarded as typically _non-motile_; its responses were believed to be
+characteristically different from those of muscle. Dr. Bose, however,
+has shown that nerve is indisputably motile and that the characteristic
+variations in the response of nerve are, generally speaking, similar to
+those of the muscle.
+
+It was customary to regard plants as devoid of the power to conduct true
+excitation. Dr. Bose had already shown that this view was incorrect. He
+now showed, by experiment, that the response of the _isolated_ vegetal
+nerve is indistinguishable from that of animal nerve, throughout a large
+series of parallel variations of condition. So complete, indeed, is the
+similarity between the responses of plant and animal, found, of which
+this is one instance, that the discovery of a given responsive
+characteristic in one case proves a sure guide to its observation in the
+other, and the explanation of phenomenon, under the simpler conditions
+of the plant, is found fully sufficient for its elucidation under the
+more complex circumstances of the animal. Dr. Bose found 'differential
+excitability' is widely present as a factor in determining the character
+of special responses and showed that many anomalous conclusions, with
+regard to the response of certain animal tissues, had arisen from the
+failure to take account of the 'differential excitability' of
+anisotropic organs. Hitherto Pfluger's Law of the polar effects of
+currents was supposed to rest on secure foundations. But Dr. Bose showed
+that Pfluger's Law was not of such universal application as was
+supposed. He demonstrated that, above and below a certain range of
+electromotive intensity, the polar effects of currents are precisely
+opposite to those enunciated by Pfluger.
+
+
+SENSATION
+
+It was supposed that nervous impulse, which, must necessarily form the
+basis of sensation, was beyond any conceivable power of visual scrutiny.
+But Dr. Bose showed that this impulse is actually attended by change of
+form, and is, therefore capable of direct observation. He also showed
+that the disturbance, instead of being single, is of two different
+kinds--_viz._, one of expansion (positive) and the other of contraction
+(negative)--and that, when the stimulus is feeble, the positive is
+transmitted, and, when the stimulus is stronger, both positive and
+negative are transmitted, but the negative, however, being more intense,
+masks the positive. He identified the wave of expansion travelling along
+the nerve with the tendency to pleasure, and the wave of contraction,
+with the tendency to pain. It thus appears that all pain contains an
+element of pleasure, and that pleasure, if carried too far becomes
+pain--that "the tone of our sensation is determined by the intensity of
+nervous excitation that reaches the central perceiving organ."
+
+
+MEMORY IMAGE AND ITS REVIVAL
+
+Dr. Bose next pointed out that there remains, for every response, a
+certain residual effect. A substance, which has responded to a given
+stimulus, retains, as an after-effect, a 'latent impression' of that
+stimulus and this 'latent impression' is capable of subsequent revival
+by bringing about the original condition of excitation. The impress made
+by the action of stimulus, though it remains latent and invisible, can
+be revived by the impact of a fresh excitatory impulse.
+
+Experimenting with a metallic _leaf_, Dr. Bose demonstrated the revival
+of a latent impression under the action of diffused stimulus. The
+investigation by Dr. Bose on the after-effects of stimulus has thrown
+some light on the obscure phenomenon, of 'memory.' It appears that, when
+there is a mental revival of past experience, the diffuse impulse of the
+'will' acts on the sensory surface, which contains the latent impression
+and re-awakens the image which appears to have faded out. Memory is
+concerned, thus, with the after-effect of an impression induced by a
+stimulus. It differs from ordinary sensation in the fact that the
+stimulus which evokes the response, instead of being external and
+objective, is merely psychic and subjective.
+
+Dr. Bose has, by experimental devises, shown the possibility of tracing
+'memory-impression' backwards even in inorganic matter, such latent
+impression being capable of subsequent revival. An investigation of the
+after-effects of stimulus, on living tissues would open out the great
+problem of the influence of past events on our present condition.
+
+
+DEATH-STRUGGLE AND MEMORY REVIVAL
+
+There is a wide-spread belief that, in the case of a sudden
+death-struggle, as for example, when drowning, the memory, of the past
+comes in a flash. "Assuming the correctness of this," says Sir Jagadis
+"certain experimental results which I have obtained may be pertinent to
+the subject. The experiment consisted in finding whether the plant, near
+the point of death, gave any signal of the approaching crisis. I found
+that at this critical moment a sudden electrical spasm sweeps through
+every part of the organism. Such a strong and diffused stimulation--now
+involuntary--may be expected in a human subject to crowd into one brief
+flash a panoramic succession, of all the memory images latent in the
+organism."[23]
+
+
+"COMPARATIVE ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY"
+
+Dr. Bose published the results of these new researches, in 1907, in
+another remarkable volume, which was styled 'The Comparative
+Electro-Physiology.'
+
+
+THIRD SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION, 1907-08
+
+After the publication of 'The Comparative Electro-Physiology,' the
+Government of India again sent Dr. Bose on a Scientific Deputation. He
+went over to England and America and placed the results of his
+researches before the learned Scientific Bodies. He read a paper 'On
+Mechanical Response of Plants' at the Liverpool meeting of British
+Association, in 1907. He then read a paper on 'The Oscillating Recorder
+for Automatic Tracing of Plant Movements' before the New York Academy of
+Sciences, and, in December 1908, he gave an address on 'Mechanical and
+Electrical Response in Plants,' at the Annual Meeting of the American
+Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Baltimore, and, in
+January 1909, he delivered a lecture on 'Growth Response of Plants'
+before the United States Department of Agriculture and, in February
+1909, he read a paper on 'Death-spasm in Plants,' before the University
+of Illinois, and, in March 1909, a paper on 'Multiple and Autonomous
+Response in Plants' before the Madison University. He also lectured
+before the New York Botanical Society, the Medical Society of Boston,
+the Society of Western Electric Engineers at Chicago. He also delivered
+a series of post-graduate lectures on Electro-Physics and Plant
+Physiology at the Universities of Wisconsin, Chicago, Ann Arbor. He
+returned to India, in July 1909.
+
+
+FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATION
+
+By his new and newer methods of investigation, Dr. Bose got a deep and
+deeper perception of that underlying unity, for the demonstration of
+which he had been labouring since 1901. But the dream of his life was
+not yet realised. No direct method of obtaining response record was yet
+obtained. Hitherto the response recorder employed was a modification of
+the optical lever, automatic records being secured by the very
+inconvenient and tedious process of photography (which again introduced
+complications by subjecting a plant to darkness and thereby modifying
+its normal excitability); and the plant was not automatically excited by
+stimulus, besides the results obtained were liable to be influenced by
+personal factor. So Dr. Bose set about the invention of an apparatus,
+which should discard the use of photography and in which the plant
+(attached to the recording apparatus) should be automatically excited by
+stimulus absolutely constant, should make its own responsive record,
+going through its own period of recovery, and embarking on the same
+cycle over again without assistance at any point on the part of the
+observer. Great difficulties were encountered in realising these ideal
+requirements. They appeared, at first, to be insurmountable. But, with
+continuous toil and persistence, Dr. Bose succeeded in designing a long
+battery of supersensitive instruments and apparatus, which made the
+seeming impossible possible. His ingenious "Resonant and Oscillating
+Recorders" gave a simple and direct method of obtaining the record. The
+plant, being automatically excited by stimulus, made its own responsive
+record. The closed doors, at last, opened. The secret of plant life
+stood revealed by the autographs of the plant itself. The great
+_sadhana_ of his life now received its fulfilment. "It has been
+beautifully said--and it is a law of the moral world as unchangeable as
+physical laws--'Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find;
+knock, and it shall be opened unto you; for every one that asketh
+receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth and to him that knocketh it shall
+be opened."[24]
+
+
+TRANSMISSION OF EXCITATION IN MIMOSA
+
+Dr. Bose had shown that all plants are sensitive--that there is no
+difference between the so-called 'sensitive' and the supposed
+'non-sensitive'--that they gave alike the true excitatory _electric
+response_ as well as _motile response_. The evidence of plant's script
+now removed beyond any doubt the long-standing error which divided the
+vegetable world into 'sensitive' and 'insensitive.' There remained,
+however, the question of nervous impulse in plants, the discovery of
+which, though announced by Dr. Bose, ten years ago, did not yet find
+full acceptance.
+
+Finding that the scope of his investigation has been very much enlarged
+by the devise of the Resonant Recorder, Dr. Bose proceeded to attack the
+_current_ view "that there was no transmission of true excitation in
+Mimosa, the propagated impulse being regarded as merely
+hydromechanical." This conclusion was based on the experiments of the
+leading German plant physiologists, Pfeffer and Haverlandt who failed to
+bring on any variation in the propagated impulse in plants either by
+scalding or by application of an anaesthetic. Dr. Bose pointed out that,
+as Pfeffer applied the chloroform to the _outer_ stalk and Haverlandt
+scalded the _outer_ stem, neither the stimulant nor the anaesthetic
+reached the nerves. So he, instead of applying the stimulant or the
+anaesthetic, in the _liquid_ form, to the outer stalk or stem, confined
+the Mimosa, in a little chamber, and subjected it to the influence of
+the _vapour_ of the drug. The fumes now penetrated and reached the
+nerves and the plant was made to record, by its own script, the
+variations, if any, produced by the drugs. The plant, by its self-made
+records, showed exultation with alcohol, depression with chloroform,
+rapid transmission of a shock with the application of heat, and an
+abolition of the propagated impulse with the application of a deadly
+poison like potassium cyanide. This variation in the transmitted
+impulse, under physiological variations, showed that it was not a
+physical one. This sealed the fate of the hydromechanical theory.
+
+Dr. Bose went further and showed that the impulse is transmitted in both
+directions along the nerve but not at the same rate. And, by interposing
+an electric block, he arrested the nervous impulse in a plant in a
+manner similar to the corresponding arrest in the animal nerve and
+thereby produced nervous _paralysis_ in plant, such paralysis being
+afterwards cured by appropriate treatment. "If he had made no other
+discovery," says the Editor of the _Scientific American_ "Dr. Bose would
+have earned an enduring reputation in the annals of science. We know
+very little about paralysis in the human body, and practically nothing
+about its cause. The nervous system of the higher animals is so
+complicated, so intricate, that it is hard to understand its
+derangement. The human nerve dies when isolated. It is killed by the
+shock of removal, and responds for the moment abnormally and therefore
+deceptively. But, if we study the simplest kind of a nerve,--and the
+simplest is that of a plant,--we may hope to understand what occurs when
+a hand or a foot cannot be made to move. To find out that plants have
+nerves, to induce paralysis in such nerves and then to cure them--such
+experiments will lead to discoveries that may ultimately enable
+physicians to treat more rationally than they do, the various forms of
+paralysis now regarded as incurable."
+
+
+MIMOSA AND MAN
+
+Dr. Bose showed not only that the nervous impulse in plant and in man is
+exalted or inhibited under identical conditions but carried the
+parallelism very far and pointed out the blighting effects on life of a
+complete seclusion and protection from the world outside. "A plant
+carefully protected under glass from outside shocks", says Sir Jagadis
+"looks sleek and flourishing; but its higher nervous function is then
+found to be atrophied. But when a succession of blows is rained on this
+effete and bloated specimen, the shocks themselves create nervous
+channels and arouse anew the deteriorated nature. And is it not shocks
+of adversity, and not cotton-wool protection, that evolve true
+manhood?"[25]
+
+
+ROYAL SOCIETY
+
+Having found that his investigation on Mimosa had broken down the
+barriers which separated kindred phenomena, Dr. Bose next communicated
+the results of his wonderful researches to the Royal Society. His paper
+was read, at a meeting of the Society, held on the 6th March 1913. The
+Royal Society _now_ found that Dr. Bose had rendered the seemingly
+impossible, possible--had made the plant tell its own story by means of
+its self-made records. It could no longer withhold the recognition which
+was his due. The barred gates, at last, opened and the paper of Dr. Bose
+"On an Automatic Method, for the investigation of the Velocity of
+Transmission of Excitation in Mimosa" found publication in the
+"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" in Vol. 204, Series B.
+
+
+HIS FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS
+
+Dr. Bose next pursued with great vigour his investigations on the
+Irritability of Plants. By making the plant tell its own story, by means
+of its self-made records, he showed that there is hardly any phenomenon
+of irritability observed in the animal which is not also found in the
+plant and that the various manifestations of irritability in the plant
+are identical with those in the animal and that many difficult problems
+in Animal Physiology find their solution in the experimental study of
+corresponding problems under simpler conditions of vegetable life.
+
+
+HOURS OF SLEEP OF THE PLANT
+
+It may be mentioned that Dr. Bose showed one very remarkable fact--from
+the summaries of the automatic records of the responses given by a plant
+(which was subjected to an impulse during all hours of the day and
+night)--that it wakes up during morning slowly, becomes fully alert by
+noon, and becomes sleepy only after midnight, resembling man in a
+surprising manner.
+
+
+"IRRITABILITY OF PLANTS"
+
+Dr. Bose embodied the results of his fascinating researches,
+obtained by the introduction of new methods, in another remarkable
+volume--"Researches on Irritability of plants"--which was published, in
+1913.
+
+
+FURTHER RECOGNITION
+
+In recognition of his valuable researches, Dr. J. C. Bose was invested
+with the insignia of the Companion of the Order of the Star of India by
+His Majesty the King Emperor, on the occasion of his Coronation Durbar,
+at Delhi, in 1911.
+
+The _intelligentsia_ of Bengal showed also their tardy appreciation by
+calling on him to preside over the deliberations of the Mymensing
+meeting of the Bengal Literary Conference, held on the 14th April 1911,
+when he delivered a unique Address,[26] in the Bengali language, on the
+results of his epoch-making researches.
+
+The Calcutta University next showed its belated recognition, by
+conferring on him the degree of D.Sc. _honoris causa_, in 1912.
+
+And the Punjab University also showed its appreciation by inviting him,
+in 1913, to deliver a course of lectures on the results of his
+investigation.
+
+
+PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
+
+Dr. J. C. Bose was invited to give his evidence before the Royal
+Commission on the Public Services in India. With reference to the Method
+of Recruitment, he observed, in his written statement, as follows:--
+"... I think that a high standard of scholarship should be the only
+qualification insisted on. Graduates of well-known Universities,
+distinguished for a particular line of study, should be given the
+preference. I think the prospects of the Indian Educational Service are
+sufficiently high to attract the very best material. In Colonial
+Universities they manage to get very distinguished men without any
+extravagantly high pay.... At present the recruitment in the Indian
+Educational Service is made in England and is practically confined to
+Englishmen. Such racial preference is, in my opinion, prejudicial to the
+interest of education. The best men available, English or Indian, should
+be selected impartially, and high scholarship should be the only
+test.... It is unfortunate that Indian graduates of European
+Universities who had distinguished themselves in a remarkable manner do
+not for one reason or other find facilities for entering the higher
+Educational Service.... I should like to add that these highly qualified
+Indians need only opportunities to render service which would greatly
+advance the cause of higher education.... If promising Indian graduates
+are given the opportunity of visiting foreign Universities, I have no
+doubt that they would stand comparison with the best recruits that can
+be obtained from the West.... As teachers and workers it is an
+incontestable fact that Indian Officers have distinguished themselves
+very highly, and anything which discriminates between Europeans and
+Indians in the way of pay and prospects is most undesirable. A sense of
+injustice is ill-calculated to bring about that harmony which is so
+necessary among all the members of an educational institution,
+professors and students alike."[27] Pressing next for a high level of
+scholarship, in the Indian Educational Service, he wrote:--
+
+     "It has been said that the present standard of Indian Universities
+    is not as high as that of British Universities, and that the work
+    done by the former is more like that of the 6th form of the public
+    schools in England. It is therefore urged that what is required for
+    an Educational officer in the capacity to manage classes rather than
+    high scholarship. I do not agree with these views. (1) There are
+    Universities in Great Britain whose standards are not higher than
+    ours; I do not think that the Pass Degree even of Oxford or
+    Cambridge is higher than the corresponding degree here (2) the
+    standard of the Indian University is being steadily raised; (3) the
+    standard will depend upon what the men entrusted with Educational
+    work will make it. For these reasons it is necessary that the level
+    of scholarship represented by the Indian Educational Service should
+    be maintained very high."[28]
+
+He then dwelt on what should be the aim of Higher Education in India and
+observed as follows:--
+
+     "... I think that all the machinery to improve the higher
+    education in India would be altogether ineffectual unless India
+    enters the world movement for the advancement of knowledge. And for
+    this it is absolutely necessary to touch the imagination of the
+    people so as to rouse them to give their best energies to the work
+    of research and discovery, in which all the nations of the world are
+    now engaged. To aim anything less will only end in lifeless and
+    mechanical system from which the soul of reality has passed
+    away."[28]
+
+He was called, on the 18th December 1913, and was put to a searching
+examination by the Members of the Royal Commission. The evidence that he
+gave is instinct with patriotism and is highly remarkable for its
+simplicity and directness about the things he said. To the Chairman
+(Lord Islington) he stated that he "favoured an arrangement by which
+Indians would enter the higher ranks of the service, either through the
+Provincial Service or by direct recruitment in India. The latter class
+of officers, after completing their education in India, should
+ordinarily go to Europe with a view to widening their experience. By
+this he did not wish to decry the training given in the Indian
+Universities, which produce some of the very best men, and he would not
+make the rule absolute. It was not necessary for men of exceptional
+ability to go to England in order to occupy a high chair. Unfortunately,
+on account of there being no openings for men of genius in the
+Educational Service, distinguished men were driven to the profession of
+Law. In the present condition of India a larger number of distinguished
+men were needed to give their lives to the education of the people.
+
+"... The educational service ought to be regarded not as a profession,
+but as a calling. Some men were born to be teachers. It was not a
+question of race, of course; in order to have an efficient educational
+system, there must be an efficient organisation, but this should not be
+allowed to become fossilised, and thus stand in the way of healthy
+growth.... A proportion of Europeans in the service, was needed, but
+only as experts and not as ordinary teachers. Only the very best men
+should be obtained from Europe and for exceptional cases. The general
+educational work should be done entirely by Indians, who understood the
+difficulties of the country much better than any outsider. He advocated
+the direct recruitment of Indians in India by the local Government in
+consultation with the Secretary of State, rather than by the Secretary
+of State alone. Indians were under a great difficulty, in that they
+could not remain indefinitely in England after taking their degrees and
+being away from the place of recruitment their claims were overlooked.
+There was no reason why a European should be paid a higher rate of
+salary than an Indian on account of the distance he came. An Indian felt
+a sense of inferiority if a difference was made as regards pay. The very
+slight saving which Government made by differentiating between the two
+did not compensate for the feeling of wrong done. This feeling would
+remain even if the pay was the same, but an additional grant in the
+shape of a foreign service allowance was made to Europeans. All workers
+in the field of education should feel a sense of solidarity, because
+they were all serving one greet cause, namely, education."[29]
+
+Being asked by Sir Valentine Chirol, he said "If a foreign professor
+would not come and serve in India for the same remuneration as he
+obtained in his own country, he would certainly not force him to
+come."[29]
+
+To Mr. Abdur Rahim he said: "Recruitment for the Educational Service
+should be made in the first place in India, if suitable men were
+available; but if not then he would allow the best outsiders to be
+brought in. In the present state of the country it would be very easy to
+fill up many of the chairs by selecting the best men in India. The aim
+of the universities should be to promote two classes of work--first,
+research; and, secondly, an all-round sound education...."[29]
+
+In answer to questions of Mr. Madge, he said: "Any idea that the
+educational system of India was so far inferior to that of England, that
+Indians, who had made their mark, had done so, not because of the
+educational system of the country, but in spite of it, was quite
+unfounded. The standard of education prevailing in India was quite up
+to the mark of several British Universities. It was as true of any other
+country in the world as of India that education was valued as a means
+for passing examination, and not only for itself, and there was no more
+cramming in India than elsewhere. The West certainly brought to the East
+a modern spirit, which was very valuable, but it would be dearly
+purchased by the loss of an honourable career for competent Indians in
+their own country. The educational system in India had in the past been
+too mechanical, but a turn for the better was now taking place and the
+Universities were recognising the importance of research work, and were
+willing to give their highest degrees to encourage it."[30]
+
+To Mr. Fisher, he said that he "desired to secure for India Europeans
+who had European reputations in their different branches of study. If it
+was necessary to go outside India or England, to procure good men, he
+would prefer to go to Germany. This was the practice in America where
+they were annexing all the great intellects of Europe. He would like to
+see India entering the world movement in the advance and march of
+knowledge. It was of the highest importance that there should be an
+intellectual atmosphere in India. It would be of advantage if there were
+many Indians in the Educational Service. For they came more in contact
+with the people, and influenced their intellectual activity. Besides, on
+retirement they would live in India, and their ripe experience would be
+at their countrymen's service."[31]
+
+To Mr. Gokhale, he said that he "knew of three instances in which the
+Colonies had secured distinguished men on salaries which were lower than
+those given to officers of the Indian Educational Service. One was at
+Toronto, another was in New Zealand and the third at Yale University.
+The salaries on the two latter cases were L600 and L500 a year. The same
+held good as regards Japan. The facts there had been stated in a
+Government of India publication as follows: 'Subsequent to 1895 there
+were 67 professors recruited in Europe and America. Of these 20 came
+from Germany, 16 from England and 12 from the United States. The average
+pay was L384. In the highest Imperial University the average pay is
+L684. As soon as Japanese could be found to do the work, even tolerably
+well, the foreigner was dropped.' When he first started work in India,
+he found that there was no physical laboratory, or any grant made for a
+practical experimental course. He had to construct instruments with the
+help of local mechanics, whom he had to train. All this took him ten
+years. He then undertook original investigation at his own expense. The
+Royal Society became specially interested in his work and desired to
+give him parliamentary grant for its continuation. It was after this
+that the Government of Bengal came forward and offered him facilities
+for research. In the Educational Service he would take men of
+achievement from any where; but men of promise he would take from his
+own country."[32]
+
+To Sir Theodore Morison, he said: "There should be one scale of pay for
+all persons in the higher Educational Department. The rate of salary,
+Rs. 200 rising to Rs. 1,500 per month, was suitable subject to the
+proviso that a man of great distinction, instead of beginning at the
+lowest rate of pay, should start some where in the middle of the list,
+say, at Rs. 400 or Rs. 500. He would make no difference in regard to
+Europeans or Indians in that respect.... It would not be right for a
+great Government to grant a minimum of pay to Indian Professors and an
+extravagantly high pay to their European Colleagues, for doing the same
+kind of work."[33]
+
+To Mr. Gupta, he said that "He desired one Service, because he thought
+it was most degrading that certain man, although they were doing the
+same work should be classed in a Provincial Service, while others should
+be classed in an Imperial Service. The prospects of the members of the
+Provincial Service were not at all what they ought to be, and that was
+the reason why the best men were not attracted to it."[33]
+
+
+FOURTH SCIENTIFIC DEPUTATION (1914-15)
+
+Though the theories of Dr. Bose received acceptance from the leading
+scientific men of the Royal Society, yet Dr. Bose realised the necessity
+of bringing about a _general conviction_ as to the truth of the identity
+of life-reactions in plant and in animal. So he looked for an
+opportunity of giving demonstration of his discoveries before the
+leading Scientific Societies of the World. And that opportunity came.
+The Royal Institution of Great Britain again invited him to deliver a
+'Friday evening discourse' on the results of his new researches. The
+University of Oxford and Cambridge also followed suit. The Government of
+India also showed their appreciation by sending him again on a
+Deputation for placing his discoveries before the Scientific world. He
+remained on deputation from the 3rd April 1914 to the 12th June 1915.
+
+
+DR. BOSE IN EUROPE
+
+Proceeding on his Deputation to England, Dr. Bose gave his first
+lecture, on the 20th May 1914, at Oxford,--where the late Sir John
+Burden Sanderson and his followers were the leaders of biological
+thought--in presence of very distinguished scientists. It was a grand
+success. Actual visualisation by physical demonstration of the results
+of his novel researches at once convinced those who were present. He
+next proposed to give a discourse on Plant Response before the
+University of Cambridge. The interest in this lecture became so very
+keen that the Botanical Department of Cambridge went to the length of
+importing soil from India to give the plants the most favourable
+conditions for exhibiting their specific reactions. At the lecture, the
+large Botanical Theatre became filled with scientific specialists, dons
+and advanced students, who followed with great attention the experiments
+with which he illustrated his discourse. He was greeted with applause by
+the eminent scientists who thronged the lecture-theatre, at the end of
+every experiment. Sir Francis Darwin, the eminent botanist, in proposing
+a vote of thanks to Dr. Bose, said that 'he was filled with admiration,
+not only for the brilliancy of the work but for the convincing character
+of the experiments.' The scientists next assembled in great force, on
+the 29th May 1914, to hear the 'Friday Evening Discourse' of Dr. J. C.
+Bose on 'Plant Autographs and their Revelations,' at the Royal
+Institution, which was highly appreciated. At the end of the Discourse,
+Sir James Dewar, President of the Institution, gave an 'At Home' in
+honour of Dr. and Mrs. Bose.[34]
+
+
+THE MAIDA VALE LABORATORY
+
+The demonstrations of a far-reaching character which Dr. Bose gave
+evoked considerable public interest in England. His private laboratory
+at Maida Vale, in London, became the object of pilgrimage to the leading
+men of thought there. Sir William Crookes, the President of the Royal
+Society, came and became 'much impressed by the most ingenious and novel
+self-recording instruments.' Professor Starling, the author of the
+standard work on Physiology, and Professor Oliver, the well-known
+Plant-Physiologist, also became impressed by the delicacy and importance
+of Dr. Bose's work and methods. Professor Carveth Read, author of
+"Metaphysics of Nature," wondered how far the researches would
+profoundly affect the philosophical thoughts. Mr. Balfour, the
+ex-premier, became enthralled with what he saw. Professor James A. H.
+Murray, Editor of the 'Oxford New English Dictionary,' and Bernard Shaw,
+the famous dramatist, felt themselves attracted to the great Indian
+Scientist and came to pay their homage to him. Even Lord Crewe, the then
+Secretary of State for India, paid a visit to his laboratory and spoke
+warmly of the pride which he and the Government of India felt for his
+discoveries and of high gratification to him that India should once more
+make such contributions for the intellectual advancement of the world.
+The leading newspapers wrote eulogistically of his researches. The
+well-known scientific journal _Nature_ devoted ten columns to an
+illustrated synopsis of his discoveries. Lord Hardinge, the then
+Viceroy, wrote a congratulatory letter to him--"It has been a source of
+immense gratification to the Viceroy to know that the foremost place in
+the special branch of research has been taken by one of India's most
+distinguished sons. The success you have won will only serve to
+stimulate your efforts and those of your pupils to other scientific
+investigations which will redound still further to the honour of those
+who conduct them, and of India, the country of their birth."[35]
+
+From England Dr. Bose proceeded to the Continent, where his researches
+had already evoked keen interest.
+
+On the 27th June 1914, he gave an address, illustrated with experiments,
+before the University of Vienna, which stands foremost in Biological
+researches. He was greeted with enthusiasm by the savants there. Some of
+the workers in plant physiology became so very much impressed with his
+demonstrations that they expressed a desire to be trained under him.
+Professor Molisch, the Director of the Pflanzen-physiologisches
+Institute of the Imperial University of Vienna, in proposing a vote of
+thanks, spoke highly of the great inspiration which the Viennese
+scientific men received from his discourse and dwelt on the
+indebtedness of Europe to India for the method of investigation
+initiated by Dr. Bose--method, which rendered it possible to prove deep
+into plant-life and bring forth results of which they could not hitherto
+dream. And the University of Vienna officially addressed the Secretary
+of State for India asking that special thanks of the University be
+conveyed to the Government of India for the impetus given to them by Dr.
+Bose's visit. Dr. Bose was next to start for Germany on his scientific
+mission, and address the University of Strassburg, Leipzic, Halle,
+Berlin and Bonn and then attend the international congress at Munich,
+but, as the War broke out, he was compelled to come back to London.[36]
+On his way back, he gave a Discourse before the eminent scientific men
+in Paris.
+
+On his return to London, medical men evinced great interest in his
+researches. Sir John Reid, President of the Royal Society of Medicine,
+and Sir Lauder Brunton, Physician of His Majesty the King Emperor, paid
+a visit to his laboratory to witness the action of drugs upon plants.
+Sir Lauder Brunton became of opinion that 'much light would be thrown on
+action of drugs on animals, by first observing their effects on plants.'
+As a result of this visit, Dr. Bose was invited to give an address to
+the Royal Society of Medicine in the beginning of winter. But, as the
+period of his Deputation was about to expire, the Society cabled to the
+Government of India for an extension, which was granted. Dr. Bose then
+delivered a lecture, before the Royal Society of Medicine, on the 30th
+October 1914. The Royal Society of Medicine officially addressed the
+Secretary of State for India as follows:--
+
+    "... The lecture was one of the most successful we have had yet and
+    evoked the keenest interest in the audience, Sir Lauder Brunton,
+    Bt., and others taking part in the discussion, and warmly
+    congratulating Prof. Bose and the Society on the value of his work.
+    Since then I have received many expressions of appreciation that the
+    Society was able to offer its fellows such an interesting
+    demonstration of an entirely new departure in Biological Science."
+    "At the invitation of the Psychological Society of London, Dr. Bose
+    next delivered an interesting lecture on his theory of Memory
+    Image."[37] He also gave an Address before the London Imperial
+    college of Science.
+
+
+DR. BOSE IN AMERICA
+
+Dr. Bose's discoveries in the meantime evoked great interest in America.
+He was invited by several leading scientific bodies to come over there
+and acquaint them with the results of his wonderful researches. So he
+next went to America. "While in America, he was swamped with letters and
+telegrams for lecture engagements from Maine to California" wrote
+Professor Sudhindra Bose M.A., Ph.D., of the Iowa University at that
+time, in the Modern Review.[38] "He has had so many calls for lectures
+from various Scientific societies, Colleges and Universities, that if he
+could speak twice a day and every day in the week, he could not hope to
+comply with all of those invitations in much less than a year." As he
+was in the United States, only for a few weeks, "he spoke before such
+learned bodies as the New York Academy of Sciences, the American
+Association for the Advancement of Science, the Brooklyn Institute of
+Arts and Science, the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and joint
+meeting of Academy of Science, the Botanical Society, and the Bureau of
+Plant Industry at Washington. Among the larger Universities, he gave
+addresses at Harvard, Columbia, Iowa, Illinois, Chicago, Michigan,
+Wisconsin.... Everywhere Dr. Bose has met with a very hearty welcome
+from the people of the American Republic. Even the Hon'ble Secretary of
+State, William Jennings Bryan, invited him to give a demonstration of
+his work at the State Department in Washington--an honour of unusual
+significance.... Dr. Bose has been made the subject of many magazine
+articles, newspaper editorials, cartoons and poems"[38].... "The famous
+Smithsonian Institute showed its high appreciation by submitting a
+report of Prof. Bose's work to the Congress. The Bureau of Plant
+Industry in Washington recognised his work on plant physiology as a very
+important contribution for the advancement of agriculture.... At the
+Harvard University his work has been received with high appreciation.
+President Stanley Hall, who is one of the leading psychologists of the
+day, has introduced Prof. Bose's work in the Post-graduate course of the
+Clarke University. His books have also been prescribed for physiological
+courses in different Universities in America, and in one of the leading
+Universities there, a special course of lectures is devoted to Prof.
+Bose's investigations on plant irritability...."[39]
+
+The Columbia University, the largest in the United States, requested Dr.
+Bose to provide facilities in his Laboratory "for the reception of
+foreign students, who are desirous of familiarising themselves first
+hand with his apparatus and methods."
+
+
+WHAT DR. BOSE SAW IN JAPAN
+
+Dr. Bose then came back to India, in June 1915, _via_ Japan. During his
+stay, in Japan, he acquainted himself with the efforts of the people and
+their aspirations towards a great future. He found that, "in
+materialistic efficiency, which, in a mechanical era, is regarded as an
+index of civilisation, they have surpassed their German teachers. A few
+decades ago, they had no foreign shipping and no manufactures. But,
+within an incredibly short time, their magnificent lines of steamers
+have proved so formidable a competitor that the great American lines in
+the Pacific will soon be compelled to stop their sailings. Their
+industries again, through the wise help of the State and other
+adventitious aids, are capturing foreign markets. But far more admirable
+is their foresight to save their country from any embroilment with other
+nations with whom they want to live in peace. And they realise that any
+predominant interest of a foreign country in their trade or manufacture
+is sure to lead to misunderstanding and friction. Actuated by this
+idea, they have practically excluded all foreign manufactured articles
+by prohibitive tariffs."[40] "Is our country slow to realise the danger"
+asks Dr. Bose "that threatens her by the capture of her market and the
+total destruction of her industries? Does she not realise that it is
+helpless passivity that directly provokes aggression?... There is,
+therefore, no time to be lost and the utmost effort is demanded of the
+Government and the people for the revival of our industries...."[41]
+
+
+A PATRIOTIC CALL
+
+"A very serious danger" continues Dr. Bose "is thus seen to be
+threatening the future of India, and to avert it will require the utmost
+effort of the people. They have not only to meet the economic crisis but
+also to protect the ideals of ancient Aryan civilisation from the
+destructive forces that are threatening it.... There is a danger of
+regarding the mechanical efficiency as the sole end of life; there is
+also the opposite danger of a life of dreaming, bereft of struggle and
+activity, the degenerating into parasitic habits of dependence. Only
+through the noble call of patriotism can our nation realise the highest
+ideals in thought and in action...."[42]
+
+
+BACK TO INDIA
+
+After his return to India, Dr. Bose attended the Indian Science Congress
+at Lucknow. He then attended the ceremony of the laying of the
+foundation stone of the Hindu University at Benares. On that occasion he
+delivered a masterly address. He said:--
+
+"In tracing the characteristic phenomena of life from simple beginnings
+in that vast region which may be called unvoiced, as exemplified in the
+world of plants, to its highest expression in the animal kingdom, one is
+repeatedly struck by the one dominant fact that in order to maintain an
+organism at the height of its efficiency something more than a
+mechanical perfection of its structure is necessary. Every living
+organism, in order to maintain its life and growth, must be in free
+communion with all the forces of the Universe about it.
+
+"Further, it must not only constantly receive stimulus from without, but
+must also give out something from within, and the healthy life of the
+organism will depend on these two-fold activities of inflow and
+outflow. When there is any interference with these activities, then
+morbid symptoms appear, which ultimately must end in disaster and death.
+This is equally true of the intellectual life of a Nation. When through
+narrow conceit a Nation regards itself self-sufficient and cuts itself
+from the stimulus of the outside world, then intellectual decay must
+inevitably follow.
+
+"So far as regards the receptive function. Then there is another
+function in the intellectual life of a Nation, that of spontaneous flow,
+that going out of its life by which the world is enriched. When the
+Nation has lost this power, when it merely receives, but cannot give
+out, then its healthy life is over, and it sinks into a degenerate
+existence, which is purely parasitic.
+
+"How can our Nation give out of the fulness of the life that is in it,
+and how can a new Indian University help in the realisation of this
+object? It is clear that its power of directing and inspiring will
+depend on its world status. This can be secured to it by no artificial
+means, nor by any strength in the past....
+
+"This world status can only be won by the intrinsic value of the great
+contributions to be made by its own Indian scholars for the advancement
+of the world's knowledge. To be organic and vital our new University
+must stand primarily for self-expression and for winning for India a
+place she has lost. Knowledge is never the exclusive possession of any
+particular race, nor does it recognise geographical limitations. The
+whole world is interdependent, and a constant stream of thought has been
+carried out throughout the ages enriching the common heritage of
+mankind. Although science was neither of the East nor of the West but
+international, certain aspects of it gained richness by reason of their
+place of origin."[43]
+
+
+OUTCOME OF THE SCIENTIFIC MISSION
+
+The scientific mission of Dr. Bose to the West was a great success. The
+very convincing character of the demonstrations that he gave, before the
+leading Scientific Societies of the world, with his newly invented
+Resonant Recorder and other delicate instruments, secured a world-wide
+acceptance of his theories and results. Not only that. He secured also a
+recognition from the leading thinkers of "that trend of thought which
+led him unconsciously to the dividing frontiers of different sciences
+and shaped the course of his work."[44] It has come to be recognised
+that "India through her habit of mind is peculiarly fitted to realise
+the idea of unity and to see in the phenomenal world an orderly
+universe," to realise that "there can be but one truth, one Science
+which includes all other branches of knowledge,"[44] and that the store
+of world's knowledge would be incomplete without India's special
+contribution to it. Thus he has raised India in the estimation of the
+intellectual world.
+
+
+RETIREMENT FROM GOVERNMENT SERVICE
+
+Dr. Bose reached the age limit of 55 on the 29th November 1913 but he
+was granted an extension till the 13th September 1915. The period of his
+extension having expired, he retired from the Professorship in the
+Presidency College after 31 years of service. The Governing Body of the
+College, however, "in recognition of his eminent services to Science and
+Presidency College," appointed him _honoris causa_ Emeritus Professor of
+the College. His duties as a member of the staff ceased. But he was
+given facilities to continue his work in the Physical Laboratory of the
+College.[45]
+
+
+FURTHER RECOGNITION
+
+After his retirement, the Secretary of State, who had already been
+impressed with the high value of his researches, sanctioned a recurring
+grant of Rs. 30,000 a year (for him and his assistants) for 5 years and
+a non-recurring grant of Rs. 25,000 (for equipment) for continuation of
+his original work.... And, in further recognition of his valuable
+scientific work, the Government conferred on him a Knighthood, on the
+1st January 1917. It may, however, be mentioned that this high honour
+has been bestowed for the first time on an Indian for his original work
+in Science.
+
+
+FEELS THE NECESSITY FOR THE FOUNDATION OF AN INSTITUTE
+
+Relieved of the trammels of service, Dr. Bose felt the necessity for
+realising a dream that wove a network round his wakeful life for years
+past--for establishing an Institute--a Study and Garden of Life--where
+the creepers, plants and trees would be played upon by their natural
+environment and would transcribe in their own script the history of
+their experience, where "the student would watch the panorama of life"
+and, "isolated from all distractions, would learn to attune himself with
+Nature and to see how community throughout the great ocean of life
+outweighs apparent the dissimilarity," and where "the genius of India
+would find its true blossoming," where the "synthetical intellectual
+methods of the East would co-operate with the analytical methods of the
+West," and whence would emanate a rich and peculiar current of thought
+and to which would be attracted votaries from all lands.[46]
+
+
+THE BOSE INSTITUTE
+
+Though the realisation of such a glorious Institute would not be
+effected through one life or one fortune, he wanted to accomplish
+something--something, so far as it lay in his power. So he proceeded to
+build and equip an Institute--the "Bose Institute"--at a cost of about 5
+lakhs, the entire savings of his lifetime. While it was being
+constructed Their Excellencies the Viceroy and the Governor of Bengal
+paid a visit to Dr. Bose's private laboratory. On the 30th November
+1917--the anniversary of his sixtieth birthday--he dedicated the
+Institute to the Nation, for the progress of Science and for the Glory
+of India.
+
+
+THE AIMS OF THE INSTITUTE
+
+In this Institute, Dr. Bose intends to go on with "the further and
+fuller investigation of the many and ever-opening problems of the
+nascent science which includes both Life and None Life" and wants to
+train up a devoted band of workers, with the Sanyasin mind, who would
+keep alive the flame kindled by him, and who, by acute observation and
+patient experiment would "wring out from Nature some of her most
+jealously guarded secrets" and who would thus lead to the establishment
+of a great Indian School of Science and to the "building of the greater
+India yet to be." There would be no academic limitation here to the
+widest possible diffusion of knowledge. The facilities of the Institute
+would be available to workers from all countries and there would be no
+desecration of knowledge here by its utilisation for personal gain--no
+patent would be taken of the discoveries here made. The high aim of a
+great Seat of Learning would be sought to be maintained here. The
+lectures here given would not be mere repetitions, second-hand knowledge
+but would announce for the first time to the world the new discoveries
+here made.[47]
+
+The efforts of Dr. Bose have also animated our countrymen. Maharaja Sir
+Manindra Chandra Nandy of Kasimbazar has made a gift of two lakhs to the
+Institute. Mr. S. R. Bomanji has given one lakh. Mr. Moolraj Khatao has
+endowed the Institute with two lakh and a quarter. Other contributions
+are still pouring in.
+
+
+A GREAT 'SADHAK'
+
+With a true _Sanyasin_ spirit, Dr. Bose applied himself to the study of
+Nature. His ardour was ever compassable. Even the limitations of the
+senses would hardly fetter him in his explorations in the regions of the
+Unknown. He expended the range of perception by means of wonderfully
+sensitive instrumental devices. By acute observations and patient
+experiment he wrung out from Nature some of her most jealously guarded
+secrets in the realm of Electric Radiation, which "literally filled with
+wonder and admiration" the greatest scientist of the age. Allurements of
+great material prospects--which might lead him to the path of immense
+fortune--came to him, in the shape of the patents of his inventions.
+But they had no attraction for him. In utter disregard of all worldly
+advancement, he continued in his pursuit of knowledge.
+
+In pursuit of his investigations on Electric Radiation, he was
+unconsciously led into the border region of Physics and Physiology. He
+caught a glimpse of ineffable wonder that remained hidden behind the
+view. He attempted to lift the veil. And, at once, difficulties
+presented themselves one after another. An unfamiliar caste in the
+domain of Science got offended. He was asked not to encroach on the
+special preserve of the Physiologists and, as he did not pay any heed to
+the warning, misrepresentations began. Even the evidence of his
+supersensitive appliances failed to convince many. And the Royal Society
+withheld publication of his researches. He was recompensed with ridicule
+and reviling. The limited facilities that he had in the prosecution of
+his researches were in danger of being withdrawn. But he had a burning
+Faith in the Vision and was not to be boggled at with these
+difficulties. He became stronger in his determination. Realising an
+inner call, he dedicated himself for the establishment of the truth
+underlying his Faith. He cast his life, as an offering, regarding
+success and failure as one, and engaged himself in a protracted struggle
+to get behind the deceptive seeming into the reality that remained
+unseen. After years of sustained efforts, he succeeded in overcoming
+almost insuperable difficulties in the way of the realisation of the
+great dream of his life. The closed doors at last opened, and the
+seemingly impossible became possible. The secret of the plant world
+stood revealed by the autographs of the plants themselves. "It was when
+I came upon the mute witness of these self-made records," said Sir J. C.
+Bose, when he stood before the Royal Institution "and perceived in them
+one phase of a pervading unity that bears within it all things: the mote
+that quivers in ripples of light, the teeming life upon our earth, and
+the radiant suns that shine above us--it was then that I understood for
+the first time a little of that message proclaimed by my ancestors on
+the banks of the Ganges thirty centuries ago."
+
+    "They who see but one in all the changing manifestations of this
+    universe, unto them belongs Eternal Truth--unto none else, unto none
+    else." [48]
+
+The Rishis of ancient India, by their intense Yoga, realised the One in
+the Many. But Sir Jagadis Chandra, by rigorous experimental
+demonstration, realised a Unity amidst Diversity. He perceived that
+"there was no such thing as brute matter, but that spirit suffused
+matter in which it was enshrined."[49]
+
+
+EFFECT OF HIS WORK
+
+It is impossible to estimate the effect of his epoch-making researches.
+The psychic stone flung by him into the pool of physical botany, has
+made the ripples run in so many directions. There have been produced
+"unexpected revelations in plant life, foreshadowing the wonders of the
+highest animal life." And there "have opened out very extended regions
+of inquiry in Physics, in Physiology, in Medicine, in Agriculture and
+even in Psychology. Problems, hitherto regarded as insoluble, have now
+been brought within the sphere of experimental investigation."
+
+Sir J.C. Bose has not only extended the distant boundaries of Science,
+but, by his peculiarly Indian contribution, has secured a recognised
+place for India and has revived a hope in the Indian mind that India
+may yet regain a place among the intellectual nations of the world. Men
+like him are rare not only in India but rare any where in the world. May
+he live long!
+
+[Footnote 1: Vide 'History of a Failure that was great'--Modern Review,
+Vol. XXI, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Vide 'History of a Failure that was great'--Modern Review.
+Vol. XXI p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Vide_ 'History of a failure that was great'--Modern
+Review, Vol. XXI, p 221.]
+
+[Footnote 4: 'History of a Failure that was great'--Modern Review. Vol,
+XXI, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Convocation Address, dated 2nd March 1907, delivered by Sir
+Ashutosh Mookerjea.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Vide Evidence of Dr. J. C. Bose before the Public Services
+Commission,--Vol. XX, p. 136.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Address to the Royal Society by its President, Sir Benjamin
+Brodie, 30th November 1859.]
+
+[Footnote 8: 1 metre = 39.4 inches]
+
+[Footnote 9: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol IX, p. 206.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol. IX, p. 206.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 693.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XII, p. 590.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Vide 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 694.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Response in Living and Non-Living, p. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 15: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 588.]
+
+[Footnote 16: See 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 694.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 18: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 592.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Vide 'History of a Discovery'--Modern Review, Vol. XVIII,
+p. 694.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Cf. Preface to 'Comparative Electro-Physiology' p. IX.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Vide 'Comparative Electro-Physiology' pp. 732-733.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Vide 'Memory Image and its Revival,' Sir J. C.
+Bose--Modern Review, Vol. XXIV, p. 447.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Sri Sermon on "Prayer" delivered by Keshub Chunder Sen at
+the Prarthana Samaj, Bombay, on March 26, 1868.]
+
+[Footnote 25: See 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 588.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Vide Modern Review Vol. XI, p. 539.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 135-136.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 135.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 136]
+
+[Footnote 30: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 137.]
+
+[Footnote 33: Vide Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission on the
+Public Services in India, Vol. XX, p. 139.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Vide Modern Review--Vol. XVI, pp. 16, 118, 120.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVI, pp. 120, 121, 126.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVII, P. 559.]
+
+[Footnote 37: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVI, p. 246.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVII, p. 559.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 1.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII. p. 214.]
+
+[Footnote 41: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII. p. 215.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XVIII, p. 215.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XIX, p. 277.]
+
+[Footnote 44: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, Vol. XXII, p. 591.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Presidency College Magazine, Vol. II, p. 335.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Presidency College Magazine, Vol. II, p, 335.]
+
+[Footnote 47: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review, XXII, p. 590.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Vide 'Voice of Life'--Modern Review Vol XXII, p. 590.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Vide Modern Review, Vol. XXI, p. 343.]
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
+
+
+The following is a substance of the Address delivered in Bengali by
+Prof. J. C. Bose, on the 14th April 1911, as the President of the Bengal
+Literary Conference, which met in the Easter of 1911 at Mymensing.
+
+In this Literary Congress it would appear that you have interpreted
+Letters in no exclusive sense. We are not met to discuss the place that
+literature is to hold in the gospel of beauty. Rather are we set upon
+conceiving of her in larger ways. To us to-day literature is no mere
+ornament, no mere amusement. Instead of this, we desire to bring beneath
+her shadow all the highest efforts of our minds. In this great communion
+of learning, this is not the first time that a scientific man has
+officiated as priest. The chair which I now occupy has already been held
+by one whom I love and honour as friend and colleague, and glory in our
+countryman, Praphulla Chandra Ray. In honouring him, your Society has
+not only done homage to merit, but has also placed before our people a
+lofty and inclusive ideal of literature.
+
+You are aware that in this West, the prevailing tendency at the moment
+is, after a period of synthesis, to return upon the excessive
+sub-division of learning. The result of this specialisation is rather to
+accentuate the distinctiveness of the various sciences, so that for a
+while the great unity of all tends perhaps to be obscured. Such a caste
+system in scholarship, undoubtedly helps at first, in the gathering and
+classification of new material. But if followed too exclusively, it ends
+by limiting the comprehensiveness of truth. The search is endless.
+Realisation evades us.
+
+The Eastern aim has been rather the opposite, namely, that in the
+multiplicity of phenomena, we should never miss their underlying unity.
+After generations of this quest, the idea of unity comes to us almost
+spontaneously, and we apprehend no insuperable obstacle in grasping it.
+
+I feel that here in this Literary Congress, this characteristic idea of
+unity has worked unconsciously. We have never thought of narrowing the
+bounds of literature by a jealous definition of its limits. On the
+contrary, we have allowed its empire to extend. And you have felt that
+this could be adequately done only, if in one place you could gather
+together all that we are seeking, all that we are thinking, all that we
+are examining. And for this you have to-day invited those who sing along
+with those who meditate, and those who experiment. And this is why,
+though my own life has been given to the pursuit of science, I had yet
+no hesitation in accepting the honour of your invitation.
+
+
+POETRY AND SCIENCE
+
+The poet, seeing by the heart, realises the inexpressible and strived to
+give it expression. His imagination soars, where the sight of others
+fails, and his news of realm unknown finds voice in rhyme and metre. The
+path of the scientific man may be different, yet there is some likeness
+between the two pursuits. Where visible light ends, he still follows the
+invisible. Where the note of the audible reaches the unheard, even there
+he gathers the tremulous message. That mystery which lies behind the
+expressed, is the object of his questioning also; and he, in his
+scientific way, attempts to render its abstruse discoveries into human
+speech.
+
+This vast abode of nature is built in many wings, each with its own
+portal. The physicist, the chemist, and the biologist entering by
+different doors, each one his own department of knowledge, comes to
+think that this is his special domain, unconnected with that of any
+other. Hence has arisen our present rigid division of phenomena, into
+the worlds of the inorganic, vegetal, and sentient. But this
+attitude of mind is philosophical, may be denied. We must remember that
+all enquiries have as their goal the attainment of knowledge in its
+entirety. The partition walls between the cells in the great laboratory
+are only erected for a time to aid this search. Only at that point where
+all lines of investigation meet, can the whole truth be found.
+
+Both poet and scientific worker have set out for the same goal, to find
+a unity in the bewildering diversity. The difference is that the poet
+thinks little of the path, whereas the scientific man must not neglect.
+The imagination of the poet has to be unrestricted. The intuitions of
+emotion cannot be established by rigid proof. He has, therefore, to use
+the language of imagery, adding constantly the words 'as if.'
+
+The road that the scientific man has to tread is on the other hand very
+rugged, and in his pursuit of demonstration he must pay a severe
+restraint on his imagination. His constant anxiety is lest he should be
+self-deceived. He has, therefore, at every step to compare his own
+thought with the external fact. He has remorselessly to abandon all in
+which these are not agreed. His reward is that he gets, however little
+is certain, forming a strong foundation for what is yet to come. Even by
+this path of self-restraint and verification, however, he is making for
+a region surpassing wonder. In the range of that invisible light, gross
+objects cease to be a barrier, and force and matter become less
+aesthetic. When the veil is suddenly lifted, upon the vision hitherto
+unsuspected, he may for a moment lose his accustomed self-restraint and,
+exclaim "not 'as if'--but the thing itself!"
+
+
+INVISIBLE LIGHT.
+
+In illustration of this sense of wonder which links together poetry and
+science, let me allude briefly to a few matters that belong to my own
+small corner in the great universe of knowledge, that of light invisible
+and of life unvoiced. Can anything appeal more to the imagination than
+the fact that we can detect the peculiarities in the internal molecular
+structure of an opaque body by means of light that is itself invisible?
+Could anything have been more unexpected than to find that a sphere of
+China-clay focuses invisible light more perfectly than a sphere of glass
+focuses the visible; that in fact, the refractive power of this clay to
+electric radiation is at least as great as that of the most costly
+diamond to light? From amongst the innumerable octaves of light, there
+is only one octave, with power to excite the human eye. In reality, we
+stand, in the midst of a luminous ocean, almost blind! The little that
+we can see is nothing, compared to the vastness of that which we cannot.
+But it may be said that out of the very imperfection of his senses man
+has been able, in science, to build for himself a raft of thought by
+which to make daring adventure on the great seas of the unknown.
+
+
+UNVOICED LIFE.
+
+Again, just as, in following up light from visible to invisible, our
+range of investigation transcends our physical sight, so also does our
+power of sympathy become extended, when we pass from the voiced to the
+unvoiced, in the study of life: Is there then any possible relation
+between our own life and that of the plant world? That there may be such
+a relation, some of the foremost of scientific men have denied. So
+distinguished a leader as the late Burdon-Sanderson declared that the
+majority of plants were not capable of giving any answer, by either
+mechanical or electrical excitement, to an outside stock. Pfeffer,
+again, and his distinguished followers, have insisted that the plants
+have neither a nervous system, nor anything analogous to the nervous
+impulse of the animal. According to such a view, that two streams of
+life, in plant and animal, flow side by side, but under the guidance of
+different laws. The problems of vegetable life are, it must be said,
+extremely obscure, and for the penetrating of that darkness we have long
+had to wait for instruments of a superlative sensitiveness. This has
+been the principal reason for our long clinging to mere theory, instead
+of looking for the demonstration of facts. But to learn the truth we
+have to put aside theories, and rely only on direct experiment. We have
+to abandon all our preconceptions, and put our questions direct,
+insisting that the only evidence we can accept is that which bears the
+plant's own signature.
+
+How are we to know what unseen changes take place within the plant? If
+it be excited or depressed by some special circumstance, how are we, on
+the outside, to be made aware of this? The only conceivable way would
+be, if that were possible, to detect and measure the actual response of
+the organism to a definite external blow. When an animal receives an
+external shock it may answer in various ways if it has voice, by a cry;
+if it be dumb, by the movement of its limbs. The external shock is a
+stimulus; the answer of the organism is the response. If we can find out
+the relation between this stimulus and the response, we shall be able to
+determine the vitality of the plant at that moment. In an excitable
+condition, the feeblest stimulus will evoke an extraordinarily large
+response: in a depressed state, even a strong stimulus evokes only a
+feeble response; and lastly, when death has overcome life, there is an
+abrupt end of the power to answer at all.
+
+We might therefore have detected the internal condition of the plant,
+if, by some inducement, we could have made it write down its own
+responses. If we could once succeed in this apparently impossible task
+we should still have to learn the new language and the new script. In a
+world of so many different scripts, it is certainly undesirable to
+introduce a new one! I fear the Uniform Script Association will cherish
+a grievance against us for this. It is fortunate however that the
+plant-script bears, after all, a certain resemblance to the
+Devanagari--inasmuch as it is totally unintelligible to any but the very
+learned!
+
+But there are two serious difficulties in our path; first, to make the
+plant itself consent to give its evidence; second, through plant and
+instrument combined, to induce it to give it in writing. It is
+comparatively easy to make a rebellious child obey: to extort answers
+from plants is indeed a problem! By many years of close contiguity,
+however, I have come to have some understanding of their ways. I take
+this opportunity to make public confession of various acts of cruelty
+which I have from time to time perpetrated on unoffending plants, in
+order to compel them to give me answers. For this purpose, I have
+devised various forms of torment,--pinches simple and revolving, pricks
+with needles, and burns with acids. But let this pass. I now understand
+that replies so forced are unnatural, and of no value. Evidence so
+obtained is not to be trusted. Vivisection, for instance, cannot furnish
+unimpugnable results, for excessive shock tends of itself to make the
+response of a tissue abnormal. The experimental organism must therefore
+be subjected only to moderate stimulation. Again, one has to choose for
+one's experiment a favourable moment. Amongst plants, as with ourselves,
+there is, very early in the morning, especially after a cold night,
+certain sluggishness. The answers, then, are a little indistinct. In the
+excessive heat of midday, again, though the first few answers are very
+distinct, yet fatigue soon sets in. On a stormy day, the plant remains
+obstinately silent. Barring all these sources of aberration, however, if
+we choose our time wisely, we may succeed in obtaining clear answers,
+which persist without interruption.
+
+It is our object, then, to gather the whole history of the plant, during
+every moment between its birth and its death. Through how many cycle of
+experience it has to pass! The effects on it of recurring light and
+darkness; the pull of the earth, and the blow of the storm; how complex
+is the concatenation of circumstances, how various are the shocks, and
+how multiplex are the replies which we have to analyse! In this vegetal
+life which appears so placid and so stationary, how manifold are the
+subtle internal reactions! Then how are we to make this invisible
+visible?
+
+
+THE DIARY OF THE PLANT.
+
+The little seedling we know to be growing, but the rate of its growth is
+far below anything we can directly perceive. How are we to magnify this
+so as to make it instantly measurable? What are the variations in this
+infinitesimal growth under external shock? what changes are induced by
+the action of drugs or poisons? will the action of poison change with
+the dose? Is it possible to counteract the effect of one by another?
+
+Supposing that the plant does not give answers to external shock, what
+time elapses between the shock and the reply? Does this latent period
+undergo any variation with external conditions? Is it possible to make
+the plant itself write down this excessively minute time-interval?
+
+Next, does the effect of the blow given outside reach the interior of
+the plant? If so, is there anything analogous to the nerve of the
+animal? If so, again, at what rate does the nervous impulse travel the
+plant? By what favourable circumstances will this rate of transmission
+become enhanced, and by what will be retarded or arrested? Is it
+possible to make the plant itself record this rate and its variations?
+Is there any resemblance between the nervous impulse in plants and
+animals? In the animal there are certain automatically pulsating tissues
+like the heart. Are there any such spontaneously beating tissues in a
+plant? What is the meaning of spontaneity? And lastly, when by the blow
+of death, life itself is finally extinguished, will it be possible to
+detect the critical moment? And does the plant then exert itself to make
+one overwhelming reply, after which response ceases altogether? Its
+autobiography can only be regarded as complete, if, with the help of
+efficient instruments, all these questions can be answered by it, so as
+to form the different chapters.
+
+"If the plant could have been made thus to keep its own diary, then the
+whole of its history might have been recovered!" But words like these
+are born of day dreams merely. Vague imaginings of this kind may furnish
+much gratification to an idle life. When, awaking from these pleasant
+dreams of science, we seek to actualise the conditions imposed by them,
+we find ourselves face to face with a dead wall. For the doorway of
+nature's court is barred with iron, and through it can penetrate no mere
+cry of childish petulance. It is only by the gathered force of many
+years of concentration, that the gate can be opened, and the seeker
+enter to explore the secrets that have baffled him so long.
+
+
+DIFFICULTIES OF RESEARCH IN INDIA.
+
+We often hear that without a properly equipped laboratory, higher
+research in this country is an absolute impossibility. But while there
+is a good deal in this, it is not by any means the whole truth. If it
+were all, then from these countries where millions have been spent on
+costly laboratories, we should have had daily accounts of new
+discoveries. Such news we do not hear. It is true that here we suffer
+from many difficulties, but how does it help us, to envy the good
+fortune of others? Rise from your depression! Cast off your weakness!
+Let us think, "In whatever condition we are placed, that is the true
+starting-point for us." India is our working-place, and all our duties
+are to be accomplished here, and nowhere else. Only he who has lost his
+manhood need repine.
+
+In carrying out research, there are other difficulties, besides the
+want of well-equipped laboratories. We often forget that the real
+laboratory is one's own mind. The room and the instruments only
+externalise that. Every experiment has first to be carried out in that
+inner region. To keep the mental vision clear, great struggles have to
+be undergone. For its clearness is lost, only too easily. The greatest
+wealth of external appliances is of no avail, where there is not a
+concentrated pursuit, utterly detached from personal gain. Those whose
+minds rush hither and thither, those who hunger for public applause
+instead of truth itself, by them the quest is not won. To those on the
+other hand, who do long for knowledge itself, the want of favourable
+conditions does not seem the principle obstacle.
+
+In the first place, we have to realise that knowledge for the sake of
+knowledge is our aim, and that the world's common standard of utility
+have no place in it. The enquirer must follow where he is led, holding
+the quiet faith that things which appear to-day to be of no use, may be
+of the highest interest to-morrow. No height can be climbed, without the
+hewing of many an unremembered step! It is necessary, then, that the
+enquirer and his disciples should work on ceaselessly, undeterred by
+years of failure, and undistracted by the thunder of public applause. We
+may one day come to realise that India in the past has shared her
+knowledge with the world, and we may ask ourselves, is that destiny now
+ended for us? Are we of to-day to be debtors only? Perhaps when we have
+once felt this, a new Nalanda may arise.
+
+
+THE PHYTOGRAPH
+
+I was speaking of the need of various delicate instruments--phytographs,
+as I shall call them--for the automatic record of the plant's responses.
+What was, ten years ago, a mere aspiration, has now after so many years
+of effort, become actual fact. It is unnecessary to tell here of many a
+fruitless and despairing attempt. Nor shall I trouble you with any
+account of intricate mechanism. I need only say that with the aid of
+different types of apparatus, it is now possible for all the responsive
+activities of the plant to be written down. For instance, we can make an
+instantaneous record of the growth and its variations, moment by moment.
+Scripts can be obtained of its spontaneous movement. And a recording arm
+will demarcate the line of life from that of death. The extreme delicacy
+of one of these instruments will be understood, when it is said that it
+measures and records a time-interval so short as one-thousandth part of
+a second!
+
+It has been supposed that instruments for research of this delicacy and
+precision, were only possible of construction in the best scientific
+manufactories of Europe. It will therefore be regarded as interesting
+and encouraging to know that every one of these has been executed
+entirely in India, by Indian workmen and mechanicians.
+
+With perfect instruments at our disposal, we may proceed to describe a
+few amongst the many phenomena which now stand revealed. But before
+this, it is necessary to deal briefly with the superstition that has led
+to the division of plants into sensitive and insensitive. By the
+electrical mode of investigation, it can be shown that not only Mimosa
+and the like, but all plants of all kinds are sensitive, and give
+definite replies to impinging stimuli. Ordinary plants, it is true, are
+unable to give any conspicuous mechanical indication of excitement. But
+this is not because of any insensitiveness, but because of equal and
+antagonistic reactions which neutralise each other. It is possible,
+however, by employing appropriate means, to show that even ordinary
+plants give mechanical replies to stimulus.
+
+
+THE DETERMINATION OF THE LATENT PERIOD
+
+When an animal is struck by a blow, it does not respond at once. A
+certain short interval elapses between the incidence of the blow, and
+the beginning of the reply. This lost time is known as the latent
+period. In the leg of a frog, the latent period according to Helmwoltz,
+is about one-hundredth of a second. This latent period, however,
+undergoes appropriate variation with changing external conditions. With
+feeble stimulus, it has a definite value, which, with an excessive blow,
+is much shortened. In the cold season, it is relatively long. Again,
+when we are tired our perception time, as we may call it, may be greatly
+prolonged. Every one of these observations is equally applicable to the
+perception time of the plant. In Mimosa, in a vigorous condition, the
+latent period is six one hundredth of a second, that is to say, only six
+times its value in an energetic frog! Another curious thing is that a
+stoutish tree will give its response in a slow and lordly fashion,
+whereas a thin one attains the acme of its excitement in an incredibly
+short time! Perhaps some of us can tell from our own experience whether
+similar differences obtain amongst human kind or not? The plant's latent
+period in our cold weather may be almost doubled. Ordinarily speaking it
+takes _Mimosa_ about fifteen minutes to recover from a blow. If a second
+blow be given, before the full recovery of its equanimity, then the
+plant becomes fatigued, and its latent period is lengthened. When
+over-fatigued, it may temporarily lose its power of perception
+altogether, what this condition is like, my audience is only too likely
+to realise, at the end of my long address!
+
+
+THE RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
+
+According to varying circumstances, the same blow will evoke responses
+of different amplitudes. Early in the morning, after the prolonged
+inactivity of a cold night, we find the plant inclined to be lethargic,
+and its first answers correspondingly small. But as blow after blow is
+delivered, this lethargy passes off, and the replies become stronger and
+stronger. A good way to remove this lethargy quickly, is to give the
+plant a warm bath. In the heat of the midday, this state of things is
+reversed. That is to say, after giving vigorous replies the plant
+becomes fatigued, and its responses grow smaller. This fatigue passes
+off, however, on allowing it a period of rest. On increasing the
+intensity of the impinging stimulus, the response also increases. But a
+limit is attained, beyond which response can no longer be enhanced.
+Again, just as the pain of a blow persists longer with ourselves, in
+winter than in summer, so the same holds good of the reaction of the
+plant also. For instance, in summer it takes _Mimosa_ ten to fifteen
+minutes to recover from a blow, whereas in winter the same thing would
+take over half an hour. In all this, you will recognise the similarity
+between human response and that of the plant.
+
+
+SPONTANEOUS PULSATION
+
+In certain tissues, a very curious phenomenon is observed. In man and
+other animals, there are tissues which beat, as we say, spontaneously.
+As long as life lasts, so long does the heart continue to pulsate. There
+is no effect without a cause. How then was it that these pulsations
+became spontaneous? To this query, no fully satisfactory answer has been
+forthcoming. We find, however, that similar spontaneous movements are
+also observable in plant tissues, and by their investigation the secret
+of automatism in the animal may perhaps be unravelled.
+
+Physiologists, in order to know the heart of man, play with those of the
+frog and tortoise. "To know the heart," be it understood, is here meant
+in a purely physical, and not in a poetic sense. For this it is not
+always convenient to employ the whole of the frog. The heart is
+therefore cut out, and make the subject of experiments, as to what
+conditions accelerate, and what retard, the rate and amplitude of its
+beat. When thus isolated, the heart tends of itself to come to a
+standstill, but if, by means of fine tubing, it be then subjected to
+interval blood pressure, its beating will be resumed, and will continue
+uninterrupted for a long time. By the influence of warmth, the frequency
+of the pulsation may be increased, but its amplitude diminished. Exactly
+the reverse is the effect of cold. The natural rhythm and the amplitude
+of the pulse undergo appropriate changes, again, under the action of
+different drugs. Under either, the heart may come to a standstill, but
+on blowing this off the beat is renewed. The action of chloroform is
+more dangerous, any excess in the dose inducing permanent arrest.
+Besides these, there are poisons also which arrest the heart beat, and a
+very noticeable fact in this connection is, that some stop in a
+contracted, and others in a relaxed condition. Knowing these opposed
+effects, it is sometimes possible to counteract the effect of one poison
+by administering another.
+
+I have thus briefly stated some of the most important phenomena in
+connection with spontaneous movements in animal tissues. Is it possible
+that in plants also any parallel phenomena might be observed? In answer
+to this question, I may say that I have found numerous instances of
+automatic movements in plants.
+
+
+RHYTHMIC PULSATIONS IN DESMODIUM
+
+The existence of such spontaneous movements can easily be demonstrated,
+by means of our Indian _Bon charal_, the telegraph plant, or Desmodium
+gyrans, whose small leaflets dance continually. The popular belief that
+they dance in response to the clapping of the hands is quite untrue.
+From readings of the scripts made by this plant, I am in a position to
+state that the automatic movements of both plants and animals are guided
+by laws which are identical.
+
+Firstly, when, for convenience of experiment, we cut off the leaflet,
+its spontaneous movements, like those of the heart, come to a stop. But
+if we now subject the isolated leaflet, by means of a fine tube, to an
+added internal pressure of the plant's sap, its pulsations are renewed,
+and continue uninterrupted for a very long time. It is found again that
+the pulsation frequency is increased under the action warmth, and
+lessened under cold, increased frequency being attended by diminution of
+amplitude and _vice versa_. Under either, there is temporary arrest,
+revival being possible when the vapour is blown off. More fatal is the
+effect of chloroform. The most extraordinary parallelism, however, lies
+in the fact that those poisons which arrest the beat of the heart in a
+particular way, arrest the plant--pulsation also in a corresponding
+manner. I have thus been able to revive a leaflet poisoned by the
+application of one, with a dose of a counteracting poison.
+
+Let us now enquire into the causes of these automatic movements
+so-called. In experimenting with certain types of plant tissues, I find
+that an external stimulus may not always evoke an immediate reply. What
+happens, then, to the incident energy? It is not really lost, for these
+particular plant tissues have the power of shortage. In this way, energy
+derived in various ways from without--as light, warmth, food, and so
+on--is constantly being accumulated, when a certain point is reached,
+there is an overflow, and we call this overflow spontaneous movement.
+Thus what we call automatic is really an overflow of what has previously
+been stored up. When this accumulated energy is exhausted, then there is
+also an end of spontaneous movements. By abstracting its stored-up
+heat--through the application of cold water--we can bring to a stop the
+automatic pulsations of Desmodium. But on allowing a first accession of
+heat from outside, these pulsations are gradually restored.
+
+In the matter of these so-called spontaneous activities of the plant, I
+find that there are two distinct types. In one, the overflow is
+initiated with very little storage, but here the unusual display of
+activity soon comes to a stop. To maintain such specimens in the
+rhythmic condition, constant stimulation from outside is necessary.
+Plants of this type are extremely dependent on outside influences, and
+when such sources of stimulus are removed, they speedily come to an
+inglorious stop. _Kamranga_ or _Averrhoa_ is an example of this kind. In
+the second type of automatic plant activity I find that long continued
+storage is required, before an overflow can begin. But in this case, the
+spontaneous outburst is persistent and of long duration, even when the
+plant is deprived of any immediately exciting cause. These, therefore,
+are not so obviously dependent as the others on the sunshine of the
+world. Our telegraph-plant, _Desmodium_ or _Bon charal_, is an example
+of this.
+
+It appears to me that we have here a suggestive parallel to certain
+phenomena with which this audience will surely prove more familiar than
+I, namely, the facts of literary inspiration. For the attainment of this
+exalted condition, also, is it not necessary to have previous storage,
+with a consequent bubbling overflow? Certain indications incline me to
+suspect that perhaps in this also we have an example of so-called
+spontaneity, or automatic responsiveness. If this be so, aspirants, to
+the condition might well be asked to decide in whose footsteps they will
+choose to tread--those of _Kamranga_, with its dependence on outside
+influences, and inevitably ephemeral activity, or those of _Bon charal_,
+with its characteristic of patient long enduring accumulation of forces,
+to find uninterrupted and sustained expression.
+
+
+THE PLANT'S RESPONSE TO THE SHOCK OF DEATH
+
+A time comes when, after one answer to a supreme shock, there is a
+sudden end of the plant's power to give any response. This supreme shock
+is the shock of death. Even in this crisis, there is no immediate change
+in the placid appearance of the plant. Drooping and withering are events
+that occur long after death itself. How does the plant then, give this
+last answer? In man, at the critical moment, a spasm passes through the
+whole body, and similarly in the plant, I find that a great contractile
+spasm takes place. This is accompanied by an electrical spasm also. In
+the script of the Morograph, or Death recorder, the line that up to this
+point was being drawn, becomes suddenly reversed, and then ends. This is
+the last answer of the plant.
+
+These are mute companions, silently, growing beside our door, have now
+told us the tale of their life-tremulousness and their death spasm, in
+script that is as inarticulate as they. May it not be said that this
+their story has a pathos of its own, beyond any that the poets have
+conceived?
+
+
+
+
+PROF. J. C. BOSE AT MAYAVATI
+
+MARVELS OF PLANT LIFE
+
+
+On the 8th June 1912, Dr J. C. Bose, who had gone to Advaita Ashrama,
+Mayavati, on a holiday trip, gave an illuminating discourse on the
+marvels of plant life.
+
+He began by stating that a stimulus takes a certain time before it gets
+a response. This stimulus may be of different forms, _e.g._, it may be a
+sound stimulus, a light stimulus, an electric stimulus, and so on. The
+feebler the stimulus, the greater is the time it takes to elicit the
+response. For instance if one is called by a distant voice, one doubts
+whether he has been called at all, but in the case of a piercing scream,
+he starts up at once.
+
+Now, the difficulty is that when the stimulus, the blow, is so strong as
+to get an instantaneous response, how is one to measure this
+infinitesimal time between the blow and the response? And this must be
+done absolutely free from any personal interference, so as to ensure
+correct results.
+
+Dr. Bose here described how after deep thought and careful experiments
+and researches of several years he invented and manufactured a highly
+sensitive instrument which could automatically record the "response
+time" of a plant even to one thousandth part of a second. And in order
+to convey a graphic idea of the principles under which it worked, he had
+even made by means of a few simple things a crude form of his
+instrument, which helped the audience to form a clear idea of how a
+shock given to a plant which was experimented upon, would be recorded
+automatically by the apparatus by means of dots on its writing pad, and
+also how to ascertain the exact time each plant took to respond to the
+stimulus received. Thus the plant now records its own history unerringly
+by its own hand as it were. And that the _same_ results are obtained
+each time the experiment is repeated under similar conditions, shows
+that this recording of the response time is a scientific phenomenon.
+
+As an example of the similarities of reactions in plant and animal,
+Prof. Bose described the rhythmic activities of certain plants, in which
+automatic pulsations are maintained as in the animal heart. This
+phenomenon is exemplified by the Telegraph plant, which grows wild in
+the Gangetic plane; its Indian name is _Bon charal_ or 'forest churl',
+the popular belief being that it dances to the clapping of the hand.
+There is no foundation however for this belief. It is a papilionaceous
+plant with trifoliate leaves, of which the terminal leaflet is large,
+and the two lateral, very small. Each of these is inserted on the
+petiole by means of pulvinule. The lateral leaflets are seen to execute
+pulsating movements which are apparently uncaused, and are not unlike
+the rhythmic movement of the heart to which we shall see later that
+their resemblance is more than superficial.
+
+In the intact plant, under favourable conditions, these movements are
+easily observed to take place more or less continuously; but there are
+times when they come to a standstill. For this reason and because of the
+fact that a large plant cannot easily be manipulated as a whole and
+subjected to various changing conditions which the purpose of the
+investigation demands, it is desirable, if possible, to experiment with
+the detached petiole, carrying the pulsating leaflet. The required
+amputation however may be followed by arrest of the pulsating movements.
+But, as in the case of the isolated heart in a state of standstill, Dr.
+Bose found that the movement of the leaflet can be renewed, in the
+detached specimen, by the application of the internal hydrostatic
+pressure. Under these conditions, the rhythmic pulsations are easily
+maintained uniform for several hours. This is a great advantage, in as
+much as in the undetached specimen, the pulsations are not usually found
+to be so regular as they now become. So small a specimen, again, can
+easily be subjected to changing experimental conditions, such as the
+variation of internal hydrostatic pressure and temperature, application
+of different drugs, vapours and gases.
+
+Under varying conditions the same plant has been observed to take
+different response times, as for instance, less in heat than in cold,
+less in summer than in winter, less in the morning than in the evening,
+and so forth. Again, different plants have different response times.
+
+It is a remarkable fact that the mimosa is ten times as sensitive as a
+frog in giving the response. And the native idea that plants are of a
+lower order than animal life will cost many a sad disappointment.
+
+In the course of his lecture Dr. Bose spoke of some of his startling
+discoveries recently made.... The lecturer gave quite a spiritual turn
+to his discourse as he finished it with the remark that, as it has been
+the earnest endeavour of scientists to minimise material friction in
+order to get the best results, so in our human concerns, it should be
+our best aim to minimise friction,--which is, Ignorance.
+
+--_Modern Review_, Vol. XII, pages 314-315.
+
+
+
+
+PLANT AUTOGRAPHS
+
+HOW PLANTS CAN RECORD THEIR OWN STORY
+
+
+Under the presidency of His Excellency Lord Carmichael, Prof. J. C. Bose
+delivered on Friday, the 17th January 1913 an interesting address on his
+recent researches at the Physical Laboratory of the Presidency College,
+Calcutta, his subject being "Plant Autographs."
+
+Professor Bose has been long engaged in researches on the "Irritability
+of Plants," with results of great interest. These results have been made
+possible by the invention of a series of instruments of extraordinary
+precision and delicacy. Some of Professor Bose's instruments measure and
+record a thousandth of a second. Invisible movements in plants,
+hitherto beyond human scrutiny, have been brought within the range of
+immediate perception through the wonderful devices shown by the
+lecturer's demonstration of same on the screen.
+
+Among those present were:--Sir William and Lady Duke, the Maharaja of
+Nashipur, Sir Gurudas Bannerjee, Sir Chundra Madhab Ghose, Sir Lawrence
+and Lady Jenkins, Sir Richard Harington, Hon. Mr. P. C. Lyon, Mr.
+Justice Holmwood, Mr. Justice Chaudhuri, Hon. Mr. S. L. Maddox, Maharaja
+of Cossimbazar, Hon. Dr. Kuchler, Mr. Bhupendra Nath Basu, Hon. Mr. E.
+W. Collin, Mr. W. Graham, Mr. Fraser Blair, Hon. Mr. B. Chuckerbutty,
+Hon. Mr. J. G. Apcar, Hon. Mr. B. C. Mitter, Hon. Rai Radha Charan Pal
+Bahadur, Hon. Dr. D. P. Sarbadhikari, Mr. and Mrs. Williams, Mr. L. P.
+E. Pugh, Mr. Lanford James, Dr. P. K. Roy, Khan Bahadur Moulvie Mahomed
+Yusuf, Rai Bahadur Dr. Chunilal Bose, Mr. W. J. Simmons, Mr. and Mrs. J.
+H. Hechle, Principal H. R. James and Mrs. James, Mr. T. J. Waite, Dr. P.
+C. Roy and Rai P. N. Mukherji Bahadur.
+
+His Excellency, as President, called upon Dr. Bose to deliver his
+lecture.
+
+Professor Bose commenced with a reference to the claims made by those
+who profess to discriminate character by handwriting. As to the
+authenticity of such claims, scepticism was permissible; but there was
+no doubt that one's handwriting might be modified profoundly by
+conditions, physical and mental. There still existed, at Hatfield House,
+documents which contained the signature of the historical Guy Fawkes. A
+photograph projected on the screen showed a sinister variation in those
+signatures. The crabbed and distorted characters of the last words which
+Guy Fawkes wrote on earth told their own tale of that fateful night.
+Such was the tale that might be unfolded by the lines and curves of a
+human autograph. Could plants be made similarly to write their own
+autographs revealing their hidden story? Storm and sunshine, the warmth
+of summer and the frost of winter, drought and rain, would come and go
+about the plants. What subtle impress did they leave behind? How were
+the invisible, internal changes to be made externally visible?
+
+
+AUTOMATIC RECORDERS
+
+The lecturer had succeeded in devising experimental methods and
+apparatus by which the plant was made to give an answering signal, which
+was then automatically recorded into an intelligible script. The results
+of the new investigations were so novel that Professor Bose spent
+several years in perfecting automatic instruments which completely
+eliminated all personal equations. The plant attached to the recording
+apparatus was automatically excited by a stimulus absolutely constant,
+making its own responsive records, going through its period of recovery,
+and embarking on the same cycle over again without assistance at any
+point from the observer. The most sensitive organ for perception of a
+stimulus was the human tongue. An average European could by his tongue
+detect an electrical current as feeble as six micro-amperes, a
+micro-ampere being a millionth part of a unit of electrical current.
+Professor Bose found that his Hindu peoples could detect a much feebler
+current, namely, 1.5 micro-amperes. It was an open question whether such
+a high excitability of the tongue was to be claimed as a distinct
+advantage. But the fact might explain the eminence of his countrymen in
+forensic domains! (Laughter.) The plant, when tested, was found to be
+ten times more sensitive than a human being.
+
+
+EFFECT OF FOOD AND DRUGS
+
+It was shown that when the plant had a surfeit of drink, it became
+excessively lethargic and irresponsive. By extracting fluid from the
+gorged plant, its motor activity was at once re-established. Under
+alcohol its responsive script became ludicrously unsteady. A scientific
+superstition existed regarding carbonic acid as being good for a plant.
+But Professor Bose's experiments showed distinctly that the gas would
+suffocate the plant as readily as it did the animal. Only in the
+presence of sunlight could the effect be modified by secondary reaction.
+
+
+AUTOMATISM AND GROWTH
+
+It was impossible in a limited space, said Professor Bose, to do more
+than mention the numerous other remarkable experiments which riveted the
+attention of the audience. By means of apparatus specially devised,
+pulsative plants were made to record their rhythmic throbbings. It was
+shown that the pulse beats of the plants were affected by the action of
+various drugs, and divers stimuli, in a manner similar to that of the
+animal heart. Perhaps the most weird experience was to watch the
+death-struggle of a plant under the action of poison. Turning from death
+to its antithesis life and growth, the audience were shown how the
+latter was made visible by means of the appliances invented by Professor
+Bose. The infinitesimal growth of a plant became highly magnified in the
+experiment.
+
+
+RESEARCHES AT PRESIDENCY COLLEGE
+
+When the lecturer commenced his investigations, original research in
+India was regarded as an impossibility. No proper laboratory existed,
+nor was there any scientific manufactory for the construction of a
+special apparatus. In spite of these difficulties it had been a matter
+of gratification to the lecturer that the various investigations already
+carried out at the Presidency College had done something for the
+advancement of knowledge. The delicate instruments seen in operation at
+the lecture, which had been regarded with admiration by many
+distinguished scientific men in the West, were all constructed at the
+College workshops by Indian mechanics.
+
+It was also with pride that the lecturer referred to the co-operation of
+his pupils and assistants, through whose help the extensive works,
+requiring ceaseless labour by day and night, had been accomplished.
+Doubt had been cast on the capacity of Indian students in the field of
+science. From his personal experience Professor Bose bore testimony to
+their special fitness in this respect. An intellectual hunger had been
+created by the spread of education. An Indian student demanded something
+absorbing to think about and to give scope for his latent energies. If
+this could be done, he would betake himself ardently to research into
+Nature, which could never end. There was room for such toilers who by
+incessant work would extend the bounds of human knowledge.
+
+
+FROM PLANT TO ANIMAL LIFE
+
+Before concluding the lecturer dwelt on the fact that all the varied and
+complex responses of the animal had been foreshadowed in the plant. The
+phenomena of life in the plant were thus not so remote as had been
+hitherto supposed. The plant world, like the animal, was a thrill and a
+throb with responsiveness to all the stimuli which fell upon it. Thus,
+community throughout the great ocean of life, in all its different
+forms, outweighed apparent dissimilarity. Diversity was swallowed up in
+unity.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 20-1-1913.
+
+
+
+
+INVISIBLE LIGHT
+
+
+A most instructive and interesting lecture was delivered on Thursday,
+the 30th January, 1913, at the Calcutta University Institute Hall, by
+Dr. J. C. Bose, on the above subject. It was illustrated with
+experiments and in spite of the technical nature of the subject, the
+manner of treatment made the discourse extremely palatable and easy of
+apprehension to the lay understanding and intelligence. The truths of
+science could seldom be exposed so light-heartedly and in language
+leavened with balmy humour. The lecture was very largely attended by
+ladies and gentlemen, European and Indian, representing the light and
+leading of the city. The chair was taken by Mr. W. R. Gourlay. Amongst
+those present we noticed the Hon. Mr. Ramsay McDonald, Mr. Justice
+Harington, Mr. Justice Chaudhuri, Hon'ble Mr. Gokhale, Hon'ble Mr. Lyon,
+Hon'ble Mr. D. N. Sarvadhikari, Sir Gurudas Banerji, Hon'ble Mr. Apcar
+and Dr. Chuni Lal Bose Rai Bahadur.
+
+The Chairman, in a few well chosen words introduced the lecturer.
+
+Professor Bose in going to deliver his highly interesting lecture first
+showed how on account of the imperfection of our senses we fail to
+detect various forces which play around us. We are not only deaf, but
+practically blind. While we perceive eleven octaves of sound, we can see
+only a single octave of other vibration which is called light. In order
+to detect the invisible light a special detector has to be devised.
+Prof. Bose showed his artificial retina previously exhibited at the
+Royal Institution which not only detected luminous radiation but also
+invisible lights in the intra red and ultra violet regions. In the
+course of his remarks illustrating the nature of electric or Hertzian
+waves, which gave rise to the invisible radiation he proceeded to
+enumerate some of the conditions necessary for experimenting with them,
+and to describe the apparatus he had invented for the purpose. Hertz had
+used waves which were about 10 metres in length. It was impossible to
+attempt any quantitative measurement of their optical properties on
+account of large waves curling round corners. The lecturer had succeeded
+in producing the shortest waves, with frequency of 50,000 millions of
+vibrations per second, the particular invisible radiation being only
+thirteen octaves below visible light. His generator produced the small
+sharp beam which alone could be employed for quantitative measurements.
+By means of this apparatus experiments on electric radiation could be
+carried on with as much certainty as could experiments with ordinary
+light. Prof. Bose then performed experiments illustrative of the
+properties possessed in common by light waves and electric waves. He
+exhibited the power of selective absorption to electric rays displayed
+by many substances pointing out that while water stopped them, pitch,
+coal tar, and others were quite transparent to them. He showed how the
+rays were reflected by mirrors, obeying the same laws as light. The hand
+of the experimenter was found to be a good reflector, the rays
+rebounding after impact. Electric rays also undergo refraction and he
+described an ingenious method he had devised by which the index of
+refraction of numerous opaque substances could be obtained with the
+highest exactitude. In conclusion he gave an account of his discovery of
+the polarisation of electric rays by crystals. He showed that these
+polarised the electric rays just as they did ordinary light. He further
+proved that substances under pressure and strain could produce double
+refraction in them, as did glass under the same conditions in light.
+Tourmaline was useless for electric rays; but a lock of human hair was
+extraordinarily efficient. According to this theoretical prediction, an
+ordinary book was shown to exhibit selective absorption in a striking
+manner. Thus while the Calcutta University Calendar was, usually, very
+opaque, it became quite transparent when held in a particular direction
+as regards the impinging ray.
+
+Mr. Gourlay observed that the lecture opened out to himself, as well as
+to other vistas, which they had never dreamt of before.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 31-1-1913.
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR J. C. BOSE AT LAHORE
+
+LECTURE ON ELECTRIC RADIATION
+
+
+A crowded assembly met at the University Hall, on the 22nd February,
+1913, to hear the first of Prof. Bose's discourses before the University
+of Lahore.
+
+Dr. Bose opened his address by alluding to the historic journey of
+Jivaka, who afterwards became the physician of Buddha, making his way
+from Bengal to the University of Taxila, in quest of knowledge.
+Twenty-five centuries had gone by and there was before them another
+pilgrim who had journeyed the same distance to bring, as an offering
+what he had gathered in the domain of knowledge.
+
+The lecturer called attention to the fact that knowledge was never the
+exclusive possession of any particular race nor did it ever recognise
+geographical limitations. The whole world was interdependent, and a
+constant interchange of thought had been carried on throughout the ages
+enriching the common heritage of mankind. Hellenistic Greeks and Eastern
+Aryans had met here in Taxila to exchange the best each had to offer.
+After many centuries the East and West had met once more, and it would
+be the test of the real greatness of the two civilisations that both
+should be finer and better for the shock of contact. The apparent
+dormancy of intellectual life in India had been only a temporary phase.
+Just like the oscillations of the seasons found the globe, great
+pulsations of intellectual activity pass over the different peoples of
+the earth.
+
+With the coming of the spring the dormant life springs forth; similarly
+the life that India conserves, by inheritance, culture and temperament,
+was only latent and was again ready to spring forth into the blossom and
+fruit of knowledge. Although science was neither of the East nor of the
+West, but international in its universality, certain aspect of it gained
+richness of colour by reason of their place of origin. India, perhaps
+through its habit of synthesis, was apt to realise instinctively the
+idea of unity and to see in the phenomenal world an universe instead of
+a multiverse. It was this tendency, the lecturer thought, which had led
+Indian physicist, like himself, when studying the effect of forces on
+matter to find boundary lines vanishing, and to see points of contact
+emerge between the realms of the living and non-living. In taking up the
+subject of the evening's discourse on electric radiation of Hertzian
+waves, the lecturer explained the constitution of the apparatus which he
+had devised for an exhaustive study of the properties of electric waves.
+His apparatus permitted experiments with the electric rays to be carried
+on with as much certainty as experiments with ordinary light, and he
+demonstrated the identity of electric radiation and light. The electric
+rays are reflected from plane and curved mirrors in the same way and
+subject to the same laws. Electric rays, like rays of light are
+refracted. Like race of light too, electric waves can be selectively
+stopped by various substances, which are "electrically" coloured. Water
+which is a conductor of electricity stops the electric ray; where as
+liquid air which is a non-conductor is quite transparent to the rays.
+
+Finally Professor Bose explained his discovery of Polarisation of these
+rays by various crystals. Tourmaline, which was a good polariser for
+ordinary light, was not so effective. The lecturer discovered that the
+crystal Nemalite possessed the power of polarising the electric rays in
+the most perfect manner. Professor Bose also explained how the internal
+constitution of an opaque mass was revealed by the help of light which
+was itself invisible.
+
+The lecturer concluded his discourse by drawing attention to the
+limitations of human perception. Man's power of hearing was confirmed to
+eleven octaves of sound notes. In the case of vision the limitation was
+far more serious, his power of sight extending only through a single
+octave of those ether waves which constituted light. These ether
+vibrations of various frequencies could be maintained by electrical
+means. By pressing the stop button of the apparatus which was exhibited,
+ether vibrations, 50,000 millions per second, were produced. A second
+stop gave rise to a different vibration. Let his audience imagine a
+large electric organ provided with an infinite number of stops, each
+stop giving rise to a particular ether note. Let the lowest stop produce
+one vibration a second. They should then get a gigantic wave of 186,000
+miles long. Let the next stop give rise to two vibrations in a second,
+and let each succeeding stop produce higher and higher notes. Let them
+imagine an unseen hand pressing the different stops in rapid succession,
+producing higher and higher notes. The ether note would thus rise in
+frequency from one vibration in a second, to tens, to hundreds, to
+thousands, to hundreds of thousands, to millions, to millions of
+millions! While the ethereal sea in which they were all immersed were
+being thus agitated by these multitudinous waves, they would remain
+entirely unaffected, for they possessed no organs of perception, to
+respond to these waves.
+
+As the ether note rose still higher in pitch, they would for a brief
+moment perceive a sensation of warmth. This would be the case when the
+ether vibration reached a frequency of several billions of times in a
+second. As the note rose still higher, their eyes would begin to be
+affected, a red glimmer of light being the first to make its appearance.
+From this point the few visible colours would be comprised within a
+single octave of vibration--from 400 to 800 billions in one second. As
+the frequency of vibration rose still higher their organs of perception
+would fail them completely; a great gap in their consciousness would
+obliterate the rest. The brief flash of light would be succeeded by
+unbroken darkness. How circumscribed was their knowledge? In reality
+they stood in the midst of a luminous ocean almost blind! The little
+they could see was as nothing compared to the vastness of that which
+they could not. But it may be said that, out of the very imperfection of
+his senses, man has been able, in science, to build for himself a raft
+of thought by which to make daring adventure on the great seas of the
+unknown.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 24-2-1913.
+
+
+
+
+DR. BOSE IN LAHORE
+
+PLANT RESPONSE
+
+
+In his third lecture delivered, on the 25th February 1913, at the Punjab
+University Hall, Dr. Bose of Calcutta dealt with "Plant Response." He
+said:--
+
+In strong contrast to the energetic animal, with its various reflex
+movements and pulsating organs, stands the plant, in its apparent
+placidity and immobility. Yet that same environment which with its
+changing influences affects the animal is playing upon it also. Storm
+and sunshine, the warmth of summer and the frost of winter, drought and
+rain, all these come and go about it. What coercion do they exercise
+upon it? What subtle impress do they leave behind? These internal
+changes are entirely beyond our visual scrutiny. Is it possible in any
+way to have these revealed to us? Dr. Bose had shown the possibility of
+this by detecting and measuring the actual response of the organism to a
+questioning shock. In an excitable condition the feeblest stimulus
+should evoke in the plant an extraordinarily large reply in a depressed
+state even a strong stimulus would only call forth a feeble response;
+and lastly, when death overcome life, there would be an abrupt end of
+the power to answer to all. By the invention of different types of
+apparatus, the lecturer had succeeded in making the plant itself write
+an answering script to a testing stimulus. Scripts could also be
+obtained of the plant's spontaneous movements; and a recording arm
+demarcated the line of life from that of death.
+
+In taking the self-made records made by the plant it was found that
+after the prolonged inactivity of a cold night the plant was apt to be
+lethargic, and its first answers indistinct. But as blow after blow was
+delivered, the lethargy passed off, and the replies became stronger and
+stronger. After the fatigue of the day, the state of things was
+reversed. The plant became very lethargic after excessive absorption of
+food; but the normal activity might be restored by artificial removal of
+the excess. The effect of alcohol and of various narcotics were clearly
+followed in the modification of the automatic record made by the plant.
+
+A prevailing scientific error had overcome in life, there would be an
+abrupt end regarding a certain class of plants to be alone sensitive.
+The lecturer showed by certain remarkable experiments that all plants
+and all organs of plants were sensitive.
+
+In certain animal tissues, a very curious phenomenon was observed. In
+man and other animals there were tissues which beat spontaneously. As
+long as life lasted, so long did the heart continue to pulsate. There
+could be no effect without a cause. How then was it that these
+pulsations became spontaneous? To this query, no satisfactory answer had
+been forthcoming. Similar spontaneous movements were also observable in
+plant tissues, and by their investigation the secret of automatism in
+the animal world became unravelled. The existence of these spontaneous
+movements could easily be demonstrated by means of the Indian "Bon
+Charal", the telegraph plant, whose small leaflets danced continuously
+up and down. The popular belief that they danced in response to the
+clappings of the hand was quite erroneous. From the readings of the
+scripts made by this plant, the lecturer was in a position to state that
+the automatic movements of both plants and animals were guided by laws
+which were identical. Thus in the rhythmic tissues of the plant and the
+animal the pulsation frequency was increased under the action of warmth
+and lessened under cold, increased frequency being attended by
+diminution of amplitude, and "_vice versa_". Under ether, there was a
+temporary arrest, revival being possible when the vapour was blown off.
+More fatal was the effect of chloroform. The most extraordinary
+parallelism, however, lay in the fact that those poisons which arrested
+the beat of the heart in a particular way arrested the plant pulsation
+in a corresponding manner. The lecturer had succeeded in reviving a
+leaflet poisoned by the application of one with a dose of counteracting
+poison.
+
+A time came when after one answer to a supreme shock there was a sudden
+end of the plant's power to give any response. This supreme shock was
+the shock of death. Even in this crisis, there was no immediate change
+in the placid appearance of the plant. In man at the critical moment, a
+spasm passed through the whole body, and similarly in the plant the
+lecturer had discovered that a great contractile spasm took place. This
+was accompanied by an electrical spasm also. In the script of the death
+recorder the line that up to this point was being drawn became suddenly
+reversed, and then ended. This was the last answer of the plants.
+
+Thus the responsiveness of the plant world was one. There was no
+difference of any kind between sunshine plants, and those which had
+hitherto been regarded as insensitive or ordinary. It had also been
+shown that all the varied and complex responses of the animal were
+foreshadowed in the plant. An impressive spectacle was thus revealed of
+that vast unity in which all living organisms, from the simplest plant
+to the highest animal, were linked together and made one.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 5-3-1913.
+
+
+
+
+EVIDENCE BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICES COMMISSION
+
+
+The following is the evidence given by Dr. J. C. Bose, C. S. I., C. I.
+E., Professor of Physics, Presidency College, Calcutta, on the 18th
+December, 1913, before the Royal Commission on the Public Services in
+India, presided over by Lord Islington, and published, in the Minutes of
+Evidence relating to the Education Department, at pages 135 to 137, in
+volume XX, Appendix to the Report of the Commissioners:
+
+
+WRITTEN STATEMENT RELATING TO THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
+
+83, 627 (I) _Method of recruitment._--The first question on which I have
+been asked to give my opinion is as regards the method of recruitment. I
+think that a high standard of scholarship should be the only
+qualification insisted on. Graduates of well-known Universities,
+distinguished for a particular line of study, should be given the
+preference. I think the prospects of the Indian Educational Service are
+sufficiently high to attract the very best material. In colonial
+Universities they manage to get very distinguished men without any
+extravagantly high pay. Possibly the present departmental method of
+election does not admit of sufficiently wide publicity of notice to
+attract the best candidates.
+
+83, 628 (II) _System of training and probation._--As regards probation
+and training, Educational officers should first win a reputation as good
+teachers before the appointment is confirmed as they are transferred to
+important colleges.
+
+83, 629 (IV) _Conditions of Salary._--As regards conditions of Salary,
+the pay should be moderately high, but not extravagant, and settled once
+for all under some simple and well-defined rules. It is not only very
+humiliating but degrading to a true scholar to be scrambling for money.
+The difference between the pay of the higher and lower services should
+be minimised.
+
+83, 630 (VI) _Conditions of pension._--With reference to pension, I
+think it is very unfair that more favourable terms are offered, when the
+pensioner elects to retire in England.
+
+83, 631 (VII) _Such limitations as exist in the employment of
+non-Europeans._--Passing on to the question of limitations that exist in
+the employment of Indians in the higher service, I should like to give
+expression to an injustice which is very keenly felt. It is unfortunate
+that Indian graduates of European Universities who have distinguished
+themselves in a remarkable manner do not for one reason or other find
+facilities for entering the higher Educational Service.
+
+As teachers and workers it is an incontestable fact that Indian officers
+have distinguished themselves very highly, and anything which
+discriminates between Europeans and Indians in the way of pay and
+prospects is most undesirable. A sense of injustice is ill-calculated to
+bring about that harmony which is so necessary among all the members of
+an educational institution, professors and students alike.
+
+83, 632 (VIII) _Relations of the service with the Indian Civil Service
+and with other services._--As regards the relations with the Indian
+Civil Service, I am under the impression that they are somewhat
+strained, but of this I have no personal experience.
+
+83, 633 (IX) _Other points._--I have endeavoured to give my opinion on
+the definite questions which have been asked. There is another aspect of
+educational work in India which I think of the highest importance,
+though I am not exactly sure whether it falls within the terms of
+reference to the Royal Commission. I think that all the machinery to
+improve the higher education in India would be altogether ineffectual
+unless India enters the world movement for the advancement of knowledge.
+And for this it is absolutely necessary to touch the imagination of the
+people so as to rouse them to give their best energies to the work of
+research and discovery, in which all the nations of the world are now
+engaged. To aim at anything less will only end in a lifeless and
+mechanical system from which the soul of reality has passed away. On
+this subject I could have said much, but I will confine myself to one
+point which I think at the present juncture to be of importance. The
+Government of Bengal has been foremost in a tentative way in encouraging
+research. What is necessary is the extension and continuity of this
+enlightened policy.
+
+83, 634. _Supplementary Note._--I would like to add a few remarks to
+make the meaning of paragraphs 83, 627 and 83, 631 in my note more
+explicit.
+
+At the present recruitment in the Indian Educational Service is made in
+England and is practically confined to Englishmen. Such racial
+preference is in my opinion, prejudicial to the interest of education.
+The best man available, English or Indian should be selected
+impartially, and high scholarship should be the only test.
+
+It has been said that the present standard of Indian Universities is
+not as high as that of British Universities, and that the work done by
+the former is more like that of a sixth form of public schools in
+England. It is therefore urged that what is required for an Educational
+officer is the capacity to manage classes rather than high scholarship.
+I do not agree with these views: (1) there are Universities in Great
+Britain whose standards are not higher than ours; I do not think that
+the Pass Degree even of Oxford or Cambridge is higher than the
+corresponding degree here; (2) the standard of the Indian Universities
+is being steadily raised; (3) the standard will depend upon what the men
+entrusted with Educational work will make it. For these reasons it is
+necessary that the level of scholarship represented by the Indian
+Educational Service should be maintained very high.
+
+In paragraph 83,631 I have stated that even these Indians who have
+distinguished themselves in European Universities have little chance of
+entering the higher Educational Service. I should like to add that these
+highly qualified Indians need only opportunities to render service which
+would greatly advance the cause of higher education. As regards
+graduates of Indian Universities, I have known men among them whose
+works have been highly appreciated. If promising Indian graduates are
+given the opportunity of visiting foreign Universities, I have no doubt
+that they would stand comparison with the best recruits that can be
+obtained from the West.
+
+
+DR. J. C. BOSE CALLED AND EXAMINED
+
+83,635. (Chairman). The witness favoured an arrangement by which Indians
+would enter the higher ranks of the service, either through the
+Provincial Service or by direct recruitment in India. The latter class
+of officers, after completing their education in India, should
+ordinarily go to Europe with a view to widening their experience. By
+this he did not wish to decry the training given in the Indian
+Universities, which produced some of the very best men, and he would not
+make the rule absolute. It was not necessary for men of exceptional
+ability to go to England in order to occupy a high chair. Unfortunately,
+on account of there being no openings for men of genius in the
+Educational Service, distinguished men were driven to the profession of
+Law. In the present condition of India a larger number of distinguished
+men were needed to give their lives to the education of the people.
+
+83,636. The witness himself had spent part of his career in Europe, and
+looking back he could say that this had been of great profit to him,
+not so much on account of the training he got, as by being brought into
+personal contact with eminent men whose influence extorted his
+admiration, and create in him a feeling of emulation. In this way he
+owed a great deal to Lord Rayleigh under whom he worked, but he did not
+see why that advantage should not eventually be secured by Indians in
+India under an Indian Lord Rayleigh.
+
+83,637. There should be only one Educational Service, but men who were
+distinguished in any subject should not start from its very lowest rung
+but should be placed somewhere in the middle of it.
+
+83,638. There were men in the Provincial Service who were very
+distinguished; it was all a question of genius. The Educational Service
+ought to be regarded not as a profession, but as a calling. Some men
+were born to be teachers. It was not a question of race, of course; in
+order to have an efficient educational system, there must be an
+efficient organisation, but this should not be allowed to become
+fossilised, and thus stand in the way of healthy growth.
+
+83,639. In the Presidency College a young man fresh from an English
+university was at once appointed a Professor regardless of his lack of
+experience, whereas an Indian who passed in highest examination with
+honours in India was appointed as an Assistant Professor. This grounding
+often made him more efficient as a teacher than the Professor recruited
+from England. There were now several Professors in the college, in the
+Provincial Service, who were highly qualified, and who lectured to the
+highest classes with very great success.
+
+83,640. In the Physics Department he had under his direction several
+Assistants who were so well qualified that they were allowed to give
+lectures to several classes. These Assistants, after their experience at
+the Presidency College, would be best fitted to become Professors in the
+mofussil at Colleges. He would like to see them promoted to the higher
+service after they had had experience. But before he gave them the
+highest positions, he would make it compulsory for them to go to Europe.
+
+83,641. A proportion of Europeans in the service was needed, but only as
+experts and not as ordinary teachers. Only the very best men should be
+obtained from Europe, and for exceptional cases. The general educational
+work should be done entirely by Indians, who understood the difficulties
+of the country much better than any outsider.
+
+83,642. He advocated the direct recruitment of Indians in India by the
+local government in consultation with the Secretary of State, rather
+than by the Secretary of State alone. Indians were under a great
+difficulty, in that they could not remain indefinitely in England after
+taking their degrees and being away from the place of recruitment their
+claims were overlooked.
+
+83,643. There was no reason why a European should be paid a higher rate
+of salary than an Indian on account of the distance he came. An Indian
+felt a sense of inferiority if a difference was made as regards pay. The
+very slight saving which government made by differentiating between the
+two did not compensate for the feeling of wrong done. This feeling would
+remain even if the pay was the same, but an additional grant in the
+shape of a foreign service allowance was made to Europeans. All workers
+in the field of education should feel a sense of solidarity, because
+they were all serving one great cause, namely, education.
+
+83,644. The term "professor", as at present used in India, was
+undoubtedly a comprehensive one, but it was equally comprehensive in the
+West.
+
+83,645. (Sir Murray Hammick). The witness did not wish to recruit
+definite proportions of the service in England and in India
+respectively. He would for various reasons prefer a large number of
+Indians engaged in education.
+
+83,646. Even in Calcutta he would not make any difference between the
+pay of the Indian and the pay of the European.
+
+83,647. (Sir Valentine Chirol). The witness attached great value to the
+influence of the teacher upon the student in the earlier stages of his
+education, and it was in these stages that that influence could best be
+exercised. At the same time he desired to limit the appointment of
+non-Indians to men of very great distinction.
+
+83,648. If a foreign professor would not come and serve in India for the
+same remuneration as he obtained in his own country, the witness would
+certainly not force him to come.
+
+83,649. (Mr. Abdur Rahim). Recruitment for the Educational Service
+should be made in the first place in India, if suitable men were
+available; but if not then he would allow the best outsiders to be
+brought in. In the present state of the country it would be very easy to
+fill up many of the chairs by selecting the best men in India.
+
+83,650. The aim of the universities should be to promote two classes of
+work--first, research; and secondly, an all-round sound education. Men
+of different types would be required for these two duties.
+
+83,651. (Mr. Madge). Any idea that the educational system of India was
+so far inferior to that of England, that Indians, who had made their
+mark, had done so, not because of the educational system of the country,
+but in spite of it, was quite unfounded. The standard of education
+prevailing in India was quite up to the mark of several British
+universities. It was as true of any other country in the world as of
+India that education was valued as a means for passing examinations, and
+not only for itself, and there was no more cramming in India than
+elsewhere.
+
+83,652. The West certainly brought to the East a modern spirit, which
+was very valuable, but it would be dearly purchased by the loss of an
+honorable career for competent Indians in their own country.
+
+83,653. The educational system in India had in the past been too
+mechanical, but a turn for the better was now taking place and the
+universities were recognising the importance of research work, and were
+willing to give their highest degrees to encourage it.
+
+83,654. (Mr. Macdonald). The witness did not think it was necessary to
+have a non-Indian element in the service in order to stiffen it up, but
+he accepted the principle that there should be a certain small
+proportion of non-Indians.
+
+83,655. The title of professor at a college or University should carry
+with it dignity and honour, and ought not to be so freely used as at
+present. All he asked was that it should not be abolished at the expense
+of such Indians as were doing as good work as their European colleagues.
+
+83,656. If the Calcutta university continued to develop its teaching
+side, there would be no objection to recruiting University Professors
+from aided colleges. This would have certain advantages.
+
+83,657. (Mr. Fisher). The witness desired to secure for India Europeans
+who had European reputations in their different branches of study. If it
+was necessary to go outside India or England to procure good men, he
+would prefer to go to Germany. This was the practice in America where
+they were annexing all the great intellects of Europe.
+
+83,658. The witness would like to see India entering the world movement
+in the advance and march of knowledge. It was of the highest importance
+that there should be an intellectual atmosphere in India. It would be
+of advantage if there were many Indians in the Educational Service. For
+they came more in contact with the people, and influenced their
+intellectual activity. Besides, on retirement they would live in India
+and their life experience would be at their countrymen's service.
+
+83,659. There was very little in the complaint made in certain quarters
+that the work of the Professors in the colleges in India was hampered by
+the Government regulations as to curricula. A good teacher was not
+troubled by such matters.
+
+83,660. (Mr. Sly). There was no scope for the employment of non-Indians
+in the high schools as apart from the colleges. It was in the
+professorial line that more help from the West was required.
+
+83,661. (Mr. Gokhale). The witness knew of three instances in which the
+colonies had secured distinguished men on salaries which were lower than
+these given to officers of the Indian Educational Service. One was at
+Toronto, another was in New Zealand and the third at Yale university.
+The salaries on the two latter cases were L600 and L500 a year. The same
+held good as regards Japan. The facts there had been stated in a
+Government of India publication as follows: "Subsequent to 1895 there
+were 67 Professors recruited in Europe and America, of those, 20 came
+from Germany, 16 from England and 16 from the United States. The average
+pay was L384. In the highest Imperial University the average pay is
+L684. As soon as Japanese could be found to do the work, even tolerably
+well, the foreigner was dropped."
+
+83,662. When the witness first started work in India, he found that
+there was no physical laboratory, or any grant made for a practical
+experimental course. He had to construct instruments with the help of
+local mechanics, whom he had to train. All this took him ten years. He
+then undertook original investigation at his own expense. The Royal
+Society became specially interested in his work and desired to give him
+a Parliamentary grant for its continuation. It was after this that the
+Government of Bengal came forward and offered him facilities for
+research.
+
+83,663. In the Educational Service he would take men of achievement from
+anywhere; but men of promise he would take from his own country.
+
+83,664. (Mr. Chaubal). He did not know whether the salaries he had
+mentioned as having been paid in Japan, New Zealand and Yale were on an
+incremental scale or not.
+
+83,665. There was a difference of kind between the way in which
+students were taught in schools and the way in which they were taught in
+colleges. He did not agree with the witnesses who had said that during
+the first year or two years at college the instruction given was similar
+to that given in a school. It was very difficult to disprove or to prove
+such statements. There would be no advantage in keeping boys to a school
+course up the intermediate standard and making the colleges deal with
+only those students who had passed the intermediate examination.
+
+83,666. (Sir Theodore Morison). There should be one scale of pay for all
+persons in the higher educational department. The rate of salary, Rs.
+200 rising to Rs. 1,500 per month, was suitable, subject to the proviso
+that the man of great distinction, instead of beginning at the lowest
+rate of pay, should start some where in the middle of the list, say, at
+Rs. 400 or Rs. 500. He would make no reference in regard to Europeans or
+Indians in that respect. In effect this no doubt amounted to making
+Indians eligible for higher educational posts both by direct recruitment
+and by promotion.
+
+83,667. He would not favour the handing over of all the Government
+institutions in Bengal to private agencies; there must be one or two
+Government colleges in order to keep up the standard. He should be
+sorry to see the Government dissociating itself from one of its primary
+duties, which was education.
+
+83,668. Privately managed Colleges paid less in salary than the
+Government Colleges. They paid about the same as was given in the
+Provincial Service, and they obtained fairly good men. It would not be
+right for a great Government to grant a minimum pay to Indian Professors
+and an extravagantly high pay to their European colleagues, for doing
+the same kind of work.
+
+83,669. At the Presidency College the facilities for scientific work
+were now greater than in many institutions in England. India was now
+becoming a great country for Biological research. Again, the Physical
+and Chemical Laboratories at the Presidency College were finer than many
+in England. If young men of science in England thought they obtained
+better opportunities in pursuing their subjects in New Zealand and
+Toronto than in India, the India office ought to remove that impression
+at once.
+
+83,670. (Lord Ronaldshay). When an Indian graduate under the witnesses'
+scheme was appointed direct to the higher service in India he would not
+compel him to go to England for a period of training. The person who
+would be appointed in India directly from the Indian Universities would
+have to have previously served with distinction in subordinate
+positions; a visit to Europe would be an advantage but not absolutely
+necessary.
+
+83,671. (Mr. Biss). The cost of living in Calcutta to an Indian
+Professor or Lecturer would all depend as the style in which he lived.
+In each service there is always a standard of living to which every
+member is expected to conform. An Indian Professor had to go to Europe
+from time to time to keep himself in touch with the developments of his
+subject. An Indian officer had to support a large number of relations.
+The question of a man's private expenses should not be raised in fixing
+his pay. One might as well inquire whether the candidate for admission
+to the service was a bachelor or married, or as to how many children he
+had. He had known Europeans who had led a simple life, and had been all
+the better for it.
+
+83,672. He could not understand why men went to Japan and Canada instead
+of coming to India on better terms. It was a mystery to him. He thought
+it was either sheer ignorance or the spread of the commercial spirit.
+
+83,673. All the students coming to his side of the University, were, as
+a rule, keen and anxious to learn; he could not wish for better
+students.
+
+83,674. (Mr. Gupta). He desired one service, because he thought it was
+most degrading that certain men, although they were doing the same work,
+should be classed in a Provincial Service, while others should be
+classed in an Imperial Service. The prospect of the members of the
+Provincial Service were not at all what they ought to be, and that was
+the reason why the best men were not attracted to it.
+
+
+
+
+PROF. J. C. BOSE AT MADURA
+
+
+On his way back to Calcutta from the Fourth Scientific Deputation to the
+West, Prof. J. C. Bose visited Madura, 14th June 1915. The Tamil Sangam
+presented him with an address. In reply Dr. Bose made an important
+speech, in course of which he said:--
+
+I am no longer a representative of Bengal nor have I come to a strange
+place, but as an Indian addressing the mighty India and her people. When
+we realise that unity of our destiny then a great future opens out for
+us.
+
+It may be we may theorise and attribute to the plants all the
+characteristics of the animals; but that will be merely theory: there
+will be no proof. There are certain classes of people who think that
+plants are utterly unlike animals and some hold that they are like
+animals. The mere theory is absolutely worthless in order to find out
+the truth. We have to find by investigation, by means of researches, by
+means of proofs, that one is identical with the other. We have not only
+to drop all theory but we have to make the plant itself write down the
+answers to the questions that we have to put to them. That was the great
+problem,--how to make the plant itself answer and write down answers to
+the question....
+
+If the plants are acted on by various medicines and drugs like
+ourselves, then we can create an agent or a spokesman on which we can
+carry out all future investigations on the action of drugs. Then there
+is opened out a great vista for the scientific study of medicine. And
+let me tell you medicine is not yet an exact science. It is merely a
+phase of tradition. We have not been able to make medicine scientific.
+Now by the data of the influence of drugs on the fundamental basis of
+life, as is seen in the plant, we shall be able to make the science of
+medicine purely scientific.
+
+In travelling all over the world, which I have done several times, I was
+struck by two great characteristics of different nations. One
+characteristic of certain nations is living for the future. All the
+modern nations are striving to win force and power from nature. There is
+another class of men who live on the glory of the past. Now, what is to
+be the future of our nation? Are we to live only on the glory of the
+past and die off from the face of the earth, to show that we are worthy
+descendants of the glorious past and to show by our work, by our
+intellect and by our service that we are not a decadent nation? We have
+still a great and mighty future before us, a future that will justify
+our ancestry. In talking about ancestry, do we ever realise that the
+only way in which we can do honour to our past is not to boast of what
+our ancestors have done but to carry out in the future something as
+great, if not greater than they. Are we to be a living nation, to be
+proud of our ancestry and to try to win renown by continuous
+achievements? These mighty monuments that I see around me tell us what
+has been done till very recent times. I have travelled over some of the
+greatest ruins of the Universities of India. I have been to the ruins of
+the University of Taxilla in the farthest corner of India which
+attracted the people of the west and the east. I had been to the ruins
+of Nalanda, a University which invited all the west to gain knowledge
+under its intellectual fostering. I had been all there and seen them. I
+have come here also and want to visit Conjeevaram. But are you to foster
+the dead honours or to try to bring back your University in India and
+drag once more from the rest of the world people who would come down and
+derive knowledge from India? It is in that way and that way alone we can
+win our self-respect and make our life and the life of the nation
+worthy. The present era is the era of temples of learning. In order to
+erect temples of learning we require all the offerings of our mighty
+people. We want to erect temples and "viharas" which are so
+indispensable to the study of nature and her secrets. It is a problem
+which appeals to every thoughtful Indian. It is by the effort of the
+people and by their generosity that all these mighty temples arose; and
+now are we to worship the dead stones or are we to erect living temples
+so that the knowledge that has been made in India shall be perpetuated
+in India? I received requests from the different Universities in America
+and Germany to allow students from those countries to come and learn the
+science that has been initiated in India. Now, is this knowledge to pass
+beyond our boundaries to that again in future time we may have to go to
+the west to get back this knowledge or are we to keep this flame of
+learning burning all the time?
+
+(_Modern Review, Vol. xviii, p. 22-23_).
+
+
+
+
+DR. J. C. BOSE ENTERTAINED
+
+PARTY AT RAM MOHAN LIBRARY
+
+
+On Saturday, 24th July, 1915, the members of the Ram Mohan Library and
+Reading room received Dr. J. C. Bose, the President of the Library in a
+right royal fashion, on his return to India from his Scientific
+Deputation to the West.
+
+There was a large and influential gathering, and the spacious hall was
+tastefully decorated.
+
+Dr. J. C. Bose arrived at 6:15 p.m. and was received at the gate by Mr.
+D. N. Pal, Secretary. Dr. Bose then went round the hall accompanied by
+the members of the Executive Committee while the Bharati Musical
+Association played excellent Jaltaranga Orchestra.
+
+Babu Bhupendra Nath Bose, Vice-President of the Library, made a
+brilliant speech welcoming Dr. Bose and detailing the great services
+done to the country by him.
+
+
+DR. BOSE'S REPLY
+
+Dr. Bose in reply expressed his thanks for the great interest shown in
+different parts of this country in the success of his work. This was the
+fourth occasion on which he had been deputed to the West by the
+Government of India on a scientific mission, and the success that has
+attended his visit to foreign countries has exceeded all his
+expectations. In Vienna, in Paris, in Oxford, Cambridge and London, in
+Harvard, Washington, Chicago and Columbia, in Tokio and in many other
+places his work has uniformly been received with high appreciation. In
+spite of the fact that his researches called into question some of the
+existing theories, his results have notwithstanding received the fullest
+acceptance. This was due to a great extent to the convincing character
+of the demonstration afforded by the very delicate instruments he had
+been able to invent and which worked under extremely difficult tests
+with extraordinary perfection. Even the most critical savants in Vienna
+felt themselves constrained to make a most generous admission. In these
+new investigations on the border land between physics and physiology,
+they held that Europe has been left behind by India, to which country
+they would now have to come for inspiration. It has also been fully
+recognised that science will derive benefit when the synthetic
+intellectual methods of the East co-operate with the severe analytical
+methods of the West. These opinions have also been fully endorsed in
+other centres of learning and Dr. Bose had received applications from
+distinguished Universities in Europe and America for admission of
+foreign post graduate scholars to be trained in his Laboratory in the
+new scientific methods that have been initiated in India.
+
+
+RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR INDIA
+
+This recognition that the advance of human knowledge will be incomplete
+without India's special contributions, must be a source of great
+inspiration for future workers in India. His countrymen had the keen
+imagination which could extort truth out of a mass of disconnected facts
+and the habit of meditation without allowing the mind to dissipate
+itself. Inspired by his visits to the ancient Universities, at Taxila,
+at Nalanda and at Conjevaram, Dr. Bose had the strongest confidence that
+India would soon see a revival of those glorious traditions. There will
+soon rise a Temple of Learning where the teacher cut off from worldly
+distractions would go on with his ceaseless pursuit after truth, and
+dying, hand on his work to his disciples. Nothing would seem laborious
+in his inquiry; never is he to lose sight of his quest, never is he to
+let it go obscured by any terrestrial temptation. For he is the Sanyasin
+spirit, and India is the only country where so far from there being a
+conflict between science and religion. Knowledge is regarded as religion
+itself. Such a misuse of science as is now unfortunately in evidence in
+the West would be impossible here. Had the conquest of air been achieved
+in India, her very first impulse would be to offer worship at every
+temple for such a manifestation of the divinity in man.
+
+
+ECONOMIC DANGER OF INDIA
+
+One of the most interesting events in his tour round the world was his
+stay in Japan, where he had ample opportunity of becoming acquainted
+with the efforts of the people and their aspirations towards a great
+future. No one can help being filled with admiration for what they have
+achieved. In materialistic efficiency, which in a mechanical era is
+regarded as an index of civilisation, they have even surpassed their
+German teachers. A few decades ago they had no foreign shipping and no
+manufacture. But within an incredibly short time their magnificent lines
+of steamers have proved so formidable a competitor that the great
+American line in the Pacific will soon be compelled to stop their
+sailings. Their industries again, through the wise help of the State and
+other adventitious aids are capturing foreign markets. But far more
+admirable is their foresight to save their country from any embroilment
+with other nations with whom they want to live in peace. And they
+realise any predominant interest of a foreign country in their trade or
+manufacture is sure to lead to misunderstanding and friction. Actuated
+by this idea they have practically excluded all foreign manufactured
+articles by prohibitive tariffs.
+
+
+REVIVAL OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES
+
+Is our country slow to realise the danger that threatens her by the
+capture of her market and the total destruction of her industries? Does
+she not realise that it is helpless passivity that directly provokes
+aggression? Has not the recent happenings in China served as an object
+lesson? There is, therefore, no time to be lost and the utmost effort is
+demanded of the Government and the people for the revival of our own
+industries. The various attempts that have hitherto been made have not
+been as successful as the necessity of the case demands. The efforts of
+the Government and of the people have hitherto been spasmodic and often
+worked at cross purposes. The Government should have an advisory body
+of Indian members. There should be some modification of rules as regards
+selection of Industrial scholars. Before being sent out to foreign
+countries they should be made to study the conditions of manufacture in
+this country and its difficulties. For a particular industry there
+should be a co-ordinated group of three scholars, two for the industrial
+and one for the commercial side. Difficulties would arise in adapting
+foreign knowledge to Indian conditions. This can only be overcome by the
+devoted labour of men of originality, who have been trained in our
+future Research Laboratory. The Government could also materially help
+(i) by offering facilities for the supply of raw materials (ii) by
+offering expert advice (iii) by starting experimental industries. He had
+reason to think that the Government is full alive to the crucial
+importance of the subject and is determined to take every step
+necessary. In this matter the aims of the people and the Government are
+one. In facing a common danger and in co-operation there must arise
+mutual respect and understanding. And perhaps through the very
+catastrophe that is threatening the world there may grow up in India a
+realisation of community of interest and solidarity as between
+Government and people.
+
+
+A CALL FOR NOBLER PATRIOTISM
+
+A very serious danger is thus seen to be threatening the future of
+India, and to avert it will require the utmost effort of the people.
+They have not only to meet the economic crisis but also to protect the
+ideals of ancient Aryan civilisation from the destructive forces that
+are threatening it. Nothing great can be conserved except through
+constant effort and sacrifice. There is a danger of, regarding the
+mechanical efficiency as the sole end of life; there is also the
+opposite danger of a life of dreaming, bereft of struggle and activity,
+degenerating into parasitic habits of dependence. Only through the
+nobler call of patriotism can our nation realise her highest ideals in
+thought and in action; to that call the nation will always respond. He
+had the inestimable privilege of winning the intimate friendship of Mr.
+G. K. Gokhale. Before leaving England, our foremost Indian statesman
+whose loss we so deeply mourn, had come to stay with the speaker for a
+few days at Eastbourne. He knew that this was to be their last meeting.
+Almost his parting question to Dr. Bose was whether science had anything
+to say about future incarnations. For himself, however he was certain
+that as soon as he would cast off his worn out frame he was to be born
+once more in the country he loved, and bear all the country that may be
+laid on him in her service. There can be no doubt that there must be
+salvation for a country which can count on sons as devoted as Gopal
+Krishna Gokhale.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 26-7-1915.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF A DISCOVERY
+
+
+Substance of a Lecture delivered by Prof. J. C. Bose on the 20th
+November 1915, at the Ram Mohan Library, under the Presidency of the
+Hon'ble Mr. P. C. Lyon, and published at p. 693, Vol. xviii, of the
+"Modern Review" (July to December, 1915).
+
+At the tournament held before the court at Hastinapur, more than
+twenty-five centuries ago, Karna, the reputed son of a Charioteer, had
+challenged the supremacy of Prince Arjuna. To this challenge Arjuna had
+returned a scornful answer; a prince could not cross swords with one who
+could claim no nobility of descent. "I am my own ancestor," replied
+Karna, and this perhaps the earliest assertion of the right of man to
+choose and determine his own destiny. In the realm of knowledge also the
+great achievements have been won only by men with determined purpose and
+without any adventitious aids. Undismayed by human limitations they had
+struggled in spite of many a failure. In their inquiry after truth they
+regarded nothing as too laborious, nothing too insignificant, nothing
+too painful. This is the process which all must follow; there is no
+easier path.
+
+The lecturer's research on the properties of Electric Waves was begun
+just twenty-one years ago. In this he was greatly encouraged by the
+appreciation shown by the Royal Society, which not only published his
+researches, but also offered a Parliamentary grant for the continuance
+of his work. The greatest difficulty lay in the construction of a
+receiver to detect invisible ether disturbances. For this a most
+laborious investigation had to be undertaken to find the action of
+electric radiation on all kinds of matter. As a result of this long and
+very patient work a new type of receiver was invented, so perfect in its
+action that the _Electrician_ suggested its use in ships and
+electro-magnetic high houses for the communication and transmission of
+danger signals at sea through space. This was in 1895, several years in
+advance of the present wireless system. Practical application of the
+result of Dr. Bose's investigations appear so important that Great
+Britain and the United States granted him patents for his invention of a
+certain crystal receiver which proved to be the most sensitive detector
+of wireless signals.
+
+
+UNIVERSAL SENSITIVENESS OF MATTER
+
+In the course of his investigations Dr. Bose found that the uncertainty
+of the early type of his receiver was brought on by fatigue, and that
+the curve of fatigue of his instrument closely resembled the fatigue
+curve of animal muscle. He was soon able to remove the 'tiredness' of
+his receiver by application of suitable stimulants; application of
+certain poisons, on the other hand, permanently abolished its
+sensitiveness. Dr. Bose was thus amazed at the discovery that inorganic
+matter was anything but inert, but that its particles were a thrill
+under the action of multitudinous forces that were playing on it. The
+lecturer was at this time constrained to choose whether to go on with
+the practical applications of his work, the success of which appeared to
+be assured, or to throw himself into a vortex of conflict for the
+establishment of some truth the glimmerings of which he was then but
+dimly beginning to perceive. It is very curious that the human mind is
+sometimes so constituted that it rejects lines of least resistance in
+favour of the more difficult path. Dr. Bose chose the more difficult
+path, and entered into a phase of activity which was to test all his
+strength.
+
+
+CASTE IN SCIENCE
+
+Dr. Bose's discovery of Universal sensitiveness of matter was
+communicated to the Royal Society on May 7th, 1901, when he himself gave
+a successful experimental demonstration. His communication was, however,
+strongly assailed by Sir John Burden-Sanderson, the leading
+physiologist, and one or two of his followers. They had nothing to urge
+against his experiments but objected to a physicist straying into the
+preserve that had been specially reserved for the physiologist. He had
+unwittingly strayed into the domain of a new and unfamiliar caste system
+and offended its etiquette. In consequence of this opposition his paper,
+which was already in print, was not published. This is not by any means
+to be regarded as an injustice done to a stranger. Even Lord Rayleigh,
+who occupies an unique position in the world of science, was subjected
+to fierce attacks from the chemists, because he, a physicist, had
+ventured to predict that the air would be found to contain new elements
+not hitherto discovered.
+
+It is natural that there should be prejudice against all innovations,
+and the attitude of Sir John Burden-Sanderson is easily explained.
+Unfortunately there was another incident about which similar explanation
+could not be urged. Dr. Bose's Paper had been placed in the archives of
+the Royal Society, so that technically there was no publication. And it
+came about that eight months after the reading of his Paper, another
+communication found publication in the Journal of a different society
+which was practically the same as Dr. Bose's but without any
+acknowledgment. The author of this communication was a gentleman who had
+previously opposed him at the Royal Society. The plagiarism was
+subsequently discovered and led to much unpleasantness. It is not
+necessary to refer any more to the subject except as explanation of the
+fact that the determined hostility and misrepresentations of one man
+succeeded for more than ten years to bar all avenues of publication for
+his discoveries. But every cloud has its silver lining; this incident
+secured for him many true friends in England who stood for fair play,
+and whose friendship has proved to be a source of great encouragement to
+him.
+
+
+FURTHER DIFFICULTIES
+
+Dr. Bose's next work in 1903 was the discovery of the identity of
+response and of automatic activity in plant and animal and of the
+nervous impulse in plant. These new contributions were regarded as of
+such great importance that the Royal Society showed its special
+appreciation by recommending it to be published in their Philosophical
+transactions. But the same influence which had hitherto stood in his way
+triumphed once more, and it was at the very last moment that the
+publication was withheld. The Royal Society, however, informed him that
+his results were of fundamental importance, but as they were so wholly
+unexpected and so opposed to the existing theories, that they would
+reserve their judgment until, at some future time, plants themselves
+could be made to record their answers to questions put to them. This was
+interpreted in certain quarters here as the final rejection of Dr.
+Bose's theories by the Royal Society, and the limited facilities which
+he had in the prosecution of his researches were in danger of being
+withdrawn. And everything was dark for him for the next ten years. The
+only thought that possessed him was how to make the plant give testimony
+by means of its own autograph.
+
+
+LONG DELAYED SUCCESS
+
+And when the night was at its darkest, light gradually appeared, and
+after innumerable difficulties had been overcome his Resonant Recorder
+was perfected, which enabled the plant to tell its own story. And in
+the meantime something still more wonderful came to pass. Hitherto all
+gates had been barred and he had to produce his passports everywhere. He
+now found friends who never asked him for credentials. His time had come
+at last. The Royal Society found his new methods most convincing and
+honoured him by publication of his researches in the Philosophical
+transactions. And his discoveries, which had so long remained in
+obscurity, found enthusiastic acceptance.
+
+Though his theories had thus received acceptance from the leading
+scientific men of the Royal Society, there was yet no general conviction
+of the identity of life reactions in plant and animal. No amount of
+controversy can remove the tendency of the human mind to follow
+precedents. The only thing left was to make the plant itself bear
+witness before the scientific bodies in the West, by means of
+self-records. At the recommendation of the Minister of Education, and of
+the Government of Bengal, the Secretary of State sanctioned his
+scientific deputation to Europe and America.
+
+
+JOURNEY OF INDIAN PLANT ROUND THE WORLD
+
+The special difficulty which he had to contend against lay in the fact
+that the only time during which the plant flourished at all in the West,
+was in the months of July and August, when the Universities and
+scientific societies were in vacation. The only thing left was to take
+the bold step of carrying growing plants from India and trust to human
+ingenuity to keep them alive during the journey. Four plants, two
+Mimosas and two Telegraph plants, were taken in a portable box with
+glass cover, and never let out of sight. In the Mediterranean they
+encountered bitter cold for the first time and nearly succumbed. They
+were unhappier still in the Bay of Biscay, and when they reached London
+there was a sharp frost. They had to be kept in a drawing room lighted
+by gas, the deadly influence of which was discovered the next morning
+when all the plants were found to be apparently killed. Two had been
+killed, and the other two were brought round after much difficulty. The
+plants were at once transferred to the hot-house in Regents Park. For
+every demonstration in Dr. Bose's private Laboratory at Maida Vale, the
+plant had to be brought and returned in a taxicab with closed doors so
+that no sudden chill might kill them. When travelling, the large box in
+which they were, could not be trusted out of sight in the luggage van.
+They had practically to be carried in a reserved compartment. The
+unusual care taken of the box always roused the greatest curiosity, and
+in an incredibly short time large crowds would gather. When travelling
+long distances, for example from London to Vienna, the carriage
+accommodation had to be secured in advance. It was this that saved Dr.
+Bose from being interned in Germany, where he was to commence his
+lectures on the 4th August. He was to start for the University of Bonn
+on the 2nd, but on account of hasty mobilisation of troops in Germany he
+could not secure the reserved accommodation. Two days after came the
+proclamation of War!
+
+
+OUTCOME OF HIS WORK
+
+The success of his scientific mission exceeded his most sanguine
+expectations. The work in which he long persevered in isolation and
+under most depressing difficulties, bore fruit at last. Apart from the
+full recognition that the progress of the world's science would be
+incomplete without India's special contributions, mutual appreciation
+and better understanding resulted from his visit. One of the greatest of
+Medical Institutions, the Royal Society of Medicine, has been pleased to
+regard his address before the society as one of the most important in
+their history and they expected that their science of medicine would be
+materially benefited by the researches that are being carried out by him
+in India. India has also been drawn closer to the great seats of
+learning in the West, to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; for
+there also the methods of inquiry initiated here have found the most
+cordial welcome. Many Indian students find their way to America,
+strangers in a strange land; hitherto they found few to advise and
+befriend them. It will perhaps be different now, since their leading
+Universities have begged from India the courtesy of hospitality for
+their post graduate scholars. Some of these Universities again have
+asked for a supply of apparatus specially invented at Dr. Bose's
+laboratory which in their opinion will mark an epoch in scientific
+advance.
+
+
+THE INEFFABLE WONDER BEHIND THE VEIL
+
+As for the research itself, he said its bearings are not exclusively
+specialistic, but touch the foundation of various branches of science.
+To mention only a few; in medicine it had to deal with the fundamental
+reaction of protoplasm to various drugs, the solution of the problem why
+an identical agent brings about diametrically opposite effects in
+different constitutions; in the science of life it dealt with the new
+comparative physiology by which any specific characteristic of a tissue
+is traced from the simplest type in plant to the most complex in the
+animal; the study of the mysterious phenomenon of death and the
+accurate determination of the death point and the various conditions by
+which this point may be dislocated backwards and forwards; in psychology
+it had to deal with the unravelling of the great mystery that underlies
+memory and tracing it backwards to latent impressions even in the
+inorganic bodies which are capable of subsequent revival; and finally,
+the determination of the special characteristic of that vehicle through
+which sensiferous impulses are transmitted and the possibility of
+changing the intensity and the tone of sensation. All these
+investigations, Dr. Bose said, are to be carried out by new physical
+methods of the utmost delicacy. He had in these years been able to
+remove the obstacles in the path and had lifted the veil so as to catch
+a glimpse of the ineffable wonder that had hitherto been hidden from
+view. The real work, he said, had only just begun.
+
+
+A SOCIAL GATHERING
+
+At the Social Gathering held on the 16th December 1915, in the compound
+of the Calcutta Presidency College, to meet him after his highly
+successful tour through Europe, America and Japan, Dr. Bose spoke as
+follows:--
+
+He said that it was his rare good fortune to have been amply rewarded
+for the hardships and struggles that he had gone through by the generous
+and friendly feelings of his colleagues and the love and trust of his
+pupils. He would say a few words regarding his experience in the
+Presidency College for more than three decades, which he hoped would
+serve to bring all who loved the Presidency College--present and past
+pupils and their teachers--in closer bonds of union. He would speak to
+them what he had learnt after years of patient labour, that the
+impossible became possible by persistent and determined efforts and
+adherence to duty and entire selflessness. The greatest obstacle often
+arises out of foolish misunderstanding of each other's ideals, such as
+the differing points of view, first of the Indian teacher, then of his
+western colleague, and last but not least, the point of view of the
+Indian pupils themselves. In all these respects his experience had been
+wide and varied. He had both been an undergraduate and a graduate of the
+Calcutta University with vivid realization of an Indian student's
+aspirations; he had then become a student of conservative Cambridge and
+democratic London. And during his frequent visits to Europe and America
+he had become acquainted with the inner working of the chief
+universities of the world. Finally he had the unique privilege of being
+connected with the Presidency College for thirty-one years, from which
+no temptation could sever him. He had the deepest sense of the sacred
+vocation of the teacher. They may well be proud of a consecrated
+life--consecrated to what? To the guidance of young lives, to the making
+of men, to the shaping and determining of souls in the dawn of their
+existence, with their dreams yet to be realised.
+
+Education in the West and in the East showed how different customs and
+ways might yet express a common ideal. In India the teacher was, like
+the head of a family, reverenced by his pupils so deeply as to show
+itself by touching the feet of their master. This in no servile act if
+we come to think of it; since it is the expression of the pupils' desire
+for his master's blessings, called down from heaven in an almost
+religious communion of souls. This consecration is renewed every day,
+calling forth patient foresight of the teacher. As the father shows no
+special favour, but lets his love and compassion go out to the weakest,
+so it is with the Indian teacher and his pupil. There is the relation
+something very human, something very ennobling. He would say it was
+essentially human rather than distinctively Eastern. For do we not find
+something very like it in Mediaeval Europe? There too before the coming
+of the modern era with its lack of leisure and its adherence to system
+and machinery, there was a bond as sacred between the master and his
+pupils. Luther used to salute his class every morning with lifted hat,
+"I bow to you, great men of the future, famous administrators yet to be,
+men of learning, men of character who will take on themselves the burden
+of the world." Such is the prophetic vision given to the greatest of
+teachers. The modern teacher from England will set before him an ideal
+not less exalted--regarding his pupils as his comrades, he as an
+Englishman will instill into them greater virility and a greater public
+spirit. This will be his special contribution to the forming of our
+Indian youths.
+
+Turning to the Indian students he could say that it was his good fortune
+never to have had the harmonious relation between teacher and pupils in
+any way ruffled during his long connection with them for more than three
+decades. The real secret of success was in trying at times to see things
+from the student's point of view and to cultivate a sense of humour
+enabling him to enjoy the splendid self-assurance of youth with a
+feeling not unmixed with envy. In essential matters, however, one could
+not wish to meet a better type or one more quickly susceptible to finer
+appeals to right conduct and duty as Indian students. Their faults are
+rather of omission than of commission, since in his experience he formed
+that the moment they realised their teachers to be their friends, they
+responded instantly and did not flinch from any test, however severe,
+that could be laid on them.
+
+--_The Presidency College Magazine._ _Vol. II, pages_ 339-341.
+
+
+
+
+LIGHT VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE
+
+
+On the 14th January 1916, Dr. J. C. Bose delivered a public lecture, on
+Light Visible and Invisible, at the third Indian Science Congress held
+at Lucknow, before a crowded audience which included the
+Lieutenant-Governor (Sir James Meston).
+
+Dr. Bose, in course of his lecture, spoke of the imperfection of our
+senses. Our ear, for example, fails to respond to all sounds. There are
+many sounds to which we are deaf. This was because our ear was tuned to
+answer to the narrow range of eleven octaves of sound vibrations. He
+showed a remarkable experiment of an artificial ear which remained
+irresponsive to various sounds, but when a particular note, to which it
+was tuned, was sounded even at the distant end of the hall, this ear
+picked it up and responded violently. As there were sounds audible and
+inaudible, so there were lights visible and invisible. The imperfection
+of our eye as a detector of ether vibrations was, however, far more
+serious. The eye could detect ether vibrations lying within a single
+octave--between 400 to 800 billion vibrations per second. Comparatively
+slow vibrations of ether did not affect our eye and the disturbances
+they give rise to well-known as electric waves. The electric waves,
+predicted by Maxwell, were discovered by Hertz. These waves were about
+three metres long. They were about ten million times larger than the
+beams of visible light. Dr. Bose showed that the three short electric
+waves have the same property as a beam of light, exhibiting reflections,
+refraction, even total reflection, through a black crystal, double
+refraction, polarisation, and rotation of the plane of polarisation. The
+thinnest film of air was sufficient to produce total reflection of
+visible light with its extremely short wave lengths. But with the new
+electric waves which he produced, Dr. Bose showed that the critical
+thickness of air space determined by the refracting power of the prison
+and by the wave length of electric oscillations. Dr. Bose determined the
+index of refraction of electric waves for different materials, and
+eliminated a difficulty which presented itself in Maxwell's theory as to
+the relation between the index of refraction of light and the
+di-electric constant of insulators. He also measured the wave lengths of
+various oscillations. The order to produce short electric oscillations,
+to detect them and study their optical properties, he had to construct a
+large number of instruments. It was a hard task to produce very short
+electric waves which had enough energy to be detected, but Dr. Bose
+overcame this difficulty by constructing radiators or oscillators of his
+own type, which emitted the shortest waves with sufficient energy. As a
+receiver he used a sensitive metallic coherer, which in itself led to
+new and important discoveries. When electric waves fall on a loose
+contact between two pieces of metals, the resistance of the contact
+changes and a current passes through the contact indicating the
+existence of electrical oscillations. Dr. Bose discovered the surprising
+fact that with potassium metal the resistance of the contact increases
+under the action of electric waves and that this contact exhibits an
+automatic recovery. He found further that the change of the metallic
+contact resistance when acted upon by electric waves, is a function of
+the atomic weight. These phenomena led to a new theory of metallic
+coherers. Before these discoveries it was assumed that the particles of
+the two metallic pieces in contact are, as it were, fused together, so
+that the resistance decreases. But the increasing resistance appearing
+for some elements, led to the theory that the electric forces in the
+waves produced a peculiar molecular action or a re-arrangement of the
+molecules, which may either increase or decrease the contact resistance.
+
+--_Pioneer_,--16-1-1916.
+
+
+
+
+HINDU UNIVERSITY ADDRESS
+
+
+The foundation of the Hindu University was laid by Lord Hardinge on the
+4th February 1916. "Many striking addresses were delivered on the
+occasion. Professor J.C. Bose in his masterly address went to the root
+of the matter and pointed in an inspiring manner what should be done to
+make the Hindu University worthy of its name. He deprecated a repetition
+of the Universities of the West." He said:--
+
+In tracing the characteristic phenomenon of life from simple beginnings
+in that vast region which may be called unvoiced, as exemplified in the
+world of plants, to its highest expression in the animal kingdom, one is
+repeatedly struck by the one dominant fact that in order to maintain an
+organism at the height of its efficiency something more than a
+mechanical perfection of its structure is necessary. Every living
+organism, in order to maintain its life and growth, must be in free
+communion with all the forces of the Universe about it.
+
+
+STIMULUS WITHIN AND WITHOUT
+
+Further, it must not only constantly receive stimulus from without, but
+must also give out something from within, and the healthy life of the
+organism will depend on these two fold activities of inflow and
+outflow. When there is any interference with these activities, then
+morbid symptoms appear, which ultimately must end in disaster and death.
+This is equally true of the intellectual life of a Nation. When through
+narrow conceit a Nation regards itself self-sufficient and cuts itself
+from the stimulus of the outside world, then intellectual decay must
+inevitably follow.
+
+
+SPECIAL FUNCTION OF A NATION
+
+So far as regards the receptive function. Then there is another function
+in the intellectual life of a Nation, that of spontaneous outflow, that
+giving out of its life by which the world is enriched. When the Nation
+has lost this power, when it merely receives, but cannot give out, then
+its healthy life is over, and it sinks into a degenerate existence which
+is purely parasitic.
+
+
+HOW INDIA CAN TEACH
+
+How can our Nation give out of the fulness of the life that is in it,
+and how can a new Indian University help in the realisation of this
+object? It is clear that its power of directing and inspiring will
+depend on its world status. This can be secured to it by no artificial
+means, nor by any strength in the past; and what is the weakness that
+has been paralysing her activities for the accomplishment of any great
+scientific work? There must be two different elements, and these must be
+evenly balanced. Any excess of either will injure it.
+
+
+HOW TO SECURE THIS STATUS
+
+This world status can only be won by the intrinsic value of the great
+contributions to be made by its own Indian scholars for the advancement
+of the world's knowledge. To be organic and vital our new University
+must stand primarily for self-expression, and for winning for India a
+place she has lost. Knowledge is never the exclusive possession of any
+particular race, nor does it recognise geographical limitations. The
+whole world is interdependent, and a constant stream of thought had been
+carried out throughout the ages enriching the common heritage of
+mankind. Although science was neither of the East nor of the West but
+international, certain aspects of it gained richness by reason of their
+place of origin.
+
+In any case if India need to make any contribution to the world it
+should be as great as the hope they cherished for her. Let them not
+talk of the glories of the past till they have secured for her, her true
+place among the intellectual nations of the world. Let them find out how
+she had fallen from her high estate and ruthlessly put an end to all
+that self satisfied and little-minded vanity which had been the cause of
+their fatal weakness. What was it that stood in her way? Was her mind
+paralysed by weak superstitious fears? That was not so; for her great
+thinkers, the Rishis, always stood for freedom of intellect and while
+Galileo was imprisoned and Bruno burnt for their opinions, they boldly
+declared that even the Vedas were to be rejected if they did not conform
+to truth. They urged in favour of persistent efforts for the discovery
+of physical causes yet unknown, since to them nothing was extra-physical
+but merely mysterious because of a hitherto unascertained cause. Were
+they afraid that the march of knowledge was dangerous to true faith? Not
+so. For their knowledge and religion were one.
+
+These are the hopes that animate us. For there is something in the Hindu
+culture which is possessed of extraordinary latent strength by which it
+has resisted the ravages of time and the destructive changes which have
+swept over the earth. And indeed a capacity to endure through infinite
+transformations must be innate in that mighty civilisation which has
+seen the intellectual culture of the Nile Valley, of Assyria and of
+Babylon war and wane and disappear and which to-day gazes on the future
+with the same invincible faith with which it met the past.
+
+--_Modern Review, vol. XIX, pages_ 277, 278.
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF A FAILURE THAT WAS GREAT
+
+
+At the invitation of the President and the committee of the Faridpore
+Industrial Exhibition, Dr. J. C. Bose gave a lecture on the life of his
+father, the late Babu Bhugwan Chunder Bose, who founded the Exhibition
+at Faridpore, where he was the sub-divisional officer, 50 years ago. It
+was published in the Modern Review for February 1917--volume xxi, p.
+221. In course of his address, said Dr. Bose:--
+
+It is the obvious, the insistent, the blatant that often blinds us to
+the essential. And in solving the mystery that underlies life, the
+enlightenment will come not by the study of the complex man, but through
+the simpler plant. It is the unsuspected forces, hidden to the eyes of
+men,--the forces imprisoned in the soil and the stimuli of alternating
+flash of light and the gloomings of darkness these and many others will
+be found to maintain the ceaseless activity which we know as the fulness
+of throbbing life.
+
+This is likewise true of the congeries of life which we call a society
+or a nation. The energy which moves this great mass in ceaseless effort
+to realise some common aspiration, often has its origin in the unknown
+solitudes of a village life. And thus the history of some efforts, not
+forgotten, which emanated from Faridpore, may be found not unconnected
+with which India is now meeting her problems to-day. How did these
+problems first dawn in the minds of some men who forecast themselves by
+half a century? How fared their hopes, how did their dreams become
+buried in oblivion? Where lies the secret of that potency which makes
+certain efforts apparently doomed to failure, rise renewed from beneath
+the smouldering ashes? Are these dead failures, so utterly unrelated to
+some great success that we may acclaim to day? When we look deeper we
+shall find that this is not so, that as inevitable as in the sequence of
+cause and effect, so unrelenting must be the sequence of failure and
+success. We shall find that the failure must be the antecedent power to
+lie dormant for the long subsequent dynamic expression in what we call
+success. It is then and then only that we shall begin to question
+ourselves which is the greater of the two, a noble failure or a vulgar
+success.
+
+As a concrete example, I shall relate the history of a noble failure
+which had its setting in this little corner of the earth. And if some of
+the audience thought that the speaker has been blessed with life that
+has been unusually fruitful, they will soon realise that the power and
+strength that nerved me to meet the shocks of life were in reality
+derived at this very place, where I witnessed the struggle which
+overpowered a far greater life.
+
+
+STIMULUS OF CONTACT WITH WESTERN CULTURE
+
+An impulse from outside reacts on impressionable bodies in two different
+ways, depending on whether the recipient is inert or fully alive. The
+inert is fashioned after the pattern of the impression made on it, and
+this in infinite repetition of one mechanical stamp. But when an
+organism is fully alive, the answering reaction is often of an
+altogether different character to the impinging stimulus. The outside
+shocks stir up the organism to answer feebly or to utmost in ways as
+multitudinous and varied as life itself. So the first impetus of Western
+education impressed itself on some in a dead monotony of imitation of
+things Western; while in others it awakened all that was greatest in the
+national memory. It is the release of some giant force which lay for
+long time dormant. My father was one of the earliest to receive the
+impetus characteristic of the modern epoch as derived from the West. And
+in his case it came to pass that the stimulus evoked the latent
+potentialities of his race for evolving modes of expression demanded by
+the period of transition in which he was placed. They found expression
+in great constructive work, in the restoration of quiet amidst disorder,
+in the earliest effort to spread education both among men and women, in
+questions of social welfare, in industrial efforts, in the establishment
+of people's Bank and in the foundation of industrial and technical
+schools. And behind all these efforts lay a burning love for his country
+and its nobler traditions.
+
+
+MATTERS EDUCATIONAL
+
+In educational matters he had very definite ideas which is now becoming
+more fully appreciated. English schools were at that time not only
+regarded as the only efficient medium for instruction. While my father's
+subordinates sent their children to the English schools intended for
+gentle folks, I was sent to the vernacular school where my comrades were
+hardy sons of toilers and of others who, it is now the fashion to
+regard, were belonging to the depressed classes. From these who tilled
+the ground and made the land blossom with green verdure and ripening
+corn, and the sons of the fisher folk, who told stories of the strange
+creatures that frequented the unknown depths of mighty rivers and
+stagnant pools, I first derived the lesson of that which constitutes
+true manhood. From them too I drew my love of nature. When I came home
+accompanied by my comrades I found my mother waiting for us. She was an
+orthodox Hindu, yet the "untouchableness" of some of my school fellows
+did not produce any misgivings in her. She welcomed and fed all these as
+her own children; for it is only true of the mother heart to go out and
+enfold in her protecting care all those who needed succour and a
+mother's affection. I now realise the object of my being sent at the
+most plastic period of my life to the vernacular school, where I was to
+learn my own language, to think my own thoughts and to receive the
+heritage of our national culture through the medium of our own
+literature. I was thus to consider myself one with the people and never
+to place myself in an equivocal position of assumed superiority. This I
+realised more particularly when later I wished to go to Europe and to
+compete for the Indian Civil Service, his refusal as regards that
+particular career was absolute. I was to rule nobody but myself, I was
+to be a scholar not an administrator.
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF A FAILURE THAT WAS GREAT
+
+There has been some complaint that the experiment of meeting out cut and
+dried moral texts as a part of school routine has not proved to be so
+effective as was expected by their promulgators. The moral education
+which we received in our childhood was very indirect and came from
+listening to stories recited by the 'Kathas' on various incidents
+connected with our great epics. Their effect on our minds was very
+great; this may be because our racial memory makes us more prone to
+respond to certain ideals that have been impressed on the consciousness
+of the nation. These early appeals to our emotions have remained
+persistent; the only difference is that which was there as a narrative
+of incidents more or less historical, is now realised as eternally true,
+being an allegory of the unending struggle of the human soul in its
+choice between what is material and that other something which
+transcends it. The only pictures now in my study are a few frescoes done
+for me by Abanindra Nath Tagore and Nanda Lal Bose. The first fresco
+represents Her, who is the Sustainer of the Universe. She stands
+pedestalled on the lotus of our heart. The world was at peace; but a
+change has come. And She under whose Veil of Compassion we had been
+protected so long, suddenly flings us to the world of conflict. Our
+great epic, the Mahabharata, deals with this great conflict, and the few
+frescoes delineate some of the fundamental incidents. The coming of the
+discord is signalled by the rattle of dice, thrown by Yudhisthira, the
+pawn at stake, being the crown. Two hostile arrays are set in motion,
+mighty Kaurava armaments meeting in shock of battle the Pandava host
+with Arjuna as the leader, and Krishna as his Divine Charioteer. At the
+supreme moment Arjuna had flung down his earthly weapon, Gandiva. It was
+then that the eternal conflict between matter and spirit was decided.
+The next panel shows the outward or the material aspect of victory.
+Behind a foreground of waving flags is seen the battle field of
+Kurukshetra with procession of white-clad mourning women seen by fitful
+lights of funeral pyres. In the last panel is seen Yudhisthira
+renouncing the fruits of his victory setting out on his last journey. In
+front of him lies the vast and sombre plain and mountain peaks, faintly
+visible by gleams of unearthly light, unlocalised but playing here and
+there. His wife and his brothers had fallen behind and dropped one by
+one. There is to be no human companion in his last journey. The only
+thing that stood by him and from which he had never been really
+separated is Dharma or the Spirit of Righteousness.
+
+
+LIFE OF ACTION
+
+Faridpur at that time enjoyed a notoriety of being the stronghold of
+desperate characters, dacoits by land and water. My father had captured
+single-handed one of the principal leaders, whom he sentenced to a long
+term of imprisonment. After release he came to my father and demanded
+some occupation, since the particular vocation in which he had
+specialised was now rendered impossible. My father took the unusual
+course to employ him as my special attendant to carry me, a child of
+four, on his back to the distant village school. No nurse could be
+tenderer than this ex-leader of lawless men, whose profession had been
+to deal out wounds and deaths. He had accepted a life of peace but he
+could not altogether wipe out his old memories. He used to fill my
+infant mind with the stories of his bold adventures, the numerous fights
+in which he had taken part, the death of his companions and his
+hair-breadth escapes. Numerous were the decorations he bore. The most
+conspicuous was an ugly mark on his breast left by an arrow and a hole
+on the thigh caused by a spear thrust. The trust imposed on this
+marauder proved to be not altogether ill placed for once in a river
+journey we were pursued by several long boats filled with armed dacoits.
+When these boats came too near for us to effect an escape the erstwhile
+dacoit leader, my attendant, stood up and gave a peculiar cry, which was
+evidently understood. For the pursuing boats vanished at the signal.
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL EFFORTS
+
+I come now to another period of his life fifty years from now, when he
+foresaw the economic danger that threatened his country. This
+Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition was one of the first means he
+thought of to avert the threatened danger. Here also he attempted to
+bring together other activities. Evening entertainments were given by
+the performances of "Jatras," which have been the expression of our
+national drama and which have constantly enriched our Bengali literature
+by the contributions of village bards and composers. There were athletic
+tournaments also and display of physical strength and endurance. He also
+established here the people's Bank, which is now in a most flourishing
+condition. He established industrial and technical schools, and it was
+there that the inventive bend of my mind received its first impetus. I
+remember the deep impression made on my mind by the form of worship
+rendered by the artisans to Viswakarma God in his aspect as the Great
+Artificer: His hand it was that was moulding the whole creation; and it
+seemed that we were the instruments in his hand, through whom he
+intended to fashion some Great Design.
+
+In practical agriculture my father was among Indians one of the first to
+start a tea industry in Assam, now regarded as one of the most
+flourishing. He gave practically everything in the starting of some
+Weaving Mills. He stood by this and many other efforts in industrial
+developments. The success of which I spoke did not come till long
+after--too late for him to see it. He had come before the country was
+ready, and it happened to him as it must happen to all pioneers. Every
+one of his efforts failed and the crash came. And a great burden fell on
+us which was only lifted by our united effects just before his work here
+was over.
+
+A failure? Yes but not ignoble or altogether futile. Since it was
+through the witnessing of this struggle that the son learned to look on
+success or failure as one, to realise that some defeat was greater than
+victory. And if my life in any way proved to be fruitful, then that came
+through the realisation of this lesson.
+
+To me his life had been one of blessing and daily thanksgiving.
+Nevertheless every one had said that he wrecked his life which was meant
+for far greater things. Few realise that out of the skeletons of myriad
+lives have been built vast continents. And it is on the wreck of a life
+like his and of many such lives there will be built the Greater India
+yet to be. We do not know why it should be so, but we do know that the
+Earth Mother is hungry for sacrifice.
+
+
+
+
+QUEST OF TRUTH AND DUTY
+
+
+Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose delivered the following Address, on the 25th
+February 1917, to the students of the Presidency College on receiving
+their _Arghya_ and congratulations on the occasion of his knighthood. It
+was published in the Modern Review for March 1917--Volume XXI, p. 343.
+
+In your congratulations for the recent honour, you have overlooked a
+still greater that came to me a year ago, when I was gazetted as your
+perpetual professor, so that the tie which binds me to you is never to
+be severed. Thirty-two years ago I sought to be your teacher. For the
+trust that you imposed on me could I do anything less than place before
+you the highest that I knew? I never appealed to your weaknesses but
+your strength. I never set before you that was easy but used all the
+compulsion for the choice of the most difficult. And perhaps as a
+reward for these years of effort I find all over India those who have
+been my pupils occupying positions of the highest trust and
+responsibility in different walks of life. I do not merely count those
+who have won fame and success but I also claim many others who have
+taken up the burden of life manfully and whose life of purity and
+unselfishness has brought gleams of joy in suffering lives.
+
+
+THE LAW UNIVERSAL
+
+Through science I was able to teach you how the seeming veils the real;
+how though the garish lights dazzle and blind us, there are lights
+invisible, which glow persistently after the brief flare burns out. One
+came to realise how all matter was one, how unified all life was. In the
+various expressions of life even in the realm of thought the same
+Universal law prevails. There was no such thing as brute matter, but
+that spirit suffused matter in which it was enshrined. One also realised
+dimly a mysterious Cyclic Law of Change, seen not merely in inorganic
+matter but also in organised life and its highest manifestations. One
+saw how inertness passes into the climax of activity and how that climax
+is perilously near its antithetic decline. This basic change puzzles us
+by its seeming caprice not merely in our physical instruments but also
+in the cycle of individual life and death and in the great cycle of the
+life and death of nations. We fail to see things in their totality and
+we erect barriers that keep kindreds apart. Even science which attempts
+to rise above common limitations, has not escaped the doom which limited
+vision imposes. We have caste in science as in religion and in politics,
+which divides one into conflicting many. The law of Cyclic change
+follows us relentlessly even in the realm of thought. When we have
+raised ourselves to the highest pinnacle, through some oversight we fall
+over the precipice. Men have offered their lives for the establishment
+of truth. A climax is reached after which the custodians of knowledge
+themselves bar further advance. Men who have fought for liberty impose
+on themselves and on others the bond of slavery. Through centuries have
+men striven to erect a mighty edifice in which Humanity might be
+enshrined; through want of vigilance the structure crumbled into dust.
+Many cycles must yet be run and defeats must yet be borne before man
+will establish a destiny which is above change.
+
+And through science I was able to teach you to seek for truth and help
+to discover it yourself. This attitude of detachment may possess some
+advantage in the proper understanding of your duties. You will have,
+besides, the heritage of great ideals that have been handed down to
+you. The question which you have to decide is duty to yourself, to the
+king and to your country. I shall speak to you of the ideals which we
+cherish about these duties.
+
+
+DUTY TO SELF
+
+As regards duty to self, can there be anything so inclusive as being
+true to your manhood? Stand upright and do not be either cringing or
+vulgarly self-assertive. Be righteous. Let your words and deeds
+correspond. Lead no double life. Proclaim what you think right.
+
+
+IDEAL OF KINGSHIP
+
+The Indian ideal of kingship will be clear to you if I recite the
+invocation with which we crowned our kings from the Vedic Times:
+
+     "Be with us. We have chosen thee
+     Let all the people wish for thee
+     Stand steadfast and immovable
+     Be like a mountain unremoved
+     And hold thy kingship in thy grasp."
+
+We have chosen thee, our prayers have consecrated thee, for all the
+wishes of the people went with thee. Thou art to stand as mountain
+unremoved, for thy throne is planted secure on the hearts of thy people.
+Stand steadfast then, for we have endowed thee with power irresistible.
+Fall therefore not away; but let thy sceptre be held firmly in thy
+grasp.
+
+Which is more potent, Matter or Spirit? Is the power with which the
+people endow their king identical with the power of wealth with which we
+enrich him by paying him his Royal dues? We make him irresistible not by
+wealth but by the strength of our lives, the strength of our mind, may,
+we have to pay him more according to our ancient Lawgivers, in as much
+as the eighth part of our deeds and virtues, and the merit we have
+ourselves acquired. We can only make him irresistible by the strength of
+our lives, the strength of our minds, and the strength that comes out of
+righteousness.
+
+
+DUTY TO OUR COUNTRY
+
+And lastly, what are our duties to our country? These are essentially to
+win honour for it and also win for it security and peace. As regards
+winning honour for our country, it is true that while India has offered
+from the earliest times welcome and hospitality to all peoples and
+nationalities her children have been subjected to intolerable
+humiliations in other countries even under the flag of our king.
+
+There can be no question of the fundamental duty of every Indian to
+stand up and uphold the honour of his country and strove for the removal
+of wrong.
+
+The general task of redressing wrong is not a problem of India alone,
+but one in which the righteous men are interested the world over. For
+wrong cries for redress everywhere, in the clashings interests of the
+rich and poor, between capital and labour, between those who hold the
+power and those from whom it has been withheld,--in a word in the
+struggle of the Disinherited.
+
+When any man is rendered unable to uphold his manhood and self-respect
+and woman are deprived of the chivalrous protection and consideration of
+men and subjected to degradation, the general level of manhood or
+womanhood in the world is lowered. It then becomes an outrage to
+humanity and a challenge to all men to safeguard the sacredness of our
+common human nature.
+
+What is the machinery which sets a going a world movement for the
+redress of wrong? For this I need not cite instances from the history of
+other countries but take one which is known to you and in which the
+living actors are still among us. In the midst of the degradation of his
+countrymen in South Africa, there stood up a man himself nurtured in
+luxury, to take up the burden of the disinherited. His wife too stood by
+him, a lady of gentle birth. We all know who that man is--he is
+Gandhi,--and what humiliations and suffering he went through. Do you
+think he suffered in vain and that his voice remained unheard? It was
+not so, for in the great vortex of passion for Justice, there were
+caught others--men like Polak and Andrews. Are they your countrymen? Not
+in the narrow sense of the word but truly in a larger sense, that these
+who choose to bear and suffer belong to one clan the clan from which
+Kshatriya Chivalry is recruited. The removal of suffering and of the
+cause of suffering is the Dharma of the strong Kshatriya. The earth is
+the wide and universal theatre of man's woeful pageant. The question is
+who is to suffer more than his share. Is the burden to fall on the weak
+or the strong? Is it to be under hopeless compulsion or of voluntary
+acceptance?
+
+
+DEFENCE OF HOMELAND
+
+In your services for your country there is no higher at the present
+moment than to ensure for her security and peace. We have so long
+enjoyed the security of peace without being called upon to maintain it.
+But this is no longer so.
+
+At no time within the recent history of India has there been so quick a
+readjustment and appreciation as regards proper understanding of the
+aspiration of the Indian people. This has been due to what India has
+been able to offer not merely in the regions of thought but also in the
+fields of battle.
+
+
+MASS RESPONSE
+
+And remember that when the world is in conflagration, this corner which
+has hitherto escaped it, will not evade the peril which threatens it.
+The march of disaster will then be terribly rapid. You have soon to
+prepare yourself against any hostile sides. You can only withstand it if
+the whole people realise the imminent danger. You can by your thought
+and by your action awaken and influence the multitude. Do not have any
+misgivings about the want of long previous preparations. Have you not
+already seen how mind triumphs over matter and have not some of you with
+only a few months' preparation stood fearless at your post in
+Mesopotamia and won recognition by your calm collectedness and true
+heroism? They may say that you are but a small handful, what of the vast
+illiterate millions? Illiterate in what sense? Have not the ballads of
+these illiterates rendered into English by our Poet touched profoundly
+the hearts of the very elect of the West? Have not the stories of their
+common life appealed to the common kinship of humanity? If you still
+have some doubts about the power of the multitude to respond instantly
+to the call of duty, I shall relate an incident which came within my own
+personal experience. I had gone on a scientific expedition to the
+borders of the Himalayan terrai of Kumaun; a narrow ravine was between
+me and the plateau on the other side. Terror prevailed among the
+villagers on the other side of the ravine; for a tigress had come down
+from the forest. And numerous had been the toll in human lives exacted.
+Petitions had been sent up to the Government and questions had been
+asked in Parliament. A reward of Rs. 500 had been offered. Various
+captains in the army with battery of guns came many a time, but the
+reward remained unclaimed. The murderess of the forest would come out
+even in broad day-light and leisurely take her victims from away their
+companions. Nothing could circumvent her demoniac cunning. When all
+hopes had nearly vanished, the villagers went to Kaloo Singh, who
+possessed an old matchlock. At the special sanction of the Magistrate he
+was allowed to buy a quantity of gunpowder; the bullets he himself made
+by melting bits of lead. With his primitive weapon with the entreaties
+of his villagers ringing in his ears Kaloo Singh started on his perilous
+journey. At midday I was startled by the groanings of some animals in
+pain. The tigress had sprung among a herd of buffalo and with successive
+strokes of its mighty paws had killed two buffaloes and left them in the
+field. Kaloo Singh waited there for the return of the tigress to the
+kill. There was not a tree near by; only there was a low bush behind
+which he lay crouched. After hours of waiting as the sun was going down
+he was taken aback by the sudden apparition of the tigress which stood
+within six feet of him. His limbs had become half paralysed from cold
+and his crouching position. Trying to raise his gun he could take no aim
+as his arm was shaking with involuntary fear. Kaloo Singh explained to
+me afterwards how he succeeded in shaking off his mortal terror. "I
+quietly said to myself, Kaloo Singh, Kaloo Singh, who sent you here? Did
+not the villagers put their trust on you! I could then no longer lie in
+hiding, and I stood up and something strange and invigorating crept up
+strength into my body. All the trembling went and I became as hard as
+steel. The tigress had seen me and with eyes blazing crouched for the
+spring lashing its tail. Only six feet lay between. She sprang and my
+gun also went off at the same time and she missed her aim and fell dead
+close to me." That was how a common villager went off to meet death at
+the call of something for which he could give no name and the mother
+and wife of Kaloo Singh had also bidden him go. There are millions of
+Kaloo Singhs with mother and sisters and wife to send them forth. And
+you too have many loved ones who would themselves bid you arm for the
+defence of your homes.
+
+
+DIFFERENCE OF TEMPERAMENT
+
+The issue is clear, and immediate action is imperative. But action is
+delayed by misunderstanding arising out of temperamental differences
+between the Governing Class and the People. Curiously enough the
+respective responsive characteristics of the Anglo Saxon and the Indians
+are paralleled by the two types of responses seen in all living matter.
+In the one type the response is slow but proportionate to the stimulus
+that excites it. The response grows with the strength of external force.
+In the other it is quite different--here it is an all-or-none principle.
+It either responds to the utmost or nothing at all. This is also
+illustrated in the different racial characteristics. The Anglo Saxon has
+even by his rights by struggle, step by step. The insignificant little
+has, by accumulation, became large, and which has been gained, has been
+gained for all time. But in the Indian the ideal and the emotional are
+the only effective stimulus. The ideal of his King is Rama, who
+renounced his kingdom and even his beloved for an idea. One day a king
+and another day a bare-footed wanderer in the forest! Who cares? All or
+nothing!
+
+The concessions made by a modern form of Government safeguarded by
+necessary limitations may appear almost as grudging gifts. The Indian
+wants something which comes with unhesitating frankness and warmth and
+strikes his ideality and imagination. But ancient and modern kingship
+are sometimes at one in direct and spontaneous pronouncement of the
+royal sympathy. Such was the Proclamation of Queen Victoria which
+stirred to its depths the popular heart.
+
+"In the Prosperity of Our subjects will be our strength, in their
+contentment Our security, in their Gratitude Our best Reward."
+
+That there are increasingly frequent reflexes in our Government to
+popular needs and wishes is happily illustrated at a most opportune
+moment from the statements in the recent _Gazette of India_ and cables
+received from London. In the former we find that the Viceroy and his
+council had recommended the abolition of the system of indentured
+labour. In the telegram from London Mr. Chamberlain states that the
+Viceroy has informed him that Indians will be eligible for commissions
+in the New Defence of India Army.
+
+
+MARCH OF WORLD TRAGEDY
+
+In the meantime the Embodiment of World Tragedy is marching with giant
+strides. Brief will be his hesitation whether he will choose to step
+first to the East or to the West. Already across the Atlantic, they are
+preparing for the dreaded visitation. In the farthest East they have
+long been prepared. We alone are not ready. Pity for our helplessness
+will not stay the impending disaster, rather provoke it. When that
+comes, as assuredly it will unless we are prepared to resist, havoc will
+be let loose and horrors perpetrated before which the imagination quails
+back in dismay.
+
+I have tried to lay before you as dispassionately as I could the issues
+involved. But some of you may cry out and say, we can not live in cold
+scientific and philosophic abstractions. Emotion is more to us than pure
+reasoning. We cannot stay in this indecision which is paralysing our
+wills and crushing the soul out of us. The world is offering their best
+and behold them marching to be immolated so that by the supreme offering
+of death they might win safety and honor for their motherland. There is
+no time for wavering. We too will throw in our lot with those who are
+fighting. They say that by our lives we shall win for our birth-land an
+honoured place in their federation. We shall trust them. We shall stand
+by their side and fight for our home and homeland. And let Providence
+shape the Issue.
+
+
+
+
+THE VOICE OF LIFE
+
+
+The following is the Inaugural Address delivered by Sir J. C. Bose, on
+the 30th November 1917, in dedicating the Bose Institute to the Nation.
+
+I dedicate to-day this Institute--not merely a Laboratory but a Temple.
+The power of physical methods applies for the establishment of that
+truth which can be realised directly through our senses, or through the
+vast expansion of the perceptive range by means of artificially created
+organs. We still gather the tremulous message when the note of the
+audible reaches the unheard. When human sight fails, we continue to
+explore the region of the invisible. The little that we can see is as
+nothing compared to the vastness of that which we cannot. Out of the
+very imperfection of his senses man has built himself a raft of thought
+by which he makes daring adventures on the great seas of the Unknown.
+But there are other truths which will remain beyond even the
+supersensitive methods known to science. For these we require faith,
+tested not in a few years but by an entire life. And a temple is erected
+as a fit memorial for the establishment of that truth for which faith
+was needed. The personal, yet general, truth and faith whose
+establishment this Institute commemorates is this: that when one
+dedicates himself wholly for a great object, the closed doors shall
+open, and the seemingly impossible will become possible for him.
+
+Thirty-two years ago I chose teaching of science as my vocation. It was
+held that by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian mind would
+always turn away from the study of Nature to metaphysical speculations.
+Even had the capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed
+present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were no
+well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too
+true. It is for man not to quarrel with circumstances but bravely accept
+them; and we belong to that race and dynasty who had accomplished great
+things with simple means.
+
+
+FAILURE AND SUCCESS
+
+This day twenty-three years ago, I resolved that as far as the
+whole-hearted devotion and faith of one man counted, that would not be
+wanting and within six months it came about that some of the most
+difficult problems connected with Electric Waves found their solution in
+my Laboratory and received high appreciation from Lord Kelvin, Lord
+Rayleigh and other leading physicists. The Royal Society honoured me by
+publishing my discoveries and offering, of their own accord, an
+appropriation from the special Parliamentary Grant for the advancement
+of knowledge. That day the closed gates suddenly opened and I hoped that
+the torch that was then lighted would continue to burn brighter, and
+brighter. But man's faith and hope require repeated testing. For five
+years after this, the progress was interrupted; yet when the most
+generous and wide appreciation of my work had reached almost the highest
+point there came a sudden and unexpected change.
+
+
+LIVING AND NON-LIVING
+
+In the pursuit of my investigations I was unconsciously led into the
+border region of physics and physiology and was amazed to find boundary
+lines vanishing and points of contact emerge between the realms of the
+Living and Non-living. Inorganic matter was found anything but inert; it
+also was a thrill under the action of multitudinous forces that played
+on it. A universal reaction seemed to bring together metal, plant and
+animal under a common law. They all exhibited essentially the same
+phenomena of fatigue and depression, together with possibilities of
+recovery and of exaltation, yet also that of permanent irresponsiveness
+which is associated with death. I was filled with awe at this stupendous
+generalisation; and it was with great hope that I announced my results
+before the Royal Society,--results demonstrated by experiments. But the
+physiologists present advised me, after my address, to confine myself to
+physical investigations in which my success had been assured, rather
+than encroach on their preserve. I had thus unwittingly strayed into the
+domain of a new and unfamiliar caste system and so offended its
+etiquette. An unconscious theological bias was also present which
+confounds ignorance with faith. It is forgotten that He, who surrounded
+us with this ever-evolving mystery of creation, the ineffable wonder
+that lies hidden in the microcosm of the dust particle, enclosing within
+the intricacies of its atomic form all the mystery of the cosmos, has
+also implanted in us the desire to question and understand. To the
+theological bias was added the misgivings about the inherent bent of the
+Indian mind towards mysticism and unchecked imagination. But in India
+this burning imagination which can extort new order out of a mass of
+apparently contradictory facts, is also held in check by the habit of
+meditation. It is this restraint which confers the power to hold the
+mind in pursuit of truth, in infinite patience, to wait, and reconsider,
+to experimentally test and repeatedly verify.
+
+It is but natural that there should be prejudice, even in science,
+against all innovations; and I was prepared to wait till the first
+incredulity could be overcome by further cumulative evidence.
+Unfortunately there were other incidents and misrepresentations which it
+was impossible to remove from this insulating distance. Thus no
+conditions could have been more desperately hopeless than those which
+confronted me for the next twelve years. It is necessary to make this
+brief reference to this period of my life; for one who would devote
+himself to the search of truth must realise that for him there awaits no
+easy life, but one of unending struggle. It is for him to cast his life
+as an offering, regarding gain and loss, success and failure, as one.
+Yet in my case this long persisting gloom was suddenly lifted. My
+scientific deputation in 1914, from the Government of India, gave the
+opportunity of giving demonstrations of my discoveries before the
+leading scientific societies of the world. This led to the acceptance of
+my theories and results, and the recognition of the importance of the
+Indian contribution to the advancement of the world's science. My own
+experience told me how heavy, sometimes even crushing, are the
+difficulties which confront an inquirer here in India; yet it made me
+stronger in my determination, that I shall make the path of those who
+are to follow me less arduous, and that India, is never to relinquish
+what has been won for her after years of struggle.
+
+
+THE TWO IDEALS
+
+What is it that India is to win and maintain? Can anything small or
+circumscribed ever satisfy the mind of India? Has her own history and
+the teaching of the past prepared her for some temporary and quite
+subordinate gain? There are at this moment two complementary and not
+antagonistic ideals before the country. India is drawn into the vortex
+of international competition. She has to become efficient in every
+way,--through spread of education, through performance of civic duties
+and responsibilities, through activities both industrial and commercial.
+Neglect of these essentials of national duty will imperil her very
+existence; and sufficient stimulus for these will be found in success
+and satisfaction of personal ambition.
+
+But these alone do not ensure the life of a nation. Such material
+activities have brought in the West their fruit, in accession of power
+and wealth. There has been a feverish rush even in the realm of science,
+for exploiting applications of knowledge, not so often for saving as
+for destruction. In the absence of some power of restraint, civilisation
+is trembling in an unstable poise on the brink of ruin. Some
+complementary ideal there must be to save man from that mad rush which
+must end in disaster. He has followed the lure and excitement of some
+insatiable ambition, never pausing for a moment to think of the ultimate
+object for which success was to serve as a temporary incentive. He
+forgot that far more potent than competition was mutual help and
+co-operation in the scheme of life. And in this country through
+milleniums, there always have been some who, beyond the immediate and
+absorbing prize of the hour, sought for the realisation of the highest
+ideal of life--not through passive renunciation, but through active
+struggle. The weakling who has refused the conflict, having acquired
+nothing has nothing to renounce. He alone who has striven and won, can
+enrich the world by giving away the fruits of his victorious experience.
+In India such examples of constant realisation of ideals through work
+have resulted in the formation of a continuous living tradition. And by
+her latent power of rejuvenescence she has readjusted herself through
+infinite transformations. Thus while the soul of Babylon and the Nile
+Valley have transmigrated, ours still remains vital and with capacity of
+absorbing what time has brought, and making it one with itself.
+
+The ideal of giving, of enriching, in fine, of self-renunciation in
+response to the highest call of humanity is the other and complementary
+ideal. The motive power for this is not to be found in personal ambition
+but in the effacement of all littlenesses, and uprooting of that
+ignorance which regards anything as gain which is to be purchased at
+others' loss. This I know, that no vision of truth can come except in
+the absence of all sources of distraction, and when the mind has reached
+the point of rest.
+
+Public life, and the various professions will be the appropriate spheres
+of activity for many aspiring young men. But for my disciples, I call on
+those very few, who, realising inner call, will devote their whole life
+with strengthened character and determined purpose to take part in that
+infinite struggle to win knowledge for its own sake and see truth face
+to face.
+
+
+ADVANCEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE
+
+The work already carried out in my laboratory on the response of matter,
+and the unexpected revelations in plant life, foreshadowing the wonders
+of the highest animal life, have opened out very extended regions of
+inquiry in Physics, in physiology in Medicine, in Agriculture and even
+in Psychology. Problems, hitherto regarded as insoluble, have now been
+brought within the sphere of experimental investigation. These inquiries
+are obviously more extensive than those customary either among
+physicists or physiologists, since demanding interests and aptitudes
+hitherto more or less divided between them. In the study of Nature,
+there is a necessity of the dual view point, this alternating yet
+rhythmically unified interaction of biological thought with physical
+studies, and physical thought with biological studies. The future worker
+with his freshened grasp of physics, his fuller conception of the
+inorganic world, as indeed thrilling with "the promise and potency of
+life" will redouble his former energies of work and thought. Thus he
+will be in a position to win now the old knowledge with finer sieves, to
+research it with new enthusiasm and subtler instruments. And
+thus with thought and toil and time he may hope to bring fresher views
+into the old problems. His handling of these will be at once more vital
+and more kinetic, more comprehensive and unified.
+
+The farther and fuller investigation of the many and ever-opening
+problems of the nascent science which includes both Life and Non-Life
+are among the main purposes of the Institute I am opening to-day; in
+these fields I am already fortunate in having a devoted band of
+disciples, whom I have been training for the last ten years. Their
+number is very limited, but means may perhaps be forthcoming in the
+future to increase them. An enlarging field of young ability may thus be
+available, from which will emerge, with time and labour, individual
+originality of research, productive invention and some day even creative
+genius.
+
+But high success is not to be obtained without corresponding
+experimental exactitude, and this is needed to-day more than ever, and
+to-morrow yet more again. Hence the long battery of supersensitive
+instruments and apparatus, designed here, which stand before in their
+cases in our entrance hall. They will tell you of the protracted
+struggle to get behind the deceptive seeming into the reality that
+remained unseen;--of the continuous toil and persistence and of
+ingenuity called forth for overcoming human limitations. In these
+directions through the ever-increasing ingenuity of device for advancing
+science, I see at no distant future an advance of skill and of invention
+among our workers; and if this skill be assured, practical applications
+will not fail to follow in many fields of human activity.
+
+The advance of science is the principal object of this Institute and
+also the diffusion of knowledge. We are here in the largest of all the
+many chambers of this House of Knowledge--its Lecture Room. In adding
+this feature, and on a scale hitherto unprecedented in a Research
+Institute, I have sought permanently to associate the advancement of
+knowledge with the widest possible civic and public diffusion of it; and
+this without any academic limitations, henceforth to all races and
+languages, to both men and women alike, and for all time coming.
+
+The lectures given here will not be mere repetitions of second-hand
+knowledge. They will announce to an audience of some fifteen hundred
+people, the new discoveries made here, which will be demonstrated for
+the first time before the public. We shall thus maintain continuously
+the highest aim of a great Seat of Learning by taking active part in the
+_advancement_ and diffusion of knowledge. Through the regular
+publication of the Transactions of the Institute, these Indian
+contributions will reach the whole world. The discoveries made will thus
+become public property. No patents will ever be taken. The spirit of our
+national culture demands that we should for ever be free from the
+desecration of utilising knowledge for personal gain. Besides the
+regular staff there will be a selected number of scholars, who by their
+work have shown special aptitude, and who would devote their whole life
+to the pursuit of research. They will require personal training and
+their number must necessarily be limited. But it is not the quantity
+but quality that is of essential importance.
+
+It is my further wish, that as far as the limited accommodation would
+permit, the facilities of this Institute should be available to workers
+from all countries. In this I am attempting to carry out the traditions
+of my country, which so far back as twenty-five centuries ago, welcomed
+all scholars from different parts of the world, within the precincts of
+its ancient seats of learning, at Nalanda and at Taxilla.
+
+
+THE SURGE OF LIFE
+
+With this widened outlook, we shall not only maintain the highest
+traditions of the past but also serve the world in nobler ways. We shall
+be at one with it in feeling the common surgings of life, the common
+love for the good, the true and the beautiful. In this Institute, this
+Study and Garden of Life, the claim of art has not been forgotten, for
+the artist has been working with us, from foundation to pinnacle, and
+from floor to ceiling of this very Hall. And beyond that arch the
+Laboratory merges imperceptibly into the garden, which is the true
+laboratory for the study of Life. There the creepers, the plants and the
+trees are played upon by their natural environments,--sunlight and wind,
+and the chill at midnight under the vault of starry space. There are
+other surroundings also, where they will be subjected to chromatic
+action of different lights, to invisible rays, to electrified ground or
+thunder-charged atmosphere. Everywhere they will transcribe in their own
+script the history of their experience. From this lofty point of
+observation, sheltered by the trees, the student will watch this
+panorama of life. Isolated from all distractions, he will learn to
+attune himself with Nature; the obscuring veil will be lifted and he
+will gradually come to see how community throughout the great ocean of
+life outweighs apparent dissimilarity. Out of discord he will realise
+the great harmony.
+
+
+THE OUTLOOK
+
+These are the dreams that wove a network round my wakeful life for many
+years past. The outlook is endless, for the goal is at infinity. The
+realisation cannot be through one life or one fortune but through the
+co-operation of many lives and many fortunes. The possibility of a
+fuller expansion will depend on very large endowments. But a beginning
+must be made, and this is the genesis of the foundation of this
+Institute. I came with nothing and shall return as I came; if something
+is accomplished in the interval, that would indeed be a privilege. What
+I have I will offer, and one who had shared with me the struggles and
+hardships that had to be faced, has wished to bequeath all that is hers
+for the same object. In all my struggling efforts I have not been
+altogether solitary while the world doubted, there had been a few, now
+in the City of Silence, who never wavered in their trust.
+
+Till a few weeks ago it seemed that I shall have to look to the future
+for securing the necessary expansion of scope and for permanence of the
+Institute. But response is being awakened in answer to the need. The
+Government have most generously intimated their desire to sanction
+grants towards placing the Institute on a permanent basis the extent of
+which will be proportionate to the public interest in this national
+undertaking. Out of many who would feel an interest in securing adequate
+Endowment, the very first donations have come from two of the merchant
+princes of Bombay, to whom I had been personally unknown.
+
+A note that touched me deeply came from some girl students of the
+Western Province, enclosing their little contribution "for the service
+of our common motherland." It is only the instinctive mother-heart that
+can truly realise the bond that draws together the nurselings of the
+common homeland. There can be no real misgiving for the future when at
+the country's call man offers the strength of his life and woman her
+active devotion, she most of all, who has the greater insight and larger
+faith because of the life of austerity and self-abnegation. Even a
+solitary wayfarer in the Himalayas has remembered to send me message of
+cheer and good hope. What is it that has bridged over the distance and
+blotted out all differences? That I will come gradually to know; till
+then it will remain enshrined as a feeling. And I go forward to my
+appointed task, undismayed by difficulties, companioned by the kind
+thoughts of my well-wishers, both far and near.
+
+
+INDIA'S SPECIAL APTITUDES IN CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
+
+The excessive specialisation of modern science in the West has led to
+the danger of losing sight of the fundamental fact that there can be but
+one truth, one science which includes all the branches of knowledge. How
+chaotic appear the happenings in Nature? Is nature a Cosmos! in which
+the human mind is some day to realise the uniform march of sequence,
+order and law? India through her habit of mind is peculiarly fitted to
+realise the idea of unity, and to see in the phenomenal world an orderly
+universe. This trend of thought led me unconsciously to the dividing
+frontiers of different sciences and shaped the course of my work in its
+constant alternations between the theoretical and the practical, from
+the investigation of the inorganic world to that of organised life and
+its multifarious activities of growth, of movement, and even of
+sensation. On looking over a hundred and fifty different lines of
+investigations carried on during the last twenty-three years, I now
+discover in them a natural sequence. The study of Electric Waves led to
+the devising of methods for the production of the shortest electric
+waves known and these bridged over the gulf between visible and
+invisible light; from this followed accurate investigation on the
+optical properties of invisible waves, the determination of the
+refractive powers of various opaque substances, the discovery of effect
+of air film on total reflection and the polarising properties of
+strained rocks and of electric tourmalines. The invention of a new type
+of self-recovering electric receiver made of galena was the fore-runner
+of application of crystal detectors for extending the range of wireless
+signals. In physical chemistry the detection of molecular change in
+matter under electric stimulation, led to a new theory of photographic
+action. The fruitful theory of stereochemistry was strengthened by the
+production of two kinds of artificial molecules, which like the two
+kinds of sugar, rotated the polarised electric wave either to the right
+or to the left. Again the 'fatigue' of my receivers led to the discovery
+of universal sensitiveness inherent in matter as shown by its electric
+response. It was next possible to study this response in its
+modification under changing environment, of which its exaltation under
+stimulants and its abolition under poisons are among the most
+astonishing outward manifestations. And as a single example of the many
+applications of this fruitful discovery, the characteristics of an
+artificial retina gave a clue to the unexpected discovery of "binocular
+alternation of vision" in man;--each eye thus supplements its fellow by
+turns, instead of acting as a continuously yoked pair, as hitherto
+believed.
+
+
+PLANT LIFE AND ANIMAL LIFE
+
+In natural sequence to the investigations of the response in 'inorganic'
+matter, has followed a prolonged study of the activities of plant-life
+as compared with the corresponding functioning of animal life. But since
+plants for the most part seem motionless and passive, and are indeed
+limited in their range of movement, special apparatus of extreme
+delicacy had to be invented, which should magnify the tremor of
+excitation and also measure the perception period of a plant to a
+thousandth part of a second. Ultra-microscopic movements were measured
+and recorded; the length measured being often smaller than a fraction
+of a single wave-length of light. The secret of plant life was thus for
+the first time revealed by the autographs of the plant itself. This
+evidence of the plant's own script removed the long-standing error which
+divided the vegetable world into sensitive and insensitive. The
+remarkable performance of the Praying Palm Tree of Faridpore, which
+bows, as if to prostrate itself, every evening, is only one of the
+latest instances which show that the supposed insensibility of plants
+and still more of rigid tree is to be ascribed to wrong theory and
+defective observation. My investigations show that all plants, even the
+trees, are fully alive to changes of environment; they respond visibly
+to all stimuli, even to the slight fluctuations of light caused by a
+drifting cloud. This series of investigations has completely established
+the fundamental identity of life-reactions in plant and animal, as seen
+in a similar periodic insensibility in both, corresponding to what we
+call sleep; as seen in the death-spasm, which takes place in the plant
+as in the animal. This unity in organic life is also exhibited in that
+spontaneous pulsation which in the animal is heart-beat; it appears in
+the identical effects of stimulants, anaesthetics and of poisons in
+vegetable and animal tissues. This physiological identity in the effect
+of drugs is regarded by leading physicians as of great significance in
+the scientific advance of Medicine; since here we have a means of
+testing the effect of drugs under conditions far simpler than those
+presented by the patient far subtler too, as well as more humane than
+those of experiments on animals.
+
+Growth of plants and its variations under different treatment is
+instantly recorded by my Crescograph. Authorities expect this method of
+investigation will advance practical agriculture; since for the first
+time we are able to analyse and study separately the conditions which
+modify the rate of growth. Experiments which would have taken months and
+their results vitiated by unknown changes, can now be carried out in a
+few minutes.
+
+Returning to pure science, no phenomena in plant life are so extremely
+varied or have yet been more incapable of generalisation than the
+"tropic" movements, such as the twining of tendrils, the heliotropic
+movements of some towards and of others away from light, and the
+opposite geotropic movements of the root and shoot, in the direction of
+gravitation or away from it. My latest investigations recently
+communicated to the Royal Society have established a single fundamental
+reaction which underlies all these effects so extremely diverse.
+
+Finally, I may say a word of that other new and unexpected chapter which
+is opening out from my demonstration of nervous impulse in plants. The
+speed with which the nervous impulse courses through the plant has been
+determined; its nervous excitability and the variation of that
+excitability have likewise been measured. The nervous impulse in plant
+and in man is found exalted or inhibited under identical conditions. We
+may even follow this parallelism in what may seem extreme cases. A plant
+carefully protected under glass from outside shocks, looks sleek and
+flourishing; but its higher nervous function is then found to be
+atrophied. But when a succession of blows is rained on this effect and
+bloated specimen, the shocks themselves create nervous channels and
+arouse anew the deteriorated nature. And is it not shocks of adversity,
+and not cotton-wool protection, that evolve true manhood?
+
+A question long perplexing physiologists and psychologists alike is that
+concerned with the great mystery that underlies memory. But now through
+certain experiments I have carried out, it is possible to trace "memory
+impressions" backwards even in inorganic matter, such latent impressions
+being capable of subsequent revival. Again the tone of our sensation is
+determined by the intensity of nervous excitation that reaches the
+central perceiving organ. It would theoretically be possible to change
+the tone or quality of our sensation, if means could be discovered by
+which the nervous impulse would become modified during transit.
+Investigation on nervous impulse in plants has led to the discovery of
+a controlling method, which was found equally effective in regard to the
+nervous impulse in animal.
+
+Thus the lines of physics, of physiology and of psychology converge and
+meet. And here will assemble those who would seek oneness amidst the
+manifold. Here it is that the genius of India should find its true
+blossoming.
+
+The thrill in matter, the throb of life, the pulse of growth, the
+impulse coursing through the nerve and the resulting sensations, how
+diverse are these and yet how unified! How strange it is that the tremor
+of excitation in nervous matter should not merely be transmitted but
+transmuted and reflected like the image on a mirror, from a different
+plane of life, in sensation and in affection, in thought and in emotion.
+Of these which is more real, the material body or the image which is
+independent of it? Which of these is undecaying, and which of these is
+beyond the reach of death?
+
+It was a woman in the Vedic times, who when asked to take her choice of
+the wealth that would be hers for the asking, inquired whether that
+would win for her deathlessness. What would she do with it, if it did
+not raise her above death? This has always been the cry of the soul of
+India, not for addition of material bondage, but to work out through
+struggle her self-chosen destiny and win immortality. Many a nation had
+risen in the past and won the empire of the world. A few buried
+fragments are all that remain as memorials of the great dynasties that
+wielded the temporal power. There is, however, another element which
+find its incarnation in matter, yet transcends its transmutation and
+apparent destruction: that is the burning flame born of thought which
+has been handed down through fleeting generations.
+
+Not in matter, but in thought, not in possessions or even in attainments
+but in ideals, are to be found the seed of immortality. Not through
+material acquisition but in generous diffusion of ideas and ideals can
+the true empire of humanity be established. Thus to Asoka to whom
+belonged this vast empire, bounded by the inviolate seas, after he had
+tried to ransom the world by giving away to the utmost, there came a
+time when he had nothing more to give, except one half of an _Amlaki_
+fruit. This was his last possession and anguished cry was that since he
+had nothing more to give, let the half of the _Amlaki_ be accepted as
+his final gift.
+
+Asoka's emblem of the _Amlaki_ will be seen on the cornices of the
+Institute, and towering above all is the symbol of the thunderbolt. It
+was the Rishi Dadhichi, the pure and blameless, who offered his life
+that the divine weapon, the thunderbolt, might be fashioned out of his
+bones to smite evil and exalt righteousness. It is but half of the
+_Amlaki_ that we can offer now. But the past shall be reborn in a yet
+nobler future. We stand here to-day and resume work to-morrow so that by
+the efforts of our lives and our unshaken faith in the future we may all
+help to build the greater India yet to be.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRAYING PALM OF FARIDPUR
+
+
+Under the presidency of Lord Ronaldshay Sir J. C. Bose delivered a
+lecture on Friday the 4th January 1918, at the "Bose Institute" on 'The
+Praying Palm-tree.' He said:
+
+Perhaps no phenomenon is so remarkable and shrouded with greater mystery
+as the performances of a particular palm tree near Faridpore. In the
+evening while the temple bells ring calling upon people to prayer, this
+tree bows down as if prostrate itself. It erects its head again in the
+morning, and this process is repeated every day during the year. This
+extraordinary phenomenon has been regarded as miraculous, and pilgrims
+have been attracted in great numbers. It is alleged that offerings made
+to the tree, that is to say to the custodian of the tree, have been the
+means effecting marvellous cures. It is not necessary to pronounce any
+opinion on the subject; these cures may be taken as effective as other
+faith cures now so fashionable in the West.
+
+I first obtained photographs of the two positions which proved the
+phenomenon to be real. The next thing was to devise special apparatus to
+record continuously the movement of the tree day and night. But
+difficulties were encountered in getting the consent of the proprietor
+to attach foreign instruments to the sacred tree. His misgivings were
+however removed when it was explained that the instruments were pure
+Swadeshi, being made in my Laboratory. The records of the Palm Tree
+showed that it fell with the rise of temperature, and rose with the
+fall. Records obtained with other trees brought out the extraordinary
+and unsuspected fact that all trees are moving--such movements being in
+response to changes in their environment.
+
+
+SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE?
+
+That not a "Mimosa" alone, but all plants are sensitive was demonstrated
+by some striking experiments. A spiral tendril, under electric shock was
+shown to writhe imitating the contortions of a tortured worm. In
+ordinary plants, all sides being equally sensitive contraction takes
+place on all directions with resulting neutral effect. Another striking
+experiment was to show how ordinary plants could be made sensitive by
+the mere process of amputation of the balancing half? Further
+experiments were shown demonstrating the effects of light, of warmth and
+other stimuli on the plant. Warmth worked antagonistically to light. The
+numerous permutations brought about by two changing variations were
+shown by a mechanical hand, which traced most complicated curves. In
+actual life the number of changing factors are very numerous, hence the
+intricacy involved in the manifestations of life.
+
+The experiments that have been shown will help the audience to realise
+in some measure that the world we live in is not a theatre of caprice or
+chance, but that an all pervading law holds and regulates its destiny.
+We have seen that the vast expanse of life which is unvoiced, seemingly,
+so impassive, is instinct with sensibility. Thus the whole of the
+vegetable world, including rigid trees perceive the changes in their
+environment and respond to them by unmistakable signals. They thrill
+under light and become depressed by darkness; the warmth of summer and
+frost of winter, drought and rain, these and many other happenings
+leave a subtle impression on the life of the plant. By invention of
+apparatus of extreme delicacy, it is possible to make the plant itself
+write down the history of its own experience in a hieroglyphic which it
+is possible to decipher. From these pages, taken from the diary of the
+plant, it will perhaps be possible some day to get an insight into the
+great mystery that surrounds life itself. For I shall in the course of
+lectures given here show how the life of plants is a mere reflection of
+our own. I shall show how shocks and wounds affect them as they affect
+animals; how a common death-throb marks the crisis when life passes into
+death. The exuberance of life, on the other hand, will be shown by
+pulsing throbs of animal's heart and spontaneous beat in vegetal
+tissues. Another aspect of this exuberance will be shown in the
+imperceptible growth of plants. My recently invented Crescograph, to be
+exhibited at my lecture a fortnight hence, will magnify growth a
+million-fold and record ultra microscopic movements, smaller than a
+single wave length of light. By this apparatus growth will be
+instantaneously recorded and conditions which foster or inhibit growth
+discriminated. I shall demonstrate my discovery of the nervous system in
+plants, and show how shocks from without pass within, and how this
+nervous impulse modified during transit. It will further be shown how
+various stimulants, anesthetics and poison induce effects which are
+identical in man and in plant. It will be obvious how these studies
+will open new fields of inquiry in different branches of science; in
+Physiology and Psychology; in Medicine and in Agriculture.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 7-1-1918.
+
+
+
+
+VISUALISATION OF GROWTH
+
+
+Sir J. C. Bose delivered on the 18th January 1918, at the Bose
+Institute, the second of the series of discourses on revelations of
+plant life. This time the audience had the opportunity of witnessing the
+working of Bose's newly perfected Crescograph which is undoubtedly one
+of the marvels in modern Science. For this apparatus gives a visual
+demonstration of movements which are far beyond the highest powers of
+microscope. The invisible internal workings of life are thus for the
+first time revealed to man.
+
+
+LAW VERSUS CAPRICE
+
+The lecturer first described the infinite variations in life reactions
+in plants. The same external stimulus, he said apparently produces one
+effect in one plant; and precisely opposite in another. Some leaves move
+towards light; others are repelled by it. The root bends towards the
+centre of the earth, the shoot rises above away from it. Numerous other
+"tropic" movements are caused by contact, by electricity, by moisture
+and by invisible radiations. These effects appear so extremely diverse
+and capricious that some of the leading physiologists were forced to
+come to the conclusion that there was no law guiding such movement, but
+that the plant decides for itself what should be the effect of external
+conditions on it.
+
+
+RECORD OF GROWTH
+
+Most of these tropic movements are brought about by changes induced in
+growth by the action of different forces. But growth is so excessively
+slow that slight changes induced in it is impossible of detection. The
+proverbially slow paced snail moves two thousand times faster than the
+growing point of a plant. Hence to visualise growth and its changes,
+apparatus has to be invented which would magnify growth something like a
+million times. If such a thing were possible the pace of the snail
+would be quickened to the speed of a rifle bullet. The difficulties in
+connection with the devising and construction of apparatus with this
+extraordinary power appeared at first an impossibility. The Jewels for
+the fittings of the apparatus could not be found fine enough. The
+lecturer had to discard ordinary jewels for diamonds, such bearings
+being only made in Germany. But the outbreak of the war put an end to
+this source of supply. He had then to turn to resources available in
+India.
+
+
+ADVANCE OF AGRICULTURE
+
+The invention of method for immediate record of growth and its
+variations under various conditions is one of immense practical
+importance. Experiments on gigantic scales are in progress all over the
+world for this purpose. At Rothamstead, this work has been going on for
+more than half a century. The great Department of Agriculture in
+Mashington spends millions every year on such experiments, there being a
+thousand men employed in research. Recently many experiments have been
+undertaken on the effect of electricity on growth. The results obtained
+have been mostly contradictory. For real advance in agriculture we must
+first discover the laws of growth. Ordinary experiments on growth are of
+little value because they take weeks for detecting changes of growth
+which might have been brought about by charges in the environment. The
+only satisfactory method is to devise an apparatus which would make the
+plant itself record the rate of its growth, and the changes induced by
+food or treatment in the course of less than a minute, during which
+short time it is possible to maintain external conditions constant.
+
+
+THE MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH
+
+All the difficulties connected with the devising of apparatus has been
+completely removed by the lecturer's successful invention of his new
+magnetic crescograph in which practically unlimited magnification is
+obtained without the difficulties arising from the unavoidable friction
+of bearings. Magnetic forces are so exactly balanced that a disturbance
+in the balance caused by slightest movements such as that of growth is
+magnified ten millions of times. The application of this new principle
+will be of great importance in various investigations in Physics.
+
+Sir J. C. Bose next demonstrated some marvellous results obtained with
+his apparatus. A seedling which on account of the Winter season appeared
+stationary jotted down by taps on a moving plate, the rate of its
+growth. The application of a chemical instantly arrested this growth,
+but an antidote timely applied, not only removed the torpor but
+enhanced the growth at an enormous rate. The life of the plant became
+pliant at the will of the experimenter, and nothing appeared more
+marvellous than the realisation that man has the power to pierce the
+veil that shrouds the mystery that had hitherto baffled him.
+
+The lecturer explained how the effect of a given agent--a chemical
+solution or an electric current--is profoundly modified by the dose a
+given intensity, producing one effect and a different intensity giving
+rise to an effect diametrically opposite. This is the reason of the
+inexplicable anomalies which have baffled many investigators. Numerous
+are the forces which act on growth some helping, others retarding, the
+effects being further modified by the strength and duration of
+application. These factors that determine growth are each to be studied
+in detail, and the laws of effect of each to be discovered. There can be
+no real advance in scientific agriculture until this is done.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 19-1-1918.
+
+
+
+
+SIR J. C. BOSE AT BOMBAY.
+
+
+There was a brilliant gathering at the Royal Opera House on Tuesday the
+22nd January 1918, when Sir Jagadis Bose gave a deeply interesting
+lecture on the history of the inception of his Institute in Calcutta and
+its aims together with an exposition of his scientific researches
+illustrated by lantern slides. The theatre was full long before the
+lecture commenced and several prominent people were present the bulk of
+the audience consisting of Indians.
+
+Mr. Tilak in introducing the distinguished lecturer to the audience
+referred to Professor Bose's lasting services not only to the Indian
+nation but to the whole world. These references to Dr. Bose and his work
+elicited frequent applause from the large audience.
+
+
+A FIFTY THOUSAND RUPEES LECTURE.
+
+Sir Jagadis, who was accorded a most enthusiastic ovation on rising to
+address the gathering, acknowledged his gratitude to the public of
+Bombay who proved their appreciation of his work by their presence there
+that evening, and the fact that they had subscribed Rs. 50,000 for the
+occasion. He then gave a brief explanatory account of the nature and
+scope of his work, which he had planned and carried out alone for many
+years amidst many and varied difficulties. He gave an exposition by the
+aid of one of the delicate instruments of his own invention of how
+plants respond to various sounds and tunes and the beautiful colour
+display which was observed in this connection appeared as though he were
+a magician with a wand.
+
+
+PLANTS UNDER ANAESTHETICS
+
+The Doctor explained the meaning and significance of the thunderbolt
+which has been adopted as the symbol of the institution. He explained
+also the special uses to which the various parts of the buildings would
+be put. The fact was brought out that the entire building and grounds
+had been designed to suit the special needs of the Institute and care
+had been taken to make it as far as possible self contained. An
+interesting feature of the garden close to that portion which forms the
+residence of Sir Jagadis was the open platform perched above two trees,
+transplanted under anaesthetic conditions. A variety of apparatus is
+displayed under these trees and the platform is intended for
+observation or meditation or both. Dr. Bose here explained how trees
+when transplanted frequently died under the shock of the operation just
+as human being sometimes died, not from an operation but from the shock
+caused thereby. Similarly he had discovered and proved that trees could,
+like human beings, go through severe operations and survive the shock,
+if placed under the influence of an anaesthetic.
+
+
+SOME PHENOMENA OF PLANT LIFE
+
+The Professor explained next other experiments which he had performed on
+plants and whose results had exhibited the close parallel which plant
+life bears to human life. With the aid of another delicate instrument he
+showed how the growth of plants can be influenced by drugs and the
+demonstration on the screen of the manner in which the slow growth of a
+plant can be thus expedited was one of extraordinary interest. One was
+able to see the flame of life moving up the screen and recording at
+intervals the stages of growth, a lengthening of the intervals between
+each recorded glow illustrating the acceleration of growth as soon as
+the drug was applied. The instruments necessary to record this
+phenomenon are of extraordinary delicacy, and barely survived the strain
+of the journey from Calcutta.
+
+
+ELECTRICITY AND AGRICULTURE
+
+The last experiment was in regard to the effect of electricity on plant
+life. He referred particularly to the fact that it was his aim to
+discover the law of growth and atrophy among plants. Such a discovery
+had a great bearing on the future of agriculture and would revolutionise
+world thought. Electricity, he explained and illustrated, would promote
+or retard the growth of life by reaction. In England and other countries
+electricity had been applied to agriculture but without exact knowledge
+of its varying effect on plant life. He then showed by another apparatus
+of extreme delicacy that electricity might retard and even repel as well
+as promote the growth of plant life. But if the law of growth and decay
+could be ascertained, it was possible to regulate the control of life
+under most varied conditions.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 29-1-1918.
+
+
+
+
+UNITY OF LIFE
+
+
+Under the auspices of the Bombay University, Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose
+delivered on Thursday, the 31st January 1918, a lecture on the "Unity of
+Life." It was illustrated by lantern slides and an instructive
+exposition was given of some of his unique discoveries in the realm of
+Plant Life....
+
+
+HIDDEN HISTORY IN PLANTS LIFE
+
+"The subject of my address to-night is the 'Unity of Life.' Under a
+placid exterior there is a hidden history on the life of the plant. Is
+it possible to make the plants write down their own autographs and thus
+reveal their history? In order to succeed in this we have first to
+discover some compulsive force which will make the plant give an
+answering signal, secondly, we have to invent some instrument of extreme
+delicacy for the automatic conversion of these signals into an
+intelligent script; and last of all, we have ourselves to learn the
+nature of the hieroglyphics."
+
+Sir J. C. Bose then explained the principle of his epoch-making Resonant
+Recorder which writes down the perception period of the plant within a
+thousandth part of a second, and writes down the action of light and
+warmth and drugs on the plant; the effect of vitiated air, of passing
+clouds, of excess of food and of drink.
+
+"The plant is very human in its virtues and weakness. Plants like
+animals become exalted, grow tired or despond. An easy green-house life
+makes them less than themselves, overgrown and flabby, capable of
+response, till they have become hardened by adversity to a fuller
+existence. A time comes when after an answer to a supreme shock, there
+is a sudden end of the plant's power to give any further response. This
+supreme shock is the shock of death. Even in this crisis there is no
+immediate change in the placid appearance of the plant. Drooping and
+withering are events that occur long after death itself. How does the
+plant then give its last answer? In man at the critical moment a spasm
+passes through the whole body and similarly in the plant I find a great
+contractile spasm takes place. This is accompanied by an electrical
+spasm also. In the script of the Death Recorder the line that up to this
+time was being drawn, become suddenly reversed and then ends. This is
+the last answer of the plant.
+
+"These our mute companions, silently growing beside our door, have now
+told us the tale of their life-tremulousness and their death-spasm in
+script that is as inarticulate as they. May it not be said that this
+story has a pathos of its own beyond any that we may have conceived?
+
+"We have now before our mind's eye the whole organism of the perceiving,
+throbbing and responding plant, a complex unity and not a congeries of
+unrelated parts. The barriers which separated kindred phenomena in the
+plant and animal are now thrown down. Thus community throughout the
+great ocean of life is seen to outweigh apparent dissimilarity Diversity
+is swallowed up in unity.
+
+"In realising this, is our sense of final mystery of things deepened or
+lessened? Is our sense of wonder diminished when we realise in the
+infinite expanse of life that is silent and voiceless the foreshadowings
+of more wonderful complexities? Is it not rather that science evokes in
+us a deeper sense of awe? Does not each of her new advances gain for us
+a step in that stairway of rock which all must climb who desire to look
+from the mountain tops of the spirit upon the promised land of truth?"
+
+Sir Jagadis then gave a most interesting exposition of his researches
+with the aid of magic lantern slides.
+
+
+SENSITIVENESS IN PLANTS
+
+Referring first of all his discovery of sensitiveness in plants, he said
+that in that respect they were akin to the human system. He illustrated
+this truth by a demonstration of the reaction that takes place in the
+frog when a shock is communicated and side by side presenting the
+reaction that is similarly effected in the plant. "Plants have a nervous
+system like our own," he said, and with the aid of an enlarged
+illustration of the mimosa he showed the changes that took place when
+the plant was disturbed. Turning to plant autograph, he spoke of the
+Resonant Recorder, a special apparatus which he has invented to prove
+how even plants are tuned to environment. Certain tunes had no effect on
+plants, he said, while others had and he asked them specially to observe
+the beautiful and variegated colour formation produced by their response
+to tunes. He gave an interesting experiment on this point, and both Lord
+and Lady Willingdon tried it. There was a great outburst of cheering,
+which was renewed each time the effect was produced, and it was noticed
+that the cheering, which was vociferous had its own effect. It had taken
+him a long time, he said, to produce and perfect the complete apparatus
+to determine the latent mimosa and by the aid of that apparatus, he was
+able to record the movement of the plant to one thousandth of a second.
+
+He next went on to say that all plants were endowed like ourselves, but
+at first the news was received with great scepticism. He did not
+despair, however, of success and was continuously engaged in
+discovering, in collecting fresh evidence. Thanks to the action of the
+Government of India in sending him on a world tour, he got at last the
+opportunity to prove before the scientific societies of the world, the
+truth of his discoveries. An illustration of the Mimosa which has
+accompanied him in his world tour was screened.
+
+The next illustration was to show how long plants took to feel shock and
+what time they took to recover. Like the great human system plants were
+subject to periodic conscianimal [_sic._, consciousness?] had their
+periods of sleep and awakening. The extra water pressure produced during
+sunset had nothing to do with true sleep. Plants, too, were subject to
+exaltation and depression and at certain hours of the day they were
+fully conscious and active while at other hours they were dormant and
+lazy. He showed by means of a chart that they were fast asleep between 6
+and 9 in the morning and his humorous remark that in that respect they
+had taken a leaf from our modern society ladies provoked a great deal of
+laughter. A series of records were then shown to illustrate the various
+degrees of plant consciousness, which were deeply appreciated by the
+audience.
+
+Proceeding Dr. Bose said that plants were far more conscious of nature
+than human beings and described his experience how plants were sensitive
+even to passing clouds, which produced on them a depressing effect. He
+spoke of the difference between thin and wiry grown plants and those
+that were stout and robust. In that respect they resembled again human
+beings and thin and wiry grown plants were far more susceptible of
+excitement than the others. They, too, needed rest and without it, they
+were flabby and depressed. A cartoon from the London "Punch" entitled "A
+successful Trial" was screened to the merriment of the audience, in
+which the Professor was humorously depicted by that journal, after his
+exposition before the Royal Institute in London. He gave an illustration
+of the "Praying Palm of Faridpur" and the changes it exhibited to
+environment. All plants displayed similar power and these changes were
+no longer inscrutable. They had been brought within the realm of
+scrutability [_sic._] and could be recorded.
+
+
+"PROTECTING" PLANTS
+
+It was a mistake to suppose that when "protected" plants would thrive
+better. Mothers had a tendency to keep their children away from contact
+with the outside world with a view to "protect" them. He had placed a
+plant under a glass case and the effect of it was he had a gloated and
+effete specimen, flabby-looking in appearance and weary under adversity,
+they recovered sooner and their growth was healthy just as it evolved
+true manhood in men. It had been commonly believed that carbonic acid
+gas was conducive to plant growth. That was a great mistake. In
+sunshine, plants readily absorbed it; but it was no more true that
+plants thrived on CO_2, than did human beings. He illustrated the effect
+of carbonic acid gas as well as oxygen. The latter was as much necessary
+for plants to thrive on as it was for them. Another illustration
+exhibited the effect of alcohol on plants and he declared amidst
+laughter that alcohol produced the same alternate maudlin depression and
+exaltation on plants that is to be observed on the human system. He said
+that this experiment had tickled the Americans a great deal and referred
+to a conversation he had with Mr. Bryan, who was a teetotaller,
+regarding alcohol given to plants. Some American papers had given
+characteristic headlines to introduce his lecture on the effect of
+stimulus to plants.
+
+Another plant Desmodium which has accompanied him in his world tour was
+filmed on the screen. He spoke, next, of the apparatus which he had
+invented to record plant pulsation and the struggle they exhibited
+between life and death. Poisons had as much effect on plants as on men,
+and they could be revived by applying antidotes, this was illustrated by
+another chart. Another point of interest dealt with by him was the
+effect of warm water on plants, and he gave an exposition of his
+discovery to show that plants died when placed in 60 degree (centigrade)
+warm water. He referred to the stupendous phenomenon of invisible
+writing by means of which the plant recorded its own evolution.
+
+The lecture was listened to with profound interest and lasted for an
+hour. Mr. Setalvad proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the Chancellor
+for presiding at the meeting. Lord Willingdon, in acknowledging it, said
+that the vote of thanks was due to Sir Jagadis rather than to himself.
+As he had anticipated in the beginning, the lecture had proved
+absorbingly interesting and he was afraid Sir Jagadis's discoveries
+might be positively alarming when he next visited Bombay. He hoped that
+they would accord Sir Jagadis a hearty vote of thanks with "true Bombay
+cordiality." After a few suitable remarks by Sir Jagadis the meeting
+terminated.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 5-2-1918.
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTOMATIC WRITING OF THE PLANT
+
+
+On the 8th February 1918, Sir J. C. Bose delivered the following
+discourse on 'The Automatic Writing of the Plant,' at the Bose
+institute:--
+
+Sir J. C. Bose spoke of two different ways of gaining knowledge, the
+lesser way is by dwelling on superficial differences, the mental
+attitude which makes some say 'Thank God I am not like others:' The
+other way is to realise an essential unity in spite of deceptive
+appearance to the contrary. He had recently been on a visit to the
+western Presidency, he went there as a stranger, but he has come back
+with a pang at parting from kindreds. Never in his life did he realise
+so vividly as now the great unity that drew together all who regarded
+India as their home and place of work. They were bound to each other by
+mutual ties of dependence. He had for many years been engaged in
+discovering community in physical manifestations of life. Now he has
+realised an abiding unity in the highest manifestations of human life,
+in community of thoughts and ideals.
+
+In the wide expanse of life itself few things would appear so strikingly
+different as the life activities in plants and in animals. But if in
+spite of the seeming differences, it could be proved that these life
+activities are fundamentally similar, this would undoubtedly constitute
+a scientific generalisation of very great importance. It would then
+follow that the complex mechanism of the animal machine, that baffled us
+so long, need not remain inscrutable for all time, for the intricate
+problems of animal physiology would then naturally find their solution
+in the study of corresponding problems under simpler conditions of
+vegetative life. That would mean an enormous advance in the science of
+physiology, of agriculture, of medicine, and even of psychology.
+
+How then are we to know what unseen changes take place within the plant?
+The only conceivable way would be, if that were possible, to detect and
+measure the actual response of the organism to a definite testing blow.
+When an animal receives an external shock it may answer in various ways;
+If it has voice, by a cry, if dumb, by the movement of its limbs. The
+external shock is the stimulus, the answer of the organism is the
+response. If we can make it give some tangible response to a questioning
+shock, then we can judge the condition of the plant by the extent of the
+answer. In an excitable condition the feeblest stimulus will evoke an
+extraordinarily large response, in a depressed state even a strong
+stimulus evokes only a feeble response, and lastly, when death has
+overcome life, there is an abrupt end of the power to answer at all.
+
+Prof. Bose then explained the principle and action of his apparatus by
+which the plant attached to it is automatically excited by successive
+stimuli which are absolutely constant. In answer to this the plant makes
+its own responsive records, goes through its own period of recovery, and
+embarks on the same cycle over again without assistance from the
+observer at any point. In this way the effect of changed external
+conditions is seen recorded in the script made by the plant itself.
+
+It has been thought that plants like mimosa alone were sensitive. But
+Sir J. C. Bose's apparatus demonstrated the unsuspected fact that every
+plant and every organ of every plant answered to a shock by a
+contractile spasm, as by an animal muscle. If perception of feeble
+stimulus be taken as a measure of ascent in the scale of life then the
+superiority of man must be established on a foundation more secure than
+sensibility. The most sensitive organ by which we can detect electric
+current is our tongue. An average European can perceive a current as
+feeble as six micro-amperes, a micro-ampere being a millionth part of
+the electric unit. Possibly the tongue of a Celt is more excitable, and
+I have no doubt that my countrymen can easily boast the Celt in this
+particular test. But the plant mimosa is ten times more excitable than
+the tongue of an advocate in this province.
+
+Professor Bose then showed how identical were the effects of light,
+warmth and various drugs on the plant and animal. These experiments
+bring the plant much nearer than we ever thought. We find that it is not
+a mere mass of vegetative growth, but that its every fibre is instinct
+with sensibility. We are able to record the throbbings of its pulsating
+life, and find these wax and wane according to the life conditions of
+the plant, and cease in the death of the organism. In these and many
+other ways the life reactions in plant and man are alike, and thus
+through the experience of the plant, it may be possible to alleviate the
+sufferings of man.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 9-2-1918.
+
+
+
+
+CONTROL OF NERVOUS IMPULSE
+
+
+At the first anniversary meeting of the Bose institute, held on the
+30th November 1918, Sir J. C. Bose gave the following discourse on his
+recent discoveries relating to the question of control of nervous
+impulse, under the Presidency of His Excellency Lord Ronaldshay,
+Governor of Bengal.
+
+It is one of the greatest of all mysteries how we are put in connection
+with the external world: how blows from without are felt within. Our
+organs of sensation are like so many antennae radiating in various
+directions and picking up messages of many kinds. All of these, when
+analysed to their utmost, consist of shock effects on different chords.
+An extremely feeble stimulus is below the limit of perception, a
+moderate stimulus transmits excitation, which is perceived as sensation
+of not an unpleasant character, but the tone of sensation becomes
+painful when the excitation is very intense. Our sensation is thus
+coloured by the intensity of the nervous excitation that reaches the
+central organ. We are subject to human limitations, through the
+imperfection of our senses on the one hand, and over-sensibility on the
+other. There are happenings which elude us because the impinging
+stimulus is too feeble to waken our senses; the external shock, on the
+other hand, may be so intense as to fill our life with pain.
+
+Since we have no direct power over the shocks which come to us from the
+outside world, is it possible to control the nervous impulse so that it
+should be exalted in one case, and inhibited or obliterated in the
+other? Does advance of science hold any such possibility? This question
+is plainly fraught with high significance.
+
+
+PROBLEM OF CONTROL OF NERVOUS IMPULSE
+
+Before proceeding further it will be necessary first to obtain a clear
+idea of the function of a nervous tissue and its characteristics;
+secondly the manner, in which the nervous impulse is propagated; and
+lastly, we have to discover some compulsive force by which the impulse
+may be intensified or inhibited during transit. The nerve circuit may be
+liked to an electric circuit, and invisible impulse bringing about
+response in the indicator, be it the brain or the galvanometer. In the
+electric circuit the conducting power of the metallic wire is constant,
+and the intensity of the electric impulse depends on the intensity of
+the electric force applied. If the conducting power of the nerve were
+constant then the intensity of the nervous impulse and its resulting
+sensation would depend inevitably on the intensity of the shock from
+outside which starts the impulse. In that case the possibility of the
+modification of our sensation would be an impossibility. But there may
+be a likelihood that the power of conduction possessed by a nerve is
+not constant but capable of change. Should this surmise prove to be
+correct then we arrive at the momentous conclusion that sensation itself
+is modifiable, whatever the external stimulus. For the modification of
+nervous impulse there remains only one alternative; namely, some power
+to render the vehicle a very much better conductor or a non-conductor
+according to particular requirements. We require the nervous path to the
+supra-conducting to have the impulse due to feeble stimulus brought to
+sensory prominence. When the external blow is too violent we would block
+the painful impulse by rendering the nerve a non-conductor.
+
+Under narcotic the nerve becomes paralysed and we can by its use save
+ourselves from pain. But such heroic measures are to be resorted to in
+extreme cases, as when we are under the surgeon's knife. In actual life
+we are confronted with unpleasantness without notice. A telephone
+subscriber has an evident advantage, for he can switch off the
+connection when the message begins to be unpleasant. Statesmen or
+politicians have been known to cultivate convenient deafness; but that
+is a mere pretence. The unpleasant things heard, would still continue to
+rankle. It is not every one that has the courage of Mr. Herbert Spencer
+who openly resorted to his ear plugs whenever his visitor became
+tedious.
+
+The lecturer then explained that the propagation of nervous impulse is a
+phenomenon of transmission of molecular disturbance. It occurred to him
+that the transmission could be controlled if he succeeded in discovering
+a compulsive force which would confer on the conducting particles two
+opposite molecular dispositions, one of which would exalt and the other
+resist the impulse. His experiments were first conducted with the
+primitive type of nerve which he had previously discovered in plants. In
+full confirmation of his theory, he succeeded in conferring on the
+nervous tissue two opposite dispositions. Under favourable disposition
+the nerve is rendered supra-conducting; subliminal stimulus now becomes
+fully perceived. Under the opposite molecular disposition the violent
+impulse due to excessive stimulus becomes weakened or arrested during
+transit, and the plant remains quite unaffected by the external shock.
+
+The lecturer has in his previous works demonstrated the unity of
+life-reactions in the plant and animal. A climax is now reached when by
+the application of identical treatment he is able to confer alternately
+on the same animal nerve, supra-conducting or non-conducting property at
+will. Under a particular molecular disposition the experimental frog
+perceived and responded to stimulus which had hitherto been below its
+threshold of perception. Under the opposite disposition violent tetanic
+spasm caused by the irritant salt applied to the nerve became at once
+quelled. The normal property of the nerve was at once restored on the
+withdrawal of the predisposing force.
+
+
+MAN VICTORIOUS OVER CIRCUMSTANCE
+
+Thus by the control of molecular disposition of the conducting nerve,
+nervous impulse, and the resulting sensation may become profoundly
+modified. The external is not so overwhelmingly dominant, and man is not
+to be merely passive in the hands of destiny. There is a latent power
+which would raise him above the terrors of his inimical surroundings. It
+remains with him that the channels through which the outside world reach
+him should, at his command be widened or become closed. It may thus be
+possible for him to catch those indistinct messages that had hitherto
+eluded him or he may withdraw within himself, so that in his inner
+realm, the jarring notes and the din of the world should no longer
+affect him.
+
+The whole audience heard the discourse with spell bound interest. The
+Indian Scientist came to that realisation by experiments at which the
+Indian Jogis of yore arrived by intuition. Following an absolutely
+original line inventing his own apparatus of the most simple yet subtle
+delicacy and having constructed them by the hands of Indian artisans,
+working without collaborators and with the smallest modicum of
+recognition by his fellow scientists, he has pursued his investigation
+to a result which has been a revelation to the whole world. Dr. Bose has
+proved that man and plant are one body and life in their physiology, in
+their vital habits and nervous responses. He has clearly demonstrated
+that nervous life in the plant responds to the same stimuli as in human
+beings. He has established between animal and plant a unity of incipient
+mind. The plant not only lives and dies, wakes and sleeps but it makes
+the responses which in animal would be pleasure and pain.
+
+Dr. Bose has made a great step towards the unification of knowledge. A
+bridge has been built between man and inert matter. Even if we take Dr.
+Bose's experiments with metals in conjunctions with his experiments on
+plants, we may hold it to be practically proved for the thinker that
+Life in various degrees of manifestation and organisation is omnipresent
+in Matter and is no foreign introduction or accidental development, but
+was always that to be evolved.
+
+The ancient thinkers knew well that life and mind exist everywhere in
+essence and vary only by the degree and manner of their emergencies and
+functionings. All is in all and it is out of complete involution that
+the complete evolution progressively appears. It is only appropriate
+that for a descendant of the race of ancient thinkers who formulated
+that knowledge, should be reserved the privilege of initiating one of
+the most important among the many discoveries by which experimental
+science is confirming the wisdom of his forefathers.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 4-12-1918.
+
+
+
+
+MARVELS OF GROWTH AS REVEALED BY THE "MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH"
+
+
+[Sir J. C. Bose has recently invented the "Magnetic" crescograph. It is
+a supersensitive instrument and the very high magnification obtained by
+it surpasses all existing appliances. By this instrument, phenomena
+hitherto beyond the reach of investigation can now be studied with great
+precision. It shows ultra-microscopic changes inducted in a growing
+organism even by a puff of smoke or a gentle breeze, by a passing cloud
+or fleeting brightness. This super magnifier was exhibited for the first
+time by Sir J. C. Bose before an appreciative gathering 10-1-1919. A
+number of lady students, professors, lawyers, doctors and several
+eminent personages gathered to hear the great Indian scientist.]
+
+In his Discourse on the above subject on Friday, Sir J. C. Bose
+illustrated how the limitations imposed on the advance of science by the
+imperfection of our senses, may stimulate the invention of
+supersensitive apparatus which reveals to us the existence of phenomena
+hitherto unknown. Thus the invention of the microscope from a simple
+lens magnifying 3 or 4 times into progress up to 1500 diameters has
+given birth to new sciences. But still higher magnification is demanded
+in unravelling the mystery of movements associated with the simplest
+type of life as seen in plants. Greatest potentiality in life is often
+latent; the gigantic banian tree grows out of a thing which is smaller
+than the mustard seed. Within the seed-coat the dormant life remains in
+safety, protected from dangers outside. The seeds may thus be subjected
+without harm to cold so intense as will freeze mercury into solid and
+air into liquid. Winds and hurricanes scatter the seed of life and the
+cocoa-nut rides the tumultuous waves till anchored safe in an island
+yet to be inhabited. In due season there begins a series of most
+astonishing transformations; the latent life wakens, and the seedling
+begins to grow. The root turns downwards and the shoot upwards.
+Underground, the root winds its way round stones and obstacles towards
+moist places. Above ground the stem bends as if in search of light.
+Tendrils twine about a support. These visible movements are striking
+enough, but within the unruffled exterior of the plant body there are
+others, energetic and incessant, which escape our scrutiny. The bending
+of a growing organ towards or away from stimulus must be due to unequal
+growth on two sides of the organ, a retardation of growth on the
+proximal or acceleration on the distant sides. Various theories have
+been advanced which have proved inadequate. For the identical stimulus
+of gravity produces one kind of curvature in the root and the very
+opposite in the shoot. The possibility of direct experimental
+investigation has been frustrated by the excessive slow rate of growth
+rendering accurate measurement impossible.
+
+
+THE SLOWNESS OF GROWTH
+
+The movement of growth is two thousand times less rapid than the place
+of the proverbially slow-footed snail. Taking the average annual growth
+in height of a tree to be 5 ft., it will take a tree a thousand years
+to cover a distance of a mile. We take a piece of 2 ft. in the course of
+half a second, during the interval plant grows through a length of
+1,100,000 part of an inch or half the length of a wave of light. For
+investigation on the effect of external conditions on growth we have to
+measure even a fraction of that excessively small length.
+
+The peasant has eagerly watched the growth of his plants on which his
+own life and the world's depend and, even realised something of its
+vicissitudes, so the vegetable physiologist has here one of the many
+problems of his science. The invention of growth-measuring instruments
+has thus been one of his main endeavours. He has hitherto succeeded by
+the use of levers with unequal arms to obtain a magnification of about
+20 times, and even then it takes many hours for growth to become
+perceptible; owing to the practical impossibility of maintaining the
+external conditions constant for so many hours, the results of
+measurement of growth become vitiated. It is therefore necessary to
+produce a magnification so high that growth should become measurable in
+less than a minute. The first improvement effected by the lecturer, now
+some fourteen years ago, was his Optical Lever, which at once raised the
+magnification from 20 to 1000 times, an advance which at the time seemed
+to many incredible, but it is at length coming into use in advanced
+laboratories in Europe.
+
+
+THE RECORDING CRESCOGRAPH
+
+A new apparatus devised by the lecturer, the Recording Crescograph, is
+described in the Transactions of the Royal Society, and of the Bose
+Institute. By a compound system of levers the magnification is raised to
+10,000 but this is not without great technical difficulties, which cost
+five years of efforts to overcome. Thus the levers require to be
+extremely light; this was secured by the use of an alloy of aluminium
+used in the construction of Zeppelins: this combines lightness with
+rigidity. Another difficulty almost unsuperable arises from the friction
+at the bearings of the fulcrum, the best watch jewels made of ruby were
+employed, but the supply was cut off from Germany by the war. This
+proved a blessing in disguise, for it forced the lecturer to devise a
+new principle of suspension using local material. This was found in
+practice to be far superior to jewel bearings, which became clogged by
+invisible dust particles present in the air. With this Recording
+Crescograph many phenomena of extreme interest have been discovered. The
+plant itself not only recorded its normal rate of growth but the
+slightest change induced in it by the action of different forces. So
+delicate was the apparatus that it analysed growth into a series of
+pulses, a sudden shooting out followed by a partial recoil. It showed
+how the growth of the plant was retarded by a mere touch, and the time
+it took the plant to recover from the effect of contact, and all these
+in course of a few seconds. The effect of different food on growth, the
+effect of different drugs, or living capacity these and many more became
+revealed by the automatic record made by the plant. This has opened out
+fresh and more exact method of medical inquiry, and of practical
+agriculture.
+
+
+THE MAGNETIC CRESCOGRAPH
+
+Such unlooked for results called for yet higher magnification, and at
+first it seemed that further multiplying lever might be added to the
+previous system. But this failed on account of added mass and friction;
+and some altogether new solution had therefore to be sought. Material
+contact having proved unworkable the ideal weightless and frictionless
+linking was obtained by introducing a new magnetic contrivance, and this
+with the surprising potency of magnification from 5 to 100 million
+times. The mind cannot grasp the meaning of this stupendous
+magnification; how then could we translate it in terms which may be
+understood? Let us take once more our slow-footed snail, a
+magnification of ten million times would convert its speed to something
+for which there is no parallel even in modern gunnery practice. The 15
+inch cannon of the "Queen Elizabeth" has a muzzle velocity of 2360 ft.
+per second or 8-1/2 million feet per hour. But the speed of the snail
+when magnified ten million times would render it 200 million ft. per
+hour or 24 times faster than the fastest cannon shot. We may next turn
+to the cosmic movement for a parallel: A point in equator whirls round
+at the rate of 1037 miles per hour. But a snail with the magnified speed
+would beat the earth by going round 40 times during the period the earth
+makes but one revolution!
+
+
+LIFE IN STATE OF SUSPENSE AND ITS SUBSEQUENT RESOLUTION
+
+With the experiments carried with the Magnetic Crescograph life becomes
+subservient to the will of the experimenter. The rate of growth is
+indicated by the speed with which a spot of indicating light moves
+across the scale. The actual rate of growth is fifty thousandth part of
+an inch per second; this under magnification is seen by the indicating
+spot of light to move at the rate of 36 inches per second: this is the
+normal rate. The plant is made to imbibe soda water and the growth
+becomes suddenly exalted some ten times; but a puff of tobacco smoke
+instantly retards the rate. To induce further retardation a depressing
+drug is next applied. The growth gradually comes to a stop and the
+quiescent of the spot of light shows life in a state of suspense. The
+plant is now hovering in an unstable poise between life and death, a
+slight tilt one way, and life gets interlocked in the rigidity of death.
+But the antidote is applied just in time, the torpor and suspense is
+over, and life renews her activity once more with the fullest vigour.
+
+It is true that man is but poorly provided for his voyage of discovery
+in seas unknown, he can hear little and see less. A single octave of
+light circumscribes his vision; even of the visible the size of the
+ripple of light imposes an impassable barrier. But he has not been
+deterred by his limitations but has on the contrary been spurred on its
+greater efforts in his explanation of the invisible. The mysterious
+movements of life are not to remain for him inscrutable and
+indecipherable for all times: but his untiring and single-minded pursuit
+will someday reveal to him the secret that lies behind the
+manifestations of life.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 13-1-1919.
+
+
+
+
+THE NIGHT-WATCH OF NYMPHAEA
+
+
+Sir J. C. Bose gave the following Discourse on the 'Night-Watch of
+Nymphaea,' at the Bose Institute, on the 24th January, 1919.
+
+[Sir J. C. Bose's discourse delivered at the Bose Institute, on the 24th
+January, 1919, dealt with the mysterious phenomenon of recurrent opening
+and closure of flowers. Some of them open in the morning and close in
+the evening; others do exactly the opposite opening at night and closing
+during the day. These various effects have been described as the
+'waking' and 'sleep' movements of plants. The subject had attracted the
+attention of plant physiologists for more than half a century. After
+summarising the various results lost in his recent work says that no
+satisfactory explanation of the sleep movements of plants has yet been
+forthcoming and that the true theory can only be established after new
+and exhaustive research. This investigation has been in progress at Sir
+J. C. Bose's laboratory for the last five years; and special automatic
+recorders have been invented by means of which numerous plants have been
+recording their movements for every hour of the day and night and for
+many days in succession.]
+
+In course of his discourse the lecturer said "The poets have forestalled
+the men of science. Why does the water-lily 'Kumud or Nymphaea' keep
+awake all night long and close her petals during the day? Because the
+water-lily is the lover of the Moon and like the human soul expanding at
+the touch of the beloved, the lily opens out her heart at the touch of
+the moon beam, and keeps watch all night long; she shrinks affrighted by
+the rude touch of the Sun, and closes her petals during the day. The
+outer floral leaves of the lily are green, and in the day time the
+closed flowers are hardly distinguishable from the broad green leaves
+which float on the water. The scene is transformed in the evening as if
+by magic, and myriads of glistening white flowers cover the dark water.
+
+"The recurrent daily phenomenon has not only been observed by the poets,
+but an explanation offered for it. It is the moonlight then that causes
+the opening of the lily, and the sunlight the movement of closure. Had
+the poet taken out a lantern in a dark night; he would have noticed that
+the lily opened at night in total absence of the moon; but a poet is not
+expected to carry a lantern and peep out in the dark; that inordinate
+curiosity is characteristic only of the man of science. Again the lily
+does not close with the appearance of the sun; for the flower often
+remains awake up to eleven in the forenoon. A French dictionary maker
+saw Cuvier, the Zoologist about the definition of the crab as 'a little
+red fish which walks backwards.' 'Admirable,' said Cuvier. 'But the crab
+is not necessarily little, nor is it red till boiled; it is not a fish,
+and it cannot walk backwards. But with these exceptions your definition
+is perfect.' And so also with the poet's description of the movement of
+the lily, which does not open to moonlight, nor yet close to the sun."
+
+
+THE 'SLEEP' AND 'WAKING' OF JHINGA FLOWER
+
+The waking and sleeping of the water lily is by no means an isolated
+instance. My attention was first drawn to another remarkable floral
+display by the folk song which begins with:
+
+     "Our day of work is over
+     Like life's span, but an hour!
+     For now behold the gold-starred fields
+     Of opening 'Jhinga' flowers!"
+
+Since then I witness every afternoon a glorious transformation in my
+experimental garden at Sijbaria on the Ganges. The gardener has planted
+a large field with Jhinga (Luffa acutangula). The flowers when closed at
+day time are very inconspicuous, the lowest whorl of the sepals being
+dull green: in my afternoon walk I can hardly recognise the old familiar
+field, which is now covered with masses of flower in their golden glory.
+Here also the flowers remain open throughout the night; but they close
+early in the morning and the fairy field of cloth of gold vanishes
+suddenly.
+
+
+COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM
+
+The revolutions made by the plant-scripts led to the discovery of
+certain new and unsuspected reactions in the life of plants, notably the
+influence of variation of temperature in modifying thegeotropic
+curvature. There are at least ten variables, which by their joint
+effects give rise to over a thousand variations in the resulting
+movement of plants. The effect of each of these different factors has
+been isolated and a new theory propounded which offers a complete
+explanation of the so called sleep movements. The life reactions of
+plants to the various stimuli of the environment was most strikingly
+illustrated by means of supersensitive Magnetic Crescograph. The plant
+was shown to perceive the shock of light, to which it made an answering
+signal, so also to the action of warmth and cold. And it was explained
+how the various combinations of effects induced by environmental change
+found diverse expressions in the movement of plants.
+
+The scientific explanations offered for the opening and closing of the
+water lily is that the flower is closed under sunlight and that the
+opening takes place under darkness. But Prof. Bose has been able to keep
+the lily awake even in day time by placing it in a cool place.
+Simultaneous record of the movement of the flower and the thermograph of
+daily variation of temperature proved conclusively that a rapid fall of
+temperature in the evening brought about the opening of the flower, at
+first slowly then rapidly, and by 10 p.m. the flower was fully expanded.
+About 6 a.m. in the morning there is a rise of temperature, and the
+reverse movement of closure sets in. The flower continues to close very
+rapidly the sleep movement of closure is complete by about 10 a.m.
+
+It will be seen how different flowers through their sensitiveness to
+heat and cold execute movements of "sleep" or of "waking." Some of them
+have the healthy habit of normal humanity to sleep at night and keep
+awake at day-time. Others turn night into day, and make up for their
+long night watch by sleeping it off at the day-time.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 25-1-1919.
+
+
+
+
+WOUNDED PLANTS
+
+
+Sir J. C. Bose delivered the following lecture on the 'Wounded Plants'
+at the Bose Institute, on the 7th February, 1919:--
+
+It is a little over four years now that the Embodiment of World Tragedy
+stalked over Western Europe. The fair field of France and the bright sky
+was under a pall of battle-smoke. Our sight could not penetrate through
+the dense gloom, and the mortal cry of the wounded and dying, drowned by
+hoarse roar of a thousand did not reach our ear. But from the time the
+Sikh and the Pathan, the Gurkha and the Bengali, the Mahratta and the
+Rajput flung themselves in front of battle from that day our perception
+has become intensified. The distant cry of those whose life-blood has
+crimsoned the white field of snow, has found reverberating echo in our
+heart. What is that subtle bond by which all distances are bridged over,
+and by which an individual life becomes merged in larger life? Sympathy
+is that bond by which we come to realise the unity of all life. Before
+us are spread multitudinous plants, silent and seemingly impassive. They
+too like us are actors in the Cosmic drama of life, like us the play
+thing of destiny. In their checkered life, light and darkness, the
+warmth of summer and frost of winter, drought and rain, the gentle
+breeze and whirling tornadoes, life and death alternate. Various shocks
+impinge on them, but no cry is raised in answer. I shall nevertheless
+try to decipher some chapters of their life history.
+
+When a man receives a blow or shock of any kind, his answering cry makes
+us realise that he is hurt, but a mute makes no outcry. How do we
+realise his sufferings? We know it by his agonised look by the
+convulsive movement of his limbs, and through fellow-feeling realise his
+pain. When a frog is struck it does not cry, but its limbs show
+convulsive movement. But from this it does not follow that the frog is
+not hurt, for some would urge that there is a great gap between us and
+lower animals. One who feels for the humblest of His creatures alone
+knows whether the frog is hurt or not. Human sympathy always aspires: it
+is sometimes extended to equals, hardly ever to inferiors. And so it
+happens that many would doubt, whether the lowly and the depressed
+possess the fine sense of the exalted to feel the same joy and sorrow,
+and to resent social tyranny. When human attitude is so finely
+discriminative as regards different grades of his own species, it might
+be extravagant to believe that the frog could have any consciousness of
+pain. A concession might however be made that the frog perceives a
+shock to which it responds by convulsive movements. It is as well that
+we should be careful about the use of terms for an eminent biologist
+insisted that animals never felt any pain: when an oyster is swallowed
+alive, it did not, according to him, feel any pain but rather a
+sensation of grateful warmth at contact with the alimentary tract. The
+question will remain undecided for no one has as yet returned from the
+gastric cavity of the tiger to expatiate on the exquisite sensation.
+
+
+TEST OF LIVINGNESS
+
+Responsive movements being a test of life, we shall try to construct a
+scale with which the height of livingness may be measured. What is the
+difference between the living and the dead? The living answers to a
+shock from without; the most lively gives the most energetic, the torpid
+or dying the feeblest, and the dead no answer at all. Thus life may be
+tested by shocks from without, the size of the answer being the gauge of
+vitality. The answer of the strong will be violent and almost explosive
+in its intensity, while the weakling will barely protest. The responsive
+movements may be recorded by suitable apparatus. The successive
+responses to similar shocks will remain uniform, if the living tissue
+remained always the same. But the living organism is always in a state
+of change for environment is always building us anew, and we are
+changing everyday of our life. We are thus subject to change, some day
+we are in a state of high exuberance, and other time in a state of
+lowest depression: we pass through numerous phases between the two
+extremes. Not merely does the present modify, but there is also the
+subtle impress of memory of the past. The sum total of all these
+characterise one individual from another. How is the hidden to be made
+manifest? To test the genuineness of a coin, we strike it and the sound
+response betrays the true from the false. The genuine rings true and the
+other gives a false note. In this way perhaps the inner history of
+different lives may be revealed by shocks and the resulting response.
+
+
+EFFECT OF WOUND
+
+There are three separate investigations that have been carried out on
+the effect of wound on plants: The first is the shock effect of wound on
+growth: this generally speaking retards or arrests growth. In the second
+series of investigations the change of spontaneous pulsation of the
+leaflet of the Telegraph plant was recorded. Death begins to spread from
+the cut end of the leaflet, and reaches the throbbing tissue which
+becomes permanently stilled on cessation of life. Experiments are in
+progress of arrest their march of death, and the cut leaflet which died
+in 24 hours has now been kept alive for more than a week.
+
+
+PARALYSIS OF SENSIBILITY
+
+Another series of investigations were carried out on the paralysing
+effect of severe wound. A leaf of Mimosa was cut off from the plant, and
+the subsequent histories of the wounded plant and the detached leaf are
+curiously different. The cutting of one of its leaves had caused a great
+shock to the parent plant, and an intense excitation spreads over to the
+distant organs. All the leaves remained depressed and irresponsive for
+several hours. From this state of paralysed sensibility, the plant
+gradually recovers and the leaves begin to show returning sensitiveness.
+The detached leaf, when placed in a nourishing solution soon recovers,
+and holds up its head with an attitude indicative of defiance, and the
+responses it gives are energetic. This lasts for twenty four hours,
+after which a curious change creeps in the vigour of its responses
+begins rapidly to wane. The leaf hitherto erect, falls over; death had
+at last asserted its mastery.
+
+--_Amrita Bazar Patrika_, 10-2-1919.
+
+
+
+
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